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 RECAP 
 
 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 lf3o&ghin6 3Fun&. 
 
 THE 
 
 CoMPOSriTOX OF EXPIRED AlR 
 
 AND ITS 
 
 EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 J. S. BILLINGS. M.D.. S. WEIR MITCHELL, M.D. 
 AND D. H. BERGEY. M.D. 
 
 city op washington 
 publi.>;hed by the Smithsonian in-^titution. 
 
 1895. 
 
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE. 
 989 
 
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 THE 
 
 Composition of expired Air 
 
 AND ITS 
 EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 J. S. BILLINGS, M.D., S. WEIR MITCHELL, M.D. 
 AND D. H. BERGEY, M.D. 
 
 CITY OP WASHINGTON : 
 PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 1895. 
 
"■\ 
 
 14^ 
 
 COMMISSION TO WHOM THIS MEMOIR 
 HAS BEEN REFERRED. 
 
 HORATIO C. WOOD. 
 WILLIAM HF:NRY WELCH. 
 CHARLES -SEDGWICK MINOT. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 The preseut iiieinoir is the result of :i series uf iuvestigations made 
 by Doctors J. S. Billings and S. Weir Mitchell, assisted by Doctor D. II. 
 Bergey, undrr a Lcrant from the Ilodgkins Fund of the Smithsonian 
 Institution, for the purpose of determining the nature of the peculiar 
 substances of organic origin contained in the air expired l)y human beings, 
 with special reference to the practical application of the results obtained 
 to problems of ventilation for inhabited rooms. 
 
 In accordance with the rule adojtted l)y the Smithsonian Institution 
 the woik has been submitted to a committee, in the present instance con- 
 sisting of Doctor H. C. Wood, Professor ^^'illialn II. Welch, and Professor 
 Charles S. Minot, and having been recommended by them for pul)lication, 
 it is lierewitli presented in the series of Contrilnitions to Knowledge. 
 
 S. P. LANGLEY, 
 
 SECRETARY. 
 
 Washington, November, 1895. 
 
 Ill 
 
The Composition of Expired Air, and its Effects upon 
 
 Animal Life. 
 
 REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF AN INVESTIGATION MADE FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTI- 
 TUTION UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF THE HODGKINS FUND. 
 
 By J. S. Billings, M.D., S. Weir Mitchell, M.D., and D. H. Bergey, M.D. 
 
 In May, IS!);?, a grant was made from the Hodgkins Fund to Drs. John S. 
 Billings and S. Weir Mitchell, "for the purpose of conducting an investigation into 
 the natui'e of the peculiar substances of organic origin contained in the air expired 
 by human beings, with special reference to the practical application of the results 
 obtained to problems of ventilation for inhabited rooms." 
 
 For a number of 3'ears prior to 1888 the prevailing view among physicians and 
 sanitarians had been that the discomfort and dangers to health and life which had 
 been known to exist, sometimes at least, in niiventilated i-ooins occupied by a num- 
 ber of human beings, were largely or entirely due to peculiai- organic matters con- 
 tained in the air expired by these persons, and that the inci'ease in carbonic acid 
 due to respiration had but little effect in jiroducing these results, its chief import- 
 ance being that it furnished a convenient means of determining the amount of 
 vitiation of the air. Recently, however, sevei'al experimenters have concluded that 
 the organic matters in the exhaled breath are not harmful, at all events to animals, 
 and tlie main object of the pi'oposed investigation was to determine the correctness 
 of these conclusions. Foi- this purpose a scheme of experimentation was prepared 
 by Di's. Billings and Mitchell, \vhich scheme has been carried out in the Laboratory 
 of Hygiene of the Univei'sity of Pennsylvania, by Dr. D. H. Bergey, assisted at 
 times in the chemical work by Di'. Hill S. Warwick, and in some of the pathological 
 investigations by Dr. Ingersoll Olmsted, and under the general supervision of Dr. 
 A. C. Abbott, First Assistant in the Laboratory, to whom thanks are due for many 
 valuable suggestions duiing the progress of the work. From time to time Dr. 
 
■2 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 Bei'gey's notes on tlie results of liis experiincnits linve been submitted to Drs. Bill- 
 ings and Mitchell, who have suggested niodificatious or new experiments as the 
 work progressed. Tiiis re[)ort is based on these notes, and accom[ianying tables and 
 ciiarts, given in tlie Appendix. 
 
 The effects produced on animals and men by an atmos[)liere contaminated with 
 tlieir exhalations, and with pai'ticulate matters derived from their bodies or their 
 immediate surrouiulings, may be divided into acute and chrt)nic. The acute effect 
 may be death in a few minutes or hcnirs, as shown l)y the results oliserved in the 
 Black Hole of Calcutta, in the steamei' Londonderry, and in many of the experi- 
 ments referred to in this report, oi' it may be simply great discomfoi't, especially in 
 those unaccustomed to such conditions. 
 
 The chronic effects include the favoring of the action of certain specific causes 
 of disease commonly known as contagious, if these are present, and perhaps also a 
 general lowei'ing of vitality. 
 
 The statistical evidence collected by the English Barrack and Hospital Com- 
 mission (1) * as to tlie effects of insufficient ventilation upon the health of soldiei's 
 in barracks, published in 18(U, showed that men who live for a considerable portion 
 of their time in badly ventilated rooms have higher sickness and death-rates than 
 have tliose who occujiy well ventilated rooms, other conditions being the same; and 
 this has also been found to be true with regard to monkeys and other animals. It 
 is evident, however, that in a room occupied by animals or men there are many 
 sources of impurity besides the exhaled breath, and it is still a question whether the 
 expii'ed air contains substances injurious to life, excluding carbonic acid. 
 
 The widely divergent result^ obtained and conclusions reached by diffei'ent 
 investigators during the last ten years as to \vhether the exlialed breath of men and 
 animals contains a peculiar volatile organic poison, have made it desiraljJe to repeat 
 and var}' such experiments in oi'der, if possible, to settle this important point. The 
 chemical analyses of the air of overcrowded rooms, and the experiments upon 
 animals with various proportions of carbonic acid, made by many investigators, 
 indicate that the evil effects observed are probably not due to the comparatively 
 small propoiiions of carbonic acid usually found under such circumstances. 
 
 It was shown by Leblanc (2), in 1842-43, that an animal can breathe an 
 atmosphere containing as much as 30 per cent, of carbonic acid for three-quarters of 
 an hour, provided that the percentage of oxygen was 70, and then quickly recover 
 from the depression induced by this mixture after removal to the normal atmos- 
 phere. He also demonstrated that under the conditions in which the quantity of 
 
 * The numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliographical list appended to this report. 
 
^ AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 3 
 
 carbonic acid rises perceptibly in theatres, etc., the reduction of oxygen is quite 
 insignificant, and tliat the pi'oportion larcly falls below 20 per cent. 
 
 Regnault and Reiset, (3), iu 1849, also found that when sufficient oxygen is 
 supplied to an atmosphere quite rich in cai'bonic acid, an animal can still live in it. 
 FrieiUiiniler and llerter (4) found that the breathing of an atmosphere containing 
 20 per cent, of carbonic acid for an hour produced no symptoms of depression, but 
 caused stinuilation of the respiratory centres and an increased activity of the 
 heart. 
 
 Claude Bernard (5), in 1857, experimented with animals confined in atmos- 
 pheric air and in mixtures both richer and poorer in oxygen than atmospheric air. 
 A small bird placed in a bell glass of a little moie than two litres' capacity, containing 
 a mixtui'e of 13 per cent, carbonic acid, 39 per cent, oxygen, and 48 per cent, of 
 nitrogen, died in two and one-half hours. He demonstrated tliat carl)onic acid is 
 not poisonous when injecteil under the skin of animals — as much as one litre 
 injected under the skin of a i-abbit producing no ill effects. No ill effects followed 
 the injection of the gas into the jugular vein and into the carotid arterj-. An 
 atmosphere of eipial parts of oxygen and nitrogen had no effect upon an animal 
 confined in it, while an atmosphere composed of equal parts of carbonic acid and 
 of oxygen produced inunediate death in the animal placed in it. lie explains the 
 poisonous effects of carbonic- acid when respired to be due to the fact that it 
 deprives the animal of oxygen. Similar results were reported by Valentin ((>) 
 and by Paul Bert (7). 
 
 Richardson, in 1860-01, (8), found that a temperature much higher or lower 
 than 20° C. had the effect of shortening very considerably the lives of animals con- 
 fined in an unventilated jai', and that these effects were more marked when the 
 animals were confined in an atmosphere richer iu oxygen than air, in which case 
 he found that by passing electric sparks from a fiictional machine through the 
 fatal air (having previously de[)i'ived it of its carbonic acid) it was again made 
 capable of supporting life, from which he concluded that the oxygen is " devital- 
 ized " during i-espiration, and that the electric spark has the faculty of revital- 
 izing it. 
 
 Von Pettenkofei', in 1860-63, (9), showed that the symptoms observed in 
 crowded ill-ventilated places were not [)roduced by the excess of carbonic acid, noi- 
 by a decrease in the proportion of oxygen in the air; neither of these being suffi- 
 cient in our dwellings, theatres, etc., to produce toxic effects. He did not believe 
 that the impui'e air of dwellings was directly capable of originating specific dis- 
 eases, or that it was really a poison in the ordinary sense of tlie term, but that it 
 diminished the capability of withstanding the influence of disease-producing agen- 
 
4 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 cies on the part of those continually breathing snch aii-, and laid down the rule, 
 which has been accepted and taught by sanitaiians for thii'ty-five years, that the 
 proportion of carbonic acid in the atmosphei'e of inhabited places affords a safe 
 indication as to the amount of the other impurities resulting from respiration and 
 other exhalations from the bodies of the occupants. 
 
 Hammond, in 1863, (10), reported experiments in which he sought to remove 
 the carbonic acid and moisture, and to supply fresh air as fast as it is needed to 
 take the place of the carbonic acid removed, thus leaving the " organic matter" to 
 accumulate in the vessel. For this purpose he confined a mouse in a large jar, in 
 which were several sponges saturated with baryta-water, by which the carbonic 
 acid was removed as fast as formed. Fresh air was supplied as fast as required by 
 means of a tube communicating with the bell jar and closed by water in the bend 
 of the tube, which acted as a valve. As the air in the bell glass was rarefied by 
 respiration and absorption of the carbonic acid, fresh air flowed in from without, 
 while the arrangement of the tube prevented the air of the bell glass from passing 
 out. The watery vapor exhaled by the animal was absorbed by two or three 
 small pieces of chloride of calcium. The mouse died in forty minutes. The 
 observation was repeated many times, and death ensued invariably in less 
 than an hour. On causing the vitiated air to pass through a solution of 
 permanganate of potash the presence of organic matters in large quantity was 
 demonstrated. 
 
 Ransonie, in 1870, (11), reported a series of very interesting investigations 
 upon " Oiganic Matter of Human Bi'eath in Health and Disease." By condensing 
 the aqueous vapor of the human breath and analyzing it by the Wanklyu and 
 Chapman method, he found that "in ordinary respiration about 0.2 g. of organic 
 matter is given off from a healthy man's lungs in 24 hours," while in the air 
 expii'ed by persons affected witb certain diseases, he found great variations in the 
 amount of organic matter, the amount being greatest in a case of phthisis compli- 
 cated with Bright's disease. 
 
 Smith (12) employed a lead chamber in his investigations upon the question 
 whether human lungs give off any poisonous agent other than carbonic acid. He 
 found the pulse to fall from 73 to 57 beats per minute, and the number of respirations 
 to rise from 15.5 to 24, as the carbonic acid in the atmosphere increased fiom .04 
 to 1.73 per cent, during four hours. When the proportion of carbonic acid I'ose to 
 3 per cent, there appeared great w"eakness of the circulation with slowing of the 
 heart's action, and great difhculty in respiration. He believed that these results 
 should be attributed to other conditions rather than to the excess of carbonic acid, 
 because lie found later that it was only when lamps became dim in an atmosphere 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 5 
 
 — indicating a proportiou of about 10 per cent, of carbonic acid present — that tlie 
 respii'ation became dillicult. 
 
 Seegen and Nowak, in 1879, (13), believed thej' had demonstrated the presence 
 of poisonous orpiuic niattei' in the expired lireath, l)ut the (piautity fouud was so 
 small that they failed to determine its exact nature and properties. 
 
 Hermans, in 1883, (l-l), was unable to detect any organic matter in the atmos- 
 phere of a tin cage in \\liich several persons had been confined for a number of 
 luuirs, and found that an atmosphere containing from 2 to 4 per cent, of carbonic 
 acid and 1;") per cent, of oxygen was not toxic. 
 
 Browu-Scquard and d'Arsonval, in 1887,(15), reported that the air expired by 
 men and dogs in a state of health has the power of producing toxic [)henoniena; 
 citing three series of experiments on rabbits where such phenomena were observed. 
 In the fii'st series they injected into the vascular system of a rabbit 4 to 6 c. c. of 
 fluid obtained by injecting from 15 to 25 c. c. of pure filtered water into the 
 trachea of a dog. In a second series, fi-om 6 to 7 c. c. of a li(pii(l obtained by con- 
 densing the moisture in the exhaled breath of a man, were injected into the aorta, 
 or into a vein, of a rabl)it. In the third series fi'om 4 to 6 c. c. of a licpiid, obtained 
 by condensing the moisture in the exhaled breath of a tracheotomized dog, were 
 used. The condensed liquid thus obtained was filtered and then injected either 
 into the jugular vein or the carotid arteiy. 
 
 The symptoms observed were dilatation of the pupils and increase of the heart- 
 beat to 240, 280, or even 320 per minute, lasting for several days or even weeks. 
 The temperature remained noi-mal ; the i'es])ii-atory movements were generally 
 slowed ; and usually there was observed paralysis of the j^ostei'ior members 
 Choleraic diarrhoea was invariably present. Death usually took place in a few 
 days, or at the farthest in four or five weeks. As a rule, it appeared that larger 
 doses caused laboi-ed respiration, violent retching, and conti-acted pupils. A rapid 
 lowering of temperature, 0.5 ° to 5.° C, was sometimes observed. The appearances 
 that presented p'jf^t mortc-in were much like those observed in cardiac syncope. 
 
 They believed they had discovered a volatile organic poison in the exhaled 
 breath and the moisture condensed fi'om it. This poison they believed to be of 
 the nature of an oi'ganic alkaloid, or a 2)toniaine not unlike Brieger's ptomaine 
 
 (16). 
 
 In further reports, in 1888, (17), they state that none of eleven rabbits in 
 which the condensed pulmonaiy vapor had been injected into the vascular system 
 in doses of 12 to 30 c. c. survived, but of eight rabbits receiving an injection of 
 from 4 to 8 c. c, three were living after the lapse of from four to five weeks, but 
 were then weak. When the fluid was injected under the skin of the thorax and 
 
6 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 ill the axilla, five out of seven i'al)l)its died ia])i(lly. 'J'lie results were iiiucli tlie 
 same as when it was injected into tiie blood. The (juantity of the condensed liquid 
 injected iu these seven was : 20 e. c. in one case, 25 c. c. in three cases, ?>] c. c. in 
 one case, 40 c. c. in one case, and 44 c. c. in another case. After death, consider- 
 able congestion of the viscera was noted, especially of the lungs. No appearance 
 of embolism was noted. The brains and its membranes were congested, but with- 
 out visible lesion. The condensed liquid turns concentrated sulphuric acid yellow. 
 The poison is reduced by anunoniacal nitrate of silver solution as well as by chloride 
 of gold. After boiling in a close vessel it is still toxic, showing that the poison is 
 not a inicro-orgauisra. Tiie boiled lung licpiid poisons with more rapidity than that 
 which has not been sterilized, and may kill a pigeon and a guinea-pig as well as a 
 rabbit; it may kill by being injected into the rectum or into the stomach; a 
 guinea-pig two months old was killed within twelve hours by an injection of 3 c. c. 
 into the peritoneal cavity. If injected into the lungs this li(|uid jiroduces rapid 
 congestion followed by true inflammation and red hepatization. 
 
 In an expei'iment with two dogs it was arranged that one breathed ordinary 
 air and the second inhaled air which came from the lungs of the other. The dogs 
 were of the same weight, 15 kilograms. The experiment continue!,! for six houi'S 
 and forty minutes. No appreciable or immediate consecutive accidents wei'e 
 [)roduced. 
 
 In a second experiment the pulmonary liquid was collected from dogs through 
 a tracheotomy tube to exclude impurities furnished by the mouth. The air inhaled 
 was first washed to remove dust. The moisture in the air expired was condensed, 
 and the liquid collected in a flask surrounded by ice. At the moment of injection 
 this liquid was filtered, and was then injected at the temperature of the laboratory, 
 about 12° C. If the animal was kept immovable from 12 to IG hours, inflammation 
 of the air passages was produced. The li(]uid of the first hours came from a 
 thoroughly sound lung, and in the later hours from a diseased lung. The two 
 wei'e collected sepai'ately and tried separately. For one kilogram of the animal, 
 for each hour, the mean quantity of fluid obtained was 0.38 grammes, varying 
 from 0.28 to 0,48 grammes. It was greater in the beginning and lessened the longer 
 the animal was kept in a fixed position. It was injected into the marginal vein of 
 the ear of a rabbit 1)y means of a syringe, 75 c. c. being injected. When the injec- 
 tion did not exceed 40 to 50 c. c. the time occupied by the injection was fi-om G to 
 15 minutes. Experiments made by injections upon the dog were negative with- 
 out exception. Experiments made upon the rabbit produced lesions, but the 
 relation between these and the injections was uncertain. 
 
 Dastre and Loye, in 1888, (18), reported that they had exposed one dog to 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 7 
 
 the expiretl breath of auother for six lioiirs without noting any effects. They 
 inoculated animals with the condeused moisture of respiration, as follows : 
 
 5 rabbits, each ;^^ to 75 c. c. of the fiiiid. Results negative. 
 
 (( H ii ii il ti (( 
 
 2 guinea-pigs, 5 7 
 
 da u _ t4 (( it u It 
 
 ogs, 30 53 
 
 2 frogs, " 2 " 3 " " 
 
 2 rabbits, " 50 "190 " " " Died. 
 
 A young dog, 30 " of water. 
 
 They found tiiat .'30 to 70 c. c. of the condensed fluid of respiration (20 to 35 
 CO. per kilo.) could be injected into the veins of the ear of a dog without producing 
 any of the symptoms reported liy Browu-Secpiard and d'Arsouval. They observed 
 one death during the injection of 190 c. c. ((50 c. c. per kilo.), yet by control experi- 
 ments with water tiicy obtained a more remarkable result — a rapid death from the 
 injection of 30 c. c. of distilled water (25 c. c. per kilo.). 
 
 Ru.sso-Gililierti and Alessi, in 1888, (19), reported experiments confirming the 
 results obtained by Dastre and Loye. 
 
 Wi'irtz, in 1888, (20), attempted to obtain the " ptomaine " of BrownSequai'd 
 and d'Arsonval from the Huid condensed from expired air. By expiring through a 
 1 per cent, solution of oxalic acid he obtained, besides ammonia, a volatile orgaiuc 
 base which was [irecipitated by Bouchardet's reagent and by potassio-mercuric 
 iodide. With platiiiic chloride it formed a double salt, crystallizing in short needles, 
 and a soluble salt with auric chloride. When heated to 100° C. it gave off a 
 pecidiar odor. This basic substance, he thought, might be regarded as a leuco- 
 maine. 
 
 Brown-Seqnard and d'Arsonval, in 1889, (21), reported a new form of experi- 
 ment by means of which they obtained additional evidence in su]i}>ort of their for- 
 mer statements. The new form of experiment consisted in confining animals 
 (rabbits) in a series of metallic cages connected by means of i-ubber tubing, through 
 which a constant -current of air is aspirated. The animal in the last cage of the 
 series receives air tiiat has tiaversed the entii'e series of cages, and is loaded with 
 the impurities from the lungs of the animals in the other cages. This animal suc- 
 cumbs, after a time, to the atmospheric conditions present. After another interval 
 of some hours, the animal in the next to the last cage also dies; the first and second 
 animals usually remaining alive. They could not attribute the death of these 
 animals to excess of carbonic acid in the atmosphere of the cages, because they 
 rarely found more than 3 pei' cent, of this gas in the last jar with small animals, or 
 6 per cent, with larger animals. On placing absorption tubes containing concen- 
 trated Hg SO^ between the last two cages, the animal in the hist cage remained 
 
8 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 alive, while that in the cage before it was the first to die. They coucluded fi-om 
 these facts, that the death of the animals was produced by a volatile poison, which 
 poison is absorbed by the IlgSO^, which thus saves the life of the animal in the last 
 cage. 
 
 They stated (22) that any alkali used to absorb carlionic acid from expired air 
 would also change the organic jx^if'ou, and [)i-oposed an ajiparatus by means of 
 \vliicli the oi-ganic poison should be supplied to the fresh air entering the jars by 
 volatilizing it from fluid condensed from the expired air. 
 
 Von Hofmauu-Wellenhof, in 1888, (23), found that when he injected large quan- 
 tities of the condensed fluid of respiration at 12 ° C, instead of at 37 ° C. — intravenous 
 injection, — a resemblance of the results obtained by Brown-Sequard and d'Arsonval 
 was produced. Under such cii'cumstances he observed muscle %veakness, slowing 
 of respiration, fall of temperature, and dilatation of the pupils, though the animals 
 remained alive. He injected 10 rabljits with 6 to 30 c. c. of the fluid warmed to 
 the body temperature, all the I'esults being negative. Tliree other animals were in- 
 jected in the jugular vein^one receiving 28 c. c. of the fluid, another 25 c. c. 
 of distilled water, and a third 50 c. c. of distilled water. There was no 
 difference in the symptoms noted in the animals. He noticed synqitoras of depres- 
 sion only after injecting 50 c. c, or more, of the fluid. In a series of 17 experiments 
 with inoculations of from 30 to 50 c. c. each of the fluid, in 12 there appeared 
 hiemoglobinuria ; 6 of these died. As the i-esult of his experiments, he concluded 
 that the existence of a volatile poison in the expired aii' of healtliy human beings 
 has not been demonstrated by his experiments ; this being a direct contradiction of 
 the results of Bi'own-Sequard and d'Arsonval, as were also those of Dastre and 
 Loye. 
 
 Uft'elmann, in 1888, (24), found that there was a perceptible increase in organic 
 matter in the atmosphere of a sleeping-room occupied by several persons for some 
 hours, increasing in amount with the length of time the room was occupied. 
 
 Lehmann and Jessen, in 1890, (25), collected 15-20 c. c. of condensed fluid per 
 hour from the breath of a i)erson exhaling through a glass spiral laid in ice. The fluid 
 was always clear as water, odoi'less, and of neutral reaction. Nessler's reagent showed 
 the presence of ammonia constantly, with good teeth l)ut little, sometimes merely 
 a trace, with bad teeth, more, though never more than 10 mg. of NH^Cl in one litre. 
 Traces of HCl were also constantly found. A small sediment remained on evapora- 
 tion, ranging from 39 to 86.4 mg. per litre of fluid. This they believed to originate 
 from the glass vessel ; being probably calcium oxalate. They tested its reducing 
 power upon solution of permanganate of potash, making two control determinations. 
 The first determination showed 3.6 mg. of O for the oxidation of 1 L. ; the second, 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 9 
 
 4.2 iiig. of O. They were unable to obtain any alkaloiil reaetioir in the condensed 
 fluid, or in its distillates, by means of PtCl,,, An CIg, KCdl, KBil, KI, Roucliardet's 
 reagent, KgCrOg, [)icric acid, metawolfraniic acid, or j)liosphowolframic acid. 
 Oidy siiblinuite gave at times an opalescence wlncli, like the yellow coloration of 
 the Xessler reagent, pointed to traces of Nil,. Neither could they succeed, accord- 
 ing to the method of Wi'irtz, in obtaining a lime or o.xalic acid-free filtrate. The 
 ammoniacal silver solution, according to Brown-Sequard and d'Arsonval's method, 
 failed to give the desired reaction — remaining clear. They confined a man, (•lMtlie<l 
 in his \vorkin<j clothes, in a zinc cage ft)r about one-half an hour, then allowed a 
 boy and girl to inhale the air from the cage. No ill effects, exce2>t increase of 
 respirations to 30 and 40 per minute, were noticeable. They had complete negative 
 results from inoculations of condensed fluid into animals. 
 
 Lipari and Crisafulli, in 1889-90, (26), reported results which were in accoixl 
 with those of Dastre and Loye, and directly opposed to those of Browu-Sc(piaid 
 and d'Arsonv;d. They could find no organic principle possessing toxic properties 
 in the expired breath of healthy ^icrsons. 
 
 Mai'gouty, in 1891, (2V), reported the residts of experiments similar to those 
 of Ilannuond, and also of experiments in injecting fluid condensed from expired air 
 into animals. His results did not correspond to those reported by Hammond, and 
 there was no evidence of toxic propei'ties in the injected fluids. 
 
 Haldane and Smith, in 1892, (28), published an account of expei'imeuts in 
 which an aii'-tight chamber, 6 feet 2 inches high, 2 feet 11 inches wide, and 3 feet 
 11 inches long, was employed. Samples of air for analysis were drawn off 
 through a tube placed in the wall of the chamber, about three feet from the floor. 
 When one person remained in this chamber until the vitiation was from ten to 
 twenty times as great as in the most crowded and woi'st ventilated public build- 
 ings, there was no perceptible odor or sense of oppression. Air vitiated to such an 
 extent as to completely prevent a match from burning had uo appreciable effect 
 upon the subject of the exjierinient. In other experiments hyperncea and other 
 phenomena produced were apparently due to the increased proportion of carbonic 
 acid. 
 
 With rabbits weighing 1800 grammes, Laematuria was produced when the 
 amount of boiled distilled water injected passed beyond 100 c. c, and, therefore, 
 80 c. c. were taken as the maximum dose. 
 
 To obtain the condensed liquid from the lungs, a man expired thi'ough a Lie- 
 big condenser, in the jacket of which was flowing a stream of ice-cold water. Tlie 
 condensation liquid was collected in a flask, the bulb of which was buried in ice ; 
 and when the required amount (80 c. c.) had been obtained, it was at once injected 
 
10 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 iiiti) Ihe suhcutafieoiis tissue of the hack. Six rabl)its were tlms injected, eacli 
 with 80 c. c. of the fluid, witli no evident distiirhance of liealtii in any of tlieui; 
 80 c. c. to a ral)l)it coiTesjxmds to a dose of al)out .'5 litres to a man. Tiiey also 
 re[)eated the e.\|teriiuents of l>rown-Se(juai'd and d'Arsonval in supplying to the 
 animals air cliarged with oi'ganic matter drawn directly from the lungs of other 
 animals. Two large rabbits were placed iu an air-tight chamber and a curi'ent of 
 air diawn through this was supplied to two yoUng rabbits under observation ; no 
 efi'ect was produced. 
 
 Mei-kel, iu 1892, (29), reported an experiment iu which four air-tight glass 
 vessels, of U litres capacity, were couuected by means of glass tubes; a mouse 
 being placed in each vessel. Between the third and fourth vessels a Geissler 
 absorption tube, containing sulphuric acid, was interposed. Air was now drawn 
 slowly through the vessels by means of an aspiratoi', so that the second mouse 
 breathed the air from the first, the third from that of the second, etc. The result 
 was, just as in the experiment of Brovvu-Sequard and d'Arsonval, that the mouse 
 iu the third vessel died iirst, after 16-20 hours, while that in the fourth vessel 
 remained alive. 
 
 The conclusion is drawn that, as the fourth mouse remained alive, the death 
 of the third cannot have been due to excess of carbonic acid, or deficiency of 
 oxygen in the air, but must have been caused by the presence of some volatile 
 substance which is absorbed or destroyed by sulphuric acid. 
 
 The symptoms presented by the mice before death were at fii'st restlessness 
 and gradually increasing acceleration of respiration, afterward slowing of respira- 
 tion, and finally spasmodic deep I'espirations, becoming constantly less frequent 
 until the advent of death. The proportion of carbonic acid in the air led through 
 the glass vessels was not poisonous ; it amounted iu the highest case to 1.5 per 
 cent. 
 
 Merkel also conducted the expired breath through HCl with the idea of com- 
 bining the organic matter with it, and believed he was successful, but the quantities 
 of the "salts" produced were so small that determination of their chemical nature 
 was impossible. His experiments upon animals with this body, obtained from its 
 combination by neutralization of the acid, gave negative results. 
 
 He concludes that the expired breath of healthy persons contains a volatile 
 poison in exti'emely small quantities ; being probably a base which is poisonous in 
 its gaseous state, but loses its toxicity after combination with acids. His belief 
 in the toxicity of the organic matter contained in the expired breath of human 
 beings is based solely ujion the results he obtained iu the " Brown-Sequard and 
 d'Arsonval" experiment. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 1 1 
 
 llaldane and Sinitli, in 1893,(30), repeated the " Brown-Sequard " experiment, 
 using five bottles, each of a capacity of 1 to H litres, connected by means of tubes. 
 A mouse was placed in vafii l)ottlo and ventilation established through the whole 
 system by means of a filter pump ; a small meter being placed between the last 
 bottle and the pump. Specimens of air leaving the last l)ottle were drawn of? at 
 intervals for analysis. Full-grown mice were used. Tiic mice in the last two 
 bottles were exposed to the full effect of the vitiated air for 53 hours without 
 detriment. 
 
 In a second experiment an absorption tube containing pumice-stone saturated 
 ^vith sulphuric acid was placed between the last two bottles. This experiment 
 was continued for thirty hours ; no serious effects were observed. The amount of 
 ventilation funiislicd was from 12 to 24 litres pei' hour. The mice remained 
 iiDrmal after having been in the bottle three days and the percentage of carbonic 
 acid in the last bottle had varied from 2.4 to 5.2, avei'aging about 3. 
 
 They state that these expei'iinents, like their former ones on rabbits and man, 
 ai'e distinctly against the theoiy that a volatile poison, other than carbonic acid, 
 exists in the expired air. 
 
