■ ;| Columbia Stotoersftp mtfjeCttpcfitogork LIBRARY m \e Companions of Piety: Being a sequel to 'Pickle the Spy.' By Andrew Lang. Wi»h four illustrations. Longmans, Green & Co. 1898. Pp. xii, 308. We recently reviewed 'Pickle the Spy,' Mr. odrew Lang's elaborate demonstration of s llrm but sad conviction that one "Pickle," boBe name appears frequently in the re rds of the Secretary of State's office as an defatlgable spy and IMoruier of all the oceedings ot Charles Edwards's followers, as reaJJy Alexander Macdonell, the roung Glengarry." and ultimately the .d of his celebrated clan. For this ex- jure of a Highland chief Mr. Lang has m most bitterly assailed by the worship- ■-s of all that is Celtic. It was bad enough t, a century and a half ago, Simon Lord ,*at, "McShimei," the Chief of the Clan aser, was convicted of the basest treache- ; Highlanders cannot bear to have a bro- er chief stand in a symmetrical pillory the other side of the porch of history. ut Mr. Lang, who is conscious of no mo- ve but a love of truth, has returned to te charge, multiplying and classifying his roofs of "Pickle's" identity with young lengarry. To this he has added eight or n papers dealing with other characters in ie Stuart interest. The most amiable of A > ( ) t 1 1 1 ( A L Vj iese is George Keith, Earl Marischal, the ■lend of Frederick the Great, Voltaire, and ousseau, who undoubtedly was a sen- ble, high-minded man, but hardly that epi- ime of all the virtues that Mr. Lang makes m. Of most of his other personages there little good to be said, and indeed little, ood or bad, to be said at all. Every addi- onal scrap of contemporary information rinted about the later Stuarts and their ends tends to show that they richly de- jrved to fail; princes and nobles alike were n effete race, living in a kind of dream- and, incapable of sound deliberation or rompt action, thinking when they should ave struck, and striking when they should ave thought, and always suspicious and rritable among themselves whether their ky was clear or clouded. One of the most interesting chapters is a eecriptlon of the state of the Highlands in he days before the '45, bearing out in all 'Oints Bailie Nlcol Jarvie's account of their lOVerty and misery, and amply vindicating dacaulay's uninviting picture on which so ouch censure has been cast. Mr. Lang's hook is sumptuously printed jjd Illustrated, but It takes more than me- toanical beauty and literary skill to make be Stuart partisans anything but a "feeble BY THE SAME AUTHOR. PICKLE THE SPY; or. The Incognito of Prince Charles. With 6 Portraits. 8vo. 18s. ST. ANDEEWS. With 8 Plates and 24 Illustrations in the Text by T. Hodue. 8vo. 15s. net. THE MAKING OF RELIGION. 8vo. 12s. MODERN MYTHOLOGY : a Reply to Professor Max Miiller. 8vo. 9s. HOMER AND THE EPIC. Crown 8vo. 9*. net. CUSTOM AND MYTH : Studies of Early Usage and Belief. With 15 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6 J. LETTERS TO DEAD AUTHORS. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. Gd. net. BOOKS AND BOOKMEN. With 2 Coloured Plates and 17 Illustrations. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net. OLD FRIENDS. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. Gd. net. LETTERS ON LITERATURE. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. Gd. net. GRASS OF PARNASSUS. Fcp. Svo. 2s. Gd. net. ESSAYS IN LITTLE. With Portrait of the Author. Crown svo. 2s. 6avies. 'The Last Days of Glengarry ' is based on a study of his MS. Letter Hook, while ' The Case againsl Glengarry' sums up the old and re-states the new evidence thai identifies him with Pickle the Spy. The last chapter is an attempt to estimate the social situation created in the Highlands by the collapse of the ( !lan system. I have inserted, in 'A Gentleman of Knoydart,' an account of a foil to Barisdale, derived from the Memoirs of a young member of his clan, John Macdonell, of the Scotus family. The editor of Macmillaris Magazine has kindly permitted me to reprint this article from his serial for -June liS98. A note on 'Mile. Luci ' corrects an error about Montesquieu into which I had fallen when writing •Pickle the Spy," and throws fresh light on Mile. Ferrand. It is. or should be, superfluous to disclaim an enmity to the Celtic race, and rebut the charge of •not leaving unraked a dunghill in search for a •cudgel wherewith to maltreat the Highlanders, par- ticularly those who rose in the Forty live." This eleganl extracl is from a Gaelic address by a minister to the Gaelic Society of Inverness. 1 ! have nol 1 LiU rature, .lnl\ 80, 1898, p. 98. Vlll PREFACE raked dunghills in search of cudgels, nor are my sympathies hostile to the brave men, Highland or Lowland, who died on the field or scaffold in 1745-53. The perfidy of which so many proofs come to light was in no sense peculiarly Celtic. The history of Scotland, till after the Eeformation, is full of examples in which Lowlanders unscrupulously used the worst weapons of the weak. Historical condi- tions, not race, gave birth to the Douglases and Brunstons whom Barisdale, Glengarry, and others imitated on a smaller scale. These men were the exceptions, the rare exceptions, in a race illustrious for loyalty. I have tried to show the historical and social sources of their demoralisation, so extra- ordinary when found among the countrymen of Keppoch, Clanranald, Glenaladale, Scotus, and Lochiel. I must apologise for occasional repetitions which I have been unable to avoid in a set of separate studies of characters engaged in the same set of circumstances. My most respectful thanks are due to Her Majesty for her gracious permission to study the collection of Cumberland Papers in her library at Windsor Castle. Only a small portion of these valuable documents has been examined for the present purpose. Mr. Richard Holmes, Her Majesty's Librarian, lent his kind advice, and Miss Violet Simpson aided me in examining and copying these and other papers referred to in their proper places. PREFACE ix Indeed I cannot overestimate my debl to the research and acuteness oi" this lady. To General Macdonald I have to repeal my thanks for the use of his papers, and the Duke of Atholl lias kindly permitted me to cite his privately printed collections, where they illustrate the matter in hand. Sir Thomas Gibson Carmichael was good enough to lend me, for reproduction, his miniature of the I hike of York and Prince Charles. The earlier portrait of the Earl Marischal is from the Scottish National Museum, the later (of 1752?) is from the National Portrait Gallery. It gives a likeness of one of the good Earl's menagerie of young heathens. The miniature of Prince Charles (p. I 4(1) is a copy or replica of one given by him to a Macleod of the Raasay house in September, 1740. The Royal Society of Edinburgh kindly permitted me to have copies made of several of the Earl Mari- schal's letters to David Hume, in their possession. In some of these (unprinted) the Earl touches on a theme for which le bon David frankly expresses his affection in a letter to the Lord Advocate. CORRIGENDA P. 12, note, for twenty-two in 171U, read twenty-three P. 17, note, for 33,900 read 33,950 CONTENTS I'A' I I. THE LAST EARL MARISCHAL 1 |[. THE BABL IN RUSSIAN SKI;\ in; 12 EEL MURRAY OF BROl GHTON 69 IV. MADEMOISELLE LUCI 92 V. THE ROMANCE ov BARISDALE 97 \ I CLUNT'S TREASURE L29 VII. THE TROURLES OF THE CAMERONS . . . .117 VIII. JUSTICE AFTER CULLODEN L58 IX. A GENTLEMAN OF KNOYDART L76 X. THE LAST YEARS OF GLENGARRY L98 XI. THE CASE AGAINST GLENGARRY 216 XII. OLD TIMES AND NEW 254 AIM'KNDIX L PICKLE'S LETTERS 289 1 II. MACLEOD 294 [NDEX 297 ILLUSTRATIONS THE EARL RIAEISCHAL (1717) Frontispiece THE EARL MAMSCHAL (circ. 1750) .... to face p. 60 PBINCE CHARLES {circ. 1744) „ 140 THE DUKE OF YORK AND PRINCE CHARLES (circ. 1735) 184 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE THE LAST EARL MARISCHAL In a work where we must make the acquaintance of some very unfortunate characters, it is well to begin with a preux chevalier. If there was a conspicuously honest man in the eighteenth century, one ' whose conscience might gild the walls of a dungeon,' as an observer of his conduct declared, that, man was the Earl Marischal, George Keith. The name of the last Earl Marischal of Scotland haunts the reader of the history of the eighteenth century. He appears in battles for the Stuart cause in 1715 and 1719, he figures dimly in the records of 1745, and of Charles Edward, after the ruin of Culloden. We find him in the correspondence of Voltaire. Rousseau, Hume, and Frederick the Great, and even in Casanova. He is obscurely felt in the diplomacy which ended in Pitt's resignation of office. Many travellers describe his old age at Potzdam, and d'Alemberl wrote his Eloge. B 2 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE He was the last direct representative of that histori- cal house of Keith whose laurels were first won in the decisive charge of Bruce's handful of cavalry on the English archers at Bannockburn. Though the Earl Marischal of the confused times after the death of James V. was a pensioner of Henry VIII., like so many of the Scottish noblesse, the House was Eoyalist, and national as a rule. Yet, after a long life of exile as a Jacobite, the last Earl Marischal, always at heart a Eepublican, reconciled himself to the House of Hanover. The biography of the Earl has never been written, though few Scottish worthies have better deserved this far from uncommon honour. Materials for a complete life of the Earl do not exist. We are obliged to follow him by aid of slight traces in historical manuscripts, biographies, memoirs, and letters, published or unpublished. Even in this unsatisfactory way, the Earl is worth pursuing ; for if he left slight traces on history, and was never success- ful in action, he was a man, and a humourist, of singular merit and charm, a person almost universally honoured and beloved through three generations. This last of the Earls Marischal of Scotland was cer- tainly one of the most original and one of the most typical characters of the eighteenth century. Losing home, lands, and rank for the cause of Legitimism, the Earl was the reverse of a fanatical Eoyalist ; indeed he seems to have become a Jacobite from Eepublican principles. These were strengthened, no doubt, by his great experience of kings ; but even when A REPUBLICAN .1 \< IOBITE 3 be was a young man his bookplate bore the motto Manus hcec inimica tyrannis. Then probably, as cer- tainly in Later lite, he loved to praise Sidney, and others who (in his opinion) died for freedom. Yet the Karl was 'out,' for no Liberal cause, in 171"). and in 1719: while he was plotting againsl King George and for King •lames, till 171o. He wa> admitted to the secret of the rather Fenian EHibank Plol in 1702, and only recon- ciled himself with the English Government in 17-VJ. On his death-bed he called himself ' an old Jacobite,' while, for twenty years at least, his favourite com- panions had been the advanced thinkers, prelusive to the Revolution, Rousseau, Hume, d'Alembert, Voltaire, Helvetius. All this appears the reverse of consistent. The Earl gave up everything, and risked his life often, for the White Hose, while his opinions, religious and political, tended in the direction of the Red Cap of Liberty and the Rights of Man. The explanation is that the Earl, when young, a patriotic Scot, and a persecuted Episcopalian, saw 'freedom ' in the eman- cipation of Scotland from a foreign tyrant, the Elector of Hanover ; in the Repeal of the Union, and in the relief of his religious body from the tyranny of the Kirk. Till his death he was all for liberty, and could not bear to see even a caged bird. These were the unusual motives (these, and the influence of his mother, a Jacobite by family and sentiment) which converted a born Liberal into a partisan of the King over the Water. Thus this representative i. 2 4 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE of traditional and romantic Scottish loyalty to the Stuarts was essentially a child of the advanced, and emancipated, and enlightened century which suc- ceeded that into which he was born. Original in his political conduct, the Earl was no less unusual in personal character. He was one of those who, as Plato says, are ' naturally good,' natur- ally examples of righteousness in a naughty world. Nature made him temperate, contented, kind, charit- able, brave, and humorous — one who, as Montaigne advises, never ' made a marvel of his own fortunes.' His virtue, as far as can be learned, owed nothing to religion. He was ' born to be so,' as another man is born to be a poet. He had a native genius for excel- lence. He was ruined without rancour, and all the buffets of unhappy fortune, all the political and social vicissitudes of nearly a centur} T , could not cloud his content, or diminish his pleasure in life and the sun. He was true to his exiled Princes, till they, or one of them at least, ceased to be true to themselves. He was perhaps the only friend whom Eousseau could not drag into a quarrel or estrange, and the only companion whom Frederick the Great loved so well that he never made experi- ments on him in the art of tyrannical tormenting. Familiar, rather than respectful, with Voltaire, the Earl, who remembered Swift in his prime, was fond of gossiping with Hume and of bantering d'Alembert. Kind and charitable to all men, he was especially 8TEMMATA QUID FACIim .. considerate and indulgent to the young, from the little exiled Duke of York to the soured Elcho, and the still unsuspected Glengarry. One exception alone did the Earl make (unless we believe Rousseau) : be could not endure, and would not be reconciled to, Prince Charles, [f in this he may seem severe, no other offence is laid to his charge, though modern opinion may condemn his cool acquiescence in des- perate plots which he probably never expected to be carried into action. Otherwise the Karl presents the ideal of a good and wise man of the world, saved from all excess, and all disappointment, by the gifts of humour and good-humour. When we add that ' the violet of a legend,' of unfortunate but life-long Love, blows on the grave of the good Earl, it will be plain that, though not a hero, like his brother, Marshal Keith, he was a character of no common distinction and charm. His life, too, is almost an epitome of the Jacobite struggle from 1715 to 1 7 - j 7 . The Earl was ever behind the scenes. Though tenth Earl (the first of the hereditary Marischals to be 'belted earl" was William, in 14 •ge Keith was apt to mock at hereditary nobl Stemmata quid faciuntf lie had a story of a laird who grumbled, during a, pestilence, £ In such tin;' Li ■man is nol sure of his life.' The date of his birth was never known. In old age he casl an • •able mystery about this point. Be was once heard to say that he was twenty-seven in 171-!. it' so. he died at ninety-three (1778). Others date his 6 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE birth in 1693, others in 1689 ; d'Alembert says (on the authority of one who had the fact from Ormonde) that he was premier brigadier of that general's army in 1712. An engraving from a portrait of the Earl as a young man represents him as then twenty-three years of age. If the engraving was done in Paris, as seems probable, in 1716, he would be born in 1693. Oddly enough the pseudo-Memoirs of Madame de Crequy (who is made to speak of him as her true love) throw a similar cloud over the year of her birth. Concerning the Earl's father, Lockhart of Carnwath writes that he had great vivacity of wit, an undaunted courage, and a soul capable of great things, 'but no seriousness.' His mother, of the house of Perth, was necessarily by birth a Jacobite. The song makes her say : I'll be Lady Keith again The day the King comes o'er the water. The Earl's tutor was probably Meston, the Jacobite wit and poet. The Earl succeeded his father in 1712. His own first youth had been passed in Marlborough's wars ; from 1712 to the death of Queen Anne, and the overthrow of hopes of a Eestoration by the Tories, he lived about town, a brilliant colonel of Horse Guards, short in stature and slight in build, but with a beautiful face, and dark, large eyes. So we see him in the portrait of about 1716. The following letter, the earliest known letter of the Earl, displays him as a disciplinarian. Conceiv- \i III; ','1 l.l.N A.NNE 7 ably the mutinous Wingfeild was a Jacobite, but, by September L2, 1711. the chance for a rising <>f the Guards for King .lames had passed, Queen A.nne was dead, and the Earl was still colonel in the army of George I. To Lord Chief Justice Parker Stowe MSS. 750, f. 58. • September 12, 171 1. 'My Lord, — A.ssoon as 1 heard that your Lordship had granted a Habeas Corpus for Thorn" 8 Wingfeild one of the private men of His Majesties Second Troop of Horse Grenadier Guards under my Com- mand, T sent a Gentleman to wait upon your Lord- ship and to acquaint you with the reasons for my ordering Wingfeild to be confin'd to the Marshall of the Horse Guards according to the practice of the Army, but your Lordship was not then at your Chambers; I now take the liberty to inform you that the Prisoner has not only been guilty of uttering menacing words & insolently refusing to comply with the establisht Regulations of the Troop, (to which Regulations he has subscribe!) but has also been endeavouring to raise a mutiny therein, which crimes among Soldiers being of dangerous Conse- quences I did intend to have him try'd by a General (Mint Martial, that he might have been exemplarily punisht as f'-ir as the Law allows to deter others from the like practices: but as there is no war- ran! for holding a Court Martial for the Horse Guards extant, & 1 being unwilling to trouble their 8 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Excell cie; the Lords Justices on this occasion, I had ordered my officers to hold a Regimental Court Martial upon him yesterday in order to break him at the head of the Troop, which is the only punish- ment they can inflict, but they did not proceed then on acco : of the Habeas Corpus ; this I thought fit to acquaint your Lordship with and to assure you that I am &c. 'Ma RISCH ALL.* From Lockier, Spence got the familiar anecdote of the Earl's conduct at Queen's Anne's death, before the projects for a Restoration of the Chevalier were completed. Ormonde, Atterbury, and the Earl met, when Atterbury bade Marischal go out (with the Horse Guards) and proclaim King James. Ormonde wished to consult the Council. ' Damn it,' says Atterbury in a great heat (for he did not value swearing), ' you very well know that things have not been concerted enough for that yet, and that we have not a moment to lose.' That moment they lost, and a vague anecdote represents the Earl as weeping, after the battle of Sheriffmuir, over the many dead men who might have been alive had he taken Atterbury's advice. D'Alembert, who does not mention Atterbury, attributes the idea of an instant stroke for the King to the Earl himself. 1 When the rising of 1715 was in preparation, 1 There is a brief sketch of the Earl in his brother's Memoirs l Spalding Club), which cites d'Alembert, and puts the Earl's birth in 1087. JAMES Till. LAST 9 the Earl, according to d'Alembert, wrote to James, telling him thai *a sovereign deprived of his own must share the dangers of those who risked their lives for bis sake,' and so made liim 'leave his retreat' al Bar-le-Duc. Bui James's natural brother, the Duke of Berwick, on July lii, L715, had already given the same advice. 'Your honour is al -lake, your friends will give over the game if they think you backward." James replied that he hoped to be al Dieppe by the 30th of the month. Within five days Berwick was crying off from the task of accompanying his brother, who replied with a repressed emotion, 'You know what yon owe to me, what yon owe to your own reputation and honour, what you have promised to the Scotch and to me. ... I shall not, therefore, bid you adieu, for 1 expert that we shall soon meet .' It was" now not the King who turned laggard, bul Berwick who advised delay. i I find RancourV (the King), be says, ' very much sel on his journey? In brief, it was Berwick and Bolingbroke who kept James back, though with great difficulty. II" ded no urging (as d'Alemberl suggests) by our Earl. ' 1 fear I shall scarce be aide to hinder him from passing the sea,' says Berwick (Augusl Then Louis XIV. died, all was confusion, and the Regenl Orleans detained Berwick in France, ctly at the time when .Mar went to raise the Eighlands. What with Bolingbroke, Berwick, the death of Louis XIV.. and the intrigues of Orleans in 10 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE the Hanoverian interest, James, travelling disguised through an Odyssey of perils, did not leave France for Scotland till mid-December. A month before (November 13) Mar had been practically defeated at Sheriffmuir, and Forster, Mackintosh, Derwentwater and Kenmnre had surrendered at Preston. The King thus came far too late, but certainly by no lack of readiness on his part. D'Alembert makes the Earl utter a fine consti- tutional speech on the duties of a king, when he proclaimed James at Edinburgh. Unluckily, on this occasion James was never proclaimed at Edin- burgh by anybody. The Eloge of d'Alembert is eloquent, but it is not history. It has been the chief source for the Earl's biography. The Earl had doubtless been won over by Mar to resign his English commission, and desert King George for King James. The story is told that, as he rode North from London in 1715 to join Mar in the Highlands, he met his young brother James riding South to take service with King George. He easily induced his brother to share his own fortunes, and Prussia ultimately gained the great soldier thus lost to England. The Covenanting historian, Wodrow, avers that ' Marischal was bankrupt,' and therefore ea^er for res norce. But he would have been a Jacobite in any case. As to the Earl's conduct when Mar's ill-organised and ill-supplied rising drew fatally to a head at Sheriffmuir, his brother, the Field-Marshal of Prussia, in his fragmentary Memoir, SHER1FFMUER 1 I tells all that we know. The Earl, with 'his own squadron of horse and some Macdonalds, was sent to occupy a rising ground, the enemy being, as was thought, in Dunblane. From the height, however, the whole hostile army was seen advancing, and the Earl senl to bid Mar bring up his forces. There was much confusion, and the Earl's squadron of horse was left in the centre of the line. Mar's right with the Earl routed Argyll's left, while Argyll's left routed Mar's right. ' In the affair neither side gained much honour,' says Keith, 'but it was the entire ruin of our party." Ealf of Mar's force, having thrown down their plaids, 1 were now un- clothed; many had deserted; the evil news of the Preston surrender came, the leaders were at odds among themselves, 0,00(1 Dutch troops were advanc- ing from England. Seaforth and Huntly took their followers back to the North, and when King James arrived at Perth, late in December, he found a wintry welcome, soldiers few and dispirited, and dissensions among the officers. The army wasted away while Cadogan, Argyll, and the Dutch troops, greatly outnumbering the Jacobites, advanced on Perth through the snow. James's army now heal a retreat, with no point to make for, as Inverness was in the hands of the enemy. Mar, therefore, advised James, who had not ammuni- tion enough for one day's fight (thanks to Bolingbroke, 1 Plaids worn by the Earl and his brother are preserved tn a house in Fifesh 12 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE said the Jacobites), to take ship at Montrose. If he stayed, the enemy would make their utmost efforts to come up with and capture him. If he departed, the retreating Highlanders would be less hotly pur- sued. James consulted Marischal, who wished to offer no opinion, alleging ' his age and want of expe- rience,' says Keith. 1 Finally, he privately admitted to Mar that ' he did not think it for the King's honour, nor for that of the nation, to give up the game without putting it to a try all.' Powder enough for one day's fight could be got at Aberdeen; he hoped to gain recruits as they went North, and, at worst, James, if beaten, could escape from the West coast. ' Mar seemed to be convinced of the truth of this ' (very like Bobbing John) ; ' however, a ship was already provided,' and James, with Mar, Melfort, and others, eloped ; the King characteristically leaving all his money to recompense the peasants who had suffered by the war. James was no coward, he had charged the English lines repeatedly, at the head of the Eoyal Household, in the battle of Malplaquet, where he was wounded. In his journey from Lorraine to the coast he had run the gauntlet of Stair's cut-throats. But a Scottish winter, a starveling force, no powder, and Mar's advice, had taken the heart out of the adventurer. 1 This remark makes it probable that the Earl was really a young man. If bom in 1693, as some thought, he would be twenty-three in 1716. (As, indeed, one of d'Alembert's authorities says that he was.) If a year or two older, he could scarcely have pleaded youth as a reason for silence. EXILE L3 Accordingto Mar. the Earl had orders tosailwith the King, * who waited on the ship above an hour and a half, but, by whal accident we yel know not, they did not come, and there was no waiting Longer.' ' * The King and we are in no small pain to know what is become of our friends wee lefl behind." D'Alembert says that the Earl refused to sail. ' Your Majesty is to protect yourself for your friends. I shall share the sorrows of those who remain true to you in Scot- land. I shall gather them, and shall not leave with- out them.' If Mar tells truth, the Earl can have made no such speech. A modest man, he remained at his duty without rhetoric. The dispirited and deserted Highland army moved North, and the Earl was sent to ask Huntly whether he would join them — in which case they would fight at Inverness — or not. ' He easily perceived by Huntly's answer that nothing was to be expected from him.' They, therefore, marched to Ruthven, whence they scattered, Keith and the Earl fared westwards with Clanranald's men, and made for the Islands. Hence they sailed in a French ship on May 1, and reached St. Pol de Leon on May 12. There were a hundred officers of them to- gether, and all this destroys d'Alembert's romance, modelled on the adventures of Prince Charles, about the Earl's dangers and the noble behaviour of the crofters among whom he was wandering. An English force was, indeed, at one time within thirty miles of 1 Mar to 'II. s; From France, February 10, 1710. 11 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE the fugitives, but there was nobody to whom Clan- ranald's men could have been betrayed, not that any one was likely to betray them, and the Earl Marischal and James Keith with them. In truth, d'Alembert confused this occasion with another, after Gleushiel fight, in 1719. Many of the fugitives went to James at Avignon, but Keith stayed in Paris, where Mary of Modena received him well. ' Had I conquered a kingdom for her she could not have said more ' She gave him 1,000 livres, while James granted what he could, 200 crowns yearly. Keith does not say that the Earl was in Paris, where his portrait was probably painted at this date. There, however (as is known from an unpublished MS.), he certainly was, and he might even, by Stair's mediation, have obtained his pardon. But he supposed that the cause would pre- sently triumph, and declined to make any advances to George I. He was now in correspondence with General Dillon, James's military representative in Paris. In August, 1717, Dillon writes to him about one ' Prescot,' who is suspected of intending to murder James in Italy ; he refers to Lord Peterborough, who was arrested on this impossible charge at Bologna in September 1717. 1 In 1719 the Earl and his brother went to Spain. There was then war between Spain and England, Ormonde was with Alberoni, and was to be employed. Keith would have gone thither 1 Mr. Eliot Hodgkin's MSS., Hist. AfSS. Com. xv. ii. Appendix, p. 230. i.nvi: stuky L5 earlier, bul * I was then too much in Love to think of quitting Paris.' Bere, in Paris, L717-18, if ever, wouldhave to be fixed the Earl's Legendary romance with Mademoiselle de Froullay (Madame de Crequy). The story, a very pretty one, is given in this lady's Memoires, an in- genious but fraudulent compilation. An author best known for his plagiarisms seized on Mat lame de Crequy as a likely old person to have left memoirs behind her. By aid of gossip and books he patched up the amusing but mythical records which he attributed to the lady. Why he selected the Earl as the lover of her girlhood we can only guess; bul dates and facts make the pretty tale incredible, though it has found its way into Chambers's account of the Earl's career. Thus, for example, it is averred by Sainte-Beuve, on the authority of her man of business, M. Percheron, that Madame de Crequy was born in 1714. The love story of 1717, told in her Memoirs, beginning in the Earl's attempt to teach her Spanish and English, and interrupted by the fact that he was a ' Calvinist,' is therefore improbable. The lady was but three years old when her affections, according to her apocryphal Memoirs, were blighted. The lovers met again, when the Earl was Prussian Ambassador at Versailles in 1753. 'We had not had the time to discover each other's faults, we had not suffered each by the other's imperfections, both remained under that illusion which experience de- stroyed not: we were happy in the sweel thoughl of 16 THE COMPANIONS OF TICKLE ineffable excellence, and when we met in the wane of life, and either saw the other's white hair, we felt an emotion so pure, so tender, and so solemn, that no other sentiment, no other impression known to mortals, can be compared to it.' All this is charm- ing, but it cannot conceivably be true ! The Earl composed his one madrigal under the influence of this elderly emotion (say the pseudo-Memoirs), a tear stole down his withered cheek, and he assured Madame de Crequy that they would meet in Heaven. ' I loved you too much not to embrace your religion.' So runs the romance of the pseudo-Madam e Crequy. In fact, the Earl remained a member of the per- secuted Episcopal Church in Scotland. In Rome a priest tried to convert him, beginning with the Trinity. ' Your Lordship believes in the Trinity ? ' 'I do,' said the Earl; 'but that just fills up my measure. A drop more and I spill all.' Madame de Crequy's Memoires are obviously a daring forgery, but the ' violet of a legend ' has a fragrance of its own. The Earl was in 1716, as his portrait shows, a singularly handsome young man, with large hazel eyes and an eager face, with a complexion like a girl's beneath his brown curls. Madame de Crequy is made to say, by way of giving local colour, that he greatly resembled a portrait of le beau Caylus, a favourite of Henri III. The portrait was in her family. In 1719, to return to facts, the two Keiths were received in Spain by the Due de Liria, son of the -TAIN 17 Duke of Berwick, who had heard of an Intended expedition to Kngland. In Barcelona the Bplendour of their welcome, they travelling incognito, amazed them. They had been, in fact, mistaken for their rightful King and one of his officers, who were expected. From Barcelona they went to Madrid. whence Alberoni senl the Earl posting all about the country after Ormonde, who was to command the invading forces. Ormonde was a kind of figure-head of Jacobite respectability. He was presumed to be the idol of the British army at the time of Queen Anne's death ; he had added his mess to the general chaos of Tory imbecility in 1714, and, in place of playing Monk's part in a new Restoration, had fled abroad. A few of his letters of 1719 to the Earl survive : he hopes for ' the justice which the Cause deserves,' and when his fleet is scattered in the usual way, reports the uneasiness of James about the Earl. 1 The Earl in Spain arranged what he could with the Cardinal, while Keith passed through France, then hostile to Spain, and met the exiled Tullibardine in Paris. Here all was contusion. the Jacobites — Seaforth, Glendarule, and Tulli- bardine — being deep in the accustomed jealousies. They sailed, however, and reached the Lewes, where Keith met his brother, the Earl; but here divided counsels and squabbles about rank and com- missions arose. The Earl succeeded in bringing the Spanish auxiliary forces to the mainland, and was 1 Add. MSS. 33,950. 1718-1719. British Museum. 18 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE for marching at once against Inverness. The other faction, that of Seaforth and Tnllibardine, dallied ; the ammunition, stored in a ruinous old castle on an island, was mostly seized by English vessels. News arrived that Ormonde's fleet, sailing from Spain, had been dispersed on the seas, and the Highlanders came in very reluctantly. The Jacobites landed at the head of Loch Duich, and were posted on a hill- side in Glenshiel, commanding the road to Inverness. Hence the English forces drove them to the summit of the mountain, and night fell. They had neither food, powder, nor any confidence in their men, so the Spaniards surrendered, the Highlanders dispersed, and Keith thus began his glorious military career in a style somewhat discouraging. Lord George Murray, later the general in the Eising of 1745, was also in this rather squalid engagement. Keith was suffering from a fever, and he with his brother ' lurcked in the mountains.' On this occasion, no doubt, the Earl profited by the loyalty of his countrymen, among whom (says an anonymous informant of d'Alembert's) he moved without disguise. He is even said to have been present when a proclamation was read aloud offering a reward for his apprehension. His adventures increased his love for his own people ; indeed, he certainly espoused the Jacobite cause as a national Scottish patriot, not for dynastic reasons. Keith and his brother, after ' lurcking ' for months in the Northern wilds, escaped from Aberdeen to GEOEGE kl.I.l^ L9 Eolland, in September 1719. Thence they made for Spain, intending to enter France by Sedan. But as they had no passports they were slopped in France and imprisoned. Keith hit on an ingenious way of getting rid of (heir Spanish commissions, which would have been compromising, and a letter to the Earl from the Princesse de Conti served as a voucher for their respectability, and procured their release. They reached Paris when the fever of the Mississippi Scheme was at its height. Jacobites as needy as they, the Oglethorpe girls and George Kelly, pro- bably got hints from Law, the great financial adven- turer, and founder of the Mississippi Scheme. The young Jacobite ladies bought in at par and sold at a huge premium. They thus won their own dots, and married great French nobles. Even poor George Kelly had a success in speculation. He was, at this time, Atterbury's secretary, and being involved in his fall, passed fourteen years in the Tower. In 17 1") he was one of the famed Seven Men of Moidart, but none the dearer on that account to the Earl, who never trusted him, and, in 1700, caused him to be banished from the service of the Prince. All these adventurers, Law, the Oglethorpes, Olive Trant, Kelly, and the Keiths, may have met in Paris, after Glenshiel. But the Earl and his brother did not make their fortunes in the Mississippi Scheme. They had no money, and Keith frankly expresses his contempl for the speculations after which all the world was running mad. The brothers passed to o 2 20 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Montpellier, Keith attempted to enter Spain by Tou- louse, the Earl by the Pyrenees. Months later Keith tried the Pyrenees passes, and there, at an inn, met his brother, who had been arrested and imprisoned for six weeks. The King of France had just set him free, with orders to leave the kingdom, and the wandering pair of exiles went to Genoa, then a focus of Jacobite intrigue, whence they sailed to Eome, to see ' the King, our Master.' Jacobites lived in an eternal hurry-scurry. James had been driven from France to Lorraine ; then to Avignon, where Stair planned his assassina- tion ; ] then to Urbino, Bologna, and Eome. Sailing for Spain, in 1719, he had been obliged to put in near Hyeres, and there to dance all night — the melanchol} r monarch — at a ball in a rural inn. Spain could do nothing for him, and he returned to Eome, whither Charles Wogan brought him a bride, fair, unhappy Clementina Sobieska, just rescued from an Austrian prison. Keith says nothing of her, but tells how, at Cestri de Levanti, his brother called on Cardinal Alberoni, now fallen from power and in exile. The Earl, with some lack of humour, wanted to tell the Cardinal all about the Glenshiel fiasco, but was informed that the statesman had no longer the faintest concern with the affairs of Spain or interest in the gloomy theme. From Leghorn the brothers went by land 1 There are copies of his correspondence with the would-be murderer in the Gualterio MSS., British Museum. GENOA 2] through Pisa, Florence, and Siena to Rome. The King, 'who knew we were in want of money,' senl Bay to borrow L,000 crowns from the Pope, 'which was refused on pretence of poverty; this 1 mention only to shew the genious of Clement XL, and how Little regard Churchmen has for those who lias abandoned all for religion.' His Majesty, therefore, raised the money from a banker. The exiled King's chief occupation was providing for his destitute subjects : most of his letters were begging letters. The point for which the Keiths had been making ever since their escape from Scotland was Spain. Baffled in attempting to cross the Pyrenees, and penniless, they reached Spain by taking Rome on their way, James providing the funds with the diffi- culty which has been described. From Civita Vecchia they sailed back to Genoa. Now, Jacobite privateers, under Morgan. Nick Wogan, and other wandering knights, were rendering Genoa unluckily conspicuous by making the harbour their head- quarters. The tiny squadron for years hung about all coasts to aid in a new rising. The English Minister, D'Avenant, threatened to bombard the town if the Keiths were not expelled, while, if they were, the Spanish Minister said that he would insist on the banishment of all the Catalan refugees in Genoa. To obliure the Senate of Genoa in their awkward position, Keith and the kail departed, and coasted from the town to Yalentia in a felucca, sleeping on shore every night. 