 Beu, in 1893, (31), repoiied the results of experiments, made undci' the direc- 
 tion (if Uffelmann, in which the condensed moisture of expired aii- was collected 
 by the methods usually employed, taking the pi'ecaution to cleanse his apparatus 
 with solution of K^InO^ and distilled water, and likewise stei'ilizing the ai)paratus 
 befoi'e it was brought into use. The saliva is collected in a Woulff bottle attached 
 before the condenser. The amount of air expired, measured by a gas metei", was 
 found to be 30nii litres in eight hours, from which he collected 100 c. c. of fluid. 
 A distinct ammonia reaction was obtained upon the addition of Nessler's reagent. 
 Nitrate of silver failed to show the presence of chlorine. 
 
 Its reducing power upon solution of permanganate of potash showed 50 mg. 
 of oxygen necessary to oxidize one litre of fluid, or 15 mg. in 24 hours, which 
 denotes 0.0017 mg. per litre of expired air. The alkaloid reaction vvitli AuCej, 
 KI, phosphomolybdate of potash, gave negative lesults. 
 
 He expired 500 litres through 150 c. c. of a 1 [)er cent, solution of IICl — then 
 evaporating to dryness on the water-bath, a yellowish-brown deposit remained. 
 This deposit, dissolved in distilled water, formed a fatty layer on the surface of the 
 slightly yellow fluid. The whole (pumtity, 1.5 g., was warmed to the body tem- 
 perature and injected under the skin of the back of a white mouse without pro- 
 ducing observable symptoms. This fluid had a distinct odor not comparable to 
 anything. 
 
 lie next confined a mouse in a sealed glass vessel, having a globe attached 
 
12 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 with potash solution to absorb the carbonic acid ; 3200 expirations of air were 
 conducted into the glass vessel dui'ing the three hours — no effect noticeable. In a 
 second experiment the carbonic acid was not absorbed, the experiment lasting four 
 hours — no effect. 
 
 He repeated the " Brown-Sequard " experiment, using white mice in four glass 
 cages. The death of the animals, he believes, was due to changes in the tempera- 
 ture and the accumulation of moisture in the jars. He believes the protection 
 afforded by HjSO^ in Browu-Secpiard and d'Arsonval's experiments was due to its 
 abstraction of the moistui-e from the air. An acute poisoning through the organic 
 matters contained in the expired air he believes to be impossiVjle, or at least as 
 not shown by anything in his experiments. 
 
 Rauer, in 1893, (32), used white mice confined in glass vessels of about 1^ 
 litres capacity, the bottom t>f which was covered with oats. The coi'k was per- 
 forated by three tubes : one of these passed down near the bottom of the vessel 
 and served for the entrance of the air; the second terminated just below the coi'k 
 and served for the exit of air; and the thii'd extended down to about the height 
 of the animal but was usually closed, this was only used for the removal of air for 
 its chemical examination. . In the beginning, thermometers and hygrometers were 
 used in the vessels, but they were found to be unimportant and were abandoned. 
 The whole apparatus was connected with a large aspirator. 
 
 In an experiment with five animals and a ventilation of four litres per hour, 
 the carbonic acid was found to amount to 9.3 percent, after five honrs. In another 
 experiment with six animals and with a ventilation of 2^ litres per hour, he inserted 
 four absorption tubes with soda-lime between the last two jars, and a Geissler tube 
 containing concentrated HgSO^ between the fourth and fifth. The sixth animal 
 remained alive while the fifth died earlier than the fifth animal in the first experi- 
 ment. He concludes that there is no organic poison in expired air, death being 
 due to the excess of carbonic acid in the atmospheres of the jars. 
 
 Sanfelice, in 1893, (33), reported that he had repeated the " Hammond " 
 experiment, using a flask of about 5 litres capacity, the animal dying in six or 
 seven hours. He is undecided as to the existence of a volatile expiratory poison, 
 though he thinks that other factors, for instance, heat radiation, have an important 
 influence upon the results. 
 
 Liibbert and Peters, in 1894, (34), reported that they had repeated the "Brown- 
 S(^qnard " experiment, placing a guinea-pig in each of a series of four flasks. 
 Between the third and fourth flasks they placed a combustion tube through which 
 the air coming from the third flask was conducted, passing over red-hot cupric 
 oxide, to remove the organic matter. Before reaching the fourth flask, the air was 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS ITPON ANIMAL LIFE. 1 3 
 
 again cooled by coiuUictiug it tlirough a cylinder surrounded witli ice. In this 
 manner ;dl moisture contained in the air was condensed. From this cylinder the 
 air passed through a series of twelve U-tubes, each made from a piece of tubing 
 80 cm. in length and of 2 millimeters internal diameter. During its passage 
 through these U-tubes the air assumed a temperature of about 18 ° C. as it entei'ed 
 tlie fourth flask. The I'esults o])tained by this arrangement substantiated the con- 
 clusions they had fornu'il from cunduc-ting the e.xperiment in the oi'dinarx' niaiinei-, 
 that the cause of deatli was ti'aceable to the high per cent, of carbonic acid. Tiie 
 removal of the organic matter by combustion failed to save the life of the animal 
 in the last jar when the carbonic acid had inci'eased to 11 or 12 per cent. After 
 the absor[>tion of the carbonic acid by means of soda-lime the last animal remained 
 alive. They conclude, therefore, that the poisonous expiratory poison of Brown- 
 Sequard and d'Arsonval does not exist, but that death is produced by the excess 
 of carbonic acid in the flasks. 
 
 Brown-Secpiard and d'Arsonval, in 1894, (35), reported further experiments, and 
 at the same time gave fuller details as to all their experiments and the apparatus em- 
 ployed. They had inoculated over one hundred animals with the condensed fluid of 
 i-espiration and believed in the tiuth of theii' former statements as firmly as ever. 
 They could not understand the failures on the part of the other experimenters. 
 They emjijiatically I'eaftirm that tlie expired lireath of man and animals contains a 
 volatile organic poison producing the results reported by them, and tliat these 
 residts are not produced by excess of carbonic acid or deficiencv of oxygen in 
 the air. 
 
 From the foregoing sununai} of the reports of different exjierinienters, it will be 
 seen that widely different results have been i-eported by them, but that the majoi'ity 
 of the later investigators agree in denying that the exhaled breatii of iiealthy 
 human beings or of animals contains a poisonous organic alkaloid, or any poisonous 
 product other than carbonic acid, yet in any case positive results require an expla- 
 nation which shall account for the facts. 
 
 Dii. beegey's experiments. 
 
 The first experiments made by Dr. Bergey were to ascertain whether the con- 
 densed moisture of air expired by men in ordinary, quiet respiration, contains any 
 particulate organic matters, such as micro-oiganisms, epithelial scales, etc. The 
 test for micro-oiganisms was made by having an adult man expire for from twenty 
 to thirty minutes tlirough sterilized melted gelatin, which was then preserved as a 
 culture for from twenty to thirty days. In the first trial, six, and iu the second 
 
14 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRKD AIR. 
 
 two colonies of common ;iir orij;;inisms (icvclopcd ; !)nL wlicn special care was taken 
 to thoroughly sterilize; the vessels used, the I'esiilt was that in two consecutive trials 
 the gelatin remained sterile. Ejiithelial scales and other jiarticulate inatteis wei'e 
 sought for hy condensing the vapor of the exhaled breath and examining the pi'o- 
 duct with the microscope, with and without tlie use of stains. In six preparations 
 thus examined no bacteiia or epithelial cells were found. Tliis result was to he 
 expected, since neither bacteiia nor wetted particles pass into the air from the sur- 
 face of fluids, or from moist surfaces, unless the air currents ai'e sufficiently power- 
 ful to take up particles of the liquid itself in the form of s^ira}-. 
 
 Abbott (36), in his paper on " Sewei-Gas," reports some experiments made to 
 determine the possibility of conveying micio-organisBis from licpiid cultuie media 
 by means of a current of air bubbling through such media; also by means of 
 t)rdinary baker's yeast inoculated into media containing from i to 5 jter cent, of 
 glucose. No ])acteria were carried from the culture by the ex[)]oding air-bultbles 
 produced by the yeast, but a cui'reut of aii'e(pial to 3^ litres in six luiurs, bubbling 
 through a liquid culture, carried with it some of the organisms in the culture. 
 
 The determinations of ammonia in the condensed fluid of expii-ed air, the esti- 
 mation of its reducing power upon solution of permanganate of potash, and its 
 reacti(.)n with various reagents (see Ap>pendix, Section II.), were made with fluids 
 collected from a healthy man, from a man with a ti'acheal fistula fcillowing excision 
 of the lai-ynx, the expired air not coming in contact with the nnjuth oi' the pharynx, 
 and from a man suffering from well marked tuberculosis of the lungs. In each 
 case the amount of ammonia and of albuminoid ammonia in the fluid was very 
 small, as shown by Table B in the appendix, the average being, in grams per liti'e 
 of fluid : 
 
 Healtliy man 
 
 Man with tracheal fistula 
 Consumptive 
 
 .Mbuniinoid Ammonia. 
 
 .o8l 
 
 .00036. 
 
 .0034. 
 
 The oxidizable matter in these fluids, as shown by theii' reducing power on a 
 solution of permanganate of potash, was detei'mined, and the details are given in 
 Table C in the appendix. The average results, stated in milligrammes of oxygen 
 consumed per litre of condensed fluid, are as follows: Healthy man, 10.72 ; man 
 with tracheal fistula, 13.49; consumptive, 19.34. The high average for the man 
 with the tracheal fistula is due to a single observation, for which the figure was 
 24.916. Omitting this, the average for the three other observations would be 9.68. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 15 
 
 The average for five s[)eeiriieiis of fluid condensed from the expired air of a 
 healtiiv ni.iii four iiours after lie iiad tal;en a meal was 11.98, while the average for 
 six s[)eeimeMs from the lueath of the sauie uiau half an lioui' after the meal was 
 i>nly 3.8(). For two specimens from the same man collected three and a half and 
 four hour.s after a meal, liut just after the mouth had been thoroughly rinsed with 
 warm water, the average was 2.4',). These results indicate that the ammonia and 
 oxidizable oi'ganic matter in the condensed iluid were, to a lai'ge extent, due to 
 products of decomposition of organic matters in the mouth. The well known fact 
 that the amount <>f oxygen absorbed ami of caibonic acid given oK varies accord- 
 ing' to whether the person is fasting or has recently taken a meal, may possibly 
 be ill part due to the same cause, but the results obtained by Birkhol/, (87) indi- 
 cate that it can only be in part. Rausome (11) reports no marked difl'erence iu 
 the amount of ammonia, or o( oxidizable organic matter, as determined by the per- 
 manganate test, contained in the fluids collected from the exhaled breath soon after 
 a meal and in that collected from a fasting person. Ben (-"SI ) found a much higher 
 proportion of oxidizable matter in the fluid condensed from his own breath (50 
 mg. of oxygen re(piired i)er litre of fluid) than was .found iu Dr. Bergey's experi- 
 ments. His results indicated the exhalation of 15 mg. of organic matter in 24 
 hours, the corresponding figure from Ransome's results being 20 mg. About 12 
 c. c. of fluid was collected from about .'585 litres of air expii'ed pei' hour, being 
 nearly equal to the results obtained by Beu (31), who condensed 100 c. c. of the 
 fluid from three cubic metres of air.expired in eight hours. 
 
 Renk (88, p. 1(32) gives a table showing that in an average quantity of 9000 
 litres of air expired in a day by a healthy man, the amount of moisture may be 
 from 200 to 400 grammes, depending on the temperature and relative moisture of 
 the inspired ail-. With ;iir containing 5<l per cent, of moisture inspired at 25° C, 
 the amount of moistui-e is 293 grammes, or about the result given by Beu, referred 
 to above. 
 
 Lehmann and Jesseu (25) found that between 3 and 4 mg. of oxygen were 
 recpiired to one litre of fluid to effect oxidation, and note that more ammonia was 
 present in the fluid collected from a person with decayed teeth than in that ob- 
 tained from a [lerson whose teeth were sound. The very considerable differences 
 in the amounts of ammonia and of oxidizable matter found in the fluids condensed 
 from expired air by different experimenters, and by the same experimenter in 
 fluids otjtained from the same person at different times, are probably due to sev- 
 eral different causes and their combinations. The amount of fluid condensed per 
 litre of expired air varies from .003 to .004 c. c. The soundness and cleanliness 
 of the mouth and teeth influeace the amount of ammonia and oxidizable matter 
 
16 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 expired. Variations in tlie amount of oi'tfanit- nialtcr contained in tlie inhaled air 
 may possil>ly intinence tlie result, l)ut tiiis influence must be slight. Ransome's 
 I'esults indicate that tlie age, health, and vigor of the person may affect the amount 
 of organic matter exhaled, and Dr. Bergey's e.xperiments with the fluid obtained 
 from the consumptive patient show that a smallei- pro[)ortion of ammonia and a 
 largei' amount of oxidizable luatter weve present in it than in the fluid collected 
 from a hcallhy man. It should be remembered, also, that it is extremely difficult 
 to obtain accurate results in quantitative determinations (_)f such very minute 
 amounts of ammonia and oxidizable matters as are found in expired air, and a pai't 
 of the differences in results obtained is no doubt due to unnoted differences in 
 the details of the experiments. 
 
 The results of tests foi' the presence of an organic alkaloid in the condensed 
 fluids obtained by Dr. Bergey were negative, corres[)onding to those reported by 
 Lehmann and Jessen (25) and by Beu (31). 
 
 The I'esults of attempts to condense the moistui'e of the air in the hospital ward 
 (Apjiendix, III., 3) were not satisfactory, and the detei-minations of ammonia in the 
 fluid obtained are not comparable, except that they show that the placing of a dust 
 filter in front of the condensing apparatus causes a maiked reduction in the propor- 
 tion of ammonia in the condensed fluid. The eva[)o]'ation equalled the condensa- 
 tion except on days when the extei'ual air was saturated with moisture, hence no 
 moisture was collected on clear days, but on such days some dust ^^ai'ticles may 
 have accumulated in the aftparatus which had no filter. 
 
 Some experiments wei'e made to determine the amount of oxidizable matters 
 in atmospheric air, the results of which are given in Taljle F, in the appendix. 
 These results differ greatly, some showing a mere trace of organic matter, others 
 showing an amount which consumed .204, .340, and .558 grammes of oxj'gen per 
 1000 cbm. of aij-. The great differences in the amount of ammonia in air found by 
 different observers as tabulated by Renk (38, p. 40), and as repiorted by Remseu 
 (39), Miss Talbot (40), Nekam (41), Archarow (42), and Abbott (36), while 
 evidently in [lart due to diffei'euces in metlnjds of experiment, must be more largely 
 due to differences in the amount of organic dusts in the air in different places or in 
 the same place at different times, than to differences in the amount' of ammoniacal 
 gases or organic vapors in the air, and the same is true with regard to the differ- 
 ences in the amount of oxidizable organic matter in the air reported by Angus 
 Smith (12), Carnelly and Mackey (43), and others. 
 
 Several series of experiments were made to determine the nature of the gaseous 
 mixtures in which small animals die with symptoms of asphyxia. The first of these 
 series were repetitious of the experiments reported by Hammond and described 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 17 
 
 above. Mice ami sparrows were used. The details are given in tlie Appendix 
 IV., 1, and the residts in Table Ct. It was found impossible, by Hammond's 
 method, to absoil) all the carbonic acid produced by au animal, and it will 
 be seen by Table tr, that at the time of death of the sparrows, the carbonic acid had 
 increased until it foi'med from 12.27 to 14.08, or an average for eight experiments 
 of 13.24 per cent, of the air, while the oxj'gen had diminished to from 3.25 to 5.61, 
 or an average of 4.67 pi'r cent, of the air. The symptoms observed were those [pro- 
 duced liy insufficiency of ox3^gen, and there was no evidence that death was due to 
 oi'gaiiic matters in the air. The duration of life in the animals confined was from 
 thi'ce to six hours, being much longer than that reported by Hammond using a 
 slightly smaller vessel, viz. less than one hour, and coi'responds to the results re- 
 ported by Sanfelice (33), who found that the animals lived from six to seven hours. 
 AVlien the experiment was so modified that all the carbonic acid was removed from 
 the air breathed by the animal — as described in the appendix, the animal did not 
 die in seven hours, although the percentage of oxygen had been reduced to 18.35, 
 as shown by Table li in the a[ipeiidix. These experiments, therefore, furnish no 
 evidence of the existence of an organic poison in the expired air, but the method of 
 aVjsorbing carbonic acid by an alkali is said by Bro^vn■Sequard and d'Arsonval 
 (22) to change the organic poison which they claim to be present, and hence these 
 experiments are not conclusive on this point. 
 
 A series of experiments was also made upon mice and sparrows to determine 
 the time required to produce death by asphyxia when the animal is confined in a 
 jar of known capacity, when no provisi(Mi is made for removing carbonic acid and 
 moisture, or for supplying fresh air, and also to determine the proportions of carbonic 
 acid and of oxygen existing in the enclosed air at the time of death. In connec- 
 tion with these experiments it was also sought to determine the influence which 
 high or low temperatures of the air would have on the result. The data 
 deiived from these expei-inients are shown in Table I in the Ai)pendix. 
 
 A mouse weighing 21 grams, placed in a jar of 1000 c. c. capacity at a tem- 
 perature of 30 ° C, lived four hours ; in a jar of 2000 c. c. capacity a similar mouse 
 lived seven and a half hmns ; in one case when the room temperature was 25.5° C, 
 in another case when the room temperature was 5°C. In the first case death 
 occurred when the amount of carbonic acid was 12, and that of the oxygen 8.6 per 
 cent, of the mixtui-e; in the .second case, the pi'oportions were 13.2 per cent, of car- 
 bonic acid and 6.4 per cent of oxygen ; and in the third case, 10 per cent, of car- 
 bonic acid and 9.2 per cent, of oxygen. Thei'e ai-e considerable differences in suscep- 
 tibility to the effects of an impure atmosphere in individual mice, but when a mouse 
 is placed in a closed jar containing ordinary atmospheric air, the time required to 
 
18 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 jiroduce deatli is usually tli.it iviiuired to pi'ddnee tlic proportions of oarlionic acid 
 and of oxygen indicated above, and, hence, is in pro[)oi-ti()n to the size of the jar. 
 A mouse should li\e about twice as long in a jar of 2000 c.c. as in one of 1000 c. c, 
 othei' contiitioiis as to tenqierature, etc., being the same, and commencing with 
 oidinary atmosplieric air. 
 
 The (Uiration of life in the expei'iinents with atmosfiheric air in closed vessels, 
 making due allowance for variations in the air Nolume, coincides quite closely with 
 the dui'ation of life in the " Hammond " ex[ieriment. The air analyses at death of 
 the animals in the two forms of experiment, also gave very similar results. In 
 comparing the I'esults shown in Tables G and I, it is necessary to bear in min<l tlie 
 differences in the size of the jars and in the weight of the animals used in the sev- 
 eral experiments. As a general rule, the animal dies when the carbonic acid has 
 increased to between 12 and 13 per cent, and the oxygen has diminished to be- 
 tween 5 and per cent. Is death due to the increase in the carl)ouic acid, or to 
 the diminution in the oxj'gen, or to both ? 
 
 Some data foi- answering this (|uestiou are presented in Table L, which shows 
 the i-esults obtained by placing animals in gaseous mixtures containing various pro- 
 portions of carbonic acid, oxygen, and nitrogen. The animals expei'imented on 
 were mice, I'ats, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and sparrows. From this table it will be seen 
 that the diminution iu oxygen in the inspired air was the most important factor in 
 producing death, and that so long as the oxygen is present in the proportion of 6 
 per cent, and upwards, carbonic acid may be present to the amount of 20 pei' cent, 
 without causing death. When the carbonic acid forms much more than 20 per 
 cent, of the mixture, say 30 to 40 per cent., the oxygen must form at least 12 per 
 cent, to [)i'eserve life. . '• 
 
 If the pi'02)ortion of oxygen in the mixture be reduced, the dui'ation of life is 
 shortened, as will be seen from the following extract from Table L: 
 
 No. 
 
 Weight 
 grams. 
 
 At beginning of 
 experiment. 
 
 At end of 
 experiment. 
 
 Duration of 
 life. 
 
 Capacity of 
 jar. 
 
 
 i8 
 
 15 
 17 
 
 CO. 
 
 O. 
 
 N. 
 
 CO. 
 
 0. 
 
 N. 
 
 3I hours. 
 4i " 
 4h " 
 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 11-35 
 11-35 
 11-35 
 
 88.65 
 88.6s 
 88.6s 
 
 6.56 
 7-43 
 7-52 
 
 4.14 
 3-58 
 316 
 
 89-3 
 89.0 
 89.2 
 
 2280 c. C. 
 2280 " 
 2280 " 
 
 In these experiments the proportion of oxygeu was reduced to about one-half of 
 that iu the normal atmosphere, and the dui'ation of life was also reduced about one- 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 19 
 
 balf. Tlif jars were a little larger than those used in tin- experiments reported iu 
 Table I. The proportion of oxygen present at the death of tiie animal was between 
 ;5 and 4 per cent., or lower tiiaii in the cases reported in Table I, while the car- 
 bonic acid had increased to only about T per cent, instead of 12 per cent, as in 
 Table I. The smaller proportion of carbonic acid here present seems to have 
 allowed a greater reduction in the proportion of the oxygen. These I'esults cor- 
 respond with those obtained with mixtures of gases by Paul Bert (7, page 518), 
 who concluded that carbonic acid when iniiaU'd is really a poison, and with the 
 results of the elaborate researches of Friedljindcr and Ilerter (44), which lead to 
 the same conclusion. 
 
 In this connection the observations of Kichanlson (8) are of interest. Ilis 
 experiments were made chietly with mice placed in jars having a capacity vi 685 c. c. 
 In such a jar containing ordinary atmos})herie air at 12.8'' C, a mouse weighing 
 18.8 irrams became comatose in If: hours, which is, he sa\s, the averacre duration of 
 life under such conditions. At a temperature of 6.6*^ C, the animal dies in forty 
 minutes. In an atmosphere of pure oxygen, at 6.6° C, the animal will live only 
 two-thirds as long as in atmospheric air, while at a temperatuie of 21^ C. it will 
 remain conscious for thi'ee hours and lives twelve houi-s, and at 10" C. it remains 
 conscious for two hours ami lives thi'ee or four hours. With atmospheric air, 
 the nmdifications, he says, are less distinctly marked. 
 
 The results of similar e.\|ierinients made with air, and with different mixtures 
 of gases, at different temperatures, are given in Table J in the Apjiendix. These 
 results show that the duration of life, in confined places, is influenced to a very 
 marked degree by temperature, ;ind that this influence is independent of the rich- 
 ness of the air iu oxygen. E.\[)eriments Nos. 3 and 17 noted in Table J indicate 
 that an atmosphere consisting of 90 per cent, of oxygen and 10 per cent, of nitrogen 
 does not support life quite as long as does ordinary atmospheiic air when the tem- 
 perature is 0° C, while at a temperature of 50° C. the atmosphere rich in oxygen 
 supports life much longer than theordinary atmosphere, as is shown by experiments 
 Nos. 5 and 15 in the table. Tlie gradual rise in temperature which must have 
 taken place in the experiments previously referred to, was probably but a small 
 factor iu the results obtained, because, as shown in the tables for those experiments, 
 the duration of life and the proportion of oxygen present at death bear a constant 
 relation to each other. This they fail to do in the " Richardson " experiments. 
 
 The toleration wiiicli is acijuired l)y an animal by prolonged sojourn in an 
 atmosphere which is gradually becoming richer in carbonic acid and poorer in 
 oxygen, makes it impossible to compai'e the results as to duration of life in such 
 experiments with the results of experiments in which the animal is placed at once 
 
20 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 iu an atmosphere coutaiuing abnormal proportions of these gases, so far as tlie 
 effects of increase of carbonic acid and diminution of oxygen are concerned, but it 
 is evident from tlie results reported in Tal>]es I and J, that death does not occur in 
 atmospheres in which the carbonic acid does not exceed 10 [)er cent, unless the 
 oxygen is reduced to below 7 per cent, of the mixture. 
 
 A series of experiments was made by injecting into animals the fluid con- 
 densed from the air expired by healthy persons and by a man with a tracheal 
 fistula, from whom it was possible to obtain such fluid without contamination from 
 the exhalations from the mouth. The details of these experiments, and of the 
 results obtained, are given in the Ap2)endix, VI. The injections were made into 
 the general circulation in rabbits, and into the pei'itoneal cavities of rabbits, guinea- 
 pigs, and white rats, following the methods employed by Brown-Sequaixl and 
 d'Arsonval (15) and by v. Hofmann-Wellenhof (23). The number of animals 
 inoculated with the condensed fluid of respiration was thirteen, in four sets. The 
 fluid was collected with the greatest care in a sterilized appai'atus ; subsequent cul- 
 tures made from it indicating that it was sterile. It was waimed to about 35° C, 
 before injection. The proportion injected, as compared with the body weight of 
 the animals, was, in some instances, less than that used by Brown-Sequard and 
 d'Arsonval, in others greater than the smallest quantities used by them with fatal 
 effects. The results obtained, with the amount of fluid injected iu each case, are 
 shown iu Table K, given iu the Appendix. 
 
 In most of the animals no observable disturbance of health was produced, nor 
 did this condition alter iu the course of several months dui-ing which they were 
 kept under observation. One rabbit died thirty-two days after having received an 
 injection into its peritoneal cavity of 5 c.c. of fluid condensed from the breath of a 
 man with tracheal fistula. The results of 'post-moi'tem examination showed focal 
 necrosis in the liver, but no ecchymoses and hemorrhages in the lungs and intes- 
 tines, such as ai'e reported as a characteristic result of such injections by Brown- 
 Sequard and d'Arsonval. Three other rabbits which had received injections of 
 the condensed fluid, aud had remained apparently perfectly well fi'om six weeks to 
 seven months, were killed and careful post-mortem examinations made. The I'esults 
 of these examinations showed that there was no special disease or degeneration in 
 the organs of these animals. 
 
 The results of this series of experiments are, thei'efore, in accord with those 
 reported by v. Hofmann-Wellenhof (23), and indicate that fluid condensed from 
 the pulmonary exhalations of man has no toxic or specially injurious effect when 
 injected into animals, and that there is no evidence that such fluid contains an 
 organic poison. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 21 
 
 Tlie attempt to collect coiuleiisetl moisture fiom the air of tlie hospital ward 
 was 1)11 1 partially successful, as lias been stated above, aud a sufficient amount of 
 the fluid to make injection expei'imeuts was not directly oljtained. To overcome 
 this difficulty the air of the ward was drawn over sterilized glycerine wliich was 
 then ililuted with distilled watei', and the product injected into animals. The re- 
 sults are shown in Table E in the Ajjpendix. Three of the animals thus injected 
 died between four and six weeks later, but t\\Q post-vwrtem examinations failed to 
 show any clear connection between the injection and the fatal result. As it was 
 shown that the fluid collected and the dust iu the ward contained several 
 species of bacteiia, including pathogenic forms, it was to be expected that more 
 definite results would have been obtained, but the power of the cells and tissues to 
 resist the pathogenic oi'ganisms was sufficient to prevent their action in each case, 
 except, perhaps, in one, in which the abscess produced may have been due to p>yo- 
 genic bacteria in the injected fluid. 
 
 A number of experiments were made in which animals, in a series of Jaell jai'S, 
 Avere caused to breathe air which became more contaminated with the products of 
 respiration as it passed through the series, being a repetition of the experiments of 
 Brown-Sequard and d'Arsonval. The form of the apparatus used, and the details 
 as to the results obtaiued in each of the thiity-three experiments of this kind, are 
 given in the Appendix, VII. These experiments were performed on spariows, 
 mice, guinea-pigs, and i-abbits. 
 
 It was veiy difficult to keep the apparatus absolutely air-tight, and, no doubt, 
 some of the discrepancies iu the results, at least for the earlier experiments, are due 
 to slight leakage of air through some one or more of the numerous joints. The more 
 concordant results in the later experiments indicate that these defects had been 
 obviated. 
 
 In the great majority of cases death was evidently due to the diminution in 
 the oxygen and iuci'ease in the carbonic acid — the proportions of these gases 
 present in tlie jar when an animal died being about the same as in the experiments 
 reported in Table I, /. <?., the oxygen was reduced to between 4 and 6 per cent, and 
 the carbonic acid increased to from 12 to 14 per cent. The luode of death of the 
 animals Wiis similar to that observed in slow asphyxi;i, aud the results of careful 
 j^as^/wo/'/t'ffi examination and microscopic investigation do not indicate the effects of 
 any oi-ganic poison. 
 
 The insertion of absorption tubes containing caustic alkalies between the bell 
 jars, to absorb the carbonic acid, as in experiments Nos. 6 to 14, and of concentrated 
 sul[ihuric acid, as in experiments Nos. 15, 18, and 19, did not give results corre- 
 sponding to those reported by Brown-Sequard and d'Arsonval. 
 
22 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 In tliese experiments the aninmls were in an atmosphere of less pressure tlian 
 the external air, the diminntion anionnting usually to about '2 nun. of mercury, liut 
 there is no reason to su[)pose that this exerted any inHnence upon the I'esnlts obtained. 
 
 Experiments Nos. 17, 18, and 19 show that the mice became habituated, to a 
 certain extent at least, to the conditions under which they were placed, and could 
 live in an atmos[)hei'e which was almost immediately fatal to a fresh mouse placed 
 in it. This had already been demonstrated by Bernard (5). In the case of several 
 mice, this power to resist the f(jul atinos[)liere was preserved foi' from three to eight 
 days after they had been I'emoved from the jar, so that they had a certain degree 
 of permanent immunity (See experiment IS, C). Experiments Nos. 20 to 28 were 
 made to see if it was possible todeveh)p such an immunity, and the results obtained 
 indicate sucla a possibility, but further investigation will be necessary to settle this 
 impoi'tant point. At present it is uncertain to wliat extent tlie immunity observed 
 in a few mice was possessed by them Ijefore they were ex[)erimented on, or was 
 produced by their first exposures to the vitiated atmospheres. 
 