22 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE It is probable that the brothers were suspected of a part in that form of the Jacobite plot which chanced to exist at the moment. From 1688 to 1760, or later, there had been really but one plot, handed on from scheming sire to son, and adapting itself to new conditions as they happened to arise. The study of the plot is, indeed, a pretty exercise in evolution. The object being a Eestoration, the most obvious plan is a landing of foreign troops in England, with a simultaneous rising of the faithful. First France is to send the foreign troops ; and she did actually despatch them, or try to despatch them, at various times — witness La Hogue, Dunkirk, and Quiberon Bay. When France will not stir, other Powers are approached. Sweden would have played this part, in 1718, but for the death of Charles XII. Then Spain made her effort, in 1719, with the usual results. There were hopes, again, from Eussia, as from Sweden, and from Prussia in 1753. After each failure in this kind, the Jacobites tried ' to do the thing themselves,' as Prince Charles said, either by assassination schemes (which Charles Edward invariably set his foot on), or by a simul- taneous rising in London and the Highlands, or by such a rising aided by Scots or Irish troops in foreign service landed on the coast. From the failure at Glenshiel to 1722 this was the aspect of the plot. Atterbury, Oxford, Orrery, and North and Grey were managers in England, Mar and Dillon in Paris, while Morgan and Nick Wogan commanded ATTEEBUKY'S PLOT 23 the poor little fleet. 1 Ormonde, in Spain, was to carry over Irish regiments in Spanish service. The Jacobites had the ship prepared years before for the expedition of Charles XII.. with two or three othei vessels. The gallanl Nick Wogan, who, as a mere boy, had been pardoned, after Preston, for rescuing a wounded Eanoverian officer under fire, was hover- ing on the seas from Genoa to the Groin. George Kelly was going to and fro between Paris and London, 'a man of far more temper, discretion, and real art ' than Atterbnry. says Speaker Onslow. When the scheme for Ormonde's amateur inva- sion failed, a mob-plot of Layer's followed it; but all was revealed. Kelly and Atterbury were seized; Atterbnry was exiled, Kelly lay in the Tower, and Layer was hanged. Keith says nothing of any part borne by his brother or himself in these feeble conspiracies. One Neynho, arrested in London, averred that the Earl Marischal had been in town on this business, in disguise, and had shared his room. Neynho merely guessed that his companion was the Earl, who cer- tainly was on friendly terms with Atterbury. Long afterwards he wrote (1737): 'I was told in Italy that Pope had thought of publishing a collection of familliair letters, particularly of ye Bishop; as I was honoured with Many, I sent copys of a part and parts (sic) to Pope.' These, however, 1 The author hopes to tell the story of Mr. Wogan, a charming ter, on another occasion. 24 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE could not have been political epistles. The ori- ginals must have perished when the Earl burned all his papers, as d'Alembert's authorities report, in 1745. 1 On the whole, it seems certain that Keith, at least, was not in the plots of 1720-22 ; Keith, indeed, lay ill in Paris in 1723-24, suffering from a tumour. The Earl now held a commission from Spain, which secured for him a pension, irregularly paid ; but, being a Protestant, he never received an active command, except once, in an affair with the Moors. There was no harm, it seemed, in sending a heretic to fight against infidels. His great friend in Spain was the Duchess of Medina Sidonia, who was anxious to convert him. ' She spoke to him of a certain miracle, of daily occurrence in her country. There is a family, or caste, which, from father to son, have the power of o-oino- into the flames without beino- burned, and who by dint of charms permitted by the Inquisition can extinguish fires. The Earl promised to surrender to a proof so evident, if he might be present and light the fire himself. The lady agreed, but the questadore, as these people are called, would never try the experiment, though he had done so on a former occasion ; he said that fire had been made by a heretic, who mingled charms with it, and that he felt them from afar.' This was unlucky, as these families whom fire 1 Hist. MSS. Commission, x. i. Appendix, p. 475. THE EAR] 'S RELIGION 25 does not take hold on exisl l < > < hi \ ill Fiji, a- of eld among the 1 tirpi of Mounl Soracte. The Mail had no trouble with the Inquisition, being allowed to have what books he pleased, as Long as he did not Lend them to Spanish subjects. ' His religious ideas were far from strict . . . but he could not endure to hear these questions touched on when women were present, or the poor in spirit; it was a kind of talk which in general he carefully avoided," — except among philosophes? II nine tells us that the Earl Marischal and Belvetius thought they were ascribing an excellent quality to Prince Charles when they said that he 'had learned from the philo- sophers at Paris to affect a contempt of all religion.' It seems improbable that the Earl was more ' emanci- pated ' than Hume, but his wandering life had made him acquainted with the extremes of Scottish Presby- terianism, with the Inquisition in Spain, the devotions of his King in Pome, the levities of Voltaire and Frederick, and all the contemptuous certainties of the Encyclopedist es. The Karl rather loved a bold jest or two, in philosophic company, and his mots were not always in good taste. As a Norseman's religion was mainly that of his sword, the Earl's appear have been that of his character, which was instinc- tively affectionate, indulgent, and charitable. If in- had neither Faith nor Hope, which we cannot assume, he was rich in ( 'harity. It is, perhaps, no Longer possible to trace all the 1 Letter from Mus< I 1 o d'Al< mbert, GSuvres, v. 457. 26 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE wanderings of the Earl after his brother entered the Eussian service in 1728. In those years the exiles were mainly concerned about the quarrels between James and his wife, which had an ill effect on their Eoyal reputation in Europe. The Courts chiefly solicited for aid at this period were those of Moscow and Vienna. Spain did not pay her pension to James with regularity, and the Earl Marischal, then as later, may have suffered from the same inconvenience. This may account for his return to Eome, where he resided in James's palace, about 1730-34. 'He has the esteem of all that has the honour to be known to him, and may be justly styled the honour of our Cause,' writes William Hay to Admiral Gordon, who represented Jacobite interests in Eussia (Feb. 2, 1732). The little Court at Eome was as full of jealousies as if it had been at St. James's. Murray, brother of Lord Mansfield, was Minister, under the title of Lord Dunbar, while James's other ' favourite ' Hay (Lord Inverness) was at Avignon out of favour, and had turned Catholic. The pair were generally detested by the other mock-courtiers. These gentlemen had formed themselves into an Order of Chivalry, ' The Order of Toboso,' alluding to their Quixotry. Prince Charles (aged twelve) and the Duke of York (a hero of seven) were the patrons. ' They are the most lively and engaging two boys this day on earth,' writes William Hay. The Knights of the Order sent to Gordon in Eussia their cheerful salutations, signed by 'Don Ezekiel del Toboso' (Zeky Hamilton), ORDER OF TOBOSO 27 'Don George Keith' (the Earl), and so on. They declined to elecl Murray, because he had ' the inso- lence to fail in his respecl to a righl honourable Lady who is the ever honoured protectress of die mosl illustrious Order nt' Toboso,' Lady Elizabeth Caryl. A Dumber of insults to Murray follow iii the epistle. 1 All this was rather dull, distasteful work for the Earl. He received from James the Order of the Thistle (* the green ribbon ') ; but, except perhaps at Koine, he would not wear a decoration not more imposing than that of the Toboso Order. Writingto his brother, he drew a pretty picture of the little Duke of York, who was fond of the Earl, and used to bring his weekly Report on Conduct to be criticised and sent on to Keith, far away in Russia. Keith was asked to comment on it. or, if he did not, the Earl was diplo- matist enough to do so in his name. Prince Charles the Earl seems to have disliked from the first. He had already, at the age of thirteen, 'got out of the hands of his governors,' the Earl writes, and indeed the Prince's spelling alone proves the success with which lie evaded instruction. But, to please the little Duke, the Earl sent for a sword from Russia. The Duke was a pretty child, and wept from disap- pointment when his elder brother, in 17o4. went off to the siege of Gaeta, while he, a warrior of nine remained in Pome. The Earl disliked the tiny jealous Court; the 1 Hist. MSS. ( Commission, x. i. Appendix, p. 184. 28 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE impotent cabals, the priests who tried to convert him. Writing to David Hume long afterwards, in 1762, he said, ' I wish I could see you, to answer honestly all your [historical] questions ; for, though I had my share of folly with others, yet, as my intentions were at bottom honest, I should open to you my whole budget.' When he wrote thus he had made his peace with England. Why he did so we shall try to point out later. Always scrupulously honest (except when diplomatic duties forbade, and even then he hated lying), the Earl told his brother that he found the Jacobite Court at Borne no place for an honest man. He does not give details, but he seems to hint at some enterprise which, in his opinion, was not honourable. James, moreover, was sunk in devotion, weeping and praying at the tomb of Clementina. From this uncongenial society the Earl departed, and took up his abode at the Papal city of Avignon, where Ormonde now resided. He liked the charm- ing old place, and thought it especially rich in original characters. By 1736, however, he had returned to Spain, where, as he said, he was always sure to find ' his old friend, the Sun.' News of the Earl comes through some very harmless correspond- ence, intercepted at Leyden, in 1736, by an un- identified spy. 1 Don Ezekiel del Toboso (Hamilton) was now out of favour with James, which, judging by his very foolish letters, is no marvel. He resided 1 Hist. MSS. Commission, x. i. Appendix, p. 432. A KNIGHT SIN AMOR 29 nt Leyden, corresponding with Ormonde and George Kelly. George, after fourteeD years of the Tower. since A.tterbury's Plot, had escaped in a manner at once ingenious, romantic, and strictly honourable. Carte, the historian, was another correspondent ; bul gossip was the staple of their budgets — gossip and abuse of James's favourites, Dunbar and Inverness. In Spain the Earl uflicially represented James, but his chief employments were shooting and reading. His Spanish pension was unpaid (he had a small allowance from the Duke of Hamilton), and he was minded ' to live contentedly upon a small matter,' he says, rather than to 'pay court in anti-chambers to under Ministers whom I despise.' ' I wo na gie an inch o' my will for an ell o' my wealth,' he remarks, in the Scots proverbial phrase. A Protestant canton in Switzerland would suit him best, where a little money will furnish all that he requires. 'I am naturally sober enough, as to my eating, more as to my drinking, I do not game, and am a Knight Errant sin amor, so that I need not great sums for my maintenance.' A Knight sin .r the Earl seems usually to have been. He must have been over forty at this time, mid he had not yet acquired his celebrated fail- Turkish captive. The Earl, however, had not given up all hope of active Jacobite servier. 'I propose to try if I can still do anything, or have even the hopes of doing something.' He had a ' project,' and, as far as the hints in his letters can now be deciphered, it was to remove James, or, at 30 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE all events, Prince Charles, from Borne (a place dis- trusted by Protestant England), and to settle one or both of them — in Corsica ! The Earl was interested, as a patriotic Scot, in the hanging of Porteous by the Edinburgh mob. ' It's certain that Porteous was a most brutal fellow ; his last works at the head of his Guard was not the first time he had ordered his men to fire on the people. I will not call them Mobb, who made so orderly an Execution.' To this extent may Eadical principles carry a good Jacobite ! The Earl should have written the work contemplated by Swift, ' A Modest Defence of the Proceedings of the Pcabble, in All Acres.' A quarrel with the Spanish Treasurer, who was short of treasure, ended in somebody assuring the official that the Earl was a man of honour, ' who would go afoot eating bread and water from this to Tartary con un doblon? To Tartary, or near it, the Earl was to go, though he had been invited by Ormonde to Avignon. Till the end of the year 1737, Kelly and others hoped to settle Prince Charles in Corsica, with the Earl for his Minister. Marischal was expected by Ormonde at Avignon, in the last week of December, and thither he went for a month or two, leaving for St. Petersburg in March, to visit his brother. Keith had been severely wounded at the assault on Oczakow, and the Earl found him insisting that he would not have his leg amputated. The Earl took his part, and brought THE EARL'S PAGANS 31 Keith to Paris, where the surgeons saved his leg, bul where he had to Buffer another serious operation. Thence the devoted brothers went to Barege, where Keith recovered health. He returned to Russia, Leaving in the Earl's care Mademoiselle Emette', a pretty Turkish captive child, rescued by him at the sack of Oczakow, and Ibrahim, another True Believer. These slaves, says a friend who gave information to d'Alembert, were treated by the Earl as his children. He educated them, he invested money in their names (probably when he was in the service of Frederick the Great), and he cherished a menagerie of young heathens, whom his brother had rescued in sieges and storms of towns. One, Stepan, was a Tartar ; another is declared to have been a Thibetan, and related to the Grand Lama. The Earl was no proselytiser, and did not convert his Pagans and Turks. It is said that he was not insensible to the charms of pretty Emette'. ' Can I never inspire you with what I feel? ' he asked. • Non I ' replied the girl, and there it ended. The Earl made a will in her favour, in 1741, and she later — much later — married M. de Fromont. The love story is not very plausible, before 1741, as Emette was still a girl when she accompanied the Earl to Paris, during his Embassy, in 1751. The movements of the Earl are obscure at this period, but in 1742-43 he was certainly engaged for the Jacobite interest in France, residing now at Paris, 32 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE now at Boulogne. The unhappy ' Association ' of Scottish Jacobites had been founded in 1741. Its promoters were the inveterate traitor, Lovat, and William Macgregor, of Balhaldie, who, since 1715, had lived chiefly in France, and was a trusted agent of James. Balhaldie's character has been much assailed by Murray of Broughton, who was himself connected with the Association. As far as can be discovered Balhaldie was sanguine, and even of a visionary enthusiasm, when enterprises concocted by himself were in question. The adventures of other leaders, especially adventures not supported by France, he distrusted and thwarted. The loyal Lochiel and the timid Traquair were also of the Association, which Balhaldie amused in 1742 with hopes of a French descent under the Earl Marischal. Balhaldie had promised to the French Court ' moun- tains and marvels ' in the way of Scottish assistance, and the Earl ' treated his assertion with the contempt and ridicule it deserved,' says Murray of Broughton. The Earl's own letters show impatience with Balhaldie and Lord Sempil, James's other agent in Paris. Thus, on February 12, 1743, the Earl writes from Boulogne to Lord John Drummond, whose chief business was to get Highland clothes wherein the Duke of York might dance at the Carnival. The Earl protests, in answer to a remark of Sempil's, that he ' has more than bare curiosity in a subject where the interest of my King and native country is so nearly con- cerned (not to speak of my own), where I see a noble TRAOASSERIES oo Bpirit, and where I am sensible a great deal of honour is done me, and 1 add, that I still hope these gentlemen will do me the honour and justice to believe thai I shall never fail either in my duty to my King and country, my gratitude to them for their good opinion, or in my best endeavours to serve.' All this was in reply to Sempil's insinuation that the Scottish Jacobites thought the Earl lukewarm. Murray confirms the Earl by telling how Balhaldie tried to stir strife between the Earl and the Scots, who revered him, though Balhaldie styled him 'an honourable fool." ' Lord John Drummond suggested to James's secretary. Edgar, that the Earl should supersede Balhaldie, 'who had been obliged to fly the country in danger of being taken up for a Fifty pound note.' Lord John's advice was excellent. The Earl, and he alone, was the right man to deal with the party in Scotland, who could trust his sense, zeal, and honour. But James, far away in Borne, could never settle these distant and embroiled affairs. lie went on trusting Balhaldie, who was also accepted by the party in England. Had James cashiered Balhaldie and instated the Earl, matters would have been managed with discretion and confidence. The Earl was determined not to beguile France into an en- deavour based on the phantom hosts of Balhaldie's imagination. Nad he \n'vn minister, it is highly probable that nothing would have been done at all. 1 The Earl's letter is in Browne, Li. I is, from the Stuart Papers. I) 34 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE and that Prince Charles would never have left Italy. For Balhaldie continued to represent James in France, and Balhaldie it was. with Sempil, who induced Louis XV. to adopt the Jacobite cause, and brought the Prince to France in 1744. While his father lived, Charles never returned to Eome. On December 23, 1743, James sent to the Duke of Ormonde, an elderly amorist at Avignon, 1 his com- missions as General of an expedition to England and as Eegent till the Prince should join. The Earl re- ceived a similar commission as General of a diversion, ' with some small assistance,' to be made in Scotland. The Earl was at Dunkirk, eager to sail for Scotland, by March 7, 1744, and Charles was somewhere, incognito, in the neighbourhood. But the Earl, as he wrote to d'Argenson, had neither definite orders nor money enough ; in short, as usual, everything was rendered futile by French shilly-shallying and by the accustomed tempest. D'Alembert and others assert that Charles asked the Earl to set forth with him alone in a sailing-boat, to which the Earl replied that, if he went, it would be to dissuade the Scottish from joining a Prince so brave but so ill-supported. It is certain that d'Argenson told Marshal Saxe that the Prince ought to retire to a villa of the Bishop of Soissons, with the Earl for his chaperon. The Earl was still anxious for an expedition in force, but d'Argenson distrusted his information on all points. 1 The Piev. George Kelly was a constraint on the old Duke's amours with Madame de Vaucluse ! \X OPEN BOAT DO Charles declined to go and skulk al the Bishop's, and wrote that • it' In- knew his presence unaided would be useful in England he would cross in an open boat.' ' On this authentic evidence the Earl was anxious to make an effort, and Charles's remark about going alone in an open boat was conditional — sHl savait que sa presence settle fut utile en Amjhhrr, . Hut no energy. no hopes, no courage, could conquer the irresolution of France. By April Prince Charles was living, tree cache", in Paris. Thus his long habit of hiding arose in the incognito forced on him by the Ministers of Louis XV. The Prince, as he writes to his father April 3, 17 1 I i, was • goin about with a single ser- vant bying fish and other things, and squabling for a peney more or less.' He was anxious to make the campaign in Flanders with the French arm)', • and it will certainly be so if Lord Marschal dose not hinder it. . . . He tels them that serving in the Army in flanders, it would disgust entirely the English,' in which opinion the Earl may have been wrong. Charles accuses the Earl of stopping the Dunkirk expedition (and here d'Alembert confirms), ' by saying things thai discouraged them to the lasl degree: I was plagued with his letters, which were rather Books, and had the patience to answer them, article by article, striving to make him act reason- ably, but all to no purpose.' '-' 1 Papers from French Foreign Office. In Murray of Broughton'a Memorials, pp. 499 501. Charles to James, May 11, 1744. Stuart Papers in Murray of Broughton'a Memorials, p. 868. i. 2 36 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE It was not easy to ' act reasonably,' where all was a chaos of futile counsels and half-hearted French schemes. They would and they would not, in the affair of the expedition of March 1744. We find the Earl now urging despatch, now discouraging the French, and, on September 5, 1744, he writes to James, from Avignon, ' there was not only no design to employ me, but there was none to any assistance in Scotland.' 1 The Earl believed that the Prince's incognito was really imposed on him by the devices of Balhaldie and Sempil, ' to keep him from seeing such as from honour and duty would tell him truth.' Through such tortuous misunderstandings and suspicions on every side, matters dragged on till Charles forced the game by embarking for Scotland secretly in June 1745. The Earl Marischal was the man whom he sent to report this step to Louis XV. ' I hope,' Charles writes to d'Argenson, ' you will receive the Earl as a person of the first quality, in whom I have full confidence/ The Earl undertook the commission.- On August 20, 1745, he sent in a Memoire to the French Court. Lord Clancarty had arrived, authorised (says the Earl) to speak for the English Jacobite leaders, the Duke of Beaufort, the Earl of Lichfield, Lord Orrery, Lord Barrymore, Sir Watkin Williams Wynne, and Sir John Hinde Cotton. They offered to raise the standard as soon as French troops landed in England. When they 1 Stuart Papers. Browne, ii. 476. " Compare Villettes' letter, jiostea, p. 48. JACOBITE DISUNION 37 made the offer, the English Jacobites (who asked for 10,000 infantry, arms for 30,000, guns, and pay) did not know that Charles had landed in Scotland. D'Argenson naturally asked for the seals and signa- tures of the English leaders, as warrants of their sincerity. lie could not send a corps darmee across the Channel on the word of one individual, and such an individual as the profane, drunken, slovenly, one- eyed Clancarty. The Earl, on October ^o, 1745, tried to overcome the scruples of d'Argenson, but in vain. 1 Clancarty, it is pretty clear, came over as a result of the persuasions of Carte, the historian, in whom the leading English Jacobites had no confi- dence. ' The wise men among them would neither trust Lord Clancarty's nor Mr. Carte's discretion in any scheme of business,' says Sempil to James (Sep- tember 13, 174")). Sempil was ever at odds with the Earl, who, says Sempil, 'insists on great matters.' French policy was to keep sending small supplies of money and men to support agitation in Scotland. The Earl did not want mere agitation and a feeble futile rising ; he wanted strong measures, which might have a chance of success.- ' He can trust nobody,' says Sempil, "and is persuaded that the French Court will sacrifice our country, if his firmness does not prevent it.' The Earl was right ; what he foresaw occurred. Sempil, however, was not far wrong, when he observed that the Prince was already 1 Stuart Papers, in Murray of Broughton's Memorials, pp. 513-514. 38 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE engaged, and a little help was better than none. ' I am sorry to see my old friend so very unfit for great affairs,' writes Sempil. The Earl had ever been adverse to a wild attempt by the Prince, as a mere cause of misery and useless bloodshed. He probably thought that no French support and a speedy col- lapse of the rising were better than trivial aid, which kept up the hearts of the Highlanders, and urged them to extremes. By October 19 the Duke of York was flattered with hopes of sailing at the head of a large French force. The force hung about Dunkirk for six months, doing nothing, and then came Culloden. The Duke was prejudiced against Sempil and his friend Balhaldie, and already there was a split in the party, Sempil on one" side, the Earl Marischal on the other. George Kelly returned from Scotland, as an envoy to France, but Sempil would not trust him even with the names of the leading English Jaco- bites. The secrecy insisted on by Sir Watkin Williams Wynne, Lord Barrymore, the Duke of Beaufort, and the others was kept up by Sempil even against Prince Charles himself. This naturally irritated the Earl, and, what with Jacobite divisions in France, and French irresolution, Marischal had to play a tedious and ungrateful part. James expected him to join the Prince, but he, for his part, gave James very little hope of the success of the adventure. 1 James him- 1 James to the Duke of York. November 8, 1745. lirowne, iii. 452, where all the correspondence is printed. VENICE 39 self, with surprising mental detachment, admitted thai the besl plan for the English Jacobites was ' to lie still,' and make no attempl withoul the assistance from France which never came. The Earl disappears from the diplomatic scene, on which he had done no good, in the end of 17! ; ~). Be obviously attempted to settle quietly in Russia with his brother. But the Empress ' would not so much as allow Lord Marischal to stay in her count r\." wrote James to Charles, in April 1747. Ejected from the North, he sought 'his old friend, the sun,' in the South, at Treviso, and at Venice. The Prince, in August 1747. wrote from Paris imploring the Earl to join him, for the need of a trustworthy adviser was bitterly felt. The Earl replied with respect, but with Bepublican brevity, pleading his •broken health,' and adding, ' I did not retire from all affairs without a certainty how useless I was, and always must be.' At Venice the Earl entertained a moody young exile, who tells a story illustrating at once his host's knowledge of life, the strictness of his morality, and his freedom from a tendency to censure the young and enterprising. 1 From Venice the much- wandering Earl retired to his most sure and hospitable retreat. He joined his brother, who had now entered the service of 1 The Memoirs of the exile in question, unhappily, have never been printed, and I do not feel at liberty to anticipate any | of ioteresl in these curious papi i -. 40 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Frederick the Great. He reached Berlin in January 1748. Frederick, asking first whether his estates had been confiscated, made him a pension of 2,000 crowns. Frederick loved, esteemed, sheltered, and employed the veteran, ' unfit for affairs ' as he thought himself. No doubt Frederick's first aim was to attach to himself so valuable an officer as Keith, by showing kindness to his brother. But the Earl presently became personally dear to him, as a friend without subservience, and a philosopher with- out vanity or pretence. In his new retreat the Earl was not likely to listen to the prayers of Prince Charles, who, being now a homeless exile, implored the old Jacobite to meet him at Venice. Henry Goring carried the letters, in April 1749, and pro- bably took counsel with the veteran. Nothing came of it, except the expulsion from the Prince's house- hold at Avignon of poor George Kelly, a staunch and astute friend, who was obnoxious to the English Jacobites. Since 1717 Kelly had served the Cause, first under Atterbury, then — after fourteen years' im- prisonment — in France, Scotland, and as the Prince's secretary. He had been Lord Marischal's ally in 1745, but Piousseau says that the Earl's failing was to be easily prejudiced against a man, and never to return from his prejudice. Kelly's letter to Charles might have disarmed him. ' Nobody ever had less reason or worse authority than Lord Marischal for such an accusation ; for your Eoyal Highness knows well I always acted the contrary part, and never GEORGE KELLY 1 I failed representing the advantage and even necessity of having him at the head of your affairs. . . . His Lordship may think of me what he pleases, but my opinion oi* him is still the same.' There seems to be qo doubl thai the Earl bad written to Floyd (whom he commends to Hume as an honest witness) to say that 'from a -odd hand' he learned that Kelly 'opposed his coming near the Prince,' and had spoken of him a- • a Republican, a man incapable of cultivating princes.' The Earl was " incapable of cultivating princes,' and JJousseau esteemed him for the same. Bui it was under Kelly's influence that Charles, in 17 17. tried to secure the society and services of the Earl. lie had been prejudiced (as Eousseau says lie was capable of being), probably by Carte the historian. Years afterwards, when the Earl had disowned Charles, Kelly returned to the Prince's household. He never had a stauncher adherent than this Irish clergyman of exactly the same age as his father. History, like the Earl Marischal, has been unduly prejudiced against honest George Kelly. 1 1 Letters in Browne, iv. lit 66. Conceivably it' was Goring who prejudiced the Earl against Kelly; he may have conveyed the ideas of Carte and the English party. 42 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE II THE EAEL IN PRUSSIAN SERVICE About the Earl's first years in the company of the great Frederick little is known or likely to be known. Dens nobis hcee otia fecit, he may have murmured to himself while he refused the Prince's insistent prayers for his service, and put his Eoyal Highness off in a truly Eoyal way, with his miniature in a snuff-box of mother-of-pearl. The old humourist may have reflected that men had given lands and gear for the cause, and now, like the representative of Lochgarry, have nothing material to show for their loyalty, save an inexpensive snuff-box of agate and gold. No, the Earl would not travel from Venice in 1749 to meet the Prince. His name occurs in brief notes of Voltaire, then residing with Frederick, and quarrelling with his Eoyal host. Voltaire kept borrowing books from the Scottish exile, books chiefly on historical subjects. If we may believe Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, then at Berlin, the celebrated Livonian mistress of Keith caused quarrels between him and his brother, and even obliged them to live separately. 1 The 1 See Sir Charles's letter of February 6, 1751, in PicMe the Spy, p. 117. THE EARL A.S AMBASSADOR 13 Earl gave much good advice to Benry Goring, the Prince's envoy at thai time, and if he was indeed on bad terms with his brother (these bad terms cannot have Lasted Long), he may have been all the better pleased to go as l'rederick's ambassador to Versailles in Aii'jusi L751. Thither he took his pretty Turkish captive, and all his household of Pagans, .Mussulmans, Buddhists, and so forth. I have elsewhere described the Earl's relations with Prince Charles, then lurking in or near Paris ; his furtive meetings with Goring at lace shops and in gardens, his familiarity with Young Glengarry, who easily outwitted the Earl, and his unprejudiced tolerance of a perfectly Fenian plot — the Elibank Plot — for kidnapping George II., Prince Fecky, and the rest of the Royal Family. The Earl merely looked on. Ee gave no advice. His ancient memories could not enlighten him as to how the Guards were now posted. 'What opinion, Mr. Tickle,' he said to Glengarry, •can I entertain of people that proposed I should abandon my Embassy and embark headlong with them?' The Earl had found a haven at last in Frederick's favour. He was willing to help the cause diplomatically, to send Jemmy Dawkins to Berlin, to sound Frederick, and suggest that, in a quarrel with England, the Jacobites might be useful. He was ready enough to dine with the exiles on St. Andrew's Day. but not to go further. When Charles broke with the faithful Goring in the spring of 17-") I. the Earl broke with him, rebuked him severely, and aever forgave him. 44 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE He had never loved Charles ; he now regarded him as impossible, even treacherous, and ceased to be a Jacobite. The nature of his charges against the Prince will appear later. Meanwhile, as the Prince had behaved ill to Goring, who fell under his new mania of suspicion, as he declined to cashier his mistress, Miss Walkinshaw, in deference to English and Scot- tish requests, as he was a battered, broken wanderer, sans feu ni lieu, the Earl abandoned him to his fate, and even, it seems, officially ' warned the party against being concerned with him.' After forty 3 T ears of faithful though perfectly fruitless service, the Earl apparently made up his mind to be reconciled, if pos- sible, to the English Government. Though his appoint- ment as ambassador had been a direct insult to Frederick's uncle, George II., the great diplomatic revolution which brought Prussia and England into alliance was favourable to the Earl's prospects of pardon. He probably accepted the Embassy not without hopes of being able to do something for the Cause. James certainly took this view of the appointment. But the end had come. The retreat of Charles in Flanders had been detected at last by the English. The English dread of Miss Walkinshaw, and the quarrel over that poor lady, made themselves heard of in the end of 1753. By January 17, 1754, we find Frederick writing to the Earl that he ' will secretly be delighted to see him again.' Frederick . //if. ( '/// I ( t (ill i.U All ( (III ],')(1. RETURN TO PRUSS] \ 45 bade Marshal Keith Bend an itinerary of the route which the Earl • will do well to follow' on his return to Prussia. Od the same day Keith wrote to his brother the following letter, which shows thai their affection, if really it had been impaired, was now- revived : — ' ' 17 January, 17.">4. 'I'm glad my dearest brother says nothing of his health in the lerter . . . 27th Dec., for Count Podewils had alarmed me a good deal by telling me that you had been obliged more than once to send Mr. Knyphausen in your place to Versailles, on occasion of incommoditys ; and tho' I hope you would not disguise to me the state of your health . . . yet a conversation I had some days ago with the King gives me still reason to suspect that it is not so o-ood as I ouLtht to wish it. He told me that for some time past you had solicitated him to allow you to retire . . . and at your earnest desire he had granted }*our request, but at the same time had acquainted you how absolutely necessary il was for his interest that you should continue in the same post till the end of harvest, by which time he must think of some other to replace you; he asked me at the same time if your intention was to return here ; to which 1 answer'd ... it was, tho' I said this without any authority from you ... he told me that in that case he thought you should keep the time of your journey and route as private as possible, 1 These letters are from the printed Corrcs] of Frederick. 46 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE and that after taking leave of the Court of France you should give it out that your health required your going for some time to the S. of France, that it was easy on the way to take a cross road to Stras- bourg and Francfort, and after passing the Hessian dominions to turn into Saxony, by which you would evite all the Hanoverian Territories and arrive safely here. Everything he said was more like a friend than a sovereign, and showed a real tender- ness for your preservation . . . ' Frederick did not wish his friend to run any risk of being kidnapped in Hanoverian territory, by the minions of the Elector. The Earl could not be allowed to return at once, for the clouds over Anglo- Prussian relations were clearing, while England was at odds with France, both about the secret fortifying of Dunkirk, contrary to treaty, about the East Indies, and about North America. So Frederick philoso- phised, in letters to the Earl, concerning the disagree- able yoke he had still to bear, and about the inevitable hardships of mortal life in general. He also asked the Earl to find him a truly excellent French cook. On March 31, Frederick offered the Earl the choice of any place of residence he liked, and expressed a wish that he could retire from politics. He foresaw the crucial struggle of his life, the Seven Years' War. ' But every machine is made for its special end : the clock to mark time, the spit to roast meat, the mill to grind. Let us grind then, since such is my FRIENDSHIP OF FREDERICK 17 . bul believe thai while 1 turn and turn by no will of my own, nobody is more interested in your philosophical repose than your friend to all time and in all situations where you may find yourself.' Frederick is never so amiable as in his corre- spondence with the old Jacobite exile. At this period, Frederick gave the Earl informa- tion of Austrian war preparations, for (he service of the French Ministry. Saxony and Vienna excited his suspicions. He did not yet know that he was to be opposed also to France. Be was occupied with dramatists and actors, ' more amusing than all the clergy in Europe, with the Pope and the Cardinals .it their head.' He has to diplomatise between Signor Crica and Signora Paganini, but hopes to succeed before King George has had time to corrupt his new Parliament. Happier letters were these to receive than the heart-broken appeals which rained in from Prince Charles, letters which the Earl had hoped t < > escape by retiring from his Embassy. Here his nego nations ! had embroiled him with the cooks of Paris,' but he had acquired the friendship of d'Alembert, whom he introduced to Frederick. The King thought d'Alembert ' an honest man," and agreed with the Earl's preference for heart above wit. 'They who play with monkeys will get bitten,' which refers to Frederick's quarrel with Voltaire. The Earl warned the wil thai some big Prussian officer would probably box his ears if he persisted in satirising his late host. ■ Rare it is," says Frederick, -to find, a- in you. the 48 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE combination of wit, character, and knowledge, and it is natural that I should value you all the more highly.' In May 1754, the Earl, while still pressing to be relieved from duty, was eager to undertake any negotiations as to an entente between Prussia and Spain, a country which he loved. There was an opportunity — General Wall, of an Irish Jacobite house, being now minister in the Peninsula. The Earl left Paris in the end of June (carrying with him to Berlin poor Henry Goring, who was near death), and accepted the Government of Neufchatel. While (February 8, 1756) Frederick's throne was 'threatened by Voltaire, an earthquake, a comet, and Madame Denis,' the Earl was trying to soothe Protestant fanaticism, then raging in his little realm. ' They will tell you, my dear Lord,' writes Frederick, ' that I am rather less Jacobite than of old. Don't detest me on that account.' It is known, from a letter of Arthur Villettes, at Berne (May 28, 1756), to the English Government, that the Earl was making no secret of his desire to be pardoned. 1 The Earl spoke of the Prince, now, with ' the utmost horror and detestation,' declaring that since 1744 ' his life had been one continued scene of falsehood, ingratitude and villainy, and his father's was little better.' Such, alas ! are the possibilities of prejudice. The Earl accused Charles of telling the Scots, previous 1 Ewald, Charles Edivard, ii. 223. KING JAM is 49 to lii> expedition in L745, that the Earl approved of it. There is no evidence in Murray of Hroimh- ton thai Charles ever hinted al anything of the kind Charles's life, from L744 till he returned to France, is minutely known. He had not been falsi- and villainous. He had been deceived on many hands, by Balhaldie (as the Earl strenuously asserted), by Prance, by MJacleod, Traquair, Nithsdale, Kenmure, by Murray of Broughton, and he inevitably acquired a habit of suspicion. Lonely exile, bitter solitude, then corrupted and depraved him; but the Earl's remark- are much toosweeping to be accurate, where we 'an test them. In the case of James we can test them by his copious correspondence. His letters are not, indeed, those of a hero, but of a kind and Loving father, who continually impresses on Charles the absolute necessity of the strictest justice and honour, especially in matters of money, ' for in these matters both justice and honour is concerned' ('Memorials,' p. 372, Aug. 14, 1744). As to politics, James was absolutely opposed to any desperate adventure, any hazarding, on a slender chance, of the lives and fortunes of his subjects. His temper, schooled by Long adversity, made him even applaud the reserve of his English adherents, and excuse, wherever it could be excused, the conduct of France, and attempt, by a mild tolerance, to soothe the fatal jealousies of bis agents. No Prince has been more ruthlessly and ignorantly calumniated than he whose 'ails' and sorrows had converted him into a philosopher no E 50 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE longer eager for a crown too weighty for him, into a devout Christian devoid of intolerance, and dis- inclined to preach. The Earl was justified in forsaking a Cause which Charles had made morally impossible. But he believed, in spite of Charles's contradiction, that he had threatened to betray his adherents. This preju- dice is the single blot on a character which, once animated against a man, never forgave. The correspondence of Frederick with his Go- vernor of Neufchatel is scanty ; he had other business in hand — the struggle for existence. On July 8,1757, he writes from Leitmentz, thanking the Earl for a present of peas and chocolate. On October 19, 1758, he sends the bitter news of the glorious death of Marshal Keith, and on November 23 offers his con- dolences, and speaks of his unfortunate campaign. Probus vixit,fortis obiit, was the Earl's brief epitaph on his brother. His one close tie to life was broken. That } T ounger brother, who had fished and shot with him, had fought at his side at Sheriflmuir, had shared the dangers of Grlenshiel and the outlaw life, who had voyaged with him in so many desperate wanderings, to save whom he had crossed Europe — the brother who had secured for him his ' philosophic repose ' — was gone, leaving how many dear memories of boyhood in Scotland, of common perils, and common labours for a fallen Cause ! And there followed — oh philosophy ! — a squabble with Keith's mistress about the frugal inheritance of nil: EAJRL'S PARDON 51 one who scorned to enrich himself! ' My brother hadjusl held Bohemia to ransom, and he leaves me sixty ducats." wrote the Earl to Madame (ieoffrin. In December L758, Frederick determined to send the Earl to Spain, where 'nobody is so capable as you of making himself beloved.' Tic wanted peace, but peace with honour. The Earl was merely to watch over Frederick's interests, and to sound Spain as to her mediation. The King feared a separate Anglo- French peace, with Prussia left out. By January 6, 1759, Frederick was trying to secure the Earl's pardon in England, and wrote to KnyphauseD and Michell in London. The death of Lord Kintore, the Earl's cousin, devolved an estate upon him. This M a rischal wished to obtain, but he had not changed sides in hope of gaining these lands. Andrew Mitchell wrote to Lord Holderness, on Jan- nary 8. 1 759, from Breslau, saying that Frederick had remarked, ' I know Lord Marischal to be so thorough an honest man that I am willing to be surety for his future conduct.' He enclosed a letter to be discreetly submitted to George II., submitting Frederick's desire for the Earl's pardon. By February 5, news reached Prussia that George had graciously consented. There must have been a delay caused by forma li ties, for the Earl did not send his letter of thanks from Madrid to Sir Andrew Mitchell 'gratefully acknowledging the goodness of the King' till August 24, L759. So there was ' the end of an auld sang.' Charles i 2 THE COMPANIONS OF FICKLE - hanging about the French coast, for the expedi- tion under Conflans was preparing to carry him, - he hoped, I England: James, in Rome, was receiv- : _ ' : ^ sanguine letters. P was 1744- • jain: but the Earl was dow of the other party, and James must have felt the lo— - r Tely. The bell which '■ - sjularly rung at home for the Earl's birthday, cracked when the ne 1 leen- shire. "I'll nev - "cheep" for you again, Earl Marischal!'- — some Local Jacobite translated broken voice of the old bell. But the Earl mani- • s ly did not win his pardon by discovering and betraying -t of the family compact between France and Spain, as historians have conjectured. - render this, happily, impossible. 1 The Earl took a humorous view of Jacobite 'The conquest of Ireland by M. Thurot has miscarried,' he writes to Mitchell ( April 2, 1760). Thurot had but two small ships. The Earl now - 1 to visit England on his private affairs, and Frederick granted permission. If.- went in peace, where he had gone in war. but S land no Loi _ 1 him. True, his Bill carried through Parliament, admitting him to the Kintore estates, and. from the Edinburgh newspapers. he heard of a new honour — he was elected Provost of Ki' 1 The story was believed, however, by a contemporary who knew the Earl well. - Mr. Bisset has printed these letters from the originals in the Add. MSS. British Museum. PROVOST OJ K1NTORE 53 ■ I had for me all the blew bonnets to a man, and a Lady wh< - I hearl I res] -"ill more than her birth, tho it be the very highest, Bhe made press me (sic) to ask a pension, assuring me il would cosl but one word. I excused myself as having no pretentioD to meril it. She bid me not name her, in Leaving you to guess I do nol injure her. said the Bame also to Baron ECniphausen.' fears later, from Neufchatel, he ix i Andrew Mitchell, 'The Provosl of Kintore presents his com- pliments, 1 adding Borne congratulations od Mitchell's jion. Nol even the Provostship of Kintore reconciled the Earl, a changed man, to a changed Scotland. Con ceivably he was nol welcomed by the Jacobite remnanl around the cracked bell. Bigotry, hypo- crisy, and intolerable Sabbatarianism were what the Earl disliked in his own country. Be was also re- solute againsl marrying, declined /aire Vetalon^ as Frederick delicately pul it. Early in 1761, he made up his mind to return to Neufchatel, and to compose the quarrels of Protestants and heretics. Al Neufchatel the Earl made an acquaintance rather disagreeable to mosl English tastes, the moral and jible Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The philosopher's account of the Earl is in his ' Confessions. 9 According to him, Marischal, beginning life as a Jacobite, tuta bientdt,' which is nol historically accu- • I. a grande ame de ce digne homme toute blicaine ' could nol endure • I'esprif injuste et 54 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE tyrannique ' of King James ! The wicked people of Neufchatel. whom the Earl ' tried to make happy,' ' kicked against his benevolent cares.' A preacher ' was expelled for not wanting many persons to be eternally damned.' Eousseau went to Neufchatel to escape the per- secution which never ceased to attack this virtuous man. Frederick allowed him to hide his virtues in this hermitage, and made some rather slender offers of provision (twelve louis, says Eousseau), which exasperated the sage. On seeing the Earl his first idea was to weep (Jean-Jacques perhaps followed Eichardson in his tearfulness), so extremely ema- ciated was the worthy peer. Conquering his ' great inclinations to cry,' with an effort, Eousseau admired the Earl's ' open, animated, and noble physiognomy.' Without ceremony, and acting as a Child of Nature, Jean-Jacques went and sat down beside the Earl on his sofa. In his noble eye Eous- seau detected ' something fine, piercing, yet in a way caressing.' He became quite fond of the Earl. Wordsworth has justly remarked that you seldom see a grown-up male weeping freely on the public highway. But, had you been on the road between Eousseau's house and the Earl's you might have seen the author of the ' Nouvelle Helo'ise ' blub- bering as he walked, shedding larmes d attendrisse- ment, as he contemplated the ' paternal kindnesses, amiable virtues, and mild philosophy of the respect- able old man.' ROUSSEAU 55 1 know not whether I express a commoE British sentiment, but the tears of Jean-Jacques over our Sco1 tish Bt< >ic awaken in me a considerable impatience. The Earl was incapable, for his part, of lamentation-. Jean-Jacques was too ' independent ' to be the Earl's guest. Later, he conceived in that bosom tingling with sensibility thai the Marl had been ' set againsl him' by Hume — 'lis vous onl trompe\ ces barbares ; mais ils ne vous out pas changeV It was true, the Earl could break Prince ( Jharles's heart, but he always made allowances for Jean- Jacques. Eousseau, not knowing that the Earl's heart was true to him, writes : ' II se laisse abuser, quelquefois, et n'en revient jamais. ... II a i'humeur singuliere, quelque chose de bizarre el etrange dans son tour d'esprit. Ses cadeaux sont de fantaisie, et non de convenance. II donne ou envoie a l'instant ce qui lui passe par tete, de grand prix, ou de nulle valeur indifferemment.' Nevertheless the Earl was the cause of Rousseau's ' last happy memories." The Earl Left Neufchatel; he arranged for lions seau's refuge in England. David Hume, who was dear to the Marl, arranged the reception of Rousseau in England, and everyone ha> heard of Rousseau's insane behaviour, and of the quarrel with Eume. Etousseau wanted to write the History of the Keiths, and asked the Earl for documents. Jean-Jacques was hardly the man to write Scottish family his- tory, and the documents were never entrusted to him. 56 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Here follows the letter on the topic of Eousseau, which the Earl wrote to Hume : — ' Jean Jaques Eousseau persecuted for having writ what he thinks good, or rather, as some folks think, for having displeased persons in great power who attributed to him what he never meant, came here to seek retreat, which I readily granted, and the King of Prussia not only approved of my so doing, but gave me orders to furnish him his small neces- sarys, if he would accept them ; and tho that King's philosophy be very different from that of Jean Jaques, yet he does not think that a man of an irreprochable life is to be persecuted because his sentiments are singular, he designs to build him a hermitage with a little garden, which I find he will not accept, nor perhaps the rest which I have not yet offered to him. He is gay in company, polite, and what the French call aimable, and gains ground dayly in the opinion of even the clergy here ; his enemys else where continue to persecute him, he is pelted with anonimous letters, this is not a country for him, his attachment and love to his native Toune is a strong tye to its neigbourhood, the liberty of Eng- land, and the character of my good and honored friend D. Hume F i D- r 1 (perhaps more singular than that of Jean Jaques, for I take him to be the only historian impartial) draws his inclina- tions to be near to the F i D r, for my part, tho it be to me a very great pleasure to converse 1 Fidei Defensor. DAVID III Ml". Oi with the honesl savage, yet I advise him to go to England, where he will enjoy Placidam sub libertate quietem. Be wishes to know, if be can print all his works, and make some profit, inertly to Live, from Mirh an edition. \ entreat yon will let me kimw your thoughts on this, and if you can he of use to him in finding him a bookseller to undertake the work, you know he is not interested, and little will content him. If he goes to Brittain, he will be a treasure to you. and you to him, and perhaps both to me (if I were not so old). • I have offered him lodging in Keith Hall. I am ever with the greatest regard your most obedient servant M. 1 ' Oct. 2, 1762.' Rousseau never went so far north, never took Keith Hall for a hermitage, nor scandalised the Kirk Session. After his quarrel with ITume, the Earl did not write freely to him, saying that he wrote little to anyone. lie thought, he tells another correspondent, of 'turning bankrupt in letters.' • .My heart is not the dupe of these pretences,' sighs Rousseau. He took money from the Earl, he took money at many hands. He sent a Ion- deplorable lamentation to M arischal : the Earl has been deceived, a phantom lias been exhibited to him as his fond J.-J. E. Probably there was no answer, but 1 From the correspondence of Hume. MSS. in the collection of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 58 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE the Earl bequeathed to him his watch as a souvenir. ' Jean Jacques est trop honete home pour ce monde, qui tache a tourner en ridicule sa delicatesse,' so the Earl had written from London to Hume in Paris. He appears, when in England, to have met Hume at Mitcham, and he was devoted to the stout, smiling sceptic, whom he called ' Defensor Fidei! In 1764 the Earl left Neufchatel for Potsdam, where Frederick built him a house. This he de- scribes in a letter to Hume. The following note (1765) clearly refers to Hume's report of Helvetius's absurd anecdote, that Prince Charles showed the white feather on starting for Scotland, and had to be carried on board, tied hands and feet, by Sheridan, George Kelly, and others of the Seven Men of Moidart. Hume repeated this incredible nonsense in a letter to Sir John Pringle, who clearly distrusted the evidence. 1 This appears to be the ' certain history ' which the Earl asks Hume to get from Helvetius, who had been ' assured of the fact.' By whom ? To disseminate this fourth-hand scandal of his former master — scandal which, if true, he himself was in a better position to have heard than Hel- vetius — was perhaps the least worthy act of the Earl. The David Floyd of whom he writes occurs often in the Stuart Correspondence. He was of the old St. Germains set, being the son of that Captain Floyd, so much disliked by Lord Ailesbury, who ' Hill Burton's Hume, ii. 464-6. GOSSIP w ITU HUME 59 came and wenl from England to James II., after 1688 In another letter the Earl advises Hume to consult Floyd on events 'of which yon took ;i con fused note from me at Mitcham.' Among these facta may be the story, given by Hume on the Earl's authority, of Charles's presence at the coronation of George III. No other evidence of this adventure exists. Here follows the letter : — ' 29 Aprile. •In answer to your question, the Don quixotisme you mention never entered into my head. I wish I could see you to answer honestly all your questions, for tho I had my share of follys with others, yet as my intentions were at bottom honest, I should open to you my whole budget, and lett you know many things which are perhaps not all represented, I mean not truly. I remember to have recommended to your acquaintance Mr. Floyd, son to old David Floyd, at St. Germains, as a man of good sense, honor, and honesty : I fear he is dead, he would have been of great service to you in a part of your history since 1688. A propos of history when you see Helvetius, tell I desired you to enquire of him concerning a certain history. I fancy he will answer you with his usuall Frankness.' This, then, must refer to Helvetius's lie about the Prince's cowardice. The following letters to Hume illustrate the 60 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE rather blasphemous bonhomie of the Earl, who, because of Hume's genius and fatness, was wont to speak of him as ' verbum caro factum.'' He writes of his new hermitage at Potsdam, of his garden, his favourite books (just what we might expect them to be — Montaigne, Swift, Ariosto), of Voltaire, d'Argens, and d'Alembert. He incidentally shows, a propos of a fabled discovery, that Mr. Darwin's theory would not have astonished him much : — ' Potsdam, ce 11 Sep. 1764. ' Le plaisir de votre lettre, et l'assurance d'amitie de Madame Geauffrin et de Monsieur d'Alembert, a ete bien rabattu par ce que vous me dites de l'etat de la sante de M. d'Alembert ; sobre comme il est a table, comment peut il avoir des meaux d'estomac : il faut qu'il travaille trop de la tete a des calculs, ou qu'il allume sa chandelle par les deux bouts, c'est cela sans doute. B.envo} T ez-le ici a mon hermitage, je le rendray a sa, ou ses, belles frais, repose, se portant a merveille. ' A propos de mon hermitage dont M r de Malsan vous a fait la description, il a voyage avec Panurge. et a ete chez Oui-dire tenant hole de tenioignerie, primo, ma petite maison ne subsiste pas, par conse- quence mon grand hote ne pouvoit m'y honorer de sa presence. ' 2°. Elle ne sera pas si petite, ayant 89. pieds de facade, avec deux ailes de 45. pieds de long ; le jardin est petit, assez grand cependant pour moy, et LETTEB TO HUME ill j'; ( \ une clef pour entrer aux jardins de Sans-Soucy. 11 y aura une belle salle avec une vestibule, el un cabinet assez grand pour y met! re uu lit, tout a pari des autrea appartements, si d'Alembert venoil il pi>u vi.it y loger e1 prendre les eaux, mais il est plus que probable que le Grand Hote me disputeroit el emporteroit cet avantage. En attendant son arrivee, j'y logerais mon ancien ami Michel de Mbntagne, Arioste, Voltaire, Swift, et quelques autres. 'Saul et David y seront aussi, quoyque j'aimerais mieux David F — i I> — r — m, surtout en persone, car le Verbum j'ay. la Caro me manque. Je regrette bien de n'avoir pas scu que M e de Boufflers etoit en hollande quandj'y ay passe, j'aurois ete heureux de la connoitre, par tout le bien que tout le monde dit d'elle. Son ami et le mien Jean Jaques a ete en chemin pour les eaux en Savoye. 4 Voltaire est un antichretien entousiaste, j'en ay connu plus dun et qui plus est sans etre poete ; je ne sais rien de son dictionaire que j'ay cherche ici inutilement, il viendra, toutes les choses nous vienent, un peu plus tard a la verite par on vous etes ; mais l.i Societe dont vous avez le bonheur de jouir ne nous viendra pas ; comme je suis tres vieux, lourd. pesant. bon a rien, il ne faut que Placidam sub libertate Quietem ; mon hote, pour me la donner plus entierement, me batit ma maison; elle sera achevee en trois mois; meuble'e au printems; etj'y pourray Loger Octobre L765. ' Faites moy envisager comme pas impossible que 62 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE vous pourriez y venir, que je serois bien content. bon soir. ' Mes respects a Madame Geauffrin. ' Dites a d'Alembert que j'ay une vaclie pour lui donner de bon lait, cela le tentera plus que le cent mil roubles qu'on lui a oifert. N'a pas bon lait qui veut, et vir sapiens non abliorrebit earn, come disoit Maitre Janotus de ses chausses. . . . ' d'Argens est parti liier cherclier le soleil de Provence, avant que de se mettre en voyage, il se fit tater le poux par son medecin a plusieures reprises, le priant toujours bien fort de le dire de bon foye s'il etoit en etat de faire le voyage, les chevaux etoient deja au carosse. il dit qu'il reviendra, et n'en sait rien ; le soleil ne le guerira pas de sa hipocondrie, il reviendra cherclier le froid, s'il ne creve pas, ce qui est a craindre, son corps est trop delabre. Son frere, grand Jesuite, sa vieille mere, et les Jansenistes Provenceaux tout cela le genera, il soupirera apres la liberte de philosopher a Sans- Soucy, quoiqu'il se plaint quand il y est ; si on lui dit qu'il se porte bien surtout il se fache. II seroit fort a souhaiter que votre plume fusse employee a nous instruire de la verite, au lieu des disputes sur ri(l)e de la Tortuga, que je crois l'occupe un peu a present, mais si vous ne vous mettez pas a ecrire de votre proprement mouvement, et non pas par com- plesance pour un autre, ne faites rien ; il faut y etre tout entier. SPONTANEOUS GENERATION 63 'Le Chevalier Stuart m'a parle* des decouvertes par le Microscope, par un certain Needham, pr§tre. j'ay cherche' inutilemenl eette brochure. Voici le come le chevalier Stuart me l'a dit. II pril un gigot de mouton, le fit rotir presqu'a bruler, pour detruire les animalcules ou leur oeufs qui pouvoienl y etre: il en pris le jus, le mit dans une bouteille bien bouchee, le fit cuire des lieures dans l'eau bouillante, pour detruire toute animalcule ou ceuf que pouvoit si etre introduite par Fair en mettanl Le jus dans la bouteille ; au bout de quelque terns le jus ferment a, et produisil des animalcules. • Needham pretend que toute generation ne vient qu de fermentation. Je vous dis mon autheur, vous le connoissez ; il ne parle legennent. ' Cette decouverte me paroit valoir la peine a examiner; ce pourroit etre du gibier, come dit Montagne, de M. Diderot. Si la fermentation dans une petite bouteille produit un tres petit animal : celle de tous les elements de not re globe, ne pourroit elle produire, un chene, un elephant. Je protest e que je parle avec toute soumission a David Eume F — i D— — i, et a la sainte Inquisition, s'il trouve que quelque chose cloche dans ce sisteme, que je ne f'ais que raporter. bon soir." Other letters to Hume occur in 1765, and are preserved in the Library of the Koyal Society of Edin- burgh. '1 am going down hill very fast, but easily, as one that descends the Mont Cenis ramassi y without 64 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE pain or trouble.' He mentions the frost and snow at Berlin as severe to un pobre viejo Cristiano Espanol. He sends turnip seed, a bucolic gift, to Helvetius, and to Madame de Vasse, the lady who concealed Prince Charles in the Convent of St. Joseph. 1 He mentions that he sups every night with the King, and wishes Hume to share these festivals. The Earl was infinitely happier with Frederick and the gay freethinkers at Potsdam than in Scot- land, where so many friendly heads had fallen, where every sight recalled unhappy things ; where the lairds drank too much, and the ministers preached too long, and wits were scarce, and people wanted him to marry and beget heirs (here he had Frederick's sym- pathy), and still the cracked old bell kept up its peevish lament, Disloyal, Loyal, Loyal, Disloyal ! Such was the Earl's correspondence with Hume ; they are the letters of a kind, good, humorous old pagan. To d'Alembert also he wrote freely. ' I have read with much pleasure four volumes of your works, and was really pleased with myself when I found that I could understand them. I want to use my rights as an old fellow, and tell anecdotes.' Then he gives a Scotch story, which would be more amus- ing in Scots than in his French. Of Frederick, he says that (unlike Carlyle) he is ' gey easy to live wi', ' fliomme du monde leplus aise a vivre. He announces ' David Hume is elevated to the sublime dignity of a Saint, by public acclamation : the street where he 1 See ' Mile. Luci,' later. OLD A.GE dwells is entitled La rue de St. David. Vox populi, vox Dei. Amen.' Again, — the old sinner ! — 8 1 have received an inestimable treasure, plenary indulgences in articulo mortis, with power to bestow some of tliem on i welve elect souls. One I send to good David Hume ; as I wish you all good things in both worlds, I offer you a place among my chosen.' The philosopher look a simple pleasure in drol- leries which no longer tempt us — we have now been so long emancipated. The Earl said that in Spain he would have felt obliged to denounce Frederick to the Inquisition. Frederick has given the old exile medicines to make him love him, as Prince Hal did to Falstaff. 'If he had not bewitched me, would I stay here, where I only see a spectre of the sun, when I might live and die in the happy climate of Valencia?' So he slipped down the hill in a happy, kind old age. In summer he rose at five, read for an hour, wrote his letters, and burned most of those which he received. Then he had his head shaved, and washed in cold water, dressed, took a drive, or pottered in his garden. Heaven made gardens, surely, for the pottering peace of virtuous eld. At twelve he dined, chiefly on vegetables, taking but one glass of sherry. He had always four or five guests, and, after dinner, left them 'to make the coffee' — that is, to enjoy a siesta. He never remembered to have remained awake a moment when once his head touched the pillow. Then he took coffee, played piquet, pottered F 66 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE again in the garden, supped on chocolate, and so to bed early. He read much, and thanked a slight loss of memory for the pleasure of being able to read all his favourite authors over again. Eabelais, Mon- taigne, and Moliere were his favourites in French, in English, Shakspeare and the old dramatists. Terence and Plautus he studied in Latin, the Greek writers ' in cribs.' Tragedy he could not abide ; mirth he loved, and d'Alembert's informant had come on him laughing aloud when alone. He was full of anecdote, and, having known everybody of note for some seventy years, his talk Avas delightful. For music, he preferred the pibroch in a strange land, as did Charles, alone and old in Italy. One touch of nature ! He was kindness itself, and loved giving ; from Eousseau he met, we are told, the usual amount of gratitude after the quarrel with Hume. But, judging from what Rousseau himself says, on this occasion he was not ungrateful. If he heard, in conversation, a tale of misery, he made no remark, but sought out and succoured the person in distress. To every one who visited him he insisted on making some little present. He maintained a poor woman in comfort ; nay, ' down to spiders and frogs, he was the friend of all created things ' Being a piquet player of the first force, he would only stake halfpence, and, when his winnings accumulated, laid them out in a feast of fat things for Snell, his big dog. Like Lionardo da Vinci, he could not bear to see a cashed bird. DEATH OF THE EARL 67 In his last years be was drawn aboul in a garden chair, his Legs failing him. His mortal agony was long and patiently borne : never before had be been ill. -Can your physic take fifty years off my life ? ' he asked the doctor. lie died merely of long life, on May 25, L778. In 1770 lie had described bimself to his kinsman, Sir Eobert Murray Keith, as • nearly eighty. 5 In L778, then, he cannot have been ninety-two. a- Mr. Carlyle supposed — probably he was aboul eighty-five. Years of trouble and sorrow these years would have been to another, but ' a merry heart goes all the way. Physically, and mentally, and morally, the Earl had ever been an example of soundness. In his latest illness he was never peevish. Once • he wished he were among the Eskimo, for they knock old men on the head.' The Earl was not a great man. Tn conspiracy, in war. in government, in diplomacy, he was a rather oddly ineffectual man. He had, in short, a genius for goodness, and an independence of spirit, a perfect disinterestedness, an inability to blind himself to disagreeable facts, and to the merits of the opposite sid< — a balance, in fact, of temperament and of hu- mour — which are inconsistent with political success. We may wish that his taste in jokes had been less that of the philosophes. We may wish that, it' the Cause was indeed hopeless, he had deserted it without re- proaching his old master, lie might have abstained from disseminating the tattle of Helvetius. There is very little else which mortal judgment can find to 68 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE reprehend in brave, honest, generous, humorous, kind George Keith, who was, without Christian faith, the pattern of all the Christian virtues. He was of two worlds — the old Eoyalist world, and the Age of Ee- volution — yet undisturbed in heart he lived and died. Vetustse vitae imago, Et specimen venientis jevi. 1 1 In the papers of Kamsay of Ochtertyre occurs perhaps the only unkind reference to the Earl. Eamsay reports that, being told about the destitution of the child of his nurse (who had sold her cow and sent him the money in 1719), he made no remark. A reference to p. 66, supra, will show that silence followed by kind deeds was the Earl's way when he heard a story of distress. Eamsay mentions that he sold his lands cheap when he finally left Scotland. cu III MURRAY OF BBOUGHTON En black contrast to the name, the character, the happy life and peaceful, kindly end of the good Earl Marischal stand the infamy, the ruined soul, the wretched existence and miserable death of John Murray of Brought on. 'No lip of me or mine comes after Broughton's ! ' said the Whig father of Sir Walter Scott, as he threw out of window the tea- cup from which the traitor had drunk. Murray was poisonous ; was shunned like a sick, venomed beast. His name was blotted out of the books of the Masons' lodge to which he belonged ; even the records of baptisms in his Episcopal chapel attest the horror in which he was held for thirty years, for half his life. Yet this informer remained, through that moiety of his degraded existence, true in heart to the Cause which the Earl Marischal forsook and disdained, true to his affection for his Prince; and it is even extremely probable that, after he became titular King, Charles, on a secret expedition to Eng Land, visited Murray in his London house. The vacant, contemned years, when his beautiful wife had ceased to share his infamy, were partly 70 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE beguiled in the composition of the ' Memorials,' which Mr. Fitzro}^ Bell has edited, with reinforce- ments from the Stuart MBS., the papers in the Record Office, and the archives of the Quai d'Or- say. In these we find a spectacle which is rare : a traitor convicted, exposed, detested, yet still cling- ing to the Cause which he wrought for and sold, still striving to batter himself into his own self- respect, and to extenuate or bluster out his own dishonour. The Earl Marischal has left us no memoirs ; a manuscript which he gave to Sir Eobert Murray Keith has been lost. But Murray's papers are still in the possession of his great-grandson by a second marriage, Mr. George Siddons Murray, who has generously sanctioned their publication. John Murray, of Broughton, in Peeblesshire, was born in 1715, being descended from a cadet of the house of Murray of Philiphaugh. His father, Sir David Murray, was out in the Fifteen, but after- wards lived peacefully, developed the lead mines of Strontian, and died before the Forty-five. His son, educated at Edinburgh and Leyden Universities, visited Rome in 1737-8, carried thither his ancestral politics, and inflamed them at the light of Prince Charles's eyes, ' the finest I ever saw.' ] He found Charles ' the most surprizingly handsome person of the age,' a description not borne out by the minia- ture in enamel which he gave to his admirer in a 1 Murray to a lady. Quoted in Genuine Memoirs of John Murray, Esq. (London : 1747), p. 9. BONNIE ell \i;i.ii: 71 diamond Bnuff-box. 1 Eere we see 'the complectioD thai has in it Bomewhal of an uncommon delicacy ;' we see large brown eyes, an oval face, and the brighl hair hanging down below the perruque, thai hair which is treasured in a hundred rings, sleeve-links, and Lockets. Bui genuine portraits of the Prince do qoI accounl for his epithet of 'bonnie,' and for his almosl involuntary successes with women. He had •an air,' and was. indeed, a good-looking boy enough ; bul he was no Adonis, the lower part of his face tending early to overfulness. However, he won Murray's heart, and he never lost it. Returning, in L738, to Broughton, on the Tweed, Murray found himself a near neighbour of Lord Traquair, then residing in his ancient chateau, which lent its bears to Tully Veolan. The house has a legend of an avenue gate never to be opened till the Bang comes again ; but Lord Traquair. a Jacobite from vanity, did nothing to promote a Restoration. He feebly caballed, and at Traquair Murray may have drunk loyal healths enough to float a ship. Inclined for more active measures, he succeeded old Colonel Urquharl a- Scottish correspondent of Edgar, the King's secretary in Rome. The appointmenl was approved of by the Duke of Hamilton, who. dying in L743, left the Garter, the gift of King George, and the Thistle, the gifl of King James! The new Puke was Jacobite enough to subscribe I. •"><)( )/. to the 1 The diamond bos baa gone; the miniature, published bj Mr. Fitzroj Bell, is in mj po ssession. 72 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Cause and to accept James's commission just before the Prince landed, but lie held aloof from the Eising. Murray went into his business as Jacobite organiser with a cool and clear head. He knew the value of documentary evidence, and when he could he secured the signatures of adherents. In 1741 the ' Association ' was formed, by Traquair, Lovat, Mac- gregor or Drummond of Balhaldie (described in the essay on the Earl Marischal), the bankrupt Campbell of Auchenbreck, father-in-law of Lochiel, and Lochiel himself, the only honest man of the cabal. In March 1741, Murray was introduced to Balhaldie. That chief promised mountains and marvels, includ- ing 20,000 stand of arms already stocked. Visionary weapons were these, as the swords which fell from heaven into Clydesdale in 1G84. Murray was invited to trust Lovat, which he was disinclined to do, having heard from Lochiel and from general rumour of that rogue's unfathomable and capricious treachery. Murray yielded, however, and the Association was launched. First came the question of supplies. The Scots were loyal, but, as a rule, would not part with a bawbee. Hay of Drumelzier kept a good grip of the gear ; Lockhart of Carnwath had no money by him ; the Duke of Hamilton evaded the question ; and Lovat and Balhaldie opposed the recruiting of new associates, who, if brought in, would have rebelled against such incompetent or treacherous managers. Nothing" occurred till, in December 1742, Balhaldie ! EUD R ITU BALHALDIE I 3 sent sonic of his Ossianic prophecies of a French invasion to Traquair. Murray did not believe in the predictions, and only the feeblest attempts at organie the country into districts were made. A.uchenbreck was to manage Argyllshire, Traquair was responsible for Scotland south of Forth. Neither broughl in an adherent. Weapons were lacking, and Balhaldie gave no information about a plan of campaign. It was absolutely accessary to know what France really intended, and, at the end of 1742, Murray himself set out for l'aris. In London lie heard of the death of Cardinal Fleury — a great blow to the cause. He found in Paris that Balhaldie was beguiling France with exaggerated accounts of what the stingy and disorganised Scots were prepared to do. Murray was merely mocked by Cardinal Tencin, and from Anielot got only vague expressions of goodwill, and the warning that 'such enterprizes were dangerous and precarious/ Yet Balhaldie seemed much elated, and returned to England with Murray to put hear 1 iuto the English adherents. In England Murray found Colonel Cecil as little satisfied with Balhaldie as himself, In it the Celt hurried about with a great air of business, and scut for Traquair to come to town. Traquair did go to town, carrying a Letter of Murray'.-, to be forwarded to the Earl Marischal. By the advice of Balhaldie (who was the last man that ought to have seen the letter) Traquair burned it. This was a new offence, and, in brief, the feud be tween Murray and Balhaldie became inveterate. 74 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE In London Traquair did nothing. He never wrote to the party in Scotland, and he brought back nothing but the names of the English leaders, the Duke of Beaufort, Lord Orrery, Lord Barrymore, Sir John Hinde Cotton, and Sir Watkin Williams Wynne. When Murray, in turning informer, divulged these names, except that of Beaufort, he told Government nothing which every man who cared did not know. But the English were thrown ' into a mortal fright,' as Balhaldie found so late as 1749. They were always in a mortal fright, always insisted that their Scottish allies should not even know who they were. Thus concerted movements were made im- possible. Murray was dashed by the discovery that the English party was a mere set of five or six nominum umbrce. Doubtless there were plenty of Squire Westerns, who were ready to drink healths. Were our glasses turned into swords, Or our actions half as great as our words, Were our enemies turned to quarts, How nobly we should play our parts. The least that we would do, each man should kill his two, Without the help of France or Spain, The Whigs should run a tilt, and their dearest blood be spilt, And the King should enjoy his own again ! ' There may have been more serious intentions. In a Devonshire house I saw, once, a fine portrait of James III., and learned that the great-grandfather of the owner had burned compromising papers. Such 1 A Collection of Loyal Songs. Printed in the year 1750. JACOBITE FOLLIES f5 papers of English Jacobites, if any existed, Beem always to have been desl royed. Traquair had done nothing; from Barrymore he got a promise of L0,000£., from the rich Welsh baronel got only excuses. Lovat, according to Murray, -aid. in i he Tower. that Beaufort had promised to raise L2,000 men, ' whereby he exposed before the warders a nobleman to the resentment of Government whom I had been at greal pains to represent .... as no ways privy to or concerned in our scheme.' The year 17 1-1 ended, and at its close (Decem- ber 23 | -lames announced to Ormonde and to the Earl Marischal the French King's resolution to help him. Balhaldie brought the Prince to France, early in 174-4. Nothing was done, nothing was concerted. An attempt to engage the Cameronians, through Kenmure and Sir Thomas Gordon of Earlstoun, was a predestined failure. After Midsummer, 17 I I. Murray determined to visit France, watch Balhaldie, and see the Prince. He casually discovered that a Mr. Cockbnrn left the Jacobite cypher lying loose on his window seat, or under a dictionary ! These were pretty characters to manage a conspiracy : bul we have seen equal stupidity in 'Jameson's Raid.' In London Murray saw Dr. Barry, whom he later betrayed, as far as in him lay. lie crossed to Klanders. and met Balhaldie gambling in the Sim tavern at Rotterdam. Balhaldie vapoured about buying arms, though "he had not credit for a louis ctor.