 From the data accumulated with reference to the composition of the atmos- 
 phei'e in these bell jars by repeated analyses at short intervals, compared with the 
 results reported by Brown-Secpiard aud d'Arsonval,it seems probable that the cases 
 in which tlie last animal in the series survived some of the othei's, and a low per- 
 centage of cai'bonic acid was found in the jar, should be attributed entirely to de- 
 fects either in methods of aii' analyses or in the apparatus, or in both. If, however, 
 the life of the last animal was a{)pareDtIy saved by HoSO^ in Dr. Bergey's experi- 
 ments, it was due to leakage in the connections fi-om the increased resistance caused 
 by the interposition of the absorption tube. This is an important fact, which is 
 in direct opposition to the theory of Bro\vn-Scquard aud d'Arsonval with j-egard to 
 the influence of the Hg SO^ in the absoi'ption tubes. The great diflferences in 
 individual susceptibility of different animals must also be taken into account in 
 considering the results of these experiments; for example, in experimentNo.il, 
 spai-row No. 4 dieil when the percentage of oxygen was 9.34, and that of carbonic 
 acid was only 2.79, while No. 5 lived until the percentage of oxygen was I'educed 
 to 3.53. In some mice there seems to be a very considerable immunity against the 
 asphyxiating effect of an atmospheie poor in oxygen and rich in carbonic acid. 
 
 The duration of life of individual animals in experiments of this kind depends 
 upon the size of the bell jars in relation to the size of the animal, on the amount of 
 fresh air supplied, on conditions of temperature aud moisture, and on individual 
 peculiarities of the animal — and it seems probable that variations in these factors 
 will account for the diifei'eut results obtained by different experirnenters. The 
 symptoms in the animals which died were those of death by slow asphyxia. 
 
AXD ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 23 
 
 In exiieriment No. 3:\, with a series of six rabbits confined for foity-two clays, 
 tilt- [iruportion of oarl)onic acid in the last two jars, for the greater part of the 
 time, was between 4 and 7 jier cent, and tliat of o.\\'gen between 1'2 and Ki per cent. 
 None of the aninnd-s died or were serionsly ill. Those in the first three and in the 
 fifth Jar gained in weight, those in the fonith and sixth lost slightly in weight. 
 
 The residts of lilood-corpuscle counts made for five of tiiese animals at tlie close 
 of the experiment, and again tliirtv-eight days afterward, show an average increase 
 during this period of 158,600 red, and .'>, 10(i white corpuscles per cultic millimetre, 
 an aniniiiit wiiicii has little significance. Microcytes were found in the blood of the 
 ani mals immediately after the experiment, l)ut noue were found thirty-eight days later. 
 
 The organs of a numbei'of the animals that died in these expeiiments were pre- 
 served in alcohol and examined microscopically. The changes noted post mortem 
 were those of pmfound venous congestion nt' .ill the internal organs. The lungs 
 were fretpientU' so charged with venous blood that the portions preserved for 
 microscopic examination failed to float in water. The right side of the lieart was 
 usually dilated with a large firm venous clot, the left ventricle w-as in most instances 
 contracted. The liver, on incision, bled fi'eely, as did also the kidneys and spleen, 
 the blood being quite dark and venous. All the capillaries were unusuall)' pi'omi- 
 nent, being filled with venous blood; this was particularly noticeable in the small 
 intestine, and in the luembi'anes of the bi'ain. 
 
 Microscopic examination of the organs presented a picture coinciding with the 
 gvoss post-iiiortetii a})pearances. In the lungs the capillaries wei'e found to be dis- 
 tended with blood, occluding in many cases the lumen of the alveoli and air cells, 
 and presenting a typical jiicture of passive hyj)eiwmia. In the liver, kidneys, and 
 spleen, as well as in the intestines, the capillaries were likewi.se overloaded with 
 blood. Patliological changes wei'e but rarely noted, and some of these, such as 
 slight proliferation of connective-tissue elements betw^een the tubules of the kidney, 
 and, in rarer instances, in the inter-lobular spaces of the liver, are such as are occa- 
 sionally found in animals which have not been subjected to such conditions, and 
 may, therefore, have existed in the animals at the beginning of the experiment. All 
 the changes which were constantly present may propeily be attributed to the action 
 of the carbonic acid and the low percentage of oxygen in tlie atmosphere, intei'feriug 
 with the cii'culation and aeration of the blood. The lesions reported by Brown- 
 Secpiard and d'Arsonval as characteristic in such cases were not seen. No focal 
 necroses or peculiar uniform degenei'ative changes were found. The results of these 
 experiments, therefore, do not agree with those reported by Brown-Sequard and 
 d'Ai"sonval — and furnish no evidence of the existence of an organic poison in the 
 air expired by animals. 
 
24 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 I. Tlie it'sults obtaiiieil in this reseairli indicate tliat in air exj>ire(l by 
 healthy mice, sparrows, rabbits, guinea-[)igs, or men, tiicn; is no peculiar organic 
 matter wliicli is poisonous to the animals mentioned (excluding man), or which 
 tends to [)rodin'e in these animals any s[)ecial foi'ni of disease. The injurious 
 effects of such air observed appeared to be due entircdy to the diminution of 
 oxygen, oi' the increase of carbonic acid, or to a combination of these two factors. 
 They also make it very improbable that the minute (quantity of oi'ganic matter 
 contained in the air expired from human lungs has any deleterious influence u[)on 
 men who inhale it in ordinary rooms, and, hence, it is probably unnecessary to 
 take this factor into account in providing for the ventilation of such rooms. 
 
 II. In oi-dinary quiet respiration, no bacteiia, e[)ithelial scales, or particles of 
 dead tissue are contained in the expired air. In the act of coughing or sneezing, 
 such organisms or particles may probably be thrown out. 
 
 III. The minute (juantity of ammonia, or of combined nitrogen, oi- other 
 oxidizaljle matters, found in the condensed moisture of human breath appears to 
 be largely due to products of the decomposition of organic matter which is 
 constantly going on in the mouth and pharynx. This is shown by the effects of 
 cleansing the mouth and teeth upon the amount of such matters in the condensed 
 moistui-e of the breath, and also by the differences in this respect between the air 
 exhaled through a ti'acheal fistula and that expired in the usual way. 
 
 IV. The air in an inhabited room, such as the hospital ward in which 
 experiments were made, is contaminated from many sources besides the expii'ed 
 air of the occupants, and the most important of these contaminations are in the 
 form of minute particles or dusts. The experiments on the air of the hospital 
 ward, and with the moisture condensed therefrom, show that the greater part of 
 the ammonia in the air was probably connected with dust particles which could 
 be removed by a filter. They also showed that in this dust there were micro- 
 organisms, including some of the bacteria which produce inflammation and 
 suppuration, and it is probable that these were the only really dangerous elements 
 in this air. 
 
 V. The experiments in which animals were compelled to breathe air vitiated 
 by the [)i'oducts of either theii' own respii'ation or by those of other animals; or 
 \ve)'e injected with fluid condensed from expired air, gave I'esults contrary to those 
 reported by Hammond, by Bi-own-Sequard and d'Arsonval, and by Merkel, but 
 corresponding to those reported by Dastre and Loye, RussoGiliberti and Alessi, 
 Hofmann-Wellenhof, Ilauer, and other experimenters referred to in the preliminary 
 historical sketcli of this report, and make it improbable that there is 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 25 
 
 any peculiar volatile poisonous matter in the air expii-ed by healthy men ami 
 animals, other than carbonic acid. It must be borne in mind, however, that the 
 results of such experiments upon animals as are referred to in this repoi't may be 
 applicable only in pai't to liuiiian beings. It does not necessarily follow that a 
 man would not be injured by continually living in an atmosphere containing 2 
 parts per 1000 of carbonic acid and other products of respiration, of cutaneous 
 excretion, and of putrefactive decomposition of oi-ganic matters, because it is found 
 that a mouse, a guinea-pig, or a rabbit, seems to suffer no ill effects from living 
 under such conditions for sevei'al days, weeks, or mouths, but it does follow that 
 the evidence wliicli has heretofore been supposed to demonstrate the evil effects of 
 bad ventilation upon human health should be carefully scrutinized. 
 
 VI. The effects of reduction of ox\'gen and inci'ease of cai'bonic acid to a 
 certain degree appear to be the same in artificial mixtures of these gases as in air in 
 which the change of proportion of these gases has been produced by respii-ation. 
 
 VII. The effect of liabir, wliicii may enable au animal to live in an atmos- 
 phere in which, by i^natliial change, the proportion of oxygen has become so low 
 and that of the carbonic acid so hi<i;h that a similar animal brought from fi'esh air 
 into it dies almost immediately, has been observed before, but we are not aware 
 that a continuance of this immunity produced by it had been previously noted. 
 The experiments reported in the Appendix, VII., 17 to 28, show that such an 
 imnumity maj^ either exist normally or be produced in certain mice, but tiiat these 
 cases ai'e veiy exceptional, and it is very desirable that a special research should 
 be made to determine, if possible, the conditions upon which such a continuance of 
 immunity depends. 
 
 \'11I. An excessively high or low temperature has a decided effect upon the 
 production of asphyxia by diminution of oxygen and increase of carbonic acid. 
 At high temperatures the respiratory centres are affected, where evaporation from 
 the skin and mucous surfaces is checked by the air being saturated with moisture; 
 at low temperatures the consumption of oxygen increases, and the demand for it 
 becomes more urgent. 
 
 So far as the acute effects of excessively foul air at high tempei-atures are 
 concerned, such, for example, as appeared in the Black Hole at Calcutta, it is 
 probable that they are due to substantially the same causes in man as in animals. 
 
 IX. The proportion of increase of carbonic acid and of diminution of oxygen, 
 which has been found to exist in badly ventilated churches, schools, theatres, or 
 barracks, is not suflSciently great to satisfactorily account for the great discomfort 
 which such conditions produce in many persons, and there is no evidence to show 
 that such an amount of change in the normal proportion of these gases has any 
 
26 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 iiitlueiice upon the iiicroiise of disease and deatb-rates wliicli statistical evidence has 
 shown to exist anioiig jiersons living in crowded and unventilated rooms. The 
 Report of the Comniissioners appointed to in(iiiire into the regulations affecting the 
 sanitary conditions of the IJritish Army (1), pi'operly lays great stress on the fact 
 that in civilians at soldiers' ages, in twenty-four large towns, the death-rate per 
 1000 was n.9, while in the foot-guards it was 20.4, and in the infantry of the line 
 17.9, and showed that this difference was mainly due to diseases of the lungs 
 occurring in soldiers in crowded and unventilated barracks. These observations 
 have since been repeatedly confirmed by statistics derived from other armies, from 
 pi'isons, and from the death-rates of persons engaged in diffei'ent occupations, and, 
 in all cases, tubercular disease of the lungs and pneumonia aie the diseases which 
 are most prevalent among persons living and working in unventilated rooms, 
 unless such persons are of the Jewish race. But consumption and pneumonia are 
 caused by specific bacteria, which, for the most part, gain access to the air-passages 
 by adhering to particles of dust which are inhaled, and it is probable that the 
 greater liability to these diseases of persons living in crowded and unventilated 
 rooms, is, to a lai'ge extent, due to the special liability of such rooms to become 
 infected with the germs of these diseases. It is, however, by no means demon- 
 strated, as yet, that the only deleterious effect which the air of crowded barracks or 
 tenemeut-honse rooms, or of foul courts and narrow streets, exerts upon the persons 
 who breathe it, is due to the greatei- number of [)athogenic micro-organisms in such 
 localities. It is tpiite possible that such impure atmospheres may affect the vitality 
 and the bactericidal powers of the cells and fluids of the upper air-passages with 
 which they come in contact, and may thus predispose to infections, the potential 
 causes of which are almost eveiywhere present, and especially in the upper air- 
 passages and in the alimentarj' canal of even the healthiest persons, but of this we 
 have, as yet, no scientific evidence. It is very desii'able that researches should be 
 made on this point. 
 
 X. The discomfort produced by crowded, ill-ventilated rooms in persons not 
 accustomed to them is not due to the excess of carbonic acid, nor to bacteria, nor, 
 in most cases, to dusts of any kind. The two great causes of such discomfort, 
 though not the only ones, are excessive temperature and unpleasant odors. Sucli 
 I'ooms as those referred to are generally overheated, the bodies of the occupants, 
 and, at night, the usual means of illumination, contributing to this result. 
 
 The cause of the unpleasant, musty odor which is perceptible to most persons 
 on passing from the outer air into a crowded, unventilated room is unknown; it 
 may, in part, be due to volatile products of decomposition contained in the expired 
 air of persons having decayed teeth, foul mouths, or certain disorders of the diges- 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS XJPON ANIMAL LIFE. 27 
 
 tive apparatus, and it is iluc, in part, to volatile fatty acids given off witb, or 
 produced from, the excretions of the skin, and from clothing soiled with 
 such excretions. It may i)roduce nausea and other disagreeable sensations in 
 specially susceptible persons, but most men soon become accustomed to it, and 
 cease to notice it, as they will do with regard to the odor of a smoking-car, or of a 
 soai) factory, after they have been for some time in the place. The direct and 
 indirect effects of odors of various kinds upon the comfort, .-md perhaps also upon 
 the health, of men are nuu-e considerable than would be indicated i)y any tests 
 now known for determining the nature and quantity of the matters w Inch give rise 
 to them. The remarks of Renk (38, p. 174) upon this point merit consideration. 
 Cases of fainting in crowded i-ooms usually occur in women, and are connected 
 with defective respiratory action due to tight lacing or other causes. 
 
 Other causes of discomfort in rooms heated l)y furnaces or by steam are exces- 
 sive dryness of the air, and the presence of small quantities of carbonic oxide, of 
 illuminating gas, or of arsenic derived from the coal used for heating. 
 
 XI. The results of this investigation, taken in connection with the results of 
 other recent reseai'ches sununarized in this report, indicate that some of the theoiies 
 upon which modern systems of ventilation are based are either without foundation 
 or doubtful, and that the problem of securing comfoi't and health in inhabited 
 I'ooms requires the consideration of the best methods of preventing or disposing of 
 dusts of various kinds, of properly regulating temperature and moistui'e, and of 
 preventing the entrance of poisonous gases like carbonic oxide derived from heat- 
 ing and lighting apparatus, rather than upon simply diluting the air to a certain 
 stanilard of propoi'tion of carbonic acid present. 
 
 It would be very unwise to conclude, from the facts given in this report, that 
 the standards of air supply for the ventilation of inhabited I'ooms, \vliich standards 
 are now generally accepted by sanitai'ians as the result of the work of Pettenkofer, 
 De Chaumont, and others, ai'e much too large under any circumstances, or that the 
 differences in health and vigor between those who spend the greater part of their 
 lives in the open air of the country hills, and those who live in the city slums, do 
 not depend in any way upon the diffei-ences between the atmospheres of the two 
 localities except as regards the number and character of micro-organisms. 
 
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30 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
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AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 31 
 
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 Univ. di Roma, 1893, n s., Ill, 399-436. 
 
 34. Liibbert (A.) and Peters (R.) Ueber die 
 Giftwirkung der Ausathmungsluft. Pharm. 
 Centralhalle, Dresd., 1894, 541-548. -rl/so, 
 [Abstr.] : Hyg. Rundschau, Beri., 1894, IV, 
 1 1 18. 
 
 35. Brown-Sequard and d'.Vrsonval. Nou- 
 velles recherches demonstrant que la toxicite de 
 I'air expire depend d'une poison provenant des 
 poumons et non de I'acide carbonique. Arch, 
 de phys. norm. et. path., Par., 1894,5. s.. XVI, 
 H3-124. 
 
 36. Abbott (A. C.) Chemical, physical, and 
 bacteriological studies upon air over decompos- 
 ing substances, with special reference to their 
 application to the air of sewers. Tr. Cong. Am. 
 Phys. and Surg., New Haven, 1894, III, 28-62. 
 
 37. Birkholz (\V.) Ueber den Einfluss der 
 Temperatur und der Erniihrung auf ihr Kohl, 
 ensiiurepruduktion im Thierkorper. Inaug. diss. 
 8vo, Erlangen, 1889. 
 
 38. Renk (F.) Die Luft. Handb. d. Hyg., 
 8vo, Leipz., 1886, i. Th. 2. Abth. 2 Hft., 1-242. 
 
 39. Remsen (I.) Report on the subject of 
 organic matter in the air. Bull. Nat. Bd. 
 Health, Wash., 18S0-1, 517-521. 
 
 40. Talbot (M.) Technol. Quarterly, 1887, 
 I, 29- 
 
 41. Nekam (L. A.) Ueber die Untersuch- 
 ungen der organischcn Substanzen der Luft. 
 Arch. f. Hyg., Munchen u. Leipz., 1890, XI, 
 396-409. 
 
 42. Archarow (J.) Ueber die Bestimmung 
 der organischen Stoffe der Luft vermittelst 
 Kaliumpermanganat. Arch. f. Hyg., Munchen 
 u. Leipz., 1891, XIII, 229-246. 
 
 43. Carnelly (T.) and Mackie (W.) The de- 
 termination of organic matter in air. Proc. 
 Roy. Soc, Lond. (1886), 1SS7, XLI, 238-247. 
 
 44. Friedlandcr (C.) and Ilerter (E.) Ueber 
 die Wirkung der Kohlensaure anf den thieris- 
 chen Organismus. Ztschr. f. physiol. Chera., 
 Strassb., 1878-9, II, 99-148. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Details of methods employed, and results obtained, in experiments upon the 
 
 effects of expired air. 
 
 David Hendricks Bergey, B. S., M.D. 
 
 (The numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliographical list appended to the report.) 
 
 I. — Four experiments were made to determine whether the air expired by man contains micro- 
 organisms. The results are shown in the following table. 
 
 Table A. 
 
 No. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Culture 
 medium. 
 
 Amount of 
 
 medium. 
 
 Time in 
 breathing. 
 
 Number of 
 colonies. 
 
 Time under 
 observation. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 I 
 
 1893 
 Dec. 29 
 
 Gelatin. 
 
 150 c.c. 
 
 30 min. 
 
 6 
 
 Days. 
 3° 
 
 Common air organisms. 
 
 2 
 
 1894 
 Jan. 10 
 
 u 
 
 ft u 
 
 n t( 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 U (( It 
 
 3 
 
 Feb. 7 
 
 " 
 
 <( (( 
 
 H 11 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 Sterile. 
 
 4 
 
 Mch. 3 
 
 1( 
 
 (( 11 
 
 20 " 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 (( 
 
 In these experiments the expired breath was conducted through melted gelatin contained in the 
 apparatus shown in Fig. i, for 20 to 30 minutes. The gelatin was then hardened by rolling the flask 
 in a shallow basin containing ice-water, thus distributing the culture in a thin layer over the bottom 
 
 33 
 
34 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 Fig. I. — Apparatus 
 for detennining the 
 pressure of bacteria 
 in expired breath. 
 
 ind sides of the flask. Tliese cultures were kept under observation for 20 to 30 days. About 150 
 c. c. of the gelatin was used for each experiment. The glass tube, b, of the 
 apparatus used, which served for the entrance of the expired air, was inserted 
 far enough to just impinge on the fluid culture medium in the flask, so that the 
 air produced a slight agitation of the fluid in passing through the apparatus. 
 
 Description of the apparatus used for determining the presence of bacteria 
 in expired breath, Fig. 1.: «, represents a half litre Erlenmeyer flask closed with 
 a rubber stopper having two openings. Each of these openings is closed by a 
 glass tube bent at right angles above the stopper. 
 
 /'. represents the longer glass tube which reaches nearly to the bottom of 
 the flask. This tube has a small bidb-shaped enlargement blown into its upper 
 end, which serves to retain any saliva that might flow into the tube. This 
 tube serves as the mouthpiece through which the air enters the apparatus. When not in use, the 
 mouth-piece is closed with a small cotton plug. The internal diameter of tTie tube is seven mm. 
 
 c, the shorter tube is bent at right angles and terminates just below the stopper. The external 
 end of this tube is closed with a cotton plug to prevent the entrance of micro-organisms from this 
 side of the apparatus. The internal diameter of this tube is also seven mm. 
 
 The organisms which developed in these cultures were all of the same character — a small 
 yellow bacillus which is quite common in the air of the laboratory. In the experiments in which 
 gelatin remained sterile, the precaution had been taken to sterilize the apparatus with dry heat for 
 an hour previous to introducing the gelatin, besides the subsequent sterilization of the culture 
 medium on three successive days. If, after standing in the working room for several days, it was 
 found that the culture medium was sterile, the expired breath was then conducted through the 
 apparatus and the culture was kept under observation (for the time specified in the table) at the 
 room temperature. The nature of the organisms that developed in the first two experiments, and 
 the absence of any growth in the others, makes it probable that they developed from spores that 
 survived the fractional sterilization of the culture medium. It is improbable that they were carried 
 in the expired breath. 
 
 Several attempts were made to use bouillon and litmus milk instead of gelatin, as the culture 
 medium. Neither of the former media was found to be suitable for the purpose. 
 
 Careful examination of the fluid condensed from the expired air was made with high powers, 
 both in hanging drops, and in six dried and stained preparations, but nothing resembling bacteria or 
 epithelium was found. A few amorphous particles, a few minute apparently crystalline masses, 
 and here and there a fragment resembling vegetable fibre, were all that could be seen. 
 
 II. — A series of experiments was made to determine the amount of ammonia, of albuminoid 
 ammonia, and of oxidizable matters contained in the fluids condensed from expired air. 
 
 The apparatus used in collecting the condensed vapor from expired breath is represented in 
 Fig. 2, the condenser of which is laid in ice. Each time before this apparatus was brought into 
 use, the condenser was boiled out with either a solution of bichromate of potash and sulphuric 
 acid, or with alkaline permanganate of potash, then freely rinsed with twice distilled water until 
 entirely free from the cleansing solutions used. The apparatus was then quickly connected 
 together and placed in a large steam sterilizer for an hour. The condenser was then packed in 
 ice and the breath exhaled through the apparatus, using but little greater expiratory force than in 
 ordinary respiration. In several of the experiments a gas meter was attached after the apparatus, 
 in order to measure the volume of air exhaled. This was found to approximate a third of a cubic 
 metre per hour, during which time as much as 12 c. c. of inoisture was collected. 
 
 The amount of air expired in ordinary quiet respiration ranges from 400 to 500 litres per hour. 
 It is evident that the diminished amount exhaled in the experiment did not represent the full 
 respiratory capacity ; the reduction observed having its cause, in all probability, in the slightly 
 greater effort required to conduct the expired breath through the apparatus. It was noted that the 
 number of expirations ranged from twelve to fifteen per minute, the ordinary rate being about 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 35 
 
 eighteen per minute. Tliis was also caused by the slight obstruction to the respiratory current 
 prolonging the expiratory movettient. Inhalation took place through the nose. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 2. 
 
 This apparatus was used to condense moisture from the expired breath. It consists of a glass 
 mouth-piece, a, having an internal diameter of seven millimetres ; its length being twenty centime- 
 tres. The distal end of this tube is bent at an obtuse angle and is connected with a glass tube of 
 similar size, bent at right angles, and inserted through one of the openings of the rubber stopper 
 of the wide-mouthed flask b. The other opening of this stopper carries a similar glass tube, also 
 bent at right angles, attached to the proximal arm of the condenser c. To the distal arm of the 
 condenser is attached another glass tube, also bent at right angles, passing through one of the 
 openings of the rubber stopper of the wide-mouthed tlask e. The other opening in this stopper 
 carries a glass tube of similar size, also bent at right angles, passing nearly to the bottom of the 
 flask. The different parts of the apparatus are connected together by means of short pieces of 
 stout, closely fitting rubber tubing. The small wide-mouthed flask b serves as a receptacle for 
 saliva. The tubing in the stopper closing its mouth terminates just below its inner surface. The 
 condenser c is U-shaped, with each of its arms bent at right angles about half-way down to the 
 lower dilated portion, and has an internal diameter of seven millimetres. The dilated portion of 
 the condenser is twelve centimetres in length and four centimetres in its external diameter. The 
 small wide-mouthed flask e is nearly filled with small, pea-sized pieces of pumice-stone saturated 
 with concentrated sulphuric acid. This serves to arrest the organic matter in any air that might 
 accidentally enter from this side of the apparatus. The U-shaped condenser rests in a square 
 glass dish d, 20 x 8 x 8 centimetres in its external dimensions, containing cracked ice. 
 
 Fig. 2. — Apparatus to condense moisture from the expired breath. 
 
 In order to adapt the mouth-piece of this apparatus to the fistulous opening in the throat of 
 the man that had had his larynx removed, the proximal end of the mouth-piece was attached to a 
 porcelain mouth-piece used for speaking-tubes. This was padded with several layers of cheese 
 cloth, and the loose end of this lied around his neck to hold it in position. In this manner he was 
 able to exhale through the apparatus without any difficulty. 
 
 Some of the condensed fluid was collected from my own breath and that of other healthy 
 persons ; other portions were collected from a man having a permanent fistulous opening in his 
 throat through which he breatlied ; there being no connection whatever with the mouth and upper 
 air passages. Some fluid was also collected from the breath of a man suffering from advanced 
 tuberculaT disease of the lungs. 
 
 The amount of free and albuminoid ammonia in this condensed fluid, as estimated according 
 to the well-known method of Wanklyn, Chapman, and Smith, is shown in Table B, together with 
 the amount of fluid used in each of these determinations and the time required to collect these 
 portions of fluid. A definite portion of the fluid was diluted with 500 c. c. of twice distilled water, 
 
36 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 and the ammonia in a like quantity of the same water was determined simultaneously and 
 deducted from the amount found in the diluted fluid. The minute quantities of ammonia found 
 in the fluid in some of these determinations required the greatest care in manipulation to avoid all 
 sources of contamination — in the collection of the fluid as well as subsequently in the distillation 
 and nesslerization. Tlie greatest care had to be exercised, therefore, in cleansing all ajiparatus 
 used, and in the preparation of the different reagents. 
 
 The fluid for the first seven determinations was collected from my own breath, and, for the 
 next thirteen determinations, from the breath of the man with the tracheal fistula. The remainder 
 of the determinations were made on the fluids collected from the breath of the consumptive. 
 
 Table B. 
 
 determination of free and albuminoid ammonia in condensed fluid of respiration. 
 
 
 
 Grams per 
 
 lire of fluid. 
 
 Time and amt. collected. 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Amount of 
 fluid used. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Free NH3. 
 
 Alb. NHs. 
 
 Minutes. 
 
 c. c. of fluid. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893. 
 
 
 I 
 
 5 c. c. 
 
 .0198 
 
 .005 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 
 Dec. IS 
 
 My own breath. 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 .031 
 
 .004 
 
 ss 
 
 10 
 
 " 20 
 
 
 3 
 
 S " 
 
 .0314 
 
 .0038 
 
 
 
 
 it it t( 
 
 4 
 
 S " 
 
 .0026 
 
 .0162 
 
 60 
 
 12 
 
 " 28 
 
 (( U a 
 
 5 
 
 5 " 
 
 .0028 
 
 .016 
 
 
 
 1894. 
 
 a n a 
 
 6 
 
 4 " 
 
 •0245 
 
 .004 
 
 55 
 
 8.S 
 
 Jan. I 
 
 u n 
 
 7 
 
 4 " 
 
 .022 
 
 Defective. 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 5 " 
 
 .0004 
 
 .0002 
 
 
 
 " 16 
 
 Mr. Rickey's breath. 
 
 9 
 
 5 " 
 
 .0006 
 
 .0002 
 
 
 
 
 (Tracheal fistula.) 
 
 10 
 
 5 " 
 
 .0003 
 
 .0002 
 
 
 
 " 19 
 
 (f a 
 
 1 1 
 
 5 
 
 .0003 
 
 .0002 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 5 ' 
 
 .0004 
 
 .0006 
 
 
 
 " 22 
 
 
 13 
 
 5 " 
 
 * Failure. 
 
 * Failure. 
 
 
 
 
 a (( 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 .0005 
 
 .0005 
 
 
 
 " 25 
 
 i< 
 
 15 
 
 5 " 
 
 .0006 
 
 .0006 
 
 
 
 
 (< i( 
 
 16 
 
 5 " 
 
 .0004 
 
 .0005 
 
 
 
 " 26 
 
 (( a 
 
 17 
 
 5 ' 
 
 .0004 
 
 .0005 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 .0007 
 
 .0005 
 
 
 
 r, '9 
 
 " 
 
 19 
 
 10 " 
 
 .0006 
 
 .0002 
 
 
 
 " 30 
 
 u t( 
 
 20 
 
 21-5" 
 
 .0003 
 
 .OOOI 
 
 
 
 Feb. I 
 1895- 
 
 f( (( 
 
 21 
 
 IS " 
 
 .005S 
 
 .0003 
 
 6S 
 
 15 
 
 Jan. 18 
 
 Consumptive person. 
 
 22 
 
 12 " 
 
 .0034 
 
 .0005 
 
 60 
 
 12.5 
 
 Feb. 7 
 
 a li 
 
 23 
 
 IS " 
 
 .0023 
 
 •o°33 
 
 120 
 
 20 
 
 " 13 
 
 (( li 
 
 24 
 
 10 " 
 
 .0005 
 
 .009s 
 
 120 
 
 16 
 
 " 19 
 
 a a 
 
 The amount of organic matters present in the condensed fluid, as shown by its reducing power 
 upon solution of permanganate of potash, is represented in Table C, the results being calculated 
 to Mg. of O. consumed to one litre of the condensed fluid. The table also shows the amount of 
 fluid used in each of the determinations and the time required to collect such amount. In three 
 of the experiments the amount of air expired is also given. These determinations were made 
 according to the methods now in common use for the determination of organic matter in water as 
 modified by Kubel ; the fluid being diluted with a definite amount of distilled water, the reducing 
 power on permanganate of which was simultaneously determined and deduced from the results 
 obtained. The ebullition of the fluid was always carefully timed — the time being five minutes. 
 
 * Merely a trace found. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 Table C. 
 
 determination of oxidizable matter in condensed moisture of respiration. 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 Time and amount 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :ollected. 
 
 
 Mgm. of Amount 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 
 
 Amount 
 used c.c. 
 
 0. con- 
 sumed to 
 
 of air 
 expired. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hours. 
 
 c.c. of 
 fluid. 
 
 
 I litre. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 
 
 
 1894. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Jan. 
 
 3' 
 
 
 I 
 
 35 
 
 3.5 ' 8°i 
 
 
 I). Tlickey's breath (tracheal fistula). 
 
 
 2 
 
 it 
 
 31 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 4 TI.68 
 
 
 (i .( It 
 
 
 3 
 
 (( 
 
 3' 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 9345S 
 
 
 It tt tt tt 
 
 
 4 
 
 4< 
 
 31 
 
 
 I 
 
 '•5 
 
 1.5 1 24.916 
 
 
 tt tt tt It 
 
 
 5 
 
 Sept. 
 
 6 
 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 25 
 
 12.04 
 
 982.5 
 
 My own breath. 
 
 
 6 
 
 ** 
 
 12 
 
 
 I 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 8.89 
 
 333-3 
 
 tt tt It 
 
 
 7 
 
 (( 
 
 17 
 
 35 
 
 min. 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 11.25 
 
 176 
 
 Dr. Gillespie's breath. 
 
 
 
 '895- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Jan. 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 7-5 
 
 7 
 
 6.86 
 
 
 Consumptive's " 
 
 
 9 
 
 it 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 (t 
 
 4 75 
 
 4-75! 1830 
 
 
 Four hours after last meal.* 
 
 
 lO 
 
 (( 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 tt 
 
 4-25 
 
 4.25 2.27 
 
 
 Half hour " " " 
 
 
 II 
 
 it 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 i( 
 
 4 
 
 4 Failure. 
 
 
 Three and a half hours after last meal. 
 
 
 12 
 
 it 
 
 3° 
 
 15 
 
 tt 
 
 4 
 
 4 Failure. 
 
 
 Half hour after last meal. 
 
 
 13 
 
 (< 
 
 3> 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 16 i 19.32 
 
 
 Consumptive's breath. 
 
 
 «4 
 
 n 
 
 3" 
 
 '5 
 
 tt 
 
 3-75 
 
 3-75 '0-40 
 
 
 Four hours after last meal. 
 
 
 IS 
 
 tt 
 
 31 
 
 15 
 
 tt 
 
 3-75 
 
 3-75 2.60 
 
 
 Half hour " " " 
 
 
 i6 
 
 Feb. 
 
 I 
 
 15 
 
 i( 
 
 4-5 
 
 4-5 757 
 
 
 Three and a half hours after last meal. 
 
 
 17 
 
 ** 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 ti 
 
 3 
 
 3 8-1° 
 
 
 Half hour after last meal. 
 
 
 i8 
 
 If 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 tt 
 
 3-8 
 
 3.8 10.105 
 
 
 Three hours " " " 
 
 
 '9 
 
 U 
 
 2 
 
 »5 
 
 i( 
 
 3-5 
 
 3-5 15485 
 
 
 Half hour " " " 
 
 
 20 
 
 <( 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 '* 
 
 9-75 
 
 9-75 7-5° 
 
 
 Consumptive's breath. 
 
 
 21 
 
 (< 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 tt 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10.90 
 
 
 Four hours after last meal. 
 
 
 22 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 '5 
 
 <t 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 9.70 
 
 
 Four and a half hours after last meal, 
 septic mouth wash. 
 
 anti- 
 
 «3 
 
 (( 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 tt 
 
 38 
 
 3-8 
 
 12.76 
 
 
 Four and a half hours after last meal. 
 
 
 24 
 
 « 
 
 •9 
 
 120 
 
 tt 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 19.12 
 
 
 Consumptive's breath. 
 
 
 25 
 
 << 
 
 28 
 
 '5 
 
 it 
 
 3-75 
 
 3-75 
 
 Failure. 
 
 
 One and a half hours after meal. 
 
 
 26 
 
 it 
 
 28 60 
 
 (t 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.25 
 
 33-90 
 
 
 Consumptive's breath. 
 
 
 27 
 
 " 
 
 28 10 
 
 *' 
 
 3-5 
 
 325 
 
 8.83 
 
 
 Three and a half hours after meal. 
 
 
 28 
 
 " 
 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.75 
 
 347 
 
 
 Four hours after meal, mouth rinsed 
 warm water. 
 
 with 
 
 29 
 
 Mch. 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 <i 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.50 
 
 756 
 
 
 Four hours after meal. 
 
 
 30 
 
 " 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 tt 
 
 2.75 
 
 2-75 
 
 3-47 
 
 
 Half hour " 
 
 
 31 
 
 It 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 It 
 
 3-75 
 
 3-75 
 
 2.62 
 
 
 Three hours " 
 
 
 32 
 
 tt 
 
 2 15 
 
 *' 
 
 3 25 
 
 3-25 
 
 "•515 
 
 
 Three and a half hours after meal, mouth 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rinsed with warm water. 
 
 
 33 
 
 tt 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 tt 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1.23 
 
 
 Half hour after last meal. 
 
 
 The fluids for these determinations were collected from the breath of the man with the tra- 
 cheal fistula ; from the breath of the consumptive ; and from my own breath and that of another 
 healthy person. With the exception of one of the results obtained with fluid collected from the 
 breath of the man with the tracheal fistula, which result is out of accord with the others (cause 
 unknown), tlie determinations show no marked variation in the amount of oxidizable matter, what- 
 ever the source of the fluid or conditions of the person from whose breath it was collected, though 
 only a few experiments were made. Just before collecting the fluid for several of the later dcter- 
 
 * The Buids for the determinations before and after meals were collected from my own breath. 
 
38 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 minations in the table, tlic moiitli was well rinsed in a weak solution of formalin or with warm water. 
 A reduction of 1.2 Mg. of O. per litre in the 23d from the amount required for the fluid collected 
 the half an hour before, seems to have resulted from the use of the antiseptic mouth wash, in others a 
 still greater reduction was brought about by simply rinsing the mouth several times with warm water. 
 Several efforts were made to obtain evidence as to the chemical nature of the condensed fluid 
 collected from my own breath. Eiglity (80) litres of expired air were conducted through 50 c. c. of 
 a one per cent, solution of oxalic acid in ten minutes. This fluid gave a decided yellowish-brown 
 color w'ith i. c. c. of Nessler's reagent, showing at least five times as much ammonia as was present 
 in the distilled water used to make the oxalic acid solution. 'I'lie fluid condensed from exhaled 
 breath, obtained by conducting the breath through a condensing apparatus laid in ice, was tested 
 with the following reagents for the presence of a volatile organic alkaloid : AUCI3, PtCI^, 
 Amnion. Molybdate, Ag NO3 ; reaction negative. Nessler's reagent ])roduced a yellow color, and 
 a few drops of a 10 per cent, solution of HgCU with a few drops of a 10 per cent, solution of 
 KI also gave a yellow color. 
 
 The results of the tests, though few in number, give no evidence of the presence of exi)ira- 
 tory products other than those indicated by the determinations of ammonia, and the reducing 
 power on solution of permanganate of potash. 
 
 III. — Experiments with fluid condensed from the air of a large surgical ward in the University 
 
 Hospital, with and without filtration of the air. 
 
 Several efforts were made to collect moisture from the 
 air of a crowded surgical ward of the Hospital by means of 
 a large glass funnel, sealed at the neck and filled with ice. 
 A small beaker was placed beneath the funnel to collect 
 any moisture condensing on its exterior. This method 
 proved unsuccessful, and was abandoned. An apparatus, 
 shown in Fig. 3, and arranged as shown in Fig. 4, was 
 placed on a mantel over an unused open fire-place at one 
 end of the ward. 
 
 Description of the apparatus used to condense the 
 moisture in the air of the hospital ward : 
 
 Fig. 3 represents the condenser, consisting of a, a small 
 glass receptacle eleven centimetres in height and three 
 centimetres in diameter at its widest part, and having a 
 capacity of 50 c. c. This receptacle has two ojienings, the 
 one" at the top being closed with a closely fitting, hollow, 
 glass stopper ; the second opening consists of a glass tube 
 coming obliquely from the expanded portion near the top, 
 and at a distance of three centimetres bends upward along 
 the side of the receptacle. This serves as the exit tube to 
 the receptacle, while the air enters through the hollow glass 
 stopper closing the other opening. Each of the tubes has an internal diameter of four millimetres. The 
 spiral portion of the condenser consists of a piece of block- tin tubing, b, three metres in length, 
 and five millimetres in internal diameter. This is connected with the entrance tube of the recep- 
 tacle by means of a short piece of rubber tubing, and with the dust filter by a longer piece of 
 rubber tubing. The exit tube of the receptacle has a ]iiece of glass tubing, thirty centimetres in 
 length, and five centimetres in internal diameter, fused to its end. This is bent at right angles 
 near its upper extremity, and connected with the gas meter by means of a piece of rubber tubing. 
 
 Fig. 4, represents the apparatus as arranged in the hospital ward, a represents an inverted 
 
 bell-jar with the condenser packed in ice. The bell-jar is su]jported by an iron tripod, d. The 
 
 dust filter, consisting of a glass tube loosely packed with asbestos, is represented at c, and 
 
 is attached to a stative by means of a clamp, while e represents the gas meter, and / the water 
 
 • faucet in the lavatory. The meter is connected with the faucet by means of a long piece of block- 
 
 Fic 
 
 3. — Coinleuiier of ajjparalus sliown 
 in Fig. 4. (X 5-) 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 39 
 
 tin tubing of i| centimetres internal diameter. ^"^ represents the Chapman water pump attached 
 to the faucet. 
 
 The dust filter, c, is twenty centimetres in length, consisting of a narrow portion four centi- 
 metres long and three millimetres in internal diameter, and of a wider portion sixteen centimetres 
 long and twelve millimetres in internal diameter. 
 
 The condenser was cleansed by rinsing it with a solution of bichromate of potash and sulphuric 
 acid, then removing all trace of this solution by rinsing it repeatedly with twice distilled water. 
 The cleansing of the apparatus was greatly facilitated by attaching it to a Chapman water pump in 
 the laboratory, and drawing the cleansing solution and distilled water through it in large quantities. 
 It was then placed in the inverted bell jar, (jacked in ice, and connected with the meter and pump 
 in the hospital ward. 
 
 
 l^=>^i 
 
 ^^^^=iii^ 
 
 
 
 © 
 
 
 =ca=d 
 
 , c ^_ 
 
 
 h 
 
 ^ffi 
 
 
 
 
 -M 
 
 Q^^ 
 
 L Hi 
 
 d 
 
 Fig. 4. — Apparatus used to condense moisture from the air of llie Hospital Ward. 
 
 With this apparatus a small amount of fluid was collected on days when the atmosphere was 
 saturated with moisture, but if this fluid was allowed to remain in the receptacle during several days 
 of clear weather it slowly evaporated. However, enough fluid was collected in this manner to 
 make several determinations of the free and albuminoid ammonia in it. The results thus obtained 
 are shown in Table 1) ; the first and third experiments showing results obtained without placing a 
 dust filter of asbestos before the condenser. The second and fourth experiments show the results 
 obtained by attaching such a dust filter. 
 
 T.vulf. D. 
 
 determination of free and albuminoid ammonia in the moisture condensed from the 
 
 air of the hospital ward. 
 
 No. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Litres of air 
 
 Amt. of moisture 
 
 Grms. per loco cbm. air. 
 
 No. of 
 bacteria per 
 c. c. of fluid. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 aspirated. 
 
 condensed. 
 
 Free NHj. 
 
 Alb. NHj. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1894 
 
 Dec. 13 
 
 1895 
 Jan. 9 
 
 " 18 
 Mch. 4 
 
 Hours. 
 43^ 
 
 4ii 
 34i- 
 33 
 
 4612.9 
 
 39903 
 1669.7 
 1980.0 
 
 3. c.c. 
 
 7. " 
 
 3- " 
 2.6 " 
 
 0.0210 
 
 0.00075 
 
 0.0012 
 
 0.0015 
 
 0.0028 
 
 0.00125 
 
 0.0015 
 
 O.OOIO 
 
 3'4° 
 1331 
 
 No dust filter. 
 
 Dust filter. 
 No dust filter. 
 Dust filter. 
 
 Microscopic examination of the fluid condensed from the air of the hospital ward showed : a 
 number of small amorphous particles — black, yellow, and colorless ; a few small crystals, a few 
 epithelial scales, small bits of vegetable fibre, and a few bacteria. 
 
 Cultures made from this fluid showed numerous colonies of moulds, numerous common air and 
 water organisms, some of which rapidly liquefied the gelatin of the cultures. B. pyocyanus was 
 found in one instance, in others a yellow sarcina, and yeasts of different colors. Besides these a 
 
40 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 bacillus belonging, apparently, to the B. coli group was found in most of the cultures ; in one 
 instance this bacillus was present in very large numbers and excluded nearly all the other forms. 
 It was also noted in the gelatin plates exposed in the ward, and in the ctdtures from dust collected 
 near the ajiparatus. 
 
 On several occasions the dust which had collected on the meter and mantel during the night 
 was taken up on a sterilized cotton swab and inoculated upon gelatin plates. The cultures in 
 these plates did not differ greatly from those made from the fluid, except that the moulds were 
 present in larger proportion than the other organisms noted in the cultures from the fluid. 
 
 Gelatin plates exposed to the air of the ward showed the same character of organisms as in the 
 cultures from the condensed fluid and those which developed from the dust collected in the vicinity 
 of the apparatus. In addition to the species already noted, colonies of staphylococcus aureus 
 and albus were also noted in these plates. 
 
 The small amount of fluid collected from the air of the hospital ward in the manner stated, 
 and the rapidity with which it evaporated on clear days, made it impossible to collect a sufficient 
 quantity to inoculate it into animals. To overcome this difficulty a small quantity of sterilized 
 glycerine (7.5 to 10 c. c.) was aspirated through the condensers after it had been cleansed. It is 
 doubtful, however, whether this served to withdraw an appreciable amount of moisture from the air. 
 After aspirating air through the apparatus for several days it was brought to the laboratory and the 
 fluid in the receptacle transferred to a small sterilized flask. The condenser was then washed out 
 by aspirating 8 to 10 c. c. of twice distilled water (sterilized) through it. This was added to the 
 fluid poured from the receptacle, thoroughly mixed with it, and inoculated into animals. The 
 glycerine in this fluid inoculated into the animals was diluted at least 50 per cent. Three sets of 
 animals were inoculated and each time a control animal was inoculated with equal parts of glycerine 
 and distilled water that had been sterilized for one hour. The results of these experiments are 
 shown in Table E. 
 
 Table E. 
 
 collection of bacteria, etc., from the atmosphere of the hospital ward, using glycerine 
 
 in the absorption apparatus. 
 
 No. 
 
 D.ite 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 1894. 
 
 Hours. 
 
 I 
 
 Dec. 5 
 
 47^ 
 
 2 
 
 " II 
 
 1895. 
 
 69I 
 
 3 
 
 Jan. I 
 
 47i 
 
 4 
 
 " 3 
 
 44f 
 
 5 
 
 " S 
 
 S^h 
 
 Litres of air 
 Aspirated. 
 
 i333«.8 
 
 7754-2 
 7669.3 
 4924.2 
 
 Amt. of 
 
 glycerine 
 
 used. 
 
 Weight of rabbit and amt. of fluid injected. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 c. c. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 c. c. 
 
 Weight, 
 (control 
 animal.) 
 
 c.c. 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 
 10 c. c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 " ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.5" 
 
 If 
 
 3°5° 
 2205 
 1970 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 1 130 
 
 2350 
 1280 
 
 2 
 6 
 6 
 
 1025 
 2205 
 1400 
 
 2 
 6 
 6 
 
 No. of bacteria 
 
 in dilute fluid, 
 
 per c. c. 
 
 900 
 
 45° 
 
 267s 
 
 1893 
 1646 
 
 The animals inoculated with the products collected from the air of the hospital ward in the 
 manner stated were under observation for two months. Three of these animals died during the 
 time they were under observation. The control animal of the third series died after twelve days. 
 This animal was observed to be in] poor health for several days before its death. On examination, 
 Jwsi mortem, it was found to have had a good-sized abscess in the right axillary fossa, which had 
 ruptured externally : The liver presented numerous whitish bands and foci on all of its surfaces 
 and throughout the matrix. .\ number of echinococcus cysts were found adherent to the liver, 
 spleen, and the omentum. The kidneys were normal in size and appearance, and the capsule was 
 easily removed. The other organs appeared normal. 
 
 Cultures v/ere taken from the abscess, blood, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys. Those from the 
 site of the abscess were the only ones developing any growth. The prevailing organisms in the 
 cultures from the abscess were staphylococcus albus and aureus. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 41 
 
 Cover-slip preparations were made from the abscess, blood, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidney. 
 Those from the site of the abscess were the only ones showing any organisms ; nimierous cocci, 
 with a few bacilli, were observed. 
 
 Microscopic examination of the organs hardened in alcohol and mounted in celloidin : The 
 liver presented some increase of connective-tissue elements between the lobules. The whitish 
 bands on the surface of the organ, noted at the autopsy, were found to be due to this increase in 
 connective-tissue elements in the inter-lobular spaces. No change was noticed in tlie liver cells 
 themselves. All the other organs were found to be normal. 
 
 The nature of the substances inoculated into this control animal (6 c. c. of equal parts of steril- 
 ized glycerine and distilled water) and the antiseptic precautions observed in the inoculation make 
 it doubtful whether the source of infection is traceable to the e-xperiment. The changes noted in 
 the liver are of such a nature as to indicate their production by causes preceding even those which 
 brought about the death of the animal. 
 
 Rabbit No. 2 of the first series, having received 2 c. c. of the fluid obtained by aspirating the 
 air of the hospital ward through the condensing apparatus moistened with sterilized glycerine, 
 died after 35 days. Autopsy: Half-grown rabbit, poorly nourished, and adipose all used up, 
 presented nothing important externally. Internally : A small amount of clear fluid in the abdomi- 
 nal cavity ; the liver is somewhat darker than normal, mottled, and contains a few psorosperms. 
 Spleen is normal. Kidneys and adrenals are normal in appearance. The right lung is considerably 
 congested, being readily torn ; the left is also slightly congested. The right side of the heart is 
 filled with dark fluid blood ; the left side is nearly empty. Several echinococcus cysts were found 
 in the abdominal cavity. 
 
 Cover-slip preparations were made from the alidominal fluid, the kidneys, liver, spleen, lung, 
 and blood ; all proved negative. 
 
 The organs were preserved in alcohol and mounted in celloidin for microscopic examination. 
 
 Microscopic examination of the organs : Left lung showed the capillaries and larger vessels 
 very much dilated and filled with blood. Infiltration of leucocytes was noted here and there. 
 Right lung showed marked proliferation of cells and infiltration of leucocytes. Many of the air 
 cells were obliterated. The liver, kidneys, and spleen were normal. 
 
 Rabbit No. i of the second series, inoculated with the fluid obtained from the air of the hospital 
 ward, died after 38 days. Autopsy : Full-grown rabbit, shows numerous bruises and lacerations of 
 the skin over various parts of the body. Many of the wounds along the sides and back show 
 ecchymoses under the skin. .Adipose not all used up. Internally : Liver slightly darker and some- 
 what larger, apparently, than normal. Spleen is larger than normal. Kidneys embedded in fat, 
 normal in appearance. Lungs and heart normal. Blood is dark and fluid. 
 
 Cover-slips were made from all the organs with negative results. 
 
 The organs were preserved in alcohol and mounted in celloidin for microscopic examination. 
 
 Microscopic examination of the organs : No abnormalities could be found in any of the organs ; 
 all appearing to be normal. 
 
 The remaining rabbits of these series showed no symptoms of any deleterious influence from 
 the fluid inoculated. No swelling or formation of abscess was noted in any of them. 
 
 Rabbit No. 2 of the first series evidently died of lung disease, as shown aX post mortem. As to 
 the causation of this disease, it is impossible to venture an opinion. Rabbit No. i of the second 
 series died of causes which left apparently no manifestations pointing to their nature.* Rabbit No. 
 3 (control) of the third series evidently died from the effects of the extensive axillary abscess. As to 
 the source of the infection, no decided opinion can be given. Probably the infection gained an 
 entrance through the inoculation wound. 
 
 Some experiments were made to determine the amount of oxidizable inatter in atmospheric air. 
 At first a measured amount of air was slowly aspirated through twice distilled water, and the amount 
 of oxidizable matter extracted from the air estimated according to the method used for determin- 
 
 •Dcith may have resulted from injury, as shown by the contusions and wounds noted at autopsy. These wounds 
 were probably inflicted by other rjbbits in the same cage. 
 
42 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 ing the oxidizable matters in the condensed Ihiid of respiration. In the later experiments the air 
 was conducted through two flasks — the first containing loo c. c. of a i per cent, solution of sulphuric 
 acid, the second loo c. c. of a i per cent, solution of potassium hydroxide. After aspirating a 
 jneasured amount of air through these solutions, 50 c. c. of each were mixed together and the 
 amount of oxidizable matter determined as in the earlier experiments. The results are shown in 
 Table F. 
 
 Tadi-e F. 
 
 determinations of oxidizable organic matters in atmospheric air. 
 
 No. 
 
 Absorbent used. 
 
 Amount 
 used c. c. 
 
 Litres of air 
 aspirated. 
 
 Time of 
 aspiration. 
 
 0. consumed 
 
 to 1000 b. ni. 
 
 of air. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Kemarl<s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hours. 
 
 Grms. 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Distilled H^O. 
 
 125 
 
 200 
 
 20 
 
 •340 
 
 Aug. 20 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 air. 
 
 2 
 
 
 150 
 
 240 
 
 22 
 
 *Failure 
 
 " 21 
 
 i( 
 
 *' 
 
 3 
 
 (( It 
 
 15° 
 
 240 
 
 20 
 
 .121 
 
 " 22 
 
 i( 
 
 (( 
 
 4 
 
 .( it 
 
 15° 
 
 240 
 
 20 
 
 .058 
 
 " 23 
 
 t( 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 11 ii 
 
 15° 
 
 240 
 
 20 
 
 Failure 
 
 " 24 
 
 t( 
 
 i( 
 
 6 
 
 f( n 
 
 15° 
 
 240 
 
 20 
 
 Failure 
 
 " 25 
 
 <t 
 
 t( 
 
 7 
 
 a li 
 
 150 
 
 240 
 
 20 
 
 Failure 
 
 " 26 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 8 
 
 n n 
 
 ^5° 
 
 300 
 
 20 
 
 .030 
 
 " 27 
 
 " 
 
 t( 
 
 9 
 
 it a 
 
 15° 
 
 320 
 
 20 
 
 •°S9 
 
 '.', ^9 
 
 *' 
 
 tl 
 
 10 
 
 i( a 
 
 '5° 
 
 280 
 
 20 
 
 .085 
 
 " 3° 
 
 ti 
 
 " 
 
 n 
 
 (( (( 
 
 >S° 
 
 369 
 
 20A 
 
 .013 
 
 Sept. 6 
 
 (1 
 
 (1 
 
 12 
 
 it (( 
 
 100 
 
 900 
 
 5° 
 
 .204 
 
 " 8 
 
 it 
 
 ii 
 
 13 
 
 (( 11 
 
 ISO 
 
 360 
 
 24 
 
 Failure 
 
 " n 
 
 i( 
 
 it 
 
 14 
 
 a a 
 
 iS° 
 
 360 
 
 20 
 
 Failure 
 
 " 12 
 
 (( 
 
 11 
 
 IS 
 
 j if, solution HoSOi 
 ( ifo " K H 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 1000 
 
 22 
 
 ■558 
 
 " 18 
 
 External 
 
 (( 
 
 16 
 
 t( (( 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 911.25 
 
 20 
 
 .086 
 
 Oct. 2 
 
 (( 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 (I 11 
 
 100 
 
 TOO 
 
 690.5 
 
 20 
 
 .068 
 
 " 3 
 
 It 
 
 il 
 
 18 
 
 1< (( 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 433 
 
 20 
 
 .062 
 
 " 4 
 
 " 
 
 tt 
 
 
 11 a 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 " 6 
 
 li 
 
 n 
 
 19 
 
 
 100 
 
 447 
 
 22 
 
 .007 
 
 
 
 Theseexperiments were made at a season of the year when the windows of the laboratory were 
 open most of the time and the amount of dust floating in the laboratory air must have been about 
 equal to that in the external air. The method em|)loyed to obtain the oxidizable matter from the 
 external air is preferable to that employed for the laboratory air, and, since equal portions of the 
 solutions used neutralize each other, they have no objectionable influence upon the process of 
 determination of the oxidizable matter. 
 
 In several instances a portion of the water, containing the oxidizable matter extracted from the 
 air, was treated with AgNOj, HgCU, AuCl.,, PtCl^, K^FeCyc, K^FejCyia, KHO, Ba(H0)2, 
 HjS04, I, and with phosphomolybdic acid, am. molybdate, but no reaction was obtained with any 
 of these, either in hot or cold solution. Nessler's reagent gave a deep yellow color, and HgCU with 
 KI produced a lemon-colored precipitate, rapidly changing to red, with deposit of HgU. 
 
 IV. — Experiments on mice and birds confined in glass jars, by the method used by 
 Hammond (10). 
 
 The exact conditions under which Hammond conducted his experiment are not given in his 
 treatise, and the size of the jar he used is uncertain. Taking the relative sizes of the animal, jar, 
 and the other parts of the apparatus shown in the accompanying figure, it seems probable that he 
 used a jar of at least four litres' capacity. In the apparatus used for our experiments, two- and four- 
 
 *By "Failure" is meant that merely a trace of organic matter was found. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 43 
 
 litre jars were used. 'I'lie arrangements for the absorption of moisture, COj, and for the intro- 
 duction of fresh air, were the exact counterparts of these arrangements in Hammond's apparatus, 
 judging from his description and engraving. Fresh air was supplied at intervals of one-half to one 
 hour. This was accomplished by attaching a graduated aspirator to the Geissler potash bulbs 
 containing the Ba(HO)o solution. 
 
 Tiie results obtained in these experi- 
 ments are shown in Table G. Hammond 
 claims that in his experiments a mouse in- 
 variably died within one hour. In our ex- 
 periments all the animals lived over three 
 hours, and some even longer than six hours. 
 The great difference in the duration of life 
 for different animals may be accounted for 
 in the varying susceptibility of different 
 animals of the same species to the almos- 
 l)hcric conditions in the jar, but the still 
 greater difference in the duration of life in 
 
 our experiments, as compared with Ham- 
 
 j. 1. ^1 »^ -L ^ J ^ ¥lG. 5. — Hammond's apparatus. 
 
 mond s results, cannot be attributed to ^^ 
 
 the same cause, and, since it is not known positively what the ca])acity of the jars was which he 
 
 used it would be useless to speculate on the point. 
 
 Fig. 5 shows Hammond's apparatus as given in his treatise (Fig. lo, p. 170), and is an accurate 
 representation of the apparatus used by us, except that it does not show the graduated aspirator 
 connected wuth the free end of the Geissler potash bulbs, by means of which a known amount of 
 fresh air was introduced at stated intervals during the experiment. 
 
 Table G. 
 the " hammond experiment.' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K.\am. 
 
 of air. 
 
 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Capacity of 
 the jar. 
 
 Amt. of air 
 aspirated. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Aniii.al. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 
 1893- 
 
 
 
 H'rs. 
 
 
 Grms. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Dec. IS 
 
 4000 c. c. 
 
 250 C. C. 
 
 .S 
 
 Sparrow. 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Alive 
 
 ; revived. 
 
 2 
 
 " 16 
 
 
 185 '' 
 
 s+ 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 (( 
 
 3 
 
 " 18 
 
 (( t( 
 
 600 " 
 
 6 
 
 Mouse. 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 (( 
 
 4 
 
 " 19 
 
 it (( 
 
 600 " 
 
 6 
 
 u 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 tt 
 
 5 
 
 " 20 
 
 2000 " 
 
 300 " 
 
 6 
 
 t( 
 
 f4 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 6 
 
 " 20 
 
 
 300 " 
 
 6 
 
 tt 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 
 " 21 
 
 4000 *' 
 
 225 " 
 
 ■S 
 
 Sparrow. 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 " ( 
 
 - Same animal. 
 
 8 
 
 " 22 
 1894. 
 
 
 225 " 
 
 s 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 9 
 
 Feb. 9 
 
 
 300 " 
 
 3 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 
 Died. 
 