* and bragged about the travelling chaise 76 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE (the Prince's famous chese) which he had designed for his Koyal Highness. Xot to pursue these chican- eries, Murray exposed Balhaldie and Sempil to Charles, whom he met secretly behind the stables of the Tuileries. The Prince took it very coolly, with- out loss of temper or excitement, but announced his intention to visit Scotland next summer (1745) if he came with a single servant. Murray replied that his arrival would ever be welcome, ' but I hoped it would not be without a body of troops.' Murray then pointed out that, in such an adventure, ' he could not positively depend on more than 4,000 Highlanders, if so many,' and that even these would infinitely regret the measure. Murray has been accused, by Maxwell of Kirk- connell, of putting Charles upon this enterprise. In fact, his error lay in not formally and explicitly warning the Prince from the first. Later he did send warning letters, but Traquair did not try to deliver them, and Young Glengarry failed in the attempt. The result of Murray's disclosures, and of a written Memorial which he sent in, was to undeceive Charles as to Sempil and Balhaldie. His letters to James are proofs of this, and now the split in the party was incurable. Murray went to and fro, undermining Balhaldie. Balhaldie, at the end of 1744, sent Young Glengarry from France, to work against Murray on the mind of Lochiel. That chief brought the two future traitors, Glengarry and Murray, together, and the Celt came into the Low- A TAVERN MEETING , i lander's bad opinion of Balhaldie. This was early in 1745. Murray aow made the mistake of trying to pin men to a declaration, in writing, that they would join Charles, even if he came alone. His duty was to discourage any such enterprise, which, unaided by Prance, could only mean ruin. On the other hand, he actually engaged Macleod. the chief of the Skye men. With Stewart of A.ppin, Macleod chanced to be in Edinburgh. Murray gave him a letter from Charles, and described the character of that Prince. ■ Macleod declared, in a kind of rapture, that he would make it his business to advance his interest as much as was in his power, and would join him, let him come when he would." This occurred at a meeting in a tavern attended by the persons already mentioned, with Traquair. ( dengarry, and Lochiel. Of these men, Appin did not come out, Traquair skulked, Macleod turned his coat. Glengarry became a spy, Murray was Murray, and only Lochiel saved his honour. Next day, by Murray's desire, Lochiel extracted from MacLeod a written promise to raise his clan, even if Charles came unaided and alone. How Macleod kept his promise we know. He sent his forces to join Loudon's detachment in Hanoverian service; the whole array was frightened back in an attempt to surprise and capture Charles. They all ran like hares from the blacksmith of Moy, with one or two gardeners and other retainers of Lady Mackintosh, and the only man slain was Macrimmon, Macleod's piper, the composer of the 78 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE prophetic lament, ' Macleod shall return, but Mac- rimmon shall never ! ' Murray comments with great severity on Macleod's treason, and, in his promise, and that of others, finds justification for Charles's adventure, and an answer to the question, ' Why he made an attempt of such consequence with so small a force ? ' All this leaves Murray in a quandary. To send such promises (as he did) was to encourage Charles in a desperate project. To be sure Murray, later, did attempt to stop Charles ; but he should never have sent him these signed encouragements, both from Macleod and Stewart of Appin. But Murray, he says, now changed his mind; he made out a journal of all his proceedings, showing Charles (most inconsistently) that all the party, except the Duke of Perth, ' were unanimous against his coming without a force.' ' These papers Murray entrusted, for Charles, to Traquair, who was going to England, and meant to proceed to France, using this very singular ex- pression, ' that he would see the Prince, though in a bawdy house. The present Earl of Weymss and Laird of Glengarry [Pickle] can vouch this. The latter has since repeated it to me in my house in London.' Traquair now went to London, but he never went to France, nor did he transmit the warning to Charles. Meanwhile Murray extracted 1,500/. from the new Duke of Hamilton (a new fact), and the Duke of Perth paid an equal sum, and even offered to mortgage his estate. Hamilton also smve a verbal PROMISES /.) promise to join Charles • with all the forces he could raise.' .Murray again wrote to Charles, saying thai he must bring at Leasl 6,000 men. Perth, Elcho, and Lochiel signed this letter. This letter was senl by one John Macnaughten. Did it ever arrive ? In the Stuart Tapers is a letter signed 'J. Barclay,' and undated. It is clearly from .Murray to Charles, and announces the journal entrusted to Traquair, 1 mi 1 contains DO warning. 1 In a letter of -March 14, 1745, to James, Charles refers to this letter announcing the journal and other despatches, which had not arrived — as Traquair uever senl them. On April 9, Charles appears to refer to Macnaughten's budget of letters as not yet deciphered.-' From London Traquair sent only a note of doubt- ful and. at best, of insignificant meaning. Nothing whatever was settled or arranged. Then came Sir Hector, chief of the Macleans, to Scotland, where be was arrested. Now, .Murray reflected that the epistle by Macnaughten 'contained rather a wish than an advice, and might not he sufficienl to prevent the Prince's coming.' Murray therefore sent, as a final warning, that set of papers which Traquair had not forwarded, entrusting it to Young Glengarry, at the end of May L745. Bui Glengarry did not succeed in seeing ('Iiarles, who was thus left without warning not to come. Perhaps no warning would have stopped 1 Browne, ii. p. 476. •' Stuart Papers, in Murray of Broughton's Memorials, pp. 892 895. 80 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE him ; at all events he received none, and the die was cast. The Prince embarked on June 22. Murray's whole book is one of self-justification. He may clear himself of having suggested the unaided enterprise to Charles. But, partly through the fri- volity of Traquair, partly through the zeal of Murray, Charles was left without decisive admonition. He saw his party distracted : for a year and a half France had treated him 'scandalously ' (as even the patient James averred), and he determined to force the hands both of France and the Jacobites. He pawned the Sobieski rubies — ' the Prince would wear them with a very sore heart on this side of the water ' — he put his life to the hazard. If ever an attempt was to be made at all, Charles did well. England was empty of troops. A success or two, the Prince reckoned, must unite the distracted party on the one hand, and tempt or compel France to action on the other. His motto was de Vaudace ! If all men had been Lochiels, if the Duke of Hamilton, Macleod, Traquair, Lovat, Beaufort, Barrymore, Orrery, and the rest, had honour and truth, if France had such a thing as a policy, and could seize an opportunity, Charles would have won the Crown. But many men are not Lochiels, and, if France had a policy, it was not to restore the Stuarts, but to use them as a mere diversion. By the end of May Macnaughten returned, with news that Charles would be in Scotland by July. This caused Murray much chagrin, but he at once warned Perth, Lochiel, and Macleod, To the Duke LORD GEORGE Ml RB \.\ 8] of Hamilton he gave the Prince's commission. • which he accepted with great cheerfulness.' Murray then went to Lochiel, who remarked that every man of honour was bound to rise, and who quite trusted Lovat and Macleod. He leaned on broken reeds. Lovat temporised, Macleod turned his coat. Here Murray's MS. breaks off. and he continues the history of the Rising - from Moidart to Derby.' The military part of Murray's 'Memorials ' is full of reflections on Charles's ' unparalleled good nature and humanity,' and his strategic skill. Murray had desired to be an aide-de-camp : he clearly thinks him- self a good judge of warfare. He was obliged to be Secretary, but did not covet that office. He, alone, had any previous personal knowledge of Charles, with whom he was such a favourite as to excite the jealousy of Lord George Murray and of Maxwell of Kirkconnell. These jealousies were of perilous con- sequence. Maxwell, writing after Murray was the most detested man on earth, charges heavily against him : ' He began by representing Lord George as a traitor to the Prince ; he assured him that he had joined on purpose to have an opportunity of delivering him up to Government.' Lord George heard of this, and was deeply affected. Prestonpans nearly opened Charles's eyes, but Lord George's ' haughty and over- bearing manner prevented a thorough reconciliation, and seconded the malicious insinuations of his rival. . . . He now and then broke into such violent sallies as the Prince could not digest. . . .' 82 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Xow the loyalty of Lord George is beyond all shadow of suspicion. Till his death, in 1760, he was the faithful and devoted subject of King James. Even Murray, in his MSS., does not breathe a word against him. But, if Murray did, at first, conceive suspicions, and suggest precautions, it is impossible to blame him. What was Lord George's position ? He had been out, at Glenshiel, in 1719, with his brother, Tullibardine. He was pardoned, and was re- siding in Scotland. He never appears as a Jacobite in the negotiations of 1740-45. His brother William, who, but for his steady Jacobitism, would have been Duke of Atholl, came over with Charles. The actual Duke, de facto, Lord George's brother James, deserted Blair Atholl on the approach of the High- landers, and went to London. Tullibardine (William) assumed the title of Duke, and occupied Blair. Lord George also joined the Prince. But Murray had to ask himself, was Lord George in earnest ? Murray knew the treachery of the times, and had employed James Mohr Macgregor, known to be a Hanoverian spy, to beguile Cope and the Lord Chief Justice. Was Lord George, Murray would think, playing James Mohr's part on the other side ? Murray had reason for suspicion. As late as August 20, 1745, after the standard was raised at Glenfinnan, Lord George wrote to the Lord Advo- cate from Dunkeld. He announced that, on the following day, he and Old Glengarry would wait on Cope at Crieff. Cope was marching North to fight \in;i: \vs SUSPICIONS the Prince. Lord George talked of • the Pretender,' and sent information. lie 'Sullivan, O'Niel, and others, he made for the islands. M un ay, after news came of the defeat, was carried to Fori Augustus, and thence to Lochgarry's house. 1 Charles was nursed at Thunderton House, by Mrs. Anderson {nie Dunbar) of ArradouL In some mysterious way Charles was able to secure for Mrs. Anderson's son an appointment under the Kn»lish Government, So says a tradition preserved \>\ Miss Janet Lang, a great-granddaughter of Mrs. Anderson. 86 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Hoping even yet to rally a force, lie met the wounded and outworn Duke of Perth at Invergarry, to no result. He then was carried to Lochiel's country, and Lochiel determined to wage a guerilla war in the hills, expecting French assistance. Murray sent Archy Cameron to Arisaig to get news of Charles, but Archy learned from Hay of Restalrig that the Prince had already taken boat for the Isles. Archy disbelieved Hay, but Charles had really gone, or was on the very point of going (April 26). Certain news reached Murray and Lochiel ; the chief determined to remain with his clan, on a point of honour, and Murray stood by Lochiel, as also did Major Kennedy. They could have fled in the French vessels which landed the gold of the fatal treasure, but they were resolute to stand by each other. 1 Those who departed were the dying Duke of Perth, a sacrifice to his own chivalrous devotion ; Lord Elcho, who presently tried to gain his pardon ; old Sir Thomas Sheridan, who soon afterwards died, heart-broken, at Eome ; Lord John Drummond, Lockhart of Carnwath, and Hay of Eestalrigr Murray now arranged for the burial of the French gold, and then Glenbucket, with the poet-soldier John Roy Stewart, Clanranald, Lochgarry, Barisdale, Young Scotus, and Lovat, held a council. Lovat proposed holding out in the hills, and promised the 1 See ' Cluny's Treasure,' posted. A writer in the Atheneeum (July 9, 1898) appears to think (as was thought at the time) that Murray now intended to turn informer, and keep what he could of the French gold. This is not my impression. LOVAT b< aid of his son, Simon, and 400 Frazers. Murray suspected the old fox, and proposed that all should sign a 'band' of mutual fidelity. Loval would not si l: n ! The allies were to rendezvous in ten days at Loch Arkaig, and, later, the meeting was deferred for another week. Bui the Master of Lovat ' was never bo much as heard of at the tryst ; Lochgarry broughl but 100 men, and Murray accuses him of treacherous intentions, this on the suggestion of Barisdale. Now Lochgarry left, and did not return, nor did his sentinels bring in news of an approaching English force. Of all this Lochgarry says nothing in his report to Young Glengarry, published by Mr. Blaikie. But, as we know with absolute certainty that Baris- dale was an infamous coward, liar, and traitor, while Lochgarry was loyal to his death, we need not ac- cept Barisdale's evidence against a cousin whom he detested. However it happened, no news came from Lochgarry, and, if Murray himself had not sent out scouts, the whole party, with Lochiel, would have been taken near Loch Arkaig. 1 The game being now up, Murray made his way South, in exceedingly bad health, aggravated by ex- posure and fatigue. His idea was to get a ship on the East Coast, where Lochiel would join him. and to escape. Bui Mui-ray was captured, through in- formation given by a herd-boy. at the house of \n> sister. Mrs. Hunter of Polmood. Be certainly did 1 See ' A (jentleman of Knoydart,' i< 95 seen her happy in this reflection. "Speak sometimes of me with Madame de Vasse,' 1 she said to me, " and let it be with a kind of pleasure." Such wasthegirl, so brilliantly endowed, so brave, so affectionate, who did Prima- ( 'harles's marketing, bought liini novels and razors, directed his choice of books, was the channel through which his secrel correspondence passed, was jealously regarded by hi- mistress, Madame de T.il mond, and died before the end of all hope had conn-, before the Prince was renounced even by his own. To the angry Madame de Talmond she wrote, 'I am strongly attached to your friend [the Prince] and for him would do and suffer anything short of stooping to an act of baseness." There must have been something in Charles, beyond his misfortunes, to win so much devotion from a woman of the highesl intellect. Mile. Ferrand died, after a long illness, in October 17o2. Her memory is preserved only by a note in Grimm's correspondence, by the touching tribute of ( Jondillac, and by the discovery of her kindness to a proscribed Prince. While she protected and advised him, she was inspiring a renowned philosopher, and keeping a secret which every diplomatist in Europe was eager to learn. We naturally desire to know whether .Mile. Ferrand was beautiful as well as talented and kind. Bui researches in France have not broughl to light any portrait either of Mile. Ferrand, or of Madame de Vasse, who long survived her friend, and 96 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE was in correspondence, about 1760, with the Earl Marischal. 1 1 Unable, at first, to learn even the real name of Mile. Luci, I appealed, in despair, to a lady who occasionally sees ' visions ' in crystals. ' What can you see of Mile. Luci ? ' I asked, by letter, giving no hint of any kind as to the lady's date or connections. The seeress replied that, hi an ink-bottle on her writing-desk, she saw a girl of about twenty-eight, dark, handsome, rather like Madame Patti in youth. Her dress was that of the middle of the eighteenth century. On her shoulder was laid another lady's hand, a long, delicate, white hand, with a ' marquise ' diamond ring. ' La Grande Main,'' I ex- claimed, ' the hand of La Grande Main ! ' — whom we later discovered to be Madame de Yasse. The coincidence was certainly pretty, but, unless a portrait of Mile. Ferrand can be discovered, we must remain ignorant as to whether she was correctly represented in the ink-picture ; whether a true refraction shone up from the dead past, the afterglow of a romance. 97 V THE ROMANCE OF BARISDALE Wiiilk the Low landers, for nearly fifteen hundred years, had cast on Highland robbers the eyes of hatred and contempt, Sir Walter Scott suddenly taughl men to think a cateran a very fine fellow. The unanimity of a non-Highland testimony had pre- viously been wonderful. 'The Highlanders are great thieves," says Dio Cassius, speaking for civilisation as early as a.d. 200-230. Gildas. in the sixth century, calls the Highlanders (Picti) *a set of bloody free booters, with more hair on their thieves' faces than clothes to cover their nakedness.' Early media3val writers talk of the bestiales Picts (' the beastly Picts '), and later Lowland opinions to a similar effect are too familiar for quotation. To Scott was left the discovery of the virtues of the honest cateran, who looked on cattle-stealing as an ennobling occupation in the intervals of war. Sir Walter's opinion ran through Europe like the Fiery Cross. Hi- grandson, Hugh Littlejohn, stirred up by the -Tali--, of a Grandfather," dirked his small brother Blightly with a pair of scissors in a childish enthusiasm! Even the moral Wordsworth, moved by ii 98 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Scott, had a good word for Bob Roy. Yet about that hero Sir Walter cherished no illusions. He knew Eob's Letter of Submission to General Wade, after 1715. Rob, of course, had been out for King James, but he coolly says to Wade : ' I not only avoided acting offensively against his Majesty's ' (King George's) ' forces, but, on the contrary, sent His Grace the Duke of Aro-yle all the intelligence I could from time to time of the strength and situation of the Rebels ; which I hope his Grace will do me the justice to acknowledge." ' All the demerits ascribed to him by his enemies are less to his discredit than this one merit which he assumes to himself,' says Jamieson. 1 The double- faced traitor, Robs son, James Mohr, one of the bravest of men, chassa de race. The truth is that a life of plunder, however romantic and however little regarded as immoral or degrading by Highland opinion, really did foster, in educated men, the most astonishing perfidy. This is the last vice we look for in the generous cateran ; and, indeed, the outlaws of Glen Moriston were as loyal to their Prince as Lochiel. But the prevalent opinion that robbery, sanctioned by tradition, does not degrade the general character, can be proved to be an error. We read about Cluny that, in 1742-5, he held the usual belief. ' He was certain it ' (the habit of robbery) ' proceeded only from the remains of barbarism, for he had many convincing proofs that in other respects 1 Burt's Letters, ii. p. 334. a yii;<;iu \\ CHIEF 99 the dispositions of the people in these pans were generally as benevolent, humane, and even generous, as those of any country whatever.' l < limy was riirlit about the untutored mass of the people. bu1 be was wrong aboul a few educated chiefs, who encouraged and lived on an unfortunate tradi- don. Thus Sir Walter Scott writes about the thief whose history we are to narrate, Macdonnell of Barisdale: 'He was a scholar and well-bred gentle- man. He engraved on his broadswords the well- known lines : 11. ic tilii erunt artes, pacisque Lmponere morem, Parcere Bubjectis, et debellare superbos.' • I5arisdale knew what was right: his following knew only his will. lie was the blackest of traitors; they were true as steel. The specially robber tribes in 1715-45 were those of the dispossessed Macgregors, whose hand was, necessarily, against every man's hand ; of the Maedonnells in Knoydart; and of some of the Camerons in Lochaber and liannoeh. Old Lovat, too, discouraging schools, kept up sedulously the ancient elan ideas. No other sections of the High- landers are accused, even by Whigs, of robbery. Mackays, Mackenzies, Grants, Mackintoshes, Mac- phersons, Macleans are not blamed, and such gentle men of the Camerons and Maedonnells as Lochiel, Scothouse, niid Keppoch are specially exculpated. 1 Mss. in the Cluiiy Charter Chest. Privately printed, 1879, p. 16. - Wwvt // fair prisoner, Lady Sutherland, Barisdale certainly displays a tender gallantry. Bui she ma} n<>i bave regretted thai her Barisdale was occasionally absent. Cumberland was approaching, and, on the eve of Culloden, Lord Cromarty was captured in 'The Battle of Golspie,' while dallying over bis adieux to 'his favourite Amazon,' the Countess of Sutherland, as the Impartial one invidiously declares. The Countess musl bave managed ber diplomacy adroitly, for the Wliig author previously cited says, 'It is a pity the presenl Ear] of Sutherland should be such a weak man, bul bis lady behaved very honourably, though her brother (nephew) the Lord Elcho, was engaged in the Rebellion.' 1 The lady's letter to Prince Charles was doI known to our author. Barisdale, leaving his fair prisoner, marched south, and halted al Beauly, on the ni^ht before Culloden. 'Hemighl easily have Peached the field, had he been any way resolute or brave.' Bui like the M .- 1 s 1 1 ■ i ■ of Loval and Cluny, harisdale rame up too late. The fugitives passed through [nverness, under his eyes, and Barisdale also made off. Me was i ;ii the Meeting of the Chiefs al Murlagan, on May 8, when it was determined to rallyin a week, and a treaty was made, thai all should hold together, 1 BIS. I'M. King's Libi 114 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE in spite of the Prince's defection. 1 When the week ended, nobody came to the tryst but Lochgarry, who retired at once, Lochiel, and Barisdale, with three or four hundred of their clans. But the Be v. John Cameron, in ' The Lyon in Mourning ' (i. 88) accuses Barisdale of promising to return next day, as a blind, and of sending instead two companies of infantry in English service, to capture Lochiel. They were recognised by their red crosses, and Lochiel escaped, ' which was owing to its not being in Barisdale's power ' — to catch him, ' rather than to want of inclination,' says Mr. Cameron. Murray of Brough- ton represents Barisdale as accusing his cousin and enemy, Lochgarry, of treachery, and believes that both were equally guilty, but Lochiel was as inca- pable of suspecting as of being guilty of treason. In his Letter to the Chiefs, of May 26, he says that Clanranald's men refuse to leave their own country, that Glengarry's men have yielded up their arms (induced thereto, we shall see, by Old Glengarry), that Lochgarry promised to return, but did not, and that, ' trusting to Lochgarry's information, we had almost been surprized.' But he never hints at a suspicion of Barisdale. 2 On June 10, says the ' Impartial Hand,' Barisdale and Young Barisdale both surrendered to Ensign Small, in a cave. But Barisdale, it is known, got 1 See Mr. Mackenzie's History of the Camerons, pp. 233-244, where the documents are given. 2 History of the Camerons, p. 236. BARISDALE PROTECTED 1 L5 a protection, on his promise to deliver up Prince Charles. Be laid BeveraJ schemes to this end, and had two companies to seize the Prince al Strath- iillan. Sheridan, however, -who bad a talent for reading men wiili as great freedom andjudgemenl as others do books." warned the Prince, who kept out of Barisdale's clutches. 1 So says the Impartial Ha ml. Bis story of the protection for Barisdale was irue. as sritness the following letters from the Cum- berland Tapers, at Windsor Castle. From G. Howard to Col. Napier, A.D.C. to D. of C. ' July 5th. . . . • A person passed me here yesterday morning whom I took to be lawful Prey, but, to my great concern, he produced a Pass -port for himself and \ servants with their arms &c, syned by Sir E. Faulkner : it was dated only the day before yester- day. The person was McDonald of Barisdale, who is so particularly zealous for hanging our officers. I asked him if he had seen H.E.H. (Cumberland). He said no, but that a friend got him his Protection.' Lord Albemarle to Duke of ( 'umberland •July 26th. 'The Complaint is universal againsl Barisdale, therefore I shall not renew his protection, but drive 1 Sheridan can scarcely have been Charles's adviser .it this time. It may have boon O'Sullivan. i 2 116 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE and burn his country to punish him for having made such a bad use of your goodness. Glengarry is much commended for his behaviour.' Finally, Barisdale had already induced several Macdonnells to lay a written information against Old Glengarry, their chief. How did Barisdale. who had played a part so conspicuous, manage to obtain a protection from Sir Everard Faulkner ? That is the point which we shall later find him explaining with singular can- dour. Protected he was, and, in pursuit of infor- mation, he had the singular impudence to venture, with his son, in September 17-46, on board the ship which was to carry the Prince, Lochiel, Lochgarry, and other gentlemen to France. They could not but be aware that Barisdale had made his submis- sion, and was come on no good errand. Lochgarry was his bitter enemy. They therefore put Barisdale and his son in irons, shut them down under hatches, carried them to France, and there imprisoned these gentlemen of Knoydart on a charge of treason. Mr. Fraser Mackintosh, a very innocent writer, thus describes the high-handed outrage : ' Barisdale was so unpopular with the Camerons, that, without the slightest warrant, they took it on themselves to deport Coll Macdonnell, and his son Alexander [Archibald ?] to France.' Mr. Fraser Mackintosh attributes this unwarrantable action to ' the Camerons,' with whom Barisdale was generally ' unpopular.' But, of course, BAJRISDALE 0APT1 RED 1 17 the seizure was warranted by Charles, Prince Regi who is said to have knighted Barisdale on a stricken field. The seizure was more than justified, and was not due to poor Col's * unpopularity.' ('(.1 Languished in a French prison till 174'.). In March he ventured back to Scotland, finding himself, after his release, very • unpopular' in Flanders. He was promptly culled like a (lower by his old captor, Ensign Small, and was brought before Krskine for examination. Erskine writes that he found the tall bully 'under visible terror.' France had imprisoned him. England was likely to give him what ' he wad be nane the waur o" a hanging. His house was left unto him desolate; he would flirt no more with fair captive Countesses: no one trembled at his frowning brows : it was Barisdale's turn to tremble, as he did. He was locked up in Edinburgh Castle, where, at least, he was safe from avenging dirks. He there penned the following explicit confession, in hopes of a pardon, and pay as a spy. Perhaps Cumberland refers to Barisdale's earlier services in this capacity, in a letter of August 2, 1741). Cumberland speaks < »f ' the goodness of the intelligence ' now offered to Government. k ( )n my part 1 bear it witness, for I aever knew it fail me in the least trifle, and have had very material and early notices from it." ' Bere, then, follows liari^dale's confession to the ■ Pickle, p. L60. I at first conjectured thai tins letter might i to Pickle himself, but Barisdale, who was in touch with Cumberland in 1746, just alter Culloden, i bably the person hinted at. 118 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Justice Clerk in Edinburgh. It entirely disposes of Mr. Fraser Mackintosh's suggestion that the Camerons seized Barisdale because he was ' unpopular.' Narrative given in by Barrisdale to the Justice Clerk (H. O. Scotland. Bundle 41. No. 13. State Papers. Domestic) April 10th, 1749. ' His Koyal Highness, the Duke of Cumberland, sent a protection by Sir Alexr. Macdonald to Barisdale, upon delivering to him of which, he told him, in Consequence of the Favours the Duke intended for him, he should cause all such as he would have any Influence with, surrender their arms directly, which Barisdale did at the Barracks of Glenelg immediately thereafter ; by which the Con- cert of those that imagined to make any further resistance was broke, and he gave all the Assurances Sir Alexr. desired of him, to be a good faithful sub- ject, yt would give all obedience to the Government, which Since he has perform'd. But from that time the Jacobite party design d to mine Barisdale, and endea- voured, with all Calumny's, to make him odious to all partys and all Persons. The Pretender's Son having returned from the Isles to the Continent (mainland), Sir Alexr. Macdonald wrote to Barisdale, desiring to inform him of some particulars, which he did very distinctly, and soon after his E. Highness [Cumber- land] left Fort Augustus, my Lord Albemarle, then Commander in Chief, desired Sir Aler. McDonald to BAKISDALE'S TREASON 1 19 send for Barisdale to Fori Augustus. Sir Alexr. M donald wrote to him. and accordingly Barisdale waited of my Lord Albemarle al Fori Augustus, at Sir Alex. McDonald's Lodgings, where before Sir Alex: McDonald, bis Lordship told Barisdale, as the Pretender's Son was now returned from the Isles to the Continenl (mainland), if he hop'd for the Con- tinuance of his R. Highness's Favours, he must lay himself out in giving Assistance to have the Person of ye Pretender's Son sez'd. 'Barisdale answered, in Sir Alexander's Presence, thai Sir Alexr. never made any such Proposal to him from his E. Highness (Cumberland) ; and if he was a Man supposed formerly in the Jacobite Interest, and upon getting a better Light, to forsake tin -m it would be very inconsistent wth. Honour, for a Man so supposed, to go ukc alluded i" liin: in the l( of August 9, when- he talks of the price of information. 122 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE tender's Son exprest at Paris to some of the Scots, who were sorry for Barisdale's treatment, that while it was in his power, Barisdale woud never recover his Liberty, at least while he was in France, for that he was well assured, if ever he return'd to Scotland, being well assured B. being both resolute and Eevengefull, he woud prove a very destructible Instrument to his Interest.' Here are the Jacobite charges against Barisdale : — ( 'opy of George Kelly, the P. 'son's Secretary s Letter 'Paris, May 3rd, 1747. ' . . . Did you not own publickly, that upon his E.H's. Approach to Inverness, you advertised the Lord President and the Lord Loudoun of the same, and advised them for their further Safety to retire from thence ? . . . Did you not, without asking their Advice or Approbation, Surrender yourself to the Enemy, and enter into certain Articles with them ? . . . ' Whether, after receiving a Protection from the Enemy, you did not engage and promise to appre- hend the Person of H.K.H. and deliver him up to them within a limited time ? . . . ' Whether or not you did not impose on several Gentlemen of Glengary's Family, by asserting that he had promised to deliver them up to the Enemy, and that he was to receive oOl. sterling Premium for Each Gentleman he should put into their Hands ? Did these gentlemen sign an information against Glengary ? And were his letters ordering them to DEATB OF BARISDALE L23 take up arms delivered up to Lord Albemarle, upon which your Cousine, Glengary, was apprehended ? ' And now the whole truth is out, as concerns Col, third of Barisdale. His cruelties, his thefts, his Bwaggerings, have ended in deliberate treachery, and this worthv chieftain is found endeavouring to do what the humblest peasant disdained even to contemplate, to deliver up the fugitive Prince. Barisdale took no profit by his iniquity. The Ross people, whom he had harried, burned his famous stocks, and his house, with its ' eighteen fire-rooms, and many others without fires, beautifully covered ' (roofed) ' with blue slates.' He himself died in 1750, in Edinburgh Castle ; six soldier-, with no mourners, carried his bulky and corpulent carcase to a grave 'at the foot of the talus of the Castle.' So says the Impartial Hand. Of Barisdale's classical lore, and of his courtesy to a fair captive, we have seen proof. For the rest, a more worthless miscreanl lias seldom stained the page of history. It was time that such a career as his should be made impossible. Young Barisdale skulked for years in the High- lands, a kind of Hereward, pursued by the English troops. He was usually accompanied by five or six of his Clan, armed, and in the prohibited Highland dress He supported Hi',- in his father's fashion, mainly by robbing the herring fishers of a fifth of 124 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE their takes, under some pretence of a legal claim. His tenants, spoiled by the English troops, probably could contribute little to his maintenance. He is often mentioned in the Cumberland Papers, and, after he had been the guest of young Glengarry's uncle, Dr. Macdonnell, that physician talked indis- creetly as follows. On Sept. 30, 1751, Captain Izard, of the Fusiliers, writes : 'Dr. Macdonald, brother of Glengarry, living at Cailles on Loch Nevis, told that young Barisdale lay at his house the Monday before, and took boat thence to carry his sister home, and he proposed going to the Isle of Skey ' (Skye). 1 He was taken at last on July 18, 1753, in a wood near Lochourn in Morar, and was tried in Edinburgh on a charge of High Treason, on March 11, 1754. With him was Macdonald of Morar, five or six other Macdonalds, and Mackinnons, a MacEachan, and others. He disputed the indictment, which described him as ' of Barisdale,' on the score that his grandfather had only been ' a moveable tenant of Glengarry's, with- out any right in writing whatsoever.' This plea was disregarded, and he was condemned to be hanged on May 22, bearing his sentence ' with great composure and decency.' Being respited, he lay in the Castle till 1762, when he took the oaths, and was released. By a curious freak of fortune, young Barisdale's son Col, in 1788, ' held a Commission to regulate the Fisheries. This, in the height of the fishing 1 Cumberland MSS. See ' A Gentleman of Knoydart,' postea. LATEB BARISDALES L25 season, was ao easy task, and required a firm hand. Not only were there disputes among the fishermen themselves, but, apparently, thieves made ii a regular trade to attend, and pick up what they could. . . . The poor fishermen now suffer from piracy in another form. If there were officials like Barisdale armed with sufficient powers, trawling within the limits would soon be extirpated." writes Mr. Fraser Mackintosh. 3 The fishermen have never been fortu- nate. Before trawling came in they had to do with the portentous Col of Barisdale. Perhaps, of the two, they may prefer the trawlers. Thus, in a generation, the sun of Archibald and grandson of Col, the former a brigand and thief alike of cattle and herrings, became a peaceful subject, and protector of the very class of fishermen whom his grandsire had plundered. We may drop a tear over old romance, but reality has its alleviating features. There is absolutely no kind of villainy of which Col of Barisdale was not eminently guilty. < >ppression, cruelty, cowardice, theft, and treachery were all among his qualities, were all notorious, yet, till after Culloden, Col could laugh at the law, and was not shunned by society. We have seen that Col accuses Sir Alexander Macdonald of Sleat of corrupting his honour, and advising him to sell himself. This may, or may not, be true. The sympathies of Sir Alexander had been qua/riam Notes, pp. L52, L58. 126 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Jacobite, before 1745, but Murray of Broughton states that in 1741 he was very angry when Balhalclie put his name on a list of adherents presented to the French Court. " He declared he had never given him any authority to do so." A statement to the contrary effect will be found in Mr. Mackenzie's ' History of the Macdonalds,' page 234. In 1744, Murray represents him as ready to rise if French troops were landed. Murray repeats, in justice, that Sir Alexander's pro- mises were purely contingent ; they depended on the existence of a ' well-concerted scheme,' and there was none. But Sir Alexander not only did not come out, he was won over by Forbes of Culloden to the Hanoverian Cause. ' I should be sorry,' says Murray, ' to have so bad an opinion of mankind as to think any of them cappable of attempting an apologie for him.' Murray, in his examination, lied in Sir Alex- ander's interests, saying ' he always absolutely re- fused to have anything to do with the Pretender.' But, after Preston Pans, Sir Alexander, moved by that victory, said, in the hearing of Malcolm Macleod of Eaasay, that he would now raise 900 of his clan and march south to fight for King James. Next morning, however, he received a letter from Forbes of Culloden, and instantly ' was quite upon the grave and thoughtful, and dropt the declared resolution of his own mind.' * In fact, he turned Hanoverian. Later, in the crisis of the Prince's wanderings, Sir Alexander was not at home when his wife, Lady 1 Lyon in Mourning, i. 147. I'l.i IB \ M \' I" IN \U» 1 -( Margaret, connived with Flora Blacdonald to secure Charles's escape from Skye. Lady Margarel wrote to Forbes of Culloden thai Flora was 'a foolish girl,' and thanked God thai she knew nothing of the Prince's being in biding near her bouse. Sir Alex- ander. OH the Other hand, confessed to Korbes thai Flora put his wife 'in the utmost distress by telling ber of the cargo she bad brought from Qist.' 1 It was fortunate for everybody, himself included, that Sir Alexander was away from home. He wrote the following letter to Cumberland, confessing nothing : — From Sir Alexander McDonald to ll.U.ll. giving intelligence of Pretender's movements ■ Sconsar, Isle of Sky, 1746. ' Sir, — This morning Capt. Hodgson remitted to your P. Highness all the intelligence I had then got ; in rideing a few miles I was informed of the Pre- tender's whole progress since he landed in this island. By the letter remitted to your E.H. he was left at Portree, 14 miles from my house near which he landed ; at Portree he met one Donald McDonald. who was in the Eebellion, and who put him into a boal belonging to the Isle of Rasay, which feryd him into that island; after staying there 2 nights be re- turned in the same small boat to the neighbourhood of Portree, attended by one Malcolm McLeod. Thai nighl be and his companion Lay in a byre; next day (the Pretender in shabby man's apparel since he left 1 Culloden Papers, pp. '290 292. 128 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Portree) they found their way into a part of Mac- Kinnon's estate, and having found McKinnon, though disguised and lurking himself, he found a boat which next day convey'd the Pretender, MacKinnon, and one John MacKinnon, into Moror. They sail'd from this island on Saturday last. MacKinnon was taken in Moror by a party from Sky, and John McK. was this day seized . . . they are both on board the Furnace and confirm to a trifle the above relation. ' Alex. MacDonald.' 1 The Baronet tells as little as may be ; he does not implicate Flora, and, of course, shields his wife. His own position was awkward. Sir Alexander died in November 174G, when about to visit Cumberland in England. It is to his credit that he did his best to protect the loyal Kings- burgh. But his vacillations were extreme, and if he really helped to corrupt Barisdale, his behaviour is without excuse. ' Were I to enumerate the villains and villainies this country abounds in I should never have done,' wrote Cumberland to the Duke of New- castle. ' Some allowance must be made for Sir Alexander's behaviour in the Forty Five,' says Mr. Fraser Mackintosh. It was not precisely handsome. The epigram on his death, which has variants, ran thus : If Heaven be glad when sinners cease to sin, If Hell be glad when traitors enter in, If Earth be glad when ridded of a knave, Then all rejoice ! Macdonald's in his grave. 1 Cumberland MSS. 129 VI CLl'XYS TREASURE The bayonets of Cumberland scarcely dealt a deadlier blow at Jacobitism than the spades which, in gentle and unaccustomed hands, buried the treasure of French gold at Loch Arkaig. About this fatal hoard, which set clan against clan, and, literally, brother against brother, something lias been elsewhere said. But the unpublished reports given by spies and in- formers in the Cumberland Papers and the Eecord Office throw a greal deal of unexpected light on the subject. Our purpose is, first to offer what may be called official statements as to the original amount and hiding places of the treasure. Xext we shall examine the stories as to the disposition and diffusion of the money. These will indicate that the charges of ' em- bezzlement ' and ' villainy ' brought by Young Glen- garry againsl men so noted for their Loyalty as Dr. Cameron and Cluny Macpherson are false. In our evidence will occur the testimony of informers, whose Dames, as they were persons of no historical import- ance, it seems needless to reveal. Bui their revela- tions were employed by Government in securing the K 130 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE condemnation and banishment of LochieTs brother, Cameron of Fassifern. On the whole subject of the hoard we have several statements by Murray of Broughton. The least copious is contained in a tract which professes to be written by a friend of Murray ; really it is from his own pen. 1 Murray, who had been in very bad health since the Prince was in Elgin before Culloden, found him- self skulking with Lochiel in a wood near Loch Arkaig. He heard at the same moment of Charles's flight to the isles, which he condemned, and of the arrival of French ships with money. Most of the party resolved to scatter, but Lochiel declared ' that to desert his Clan was inconsistent with his honour and their interest,' and, by his desire, Murray re- mained with him, ' unable to refuse the desire of a person for whom he had such a regard, and with whom he had lived so many years in the strictest intimacy.' Major Kennedy, too, though, like other officers in French service, he might have surrendered safely, most generously clave to Lochiel. In later years Kennedy recovered for the Prince a remnant of the French louis oVor. Murray was next carried to the bay opposite Keppoch, where the French ships were lying. They had been attacked by British vessels of war, but had previously landed 35,000 louis oTor in six (seven?) 1 Memorials of Murray of Broughton, p. 270, et seq. CASKS OF GOLD I 3 1 casks. One cask, however, was already missing. The five casks were conveyed to .Murray, and of the stolen cask all but one bag of gold was recovered. Nexl day the Duke of Perth, who was dying, with his brother, Lord John Drummond, Elcho, old Sir Thomas Sheridan, the Prince's tutor, the younger Lockhart of Carnwath, and others sailed for Prance in the ships. Murray paid Olanranald, Barisdale, and others their arrears, with allowances for widows and wounded men, out of the French gold. He then sent off the remainder of the hoard under Archy I 'anieron's care, and returned to Loeli Arkaig. Fifteen thousand louis were buried 'in three several parcels in the wood,' and the empty casks were filled with atones, and carried about with Murray, 'so as to give no Jelousy to the other Clans of his having more confidence in the Camerons ' than in them. Near the foot of Loch Arkaig, Murray caused Dr. I lameron to bury 12,000 louis, reserving about 5,000 for expenses. Murray travelled south and was captured in Tweeddale. On August 27, 1746, when in the Tower, he wrote to an English official, ' last time I had the honour to see you, I offered to lay my hand upon the 15,000 louis (Tor, and am still certain 1 can do so, but as the season is now advancing, and the parties will probably soon be called in, it is not in that event impossible bul the money may be raised.' (It was -raised" by Dr. Cameron.) In his B 2 132 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Examination (August 13, 1746) Murray had already betrayed the secret of the casks of gold. But the English could never discover the treasure. Elsewhere, in a paper of accounts, Murray tells, in defence of his pecuniary honesty, all about the disposition of the louis (Tor. . He accounts for various sums, including 40/. to Lochiel, who, like the gallant gentleman he was, had given every penny in his possession ' to his own people about.' Mr. Murray ' chided him for being too easy to give mone} 7 to whoever asked it.' A sum of 3,868/. was buried in the garden of Mrs. Menzies of Culdairs. This, we presume, was the bulk of the 5,000 louis reserved. Murray corroborates (as in his tract) an anonymous informant's story, presently to be given, about the stealing of a cask of money, and restitution made after confession to Father Harrison. The penitent however, an Irishman, kept 700/., as stated in the anonymous information. Murray reckons at 15,000/. a sum buried near Loch Arkaig, by Dr. Archibald Cameron, Young Macleod of Neuck, Sir Stewart Threipland, and Major Kennedy. There were fifteen basfs containing 1,000/. each ; one parcel was put under a rock, in a burn, and two in holes, near at hand, dug by the four gentlemen. Another sum of 12,000/., in two parcels, was carried by Dr. Cameron and Mr. Macleod, from Lochiel's house of Achnacarry, and buried near the lower end of Loch Arkaig. Lochiel received 1,520/. for the Prince's immediate needs, and the rest is scrupulously SECRET INTELLIGENCE L33 accounted for by the unhappy Secretary. His stories are consistenl throughout. 1 Another description of the arrival and burial of the gold has never been published. It is from the Cumberland Papers, and must have been written about 1749-1750. This is proved by the writer's nutii iun of Barisdale as si ill alive, and in prison. Now young Barisdale (Archibald) is not meant, for he was nol taken till L753. 2 Hi- father, Coll Macdonnell of Barisdale, on the other hand, was taken in -March 1740. and died in Edinburgh Castle on June 1, 1750. 3 We now offer this anonymous intelligence of L749-1750, as to the arrival, burial, and later fortunes of the French gold. • Intelligence sent to Col. Napier from Scotland about Si r, n < 'asks of Money for the Rebels Cumberland Papers. Memoir for Col. Napier. ' Soon after the Battle of Culloden a french privateer anchored in Loch Xonha in Arisaig, where Doctor Cameron, Brother to Lochiel, Cameron of Dungallen, prisoner in Edr. Castle, and many other Rebels were then sculkin.*> , p. 862. I hid., 1750, p. 254. 134 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE and came up and attacked them, but before the action began they had landed 7 Casks of money and committed it to the Charge of Doctor Cameron, who was upon the shore wth. a great many others of the Camerons and McDonalds, who flocked from all Corners to see the engadgement, and among others McDonald of Barrisdale, now prisoner, was also present and Alexd. Mc.Lachlan in Lidderdale and Aide-de-Camp to The Pretender. ' When the action was over, The Commander of the Privateers, having heard of the Battle of Culloden. insisted to have the money put on board again. But the Rebells begd to be excused, and Doctor Cameron conveyed away six of the Casks to Loch Morrer, 3 miles from Loch Nonha : (The 7th Cask being stole) and there he got a boat and went wth. it to the head of ye Loch and from thence got in to Loch arkick ; And having dismissed all the Country people, He wth. Major Kennedy, a french Officer, and Alexd. McLeod son to Mr. John McLeod advocate, took the money out of the Casks, and put it underground in the head of Locharkick. in the midle of a Wood. 'There was £6 or 7,000 st.in each Cask, All put up in separate Bags, £1,000 in Each bag. They afterwards carried away the empty Casks themselves (none being- present but the 3 persons above named) and when at a considerable distance from the place where the Money was hid. They caused the Country people put them under ground in a different place in order to deceive. STOLEN GOLD L35 •Alt.-r this was over, All persons were employed aquire after the < last thai was stole during the engadgement. Ami by the Assistance and authority of a priesl (Father Earrison) who is greal in thai country (all Roman Catholics) the money was recovered excepl £700, and Thai is still amissing, . . It is uol well known what became of this broken Cask afterwards Bui Dr. Cameron had the Manadgemenl ofil and all the rest, and il is imagined Thai The money divided al the meeting with Lovat, ; ,t the head of Loch arkick, was pari of it, and 63,000 was given to one Donald ( iameron at Strontian to Conceal, wch he again delivered to The Doctor, but got not one shilling for himself. [Is this the money hiddenal Culdares?] Severals of the Country people 'jot each a Louis d'or and some of their gentlemen sol each 2 or 3 and that was all the Distribution made among the < Jamerons. 'His Majestie's troops afterwards search'd the woods of Locharkick for this money, and were often round the place where it was. and missed very narrowly finding it. for being hid by Gentlemen, not used to work, it was very unskilfully done and the Btamps and impression of their feel visible aboul the place. Bui as soon as Dr. Cameron found a proper opportunity, Be went and took up the money and hid i; in two differenl places of the wood. In one of them he put 12,000/., wch he shewed to his own son, and another man, That in case he was taken, it mighl not be lost altogether, and the other part 136 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE he put in a place which he shewed to nobody. And thus it remained till a Ship arriv'd in Loch Nonha to carry off the Pretender &c. When the above Ship arriv'd He (the Pretender) was sckulking in one of the Glens of Brad Badenoch where he had been for some time conceal'd in a place under ground, with Lochiel, Cluny Mcpherson, and some other person. Upon receiving Intelligence of the arrival of this Ship, It seems it was concerted That Cluny should remain in Scotland and have the Charge of the money. And having come all together from Badenoch to Locharkick, they got Dr. Cameron, who went and shew'd Cluny the 2 different places where the money was : Left him in that Country, and the rest went and embarked with the Pretender in Loch Nonha. Whether there was any of the bags then taken up (as is probable) carried with them, or how many, is what I am not informed of. ' But Certain it is that Cluny immediately after Carried the £12,000 to Badenoch And there were in Company wth. him Angus Cameron (of Downan) a Eannoch Man, brother to Gleneavis, McPherson of Breachy (Breakachy), a brother in Law of his own, and his piper. ' The other part of the money, was shew'd to no living but himself, and he either did not find an opportunity, or did not think convenient to come for it, untill a month afterwards, when he came and carried it also away, but I am not justly Informed who were wth. him, nor how much was of it, tho' It GLENEVIS 137 is generally believed Thai he gol betwixl 620 and B30,000 in all. • It is said by Cluny's Friends that the Pretender. after embarking, senl a note to Clunj with particular instructions how he was to manadge the money and to whom he was to give any part of it. 1 and they say that he has conformed in the most exact manner to his Instructions^ bul The other Kebells in the highlands grumble egregiously That he has not done them justice. I have only heard Thai he gave CliiOto Lady Keppoeh - and have reason to think That if he made any other distributions it was to some other of the principal! Gentlemen of The Different Clans, to be given away among their people, and that those have thought fit to retain all to themselves. 'I know it is strongly suspected that Cameron of Gleneavis, whose Brother (Angus) was wth Cluny at Carrying away the £12,000, has received a Large proportion by some means or other, and there is great reason to think so, as he was almost bankrupt before the rebellion and is now shewing away in a very different manner, particularly This year about a month ago, there were 120 Louis d'ors sent from 1 iii n to a man in Locharkeek to buy Cattle for him ; and some of the Camerons having latelv threatened to be resented of him for his behaviour aboul vt money, he met with them, and parted good friend-. 1 This is accurate. The note exists to this day. '-' 'this was hv the Prince's desire. 138 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE which is supposed to have been done by giving them considerably. 'Barrisdale tells that Cole or Major Kennedy was to embark much about the same time yt he came from France, was to land on the West Coast in order to meet with Cluny, and carry away the money, but I have not yet learned any thing wth regard to him, And am apt to believe That he has rather landed on the Eastern Coast and my reasons for this Conjecture are : That one Samuel Cameron (Brother to The above men'd Cameron of Gleneavis) Major in the Eegt. which was Lochiel's in the French Service, was at Edr. and came in a Chaise with the famous Mrs. Jean Cameron to Stirling, where they parted, and she came to her house in Morvern about the middle of March, and he took some different route : It is supposed That he came over on a message wth. regard to that monev, and I the rather believe it as his two brothers seem to have been concerned in it, and I am apt to think that Kennedy and he have come together, but this is only my own conjecture. Another reason which induces me to believe That he would Chuse to land on the E. coast is That Cluny would not probably Like to march with that money or trust himself among the highlanders, who would probably not let it pass without partaking liberally. ' It has been said That the French Officer Cameron came to Mrs. Jean Cameron's, but I am certain he has not come, else I would have got Intelligence of DISPUTES OVER THE GOLD L39 him, for I have bad a sharp look oul for him and all otlicrs of thai Kind. And [ think he would nol probably venture so near the Command and specially after hearing of Barrisdale's fate' (taken in March L749). 'It is said That his Two Brothers and Clunyhave differed about the money, and therefore Unity would not see this French Officer nor trust him wth any- thing and some say Be is gone back again, but how far This is true 1 can'1 positively determine. 'The above is all that I have been able to learn wth regard to thai money from first to last, and 1 am much convinced that the Substance of it is true.' [Unsigned.] Even before the probable date of this intelligence, Government knew that Cluny's fidelity to his trust had embittered his relations with the Camerons of < denevis and Clengarry's people. There is a curious anonymous note of January 26, 1748, ] written by a man who could spell, and was something of a scholar. ' Snjp/ni.r,' he says, * is still in the country and there are disturbances between him and the Dor'uuis and sEtolians over the g;ood^ left by the )'minv the full value of their estates before thev joined the Eoyal Standard. This full value is the 10,000/. which Cluny is said to have 'embezzled.' Now the only independent evidence against Dr. Cameron is contained in a letter of his uncle, Cameron of Torcastle, to Prince Charles. 1 In this Torcastle denies that he himself touched the money, and avers thai he knew nothing of it. till Dr. Cameron 'told it himself at Rome, where I happened to be at the time' (1750). This letter is singularly 1 Glengarry to Edgar, Jan. 16, 1750. Browne, iv. p. 66. - Browne, iv. p. 79. JacobiU ! it rd of Oaak, p. 27f>. 1 Nov. 21, 1758. Browne, Lv. 117. 142 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE inconsistent with another unpublished letter from Douay, of August 28, 1751. The epistle was in- tended for Cameron of Glenevis, but was intercepted by Colonel Crawfurd, Governor of Fort William. The Colonel attributed its authorship to Cameron of Torcastle, and if the attribution be correct, the letter contradicts Torcastle's accusations of his nephew, Dr. Cameron. Whoever the author of the Douay letter may be, he speaks of ' the industrious malicious designs and scandalous untruths, publicly handed about against Lochiel's family by Gl ry.' ' Chalmers (Dr. Cameron) knows very well that when truth comes out, these people will fall with scandal into the trap they have contrived for others. . . . All that Chalmers (Dr. Cameron) saw or had access to was his expenses' The writer then speaks of the ' unprecedented method Gl ry &c. took to get att their sinister ends,' and about Gl ry's ' mis- representations of Chalmers to Mr. Young,' the Prince. Singular irritation against Lochgarry is also expressed. 1 On this showing Dr. Cameron got no 6,000/., but only his expenses. Now, that Dr. Cameron should receive his expenses was perfectly legitimate. But, if he took 6,000/., as Young Glengarry declares, his character is lost, In 1750, 6,000/. was a fortune. Dr. Carlyle, writing of that time, speaks about a minister who married a lady with a tocher of 4,000/., which then was equivalent to an estate. When executed 1 Scots Affairs. Record Office. [NNOCENCE OF DR. CAMERON I |:', rune L753, Dr. Cameron lefl his family destitute. Consequently he cannot have helped himself to li.niMi/.. and pul it into commerce, as Glengarry alleged. Thai he did nothing of the sort, we have the very curious evidence of an [nformer in L753. This man. declaring thai he is afraid of being informed against by Young Glengarry, informs against him. He says, in his information: 'In Sep. L749 Dr. Cameron told him (the In- former) lie had come over to get some money on 1 K half of Lochiel's Family ; That Fassfarn not from Clunie £6. (MM), took it to Edinburgh the following - winter, and put it in the hands of John Mc.Farlane, W.S. 1 Dr. Cameron at the same time got £350: and Fassfarn £400 more to be employed in making good certain claims on the estate of Lochiel. • Says he saw Dr. Cameron a day or two after, who denied either he or Fassfarn had got any money, alledging that Cluny would not give it with- ou1 order- from the Old Pretender : That the Doctor was off to Home (1750) to get these, with only I' Km for expenses. That the following winter he (the Informer) met Young Glengarry, who disproved this by giving him a copy of the Accounts in Clunie's writing of all the money.' Eere follows Young Glengarry's alleged copj <>i ( 'lnny's accounts : — iiu band of the Lady who pisi English Captain 171... 800 5,000 1,000 144 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE ' A State of Clunie McPhersons Intromissions £ s. d. ' By Cash given Dr. Cameron and Fassfern, secured with Fassfern for use of young Lochiel . 6,000 „ sent to Lochiel by Angus Cameron and Donald Drummond, brother to Bohaldie . 1,000 „ given the Dr. when last in Scotland to carry his Charges to and from Piome . . . 350 „ at 2 different times by Angus Cameron to the Clan Cameron and others needy . „ charged by Clunie for his Estate . ,, ,, ,, for his Commission . „ „ „ for 30 Men from Septem- ber 1746-Sep. 1749 . 1,627 10 „ charged by Clunie as his pay, at halfa- guinea per diem during said time . . 542 10 „ charged by Clunie as Maintenance of his Family 1,400 ,, charged by Clunie for Brechachow (Break- achie) ...... „ given to young Glengarry Nov. 1749 . „ given by Clunie to his Clan . „ ,, Fassfern to pay Publick Burdens on Lochiel's Estates, viz. Cess and Teinds due by the Tenants . 200 ,, given Fassfarn to defray the Expences in carrying on the Claims on Lochiel's Estate 100 „ Alleged by Clunie to be in Angus Cameron's hands 500 „ in Clunie's hands 4,880 800 300 500 £25,000 ' N.B. — Young Glengary got £1,900 at Edinburgh from Mr. Mc.Dougald at the sight of Mr. John Mc.Cleod of Nuck, Advocate, of which Glencarney got £80 and Glencoe £50. But this money had no connection with Clunie's Intromissions, having been carried to the South by Mr. John Murray.' 1 [Part of the 5,000 louis kept by Murray?] 1 State Papers, Scotland, 1753. DB. CAMERON'S [NNOCENCE 1 tg According to this statement, Baid to be produced as Cluny's, Dr. Cameron did not receive 6,000/. for himself. The money went to the support of the exiled family of Lochiel, who had died in 1748. The large claims made by Cluny rest, as before, on the word of Young Glengarry. In May 1753, Fassifern himself, then a prisoner in Kdinlmrgh Castle, was examined. He declined to give any evidence against anybody on any charge. He admitted that in 1749 lie received 4,000/. from Evan ( Sameron of Drumsallie, now dead, for Lochiel's family. He asked no questions, but deposited it with Mr. Macfarlane, W.S., who lent it out to Wedderburn of Gosford, in Fassifern's name. Fassi- fern acted as a near relation for his exiled nephew, Lochiel's son. Thus the money which Dr. Cameron is said to have seized, was used for the support of Charles's best friends, the family of his most renowned ad- herent. So vanishes the charge that Dr. Cameron speculated with the money. 1 As to Cluny's retention of money, the same difficulty occurs as in the case of Dr. Cameron. He arrived in France a destitute exile, when, by Charles's command, he ceased to skulk in the caves of Ben Alder, and crossed to join the Prince in 1754. There is no trace of the value of an estate in his possession, though Charles, in ordinary gratitude, owed him much more than he is said to have 1 s.l'.s. Bundle u. No. 28 29. 146 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE claimed. Thus it is certain that Archibald Cameron did not help himself to the Prince's money ; while the story about Cluny is inconsistent both with his honourable poverty and with figures, for these accounts make no allowance for 6,000 louis, cer- tainly conveyed to Charles by Major Kennedy. The whole scandal rests merely on the word of Young Glengarry. 1 1 It is plain that the account given on p. 144, and said by the In- former to be ' in Clunie's writing,' is absolutely wrong, cannot be by Cluny, and is meant to incriminate that chief. Not only are the 6,000 louis carried to Charles by Kennedy omitted, but the ' treasure ' intercepted by Downan and Glenevis does not appear, while 2,000 of the 27,000 louis are left out of the reckoning. ' The State of Clunie McPherson's Intromissions,' in short, is a fraudulent document. It bears traces of confused manipulation in various interests. 14' VII THE TKOUBLES OF THE CA MICRONS Tins affair of the treasure caused endless calamities, especially involving Cameron of Glenevis, a place within two or three miles of Fort William. The relationship of this family to the head of the clan, Lochiel, stands thus : Archibald Cameron of Dun- gallon,who died in 1719, was the husband of Isabel Cameron of Lochiel. By her he left two sons and three daughters, of whom Jean married Dr. Archi- bald Cameron of Lochiel, the last Jacobite martyr ; while Mary married Alexander Cameron of Glen Nevis. 1 Glenevis, or Glen Nevis, was not out in the Kising of 1745, but he was imprisoned in 1746, and released in 1747.- The house of the Camerons of Glenevis, accord- ing to Mr. Mackenzie's ' History of the Camerons,' was of very ancient standing. It was ' generally at feud with Lochiel, and this feeling of antagonism came down even to modern times. Indeed, it has been maintained that the Glenevis family were 1 Lyon in Mourning, i. 1310. AnHqua/ricm Notes, by C. Fraser Mackintosh, p. 2*25. - Lyon in Mmirulny, i. 147. l 2 148 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE originally not Camerons at all, but Macdonalds, who settled there under the Macdonalds of the Isles, before the Camerons had any hold on the district.' They are also spoken of as Macsorlies. However this genealogical point may be settled, there was no love lost between Glenevis and Young Glengarry. The Glenevis famity, though not overtly engaged for the Cause, suffered from the brutalities of the victors. In spite of Glenevis's abstinence from the Eising, his family was persecuted. Mrs. Archi- bald Cameron communicated to Bishop Forbes a lamentable story of how her sister, Glenevis's wife, was stripped by Cumberland's men, under Caroline Scott, and only permitted to keep a single petticoat. Her little son's gold buttons and gold lace were cut off his coat, and the child was wounded by the knife. 1 This story, which has con- temporary evidence from the lips of Lady Glen- evis's sister, Mrs. Archibald Cameron, has received the usual picturesque embroidery of Highland tradi- tion. Dr. Stewart (' Nether Lochaber') got the tale from some ladies named Macdonald, in this fashion : the infuriated soldiery, finding none of the plate and jewels which Lady Glenevis had buried, observed a bulky object under her plaid. Slashing with swords at the plaid, to discover the supposed trea- sure, they wounded the lady's baby, a child of a few months old. Mrs. Cameron's less romantic version, if either, is correct. 2 The brothers of Glenevis were 1 Lyon, i. 309-10. ~ Nether Lochaber, pp. 188, 189. COLONEL OBAWFURD L49 Allan, who fell al Culloden — -/< lix opportunitaU mortis ; Angus of Dunan or Downan, in Rannoch ; and that unhappy Samuel, called Crookslianks, whom Dr. Cameron, before his execution, denounced as 'the basest of spies.' He was in French service, but was drummed out, after Dr. Cameron's death. In October 1751, Colonel Crawfurd, command- ing at Fort William, received from head-quarters information about Glenevis's and Angus's share in the treasure. Fassifern, Lochiel's brother and repre- sentative, was also denounced. The Colonel took to the duties of policeman with a will, and the following letter from him describes his arrest of the accused: — From Lieut-Col. Crairfurd to Churchill Cumberland Papers. Fort William: Oct. 12, 1751. . . . ' When I received the Packet from the Express, I without hesitation affected a surprise and concern at receiving the news of our Cloaths being stranded, and pretended to consult him about the nearest way through the Hills to Aberdeen, near which Place I saw the misfortune had happened ; this answerd extremely well in blinding our good Neighbours in the Town of Maryburgh, 1 who are for the greatest part ready enough to give Intelligence to the Country, of any Movements made by the Garrison. I then employed Captn. Jones to execute the warrant upon Fassifarn, and that he might be al n" Loss in not knowing the Man or the Country, I 1 Now Fort William. 150 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE sent Mr. Gardiner along with him, whose zeal and readiness to assist you are no strangers to. They pretended to go in the German Boat on a fishing scheme, and turning up Lochiel, they soon got to his house, and secured him and every Thing of Paper Kind, bringing all to the Garrison. 'As soon as they were set out for Fassifarn I pretended to take a walk out of the Garrison, to see if I coud make a purchase of Hay for my Horses, and taking Mr. Douglas, the Sheriff substitute, out with me, 1 by way of shewing me the Eoad and Country, I allowed only two more officers to ac- company me, that we might give no suspicion of our Intentions, which would have been soon discovered had I allowed more or sent a Party. 6 However, notwithstanding these precautions, we were told at going to the House, that Glen Nevis was walk'd out with his Brother in Law, Dungallon, and still persisting that we shoud be glad to see Glen Nevis, to talk with him about his Hay, I pre- vailed on his wife to send a messenger for him into the Fields, which having done I took care, that no other Intelligence should go from the House, and then proceeded to search for his Papers : but I soon perceived that a Consciousness of Guilt, had made him secrete almost every Paper, and the hearing that Dungallon 2 had come to his House in the 1 This Mr. Douglas gets a very bad character from John Mac- donnell, of the Scotus family, in his Memoirs. 2 Dungallon had only been released from Edinburgh Castle in October 1749. oi.D LETTERS 1~>1 Middle of the proceeding Night, confirmed me b my suspicions that we should see no more of Glen Eves or Dungallon. I then ordered the Parties who were in readiness to go round the Hill, and come down upon the Head of the (den, making a strict search, but it was to no purpose. You'll please to observe that Dungallon, by way of blinding Douglas, had wrote him on the Wednesday, that it woud be some Days before he coud be in this part of the Country, and yet that very night, near the middle of it, did he come to Glen Eves' house, and for what Intention may be easily guessed. 'It is however some satisfaction that notwith- standing the pains they have been at, to conceal their treasonable practices, yet by their remissness I have found some Old Letters among Cloaths, which will greatly help to put their transactions in a proper light, and part of well I have now enclosed for your perusal. [The letters enclosed are not in the Cum- berland Papers.] The Letter I have marked No. 1. is a Letter from Glen Evis to his brother Angus Cameron, in the beginning of which you'll see that Fassifarn and he are not in concert, and that Fassi- farn complains of them both, as I imagine for having got too great a share of the money, and Glen Eves' hint to Angus is, not to look upon Fassifarn as his friend. 'In No. 2. You see Angus in his proper Colours appointing the Congress with Cluny (in December 174H i : and it would not be amiss that the Name of 152 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE the Place, Catlaick, should be well observed on that worthy Gentleman's Account. You see that Loch Gary was in the Country, and on what accounts ; likewise the errand of young Glengary. Whether the " Crookshanks " there aludes to Cluny as a Cant word for his having a wry Neck, or to a Brother of Glen Evis [Samuel, the spy] who is an officer in the French Service, and has crooked legs, I am not certain, but I believe it is to the Latter. ' You will likewise observe by this letter that a correction is to be made in the key of your Inter- cepted Letter, that Angus is Brother to Glen Eves and not to Fassifarn. I daresay you are no stranger to the part that Angus has Acted from the beginning in relation to the great Money Affair, and that no one excepting Cluny knows more of it. I am fully persuaded that Mrs. Chalmers (Mrs. Archibald Cameron) is charged with orders upon his Bank stock, however unwilling he may be to part with it ' On October 14, Glenevis tired of hiding, and surrendered himself to Crawfurd. No harm was found in Fassifern's papers, which had been seized, and he, with Angus Maclan, a brother (or half- brother) of Lochgarry, was admitted to bail. On October 22, Colonel Crawfurd wrote an ac- count of Glenevis's examination to Churchill, who forwarded it to the Duke of Newcastle. Now we must ask how Government, which in 1749-50 knew only the anonymous account of the treasure already GLENGARRY SUSPECTED L53 quoted, was, in L751, informed thai Lochgarry, young Glengarry, Cameron of Glenevis, and his brother Angus, had meddled with the spoil in December L749? Readers of 'Pickle the Spy' will remember thai Pickle (thai is. ex hypothesis Young Glengarry) dates his ser- vices as a paid informer from 1750-51. Young Glen- garry, then, may have been himself (lie source of the intelligence about the plunder, and that, as we shall see, was the strong opinion of Glenevis. In any case this is the earliest hint of suspicion against the honour of Young Glengarry which we have encountered. The eternal feud of Macdonnells and Camerons may have suggested the notion of Glengarry's treachery to the mind of Glenevis ; Cluny being out of the question, and he not knowing any one out of prison, except Young Glengarry, who had the necessary information. Glenevis's brother, Annus, and Angus Maclan were in prison with him- self, and Lochgarry was with his regiment in France. ( rawfurd says of Glenevis, and his suspicions: 'He seems to think that all the Intelligence pro- cured against him has been by means of Young Glengary : this you may believe I am at no great pains to desuade him from, as the greater Enmity gives the better chance of your coming at truth. He does not deny but that his brother, (Angus) Loch- gary, Y^oung Glengary, Angus Mc.Ian and he went into Badenoch in the winter 1749, after the Troops were gone from thence, with a view of meeting Clunie, but that while Lochgary, and young (den- 154 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE gary had their Interview at a sheiling opposite to Dalwhinnie, he was desired by Clunie to keep at the House of Dalwhinnie till sent for ; and that neither Angus nor he coud be allowd to speak with him, tho he sent repeated messages by Clunie's Piper, and a young Brother of Clunie's. That he lay in the same Room with Young Glengary at Dalwhinnie, and early in the morning, the young Brother of Clunie brought Glengary a Bag which might contain two or three Hundred guineas, and counted them out to him, and that he understood Glengar}^ got, in the whole, by that expedition about Two Thousand ; * he farther says that the money remitted abroad by Cluny was carried away by his Brother in Law Mc.Pherson of Brechachie to Major Kennedy in the North of England . . .' (So Gask also says.) On October 31,Crawfurd again writes to Churchill. He had recommended on October 21, that Angus Cameron 'should be allowed the quiet enjoyment of his treasure.' He now remarks that Glenevis has been admitted to bail. ' He says, in the Scotch phrase, that it is hard to have both the skaith and the scorn ' — that is, to be molested, though he has not got much of the French gold. ' He blames his brother Angus for having acted a weak and foolish part in 1 This includes the money got by Glengarry in Edinburgh, out of Murray's original 5,000 louis, entrusted to his brother-in-law, Mr. Macdougal. Compare Murray's Memorials, p. 304, where he denies that Mrs. Murray brought any large sum from the Highlands. The reverse is stated by Ramsay of Ochtertyre, and it is plain that, by Mrs. Murray's means, or otherwise, a large sum was conveyed by Murray to Edinburgh. GLENGARRY. ACCUSED OF FORGERY L55 quitting (parting) with so greal a share of the money that had fallen into his hands, which, he says, did aol exceed £2,500, tho' most people call it £3,000, and of which lie knew his brother had paid 61,000 for the use of Lochiel soon after his going to France' (1746 it Next we find a repetition of Glenevis'.s charges against Young Glengarry, as his betrayer* The accusation, too, that Young Glengarry forged King James's name (alluded to by James in a letter to the, Prince, March 17. L750, as a story reported by Archy Cameron) is urged by Glenevis. 'He (Glenevis) still continues full of resentment againsl Young Glengary, believing that he is the Author of all the information against him and his Brother Angus, not being able to account for our knowledge of the Badenoch meeting in any other way. He confirms what I wrote of the young Gentle- man in my last, only that the £2,000 was notof Clunie's money, but of what was left by the Secretary Murray in the hands of Mr.Mc.Douel his brother in Law, and that his credentials for receiving the money was from the old Pretender, but that he was mre they were forged? They certainly were forged. One thing is to be observed about Glenevis's doubts of Young Glengarry. In this year, 1751, and onwards, that hero was allowed by Government to live in London, in Beaufort Buildings, Strand, whence he communicated with Charles and James, as a strenuous Jacobite agent. His letters are printed by Browne from the Smart MSS. Yet Government, if 156 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE only from Glenevis's evidence just given, knew that Glengarry was at least as guilty as Glenevis and. his brother of the only crime charged against them on this occasion — namely, dealing with French gold that had been landed for the use of Prince Charles. Where the treason to King George came in, unless they were using the money for Jacobite purposes, or depriving his Majesty of spoils of war, or of treasure trove, does not appear. Yet the Camerons, Glenevis, Dunan, Fassifern, were all kept in durance at Fort William, while Young Glengarry, implicated in their vague offence, was permitted to live, and even to make love, in London. To this point we return later (p. 207). Government had their own reasons for sparing Glen- garry, while punishing his accomplices. These accom- plices, again, averred that Glengarry had ' peached ' upon them, as doubtless he had. The Camerons were released, but before very long, they and Fassifern were all imprisoned again in Edinburgh Castle, on a charge of treasonable dealings with the attainted. This was part of a plan of Government's for ' uproot- ing' Fassifern, who represented the exiled Young Lochiel in the eyes of the Clan. The action of Government makes another chapter in the history of the sufferings after Culloden. Meanwhile the casks of louis d'or had done their task, and sown among the Clans the dragon's teeth of distrust and of calumny. We cannot tell where the remainder of the gold went, though Cluny probably took what was left over to France, in 1754, as Charles commanded \l TEB CULLODEN l~>7 him to do, getting no more for his trouble, perhaps, 1 1 Km did pooi- Duncan Cameron in Strontian — ' not a shilling.' As for Glenevis and his brother, theyseem to have finally been fobbed off with the skaithand tin- scorn, and with very little else but the company of Colonel Crawl urd, so anxious to talk about their hay crop. Such is an example of Highland life after Culloden. There are midnight meetings at lonely sheilings, there is digging and delving by hands that knew the claymore better than the spade. Letters are opened in the post office, secret murmurs fly about carrying charges of indefinite guilt, reported by unknown spies. No man can put confidence in another: each neighbour may have been bullied or bribed into babbling, and. when the laird sees the English colonel saunter along the avenue, Highland hospitality struggles in his heart with a natural in- clination to drop out of a back window, and steal up the glen into the hills. A gentleman is apt to be less often on his estates than in Fort William prison or in Edinburgh Castle. No wonder that many joined the new Highland regiments when they were raised, and preferred King George's pay to domiciliary visits from King George's colonels! 