 
 10 
 
 ;; 9 
 
 u u 
 
 35° " 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 " 10 
 
 
 400 " 
 
 3i- 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 
 12 
 
 " lO 
 
 
 400 " 
 
 ^i 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 J3 
 
 " 12 
 
 «l tt 
 
 500 " 
 
 si 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 14 
 
 " 12 
 
 
 35° '' 
 
 3f 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 i.S 
 
 Mch. 6 
 
 
 55° 
 
 6A 
 
 ii 
 
 23 
 
 13.80 
 
 S.61 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 " 6 
 
 
 550 
 
 4* 
 
 
 23 
 
 13-75 
 
 S.60 
 
 it 
 
 
 17 
 
 " 7 
 
 
 250 
 
 Si 
 
 
 21 
 
 1304 
 
 4-7.S 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 ' 7 
 
 
 =5° ' 
 
 SA 
 
 
 21 
 
 12.50 
 
 4-87S 
 
 
 
 >9 
 
 ; 9 
 
 
 25° " 
 
 4i 
 
 
 25 
 
 12.79 
 
 5-59 
 
 U 
 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 '* " 
 
 350 " 
 
 t^i 
 
 " 
 
 21 
 
 12.27 , 
 
 3-94 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 " 10 
 
 '* " 
 
 200 " 
 
 4.t 
 
 '* 
 
 25 
 
 14.08 
 
 3-74 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 " 10 
 
 
 200 " 
 
 4i 
 
 
 22 
 
 13-69 i 
 
 3-25 
 
 
 
44 
 
 THE COMPOSITION^OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 The determinations of tlie proportions of CO, and of O in the air of the jar at the end of the 
 experiments were made with the Bunte gas burette represented in Fig. 6. For rapid determinations 
 this apparatus gives quite satisfactory results, and one soon learns to manage it easily and obtain 
 results concordant witli those obtained by other methods. It is not claimed that the results so 
 obtained arc absolutely accurate, but any error resulting from the use of this burette is a constant 
 one in all the air analyses for the different experiments reported on, and is without influence on 
 the results obtained. 
 
 a represents the burette proper ; the upper portion is of larger size than the lower, which is 
 marked with a scale extending from zero near the bottom to loo c. c. just below the expanded por- 
 tion above, and from the zero mark down to lo c. c. near the lower 
 extremity of the tube. The capacity from the loo c. c. mark to the three- 
 way stop-cock, b, closing its upper end, is 50 c. c. — making the entire ca- 
 pacity of the tube 160 c. c. The lower end is closed by'means of a simple 
 glass stopcock, c. e represents a small cup at the top with marks at 20 and . 
 25 c. c. respectively, thus facilitating the measurement of the contained 
 volume of gas at a constant pressure of known amount of water in the cup. 
 /represents an iron stand to which the burette is firmly clamped. 
 (/ represents a glass tube of wider calibre surrounding the burette, 
 filled with water and serving as a water-jacket to prevent rapid changes 
 in temperature of the gases under examination. 
 
 METHOD OF USING BUNTE'S GAS BURETTE. 
 
 d 
 
 f 
 
 The burette is filled with water and the three-way stopcock closing 
 its upper end is so turned as to communicate through it with the external 
 air, or with the vessel containing the air to be analyzed, by means of a 
 short piece of rubber tubing connecting this stopcock with such vessel. 
 By opening the stopcock, closing its lower end, some of the water, say 150 
 c. c, is allowed to flow out, and the air or gas to be analyzed flows in to 
 take its place. When the desired amount of the sample of air has been 
 taken, the lower stopcock is quickly closed and the three-way stopcock is 
 turned half-way round, thus bringing it in communication with the small 
 cup at the top, which should also be filled with water to its 25 c. c. mark. 
 The pressure of the contained air is now equalized and the communication 
 with the cup is closed. A few drops of water always lodge just below the 
 upper stopcock ; these must be dislodged by gently tapping the iron stand 
 
 r II — \ on the floor. In a few minutes the volume of air may be read off. The 
 
 \ 'X burette is then connected at its lower end with a Chapman water pump and 
 
 W^^a^^H^HM^^ a portion of the water in it is drawn off. The water in the cup is then poured 
 out and about 10 c. c. of a 40 per cent, solution of sodium or potassium hy- 
 droxide poured into it, and in turning the stopcock, this flows in to take the 
 place of the water just removed. The fluid and air in the burette are now 
 gently agitated, at intervals, for five minutes, the cup is again filled with water to the 25 c. c. mark, 
 the stop-cock again opened, and the pressure of the gas equalized. If any of the water flows into 
 the burette more must be poured into the cup to retain the gas under the original pressure of 25 c. c. 
 of water in the cup. This part of the operation requires some care and practice in order to prevent 
 the escape of any of the contents of the burette or the entrance of external air. When the pressure 
 is again equalized the volume of gas is again read oft", the reduction in volume representing the 
 amount of COo absorbed, this is readily calculated to the per cent, of the original volume of gas. 
 
 The burette is now once more attached to the Chapman water pump to remove a portion of 
 the fluid in the burette. About 10 c. c. of a 12 per cent, solution of pyrogallic acid is poured into 
 the cup and allowed to flow in. The fluid and gas are gently agitated, at intervals, during five 
 minutes, the pressure equalized as before, the volume of gas read off, and the calculations for O. 
 made as before. In most instances N. is the only gas remaining. 
 
 Fig. 6. — Bunte's Gas 
 Burette (Xi'n). 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 45 
 
 From the determinations of the proportions of COo and of O. in the air of the jar, after death 
 of the animal, in the Hammond experiments, it is evident that two factors were operative in killing 
 it. These were the low percentage of O. present and the high percentage of COj, which the 
 arrangements instituted for the absorption of this gas had failed to remove. In a short time the 
 e.\terior of the sponges became coated with BaCOj while the Ba(HO)o in the interior became 
 inoperative. This can be demonstrated by determining the alkalinity of the fluid expressed from 
 the sponges, at the end of the experiment, with solution of oxalic acid. Another fact which 
 substantiates such a conclusion is that of the clouding of the Ba(H0)5 in the Geissler potash bulbs 
 ipiito early in the experiment from the COj in the air aspirated from the jar in sujjplying fresh air. 
 While the solution of Ba(HO)3 used in the sponges was twice the strength of that usually employed 
 in COj determinations in the Pettenkofer fliask method, the amount of solution which can be taken 
 up by the sponges of the size used (about lo c. c. each) is entirely too small to absorb more than a 
 fractional part of the COo generated by an animal during the lime of an experiment. 
 
 The mode of death in these experiments presented such a close similarity to that noted in 
 cases of COo poisoning, under other circumstances, that it was impossible to distinguish it from 
 death produced by that gas. Judging from the air analyses at death of the animals, from the con- 
 stancy of the symptoms and the close similarity of the gaseous contents of the jars at death of the 
 animals, and, besides these, the absence of any positive indications of the presence and action of 
 other poisonous expiratory products as manifested either by the action of the animals or the mode 
 in which death took place, it is safe to conclude that the low percentage of O, together with the 
 high percentage of COj, in the atmosphere of the jars, were the principal causes of death. 'I'he 
 mode of death differed in no particular from that noted in the case of animals dying in the closed 
 vessels, in the " Brown-Secjuard " experiments, or in those made with artificial gaseous mixtures 
 where sufficient oxygen was present to support life for several hours. Another fact, observed like- 
 wise in all the other forms of experiment reported on, was the prompt revival of the animals when 
 removed from the jars and sup[)lied with fresh air. In exceptional cases, where the animal was not 
 removed until death was certain to take place in a very short time, the revival of the animal did 
 not follow on removal from the jar, but death sujjervened at a shorter or longer period after 
 removal. The failure of these animals to revive might be attributed to the presence of ante-mortem 
 clots within the heart cavities produced by the long-continued respiration of such high percentages 
 of Coj as existed in the atmosphere of the jars in this and the other experiments. The prompt 
 revival of the animals removed from the jars a little earlier appears to be an additional indication 
 that the symptoms produced in these experiments had been due to the relative proportions of O 
 and COj present in the atmosphere which the animals breathed. The effects of an organic volatile 
 poison would not allow such rapid recovery, and would most probably manifest itself by continued 
 ill-health on the part of the animals subjected to it. 
 
 Some animals vitiated the contained air more rapidly than others, so that, while there is a close 
 relation between the composition of the atmosphere at the end of the experiments, it is evident that 
 the degree of respiratory interchange determined the duration of life for each individual. The 
 room temperature for these experiments was very nearly constant — 18° to 25° C. 
 
 A further attempt was made by modifying the apparatus. This modification is shown in Fig. 
 7. Here the COj is absorbed by passing the air, issuing from the bell-jar containing the animal, 
 through five Pettenkofer absorption tubes, each containing 100 c. c. of a strong solution of Ba(HO), 
 [10 g. Ba(HO)» -f SHjO to i L.]. In addition to this, the air is passed through two Pettenkofer 
 tubes, each containing 100 c. c. of Buchner's alkaline pyrogallate solution, to remove some of the 
 O from the air. The moisture is absorbed by CaClj placed in a shallow vessel, covered with a 
 perforated porcelain plate, in the bottom of the bell-jar. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE Al'I'.^R.VTUS USEU IN THE MODIFIED " HAMMOND" EXPERIMENT, FIG. 7. 
 
 a represents a one-litre bell-jar resting on a ground-glass plate, and contains a shallow vessel with 
 CaClj. The vessel containing the CaClj is covered with a perforated porcelain plate on which 
 the mouse under experiment is placed. 
 
46 
 
 THE COMPOSITION (JK KXl'IRKD AIR, 
 
 b b are the two aspirating flasks, of four litres' caijatity, partially filled with saturated salt solu- 
 tion. By reversing their positions these aspirators give a continuous current of air. The rubber 
 cork closing the top of these flasks carries two glass tubes with glass stopcocks, and the apparatus 
 is so constructed as to maintain the air current in the same direction by closing one, and opening 
 the other, of these glass stopcocks when the flasks are reversed in their positions. 
 
 l"he Pettenkofer tubes containing the Ba(HO)2 are attached to the stative c, and those con- 
 taining the pyrogallate solution to the stative li. 
 
 e represents a stopcock in the tubing connecting the aspirators. This serves to control or 
 arrest the aspiration. 
 
 Fig. 7. — Modified Hammond Apparatus (devised by Abliott). 
 
 The results obtained with this modification of the apparatus are shown in Table H. The same 
 animal was used in each of the six different experiments performed, and it failed to succumb to the 
 conditions present in any of them. In the later experiments, in which the animal was placed in a 
 one-litre bell-jar, it failed to reduce the proportion of O in the volume of air within the apparatus 
 (about six litres) to such an extent as to endanger its life, even with the additional reduction of O 
 taking place in the two Pettenkofer tubes containing Buchner's solution of alkaline pyrogallate. 
 The percentage of CO., remained quite low through the absorption by the Ba(HO)2 in the five 
 Pettenkofer tubes. The construction of the apparatus permitted the continuous circulation of the 
 air within the apparatus so that the animal was constantly breathing air that had been breathed and 
 
 Table H. 
 modified " hammond " experiment. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Examination 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Animal. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Aspiration- 
 
 Number of 
 absorbers. 
 
 Capacity 
 
 Time. 
 
 of air. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 
 
 
 Hours. 
 
 f« 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 Oct. 24 
 
 White 
 mouse. 
 
 23 
 
 Continu- 
 ous. 
 
 5Ba(HO)2 
 
 tubes. 
 
 4000 c.c. 
 
 7i 
 
 
 
 Mouse quite sick. 
 
 2 
 
 " 2S 
 
 " 
 
 ti 
 
 (( 
 
 n 
 
 (( i( 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 (( (( n 
 
 ^ 
 
 " 26 
 
 ^^ 
 
 it 
 
 ** 
 
 li 
 
 1000 c. c. 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 U 11 11 
 
 4 
 
 " 27 
 
 11 
 
 i( 
 
 i( 
 
 J5Ba(HO)2 
 ( 2 Pyro. 
 
 (( (I 
 
 4l 
 
 ■33 
 
 9-44 
 
 Previous aspiration 
 2 hours. 
 
 S 
 
 " 31 
 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 
 ti li 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 I8-3S 
 
 Previous aspiration 
 12 hours. 
 
 6 
 
 Nov. 3 
 
 11 
 
 (( 
 
 n 
 
 ii 
 
 i( (( 
 
 61- 
 
 
 
 Previous aspiration 
 10 hours. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 47 
 
 rebreathed before. The direttion of the air current through the apparatus is shown by the position 
 of the arrows in the figure. Ky changing the position of the as|)irating flasks, and turning the stop- 
 cocks in the glass tubing inserted through the stoppers closing the upper openings of the aspirators, 
 the current was maintained in the same direction as before, and the entrance of external air was 
 thereby prevented. 
 
 The results obtained show that, with the absorption of the COo as generated, the mouse re- 
 mained relatively comfortable in the atmosphere present and that no deleterious effects developed 
 from the continued rebreathing of the air confined within the apparatus. The animal seemed to 
 be somewhat oppressed toward the close of each experiment, but revived quickly after removal 
 from the apparatus. 
 
 The air contained in the two aspirating flasks was retained each time in the later experiments. 
 Consecpiently in these exiierinients the fresh air-supply comprised only that which was enclosed in 
 the Pettenkofer tubes, the rubber connecting tubes, and in the bell-jar containing the animal. In 
 several of the later experiments the volume of air within the apparatus was aspirated continuously 
 through all its parts for some hours before beginning the experiment. In this manner the pure 
 air-supply was reduced to one litre, the amount of air in the bell-jar containing the animal. 
 
 V. — Experiments to determine the proportions of COo and of O in the air of a glass vessel in 
 which small animals (mice and birds) had remained until death was produced, and the effects of 
 different temperatures upon the duration of life and on the composition of the residual atmosphere 
 after death in such cases. 
 
 The results obtained in these experiments are shown in Table I. .-Vt the room temperature 
 death did not take place until the amount of oxygen present was too low to sujjport life. At a 
 higher or lower temperature there was a slightly shorter duration of life, varying with the amount 
 of increase or reduction of the temperature. 
 
 T.\BLE I. 
 EXPERIME.VTS WITH .^NI.MAI.S I-\ CLOSED VESSELS— ATMOSPHERIC AIR. 
 
 No. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 lO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 '3 
 '4 
 
 »5 
 i6 
 
 Date. 
 
 ] Capacity 
 I of the jar. 
 
 ■893 
 Nov. 27 1000 c. c. 
 
 " 28 1 " 
 2000 
 
 Dec. 
 
 1000 
 
 " 14 
 
 1894 
 Jan. 26 
 
 " 27 
 
 " 30 2000 
 Feb. I " 
 
 " 2 " 
 
 9 
 
 9 " 
 
 .7 •• 13 " 
 
 18 " 13 " 
 
 19 Mch.28 7000 c 
 
 20 "29 " 
 2. " 30 " 
 22 , " 3' " 
 
 Tempera- 
 
 
 ture. 
 
 
 
 Hours. 
 
 29-5° c. 
 
 4 
 
 25- ° C. 
 
 3it 
 
 23.5° c. 
 
 5 
 
 23-5° C. 
 
 7i 
 
 
 8* 
 
 29. ° C. 
 
 3i 
 
 3°- ° C. 
 
 4 
 
 30.5° c. 
 
 4i 
 
 31. °c 
 
 4 
 
 31. °c. 
 
 4* 
 
 7-5° C. 
 
 7 
 
 5- "C. 
 
 H 
 
 25.5° C. 
 
 li 
 
 24. " C. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2A 
 
 27-5° c. 
 
 2j 
 
 27-5° C. 
 
 2i: 
 
 30. ° c. 
 
 9 
 
 29-5° c. 
 
 7i 
 
 11.5° c. 
 
 9J 
 
 12. ° C. 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 Exam. 
 
 of air. 
 
 Animal. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 Mouse. 
 
 Grains. 
 i8i 
 
 13.818 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 i8i 
 
 2 2|- 
 
 17.66 
 
 
 ti 
 it 
 tt 
 
 III 
 
 19* 
 
 21 
 
 17.3° 
 13.12 
 
 12.00 
 
 8.60 
 
 tt 
 ti 
 
 II 
 21 
 
 12.00 
 
 8.60 
 
 tt 
 
 
 12.60 
 
 8.00 
 
 
 
 10.00 
 
 9.20 
 
 
 
 13.20 
 
 6.40 
 
 tt 
 
 
 11.90 
 
 7-50 
 
 Sparrow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12-75 
 
 5.86 
 
 it 
 
 24 
 23 
 
 13.28 
 13-485 
 
 4.89 
 7-37 
 
 n 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 13.00 
 87-97 
 
 6.929 
 5-534 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Cold-water cloths applied 
 to the outside of the jar 
 at temperature of 11° C. 
 
48 
 
 THE COMPOSTTION OF EXPIRED ATR, 
 
 The effects of temperature upon the duration of Hfe in a confined si^ace (and even in the open 
 air) are better shown in tlie repetition of Richardson's experiments (8), as presented in Table J. 
 The results obtained in these experiments show that the duration of life is very perceptibly short- 
 ened through the influence of a higher as well as of a lower temperature than i8° to 20°C. 
 
 Table J. 
 Richardson's" experiment. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Exam. 
 
 of air. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Animal. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Capacity 
 of jar. 
 
 Tempera- 
 ature. 
 
 Atmos- 
 phere. 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 
 Kemarlcs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 COs 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 1894. 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 c. c. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 I 
 
 Nov. 5 
 
 White 
 mouse 
 
 22 
 
 600 
 
 48° c. 
 
 Air. 
 
 5 min. 
 
 1.90 
 
 18.25 
 
 Died. 
 
 2 
 
 " 5 
 
 (( 
 
 22 
 
 (( 
 
 8.5" " 
 
 *' 
 
 2^ hrs. 
 
 12.7 
 
 3-7 
 
 (( 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 2li 
 
 " 
 
 0.0" " 
 
 " 
 
 t " 
 
 ir.4 
 
 6.05 
 
 " 
 
 4 
 
 " 5 
 
 ti 
 
 2oi 
 
 
 16.2" " 
 
 
 3 " 
 
 >3-'5 
 
 2.6 
 
 Flask plunged in hot 
 
 S 
 
 " 6 
 
 n 
 
 16 
 
 
 So.° " 
 
 
 16 min 
 
 
 
 water — open at top. 
 Same as in No. 4. 
 
 6 
 
 " 6 
 
 Gray 
 
 mouse 
 
 20 
 
 1000 
 
 42.° " 
 
 
 3° " 
 
 
 
 Remained alive. 
 Same as in Nos. 4 
 
 7 
 
 " 6 
 
 i( 
 
 12 
 
 a 
 
 S8.° " 
 
 t( 
 
 21 " 
 
 
 
 and 5. Died. 
 Rapid current of air 
 
 8 
 
 " 6 
 
 White 
 mouse. 
 
 
 600 
 
 48.° " 
 
 76.59 i 0. 
 
 7 " 
 
 
 
 aspirated through 
 the flask. 
 
 9 
 
 " 6 
 
 it 
 
 22 
 
 (( 
 
 19.5°" 
 
 2J.41 ^ N. 
 
 4|hrs. 
 
 
 
 Same flask as No. 9. 
 
 lO 
 
 " 6 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 
 90.8 -f, 0. 
 
 2omin. 
 
 22.36 
 
 39-44 
 
 Mouse introduced 
 at death of No. 9. 
 
 II 
 
 " 9 
 
 it 
 
 16 
 
 ii 
 
 ,9.° " 
 
 9.2 ^ N. 
 
 4ihrs. 
 
 
 
 Same flask as No. 11. 
 
 12 
 
 " 9 
 
 <i 
 
 
 it 
 
 
 90.8 ^ 0. 
 
 2 " 
 
 25.20 
 
 47.26 
 
 After death of No. 
 1 1. 
 
 13 
 
 " 9 
 
 Gray 
 mouse. 
 
 2 [ 
 
 a 
 
 13.° " 
 
 9.2 fo N. 
 
 3i" 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 " 9 
 
 " 
 
 
 ii 
 
 20.° " 
 
 90.8 fo 0. 
 
 26min. 
 
 28.01 
 
 
 After death of No. 
 >3- 
 
 15 
 
 " 10 
 
 White 
 mouse. 
 
 18 
 
 u 
 
 5°-° " 
 
 9.2 % N. 
 
 3ihrs. 
 
 
 
 
 i6 
 
 " 10 
 
 a 
 
 21 
 
 
 39.5°" 
 
 90.8 fo 0. 
 
 ■^ " 
 
 1934 
 
 55-03 
 
 Afterdeathof No. 15 
 
 17 
 
 " 10 
 
 ii 
 
 16 
 
 (1 
 
 -4.5° " 
 
 9.2 % N. 
 
 54min. 
 
 
 
 
 i8 
 
 " 10 
 
 n 
 
 22 
 
 '* 
 
 -1.0° " 
 
 
 40 " 
 
 2493 
 
 60.65 
 
 AfterdeathofNo. 17 
 
 19 
 
 " '3 
 
 a 
 
 12 
 
 (( 
 
 18. " 
 
 Air. 
 
 2.ihrs. 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 " 13 
 
 i( 
 
 '3 
 
 u 
 
 18.^" 
 
 
 I min. 
 
 14-47 
 
 4.07 
 
 Afterdeath of No. 19 
 
 21 
 
 " 13 
 
 (( 
 
 12 
 
 " 
 
 -4.0° " 
 
 Air. 
 
 55 " 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 " 13 
 
 
 13 
 
 (( 
 
 -7.5°" 
 
 
 34" 
 
 10.76 
 
 7-45 
 
 Afterdeathof No. 21 
 
 An interesting condition noted in autopsies upon a number of the animals that succumbed to 
 the conditions in the " Richardson " experiment was that of the blood in the heart of the animal. 
 In the cases where death supervened in a short time, the heart blood was fluid and seemed to lack 
 the power of coagulation, while in those cases in which death resulted after several hours' confine- 
 ment in the flask, the cavities of the heart contained firm, dark clots of blood. This condition of 
 the blood was, no doubt, due to the influence of the CO, generated by the animal during the 
 experiment. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 49 
 
 CHART I. — Showing Relative Proportions of COj and of O, and the Relative Duration of Life in the 
 
 Experiments in Closed Vessels. 
 
 Key 
 
 Represents relative per cent, of CO. at close of exp. 
 
 X — X— " o" " 
 
 . " " duration of life. 
 
 I — o " " room temperature. 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 *■ 
 
 s 
 
 b 
 
 7 
 
 a 
 
 9 
 
 /O 
 
 II 
 
 /a 
 
 /3 
 
 1* 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 
 2.0 
 
 Zl 
 
 2Z 
 
 
 i)0 
 
 ■'S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a.» 
 
 fO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '■> ^ 
 
 
 _ u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 ? 
 
 60 S 
 
 }.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 — 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - ? 
 
 'so^ 
 
 ZS 1 
 
 -^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i-y~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^' 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - o 
 
 i-0 Q 
 
 2aS 
 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 — 
 
 Cr- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ' 
 
 N>- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 6 ?i 
 
 30 o" 
 
 - « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 - i 
 
 7 o 
 
 20^ 
 
 - I- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■J. 
 
 5? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 , 
 
 -J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U^ 
 
 — s 
 
 - Q 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : i 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 ; i 
 
 i i 
 
 ! 1 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 
 \ i 
 
 
 ;. 1 
 
 ; k 
 
 
 A 
 
 > i 
 
 
 Chart I. shows the relative duration of life, the relative proportions of ("0„ and of O at death 
 of the animal, in the experiments with animals in closed vessels containing atmospheric air. 
 
 CII.XRT II. — Showing Relative DuR.vrioN of Life, Proportionsof N and O .at Beginning of Experiments, 
 with the Temperature of the Atmospheres in the " Richardson " Experiments. 
 
 Kcv 
 
 — X— X— X 
 
 Represents relative per cent, of X. 
 
 ' O. 
 
 duration of life, 
 temperature in the flask. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 «. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 II 
 
 IZ 
 
 /J 
 
 /f 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 /7 
 
 /a 
 
 /5 
 
 20 
 
 Zl 
 
 22 
 
 
 ffC 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 
 60^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2^ 
 
 7.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 n I' 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -3t 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 1/ 
 
 
 i\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Al 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 h^ 
 
 -30% 
 
 i\ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ; \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "2 
 
 10'^ 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Vi 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 \ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;^ 
 
 
 10 t. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 — O— J- 
 
 "^ 
 
 -! 
 
 /° 
 
 
 \ 
 
 . Y 
 
 
 h 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 'soot 
 
 - Q. 
 
 := 
 
 
 ;\ 
 
 f/ 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 1 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 y 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ , 
 
 
 K 
 - 'T 
 
 9 «: 
 
 10 
 
 - k 
 
 10 
 
 ; 1 
 
 i 1 
 
 1 t 
 
 1 ■• 
 
 ■ i 
 
 ' 1 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 : t 
 
 ; 1 
 
 ! i 
 
 
 Y 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 iU 
 
 .-d. 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 :^ 
 
 --cf 
 
 - =3 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 1 } 
 
 J «. 
 
 i_i 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 ; i 
 
 il 
 
 ; i 
 
 
 '. 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 
 
 Chart II. shows the relative duration of life, the relative proportions of N and of O at the 
 beginning of each of the " Richardson " experiments, also the temperature curve for the entire 
 series. 
 
50 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 Tablk K. 
 experiments with akjti'tcial atmospheres. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Before experiment. 
 
 
 After exper 
 
 ment. 
 
 KespiratAy 
 
 
 Dale. 
 
 Animal. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Capacity 
 
 
 Time of 
 experi- 
 
 
 
 Ouotient 
 
 No. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "cOj 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 1. 
 
 ?' 
 
 
 « 
 
 ment. 
 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 91 
 
 0. 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 COs. 
 
 0. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 1894. 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 c.c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 April 30 
 
 Mouse. 
 
 
 2280 
 
 
 4.90 
 
 95-1° 
 
 30 sec. 
 
 .02 
 
 4 4° 
 
 95.40 
 
 0.0045 
 
 2 
 
 " 30 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 84.00 
 
 16,00 
 
 1 1 J hrs. 
 
 20.00 
 
 58.73 
 
 16.91 
 
 °-3405 
 
 3 
 
 May 25 
 
 Rabbit. 
 
 1920 
 
 37,000 
 
 .04 
 
 20 7 
 
 79.26 
 
 51: " 
 
 14.87 
 
 4.09 
 
 81.04 
 
 3-6356 
 
 4 
 
 June 6 
 
 Guinea- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pig- 
 
 473 
 
 40CO 
 
 .04 
 
 20.7 
 
 79.26 
 
 'f " 
 
 15.26 
 
 4.29 
 
 80.45 
 
 3-5571 
 
 5 
 
 " 4 
 
 " 
 
 565 
 
 
 .68 
 
 5-39 
 
 93-93 
 
 43 min. 
 
 8.50 
 
 2.31 
 
 89,19 
 
 3-6796 
 
 6 
 
 May 5 
 
 Mouse. 
 
 
 2280 
 
 
 8397 
 
 16.03 
 
 13I hrs. 
 
 25.83 
 
 58.65 
 
 14.76 
 
 0.4404 
 
 7 
 
 ;: 5 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 83-97 
 
 16.03 
 
 i5i " 
 
 21.06 
 
 61.78 
 
 17.16 
 
 0.3408 
 
 8 
 
 " 2 1 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 11-35 
 
 88.65 
 
 3i " 
 
 6.56 
 
 4.14 
 
 89.30 
 
 1-5845 
 
 9 
 
 " 21 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 11-35 
 
 88.65 
 
 4j- " 
 
 7-43 
 
 358 
 
 89.00 
 
 2-0754 
 
 lO 
 
 " 21 
 
 (( 
 
 17 
 
 n 
 
 
 11-35 
 
 88.65 
 
 4^ " 
 
 7-52 
 
 3.16 
 
 89.22 
 
 2-3797 
 
 II 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 9-°5 
 
 9°-95 
 
 6f '' 
 
 5-41 
 
 3-34 
 
 91-25 
 
 1. 6197 
 
 12 
 
 " 21 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 9-°5 
 
 9°-95 
 
 loi " 
 
 4-51 
 
 2.84 
 
 92.65 
 
 1.5880 
 
 '3 
 
 " 2 1 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 9-05 
 
 9°-95 
 
 6f" " 
 
 5-17 
 
 2.87 
 
 91.96 
 
 1-8013 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 
 i6 
 
 
 
 8.23 
 
 9'-77 
 
 4 ." 
 
 4.18 
 
 2.52 
 
 93-3° 
 
 1.6587 
 
 '5 
 
 28 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8.23 
 
 91.77 
 
 I min. 
 
 •63 
 
 6.48 
 
 92.89 
 
 0.0972 
 
 i6 
 
 28 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 8.23 
 
 9'-77 
 
 si hrs. 
 
 3-85 
 
 2.54 
 
 94-6 T 
 
 1-5157 
 
 ■7 
 
 June I 
 
 
 22 
 
 4( 
 
 
 5-7° 
 
 94.3° 
 
 4 min. 
 
 ■58 
 
 4.91 
 
 94-5' 
 
 0.1181 
 
 iS 
 
 I 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 5-70 
 
 94-30 
 
 2 " 
 
 •77 
 
 5-4° 
 
 93-83 
 
 0.1425 
 
 19 
 
 May 26 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 5-7° 
 
 94.3° 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 " 24 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 •58 
 
 5-40 
 
 94.°2 
 
 3 min. 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 " 24 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 -58 
 
 5-4° 
 
 94.02 
 
 2 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 " 24 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 -58 
 
 5-4° 
 
 94.02 
 
 2^" 
 
 -79 
 
 5-75 
 
 93-46 
 
 0-1273 
 
 23 
 
 June I 
 
 " 
 
 1 1 
 
 ** 
 
 12.03 
 
 21.61 
 
 66.36 
 
 si hrs. 
 
 18.91 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 I 
 
 (( 
 
 10 
 
 li 
 
 12.03 
 
 21.61 
 
 66.36 
 
 8| " 
 
 21.02 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 April 29 
 
 " 
 
 
 <1 
 
 13-1° 
 
 3-70 
 
 82.90 
 
 30 sec. 
 
 13-40 
 
 3.70 
 
 82.90 
 
 3.6216 
 
 26 
 
 May 10 
 
 
 
 
 14.65 22.00 
 
 63-35 
 
 7 hrs. 
 
 2465 
 
 11.40 
 
 64-95 
 
 2.1622 
 
 27 
 
 " 10 
 
 
 
 
 14-65 
 
 22.00 
 
 63.35 
 
 81 " 
 
 25.10 
 
 10,00 
 
 64.90 
 
 2.5100 
 
 28 
 
 " 10 
 
 
 
 
 14-65 
 
 22.00 
 
 63-35 
 
 8| " 
 
 28.30 
 
 7.40 
 
 64.30 
 
 3-8243 
 
 29 
 
 " 1 1 
 
 Rabbit. 
 
 1357 
 
 37,000 
 
 ri.28 
 
 19.64 
 
 6908 
 
 8.; " 
 
 19.16 
 
 4.27 
 
 75-57 
 
 4.4871 
 
 30 
 
 :: ^5 
 
 
 175° 
 
 
 22.40 
 
 22.30 
 
 55-3° 
 
 5" " • 
 
 20.19 
 
 4.80 
 
 75-01 
 
 4.2062 
 
 31 
 
 '5 
 
 Mouse. 
 
 
 2280 
 
 21.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 67.00 
 
 2 " 
 
 19.70 
 
 8.93 
 
 71-37 
 
 2.2060 
 
 32 
 
 ^5 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 21.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 67.00 
 
 2| " 
 
 20.00 
 
 8.41 
 
 7157 
 
 2.3781 
 
 33 
 
 . ^5 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 21. 00 
 
 12.00 
 
 67.00 
 
 5i ". 
 
 21.80 
 
 6.54 
 
 71.66 
 
 3-3333 
 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 21-95 
 
 16.65 
 
 61.40 
 
 52 min. 
 
 21.45 
 
 15.7° 
 
 6285 
 
 1.3662 
 
 35 
 
 " 4 
 
 
 
 
 21-95 
 
 16.65 
 
 61.40 
 
 2{ hrs. 
 
 23.15 
 
 12.815 
 
 6-3985 
 
 1.8064 
 
 36 
 
 " 4 
 
 
 
 
 21-95 
 
 16.65 
 
 6 1.40 
 
 4j\ " 
 
 22.60 
 
 11.43 
 
 65-87 
 
 1.9772 
 
 37 
 
 June 8 
 
 Rabbit. 
 
 1400 
 
 37,000 
 
 17.00 
 
 13-82 
 
 69.18 
 
 7i " 
 
 16.14 
 
 2.97 
 
 81.69 
 
 5-4343 
 
 38 
 
 " '■ 9 
 
 Guinea- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pig- 
 
 478 
 
 4000 
 
 15.00 
 
 21 00 
 
 64.00 
 
 li " 
 
 16.07 
 
 2-77 
 
 81.96 
 
 5,8014 
 
 39 
 
 " II 
 
 Gray rat. 
 
 Full 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 grown. 
 
 37,000 
 
 17.81 
 
 3-88 
 
 88.25 
 
 <i " 
 
 11.13 
 
 8-55 
 
 80.32 
 
 1-3017 
 
 40 
 
 May 31 
 
 Mouse. 
 
 2t 
 
 2280 
 
 2547 
 
 18.00 
 
 56.63 
 
 2 <i 
 
 27.11 
 
 16,20 
 
 52.69 
 
 1-6734 
 
 41 
 
 :: 31 
 
 
 19 
 
 " 
 
 25-47 
 
 18.00 
 
 56.53 
 
 If " 
 
 27.47 
 
 17-53 
 
 55-°° 
 
 1.5670 
 
 42 
 
 31 
 
 
 16 
 
 " 
 
 25-47 
 
 18.C0 
 
 56.53 
 
 4 " 
 
 27.42 
 
 16.83 
 
 55-75 
 
 I 6292 
 
 43 
 
 June u 
 
 Guinea- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pig- 
 
 758 
 
 4000 
 
 30.00 
 
 21.00 
 
 49.00 
 
 I " 
 
 17.83 
 
 2.77 
 
 79.40 
 
 6.4368 
 
 44 
 
 " 12 
 
 Gray rat. 
 
 Half 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 grown. 
 
 a 
 
 37-5° 
 
 22.50 
 
 40.00 
 
 J I " 
 
 17.25 
 
 4.63 
 
 78.12 
 
 3-7257 
 
 45 
 
 " 13 
 
 Rabbit. 
 
 2255 
 
 37,000 
 
 56-75 
 
 43-25 
 
 
 5 " 
 
 20.40 
 
 -3.71 
 
 75-89 
 
 5-4986 
 
 46 
 
 " 13 
 
 Guinea- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pig- 
 
 742 
 
 4000 
 
 62.50 
 
 21.25 
 
 16.25 
 
 H " 
 
 27.60 
 
 4.39 
 
 68.01 
 
 6.2870 
 
 47 
 
 " 12 
 
 Mouse. 
 
 
 2280 
 
 81.36 
 
 18.64 
 
 
 1 min. 
 
 81.36 
 
 1864 
 
 
 4.3648 
 
 48 
 
 " 12 
 
 
 
 (( 
 
 81.36 
 
 18.64 
 
 
 1 " 
 
 81.36 
 
 18.64 
 
 
 4.3648 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 51 
 
 In order to ascertain whether an atmosphere which had served for respiration, once or oftener, 
 affected an animal differently from an atmosphere made up artificially from pure gases to the same 
 proportions as found in the analysis of the atmos]jhcres in the different experiments reported on, a 
 series of experiments was undertaken to determine the effects of gaseous mixtures made up of 
 varying proportions of COj, O, and of N. The results obtained in this series of experiments are 
 shown in I'able K, giving the capacity of the jar, the weight of the animal, the com|)osition of the 
 atmosphere before and after the experiment, and the duration of life in such an atmosphere. The 
 construction of artificial atmospheres, and the introduction of an animal into such an atmosphere 
 without considerable alteration of the proportions of the different gases, through the accidental 
 introduction of 3tmos|)heric air, was not always found an easy matter. The chief difficulty was 
 unfortunately a fundamental one, in that the COj was not entirely free from atmospheric air ; the 
 oxygen contained more than lo per cent, of N ; while the attempt lo obtain pure N from 
 atmospheric air by means usually employed for this purpose — burning out the O with 
 phosphorus — gave variable results with each attempt, the proportion of O remaining after the 
 absorption of the P0O5 usually ranged from 2 to 5 per cent. Under these circumstances it will be 
 seen that there was an almost insurmountable difficulty to the construction of an atmosphere having 
 the exact proportions of the different gases predetermined for it, and abundant evidence of this 
 difficulty was obtained from analyses of the mixtures after sufficient time had been allowed, as was 
 supposed, for the diffusion of the gases. 
 
 The thorough diffusion of the components of gaseous mixtures appears to be a slow process. 
 Twenty four hours, or longer, was usually allowed for this to take place, yet from the variable 
 lengths of time during which animals of the same size and apparently possessing the same amount 
 of vitality could survive in atmospheres of equal volume made up from the same mixture, and the 
 variable proportions of the different gases found on analysis after death of the animals exposed to 
 these atmospheres, show that perfect diffusion had not always taken place. These discrepancies 
 in the construction of the gaseous mixtures are to be regretted, though they are not great enough 
 to vitiate the value of the experiments taken as a whole. The positive character of the results is 
 too evident to allow these difficulties to have much weight. 
 
 There is an uncertain feature in the determinations of the proportions of COo in the gaseous 
 mixtures, after death of the animal, in those instances where this gas was originally present in high 
 percentages. On this account it would be well to bear in mind that the third column representing 
 the proportions of the different gases present at death, marked N, represents, in fact, the gases 
 which failed to be absorbed in the gas-burette by the solutions of caustic soda and of pyrogallic 
 acid used to absorb the COo and O present. There is no doubt as to the presence of the propor- 
 tions of COj, as stated in the different experiments, before placing the animal in the mixture. 
 Whether a large proportion of the CO. was likewise absorbed by the animal, it is impossible to say. 
 There is no probability that such was the case. A part of the loss of COo may also be accounted 
 for in the method employed in making the gaseous mixtures. These mixtures were made by 
 displacing water from the jars which were to contain them. The water may have taken up the 
 COj more readily than the other gases, especially where this was the first gas introduced into the 
 jar, and may, therefore, have been a slight source of variation in the composition of the mixture ; 
 yet, it seems, from analysis made just before placing the animal in the mixture, that the loss in 
 this manner was very small. The desired proportion of COo was usually present, even after 
 twenty-four hours had been allowed for diffusion to take place. 
 
 Chart III. shows the results obtained in these experiments as to the relative duration of life 
 and the relative proportions of COo and of O at the beginning of the experiment, as well as at 
 death of the animal. In comparing this chart with Chart I., it must be remembered that in this 
 series of experiments the composition of the atmosphere was a different and variable one, while in 
 the series of experiments shown in Chart I., the composition of the atmosphere at the beginning of 
 the experiment was invariably the same — i.f., atmospheric air. This fact, along with the variations 
 in size of jar for different animals, ex])lains the longer or shorter duration of life in this scries of 
 experiments as compared with that presented in Chart I. The very important influences of these 
 
52 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 variations must be kept in mind constantly in comparing these two charts, as well as in comparing 
 the results obtained in any of the other forms of experiment. 
 
 CHART III.— SnowiNr. thi', Rklative Troi'ORTIons of C0„ and O, before and after each Experiment 
 WITH the Relative Duration of Life in the Experiments with the Artificial Gaseous Mixtures. 
 
 r ^— ^^ ^^ Represents relative proportion of COo before, and 
 
 Key - — X — X— " O 
 
 ^^^^^vM>~ *' " duration of life. 
 
 after, the experiment. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 s, 
 
 4- 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 /£? 
 
 // 
 
 IZ 
 
 13 
 
 /«• 
 
 /5 
 
 /6 
 
 /7 
 
 IB 
 
 19 
 
 2^ 
 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Z 
 
 a. 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ? 
 
 70 P 
 
 ■ X 
 7n 1^ 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■I 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 *: 
 
 ^ 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^0 i 
 
 ■ ? 
 
 so "^ 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 i" 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 li 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 ^ 
 
 
 +0 o 
 
 ■ o 
 
 
 
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 r 
 
 X 
 
 ■\ 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /e S 
 
 30 ° 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
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 'A 
 
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 /' r 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 /O '^ 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 p-(^ 
 
 P.S 
 
 P6 
 
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 Z9 
 
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 SI 
 
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 ^ 
 
 3'i- 
 
 35 
 
 56 
 
 37 
 
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 55 
 
 •i-O 
 
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 4-Z 
 
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 <-5 
 
 4-6 
 
 ^7 
 
 <-a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 w 
 
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 Li 
 
 il 
 
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 i 
 
 
 s 
 
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 -a 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 -i 
 
 r-x^ 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 in 
 
 L i 
 
 
 The mode of death in these experiments, when sufficient O was present to support life for 
 several hours, was similar to that noted in the " Hammond " experiments, in the experiments with 
 atmospheric air in closed vessels, and in the " Brown-Sequard " experiments, and could not be dis- 
 tinguished from death in CO, poisoning. When such an amount of O was not present, death was 
 often almost instantaneous, following, at the longest, within five minutes after the animal was placed 
 in the jar. After a few gasps and several violent struggles, life became extinct. 
 
 A number of the animals used in this series of experiments were examined post mortem. The 
 gross appearances presented in these animals were of the character of those found ordinarily in 
 cases of COj poisoning. Intense venous engorgement was noted in all the organs and tissues. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 53 
 
 The heart invariably contained large, firm blood-clots, dark in color, extending from the auricles 
 into the ventricles. This was usually most marked on the right side. 
 
 Microscopic examination of the organs, hardened in alcohol and mounted in celloidin, pre- 
 sented no other constant conditions than those brought about by the mode of death — the extensive 
 venous engorgement. The very slight pathological changes noted in isolated cases, from the 
 rapidity with which death ensued on exposure to the atmospheric conditions present, must be 
 attributed to causes antedating the time of the experiment by a considerable period. The changes 
 here referred to were mostly of the nature of interstitial changes present in the liver and kidneys- 
 No trace of the poisonous effects of any other respiratory products was noted in any of the animals 
 examined. 
 
 The results obtained strengthened to a satisfactory degree the conclusions drawn from the 
 results obtained in the other experiments reported on. It was shown that in the absence of a suffi- 
 cient proportion of O in the artificial gaseous mixture to support life — at least 5 per cent. — the 
 animal speedily succumbed. On the other hand, COj could be present in quite large proportions, 
 as long as sufficient O was also present to support life for some time, and no untoward effects were 
 manifested. The different animals used in these experiments — sparrows, rats, mice, guinea-pigs, 
 and rabbits — manifested no distinct differences in susceptibility to the conditions present. 
 
 VI. — Experiments in the inoculation of animals with the moisture condensed from the 
 exhaled breath, as conducted by Brown-Sequard and d'Arsonval, by Hofmann-Wellenhoff, and 
 others. Four series of animals were inoculated with the fluid as shown in Table 1.. 
 
 Series I. — The fluid, clear, limpid in character and without odor, of which 21 c. c. had been 
 collected from the breath of a healthy person on December 5, 1893, was warmed by holding the 
 receptacle containing it in a vessel of warm water, about 35^ C. A rabbit, weighing 1870 g., 
 received ij c. c. into the large vein at the margin of the ear. Another rabbit, weighing 1820 g., 
 also received i| c c. in the same manner. A guinea-pig, weighing 220 g., received 4A c. c. into 
 the peritoneal cavity. A second guinea-pig, weighing 280 g., also received 4i c. c. into the peri- 
 toneal cavity. A third guinea-pig, weighing 220 g., received 4^ c. c. of sterilized distilled water 
 into the peritoneal cavity as a control. 
 
 These animals were kept under careful observation for more than a month, and as nothing 
 unusual in their condition presented itself, they were released. 
 
 Series II. — On January :8, 1894, 20 c. c. of the fluid had been condensed from the breath of 
 the man having the tracheal fistula. The fluid was warmed by holding the receptacle containing it 
 in a vessel of warm water, about 36° C. 
 
 Of this fluid 5 c. c. were injected into the peritoneal cavity of each of three white rats ; a fourth 
 rat receiving 5 c. c. of sterilized distilled water into the peritoneal cavity as a control experiment. 
 
 inoculations with condensed fluid of expired breath. 
 
 Table L. 
 series I. 
 
 No. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Animal. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Amount of fluid 
 injected. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 I 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 '893 
 Dec. 5 
 
 It 
 
 it 
 it 
 
 Rabbit 
 Guinea-pig 
 
 Grams. 
 
 1870 
 
 1820 
 
 220 
 
 280 
 
 220 
 
 if c.c. 
 
 If " 
 44 " 
 4J " 
 4i " 
 
 Under observation over a month. Healthy. 
 (1 (( t. .( i* 
 
 11 It tt ti tt 
 
 i( tt tt tt t( 
 
 Control — inoculated with sterilized distilled 
 water. 
 
54 
 
 TFIE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AlU, 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Jan. 18 
 
 White rat 
 
 •95 
 
 5 ex. 
 
 Still alive and heallhy. 
 
 2 
 
 
 (i 
 
 140 
 
 5 " 
 
 Hied 9-6, 1894, from other causes. 
 
 3 
 
 It 
 
 (( 
 
 148 
 
 5 " 
 
 Still alive and healthy. 
 
 Control— inoculated with sterilized distilled 
 
 4 
 
 it 
 
 (t 
 
 I 12 
 
 5 " 
 
 water. 
 
 SERIES III. 
 
 I 
 
 Feb. 2 
 
 Rabbit 
 
 1500 
 
 7^ c.c. 
 
 Killed after 48 days. 
 
 2 
 
 i( 
 
 ii 
 
 2150 
 
 10 " 
 
 Still under observation. Healthy. 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 (( 
 
 880 
 
 5 " 
 
 Died after 28 days. 
 
 Control^inoculated with sterilized distilled 
 
 4 
 
 (( 
 
 (. 
 
 900 
 
 5 " 
 
 water. 
 
 SERIES IV. 
 
 Mch. 30 
 
 Rabbit 
 
 II6I 
 
 10 c.c 
 
 1400 
 
 10 " 
 
 1759 
 
 10 " 
 
 '359 
 
 10 " 
 
 Still under observation. Healthy. 
 Killed 11-2, 1894. Healthy. 
 
 Still under observation. Healthy. 
 
 These animals were under close observation for several months without noting any alteration 
 in their condition. One of them has since died (Sepf. 6, 1894) from other causes. The others 
 continue well. 
 
 Series IH. — On February i, 1894, 44 c.c. of the fluid had been collected from the e.xhalations 
 of the man having the tracheal fistula. This fluid was again warmed, as before, to about 35° C. 
 and injected into the peritoneal cavity of rabbits as follows : 
 
 No. I. Weight, 1500 g,, 75 c.c. of fluid. 
 No. 2. " 2150 g., ID. o c.c. " " 
 
 No. 3. 
 No. 4. 
 
 S80 g., 5 o c.c. " " 
 
 900 g., 5,0 c.c. " sterilized distilled water. 
 
 Rabbit No. 3 of this series died during the night of March 4, 1S94, and an autopsy held the 
 next morning showed the following conditions* : 
 
 Young female rabbit. Externally : Not very thin, adipose not quite used up. Internally : 
 On opening the abdominal cavity the organs were found in normal position. Stomach and large 
 intestines well tilled. Liver slightly enlarged, no spots ; shows lobular appearance well marked ; 
 rather pale in color, as are all the organs and tissues (albino), (iall bladder well filled with pale 
 bile. Small intestines moderately filled ; no change in their appearance ; Peyer's patches not 
 enlarged. Appendix not inflamed. Spleen not enlarged. Kidneys normal in size. Adrenals small. 
 Lungs normal, rather pale. Heart rather pale, contracted on left side, right side filled with blood. 
 
 Cultures were taken from the liver, spleen, blood, and abdominal fluid and all proved negative. 
 
 Microscopic examination of the organs : Kidney : Presents some blood-vessels which contain 
 an increased amount of white blood corpuscles. Glomeruli are slightly swollen, showing a small 
 
 * Autopsy made by Dr. Olmsted. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 55 
 
 amount of infiltration. Slight increase of connective tissue between the tubules. Large blood- 
 vessels are very much dilated. Areas of slight extravasation. A certain amount of cloudy swell- 
 ing. Liver — Shows large number of small areas of cell-death — necrotic areas. Breaking up of 
 cells and fragmentation of the nuclei, which is almost identical with the conditions found in 
 diphtheria. Adrenals — No change apparent. Spleen — No change apparent. I'he teased heart 
 muscle, treated with acetic acid, shows possibly a trace of fatty degeneration. No "widespread 
 ecchymosesand hemorrhages in the lungs and intestines " werefound, as reported by Brown-S^quard 
 and d'Arsonval. 
 
 On March 20, 1894, rabbit No. i of tliis series was killed in order to study the condition of its 
 organs and compare the results with the conditions found in rabbit No. 3. Weight before death, 
 1830 g., gain 330 g. It seemed to be in perfect health. 
 
 On opening the abdominal cavity the organs were found in normal position. No increase of 
 peritoneal fluid. On the liver a number of points (psorosperms ?), one a depression 1 mm. in depth, 
 grayish-white in appearance, were noted ; mostly on the left lobe. Several other small areas- 
 whitish in appearance, sharply limited in their outline, smaller than the last, not distinctly depressed, 
 usually two, three, or more together — were found scattered over the upper and lower surfaces of 
 the liver. The liver is dark in color, lobules well marked out ; of about normal size and consistency. 
 Cutiing into the liver there is the usual amount of hemorrhage. Spleen — Small, if anything, it is 
 contracted, otherwise of normal appearance. Adrenals appear normal. Kidneys — Embedded in 
 usual amount of fat Normal in size, color, and consistency. Small echinococcus cyst in the great 
 omentum, and another in the liver. Intestines normal in appearance. Heart normal in appearance. 
 Portion of muscle teased with salt solution and treated with acetic acid shows no fatty change. 
 Lungs normal in appearance. 
 
 Cultures were taken from the peritoneal fluid, liver, spleen, kidneys, and blood. All proved 
 negative. 
 
 Microscopic examination of the organs : Liver — Contains a small hemorrhage at the depressed 
 part noted at autopsy. The other spots noted are found to be entirely superficial. Slight increase 
 of connective-tissue elements. Engorgement of a capillary noted. Kidney — Nephritis manifested 
 by some congestion of vessels, proliferation of the connective-tissue cells between the tubules and 
 around the glomeruli ; an occasional glomerulus being quite contracted. Spleen shows an increased 
 amount of pigment. 
 
 The remaining rabbits of this series have continued well to the present time. 
 
 Series IV. — On March 30, 1894, 45 c. c. of the condensed fluid had been collected from the 
 breath of a healthy person. This was again warmed to 35° C, and injected into the peritoneal 
 cavities of four rabbits, each receiving 10 c. c. of the fluid ; their weights were as follows : 1 161 g., 
 
 "359 g. '400 g-, and »759 g- 
 
 On November 2, 1894, the rabbits of this series having remained healthy, Nos. 2 and 3 were 
 killed in order to study the condition of their organs, and determine whether they presented or- 
 ganic lesions traceable to the fluid injected. They were in perfect health as far as might be judged 
 from their a])pearances. 
 
 On post-mortem examination all the organs in these animals were found to be normal. Nor 
 was any abnormality to be noted in microscopic examination of the organs. 
 
 The remaining animals of this series continue well to the present time. 
 
 The pathological conditions noted in the cases of rabbits Nos. i and 3 of Series III., are not 
 unusual in these animals, as they are very commonly found in normal animals reared in the labora- 
 tory and in those purchased from dealers.* It is unsafe to infer, therefore, that any of the condi- 
 tions noted in these animals were due to the action of the fluid injected. 
 
 The sterility of the fluid injected into the animals in this series of experiments was tested each 
 time by the inoculation of |)ortions of it into tubes of melted gelatin ; these were then hardened 
 according to Esmarch's method. In two instances several colonies of a yellow bacillus, common to 
 
 • This fact has also been noted by Dr. Abbott. His observations have not yet been published. 
 
56 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 the air of tlie laboratory, developed in the cultures. In the otlier instances tlie cultures remained 
 sterile. The fluid used in these cultures was taken from the portions remaining after the animals 
 were inoculated. This fact, in all probability, accounts for the contaminations noted. There is no 
 evidence that any micro-organisms were carried over in the exhaled breath while collecting the 
 fluids for the inoculations. The nature of the organisms which developed in these cultures indicates 
 that they gained entrance to it while the fluid was being warmed and inoculated into the animals. 
 
 VII. — Experiments causing animals to breathe air recently expired by other animals. 
 
 'I'hese experiments are designated as " lirown-Sequard " experiments. The apparatus used 
 consists of a series of bell jars, four to six in number, connected together by means of glass and 
 rubber tubing, and so arranged that a continuous current of air is conducted through the entire 
 series. The apparatus is shown in Fig, 8. The first animal receives pure air only, the second 
 
 Fig. 8. — Brown-Sequard apparatus. 
 
 animal receives the air coming from the bell jar containing the first animal, the third that coming 
 from the second, while the last animal receives air that has traversed the entire series, and, conse- 
 quently, contains the impurities added to it in its course through all the other jars. 
 
 THE " BROWN-SEQUARD " APPARATUS FIG. 8. 
 
 The Nos. I, 2, 5, 6 represent four of the six bell jars in the series. 
 
 a, represents the gas meter. 
 
 i, represents a small Erlenmeyer flask containing about too c. c. of water. The bubbles pro- 
 duced by the air passing through the water show whether aspiration is regular or not. 
 
 c, rejiresents a Woulff bottle attached between the Erlenmeyer flask and pump to prevent the 
 entrance of water into the apparatus when there is negative pressure in the apparatus. 
 
 ^, represents the water tap. 
 
 e, represents a Chapman water pump, which creates the suction and maintains the ventilation. 
 
 The glass and rubber tubing connecting the different parts of the apparatus, as shown in the 
 figure, has an internal diameter of nine mm., while that used to connect the seven-litre bell jars 
 was only five mm. in its internal diameter. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE " liROWN-SEQUARD " APPARATUS^FIG. 8. 
 
 The bell jars rest on large ground-glass plates, and, in order to produce an air-tight joint, the 
 base of the bell jar is well rubbed with beef suet (well adapted for this purpose). In addition to 
 this, the joint is sealed with melted paraffine. If this work is carefully done there is no possibility 
 of leakage at these joints. The bell jars are connected together by means of glass tubing bent at 
 right angles and inserted through a perforated rubber cork fitted into the openings near the top and 
 bottom of the jar. The air enters the apparatus through the gas-metre. The metre is connected 
 with the first jar by means of rubber tubing attached to the glass tube inserted into the upper 
 opening of this jar. After passing through this jar it takes its exit by means of the glass tube 
 inserted into the lower opening, and connected with a similar glass tube inserted into the upper 
 opening of the second jar by means of a short piece of rubber tubing. It takes the same course 
 through all the jars. 
 
 The bell jars shown in the figure represent those used for the rabbits, and have a capacity of 
 37,000 c. c. A wooden box, four inches in depth and just large enough to allow the bell jar to be 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 57 
 
 placed over it, was placed in each of these bell jars. These boxes contained fine dry sawdust to a 
 depth of about five cm., thus forming a comfortable bed for the animals, and at the same time 
 absorbing the urine. In the last experiment (No. 33) it was found necessary to change the saw- 
 dust in these boxes every eight to twelve days. When the sawdust was changed each week the 
 animals remained comfortable. 
 
 The bell jars used for the mice, sparrows, and guinea pigs were exactly similar in construction 
 to those represented in the figure, but only of 7000 c. c. capacity. For these animals a false 
 bottom of wire netting was placed in the bell jars instead of the boxes with sawdust. This 
 arrangement served to keep the mice and sparrows dry and comfortable, but was less satisfactory 
 with the guinea pigs. 
 
 For the mice and sparrows sufficient food and water were placed in the jar at the beginning to 
 last to the close of the experiment. For the guinea-pigs and rabbits this was impossible ; these 
 being fed daily on cabbage leaves introduced through one of the openings in the jars. By arresting 
 the aspiration of air through the apparatus for a few minutes there was very little opportunity for 
 any change to take place in the confined air while the animals were being fed. 
 
 In order to facilitate the taking of samples of air from the bell jars, a T-tube was inserted 
 between each of the last three jars. The nunte gas-burette was attached to the stem of one of these 
 T-tubes and the air aspirated from the jar by the force of the water flowing out of the lower open- 
 ing of the burette. By placing a screw clamp on the rubber connections on either side of the 
 T-lube it was possible to take a sam|)le of air from the jar before or after it, as might be desired. 
 By stopping the aspirating pump there was rarely any difficulty in taking a sample of air from any 
 of the jars in the manner stated. On two or three occasions a slight negative pressure in the jar, 
 caused by the small amount of ventilation taking place, prevented the aspiration of a sufficient 
 amount of air (100 to 150 c.c.) to accomplish its analysis in the burette. Otherwise no trouble was 
 experienced in the taking of samples of air as desired. The gas-burette was connected with the 
 T-tubes by means of a short piece of rubber tubing attached to the stem of these tubes and ordi- 
 narily closed with a sliort glass rod. The rubber tubing was attached to the three-way stopcock 
 of the burette. 
 
 The results in the ihirty-tliree experiments performed upon sparrows, mice, guinea i)igs, and 
 rabbits are shown in the following tables. 
 
 In these experiments, as well as in those previously reported, the disturbance of the heat-regu- 
 lating function may have contributed to the results. 
 
 Absorbers containing caustic soda or potash, or soda lime, were used in experiments 6 to 14 
 between the third and fourth, and the fourth and fifth jars of the series to absorb the COo from 
 the air passing into the last two jars. This arrangement failed to save the lives of the animals 
 in these two jars. In experiments 15, 18, and 19, an absorption-tube containing concentrated 
 HjSOj was placed between the last two jars. The results obtained in these three experiments 
 do not differ from those obtained without the H.SO., absorbers, and, therefore, give no evidence 
 whatever of the protective influence claimed for such absorbers. The jirimary cause of death, 
 low percentage of O, was still present and active. 
 
 Experiments 20 to 28 were made with the hope of producing some slight tolerance to the 
 atmospheric conditions present in these experiments on the part of an animal subjected to such 
 conditions for a considerable time. While there is ])ositive evidence that a mouse living under 
 these conditions for several days can withstand an atmosphere that instantly kills a fresh mouse, 
 the number of experiments made are insufficient to prove that such tolerance has any great degree 
 of permanency ; yet the results obtained with the mice carried through the series of experiments 
 from 20 to 28 indicate the probability that the tolerance obtained is maintained for at least several 
 days afterward, and that such animal is less likely to die when again quickly placed into such an 
 atmosphere than one that had not had such an experience. 
 
 The guinea-pigs used in experiment 30 seemed to be unable to withstand, with equal facility 
 with the mice and sparrows, the atmosi)heric conditions to which they were subjected. Several of 
 them succumbed to oedema of the lungs during the second week of the experiment, but since this 
 
58 THE COMPOSITION OK EXl'IKKD AIR, 
 
 is the only experiment in uhicli these animals were used, a positi\c opinion on this point cannot 
 be given. 
 
 The rabbits in experiment 31 were supiiosed, at the lime, to have succumbed to the oppressive 
 heat of the laboratory owing to the season of the year, but the later experiments would indicate 
 an insufficient amount of air was aspirated through the bell jars, and it is evident that leakage took 
 place through some of the connections because of the irregular order in which death took place. 
 
 The last experiment was made to determine what the results would be when the proportion of 
 CO2 was kept as low as Brown-Sequard and d'Arsonval claim for their experiments. It was found 
 impossible to aspirate sufficient air per hour to bring about this result. However, sufficient air was 
 aspirated to prevent the reduction of the O to proportions that were insufficient to support life. 
 By this means it was possible to continue the exjieriment for six weeks without losing any of the 
 animals, or producing any grave symptoms in any of tliem. 
 
 In this experiment mercurial manometers were attached between the first and second, and between 
 the fifth and sixth bell jars to ascertain the amount of negative pressure, if any, brought about by 
 the conditions or by the form and arrangement of the apparatus. A difference of about three milli- 
 metres was noted b2tween the fifth and sixth bell jars, while no difference was noted between the 
 first and second. It was also ascertained, by placing a clamp on the rubber tubing connecting the 
 fifth and sixtli jars, and continuing the aspiration, that the amount of negative pressure required to 
 break one of the glass plates on which the jars rested, as occurred in experiment 32, was 105 milli- 
 metres. From this it may be inferred that at times a greater negative pressure existed than that 
 noted in the last experiment. Such extreme negative ]jressure as was found necessary to break a 
 glass plate 45 x 45 x 0.6 centim;tres could only occur upon the entire arrestation of the air-current 
 from som; accident to the apparatus. Under ordinary circumstances we do not believe that the 
 amount of negative pressure differed to any extent from that found in the last experiment. 
 