158 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE VIII JUSTICE AFTER CULLODEN The Uprooting of Fassifern The years 1752-1754 were full of trouble for High- landers. The Prince was intriguing desperately with Scotland, and with Prussia. The Elibank Plot was matured and betrayed. Dr. Cameron and Lochgarry were stirring up the Clans. Cluny remained as un- takable as Abd-el-Kader. The Government were alarmed at once by Pickle, by their ambassadors abroad, and by Count Kaunitz. The Forfeited Estates had been nationalised, ' for the improvement of the Highlands,' factors had been appointed to raise and collect rents : evictions were threatened ; agrarian discontent had been aroused ; Campbell of Glenure had been shot in the wood of Letter- more. 1 The reports of all these things flew from township to township, from strath to strath, as fleetly as the fiery cross. The Highlands, in 1752, were boiling like a caldron. Old tenants were being turned out that men of a hostile Whiggish clan might occupy their hereditary holdings. 1 See Mr. Stevenson's Kidnapped and Catriona and the printed Trial for the Appin Murder. TRIBULATIONS IV.) Ensign Small, an officer who knew Gaelic, and was engaged in secret service, found murmurs of a rising even in the Islands. The Duke of Newcastle was jotting down alarmed notes, 'to be at any expense in order to find out where the Young Pretender is. Lord Anson to have Fregates upon the Scotch and Irish coast.' ] The consequence of this official flutter was a crowd of arrests and trials. James Stewart, on a charge of being accessory to Glenure's slaying, was, to speak plain words, judicially murdered. He was confined in Fort William, and denied access to his advisers ; the charges and evidence against him were kept from him till too late, he had a jury of hostile Campbells at Inveraray, the Duke on the bench, and he was hanged as accessory to a murder in which the alleged principal was not before the Court. Political necessities and clan hatred killed James Stewart (1752). In 1753 Dr. Cameron was caught, and hanged in London, denouncing as informer his kinsman, Samuel Cameron. The famed Sergeant Mohr Cameron was taken (by treachery, General Stuart hints and tradition proclaims; both are right), and he 'died for the law.' His alleged crime was cattle theft, but, as a sergeant in French service, he was pro- bably regarded as a Jacobite agent. The Sergeant was captured in mid-April, 1753 : a few days later Angus Cameron, brother of Glenevis, was taken at 1 Add. Mss. 82,995, <',. 88. 160 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE the same place, his house of Dimaii or Downan, in Eannoch. On May 6 Fassifern, Charles Stewart, writer in Banavie, Fassifern's agent, and Glenevis, were lodged, with Angus Cameron, in Edinburgh Castle. On July 7 Young Barisdale, Young Morar, and others, were culled like flowers at Lochourn, while Young John Macdonnell, ' Spanish John,' was also arrested. Of all these, the most important prisoner was Fassifern. He had been taken, as we saw, in October 1751, and released, as nothing could be found against him in the affair of the Cluny Treasure. He was Lochiel's brother and representative, and con- sequently chief, for the time, of the Camerons. He had not been out in Forty-five. A man of commerce, a burgess of Glasgow, he had tried to dissuade Lochiel from exposing himself to the dangerous charm of the Prince. But he was naturally anxious to save as much as possible of Lochiel's estate for the family. There were several lawful claims on it, which Government was bound to respect and he to press. Moreover he, with ' Glenevegh ' (Glenevis), had been denounced by Pickle as agents between the Southern and Northern Jacobites. 1 In addition to all this, Fassifern was trying to keep the old Cameron tenants, Jacobites, in their holdings, and evict tenants who had the bad taste to be Whigs. As early as May 1751 he had been denounced for these offences by Captains Johnston and Mylne, 1 December 1752. Pickle, p. 176. • I PROOTING ' L6] of the Hull's, in garrisoD al [nversnaid. 'lie falls on ways,' writes an informer whose Letter they forward, 'of turning OUl any from their possessions, who he knows to he well affected to His Majesty.' He encourages Jacobites to settle near the forts, for the purpose of a sudden assault. 1 He has 'plenty of the Pretender's money ' to use for these purposes. Clan sentiment, not Jacobitism, may have influenced Fassifern, and Glenevis, at least, was hardly the man to play the part of Jacobite agent. The original charge against Fassifern in May L753 was that of 'correspondence with persons attainted.' But the game of the Government was to get rid of him on any pretext. Colonel Crawford had come from Fort William to Edinburgh, and, on June 4, 1753, wrote a long letter to the Lord Justice Clerk. ' The uprooting of Fassifern,' he says, with candour, ' is what we ought chiefly to have in view." - He has found witnesses, or rather has heard of them (it seems kinder to omit the names of these gentle- men), who avow that Fassifern tampered with them to threaten the late Glenure's wife, and to murder Glennre. That unlucky man was factor for Lochiel's as well as for Ardsheil's forfeited estate, and was expected to evict Cameron tenants. "The Lord Advocate said that, if this did not hang Fassie- fairn, it would at least send him to Nova Scotia.' Perhaps, the Colonel thinks, Breakachie may be 1 State Papers, MS., April 15, 1751. 9 Cumberland Papers. M 162 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE induced to inform against Fassifern ! That culprit has only sent 100/. to Lochiel's family in France, and has made Lochiel's tenants work on his estate, instead of on the county roads. These last were not hanging matters. And, some- how, Breakachie, a perfectly loyal gentleman, and kinsman of Cluny's, did not give the desired informa- tion. The witnesses as to the suborning of Glenure's murder by Fassifern would not kiss the book, or, perhaps, had never promised their evidence at all. Angus Cameron and Glenevis were discharged on bail, on July 3. No proof of treasonable corre- spondence, or suborned murder, or anything else existed, or could be found against Fassifern. Pickle, of course, could not be produced in Court. The Colonel does not conceal the discomfort of his reflections, and Government is perplexed as to the details of the process of ' uprooting ' the representa- tive of Lochiel. On June 10 Fassifern and Charles Stewart petitioned that they might be put on their trial. But what were they to be tried for ? It was an awkward situation. The resources of civilisation, however, were not exhausted. On August 6 the Duke of Argyll came to Edinburgh and, next day, took his seat in the Court of Session. That day the Lord Advocate sprang a fresh charge on the accused. They might not have been hold- ing treasonable correspondence, or even suborning murder, but they had been mixed up in — forgery ! FORGERY 1G3 The Lord Advocate suspected that certain deeds had been forged, to substantiate claims made by Fassifern on Lochiel's estate. These claims rested on old papers and bonds of various dates, from 1 7 1 3 to 1748. There was 'credible information' (how- obtained we shall learn) thai live of these deeds were forged. Fassifern's lawyer, Mr. Macfarlane (husband of pretty Mrs. Macfarlane who shot the I laptain), had no longer the vouchers, the original papers from which he drew up the claims. These vouchers had been in a bag at Mr. Macfarlane's house ; but ' some time in Summer ' (1752) Fassifern (being in Edinburgh) had sent for the bag, and had returned it in a few hours. The papers were no longer in it. Fassifern, being examined, could remember having abstracted no such deeds as interested the Court. Next day Fassifern asked for a copy of his statement, ' as he was apprehensive he might have inadvertently fallen into some mistakes in the hurry of the examination, which he was extremely desirous to rectify.' The Lords refused his petition : he might have a copy of bis examination 'when he is brought upon trial." Next day he was charged with being guilty, or *aii and part in forging the deeds, or of using them, knowing them to be forged.' He was to be detained in prison till his trial. He protested that he had already lain in prison for three months, on a charge (Pickle's) of 'being privy to unlawful designs carried on by disaffected M 2 164 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE persons' — namely, a rising to follow on the kidnapping of the Poyal Family. He ' has reason to believe that no such prosecution is seriously intended,' which is pretty obvious, Pickle not being producible, but absent, at that very hour, in France, with Prince Charles ! Moreover Fassifern was not told on whose information he was examined, though he was ' heckled ' for several hours. The charge of forgery was, in fact, based, as usual, on the evidence of an Informer, whom we need not name. Here is a report of his accusations : — ' . . . Says he has been certainly informed that Fassfarn caused Forge several Grounds of Debt, in Order to be the Foundation of Claims upon the Estate of Lochiel, some of which were written by Charles Stewart present prisoner in the Castle, and Lochiel's name was Forged by one Allan Cameron of Landavrae, who could write like him, and there were Forged Discharges by Lochiel to his Tenants for Crops in 1746 and Proceedings in Order to prevent the .Government from getting payment of the Pent of 1746 and arrears.' Says on knowing this he ' instantly told Craw- ford'! Now even the Government's plea against Fassi- fern says no word of ' forged discharges of Lochiel to his tenants ! ' 1 The interest of this case is partly the mystery — had Fassifern really been concerned in tampering 1 Scots Magazine, July 1753, p. 362. • DROPPING OUT CHARGES L65 with documents? — partly the procedure, which we know hud political motive-, and was Iniquitous in method. As to Fassifern's guilt, it' any, we are not likely to Learn the truth; as to the kind of justice he not — there can only be one opinion. (Mi AugUSl 10 Fassifern was 'ordained' to re- ceive a full copy of his examination. He was anxious thai the evidence of an aged solicitor, Alexander Stewart, in Appin, a man over eighty, and unable to travel, should be taken by commission. This Stewart had written, or witnessed, several of the old disputed deeds, and was the only person alive able to testily, of his own knowledge, to their authenticity. Fassi- fern also remonstrated againsl being described, in the Lord Advocate's charge, as 'the immediate younger brother of Donald Cameron, late of Lochiel, attainted.' He 'ventures to hope that this is not meant to make a point of dittay.' It was obviously meant to suggest prejudice. He asked for bail, after his already long imprisonment. Bail was refused by the Lords of Session, nor would they examine Alex- ander Stewart by commission ; but they promised to rem- issilern from the Castle to the Tolboot h. The full charges, or ' improbatory articles ' against him, he was oot to receive. On August 24 the prisoner once more protested againsl 'the practice of dropping oul charges one after the other,' which unpleasantly resembles the ■in of Titus Oates. If the Government, a,- appears certain, had this accusation of forgery pigeon-holed 166 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE before they locked up the prisoner in May, why did they not bring it forward at first ? Fassifern's im- prisonment, he justly remarks,' approaches to a kind of torture.' He is denied the free use of pen and ink, so necessary in his preparation of a defence. An armed sentinel is in his room day and night. This petition was so far successful that pen and ink were given, but what he wrote was inspected, and even his lawyer's chief clerk, Mr. Flockhart, could only visit him by special license. He was allowed to take the air, under a guard, but he seems to have been detained in the Castle, at least the Deputy-Governor is charged to remove the armed sentinel. In January 1754 articles of accusation were placed before the Lords of Session, and witnesses were examined, including old Alexander Stewart, who was brought from Appin 4 in a chaise.' He attested that, as early as 1713, he had written and witnessed some of the deeds, and again in 1728. Appin (whom one of the deeds especially concerned) gave evidence as to the authenticity of others, and quoted Lochiel's remarks to him, in 1746, about 1,000/. borrowed from Fassifern in 1741, and a bond given for the money by himself. He averred that Charles Stewart, writer in Banavie, accused now of forging that instrument, had really written and wit- nessed it, with Torcastle (in exile) and others (Cul- chenna and Lundavra), now dead. On these grounds Fassifern petitioned for bail. He had lain in prison for ten months, and his eyes were so impaired that he SQUALOR CARCEBIS 16*3 could not see to read. He must sink sub squalon carceris, and be * uprooted' in earnest. To all this plea it was replied 'thai many persons, even of those who would not do injustice in private affairs, are too easily induced to countenance an in- justice done to the public ' — that is. by getting public money out of the forfeited estates. Fassifern, with his 'connections and influence, might, if at liberty, use means to prevent discoveries.' There is thus one law (an unpleasant law) for the rich, and another for the poor. Finally Fassifern's ' coolness and silence on the loss of papers of such consequence, notwithstanding his being confessedly a sensible careful man, were mentioned as very suspicious circumstances.' No doubt they are suspicious, but that a 'sensible careful man,' of the best family, should, as charged, forge a bond of 90/. from his own gardener, still in his service, is also a very improbable kind of accusa- tion. Fassifern and Charles Stewart were, therefore, Left snl) s,jii,il,iri> ciirccris (March (>, 1751). In August 1754 they again petitioned for bail. They had lain in gaol for fifteen months on no capita] charge. ' There is not one of the deeds under chal- lenge that does not seem to be supported by unim peachable evidence,' as of Appin, a man of honour, and old Alexander Stewart. 'They have suffered punishment beyond bounds already, without example, and since The Happy Revolution, neither heard of nor dreamed of in our neighbouring country. Eng- land. 168 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Bail was not granted, and the Lord Advocate told a very extraordinary and, it may be said, inconsistent tale. His witnesses, lie alleged, ' have thought fit to stand a second diligence for compelling them to appear, and, though wrote to, have not given any answer.' Of course there may be two interpretations of this reluctance, or even three. The witnesses may be coerced by local sentiment, or may not care to take oath to their evidence, or may have reason to suppose that they are not really wanted, as the Crown manifestly merely wishes to keep Fassifern out of his own country. The evidence of one in- former has been given as to forged discharges of Lochiel's. The Government, however, dropped that slander, while keeping up other charges, not sup- ported by evidence given in Court. The Advocate then carries back the orioin of o the trouble to the Loch Arkaig- treasure. In some quarrel about this, a person was 'heard to declare, that, in self defence, he would make known to persons in the King's service what he knew, or had learned, concerning forged deeds prepared by Fassfern and Charles Stewart.' This information he actually gave to Colonel Crawfurd. This was certainly one of the witnesses who would not answer to his subpoena, or come to the trial in spite of repeated ' diligences.' Lochaber was not likely to be a happy home for him afterwards ; Lochaber no more ! would probably be the burden of his song. Even Glenevis had three shots fired at him, in November 1752, between Fort CHARLES STEWART L69 William and his own house. So he alleges in a memorial, or petition, in the State Papers. The Colonel then sen! for Charles Stewart, who had Ik-cm introduced to him as a lit persoD for managing prosecutions againsl wearers of the philabeg. Charles Stewart, before the arrest of Fassifern, gave Colonel Crawford, at Fori William, a written set of Remarks on Fassifern's claims, impeaching the authenticity of those to which Appin and Charles Stewart had sworn. including the gardener's 90/. But Charles Stewart, when examined before the Lords, withdrew all this, and vowed that lie had already denied it to the Colonel. When shown the written statement, he acknowledged that it was in his hand, but that he had written it 'to pacify the Colonel, who was then in a greal rage.' For, in early summer, 1752, 'a very hot inquiry was going on touching the murder of Grlenure.' Eelations of Charles Stewart were im- prisoned, and Colonel Crawfurd, interrogating Charles on the claims of Fassifern, told him that he, Charles, • was suspected of some accession to Glenure's murder, and was to be imprisoned if he did not speak out, and make discoveries againsl the claims upon Lochiel's forfeiture.' Charles ' cannol affirm' that he did not 4 soothe Col. Crawfurd, who appeared to be in greal passion,' by telling tales against the claims, bul rather suspects that he did. But, if he did, he admits that he lied, 'in the confusion and terror he was then in." So far, the evidence before the Court is that of a witness who declines to be sworn, and of 170 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE a prisoner who withdraws testimony extorted by threats. The Lord Advocate next quoted a letter to Fassi- fern, from his Edinburgh agent, Mr. Macfarlane, of December 1751 — that is, shortly after Fassifern's re- lease in the affair of the treasure. Mr. Macfarlane obscurely warns him in this letter ' not to be carried, for the sake of a small paultry sum of money into difficulties.' ' Mines were to be sprung,' ' odd appel- lations are given,' phrases which may, or may not, refer to the business of the French gold. The Advocate then told how Fassifern, in summer, 1752, a year before his arrest in 1753, got his bag of papers from Mr. Macfarlane and returned it, since when no mortal has seen the incriminated deeds. This, of course, is the crucial point ; but Mr. Macfar- lane had himself prepared Fassifern's claim from the very deeds which, having disappeared, are now said to have been recently forged. Mr. Macfarlane can have seen nothing suspicious in them, or he would not have made them the basis of a claim drawn up by himself. His suspicions of 1751 would have re- vived, and he would have abandoned the case. He still acts daily for Fassifern, but Fassifern has not recovered the documents, nor tried seriously to re- cover them. On these grounds bail was again refused. No decision was arrived at by the Lords of Session till January 1755. By that time all danger from Jacobitism was over. Charles was deserted by OBSTRUCTING THE FIELD I i 1 Prussia, by the Earl Marischal, and by his English adherents. The Lords found Fassifern guilty of abstracting his own papers, from the bag in Mr. MLacfarlane's custody. These papers it was inferred, were forged. Be was sentenced to ten years of banishment, which he passed at Alnwick. Charles Stewart was deprived of his office of notary public. • Some of the Lords were of opinion thai there was not a proof of guilt sufficient to infer any punishment . But others were of a different opinion.' In Fassifern's plea he complained of Colonel Crawfurd's frequenl examinations of Charles Stewart, and of a present of 10/. made by him to that notary. Innocent or guilty, Fassifern was ' uprooted, which is what we ought chiefly to have in view,' to quote Colonel Crawfurd. The gross oppressiveness of the proceedings, the unexplained delays, the series of charges "dropped out,' the bullying and cajoling of prisoners under examination, the unconcealed politi- cal motive, and the rewards of farms which, we learn, were given to the informers, are all character- istic of justice in Scotland after Culloden. The improbability of the charge, against 'a sensible careful man,' must be set against the mystery of the disappearance of the papers. In that disappearance the ' uprooters ' had, of course, no less interest than the accused. After nearly two years sub squahre caret -ris. Fassifern was condemned for suborning the forgery of papers not in evidence. In fact, after all the schemes for his uprooting, he was (in cricketing 172 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE phrase) ' given out ' — several of the Fifteen dissenting — ' for obstructing the field.' What is the legal name for this offence ? This affair had lingered on from May 1753 to January 1755 before the Fifteen, the Lords of Session. It is probable that a jury, disgusted by the military methods of extorting evidence, would have made short work of the case, and acquitted Fassifern. Of this temper in a jury we have a curious contem- porary instance. Sir Walter Scott printed for the Bannatyne Club the trial, in June 1754, of Duncan Terig, or Clerk, and Alexander Bain Macdonald, for the murder of Sergeant Davies, of Guise's regiment, in 1749, on Christie Hill, in Braemar. There was really no doubt of the guilt of the accused. Scott, who knew one of their counsel, says that they them- selves were convinced of the fact. But two Highland witnesses told a story of the murdered sergeant's ghost, which appeared to them in 1750. By making fun of this apparition, the advocates for the defence, Scott says, secured an acquittal in face of the evidence. Probably the jury had another motive — namely, indignation at military extortion of evidence. A certain Ensign Small has been mentioned. He seems to have been an astute and energetic man. We find him everywhere in the Cumberland Papers. He it was who, soon after Culloden, arrested the Barisdales in a cave, and took their swords. In 1749 he arrested Barisdale on his return from France. He pursued Lochgarry (after Dr. Cameron's arrest) into England, ENSIGN sm \u 1 ,;; and searched the vessels leaving the porta of the Easl Coast. We findhim in the Eslands, mixing with the people in disguise, and reporting their murmurs and their curses od the Chiefs and the Prince. In Knoy dart he uotes thai the commons have lost their taste for a rising. Small was rewarded by a factorship on the forfeited estates of Cluny and Robertson of Strowan, and exerted himself to procure the con- demnation of the murderers of Sergeanl Davies. Now on June II. L754, Mr. Alexander Lockhart, one -.A' the counsel for the accused, laid a complainl against Small before the Court of Session. By Small's instigation, Lockharl said, Terig and Macdonald were charged with the crime. Small had soughl out and privately examined witnesses, 'giving them an obliga- tion to stand between them and any hazard they might incur thereby' — such protection was very necessary. 'He endeavoured to intimidate such as would not say such strong things as he wished, or expected.' Lockhart asks ' how far these practices ' (the very practices employed to 'uproot' Fassifern) 'should be tolerated?" Moreover, Small had been s\v;i;_>i!eriii!_'' with a sword, had stopped Lockhart in the Parliament ( 'lose, had insulted, challenged him, and shaken a stick over his head: 'which, if he meant to resent, he would be at no loss to find out where the said -lames Small lived.' Small replied that, after doing his best to bring Clerk and Macdonald to trial, his character had been blackened by Lockhart before the jury, as having 174 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE pursued the accused for private reasons of malice. As an officer and a gentleman, believing in his heart that the accused were guilty (which they undoubtedly were), he had resented the license of Lockhart. Small was found guilty of contempt, bound over to keep the peace, and obliged to apologise. Meanwhile General Bland, Governor of Edinburgh Castle, justified Ensign Small in a letter to the English Ministry. Lockhart, the General denounces as a ' famous foul-mouthed Jacobite advocate.' He had ' concerted ' his abuse of the Ensign in court ' with his Jacobite fraternity.' The Ensign had very properly ' taken him by the nose, and called him a scoundrell. He took it quietly.' If Lockhart is not warned, his bones will be broken. The General has used his influence with the judges to secure easy terms for the loyal Ensign. 1 The docile judges, ' the Fifteen,' had accepted evidence extorted by military violence in what was really a political case, that of Fassifern. But it is clear that the jury, in the case of the Sergeant's murder, had resented such intimidation, as de- nounced by Lockhart, and this resentment, rather than the ghost story, probably procured the acquittal of two undeniable robbers and murderers, Terig, or Clerk, and Macdonald. 2 Another curious instance of the methods of 1 June 18, 1754, State Papers. 2 Scots Magazine, June 1754. The details of Fassifem's imprison- ment and condemnation are taken from the Scots Magazine of 1753- 1754. JAMES MOHR M ^.CGKEGOB I Jb Gtovernmeni occurs in the case of James Mohr. It was generally suspected that Government connived at his escape from Edinburgh Castle in the disguise of a cobbler (November L6, L752). The Government, however, broke the lieutenants of the guard, deprived the sergeant of his stripes, and whipped the porter. Bui we find ;i remarkable letter of General Churchill's, 1 saying that '.lames Mohr had been i iiken up on the abduction charge,' and was ex- tremely anxious to make disclosures. That his recent behaviour cannot allow him to be believed unless he is allowed to suppose 'his life is at stake.' That ' should your Grace think proper to employ him, the great difficulty is to bring about his libera- tion without raising a suspicion of the Cause, nor can it be so effectually done as by giveing private orders to <> Party of the Troops employed in escorting him to favour his escape* If this suggestion was acted on later, if James was allowed to escape from Edinburgh Castle that he might become a spy, as he did, the lieutenants, the sergeant, and the porter were very scurvily treated. The game of justice was not played with much scru- pulousness by the English Government, 1 No. 48 S. P. S. From Churchill to Newcastle, Nov. 19, 1751. The story of the ghostly evidence in Sergeant Davies's case will be found in the author's Book of Dreams and Ghosts. 176 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE IX A GENTLEMAN OF KNOYDAET The modern autobiographical romance of adventure has perhaps been overdone. The hero is always very young and very brave ; he is mixed up with great affairs ; he is a true lover ; he marries the heroine, and he leaves his Memoirs (at six shillings) to posterity. Stereotyped as is the method, and mechanical as are most of the novels thus con- structed, it is interesting to compare with them a set of genuine Memoirs, which actually are what the novels pretend to be. Colonel John Macdonell, the author of the Memoirs, was of the Scottos family, a branch of the House of Glengarry. Indeed, in the male line the chiefs of Clan Donald are now represented by the head of the Scottos branch, not to enter on the old controversy as to the chiefship of Clan Eanald. Our Colonel was born in 1728, and was therefore a boy of eighteen in 1746. He had already been con- versant with great adventures ; he had seen Eome and his King, had been thrice wounded in one engagement of the Italian wars, and had relinquished his excellent prospects in the Spanish service to fight FACT AND FICTION 1 i t for the White Rose. An emissary between the Duke of York (nol yet Cardinal) and the Prince, the bearer of a treasure in gold, our hero arrived in the High lands just after Culloden. Bobbed by the wicked Riackenzies, associated with the last rally of the Loyal clans, betrayed by a cousin to a Hanoverian dungeon, young Maedmicll must needs fall in love, at this juncture, with his future wife. He insults his enemies, cows the traitor who denounced him (or another traitor), marries his lad}', retires to Canada, and. dying in IS III. leaves his Memoirs to his children. What more can be asked from a hero? * Oh, Colonel Maedonell and Mr. Robert Louis Stevenson, which of you imitated the other?' the critic is tempted to exclaim. But, if the real Colonel John 'does it more natural," the fictitious David Balfour 'does it with the better grace. ' The good Colonel never, of course, discourses to us about his contend- ing emotions, or dilates, like Mr. Balfour, on the various trains of casuistry which meet in his simple soul. He never describes a place, nor a person, not even when he meets his King, the Duke of York, or the Due de Fitzjames ; he only describes action, vividly enough. He leaves out the love-inteivst, with the meresl allusion; and thus, though the Colonel played a heroic part in romantic occurrences. be did not write a romance. He arranges his recol- lections ill, ignoring essential facts, and, later, dragging them in very awkwardly. His Memoirs N 178 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE are such as an elderly warrior of his period would naturally pen ; they illustrate the chaotic condition of Highland morals and manners in 1745-54, and introduce us to figures familiar in the Prince's cam- paign of Scotland. 1 Scotus, Scottos, or Scothouse, the estate of the Colonel's family, lies in the south of Knoydart, and on the north side of the entrance to Loch Nevis, just opposite to the Aird of Sleat in Skye. On the north of Knoydart, and on the south shore of Loch Hourn, is Barisdale, the seat of the Colonel's cousin, Col of Barisdale, the tallest man and the greatest robber, ruffian, and traitor of Clan Donald. Universal testi- mony, from that of the Chevalier Johnstone to the Whig Manuscript of 1750, applauds the family of Scottos as brave gentlemen, honest in the midst of ' a den of thieves ' (says our Whig author), loyal when loyalty had most to tempt or discourage it.- Our Colonel's father was a younger son of old Scottos. He resided at Crowlin ; concerning his means of life we learn nothing, but the Colonel was always well supplied with money in his boyhood. The clan were Catholics, and John's father, in 1740, sent the boy, then aged twelve, to be educated at the Scots College in Some. He was accompanied by a lad of fourteen, Angus Macdonald, of the Clan Eanald family. From Edinburgh they sailed to Boulogne, and in Paris were 1 Written before 1810, the Memoirs are published in the Canadian Magazine of 1828. Mr. McLennan has founded on these papers his excellent romance, Sjianish John. AN ADVENTURE 1 , ".I entertained by -Mr. George bines, head of the Scuts College and brother of Thomas Lines, the first really critical writer on early Scottish history. From Paris the pair of boys went, partly by water, parti}- in a caleche, to Avignon and Marseille-, whence they end larked for Toulon. Here they met with the fol- lowing adventure, which may be given as an example of the Colonel's style in narrative, though it had no sequel. .Most of his advent nres led to nothing, unlike the course of fiction : — v < me night, as we walked through the streets and were cracking nuts, my comrade, who was somewhat roguish, observed a Monsieur with a large powdered wig. and his hat under his arm, going past us; he took a handful of nuts from his pocket and threw them with all his force at the Frenchman's head, which unfortunately disordered his wig. Monsieur turned upon and collared him; by good luck a Spaniard was of our {tarty, who instantly ran to the relief of my comrade and gave the Frenchman a severe drubbing. We then adjourned to a tavern, when our Spaniard, calling for a bottle of wine, brought me to a private room, and after bolting the d ', to my great terror and surprise, drew a stiletto with his right hand from his left bosom, and made me to understand by signs thai with that weapon he would have killed the Frenchman, if he had proved too strong for him. lie then took a net purse OUl of hi- pockel wherein there appeared to be aboul a hundred Spanish pistoles, and made me an offer of a N 1' 180 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE part : I made him a low bow, but, not standing in need of it, would not accept of his liberality, for I thought I had enough, being always purse-bearer for myself and companion. My friend made sometimes free with my pockets, merely to try if I should miss anything, and was happy to find that I made a dis- covery of his tricks by immediately missing what he took in that way. ... I bought out of our stock two large folding French knives, by way of carvers, in case of any sinister accident.' Such an accident of travel presently occurred. A Mr. O'Eourk of Tipperary, on his way to study at Eome, introduced the boys to a certain Mr. Creach, late of the Irish brigade in Spanish service. Mr. Creach, finding Master Macdonell alone in his room, tried to rob him. Macdonell flew at the man ; Angus Macdonald entered ; the pair threw Creach on the ground, and John had his ' carver ' out, with a view to cutting Creach's throat, when O'Eourk interfered with this wild Celtic justice. Arrived in Eome, the boys found that the fame of their exploit had pre- ceded them and done them good service, as they were reckoned lads of spirit. John, though the youngest pupil in the lowest class of the seminary, was advancing rapidly in his studies when, in the winter of 1743, Prince Charles rode out of Eome to a hunting-party, and, disguised as a Spanish courier, continued his course as far as Antibes. France had invited him, though, when he arrived, she neglected him. John now conceived SECOND SIGHT L8] that, iii iht- evenl of the Prince's Landing in England, 'My clan would not be the Last to join the young Charles. . . . This sel my brains agoing, which were not very settled of themselves. I goi disgusted with the life of a student, and thoughl I would be much happier in the army.' John, therefore, contrived to get 'introduced to King James by noblemen attending on thai Prince, who inquired of me particularly about my grand- father and granduncles [Glengarry and Barisdale, apparently], with all of whom he had been acquainted personally in the year 1715,' when Glengarry dis- tinguished himself so brilliantly, avenging the fallen Clan Ranald, at Sheriffmuir. A recommendation for John was sent to General .Macdonnell (of the Antrim family), then commanding the Irish of the Spanish forces in Italy, and, though the Cardinal Protector demurred to John's change of service, our hero was equipped with a sword by the Rector of his College. 'Presenting me with the sword, his eyes filled, and he told me that I should lose that sword by the enemy, which was verified in seven or eight months after.' The Rector had the second sight ! .Mr. Macdonell, a sage of sixteen, was now horri- fied by the ethical ideas which he surprised in the conversation of the young Italian gentlemen who rode with him to join the Spanish army. They assured him thai his military value depended on his emancipation from the prudish notions of ' a parcel of bigots, 1 but he was destined to refute this theory. 