 The proportions of CO, and of O present at the time of death bear a constant relation to 
 each other in the different experiments. The duration of life in each instance was dependent 
 entirely upon the rapidity of the air current circulating through the ap|iaratus. This statement, 
 however, requires further explanation. If the average rate of ventilation per hour for an entire 
 experiment is taken, it will be found to vary considerably in the different experiments. This is 
 evident when it is stated that in experiment 7 the rate had been 9.8 litres per hour up to the time 
 of the death of the animal in the third jar; in experiment 8 the rate had been 3.8 litres per hour 
 at the death of the fifth animal ; in experiment 9 the rate had been 1 1.9 litres per hour at the death 
 of No. 5 ; at the death of No. 3, in experiment 14, 10,2 litres per hour ; at the death of Nos. 3, 4, 
 and 5, in experiment 15, 3.45 litres per hour ; at the death of Nos. 3, 4, and 5, in experiment t6, 
 only 1.9 litres per hour ; at the death of No. 5, in experiment 19, 3.55 litres per hour. From these 
 figures it will be seen that the average rate of ventilation per hour for an experiment is not the 
 most important factor. By referring to the tables giving the details for each of the 33 experiments 
 it will be noted that the rate of ventilation was frequently changed. It was usually increased con- 
 siderably in the evening and again decreased the next morning Frequent changes in the rate during 
 the day were also necessary, because it is practically impossible to get a perfectly steady current 
 with the water pump. In carefully regulating the rale of ventilation, the lives of the animals were 
 controlled at will, and it is upon the rapidity of the air-current toward the close of the experiment 
 that the duration of life depended in each case. 
 
 The rabbits used in the last " Brown-Sequard " experiment were weighed at the end of the 
 experiment and their weight then as compared with their weight at the beginning of the experi- 
 ment was as follows : 
 
 No. I, before 820 g., after 1052 g., gain 232 g. 
 
 2. 
 
 900 g-> 
 
 i°55 g-> 
 
 155 g- 
 
 3, " 917 g.- ' 
 
 4, " 1 1 25 g-, ' 
 
 ■' 1190 g., 
 '' 1047 g-, 
 
 " 273 g. 
 
 loss 78 g. 
 
 5, ' 
 
 6. ' 
 
 1220 g., 
 ' 1665 g., 
 
 " 1352 g; 
 " 1544 g-, 
 
 gain 132 g. 
 loss 121 g. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 59 
 
 At the death of No. 4, six days after the close of the experiment, tlie loss in its weight was 
 found to have been caused by the presence of psorosperms in its liver. This organ was literally 
 filled with masses of these bodies. The loss of weight in No. 6, in the absence of any other 
 observable causes, may be safely attributed to its position in the .series of bell jars, and, therefore, 
 to the impurity of the atmosphere which it breathed. The estimations of the proportions of COj 
 and of () present in this bell jar, as found from day to day, denote atinospheric conditions that 
 were undoubtedly unfavorable to the full performance of its bodily functions. It ate less rave- 
 nously than the other animals and was frequently in a stupid, drowsy condition. 
 
 At lhe<:lose of this experiment an examination of the blood of these rabbits was also made 
 and (he pro[)ortion of corpuscles per cubic millimetre determined with the Thoma-Zeiss hajmo- 
 cytonieler, with the following results : 
 
 No. I, 5,170,000 red, and 24,000 white per cubic mm. 
 
 " 2. S.337,000 " " 2i,oco " " " " 
 
 " 3, 4,510,000 " " 18,000 
 
 " 4, 4,150,000 " " 10,000 " ' 
 
 " 5, 4,950.000 " " 15,000 " " 
 
 " 6, 4,375,000 " " 16,000 " " 
 
 Here again there is evidence that the conditions existing in these bell jars were injurious to 
 some extent ; most so in the last jars. No. 4 ])resents evidence of an influence more serious in its 
 nature than that presented by the other animals, and this has since been found to have originated 
 from causes within its own body. 
 
 Microcytes were noted in the blood of these animals. These imujature corpuscles setmed to 
 be more numerous in Nos. 4, 2, and i ; the blood of the other animals presenting only a few of 
 these bodies. 
 
 Thirty-eight days after the termination of the experiment a second examination was made of 
 the blood of the five remaining animals, with the following results : 
 
 No. I, 4,4co,ooo red, and 20,000 white ])er cubic niin. 
 " 2, 4,500,000 " " 15,000 " " 
 " 3, 5,160,000 " " 30,000 " " 
 " 5, 4,960,000 " " 30,coo " 
 
 " 6, 5,890,000 " " 2O,G0O " " 
 
 The first and second animals show a slight reduction and the third and sixth an increase in the 
 number of corpuscles. No microcytes or blood-plates were noticed this time. 
 
 The weight of these animals at the time of this second examination of the blood was as follows : 
 
 No. I, 1040 g., lost 12 g., since close of experiment. 
 
 " 2, ,045 g., " 10 g., 
 
 " 3, 1265 g., gained 75 g., " " " 
 " 5, 1405 g., " 53 g., " " " 
 " 6, 1545 g., " I g., " " " 
 
 The loss of weight in the first and second animals may be due to the change of food. The 
 gain in the others is no doubt due to the better atmospheric conditions under which they are now 
 living. 
 
GO 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 Post-mortem examinations of a number of tlie animals dying in the " Brown-Sequard " experi- 
 ments were made with the greatest care. 'J'he organs were preserved in alcohol and mounted in 
 celioidin for the microscopic examination. The gross appearances presented by the animals showed 
 a constant similarity to the appearances noted in the animals used in the experiments with artificial 
 gaseous mixtures. I'lie constant appearances noted were those of intense venous engorgement of 
 all the organs and tissues. The heart cavities contained firm, dark clots of blood, filling both 
 auricles and ventricles, those on the right side being usually much larger than those on the left. 
 No inflammatory changes or serous exudates were found in any instance. 
 
 Microscopic examination of the organs presented no constant feature aside from the manifesta- 
 tions produced by the cause and mode of death. Engorgement of the blood vascular system was 
 noted everywhere with usually some degree of infiltration in the lung. No degenerative changes 
 were constantly present. Those found in isolated cases — such as a slight increase of connective- 
 tissue elements between the tubules of the kidneys and about the glomeruli, and small areas of 
 proliferation of connective-tissue elements in the liver — cannot be safely attributed to the experi- 
 ment. This opinion is strengthened by the short duration of the experiments, and it is probable 
 that the changes were due to ante-e.'cperimental causes. 
 
 The mode of death as observed in these experiments presented certain constant features which 
 were undislinguishable from those produced by slow asphyxia under other circumstances. There 
 was a period of excitement, followed, in the course of time, by a period of progressive depression. 
 The breathing, at first rapid, generally became slower, with perceptible lengthening of the respiratory 
 pauses, accompanied at a later period by marked expiratory efforts. Along with these respiratory 
 changes was usually noted a progressive muscular weakness gradually deepening into paralysis of 
 the posterior members. The animal moves about with evident difficulty, and finally sinks down, 
 remains lyiiig on the side or back, without any other movements than those of respiration. It now 
 presents a comatose condition from which it cannot be aroused by striking the sides of the bell jar. 
 Death usually ensues through the gradual lengthening of the respiratory pauses passing into an 
 entire failure of respiration. In a small proportion of the cases, life becomes extinguished through 
 one or two convulsive seizures. 
 
 No. I. Brown-S^quard Experiment. 
 
 Commenced at 5 p.m., March 2, 1894. Sparrows in i litre flasks. 4 in series. 
 
 The + mark indicates the death of the animal. 
 
 Time. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO3. 
 
 0. 
 
 COj. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 1 7 , hrs. 
 
 «7i " 
 i8| " 
 19I- " 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 48.5 litres aspirated each 
 
 hour ; too rapid. 
 Changed to 2.85 litres per 
 
 hour. 
 No. 3 died. Symptoms 
 
 of CO2 poison. 
 Experiment stopped. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 No. 2. Brown-SSquard Experiment. 
 
 Commenced at 1 1.45 a.m., March 3, 1S94. Sparrows in 7-litre hell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 61 
 
 Ti 
 
 
 No. I. 
 
 21 g. 
 
 .So. 2. 21 g. 
 
 No, 3. 21 g. 
 
 No. 4. 21 g. 
 
 No. 5- 
 
 Rcm.irks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 
 4j 
 
 hrs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 36 8 litres aspirated. No. 5 
 died. 
 
 ,9^ 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 No. 4 died during night. 
 Others lively. 
 
 22 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 3 still comfortable. 
 
 27 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 3 died. 
 
 2C,l 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nos. I and 2 dead. 
 
 4H 
 
 
 
 
 2.8s 
 
 16.99 
 
 5°i 'S-^S 
 
 ! 
 
 6.07 
 
 12.63 
 
 736 
 
 13-40 
 
 Examination of air after 
 death of each bird. 
 
 No. 3. Brown-S^quard Experiment. 
 
 Commenced at 12.15 •' ■'^'■> March 5, 1S94. Sparrows in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 Time. 
 
 No. I. 22 g. 
 
 No. 2. ig g. 
 
 No. 3. 27 g. 
 
 No. 4. 26 g. 
 
 No. 5. 25 g. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 20J hrs. 
 "I " 
 
 29i " 
 
 '9l " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 Current 11.6 litres per hour. 
 Current reduced ; now 6 
 
 litres per hour. 
 No. 5 died. 
 Nos. 3 and 4 dead. 
 Experiment stopped. 
 
 No. 4. Brown-Sequard Experiment. 
 Commenced at 9.30 a.m., March 7, 1894. Sparrows in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 Time. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 21 g. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 22 g. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 23 g. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 25 g- 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 21 g. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 i3i hrs. 
 
 
 + 
 
 14.30 
 
 4- 
 4-485 
 
 14.01 
 
 + 
 3-635 
 
 
 + 
 
 . 
 
 + 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 All the birds are dead. No 
 record of amount of air 
 aspirated. 
 
 Examination of air after 
 death. 
 
62 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 No. 5. Bro\vn-Si';quard Expkrimknt. 
 Commenced at 6 p.m., March 8, 1S94. Sparrows in 7-lilrt' bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 Time. 
 
 No. I 
 
 21 g. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 21 g. 
 
 No, 3 
 
 26 g. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 22 g. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 25 g- 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 COo. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 14J hrs. 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 i8|- " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 " 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.83 
 
 6-93 
 
 '3-545 
 
 3-755 
 
 '3-25 
 
 4-35 
 
 13-78 3-465 
 
 14-195 
 
 3-965 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Nos. 3, 4, and 5 dead. 
 No. 2 died. 
 
 No. I died during night. 
 Examination of air after 
 death. 
 
 No. 6. Brown-Skqu-ard Experiment. 
 Commenced at 8.45 a.m., March 12, 1S94. Sparrows in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 Time. 
 
 No. I 
 
 23 g. 
 
 No. 2 
 
 23 g- 
 
 No. 3 
 
 23 g. 
 
 No. 4. 23 g. 
 
 No. 5 
 
 27 g- 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 •3-77 
 
 0. 
 
 4.C6 
 
 CO,. 
 8.02 
 
 0. 
 
 8 hrs. 
 8| " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3-97 
 
 CO.j absorber?. Absorbers 
 
 changed, saturated. 
 Nos. 3, 4, and 5 are greatly 
 
 oppressed. 
 All are alive. 
 Experiment terminated. 
 
 No. 7. Brown-Sequard Experiment. 
 Commenced at 9 15 a.m., March 13, 1894. Sparrows in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 
 No. I 
 
 23 g- 
 
 No. 2 
 
 23 g- 
 
 No. 3 
 
 ^3g- 
 
 No. 4 
 
 23 g. 
 
 No. 5 
 
 2-g. 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56.6 litres aspirated. 
 
 5f hrs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. II 
 
 19.22 
 
 1-49 
 
 17.42 
 
 Absorbers acting. 
 
 7i " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 No. 3 died. Nos. i and 2 
 much oppressed. Experi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment continued. 
 
 81 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.02 
 
 19.20 
 
 4-77 
 
 14-23 
 
 84.9 litres aspirated. 
 Nos. I and 2 died. 
 
 8f " 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nos. 4 and 5 still unaffected. 
 
 Experiment continued. 
 169.8 litres aspirated. 
 Nos. 4 and 5 well. 
 
 22 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment terminated. 
 
 26 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nos. 4 and 5 well. 
 
 26|- " 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.39 
 
 4-155 
 
 3.08 
 
 17.29 
 
 2.6l 
 
 77.78 
 
 Examination of air after 
 death. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 No. 8. BROWN-SltQUARD EXPERIMENT. 
 
 Commenced at 3.45 p.m., March 14, 1894. Sparrows in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 63 
 
 Ti 
 
 
 No. I. 
 
 29 g. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 23 8- 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 27 g. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 26 g. 
 
 No. 5 
 
 27 g. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO». 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 106 litres aspirated. 
 
 18 
 
 hrs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Birds all well. 
 
 >9l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.28 
 
 7-73 
 
 4.52 
 
 7.12 
 
 N'os. 3 and 4 showing signs 
 
 20i 
 
 30 
 
 <( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.82 
 
 5-ot 
 
 3-27 
 
 3-95 
 
 of oppression. 
 No. 5 most affected. 
 No. 5 died. 121.75 litres 
 
 3>1: 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 aspirated. No. 4quitesick. 
 Nos. 3 and 4 died in night. 
 
 47] 
 
 t( 
 
 
 
 
 
 856 
 
 + 
 9.665* 
 
 0.96 
 
 + 
 10.06* 
 
 2.875 
 
 3.56 
 
 141. 5 litres aspirated and 
 experiment stojjped. 
 Examination of air after 
 death. 
 
 No. 9. Hrovvn-Skquard Experiment. 
 Commenced at 1 1.30 a.m., March 16, 1S94. Sparrows in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 
 No. I 
 
 29 g. 
 
 No. 2. 23 g. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 26 g. 
 
 No. 4. 24 g. 
 
 No. 5. 24 g. 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 4i hrs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .001036 
 
 '3-37 
 
 .001047 
 
 12.67 
 
 COo absorbers. 39.6 
 litres aspirated. 
 
 H " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Current increased. 
 
 22 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 290 litres aspirated, or 
 13 litres per hour. All 
 
 22J " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.29 
 
 16.41 
 
 2.01 
 
 14.92 
 
 are well. 
 357.9 litres aspirated. All 
 birds well. 
 
 30 " 
 46J " 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.01 
 
 + 
 1.51 
 
 16.68 
 
 + 
 0.468 
 
 13.065 
 
 + 
 2.545 
 
 All died during night 
 (aspiration practically 
 nil). 
 
 Examination of air after 
 death. 
 
 * These .lir analyses were m.i<le several hours after death, and considerable alteration mvist have occurred through 
 ventilation in the intcnal. 
 
64 
 
 THE COMrOSlTlON OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 No. lo. Brown-Sequard Experiment. 
 Commenced at 9.15 a.m., March 20, 1S94. Sparro-.vs in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 
 No. I. 28 g. 
 
 No. 2. 23 g. 
 
 No. 3. 27 g. 
 
 No. 4. 27 g. 
 
 No. 5. 24 g. 
 
 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 
 3 hrs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 COo absorbers: all are 
 
 3f " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.08 
 
 12.24' 
 
 6.73 
 
 12.1 1 
 
 slightly oppressed. 
 
 5l " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.27 
 
 7-34 
 
 2.61 
 
 9.04 
 
 
 6i " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-22 
 
 6.89 
 
 2.86 
 
 7-50 
 
 
 7J '• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-69 
 
 5-69 
 
 4-79 
 
 5-74 
 
 
 s " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Current increased for the 
 
 night. 
 25.5 litres aspirated. All are 
 
 somewhat oppressed. 
 
 23 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 114 
 
 16.49 
 
 °-5°3 
 
 15-79 
 
 All are lively. 360.8 litres 
 aspirated, current reduced. 
 
 24} " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 323 
 
 12.46 
 
 1. 20 
 
 14.02 
 
 Becoming oppressed. 
 
 ^s " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5.60 
 
 9-74 
 
 3.60 
 
 9.88 
 
 
 26;- " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.28 
 
 8.6=; 
 
 5-27 
 
 9.14 
 
 
 27. " 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 7.82 
 
 5-65 
 
 5-1 1 
 
 7.71 
 
 
 28j- " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.08 
 
 3-13 
 
 6.20 
 
 6.84 
 
 All are very much op- 
 
 29T " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9-51 
 
 + 
 
 6.34 
 
 5-59 
 
 pressed. 
 
 3°i " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.42 
 
 4.07 
 
 6.42 
 
 4.86 
 
 No. 4 died. 
 
 31 " 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 Nos. 3 and 5 died. 
 No. 2 died. No. i released. 
 Revived ; exp. stopped. 
 
 34 " 
 
 
 
 1514 
 
 3-145 
 
 1434 
 
 4-775 
 
 10.965 
 
 3-50 
 
 10-54 
 
 3-77 
 
 Examination of air after 
 death. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 65 
 
 No. II. Brown-Si'qu.ard Experiment. 
 
 Commenced at 11.45 A .M., March 22, 1S94. Sparrows in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 
 
 No. I. 28 g. 
 
 No. 2. 20 g. 
 
 No. 3. 20 g. 
 
 No. 4. 25 g. 
 
 No. 5. 26 g. 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO,. 
 
 p. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 
 3ilirs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.41 
 
 14.20 
 
 0.96 
 
 12.98 
 
 COj condensers. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 3 died. Replaced by 
 
 3i 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.86 
 
 13965 
 
 
 
 
 
 a fresh bird, weight 29 g. 
 Experiment continued. 
 
 5l- 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2.06 
 
 11.06 
 
 1.28 
 
 11.30 
 
 34 litres aspirated. 
 Current increased. 
 
 20J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 152.8 litres aspirated. 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.40- 
 
 12.92 
 
 1.99 
 
 12.76 
 
 8| litres per hour during 
 night. 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.83 
 2.16 
 
 12.02 
 II. II 
 
 5-19 
 6-39 
 
 9.07 
 7.90 
 
 Current reduced. 
 
 All somewhat oppressed. 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.48 
 
 9-45 
 
 7-3° 
 
 6.23 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 No. 4 quite sick. 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.79 
 
 9-34 
 
 7-7° 
 
 565 
 
 No. 4 died. Nos. 3 and 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 show great oppression. 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.93 
 
 4.86 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.465 
 
 4.29 
 + 
 
 No. s died. 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.76 
 
 3-53 
 
 
 28i- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 3 died. No. 2 much 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oppressed. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.5 litres aspirated last 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hrs. E.xp. stopped. Nos. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I and 2 died during night. 
 
 29J 
 
 tt 
 
 
 14525 
 
 4.29 
 
 ^5°9 
 
 4-3° 
 
 3-49 
 
 9545 
 
 8.31 
 
 3-395 
 
 Examination of air after 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 death. 
 
66 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXl'lUKl) A IK, 
 
 No. 12. Brown-Sequard Experiment. 
 
 Commenced at 3.45 p.m., March 24,1894, Sparrows in y-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 Time, 
 
 hrs. 
 
 >9 
 
 4oi 
 
 H 
 
 42f 
 
 
 
 
 4,Sf 
 
 
 444 
 
 
 46i 
 
 
 47l 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 5" 
 
 
 65I 
 
 a 
 
 No, I, 24 y. No, 2, 25 g. 
 
 COj. I O, 
 
 CO3, O 
 
 No. 3, 26 g. 
 
 CO,. O 
 
 14-77 
 
 + 
 
 3412 
 
 No. 4. 27 g. No. 5. 25 g. 
 
 COs, o. 
 
 5,018 
 
 3-457 
 
 4-293 
 
 5-947 
 5-8S7 
 
 + 
 
 CO. 
 
 2.264 
 1-577 
 
 •36'3-729 
 
 6,436 
 4.08 
 
 + 
 
 3-449 
 
 Remarks, 
 
 31 litres aspiraied Current 
 slightly increased, 
 
 334,5 litres aspirated. 
 
 All lively, Ba(H0)2 ab- 
 sorber renewed. 
 
 469,75 litres aspirated. 
 
 Nos, 3, 4, and 5 oppressed, 
 
 4^6,75 litres aspirated. 
 
 Current reduced. 
 
 No, 5 died. 
 
 No, 4 died. 
 
 No, 3 died, 448,75 litres as- 
 pirated. No, 2 oppressed, 
 
 Nos, I and 2 oppressed, 
 No, 2 most so. 
 
 Experiment stopped. Both 
 revived, 543,5 litres aspi- 
 rated. 
 
 Examination of air after 
 death. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 a7 
 
 No. 13. Brown-Si£QUArd Expkriment. 
 Commenced at 12.45 ''-^'i ^'^ird' -7, i894- Sparrows in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 
 No. I. 24 g. 
 
 No. 2. 25 g. 
 
 No. 3. 26 g. 
 
 No. 4. 25 g. 
 
 No. 5. 25 g. 
 
 
 Time 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reni.arUs. 
 
 
 CO,.' 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 I hrs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 litres aspirated. Cur- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 rent reduced. 
 
 2i " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 35 litres aspirated. 
 
 31 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 12 
 
 14,565 
 
 0.676 
 
 13.636 
 
 
 5 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 litres aspirated. Cur- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rent increased for night. 
 
 20I " 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.00 
 
 11.279 
 
 2.827 
 
 '0-556 
 
 249 litres aspirated. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ."Ml lively. 
 
 ^'^ :: 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.00 
 
 8.279 
 
 329 
 
 7-055 
 
 Nos. 3, 4, and 5 becoming 
 
 23! " 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 oppressed. 
 
 25 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.644 
 
 6.145 
 
 3.76 
 
 4-524 
 
 Al! are much oppressed. 
 
 26| '; 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1-655 
 
 7-685 
 
 1054 
 
 5.80 Current slightly increa.scd. 
 
 281 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 307 litres aspirated. Cur- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rent increased for night. 
 
 282 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 523 litres aspirated. All 
 are well. 
 
 44l " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-477 
 
 11.94 
 
 2.468 
 
 11.974 
 
 566 litres aspirated. Leak- 
 
 46I " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 age, meter clianged to 
 other end of bell jars. 
 
 47 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-365 
 
 9-365 
 
 3-518 
 
 8.60 
 
 .Ml showing signs of op- 
 pression. 
 
 47J " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.609 
 
 8-45 
 
 3041 
 
 7-794 
 
 
 48J " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-113 7498 
 
 4-03 
 
 5-95 1 
 
 49J " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.938 5-508 
 
 4-25 
 
 4-54 
 
 5oi " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-932 4-545 
 
 6,327 
 
 3-894 
 
 
 5>l " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -f- 
 
 No. 5 died. 
 
 S3 " 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 Nos. 3 and 4 died. 
 
 54J " 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 2 died. No. i released. 
 
 S4J " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment stopped. 
 
 
 
 
 14.746 
 
 2.186 13.92 
 
 3-912 
 
 
 
 6-4875 
 
 34395 
 
 Examination of air after 
 death. 
 
68 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 No. 14. Brown-Sequard Experiment. 
 
 Commenced at 12 m., March 30, 1894. Mice in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 Time. 
 
 No. I. ig.sg. 
 
 5 1 hrs. 
 
 21 
 
 
 22i 
 
 
 24 
 
 26f 
 
 t( 
 
 28i 
 
 " 
 
 29 
 
 
 3° 
 
 
 46 
 
 (( 
 
 694 
 
 (( 
 
 71 
 74 
 
 (4 
 
 73i 
 76 
 
 
 CO.. O. 
 
 No. 2. 20 g. 
 
 COj. O 
 
 No. 3. 27 g. 
 
 CO,. O. 
 
 12.40 
 
 No. 4. 19 g. 
 
 + 
 
 353 
 
 COj. 
 
 .278 
 1.799 
 
 3-67 
 3-25 
 
 2-975 
 2-495 
 
 O. 
 
 No. 5. 27 g. 
 
 CO2. O. 
 
 13.699 
 
 14.58 
 
 1 1. II 
 
 10.143 
 
 9-213 
 8.06 
 
 5-476 
 
 + 
 3277 
 
 ■645 
 2-034 
 
 3-357 
 3.068 
 
 2.777 
 2.013 
 
 14.76 
 13.66 
 
 10.268 
 
 9i° 
 
 5-656 
 
 + 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 7.176 
 
 4-53 
 
 26 litres aspirated. Cur- 
 rent increased. Nos. 3, 
 4, and 5 slightly op- 
 pressed. 
 
 157 litres aspirated. 
 
 No. 3 is slightly op- 
 pressed. 
 
 i6i-J- litres aspirated. 
 
 Nos. 3, 4, and 5 slightly 
 oppressed. 
 
 166 litres aspirated. Cur- 
 rent increased. All 
 more or less oppressed. 
 
 393 litres aspirated. All 
 still oppressed. Current 
 reduced. 
 
 413 litres aspirated. No. 
 5 died in night. Others 
 very sick. 
 
 No. 3 died. 
 
 414 litres aspirated. 
 No. 4 died. 
 
 4155 litres aspirated. 
 Aspiration stopped. 417 
 
 litres aspirated. 
 Examination of air after 
 
 death. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAT, I.II-K. 
 
 No. 15. Brown-Sequard Experiment. 
 Commenced 12 .\i., .April 2, 1894. Mice in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 No. I. 19.5 g. 
 
 No. 2. 17 g. 
 
 No. 3. 18 g. 
 
 No. 4. 17 g- 
 
 No. 5. 17 g. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Time. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 IS 
 
 irs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 3839 
 
 '5-356 
 
 8.671 
 
 8.671 
 
 
 
 2 litres aspirated. 
 
 •si 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.865 
 
 9-55 
 
 6-39 
 
 5-534 
 
 5-75 
 
 
 Leakage. 
 
 17 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7-41 
 
 S-357 
 
 
 9.93 
 
 
 18 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.69 
 
 5-38 
 
 6.45 
 
 9.248 
 
 5.0 litres aspirated. 
 
 "9i 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5.5 litres aspiratctl. 
 
 '9i 
 
 (t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 litres aspirated. 
 
 22 
 
 (i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19.5 litres aspirated. 
 Current increased. 
 
 23 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 109 litres aspirated. 
 
 39 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-765 
 
 13-84 
 
 1.78 
 
 '439 
 
 
 40* 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.40 
 
 13.16 
 
 2-39 
 
 12.517 
 
 
 4.* 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 372 
 
 12.51 
 
 3.717 ir.639 
 
 
 42i 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3-867 
 
 11.22 
 
 5.048 10.00 
 
 
 44 
 
 4( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-05 
 
 9-53 
 
 5-57 8.406 
 
 
 4SJ 
 
 l( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-17 
 
 9-79 
 
 378 
 
 142.5 litres aspirated. 
 
 46J 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 142.5 litres aspirated. 
 
 47J 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 62^ 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.845 
 
 8.60 
 
 1.98 
 
 6.06 
 
 All somewhat op- 
 
 63i 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7-49 
 
 7.67 
 
 2-35 
 
 4.70 
 
 pressed. 183 litres as- 
 pirated. 
 
 64* 
 
 tl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.29 
 
 7.29 
 
 3-03 
 
 3.98 
 
 185 litres aspirated. 
 
 6SJ 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.40 
 
 6-37 
 
 3-59 
 
 396 
 
 All considerably o])- 
 
 66 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7-75 
 
 5.86 
 
 2.92 
 
 3-86 
 
 pressed. 
 
 67 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7-319 
 
 6.178 
 
 3.26 
 
 3.58 
 
 
 68 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.27 
 
 6.04 
 
 3-43 
 
 3-33 
 
 
 69 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.22 
 
 S-io 
 
 3.63 
 
 2-IS 
 
 
 70- 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.25 
 
 4-78 
 
 4.00 
 
 2.96 
 
 
 71 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.61 
 
 S-39 
 
 3-44 
 
 3-25 
 
 
 71I 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Current increased ; 
 189.5 ''""es aspirated. 
 A// much oppiesscd. 
 
 86} 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.60 
 
 12.93 
 
 2-35 
 
 1365 
 
 All quite lively ; 367 
 litres aspirated. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 All absorbers renewed. 
 
 87i 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 5248 
 
 12.58 
 
 3-19 
 
 12.77 
 
 
 SBi 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5456 
 
 12.32 
 
 4.14 
 
 12.15 
 
 
 89i 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7-47 
 
 10-34 
 
 5.465 10.546 
 
 All absorbers acting 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 poorly. 
 
 90 ■ 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.66 
 
 9-875 
 
 6.22 
 
 9.707 
 
 
 92; 
 
 «( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.37 
 
 9-335 
 
 6.346 
 
 9.519 
 
 
 93 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.17 
 
 8.508 
 
 7.66 
 
 1 8.141 
 
 
 94 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.67 
 
 7-375 
 
 8.365 
 
 7-307 
 
 1 • -1 
 
 9Si 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9-93 
 
 7-35 
 
 8.318 
 
 7.68 
 
 373 litres aspirated. 
 Current slightly in- 
 creased. 
 
 96 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5 dead ; 
 382 litres aspirated. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Experiment slopped. 
 
 lioi 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 •0-939 
 
 6.5^ 
 
 12.60 4.55 
 
 12.28 
 
 3-93 
 
 12.31 
 
 4.86 
 
 Examination of air after 
 death of mice. 
 
70 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF KXPIRED AIR 
 
 No. i6. Brown-Sequard Experiment. 
 
 Commenced at lo a.m., April 9, 1S94. Mice in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 
 No. I 
 
 7g. 
 
 No. 2 
 
 15 g. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 18 g. 
 
 No. 4. 25 g. 
 
 No. 5 
 
 19 g- 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 CO2. 
 
 0. 
 
 COj. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO2. 
 
 0. 
 
 COj. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 7i hrs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.5 litres aspirated. All 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oppressed. Current in- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 creased. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Si. 5 litres aspirated. 
 
 22| '• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Current reduced. 
 
 86 litres aspirated. All ex- 
 cept No. I oppressed 
 Current increased. 
 
 3'i " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 90.5 litres aspirated.- Nos. 
 
 47 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3, 4, and 5 died in night. 
 The experiment stopped. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.317 
 
 3.80 
 
 13-3° 
 
 4.02 
 
 12.05 
 
 5-437 
 
 Examination of air after 
 death. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIKE. 
 
 71 
 
 Time. 
 
 5}hrs. 
 
 -^>i 
 
 ' 
 
 30 
 
 tt 
 
 44J 
 
 tl 
 
 51* 
 
 5-4 
 
 it 
 
 53 
 
 
 68 
 
 68* 
 
 it 
 
 69A 
 
 v'i 
 
 72A 
 
 it 
 ii 
 if 
 
 75 
 76 
 
 u 
 
 77 
 
 
 79i 
 
 tt 
 
 io4i 
 
 it 
 
 117* 
 ii8i 
 
 it 
 
 121+ 
 
 
 122. 
 
 u 
 
 123; 
 124: 
 12 1 
 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
 
 I22I 
 
 ■' 
 
 125 
 
 
 '25 
 
 
 I2S 
 
 
 >25i 
 
 (< 
 
 No. 17. Brown-S^qu.ard Experiment. 
 Commenced at 12 m., April 11, 1S94. Mice in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 N'o. I. 7 g. I No. 2. 15 g. , No. 3. 16 g. 
 
 CO.. , O. I CO,. I O. I CO, 
 
 O. 
 
 Nq. 4. 23 g. 
 
 CO, 
 
 O. 
 
 No. 5. 171;. 
 CO,. o. 
 
 (3. 48 8.80 
 12.129 7.067 
 
 11.346 
 
 12.09 
 12.007 
 
 13.66 
 
 1513 
 
 15.08 
 
 7.88 
 
 7.38 
 
 7.49 
 
 6.256 
 
 4.59 
 4.13 
 
 »5-6i3 i-^3 
 
 10.919 
 
 10.919 
 
 11.06S 
 
 II. II 
 
 12.63 
 
 12.65 
 
 7.00 
 7.08 
 6.297 
 
 5-465 
 4.689 
 4.506 
 
 12.989; 4.29 
 
 a. Fresh house mouse placed in No. 5 jar. 
 
 b. " white " " " 5 " 
 
 <=• 5 " 
 
 <!• 4 " 
 
 e- ' 3 " 
 
 12. 1 iS 
 
 8-325 
 
 12.645 
 
 7.41 
 
 ) 
 
 12.78 
 
 6.92 
 
 12.75 
 
 6.519 
 
 13.35 
 
 5-76 
 
 14.285 
 
 6.405 
 
 15.13 
 
 436 
 
 15.26 
 
 3-86 
 
 15.91 
 
 347 
 
 11. II 
 
 6.536 
 
 11-73 
 
 7.00 
 
 11.74 
 
 5-68 
 
 12-535 
 
 5.22 
 
 12-737 
 
 4-94 
 
 13.08 
 
 4-17 
 
 13.96 
 
 3-77 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 b 
 
 
 c 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 9.5 litres aspirated. All 
 slightly oppressed. Cur- 
 rent increased. 
 
 47 litres aspirated. Cur- 
 rent reduced some- 
 what. 
 
 53.5 litres aspirated. 
 All oppressed ; current 
 again increased. 
 
 122.5 litres aspirated ; all 
 lively again. 
 
 131.5 litres aspirated. 
 All more or less op- 
 pressed. Current in- 
 creased. 
 
 179 litres aspirated. All 
 lively again. Current 
 considerably reduced. 
 
 186.5 litres aspirated. 
 Current increased. .-Ml 
 oppressed. 
 
 293.5 litres aspirated. All 
 are lively again. 
 
 Current somewhat re- 
 duced for the next 24 
 hours. 
 
 360.5 litres aspirated. 
 All show consider- 
 able depression. 
 
 Mice are much op- 
 pressed. The ex- 
 periment is now 
 stopped. All revived. 
 ^364.5 litres aspirated. 
 
 Died in two minutes. 
 Lived to end of experiment. 
 Died in half a minute. 
 Died in half an hour. 
 Died in six minutes. 
 
72 
 
 THE c;oMro.srnoN of expired aik. 
 
 No. iS. Brown-Skquard Experiment. 
 
 Commenced at 9.45 a.m., April 17, 1894. Mice in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 Time. 
 
 7ihrs. 
 
 22f " 
 
 5'f " 
 
 49 
 
 49i 
 
 « 
 
 ■soi 
 
 *' 
 
 s^^ 
 
 
 ■S.S ■ 
 
 *' 
 
 .S,i 
 
 
 S3i 
 
 
 ■i4 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 .S6i 
 
 (t 
 
 65i 
 
 
 No. I, 14 g. 
 
 COj. o 
 
 No. 2, 23 g. 
 
 CO,. o 
 
 No. 3, 23 g. 
 
 CO.. o 
 
 No. 4, 25 g. 
 
 COj. 
 
 I' -34 
 12.21 
 
 13-15 
 
 12.94 
 
 No. 5, 31 g. 
 
 CO.. O 
 
 8-93 
 7-25 
 6.278 
 
 d 
 
 e 
 
 f 
 
 6-945 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 12.897 
 
 13-77 
 14.479 
 
 13-945 
 
 7.12 
 
 5-66 
 4-944 
 
 a 
 
 b 
 
 5-46 
 
 8 litres aspirated. .All are 
 
 slightly oppressed. 
 
 Current increased. 
 133 litres aspirated. All 
 
 are lively. 
 159.5 litres aspirated. 
 
 Current continued. 
 219 litres. All are more 
 or less oppressed 
 
 Experiment stopped. All 
 living ; also white 
 mouse placed in No. 5, 
 and small gray mouse 
 in No. 4, as well as 
 mouse d. 
 
 a Fresh house mouse in No. 5 ; died in one minute. 
 
 b No. 5 of Experiment 16 in No. 5 ; died in one minute. 
 
 c White mouse, used in Experiment 16, in No. 5 ; remained alive to end of experiment. 
 
 d White mouse, used before, in No. 4 ; remained alive to end of experiment. 
 
 e House mouse (fresh) in No. 4 ; remained ahve to end of experiment. 
 
 f House mouse (large) in No. 4 ; died in two minutes. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANDFAI. I.Il-E. 
 
 73 
 
 No. 19. Brown-S^quard Experiment. 
 
 Commenced at 10.30 .\..m., .April 20, 1894. Mice in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. HjSO^ absorber. 
 
 No. I, 7 g. No. 2. 7 g. No. 3. 7g. 
 
 'lime. 
 
 6hrs 
 23 
 
 29 
 30 
 
 3' 
 47*" 
 
 7oi" 
 
 y('i " 
 
 78J" 
 79i" 
 
 94*" 
 95i" 
 
 o. 
 
 CO, 
 
 io3i '■ 
 
 
 118J" 
 
 
 118J" 
 
 
 .i8i'' 
 
 
 118J" 
 
 
 118J" 
 
 
 
 
 119 " 
 
 
 120A" 
 
 
 I2lA-' 
 
 
 
 
 O. CO,. o. 
 
 No. 4, 18 g. No. 5, 33 g. 
 
 CO,. O. CO,. 
 
 7.627 
 8.568 
 
 9 637 
 9.62 
 
 587 
 9159 
 
 o. 
 
 II . 716 10.58 
 10.029 (0.69 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 13-73 
 
 9-73 
 9'S 
 
 '3- 
 
 18.5 litres aspirated .Ml 
 
 show oppression. 
 '33-5 litres aspirated. .Ml 
 oppressed. Current re- 
 duced slightly. 
 8.226' Current the same. 
 y.AiS] '44 litres aspirated 
 I are opjiressed. 
 rent increased. 
 213 litres; current 
 
 same. 
 306.5 litres. All are op- 
 pressed. Current re- 
 duced. 
 
 11.238 
 
 ,809 
 .238 
 
 All 
 Cur- 
 
 the 
 
 7.70 
 10.87 
 
 4-23 
 
 14. 12 
 
 i: . 267 
 7.40 
 
 a 
 b 
 
 d 
 
 + 
 
 3.816 
 
 324 litres aspirated. Cur- 
 rent increased. 
 
 406 litres aspirated. Cur- 
 rent reduced. 
 
 421 litresaspirated. Cur- 
 rent the same. 
 
 428.5 Hires. Nos. 3, 4, 
 and 5 are very sick. 
 
 No. 5 died. 
 
 The others are very sick, 
 especially No. 4. 
 
 No. 4 died, 
 stopped, 
 revived. 
 
 Experiment 
 Others soon 
 
 a No. 4 of last experiment placed in No. 5 jar ; died in two minutes. 
 
 b White mouse, used in Experiment 17, placed in No. 5 jar ; died in two and one-half minutes, 
 c White mouse, used in Experiment 17, placed in No. 4 jar ; died in three and one-half minutes, 
 d Small mouse, used in Experiment 17, placed in No. 5 jar ; died in one minute. 
 
74 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 Nos. 20-28. Brown-S^quard Experiments. 
 
 Commenced at 2.30 p.m., April 25, 1894 ; encleil at June 5, 1894. Mice in y-Iitre bell jars. 
 
 5 in series. 
 
 
 No. I, 7 g. No. 2, 15 g. 
 
 No. 3, 18 g. 
 
 No. 4, 25 g. 
 
 No. 5, 19 g. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 COj. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 COj. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 3 hrs. 
 i8i " 
 26i " 
 
 43i" 
 49i " 
 
 68 " 
 
 75 " 
 91I" 
 
 93 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + a 
 
 9 litres aspirated. Current con- 
 tinued. 
 
 87.5 litres aspirated. All com- 
 fortable. 
 94.5 litres aspirated. All 
 slightly oppressed. Current 
 increased. 
 
 139.5 litres aspirated. All de- 
 pressed. Current reduced. 
 
 147 litres aspirated. Consid- 
 erably depressed. Current 
 increased. 
 
 324.5 litres aspirated. All 
 lively. Current reduced. 
 
 332 litres aspirated. Current 
 continued. 
 
 355 litres aspirated. No. 5 
 died ; No. 4 greatly de- 
 pressed. 
 
 357 litres aspirated. Experi- 
 ment stopped ; all soon re- 
 vived. 
 
 Continued as Experiment 21, after intermission of two days. May i, 1S94. 
 
 4ihrs. 
 
 19I" 
 2 8i " 
 
 44 " 
 
 52* ■' 
 68 " 
 
 72 " 
 
 Fresh mouse in No. 5. 
 
 26 litres aspirated. All lively. 
 Current reduced. 
 
 145.5 litres aspirated. Current 
 the same. 
 
 i6o litres aspirated. Current 
 increased, showing depres- 
 sion. 
 
 341.5 litres aspirated. All 
 lively again. Current re- 
 duced. 
 
 351.5 litres aspirated. De- 
 pressed. Current increased. 
 
 459 litres aspirated. All more 
 comfortable. Current re- 
 duced. 
 
 466.5 litres aspirated. Experi- 
 ment stopped. 
 
7 hrs. 
 
 3' 
 
 47 1 " 
 55 i " 
 7' " 
 
 71 
 
 7: 
 
 AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 Continued as Experiment 22, after interval of three days. May 7, 1S94. 
 
 to 
 
 + b 
 
 12 litres aspirated. All slightly 
 I oppressed. Same current. 
 
 68.5 litres aspirated. All con- 
 siderably oppressed. Same 
 current. 
 
 76.5 litres aspirated. .All much 
 oppressed. Current in- 
 creased. 
 
 202.5 litres aspirated Current 
 reduced slightly. 
 
 ,222 5 litres aspirated. Cur- 
 rent the same. 
 
 243 litres aspirated. No. 4 
 died in the night ; others op- 
 
 I pressed. 
 
 248.5 litres aspirated. Experi- 
 ment stopped ; all soon re- 
 vived. 
 
 Continued as Experiment 23, after interval of three days. May ii, i8;4. 
 
 63 hrs. 
 2<;3 '• 
 
 46i " 
 48! '• 
 60I " 
 7oi " 
 
 703 •' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 I18 litres aspirated. Four mice 
 placed in No. 4. 
 
 S9.5 litres aspirated. Two 
 mice in No. 4 are dead; re- 
 moved. 
 
 109.5 litres aspirated. 
 
 122. 5 litres aspirated. 
 
 147.5 litres aspirated. 
 
 148 litres aspirated. Two re- 
 maining mice in No. 4 died ; 
 also No. 3. 
 
 Experiment discontinued ; 
 soon revived. 
 
 Continued as Experiment 24, after interval of two days. May 16, 1894. 
 
 3 'irs 
 
 
 1 
 
 23h " 
 
 
 
 47*" 
 
 
 
 65*" 
 
 
 
 7>*" 
 
 
 
 74*" 
 
 
 
 Fresh mice in Nos. 3 and 4. 
 22.5 litres aspirated. Cur- 
 rent continued. 
 
 121. 5 litres aspirated. All 
 lively. 
 
 211. 5 litres aspirated. All more 
 or less oppressed. 
 
 276 litres aspirated. All more 
 or less oppressed. 
 
 325 litres aspirated. All more 
 or less oppressed. 
 
 341.5 litres aspirated. Consid- 
 erably oppressed ; experi- 
 ment stopped. 
 
76 
 
 2i^hrs. 
 28 " 
 45 " 
 
 Soi" 
 
 69I" 
 
 75 " 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 Continued as Experiment 25, after interval of two days. May 21, 1894. 
 
 103.5 litres aspirated. All much 
 oppressed ; same current. 
 
 130 litres aspirated. All much 
 oppressed ; same current. 
 
 198.5 litres aspirated. All 
 much oppressed ; same cur- 
 rent. 
 
 266.5 litres aspirated. All 
 much oppressed ; same cur- 
 rent. 
 
 323.5 litres aspirated. All 
 much oppressed ; same cur- 
 rent. 
 
 340 litres aspirated. Experi- 
 ment stopped ; all soon re- 
 vived. 
 
 Continued as Experiment 26, after interval of one day. May 25, 1894. 
 
 7|hrs. 
 
 22| ' 
 
 7'l 
 78 
 
 4.5 litres aspirated. All de- 
 pressed ; current increased. 
 
 147 litres aspirated. All de- 
 pressed ; same current. 
 
 392.5 litres aspirated. Sunday 
 between. 
 
 394.5 litres aspirated. Experi- 
 ment stopped ; all soon re- 
 vived. 
 
 Continued as Experiment 27, after interval of one day. May 29, 1S94. 
 
 4 hrs. 
 
 20i " 
 
 Ml" 
 
 44i" 
 
 68i " 
 75 " 
 
 5 litres aspirated. Show op- 
 pression ; current increased. 
 
 69 litres aspirated. Current 
 reduced. 
 
 74 litres aspirated. Much op- 
 pressed ; current increased. 
 
 77 litres aspirated. Current 
 again increased. 
 
 146 litres aspirated. More 
 lively ; current reduced. 
 
 [52.5 litres aspirated. Current 
 increased. 
 
 301,5 litres aspirated. Current 
 reduced. 
 
 317 litres aspirated. Experi- 
 ment stopped ; revived. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 Continued as Experiment 28, after interval of one day. June 2, 1894. 
 
 4ihrs. 
 
 21J " 
 
 45 " 
 
 5^i " 
 68J " 
 
 75 " 
 
 7 litres aspirated. Current 
 increased. 
 
 134.5 litres aspirated. Same 
 current. 
 
 227.5 litres aspirated. Current 
 reduced. 
 
 258 litres aspirated. Same 
 
 current continued. 
 395 litres aspirated. Current 
 again reduced. 
 
 434 litres aspirated. Experi- 
 ment stopped : revivod. 
 
 a No. I of Experiment 17 placed in Nn. 5 ; died in one-half minute, 
 b No. 3 of Kxperiment 19 placed in No. 4 ; died in three minutes. 
 c No. 2 of Experiment 17 placed in No. 5 ; died in one minute. 
 
 No. 29. Brown-S^quard Experiment. 
 Commenced at 5.15 p.m., June 5, 1894. Mice in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 Time. 
 
 16 hours. 
 
 24 
 
 No. I. II g I No. 2. 9 g. No. 3. 12 I 
 CO,. O. CO,. 
 
 40 i 
 
 47 i 
 
 64 i 
 
 70 
 72A 
 
 87 J 
 94i 
 
 96.} 
 
 114 
 
 114 
 114 
 
 ii4i 
 •■5i 
 
 COj. o. 
 
 No. 4. 16 g. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 TO.SI 
 
 n.80 
 
 + 
 
 No. 5. 19 g. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 7-45 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 5.80 
 
 + 
 
 121 litres aspirated. Cur- 
 rent reduced ; all are 
 lively. 
 
 129 litres. Current in- 
 creased ; some oppres- 
 sion. 
 
 301.5 litres. Current re- 
 duced. 
 
 335.5 litres aspirated. 
 
 (Current increased ; some 
 
 oppression. 
 
 451 litres. Current re- 
 duced. 
 
 460 litres. Current same ; 
 
 some oppression. 
 5J5.5 litres. Current 
 
 much reduced. 
 541 litres. Current in- 
 creased ; greatly op- 
 pressed. 
 545.5 litres. Current 
 
 same. 
 Nos. 4 and 5 died in the 
 
 night. 
 No. I of last experiment 
 
 placed in jar No. 5 ; 
 
 remained alive. 
 No. 2 of last experiment 
 
 |)laced in jar No. 4 ; 
 
 alive. 
 No. 3 of last experiment 
 
 placed in jar No. 3 ; 
 
 alive. 
 565.5 litres aspirated. 
 567 litres aspirated ; all 
 
 mice alive ; experiment 
 
 stopped. 
 
78 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 No. 30. Brown-Skquard Experiment. 
 Commenced at 1.15 p.m., June 13, 1894. Guinea-pigs in 7-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 Time. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 \Vt. 172 g. \Vt. 185 g. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Wt. 197 g. i \Vt. 275 g. Wt. 287 g 
 
 3 hou 
 
 18+ 
 
 2ii 
 
 44i 
 7Sf 
 
 94]: 
 
 "5f 
 
 I22f 
 
 i48i 
 
 i63f 
 171T 
 187 J 
 
 i94t 
 
 211} 
 23Si 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 Wt. 555 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Nos. 4 and 5 are oppressed. Cur- 
 rent 24 litres per hour. 
 
 No. 5 dead. Great negative pres- 
 sure. Fresh air su|)plied, and 
 No. 5 replaced by a fresh guinea- 
 pig. Experiment continued. 
 
 60 litres i^er hour ; all are lively. 
 
 Animals fed ; bell jars cleaned. 
 Animals replaced. 
 
 Animals fed ; all well and dry ; 
 60 litres per hour. 
 
 Again fed ; all lively and dry in 
 bottom of cages. 
 
 30 litres per hour; Nos. 4 and 5 
 oppressed ; animals fed. 
 
 80 litres per hour ; animals fed. 
 
 80 litres per hour ; cages cleaned ; 
 animals fed. 
 
 40 litres per hour ; animals fed ; 
 all oppressed. 
 
 50 litres per hour ; animals fed. 
 
 50 litres per hour ; animals fed. 
 
 45 litres per hour ; animals fed. 
 
 No. I dead of oedema of lungs ; 
 experiment continued with 4 
 animals. 
 
 No. 3 died in night of cedema of 
 lungs. Experiment continued. 
 
 Nos. 2, 4, and 5 living, but much 
 oppressed. Experiment stopped. 
 
 Experiment lasted g days and 20 hours. No. 5 died three days after close of experiment. No autopsy. 
 
AND ITS EFFECTS UPON ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 No. 31. Brown-Sequard Experimknt. 
 
 Commenced at 5.15 p.m., June 25, 1894. Rabbils in 37-litre bell jars. 5 in series. 
 
 79 
 
 Time. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 1S50 g. No. 2. 1325 g. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 .. .nj 0. 
 
 No. 3. 1564 g. No. A. 140S g. No. 5. 1647 n 
 
 I 
 
 COj. O. CO,. I o. 
 
 CO.. o. 
 
 r6 hours. 
 
 
 24 " 
 
 
 4oi " 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 t)0 litres per hour aspi- 
 rated. 
 
 34 litres per hour ; some 
 oppression. 
 
 Nos. 2 and 3 died in 
 the night. Experiment 
 stopped. 
 
 No. 32. BROwx-Sitgu.VRi) Experimknt. 
 Commenced at 10.15 •■^•■'^i., December 4, 1894. Rabbits in 37-litre bell jars. 6 in series. 
 
 
 No. I. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No, 3. 
 
 No 
 
 • -t. 
 
 No 
 
 . 5- 
 
 .No. 6. 
 
 
 
 2iS5g. 
 
 1945 g- 
 
 1965 g- 
 
 2025 g. 
 
 2500 g. 
 
 3043 g- 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 
 3l hrs. 
 
 3-9' 
 
 ■5-87 
 
 
 
 5-33 
 
 14.19 
 
 120 litres per hour as- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pirated. 
 
 4; " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.13 
 
 '4-47 
 
 5.08 
 
 ■317 
 
 
 St " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 413 
 
 14.56 
 
 5.02 
 
 13.62 
 
 
 26; " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .S-5.S 
 
 14.67 
 
 6.17 
 
 13-67 
 
 
 27A " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.18 
 
 «4-25 
 
 
 
 6.19 
 
 11.32 
 
 
 -9: " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.00 
 
 14.19 
 
 7.21 
 
 13-86 
 
 
 46} " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 413 
 
 1505 
 
 4.83 
 
 14.00 
 
 
 5'*:: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-38 
 
 '4-74 
 
 
 
 5-88 
 
 12.26 
 
 
 S3 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.10 
 
 13.20 
 
 7.17 
 
 11.90 
 
 
 54 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S-28 
 
 13.90 
 
 6.05 
 
 12.40 
 
 
 71* " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3-47 
 
 iS-4«> 
 
 4-05 
 
 13-83 
 
 
 74i " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5.92 !l2.82 
 
 6.81 
 
 11.46 
 
 
 78.i " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 -8 1 
 
 13.69 
 
 7-38 
 
 IT.82 
 
 
 94J " 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 All the rabbits are 
 smothered except No. 
 6. The glass plate 
 under No. 6 broke 
 during the night and 
 arrested the aspiration 
 of air through the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 other bell jars. 
 
80 
 
 THE COMI'OSITION OF EXPIRED AIR, 
 
 No. ;^;^^. BRowN-SitQUARD Experiment. 
 Commenced at 2.45 r.M., December 8, 1894. Rabbits in 37-litre bell jars. 6 in series. 
 
 
 No. I. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 
 
 820 g. 
 
 900 g. 
 
 917 g- 
 
 1125 g- 
 
 1220 g. 
 
 1665 g. 
 
 
 rime. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Remaiks. 
 
 Days. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 co=.! 0. 
 
 COj. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO2. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 CO,. 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 80 litres per hour aspirated. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3-0" 
 
 16.03 
 
 363 
 
 14.62 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3-43 
 
 '5-39 
 
 4.32 
 
 13.86 
 
 70 litres per hour aspirated. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Larger glass tubing used to 
 connect the bell jars. 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 litres per hour aspirated. 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-39 
 
 16.68 
 
 1.61 
 
 15-5' 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.58 
 
 16.27 
 
 1.72 
 
 14.49 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-94 
 
 14-43 
 
 4.88 
 
 13.86 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-31 
 
 15-29 
 
 4.46 
 
 14.98 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-31 
 
 15-29 
 
 4.46 
 
 14.98 
 
 Cages cleaned out ; 148 litres 
 per hour aspirated. 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2-51 
 
 16.69 
 
 2.72 
 
 15-69 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.08 
 
 16.38 
 
 I-S9 
 
 16.30 
 
 130 litres per hour aspirated. 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.37 
 
 16.11 
 
 2-5' 
 
 15-54 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.69 
 
 16.60 
 
 1-99 
 
 15-43 
 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-75 
 
 16.55 
 
 2.23 
 
 15-67 
 
 Cages cleaned out. 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.07 
 
 15.22 
 
 5-24 
 
 13-88 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.69 
 
 15-15 
 
 5-53 
 
 13-74 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9' 
 
 16.01 
 
 6.16 
 
 1546 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 451 
 
 15-58 
 
 5-85 
 
 14.00 
 
 
 22 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.61 
 
 II. 81 
 
 7-75 
 
 11.63 
 
 Cages cleaned out ; 130 litres 
 per hour aspirated. 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.88 
 
 15-03 
 
 6.32 
 
 13-63 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5.58 
 
 14.20 
 
 6.52 
 
 13-35 
 
 120 litres per hour aspirated. 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-38 
 
 14.18 
 
 6.31 
 
 12.73 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.84 
 
 14.00 
 
 6.51 
 
 14. II 
 
 125 litres per hour aspirated. 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.68 
 
 13.26 
 
 6.69 
 
 13.00 
 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.26 
 
 13-71 
 
 7-44 
 
 12.53 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.89 
 
 14.87 
 
 
 
 7. II 
 
 12.74 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-77 
 
 15-38 
 
 
 
 7-59 
 
 12.62 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6-39 
 
 13-37 
 
 7.81 
 
 11.77 
 
 no litres per hour aspirated. 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-23 
 
 15-76 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.46 
 
 11.14 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-74 
 
 14.17 
 
 8.02 
 
 11.69 
 
 Cages cleaned out ; No. 6 not 
 
 36 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 well ; due to filth. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.67 
 
 13-55 
 
 7.70 
 
 12.45 
 
 No. 6 has fully recovered. 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.42 
 
 14.44 
 
 5-44 
 
 13.06 
 
 no litres per hour aspirated. 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-29 
 
 13-S' 
 
 6.81 
 
 12.05 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.86 
 
 14.88 
 
 
 
 
 
 7-9° 
 
 12.54 
 
 
 41 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-74 
 
 14-45 
 
 6-94 
 
 13-19 
 
 Experiment stopped. 
 
 
 1052 g- 
 
 i°55 g- 
 
 1 190 g. 
 
 i°47 g- 
 
 1352 g- 
 
 1544 g- 
 
 Weight of animal at close of 
 experiment. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abbott, A. C J4> 31 
 
 Abbott's modification of Hammond apparatus 46 
 
 Absorption tubes 57 
 
 Air, expired, micro-organisms in '3i 33 
 
 " " organic matterin. .4, 5, 8, II, 14, 34 
 
 " oxidizable matter in 42 
 
 Ammonia in condensed moisture from ex- 
 pired air 36 
 
 " in air 16 
 
 Animals, individual susceptibility of 22 
 
 Apparatus for condensing moisture 35, 38 
 
 Appendix 33 
 
 Asphyxia, composition of air producing 17 
 
 " pathology of 23 
 
 Atmospheres, artificial 50 
 
 Bacteria in hospital air 40 
 
 Bergey's ex[)eriments '3> 33 
 
 Bernard, C 3 
 
 Bert, Paul 3. 29 
 
 Beu, J >>, 15. 31 
 
 Bibliography 29 
 
 Black Hole of Calcutta 2 
 
 Blood-counis 59 
 
 Brown-Secjuard apparatus 56 
 
 " and d'Arsonval 5, 7, 13 
 
 " experiments 60 
 
 Bunte's gas burette 44 
 
 Carbonic acid, effects of 2, 4, 1 7, 47 
 
 Conclusions 24 
 
 Condensing apparatus 38 
 
 Consumption, causes of 26 
 
 Dastre and Love 6, 30 
 
 Dust filter 16, 39 
 
 Fasting, effects of, on expired air 15 
 
 Friedlander and Herter 19, 29, 31 
 
 Gaseous mixtures 18 
 
 Habit, effects of '9> 25 
 
 Haldane and Smith 9, 1 1, 30 
 
 Hammond, W. A 4, 29 
 
 " experiments 42 
 
 Hermans, J. T. F 5,29 
 
 Hospital ward, air of 39 
 
 Injections of liquid condensed from exhaled 
 air 5, 7, 8, 10, 20, 53 
 
 Leblanc's researches 2 
 
 hehmann and Jessen 8, 15, 30 
 
 Lipari and Crisafulli 9. 3° 
 
 I.iibbcrt and Peters •...12,34 
 
 Margouty, B. M. E 9, 3° 
 
 Merkel, S 10, 30 
 
 Micro-organisms in expired air 13, ^^ 
 
 Moisture of exhaled air 5i '5) 34 
 
 Moulh, cleansing of, effects of 37 
 
 " decomposing organic matters in ... . 15 
 
 Negative pressure 58 
 
 Odors, cause of 
 
 Olmsted, Dr. Ing-.'rsoll 
 
 Organic matter in human breath 4, 
 
 Oxygen, diminution of, effects of 
 
 Pettenkofer, M 
 
 Pulmonary liipiid, injection of 
 
 Ransome, A 4, 15, 
 
 Rauer 12, 
 
 Regnault and Reiset 3, 
 
 Renk, F 15, 
 
 Richardson, B. W 3, 19, 
 
 Richardson's experiment 
 
 Russo-Giliberti and .■\lessi 7, 
 
 Sanfelice, F 12, 
 
 Seegen and Nowak 5, 
 
 Smith, R. .\ 4, 
 
 Temperature, effects of 
 
 Toleration of foul air, acquired. 
 
 26 
 I 
 
 37 
 18 
 
 29 
 6 
 
 29 
 32 
 29 
 31 
 29 
 48 
 3° 
 
 3' 
 29 
 29 
 
 25 
 '9 
 
 Uffelmann, J 8, 30 
 
 Valentin, G 3, 29 
 
 Ventilation, insufficient, effects of 2, 60 
 
 Von Hofmann-Wellenhof. ... 8 
 
 Warwick, Dr. Hill S i 
 
 Weight of animals, effect of breathing expired 
 
 air on 58 
 
 Wurtz, R 7. 3° 
 
 81 
 
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
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 expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, 
 as provided by the rules of the Libi-ary or by special ar- 
 rangement with the Librarian in charge. 
 
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QP121 ^^2 
 
 Billings . , • „„^ 
 
 The conposition of expired air and 
 its effect s upon anima l li-e 
 
 MAY 10 1940 C.U.BI^3DS^Y 
 
 J 
 
t- "':