182 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE General Macdonnell admitted his young clansman to his own table, and put him in the way of seeing fire. He thus describes his first view of that element ; probably his emotions are common to recruits : — ' I'll tell you the truth, I felt myself rather queer, my heart panting very strong, not with bravery, I assure you. I thought that even^ bullet would finish [me], and thought seriously to run away, a cursed thought ! I dare never see my friends or nearest relations after such dastardly conduct. My thoughts were all at once cut short by the word of command, " Advance quick ! " We were at once within about one hundred paces of the enemy, to whom we gave so well directed a fire, that their impetuosity was bridled. The firing on both sides continued until dark came on, which put a stop to the work of the evening. The enemy retreated some distance back, and we rejoined our own army. I went to Genl. McDonnell, who asked me if I had smelled powder to-day ; I told him I had plentifully. " What, Sir," said he, " are you wounded ? " " No, please your Excellency." " Sir, you will never smell powder until you are wounded." I got great credit from the officers commanding the party I belonged to for my undaunted behaviour during the action, but they little knew what past within me before it began.' The smell of powder was soon in our hero's expe- rience. The Neapolitan general who commanded on alternate days with the French leader, withdrew his WOUNDED L83 troops from a strong position on the heights above Velletri, which was attacked by Prince Lobkwitz and the famous General Brown, with forty-five thousand A.ustrians There was daily fighting, and General MEacdonnell was stopped by his superior officer while in the very act of driving the Austrians from the deserted heights, which they, of course, had occupied. An Austrian surprise cut off Macdonell's resrimenl from the main force, and lie thus describes what occurred : 'For my own share I was among the last that gave way, but when I once turned my hack. 1 imagined that the enemy all aimed at me alone, and therefore ran with all my might, and thoughl there- was a weight tied to each of my legs, till T had out- run everyone, and looking behind, saw the whole coming up. I halted and faced about, every one as he came up did the same, we soon formed a regular line, and resolved to revenge our dead comrades and to light to the last ; but found our situation to be as- bad as before. . . . Eeduced to extremity we offered to capitulate on honourable terms, but could obtain no condition except surrendering at discretion, rather than which we resolved to fight while powder and ball remained among the living or the dead. <>tir officers and men fell very fast. I among the rest ■jot a ball through my thigh which prevented my standing; I crossed my (irelock under my thigh and shook it, to try if the bone was whole, which finding to be the case, dropped on one knee and Continued 184 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE firing. I received another shot, which threw me down ; I made once more an attempt to help my surviving comrades, but received a third wound, which quite disabled me. Loss of blood and no way of stopping it soon reduced my strength, I however, griped my sword to be ready to run through the first enemy that should insult me. ' All our ammunition being spent, not a single cartridge remained amongst the living or the dead, quarters were called for by the few that were yet alive. Many of the wounded were knocked on the head, and I did not escape with impunity. One approached me ; at first I made ready to run him through, but observing five more close to him, I dropt the sword, and was saluted with Hunts-foot, 1 accompanied with a cracking of muskets about my head. I was only sensible of three blows and fainted ; I suppose they thought me dead. On coining to myself again, I found my clothes were stripped off, weltering in my blood, and no one alive near me to speak to, twisting and rolling in the dust with pain, and my skin scorched by the sun. In this condition a Croat came up to me with a cocked pistol in his hand, and asked for my purse in bad Italian. I told him that I had no place to hide it in, and if he found it anywhere about me to take it. " Is that an answer for me, you son of a b — cli ? " at same time pointing his pistol straight between my 1 Hunts-foot (sic), i.e. leg of a dog, a term of reproach with the Germans. ,11, //">') I OLLOWS PRINCE CHARLIE L85 eyes. I saw no one near, bul the word quarter was scarcely expressed by me, when I saw his pistol-arm seized by a genteel young man dressed only in his waistcoat, who said to him, " You rascal, Lei tin- man die as he pleases; you see he has enough, go and kill some one able to resist." The fellow wenl oil'. Previous to this a Croat, taking my gold-laced hal and putting it upon his own head, coolly asked me how he looked in it. He then with his sabre cut oil' my queue and look it along with him.' A civilised scalp ! The Austrians, after all, lost the day. and a. certain Miles Macdonnell rescued our hero, and had him carried into hospital. Recovering, he returned to Home, and was welcomed in a flattering manner both by his King, who presented him with a sum of money, and by the young Duke of York. After seeing some service on the Po, young Macdonell obtained leave to go to Prance and join a detach- ment which was to aid Prince Charles in Scotland. At Lyons they heard of the Prince's defeat of llawley at Falkirk, but at Paris the news was worse, and of all the Jacobite volunteers (who were Irish) John Macdonell alone persevered. He urged that, as the Prince's affairs went ill, 'It was ungenerous noi to give what aid we were capable of, but I could not prevail on any of them to be of my opinion.' In fact, it was now plain that France did not mean to lend any solid assistance to the CaU8e. The I Mike of York since Christmas had ben waiting al Dunkirk 186 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE and Boulogne, expecting permission to sail for England with a large force, but delay followed delay. Young Macdonell now went to Boulogne, where he met the Duke, and was introduced by him to the Due de Fitzjames and to Lalry Tollendal. Here the good Colonel's memory deceives him, for he avers that Lally wished to take him to Pondicherry. Now Lally was deep in the Scottish rising, and did not leave France for India till ten years after 1746. 1 Young Macdonell, in these weeks of hope deferred, lived with the Duke of York at Boulogne, Dunkirk, and St. Omer. Finally, he set sail from Dunkirk with several Irish officers on the very day of Cul- loden, April 16. Here the Colonel is guilty of an artistic blunder in his narrative. It is plain, from his later state- ments, that the Duke of York made him the bearer of a letter, and a sum of 1,500/. or 2,000/. in gold, to Prince Charles. But we do not hear, till later, of the money or the missive. The little company with Macdonell rounded the Orkneys, landed in Loch Broom, and at once heard the fatal news of Culloden. Macdonell's uncle, Scottus, had fallen with twenty of his men, ' and nobody knew what was become of the Prince.' Colonel Macdonell never gives dates, but he must have arrived in Loch Broom between May 8 and May 12, 1746. On May 8, a meeting of chiefs was held at Murlagan, and a tryst appointed at Loch 1 Lally's adventures were romantic, and are only touched on by M. Humont in his Lally Tollendal, pp. 32-5. MACKENZIE TIIIK\ l - L8*3 Axkaig, in Lochiel's country, for May 1-V Our hero heard something of this at Loch Broom, and deter- mined to join the rallied dans. He fust wenl to Laffsr at the head of Little Loch Broom, where he found Colin Dearg Mackenzie of Laggy, with Beveral oth.-r Mackenzie gentlemen, and sixty of the clan. 'We thoughl ourselves as safe [he and his friend, Lynch, an Irish officer, as in the heart of France.' Now began the purely personal romance of the Colonel. The Mackenzies entertained him and Cap- tain Lynch at dinner in a dark and crowded room; he noticed thai men gathered .suspiciously behind him, and he remembered that they had remarked on the weight of his portmanteau. He therefore rose more than once from table to inspect that valise, but, while the company were drinking the Prince's health, Colin Dearg walked out. Absent, too, was the port- manteau, when the guests left the table, but Colin explained that he had packed it on the back of our Colonel's horse. There, indeed, it was. but when the Colonel stopped at Dundonell, and opened his valise in search of a pair of shoes, a canvas bag containing 1,0007. was missing. A gentleman of the Mackenzie clan had slashed open the portmanteau and stolen the money of the Prince whose health they were drink- ing ! It was the affair of the Loch Arkaig hoard on a smaller scale. The situation of our injured hero was the more awkward, as Dundonell. where lie i Maokes ie'a History of the Oomerons; see documents on pp. 238 It. 188 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE found himself, was the estate of a Mr. Mackenzie, nephew to the thief, Colin Dearg. Mr. Mackenzie was absent ; Mrs. Mackenzie was at home, but in bed. However, she saw Macdonell, who told her what had occurred, and entrusted to her another bag of five hundred guineas : ' If killed, I bequeath it to your ladyship. God be with you ! I wish you a good morning.' Accompanied by Lynch, Macdonell now returned to Laggy. He dared not use force against Colin Dearg, for, if he fell. Colin would win his own pardon by producing a letter from the Duke of York to Charles, which our hero was carrying, though he now mentions it for the first time. Accused by Mac- donell of taking the money, Colin Dearg denied all knowledge of it, and, as he was attended by a tail of armed clansmen, Macdonell had no resource but in retreat. He breakfasted at Dundonell with ' the most amiable lady,' took up the 500 guineas, and, after fatiguing marches, reached Loch Arkaig. On the shores of the remote and lonely loch our Colonel met, and recognised, his gigantic kinsman, the tru- culent Col of Barisdale. Col said that Lochiel and Murray of Broughton were at Achnacarry ; he himself and Lochgarry were mustering men, ' to try what terms could be got from the Duke of Cumberland.' This must have been on May 14. At Achnacarry the wounded Lochiel received our hero kindly, and Mr. Murray of Broughton took charge of the remaining 500 guineas and the letter CORROBORATION .189 from the Duke of York to the Prince. Lest any one should think thai the Colonel is romancing, there exists documentary evidence to corroborate his tale. The unhappy Murray of Broughton, in his accounts of the Prince's money after Culloden, writes: ' From a French officer who had landed upon the Easl ( loast, 61,000. X.B. — This French officer was charged with 2,000 guineas, but said lie had 1,0(1(1 taken from him as he passed through the Mackenzies' country, and gave in an account of deductions from the other thousand.' Murray adds thai he lias charged himself with 1.000/., Mho' he still thinks he did not receive quite so much.' He must have received the -5(10/. (perhaps in louis married Jean, daughter of Mackenzie of Davochmaluag, and died without issue. Hiatorij of the MacJcenzies, p. 585. 192 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE guineas each." Q. " You tell the truth, you are sure?" A. " As I shall answer, I do." Q. " Do you know to whom you are speaking ? " ^4. " To a friend and one of my own name." "No, you d — d rascal," seizing him suddenly by the breast with my left hand, at the same instant twitching out my dirk with the right, and throwing him upon his back, " / am that very MacdoneU." I own I was within an ace of run- ning him through the heart, but some sudden reflec- tion struck me — my being alone, and in a place where I was in a manner a stranger, among people which I had reason to distrust, I left the fellow upon his back, and re-entered the house (Torridon) in some hurry. My landlord, Mr. McKenzie of Torridon, met me in the entry, asked where I had been. I an- swered, " Taking a turn." " Have you met anything to vex you?" "No," I returned smiling. "Sir," says he, " I ask pardon, you went out with an inno- cent and harmless countenance, and you came in with a fierceness in your aspect past all description." " Mr. McKenzie," said I, " none of your scrutinizing remarks ; let us have our morning ! " " With all my heart," he replied. Soon after, being a little com- posed, I related to him my morning adventure. He remarked that the man was a stranger to him, and had been a soldier in Lord Cromartie's regiment. That very day I quitted that part of the country and returned home, where I continued sometime.' The some time must cover the years from 1747 to the autumn of 1749. Old Glengarry was released at A PRETTY. OAMISADO 193 thai date from Edinburgh Castle. To him, at Inver- garry, Colonel John told the story of his wrongs, and from his chief" he obtained an escort of five men. With these al his heels, he marched to Dundonell, and told Mr. Mackenzie that he desired a lncetin^ with Colin Dearg. Colin came, but his escort con- sisted of some thirty-five men armed with dirks and clubs. The Colonel, however, was determined to beard his enemy, and devised the following tactics. lie himself would sit between Colin Deari>" and Dun- donell : two of his five men would slip out and guard the door with drawn swords ; meanwhile the Colonel would insult the Mackenzies. If they raised a hand he would pistol Colin and dirk his host, Dundonell; his three retainers would fire the house, and the Macdonells would escape in the confusion or perish with their foes. It was a very pretty sketch for a camisado. ' After a short pause Dundonell mentioned the cause of our present meeting in as becoming a manna' as tin- subject would admit of; to which an evasive answer was returned by his uncle, Colin Dearg, pre- tending to deny the fact. I then took him up, and proved thai be himself was the very man who with his own hands had taken the gold out of my port- manteau, after cutting it open with some sharp instrument. This I said openly in the hearing of all present. To which I got no other reply than th.it "the money was gone and could not be accounted for." I returned that "If the cash was squandered 194 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE the reward due to such actions was yet extant " — and being asked what that was, I answered, "The gallows." At this expression the whole got up stand- ing, and seeing them all looking towards me, I drew my dirk and side pistol, and presenting one to my right and the other to my left, swore that if any motion was made against my life, I would despatch Dundonell and his uncle, who seeing me ready to put my threat in execution, begged of their people for the love of God to be quiet, which was directly obeyed. In the meantime my men had taken immediate posses- sion of the outside of the door and were prepared to act according to my orders. I called to them to stay where they were, but none of the people in the house knew what they had gone out for.' The money was gone, no man dared to touch our hero, and he and Dundonell went peacefully home together ! Our hero had dominated and insulted the Mackenzies and was obliged to be satisfied with that result. In the following years (1751-54) Knoydart and Lochaber were perfectly demoralised. The hidden treasure of Loch Arkaig had set Macdonalds against Camerons ; cousins were betraying cousins, and brothers were blackmailing brothers. The details (much veiled in this work) are to be found in the Duke of Cumberland's MSS. at Windsor Castle. The murder of Campbell of Glenure by Allan Breck, or by Sergeant Mohr Cameron, and the reports of Pickle, James Mohr, and a set of other spies, had alarmed A FAMILY UTAH: 195 the Gtovernmenl with fears of a rising aided by Prussia. Consequently arrests were frequent and no man knew whom he could trust. Col of Barisdale, a double-dyed traitor, was dead in gaol, bul his eldest son was being hunted on island, loch, and mountain. Now in a letter from an English officer, Captain Izard, dated September 30, 1701, and preserved at Windsor, lie says: 'Dr. Macdonald, living at Kylles, and brother of Glengarry, told thai young Barisdale lay at his house the Monday before and proposed going to the Isle of Skye.' The giver of this information was not a man in whom to confide. Our hero, however, confided. I >i-guised as a rough serving-man he went fishing for lythe with 'my relation, Dr. Macdonell of Kylles, an eminent physician.' An English vessel, the Porcu- pine, under the notorious Captain Fergusson, came in sight. Dr. Macdonell insisted on taking our hero on board her, and there, as he sat over his punch, in- formed the English officers that the servant who accompanied him was a gentleman. Fergusson arrested .Macdonell at once on suspicion of being young Barisdale, and he lay for some time a prisoner in Fort William. Xow the Doctor may only have I dabbed in his eups, but, taken with Captain Izard's report, his behaviour looks very odd. Our hero, however, does not suspect his relation, the hoctor, but denounces his cousin, Captain Allan .Macdonald of Knock, in Sleat, as his betrayer, and 'the greatesl Spy and informer in all Scotland.' However il be, o 2 196 TTIE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE the betrayal of Colonel John was apparently a family affair. A long list of charges, doubtless of Jacobite 1 dealings, was brought against him, and a midship- man on the Porcupine assured him that Allan Mac- donald of Knock was the informer. So the Colonel was locked up in Fort William, then, or just before, crowded with prisoners, such as Lochiel's uncle Fassifern, his agent, Charles Stuart, Barisdale's second son, and Cameron of Glenevis, with his brother Angus. The date must have been June or July, 1753, for young Barisdale was taken in July, and the Colonel was then a prisoner. Young Barisdale just escaped hanging ; Fassifern was exiled ; Stuart was accused of the Appin murder ; Sergeant Mohr Cameron was betrayed and executed ; the traitors were clansmen of the victims, and, though our Colonel says nothing of all this, the facts gave him good cause for anxiety. It is fair to add that no mention of his enemy, Macdonald of Knock, seems to occur in the Cumberland Papers, where so many spies hide their infamy. Our hero escaped by aid of Mr. Macleod of Ulnish, sheriff-depute of Skye, ' being both my friend and relation as well as the friend of justice.' This gentleman suppressed the only good evidence against the Colonel, which indeed merely proved his wearing the proscribed kilt. After nine months of gaol the Colonel was released and seized the first opportunity to challenge Knock, who would not face him. ALLAN OF KNOCB L97 So ends the Colonel's adventure. 'I was then in Love with your mother,' he says .-imply, and on this head In- says qo more. He had 'kept the bird in his bosom,' a treasure lost by many of his kin, and among them, one fears, by Allan of Knock. A certain Ranald Macdonell of [in] Scammadale and Crowlin, who, born about 1724, married in May 1815. and died in November of the same year, aged ninety, is said to have 'severely punished thai obnoxious person known as Allan of Knock, over whose remains there was placed an inscription not less fulsome than false.' 1 Allan, whether he betra\ ed the Colonel or not, has obviously a bad name in Knoydart. The Colonel lived happily on his property till 177:1. whm lie settled in Schoharie County, New York. W'lu-n the American rebellion' broke out he served in the Bang's Eoyal Regiment of New York, and, after the final collapse of the British, he retired to Cornwall in Ontario. As General Macdonnell wrote of him in 174G, 'He has always behaved as an honourable gentleman and a brave officer, irreproach able in every respect.' 1 Antiquarian Notes, by ('. Fraser Mackintosh, p. 156. 198 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE THE LAST YEARS OP GLENGARRY Headers who have followed the adventures of Pickle the Spy may care to know what were the later for- tunes of his inseparable companion, Young Glen- garry. These fortunes were not answerable to the expectations of the Chief. The death of Henry Pelham, in March 1754, blighted, as we shall learn, the hopes which Glengarry, like Pickle, had founded on the promises of the Prime Minister, and left him a debtor to Government for claims on his lands. That Young Glengarry, on reaching his estates in November 1754, behaved with oppressive dishonesty to his smaller wadsetters, men holding portions of his land in pawn, we learn from the report of Colonel Trapaud, who, for some sixty years, was Governor of Fort Augustus. Early in 1755, we find Glengarry at Inverness, where he signs a tack, or lease, on Janu- ary 24. A copy of an undated letter from Pickle represents Glengarry as ' making a grand tour round several parts of the Highlands, and having concourse of people from several clans to wait of him.' Glen- garry himself speaks, in a letter to be quoted, about such a gathering. In 1755, we find General Bland YOUNG LOCHGARR} l!)9 objecting to Glengarry's journeyings (when Tickle went to London), and on May 18, 1757, Captain John Macdonnell, of General Frazer's regiment, de- parting for America, makes Glengarry his 'factor and attorney,' also his executor and general legatee. 1 This Captain Macdonnel] was the younger Lochgarry, who accompanied Tickle in Edinburgh, in September L754. 'I hope, in case of accident, you'll take care of Young Lochgary,' writes Pickle.- 2 Captain Mac- donnell was later Colonel of the 76th, says General Stewart, and a previous owner of my copy of the General's book notes in the margin that ' he was wounded on the Heights of Abraham.' Critics who think that Glengarry was personated by Pickle will observe that Young Lochgarry knew both gentlemen and could not be deceived. He was Pickle's com- panion in Edinburgh when Tickle had just lost his father, a Highland chief. In 1757 he makes Glen- garry (who had suffered a similar bereavement at the same time as Pickle), his factor and legatee. There is, of course, no reason to suppose that Young Lochgarry had ever heard of such a mysterious per- sonage as Pickle. We know nothing else of Glengarry's life front L755 to 1757, when his manuscript letter book throws a melancholy light on his closing years. There is a draft of a letter of L757 and several drafts of L758 L759, in a Btitched folio wherein he entered the 1 Laing MSS., Edinburgh University Library. - Pickle, p. 282. 200 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE brouillons of his correspondence, not always in his own hand. On April 28, 1757, he wrote from Lon- don, probably from his rooms in Beaufort Buildings, Strand. He writes to his Edinburgh agent, Mr. Orme, W.S., on a variety of business. His action in settling his estates was much impeded by the retention of his charters and family papers by Sir Everard Falkner (or Faulkner), an English officer. ' I have prevailed,' he says, ' upon Mr. Brado, how (who) is a principal man amongst the Jewes, to endeavour to recover my charters from Sir Everard.' He expects to redeem all the wadsets on his lands, and to compound for a few of the most pressing of his father's debts. But he must have been dis- appointed, for on his death, in 1761, more of his estate was in the hands of wadsetters than in his own. He must, however, have secured proof of 'my propinquity to those of my predecessors left infeft,' for he was formally inducted into his property before an Inverness jury in 1758. He mentions that, when he left Scotland, ' the appearance of a famine threatened then the whole north,' and * his friends were buying meal in Buchan.' A wet summer and autumn always meant dearth in the Highlands. He alludes to some military oppression of one of his retainers : ' the attempt is so flagrant that it would not pass unpunished amongst the liotentots.' An unfinished draft appears to be addressed to General Frazer, son of Old Lovat. With him (if it is Frazer) he wants ' to settle family differences a LETTERS 201 Vaimable? Bis correspondent is leaving Scotland after recruiting. In June 1758, Glengarry was in correspondence with persons concerned in the affairs of his 8ister-in- law, widow of his brother uEneas, accidentally shot at Falkirk, in L746. JSneas musl have married very young; he was not twenty when he died, but he Left a son and a daughter. For some unknown reason Glengarry was on ill terms with his brother's widow, as will appear, and she would nol permit her children to visit their uncle. To this business the following letter refers : ' To Rory MLeod. ' (Dated GreenEeld, 22nd June, 17.38.) 'Dear Sir, — I am favour'd with yours by the last post, and am not a little surprized to understand by it that Mr Eobison should have wrotl either to Mr Drummond or you that I intended to dispose of my nephew contrar to the present system of moral education, all I said to Mr Eobison that if I sen! him abroad I could have him educated for nothing, bul that I did not myself aprove of this frugall method, but that I wouldadvise with Mr Drummond how to Dispose of him when I would be at Edinburgh, that if he inelin'd a military life, I might have in- terest to gel him a pair of Colours, but then 1 would insisl l he best moitie of his patrimony should be assigned to his sister, but that whal I inclined he 202 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE should follow was the law, if he had genius for that profession, and that in that case if Mr Drummond aprovd of it, I would send him for the sake of the language to some country schooll in England. This was all that passed upon honour, and Desired to send over the boy that I might make him acquaint in the country, and should only Detain him two months, I had a Double view in this as I had the countrey about that time all convened, it would have been fifty pounds in his way, and this I told Mr Eobison ; and at the same time, as the lassie had no English, I would Keep her all winter with my sister so that in spring she might be presentable, when I would send her for a little time to my sister's Dr Chisolme at Inverness. Mr. Eobison approved of all this, particularly of the lassy's coming, and, that he might not be blamed for retaining them, sent them to their Mother's, where the Girle has ever been, and laid the whole blame to her charge. I have still Mr Eobi- son's letter, but he has his views which I am resolved to frustrate. ... I will shew you my brother's dis- charge to ni)' father, and I have living witnesses that delivered him Cattle in payment of interest, and part principall, and as one of them is his father's brother, how would go all lengths for him, that there can be no objection to his evidence as Discharges have been burned or Destroyed after the Castle was blown up. . . . ' Your affect. Cousine and humble servant, ' Mackdonell.' I WIII.Y IT. I DS 203 Burl says thai 'to have the English' was the mark, among the Highlanders, of a gentleman's chil- dren. Glengarry's niece had as yel no English; her education bad doubtless been neglected in the dis- tresses consequenl on the Rising. Probably, too, her mother was poor, her husband's portion having been partly paid in cattle. These very cattle may have been among the 20,000 plundered by Cumberland's men after Culloden, as a volunteer writes in his little book of ' A Journey with the Army into Scotland' (1747). In a letter to Mr. < >rme, of unknown date, Glen- garry says that his sister-in-law 'is infamous." On the same affair of the nephew he writes again : — [No date.] ' Sir, — I have been frequently since my father's death abused in the good opinion conceived in former days of those that ought and were generally believed steadfast friends to this familly. but 1 musl confess I least of all expected it from any of yours, and least of all from yourself personally. I had a letter lately from Bobison of Ballnicaird acquainting me that Provost Drummond and you, despairing of the amicable agreement twixt my nephew and me, intended to push matters to the utmost, this was strange proceedings, without ever acquainting and in any event a strange procedure between me and my nephew wlieii tin- opinion of any one or two eminent in the law mighl in a lew moments decide 204 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE the whole without further expences, and when they come to the age to judge for themselves I believe they will be little oblidged to their present directors, Mr Drummond only excepted. I sent for my nephew and niece, their not arriving is laid to your advice, tho up to that time I little believed it, and from that Instant foresaw Mr Eobison and their infamous mother's drift. As Mr Drummond is so very good as take the trouble to look after any so ver}' near connections, least by others' drift he should be De- ceived, I must act the needful to have a near relation of the father's side subjoined with him to take care of the whole, and their Education, and bring their Mother and Mr Eobison to account for their inter- missions with his effects and moveables, most of which he received as payment, and at his Death were very considerable, there are still living witnesses that can prove this, and I have which I believe may be in my Agent's custody, his discharge or Bond for 6000 merks, pay'd by his father of his bond of patrimony. Should this stand in law, as it ought in equity, and Justice, I will refer any differences of this kind to any named by Mr Drummond, and another by me. ' . . . Acquaintance, friendship, and blood con- nection might expect a friendly demand, not by a Sheriff Officier. ' But as the world has taken a turn, and that men of business are not to mind such punctilios, I have nothing to say but that I hope it may not be M M LEOD 205 long when a blood relation and connection with this family may be claimed both as an honour and pro- tection, it was so formerly, and may be still the same.' (He adds that he wishes proceedings stayed still lie conies to Edinburgh, and refers to his 'late violent indisposition.') 'Your sincere friend and affect. Cousine.' This undated letter is probably of 1758. though early in L759 Glengarry had another very severe illness, from which it may be doubted if he ever entirely recovered. He writes to Mr. Orme, 'I am drinking goat-whey and milk, that is my diet ... I shall be soon upon my leggs, and see you soon.' The following is an important letter, undated in the draft, to the Chief of the Macleods : — [Undated. Really of June 21, 1758. ' Dear Macleod, — I thought to have had the pleasure some months ago of drinking a glass with you at White House. But a Severe fitt of sickness of which I am now getting the better prevented me. I have settled my affairs in the country as well as my present situation and the circumstances of my tenants could admitt, but as their whole [property] was once destroyed, and that they have not recovered yet quite in their stock I was oblidged to give them a longer delay than I expected.' He therefore asks Macleod to 'go conjunct with me insecurity for borrowing 400/.' — an invitation 206 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE which Macleod declined. If Macleod will not help him, ' I cannot be active in making aplication to be discharged of the claims the Government has against my estate, which I icas once made sure of, but that vanished with those then at the helme.' Such a promise, broken on the change of the hand at the helm, is several times referred to — by Pickle. He writes to the Duke of Newcastle, 'he bitterly complains that nothing has been done for him, of what was promis'd him in the strongest terms, and which he believes had been strickly per- formed had your most worthy Brother (Henry Pel- ham) his great friend and Patron, survived till now.' 1 Among the many odd coincidences between Pickle and Glengarry, this is not the least curious. Both the spy and the chief entertained great expec- tations from Government, and both confess that these hopes ' vanished with those then at the helme,' obviously, that is, with Henry Pelham's death. Glengarry goes on, in his letter to Macleod, ' but to be explicit on this ' (namely, on his ' being made sure ' of the abandonment of Government's claims on his estate) ' and the confusion my father and the late unluckie troubles left this estate would draw to tow great lenth, I will therefore reffer it till meeting.' He ends with compliments ' to Lady Macleod, and the two lovely little Misses.' 1 February 19, 1760, Pickle, p. 312 : also p. 266, April 8, 1754 : ' Since the loss of my worthy great friend [Henry Pelham] on whose word I wholly relay'd, everything comes far short of my expectations.' 'ovek \ m \'.m \i • 207 li would have been pleasant to hear Glengarry when, over a bottle, he was 'explicil ' on the reasons for which Henry Pelham promised to abate the de- mands "it his estate. Governmenl knew thai Glen- garry was in the affair of Loch Arkaig. They arrested his accomplices in L751, bul left him free. Governmenl knew, by their spies, that Glengarry frequented the Earl Marischal in Paris in 1752, and that, in 1753, he was perpetually running over, as a Jacobite agent, to Paris. But they then arrested Glenevis and Fassifern, while they promised to abate their claims on Glengarry's estate! To explain all this to Macleod 'over a magnum,' as Glengarry elsewhere convivially remarks, could not be an easy i ask. His letter, in the draft, is undated, but on the same page is a letter to his solicitor, Mr. Orme, "W.S.. dated 'Greenfield, 21 June, 1758.' In this letter he speaks of that just cited as having been sent ' by this very post.' Macleod was in Edinburgh, bul left before Glengarry's appeal could reach him. Now. without the 400/. the Chief could not go to town. He therefore wrote again to Macleod. repeal ing his supplication, and being ' explicit ' indeed as to his former patron in the Government, though not as to the reasons for his patronage. ' An absolute discharge of the heavie claim the Government has against me I was once promised, hut those that was then at the helme are n>> moreS The only person of those 'then at the helme' who was now, in 1 758, 'no more 5 was precisely 208 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Henry Pelham. He died in March 1754. Pickle was his ' man.' Pickle had received promises from him which were never fulfilled. So, oddly enough, had Glengarry ! We know what Pickle's services to Henry Pelham had been ; we can guess at those of Glengarry. But after Henry Pelham's death — in fact, at the very time of his death — Prince Charles's party broke up for ever in England, and the Earl Maris- chal quarrelled irreconcilably with the Prince. The services of Pickle were therefore no longer needed. Pelham's engagements with him were not kept, and the promise to Glengarry, by a coincidence, was also broken by the faithless English Government. People who maintain that Glengarry was not Pickle may be asked to produce a theory which will account for the singular series of coincidences in the fortunes of the Chief and the spy. Even in this new coincidence alone, it will be interesting to see how they explain the circumstance that Glengarry, like Pickle, found his expectations blasted, and the promises made to him unfulfilled, in consequence of the death of Pickle's employer, the brother of the Duke of Newcastle. What possible claim could a professed Jacobite agent, known for such to Govern- ment, as young Glengarry was, have on the good offices of the First Lord of the Treasury ? It has been fondly suggested that Pickle was an unknown miscreant, personating Glengarry. That will be shown to be physically impossible ; but, granting the hypothesis, why was Glengarry, no less than Pickle, • FOB AUGUSTUS' 209 favoured by Henry Pelham? No other person can be meant by the phrase 'those at the helme,' now ■ qo more.' Newcastle, indeed, was out of office in L756, it' *no more' is explained as c ou1 of ollice.' Bui when Glengarry wrote to Macleod in L758 Newcastle was again at the Treasury. Macleod would not back Glengarry's bill for 400/. His agents advised him against this measure. In February 1760 Pickle, who was anxious to go to London, asked the Ihike of Newcastle to send him a bill, payable at sight, 'for whatever little sum is judged proper for the present.' The Duke's answer, with the bill payable at sight for the little sum to defray Pickle's travelling expenses, is to be directed by his Grace ' To Alexander Mackdonell of Glengary by Foraugustus.' Apparently, then, Pickle had some means of getting at Glengarry's correspondence. The two gentlemen spell 'Fort Augustus' in the same singular way. On September 11, 1758, Glengarry wrote to Mr. Orme's subordinate : — 'Will you dow me the favour to order me the " Oalledonian Mercury " regullarly every post to the care of Mr. William Fraser, merchant at forAu- gustus?' The almost unvarying uniformity in bad spelling which marks Pickle and Glengarry will be com- mented on later. P 310 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE The last years of Glengarry were disturbed by the legal results of an early piece of domestic slyness. His father, old Glengarry, commonly described as a weak, indolent man, married, first, a lady named Mackenzie, of the Hilton family. As his eldest son was not of age in January 1745 the marriage may have been in 1723 or 1724. After bearing a second son, iEneas, and apparently a daughter, Isobel, Lady Glengarry died (1727). In a deed of 1728 we find Old Glengarry already remarried to a daughter of Gordon of Glenbucket, who in 1724 was nearly murdered by evicted Macphersons. The stepmother of Young- Glengarry was a managing woman, and ' factrix ' of her husband's estates. Now, in 1738 Old Glengarry pawned or ' wadsetted ' his lands of Cullachy to his kinsman Lochgarry. The wadsetter paid 2,000 merks in money and gave bills for the rest. But in January 1745, when Alastair was in Scotland on furlough from his French regiment, Old Glengarry formally ' disponed ' his estates to his eldest son. Doubtless this was done with an eye to the chances of a rising ; in any case, the transaction was kept a secret from Glengarry's wife and factrix. Hence arose trouble, for the pawned estate of Cullachy had been redeemed. Lochgarry had been paid his 2,000 merks, or they were set off against another debt, but his bills were not returned to him. They lay in Lady Glengarry's custody, and she could not be asked for them without revealing the secret transference of the whole property to Young Glen- CULLACHY 21 ! garry i" 17 1"). Be therefore gave Lochuarrv a written promise thai the bills should never be used againsl bim. Bui Lochgarry being attainted, after L745,and exiled, his possessions were forfeited to the Crown. Government therefore demanded, in 1758, that (ileii-arry -hould redeem from them Lochgarry's wadset of Cullachy. Ee pleaded thai it was already redeemed before L745, but of this he could bring no evidence. He writes to his A.gen1 on A.ugus1 2, 1 758, that he is not certain of the year of the wadset (really L738), as be was not then in the kingdom; he was in France. ' Lochgarry being more in debl to the familly than the [amount of the] mortgage, be delivered up his contract of wadset t, which 1 thought was all the seremony necessary; and the signature 1 icing tore from it was laid, according to custom. among the family papers, which were carried off, and are now in Sir Everard Falconers custody.' Ee knows little of estate affairs, ' as I was always abroad.' His rental of 1744 was burned with the house of his factor, Donald McDonell, Younger of Scotns. After the Rebellion, he did not meddle in matters of the property, till his father's death (1754). ' The tenants could hardly pay what would subsist him.' 1 Every tenant took possession of what farme he pleased.' in 174(1 'Mrs. Mc.Donell of Lochgarybeing destitute of all suport, having a numerous family of young chiMn-n. came from Badenoch, took poj sion of Cullachy, and there lived until] she followed her Husband abroad.' p 2 212 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE ' The lands of Cullachie was only set till lately from year to year, the tenants were frequently removed, I know of no written rent all, it is not customary . . . Discharges were not formerly re- quired, nor were they necssary.' Glengarry explains all this to his Agent on January 6, 1759 : — ' When I got disposition to my Father's estate I was then under age, at this time Lady Glengarry, how [who] then had so much to Say with her husband, the Disposition Grant was concealed from her, and as the Bill granted by Lochgarry was in her Custody, had they demanded it would have Discovered the Scheme in my favours, I granted my Obligatory to Lochgery that these Bills should never make against him.' The sense can be puzzled out of the anacoloutha. On February 3, 1759, he repeats his story : — ' I will only observe that the reason of the bills not being cancelled or retired by Lockgerry, was that they were then in Lady Glengarry's custody, and that the disposition of my Father's estate in my favour was keept secret from her, which would have been discovered had Lochgerry demanded his bills, and this occasioned my giving him my obligation they should never make against him.' The whole affair is a specimen of the informal manner in which Highland business was done. The frequency of ' removals ' of tenants also throws doubt on the theory that Evictions were a novelty intro- COLONEL TRAPAUD 1:1 3 duced by the Commissioners of Forfeited Estates. The anarchy after Culloden is shown by the squatting of tenants on whatever farms they chose to select. The Judges could not be induced to accept < den- garry's account of the redemption of Cullachy, as he bad im» documentary evidence, and Cullachy appears, after the Chiefs death, among his mortgaged lands. 1 The latest of the drafts in Glengarry's Letter Book are of December 17-~)S, January L759. He appears much aggrieved by Colonel Trapaud, < rovernor of Fort Augustus, for the following cause : his ground-steward had been claimed, unjustly it seems, as a deserter from the army. A party of Boldiers then acted in the manner described in the following draft, which has no date or address : — ' The party in the dead of nighl was posted round my hutt, of which I was ignorant untill my servants were stopped from going from door to door. Alarmed at this, I suspected some straglers were come to break <>pcn some valts in the old Castle, which was formerly hone.' The indignant chief drafts the following remon- strance to Colonel Trapaud : — 'I never thought to have reason to write you in so eooll a strain. My own Behaviour, not to mention the pollitess showen to you by my friends in Generall since you lived in this countrey claimd a more Gentle return, and as our Actions arc always above Board It depends upon j'ourself thai the same 1 Antiquarian Notes, p. 123. 214 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Harmcmy Should allways subsist, and I will be very happie still to remain, Sir, Your sincere friend and Humble servant.' Trapaud's behaviour, Glengarry writes, is ' pick- ing,' and Pickle also spells pique ' pick.' The worst of it is that Glengarry ' is lick to lose the use of his eyes,' for at the time of this assault in his ' hutt ' he was exceedingly ill. ' I am now writting,' he says to Colonel Lambert (January 6, 1759) 'in this confus'd stile with only the fowrth part of one eye open, beeing near losing my life with a plague of a dis- temper, which, when recovered, seised my eyes.' On January 15, 1759, he tells Captain Forbes that he can hardly see. On February 24, 1759, he expresses a civil surprise at Macleod's refusal to back his bill for 400/. On February 3, he was still ' hardly able to crall,' but intended to go south ; his sister Bell was going to Edinburgh. Macleod's persistent refusal probably made the journey to London impossible, where Glengarry expected ' to be off or on with the Government claim against my estate.' There are no later drafts in the Letter Book, but Pickle, at all events, had the use of his eyes when he wrote to the Duke of Newcastle on February 19, 1760, 1 offering to raise a regiment. Glengarry, six weeks later, urged the same proposal through the Duke of Atholl. On April 21, 1761, Glengarry made his will. He 1 Pickle, pp. 812-314. GLENGARRY'S DEATH 215 recommends his sister and sole executrix to seal up his cabinet, which is nut to be opened 'till the friends of the family meet.' The Macdonnells of Greenfield, Leek, and Cullachy are then * to see all the political and useless letters among my papers burnt and destroyed, as the preservation of them can answer no purpose.' Mr. Fraser Mackintosh, who publishes these extracts, adds.- why Glengarry who lived several months after the execution of his will, did not himself destroy the papers above alluded to, can be con- jectured by people for themselves — all that need be said here is that their destruction was a pity, and the reason given unsatisfactory.' l His affairs ' were found to be in a deplorable state.' It may be conjectured that Glengarry clung to his papers, which must have been compromising enough. If his malady again affected his eves, he might be unable to select the documents which it was wiser to destroy. Nor could he well endure to entrust c my sister Bell ' with the task of selection. She must not know her brother's guilt. Thai secret must have oozed out, for it has left traces in tradition/' Thus (dosed miserably a singular career. Im- poverished, dying in a ' hutt,' beside the ruins of his feudal castle, distrusted, not even permitted to see his young nephew and heir. Glengarry reaped the harvesl -own by his mysterious attendant. Pickle. ' Antiquarian Notes, pp. 120, 121. '-' The tradition of Glengarry's treachery has reached me both from Scotland and America, under dread secrecj ! 216 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE XI THE CASE AGAINST GLENGARRY Of all the companions of Pickle, the most inseparable was Glengarry. Now, since the appearance of ' Pickle the Spy,' the author has been denounced before the Gaelic Society! Amidst 'applause' a Celtic gentle- man, the news-sheets say, accused me of bringing a charge of an odious nature, icithout any 'proofs. Of course, if I have no proofs, nobod}^ who thinks so need argue against what I, myself, regard as a chain of irrefragable circumstantial evidence. Nor am I aware that an} T arguments, beyond clamour, have been advanced, in favour of Glengarry's innocence, except those which I shall presently examine. But first I must meet the charge of wresting facts to suit my ' prepossessions.' I had no prepossessions : how should I ? If I knew so much as that there was any young Glengarry, before I read the Pickle letters, it was the limit of my information. These documents were pointed out to me, several years ago, by Sir E. Maunde Thompson, when I was in search of a manuscript to print for the Eoxburghe Club. I began to read them, where they are to be found, scattered through five or six volumes of the Pelham Papers, in the British Museum. THE PURSUIT OF PICKLE 217 They are aol all in sequence in one volume, nor in chronological order. On a first hasty examination, nothing appeared to indicate their author. I there- fore had transcripts made of the Tickle Letters, and, after reading them, arranged them chronologically, being helped, where dates failed, by their allusions to public events: such as the death of Frederick, Prince of Wales, the death of Henry Pelham, and so forth. On a first glance at the originals, I had no hope of detecting the spy called Pickle, lie might be a Bervant, secretary, or retainer of any Jacobite family. But indications as to his identity kept occurring, when once the papers were sorted, and the hunting instinct awoke in the reader, the lever of the chase. Pickle was apparently no 'paltry vidette,' for he was in close relations with the Prime Minister, Henry Pelham, and, later, with the Duke of Newcastle. Now a lacquey may, as Sir Charles Hanbury Williams'- dispatches show, report to an Ambassador, but a Prime Minister is less easy of access. Next. Pickle was, or had succeeded in persuading Pelham thai he Mas, a person of the first importance in the Highlands. A critic has replied that, of course, a spy would pretend to be important, and, naturally, would be accepted as such. Ministers are scarcely so gullible. They do not accept a carnal stranger's identity without inquiry. Presently it appeared, from a letter of the Courl Trusty, or Secret Service man. Bruce, 3 who attended 'In 1749 a Mr. Brace was appointed to survey the forfeited and 218 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Pickle in Edinburgh, that he now, by his father's death, was head of a great clan. Pickle's father's death occurred in September 1754. Now, on ex- amination, it appeared that Old Glengarry, and no other Chief, died on September 1, 1754, in Edin- burgh, where we find Pickle, with Young Lochgarry, in mid September. Pickle, writes Bruce, the Court Trusty (signing 'Cromwell') is adulated by military society in Edinburgh, where he stays for at least a month. He is to be observed, when he goes North, by the Governor of Fort Augustus, near which lie Glengarry's lands. The Governor (Trapaud) writes unfavourably of the new Glengarry (December 13, 1754), and Pickle writes that he will, if not per- mitted the use of arms, prevent officers from shooting over his lands. Pickle then is, or affects to be, a young Chief, just come, by his father's death at Edinburgh, in Septem- ber, into estates near Fort Augustus. He is also, or pretends to be, the chief of the Macdonnells, for he says (April 1754),' there could be no rising in Scotland without the Macdonnells : he is sure that he shall have the first notice of anything of the kind ; and he is sure that the Young Pretender would do nothing without him.' Finally (as stated on p. 209), writing to the Duke of Newcastle (Feb. 19, 1760), he speaks of unforfeited estates of the Highlands, including Glengarry's. Pickle speaks of employing ' Cromwell ' (Bruce) to draw up for him a judicial rent roll. The two Bruces, the surveyor and the Court Trusty, are ohviously the same man, and he is probably the writer of the tract, The Highlands in 1750. (MS. 104. King's Library.) A WORKING HYPOTHESIS 219 Tickle in the third person, says thai he is ready to raise a Highland regiment (which only a Chief could , and ends, ' Direction ' (of reply) ■ To Alexander Miackdonnell, of Glengary, by Foraugustus.' Before I read thai line, 1 had said to a Highland friend, ■ The traitor is a Macdonald.' ' Not Clanranald, I hope,' he answered, and then Tickle's last letter gave me the clue to ( dengarry. Thus there was, and could be, no 'prepossession ' <>il my part. The circumstances all pointed direct to Glengarry, or to a personator of his, and to no one else. Thus it became a 'working hypothesis ' thai Tickle either was, or was personal in g, Glengarry: a Chief on terms of perfect intimacy with Prince Charles. He was, or affected to be, a Macdonnell. ;i Chief, with lands near Fort Augustus, to which In- succeeded by his father's death in September 1754, the date of the death of Old Glengarry. Taking Pickle's identity, natural or feigned, with Young Glengarry, as a working hypothesis, it became necessary to trace the career of that chief. At every stage, in every detail and date, after 1750, what- ever was true of Young Glengarry was found to be true of Tickle. Every gleam of Lighl thai revealed the |on ;j forgotten incidents of Young Glengarry's career, after L750, fell also on the sinister features of Pickle. .My hypothesis thus 'colligated' all the facts. New facts from MSS. came into view after my book was published ; my hypothesis colligated tin-. 'also. Everything fell into its place: everything 220 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE coincided in the identification of Pickle with Young Glengarry. To upset the evidence of a long series of coincidences, all pointing in the same direction, some hypothesis other than the hypothesis that Pickle is Glengarry must be advanced. Only one alternative suggestion has been ventured, as far as I am aware — namely, that Glengarry was personated throughout, for ten }^ears, by some unknown ' inward ' or close intimate, calling himself ' Pickle.' That hypothesis I shall prove to be not only morally but physically impossible, to demand a physical and moral miracle. We are left, then, with the equation, Pickle = Glengarry. 1 To the a priori objection, that it is morally incon- ceivable that a Highland Chief, of character hitherto unsuspected, should sink so low, I need hardly reply. Too many Chiefs, from the death of Malcolm MacHeth, had been in the same galere. Young Glengarry, more- over, was suspected by several independent witnesses. We have also read the story of Barisdale, Glengarry's cousin. A priori improbability there is none. We therefore proceed to examine the career of Young Glengany, and to show how his comings and goings, his entrances and exits, the changes in his fortunes, his unconsidered private letters, his spelling, and his handwriting, all combine to identify him with the author of the Pickle Correspondence. 1 It is needless to consider the theory that Pickle was James Mohr Macgregor, who died in 1754. A QUAKEB AT [NVERQ \i:i;Y 22J About the early years of Alastair Ruadfa Mac- doniicll of Glengarry it is unnecessary to write at greal Length. Born apparently aboul L725, for he was not ot' age in the beginning of 174"), Young Glengarry had one brother of the full blood, iEneas, accidentally shot at Falkirk in 1746. Tic had also a sister, [sobel. Before 1728 his mother died. Wodrow says that she was imprisoned by her husband on an islet, and died of hunger (1727). Young Glen- garry now received a stepmother, a daughter of (ionlon of Glenbucket. He does not seem to have been attached to this lady, who bore two sons to Old Glengarry. According to Murray of Brought on, Young Glengarry * was most barbarously used by his father and mother-in-law' (p. 441). Alastair, at .ill events, was sent to France as early as 1738, where he was not likely to learn English orthography. His own, though pretty consistent in its blunders, is of the kind which Captain Burt found prevailing in the Highlands. Alastair's boyhood was probably unluxurious. Burt tells the following curious anecdote on this I icad. Alter 1715, the Castle of Invergarry, which had been adorned by the father of the Glengarry of Sliirraiimir, was gutted by the English soldiery. It was refurnished and made inhabitable by the agent of a Liverpool Company, who smelted iron in the district. Glengarry, meanwhile, ' inhabited a miserable hut of turf, as he does to this day ' (1 7:! ; "» :- To this manager, a Quaker, a number of gentlemen 222 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE of the clan paid a visit. After receiving them hospi- tably, the Quaker observed that they would always be welcome in ' my house.' 'God d — n you, Sir, your house ! I thought it had been Glengarry's house.' They then assaulted the Quaker, who was rescued by his workmen. 1 Alastair was better lodged in France, where, in 1743, he got a Company in the Eoyal Scots. In 1744 he was with Pickle's friend, the exiled Earl Marischal, at Dunkirk, meaning to start with the futile French expedition from Gravelines. How that expedition was ' muddled away ' we have told in the essay on the Earl Marischal. At this time the Earl in France, and Murray of Brough- ton in Scotland, gravely distrusted James's agents in France, Sempil and Balhaldie. Now Balhaldie was a connection of Lochiel, and was aware that Murray held him in suspicion. He, therefore, after the collapse of the expedition of 1744, sent over to Lochiel Young Glengarry, ' freighted with heavy complaints ' against Murray. Lochiel next, in the spring of 1745, brought Murray and Young Glen- garry together. The young Chief told Murray that Balhaldie accused him of bidding the Prince come to Scotland, with or without French assistance, and ' seat himself on the throne, and leave the King at Eome ' (which was precisely what James desired and Charles repudiated). 2 Glengarry was therefore to warn 1 Burt, i. 265-267. 2 Murray of Bronghton's Memorials, p. 107. James's letter to Louis XV., p. 508. CHARLES ANH GLENGARRY 223 the party againsl Murray. Murray told Glengarry the real facts — uamely,tha1 Balhaldie was too imagi- native, and Glengarrj seemed quite satisfied, [ndeed, lie produced a letter to the same effecl as regards Balhaldie from ZEneas Macdonald, the banker, and, Later, the informer. Glengarry and Murray presently mel al that Btrange tavern gathering in Edinburgh, where, out of the company, Traquair, Lovat, Glengarry, .Murray, Macleod, and Locliiel, Locliiel alone preserved his honour. Glengarry then went to the Highlands with letters for Sir Alexander Macdonald of Sleal and other gentlemen. In January 17 1") Glengarry had induced hi^ father secretly to dispone to him his lands, an action which became a serious trouble to him later. In May 174") Murray sent him with despatches to the Prince in France, and with reasons why Charles should not come unless accompanied by a French force. Late in 174-5 Young Glengarry was taken at sea, and lodged in the Tower. Charles, meanwhile, was loyal enough to his im prisoned adherent. On November 4, L746, Charles wrote to d'Argenson, 'there are three prisoners in London, sir, in whom 1 take a warm interest. These are Sir Sector Maclean, (dengarry, and my secre- tary, Mr. Murray of Ihoughton. All three hold French commissions, the lirst was born at Calais. . . . I implore you, sir, to take every means to secure their exchange, and will regard ii as a personal obligation." 224 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE These gentlemen, however, were not naturalised French subjects, like Nicholas Wogan, who, after fighting when a boy at Preston in 1715, and after losing an arm at Fontenoy, took part in the campaign of 1745, and later saw Cumberland's back at Laffeldt fight. Nicholas may have been exchanged, in 1740. as a French prisoner ; for Murray and Glengarry this plea was unavailing. The Prince, however, did his best for both men, and ill they rewarded him. 1 Glengarry told Bishop Forbes the same story in 1752. He was the bearer of a letter from the Chiefs, imploring the Prince not to come over without arms, money, and auxiliary forces. 2 But he could not find Charles, who was incognito, ' lurking for a spring.' Towards the end of 1745 Alastair was captured, as we saw, while conveying a piquet of the Eoyal Scots to join the Prince. He pined in the Tower, he says, for twenty-two months, and was then released. His fortunes were frowning. His father lay in Edinburgh Castle, a written information having been laid against him by a number of the gentlemen of his clan who had been out in the Eising. His lands and cattle had been destroyed and driven away bv the English soldiery. Men squatted on what farm they chose, and could only pay rent enough to 6 subsist ' his father. The French Government made demands on him for money advanced to him while 1 Charles knew of Murray's ' rascality ' by April 10, 1747. Letter of the Prince to James. Stuart Papers, Memorials, p. 398. 2 Lyon in Mourning, hi. 119. The anecdote is also given by Robert Chambers in Jacobite Memorials. GLENGARRY WILL CONFORM 225 in the Tower, and stopped his pay. Eis grant from the Scots Fund ' L,800 livres) was inadequate. The Prince could nol procure for him a regiment. In these gloomy circumstances AJastair took a step which nobody can blame in itself. Ee attempted to reconcile himself to the English Government. The following letter is from a friend sincerely anxious for his success : — ' (State Papers, Domestic. Scotland, Bundle 38 (1747), No. 6.) ' Roterdam, Oct. 17, 1747. 'Sir, — I take this opportunity of my worthy friend an ollicer ol* the Royals of informing you how I have had BeveraU letters on the following Subject from Mr. Macdonell Junior of Grlengary who desires me to charge you with this letter. He lias frequently and seriously reflected on the many good Advices given him by you and Maj. White when he was Prisoner at the Tower, to abandon thai party and the service of France. I am thorrowly convinced that he is deter- mined so to do if it is agreeable to the Ministry, and that he will give the Duke of Argyle and them .ill the assurances that a man of honour can give of his behaving as a peaceable Subject, if they will allow him to wait upon them in London. Let me beg of you for God's sake to persuade these great men to accept of this young Gentleman's offer, by which at once you'll detach him from that party thai has given 1 This letter was published, from my transcript, by Mi'. A. II. Millar, in the 8ci ttish Review for April 1897. Q 226 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE birth to all the Calamitys that both his Clan and Country has suffered this age past : as I shall be some months here before my affair is Negociated you'll have time to send me answer, which I pray God may be favourable. Please write me as soon as you can. I am with my Compliments to your family, ' Sir, your most obedt. oblidged humble ' Sert. ' Will : Baillie. ' P.S. — The young man depends very much on the Duke of Argyle's interest. 'To Major Macdonald at London.' On September 20, 1748, Glengarry wrote from Amiens, telling James that he ' waited an opportunity of going safely to Britain,' on his private affairs. In December he asked James to procure for him the colonelcy vacant by the death of Lochiel. Young Lochiel, a boy, had been appointed. James could do nothing, and was too poor to send money. But, on Glengarry's request, he dispatched ' a duplicate of your grandfather's warrant to be a peer ' — Lord Macdonnell and Aros. Glengarry often signs ' Mack- donell," without Christian name. 1 On June 8, 1749, Glengarry explained his circum- stances to Cardinal York and to Lismore, James's agent at Versailles. ' I shall be obliged to leave this "£>' 1 Stuart Papers. Browne, iv. 100, iv. 22, 23, 51. in. eng \i;i;y in londojs 227 country, if not relieved. 1 Presently he wenl to Lon- don, with Leslie a priesl suspected of treachery by the Jacobites. 1 Leslie Bays, ' Glengarry did not in- tend to appear publicly ' in London, 4 bu1 to have advice of some counsellors about an act of the Privy Council againsl his returning to Greal Britain. 5 Be was so poor that Leslie pledged for him, to Clan- ranald, a watch of Mrs. Murray's of Broughton, wife of the notorious traitor. He had already • sold his sword and shoe-lmckles.' This must have been the very nadir of his fortunes, and four years later Campbell of Lochnell told .Mrs. Archibald Cameron that now, in 1748 or 1749 — the lady could not remember which — Glengarry offered his service, 'in any shape they thought proper,' to the English Government and Henry Pelham. 2 Without pausing to discuss the value of Mrs. Cameron's evidence (given on January 25, 1704) we return to what is actually known of Glengarry in 1741). Be had left London, probably little the better for his visit. On September 23, 1749, Glengarry wrote to Lismore from Boulogne. He has been in London, by advice of his friends. • ces Messieurs croyanl queje ne ferai poinl de diflicnltedeme conformeraux intentions du Gouverne- liielil. mais * '• 1 .lilt tOUJOUrS determine de lie me point egare[r] des principes de mes Ancetres, ne du devoir quejedoisa mon Koyje de? me lui tenir, je puis retire retiraisr . It' nol reheved, he musl return to England. 3 We know what his protestations of 1 Browne, Lv. 98 L02. - Ibid. iv. 118. d. Lv. 64 228 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE loyalty were worth. We do not know what occurred to Glengarry, in London, at this time. Starving in July or August 1749, Glengarry ap- pears (according to ./Eneas Macdonald, the banker) to ' have plenty of cash ' at the end of the year (December). In October his father had been re- leased from Edinburgh Castle, a point of no evi- dential importance, as several other gentlemen were also simultaneously set free. His estates were not forfeited, though remonstrances on this head were addressed to the English Government. They exist in the State Papers. Before iEneas Macdonald met Glengarry in December, and earlier in the winter of 1749, Young Glengarry and Archy Cameron went North, and helped themselves to the Treasure of Cluny, the gold of Loch Arkaig. 1 On January 16, 1750, Glengarry reported his journey to Edgar, and accused Archibald Cameron of taking 6,000 louis d or, and damping all hearts in the Highlands. 2 Cameron, on his side, appears to have accused Glengarry of obtaining the money by forging a letter from James. James, writing to Charles about Cameron's charge, leaves a blank for the name (March 17, 1750). But iEneas Macdonald supplies the name of Young Glen- garry (October 12, 1751). That Young Glengarry was concerned in the loot- 1 Newton to Waters, March 18, 1750, Pickle, p. 93 ; Lord Elcho's Diary ; Glengarry to Prince Charles, admitting the fact, 1751 ; Browne, iv. 79; ' Cluny's Treasure,' supra. s Browne, iv. 66. -i spii ions 229 ing of the treasure in winter, L749, is certain from his own admission to Charles, corroborated by the confession of Cameron of Glenevis to Colonel Craw- furd, in I October 175.1. In thai confession appears the earliesl charge of treachery against Glengarry, who, Cameron vows, must have betrayed him (p. 153). At about tin* same time i November 30, 1751, February 14, L752) Eolker (of Ogilvie's French Scots Regiment) and Blair anonymously warned young Edgar againsl Glengarry. I le is a IViend of Leslie, ' an arrant rogue,' and is k known to be in great intimacy with Murray ' — of Broughton, the traitor, an acquaintance which is proved by Murray's own ' Memorials,' already cited. Even if we discount Mrs. Cameron's story, with those of A.rchy Cameron and Glenevis, as Camerons were at feud with Macdonnells, we have no reason to sus- pect hostile animus in Young Edgar, Blair and Holker. 1 They remark (February 14, 1752) that ' M r. Macdonald of Glengarrie says that he is charged with the affaire-, of his Majesty,' in London. Now. what was, in 1751 the real situation of Young Glengarry ? Lie had left Eome in September 1750. In January 1751 he was in Paris, and wrote to Edgar, asking for money. He was confined to bed by a severe cold.-' At an uncertain date, probably April 1751, he was residing publicly in London, for he thence announced to Charles his approaching marriage • with a lady of a very Honourable and Loyal! familie in England,' after which he will repay Pickle, p. 161. -' Stuart Papers, Windsor Castle. 230 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE his share of the Loch Arkaig gold. On this head he has satisfied James. He discloses the embezzlements of Cluny ! l On July 15, 1751, he wrote from London to James, and to Edgar, with, political and loyal observations. Yet, in 1751, Glenevis believed, for ver} r good reasons, that Glengarry was already an informer. If the suspicions of Glenevis were cor- rect, Glengarry was an informer in 1751, the date assigned by Pickle to the beginning of his own service is about 1750. Thus, in 1751, Glengarry was tolerated in London by the English Government, though still professing loyalty to James. As late as October 1754 he had not ' qualified ' or taken the oaths. He must, there- fore, have made his peace with England — otherwise ! He had resigned his French commission. Moreover, while his accomplices in the Loch Arkaig affair, the Camerons, were arrested, Glengarry, the ' un- qualified,' was allowed to go about London, and travel to France and Scotland, though the English Ministry knew that he was at least as guilty as Glenevis and Downan. The inferences are obvious. Government had a motive for sparing Glengarry. Again, quite apart from the Pickle letters, Glengarry is assuredly be- traying one or the other party. To James he poses as an active conspirator. To the English Government he poses as, at least, ' one peaceable subject,' for they allow him to live, and love, in London, and to go where 1 Picl-le, p. 162. ELEBANK PLOT 231 In- pleases. Ee was in Edinburgh in April. L752, and dined with Bishop Forties. Later. In- sinus to have gone to Lochaber, which Government knew, from an Int'i »nncr. We now conic to the Elibank Plot, to kidnap the Royal Family. It flickered from November \1~>2 to summer, L753. Glengarry, writing from Arras on April 5, L753, gives Edgar, James's secretary,a veiled account of the affair. ' The day was fixt,' on, or for, November LO, L752, but the English shuffled, and did not act. 'The concert in Novr. was,' says Glen- garry, 'that I was to remain in London, as I had above four hundred Brave Eighlanders ready at my call, and. after matters had broke out there to sett off directly for Scotland, as no raising would be made amongst the Clans withoul my presence.' ' He then alludes to 'my leate illness at Paris,' which has left him 'still very weake ' — a phrase used at the same time by Pickle. Now the Pickle letters begin on November 2, L752, and Pickle speaks of himself, to his English employers, in precisely the same terms as Glengarry uses about himself when writing to Edgar. Tickle says that, among his Jacobite friends, he explains his Bupplies of English money as remittances from' Baron Keiiady." Now, in Lord Advocate ( Yaigie's letters of 1 74-").- we read • in most things Young Glengarry is advised and directed by Baron Kennedy,' a Baron of the Scottish Exchequer. Thus, if Pickle is I Hengarry, ' Pickle, p. 180. ' Jesse's Pretenders, Appendix. 232 THE COMPANIONS OF PICK I. K he would naturally represent his chief adviser, Baron Kennedy, as the source of his supplies. He announces (Boulogne, November 2, 1752) 'you"l soon hear of a hurly burly,' and he must make a long journey, first to Paris, then South, as he writes on November 4 to Henry Pelham. 1 The hurly burly is the Elibank Plot. ' I will see my friend ' (Henry Pelham) ' or that can happen.' To Pelham he says, ' I will lay before you in person all I can learn.' Pelham knew Pickle personally, and could not be deceived as to his iden- tity, as to his being a Chief, as he represented him- self. In December 1752 Pickle, in London, informed against Archibald Cameron and Lochgarry, whom Charles had sent to Scotland, also against Fassifern and Glenevegh (Glenevis) as agents for Charles with the Southern Jacobites. Pickle has seen Charles, and, in town, Lord Elibank, who ' surprised me to the greatest degree by telling me that all was put off for some time.' He has promised Charles ' to write nothing to Eome,' which Glengarry actually did, in April 1753. In later letters to his English employers, Pickle speaks much of a severe illness, at Paris, which 'nearly tripped up his hiells,' and left him, like Glengarry at the same date, ' very weake.' He had caught a cold, with a relapse at the masked ball of the Lundi Gras, where he met the Prince. ' They now believe Pickle could have a number of Highlanders even in London to follow him.' ' No- thing can be transacted in the Highlands without his 1 PicMe, pp. 170-175. COMMON POINTS 233 knowledge, as his Clan musl begin the play.' 1 The scheme is a oighl attack on the Palace of St. James's. Tickle has often discussed it with his friend, the Earl .Marisclial. Frederick's ambassador to the French Court. 2 Bere, then, are the following points shared in common by Tickle and Glengarry. (1.) Both in November L752 are engaged in a deep Jacobite Tlot ('2.) Both are expected to lead a force of Highlanders, ' even in London.' (3.) No rising can take place among the Clans without each of them. (1.) Both are in correspondence with Tome. (5.) Both suffer from a severe illness at the same time, and are left very * weake ' (C.) Both are friends of Baron Kennedy. (7.) Both frequently visit the Karl Marisclial in Paris. That Glengarry visited the Earl in 175:5 I cannot prove by independent evidence. But I can show, by independent evidence, that he, as well as (by his own statement) Pickle, did so at an approximate date. Glengarry had known the Earl since 1744. Here is another spy's undated testimony (1752-1754) to Glengarry's familiarity with the Earl Marisclial in Paris, about this date, when Pickle haunts the old exile. 3 ' Macdonald of Glengarry, goes by the firsl < >f these names, lives .it a Baigneur'a in the Rue Guenegctud, and keep- one Servant out of Livery, and two in 1 Pickle, pp. 191 194. - Ibid. p. L90. MSS. 88,060; f. A25. 234 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Livery. When lie first came to Paris he kept a Carosse de Remise by the month, but now only hires one occasionally to make his visits, which are chiefly to Lord Ogilvie Mr. Eatcliffe Mrs. Carry 1 of Sussex Mrs. Hamilton (Lord Abercorn's Cousin who has changed her Eeligion and lives with Mrs. Carryl) The 3 Messrs. Hayes (who are cousins and lodge at the Hotel de Transylvanie, Rue Conde) Macloud J at Eoisins, a Coffee House in the Fitzgerald ) Eue Vaugirard Lord Pittenweemys, the Earl of Kelly's Son, at the Hotel d 'Angleterre, Rue Tarrane Sir James Cockburn, at the Cafe de la Paix, in the Rue Tarane. Lord Hallardy ) ,r p -, ' at a Baigneurs on the Estra- Mr. Mercer ' pade where they keep them ~ T ri I selves conceal'd, L. Cromarty J Frequently to the Jesuits' College. ' And never fails going to Lord Marshal, whose Coach is often lent him when he has none of his own. ' N.B. — Tuesday 9th. Janrv. Macdonald waited in his own Coach from ten o'clock at night till past eleven, in the Rue Dauphine, when a Person took him up in a Chariot, who, by the description, is GLENGARRY OK A PERSON \ TOE f 235 believed to be Lord Marshal. It is aboul that time thai the Pretender's Son is suppos'd to have been in Paris.' Thus Glengarry undeniably frequented the old Earl Marischal, no less than Pickle did, and the Eng- lish Government knew it. Yet they did not arrest him. as they arrested Glenevis, Downan, Fassifern, Axchy Cameron, and tried to arrest Lochgarry, on all of whom Pickle had informed. Moreover Glengarry, in Paris, is uol starving, but has a servant out of livery, and two in livery, keeps or hires a carriage, or uses that of the Earl Marischal. I respectfully submit that these seven common notes of Pickle and of Glengarry cannot possibly be explained, except on one of two hypotheses. Either Pickle is Glengarry, or he is audaciously personating Glengarry, not only by letter, but bodily. For he promises to visit Henry Pelham 'in person,' and I h'li ry Pelham, with the English officials and police, cannot but have known the aspect of Glengarry, a man who. for twenty-two months, was an important state prisoner in the Tower, and had, later, lived openly in London, though, as we shall see, under surveillance. That point I prove thus : on August 12, 1753, Charles, in hiding at Liege, and elsewhere in the Netherlands, desired, as he notes in a draft, an in- terview 'with G.' ] In August, or September, 1753, Pickle senl in accounts of his interview with Charles, 1 Pickle, p. 210. 236 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE in whose company lie had travelled from Ternan to Paris. The Prince asked Pickle to allow arms to be landed on his estate, which Pickle refused, ' nobody knowing as yet in what manner the forfeited estates would be settled.' 1 Pickle himself is now in Eng- land. Now we know, from a report in the State Papers, that, in 1753, the English Government received in- telligence from a spy on Glengarry. ' Mr. McDonald of Glengarry has been several times in France within these three weeks, and is suspected to be an agent for the Young Pretender, who, it is believed, has been lately in Paris, incog. N.B. — The above- mentioned Mr. McDonald lodges at the second House on the right hand side of the way in Beaufort Buildings, in the Strand, and is a young, fair, full- made man.' 2 Thus, just when Charles wishes to meet ' G,' Glengarry is coming and going from France to England, suspected by a spy to be a Jacobite agent, while Pickle is reporting to the English Government on his own simultaneous journeys and interviews with the Prince. Yet the English Government, though in- dependently informed of Glengarry's movements, and his familiarity with the Earl Marischal (whom they know to be intriguing for the Jacobites with Prussia), arrest Clanranald, arrest Fassifern, but never touch Glengarry ! This is not the limit of their favours. Far from 1 Pickle, p. 219. 2 State Papers, Scotland, Bundle 44, No. 67- I'll. HAM'S PROMISES -•>< incommoding Glengarry, Henry Pelham promises thai Governmenl will remil .-ill their large claims on his estate. For this, ; as Least, we have Glengarry's written word, as has been shown already in 'The Lasl Days of < rlengarry.' ' The Celtic believers in Glengarry's innocence mav explain why, when Pelham was arresting Jacobites all over Scotland, in L753, he nol only allowed Glenganw. who had not ' qualified,' and against whom lie had copious information, to go free, but also 'promised an absolute discharge oftheheavie claims the Government has against me.' He made similar promises to Pickle, who complains of their non- fulfilment. And, on the hypothesis of Glengarry's guilt, his motive is now transparent. In addition to payments of ready money, sorely needed, his estates escaped forfeiture, and he was promised remission of the fines. These facts, of course, were unknown before I had access to Glen- garry's MS. Letter Book. My hypothesis colligates the new facts as well as the old, which is the note of a good working hypothesis. To the seven common points between Pickle and Glengarry, in l7~>L>-53, we now add an eighth : both haw been disappointed by Henry Pelham's promises, broken after his death. Such coincidences cannot lie fortuitous, and Glengarry's friends musl explain why he, a known Jacobite agent, was so endeared to Henry 1 'el ham. At this time, the autumn of 1753, James Mohr 1 Glengarry's Letter Book, Ms., p, -jot. vupra. 238 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Macgregor made his absurd ' revelations/ about an Irish plot to invade Scotland. He, his chief, Bal- haldie, and a Mr. Trant, were particularly concerned. Government had also news, from Pickle, Count Kaunitz, and other sources, of Frederick's tampering with the Jacobites, through the Earl Marischal, the friend both of Pickle and of Glengarry. It would have been natural to arrest and examine Glengarry, who, as Government knew, was a familiar friend of the Earl Marischal. In place of doing that — they consulted Pickle ! The Duke of Newcastle wrote a paper of Memoranda, proving his agitation, and mak- ing a note that Henry Pelham should collogue with ' the person from whom he sometimes receives infor- mation.' 1 That person was Pickle. Here are Pickle's answers ! [Private intelligences concerning some particular persons.) 6 He says Mr. Trent told him there was a Collec- tion already made for the Pretender of about £40,000, and that his friends here said he should [not] want for money, tho' it were £200,000. ' Mr. Trent and he were very familiar formerly, but as he is here grown a great man, he does not see so much of him. Trent is not gone, but is expected to go every day. This Mr. Trent is son of Olive Trent [once mistress of the Regent d'Orleans, and com- plained of by Bolingbroke]. 1 Add MSS. 32,955, f. -33. PICKLE ON JAMES MOHE 239 • Ee does qoI know, nor believe, any one has come from Lord Marshal hither lately with authority. Be is sure do Anns have come to Scotland this year, if there had, he must have known it. James Mohr said arms had come. Ee says Sullivan's Brother has been twice at Rome lately, bul docs not know his errand. ' Bohaldie James Mohr's Chief was an Agent of the Pretender with the late Lord Temple (Sempil?), bul the Irish got him turnd off, and he is sure Lord Marshal would never trust him, because he will never believe him. [.lames .Mohr had alleged that tin- Karl was engaged with Balhaldie.] ' MacGregor was a Spy of both sides, and will m vt r be trusted. * "When he [Macgregor] escaped to Bulloigne he was very poor, but Lord Strathallan etc took com passion upon him, and he knows the Old Pretender sent him £20.' This report damaged poor James Mohr ; he was dismissed, and, in a few months, died a destitute exile. General Stewart of Garth claims our sympathy for James, who 'rejected an employment which he considered dishonourable in itself, and detrimental to the good of his country.' ] Alas! his employers rejected James ! We now reach the crucial point of the hypothesis that Pickle pcrsmitih'tl i dene/any. 'Whoever Tickle was, it was clearly his intention to personate Glen- Highlanders, ii. wi. Appendix. iMO THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE garry,' says Mr. A. H. Millar. 1 Now on this point, I need scarcely recapitulate what is said at the begin- ning of this chapter. On September 14, 1754, we find the bereaved Pickle, an orphan now, but also a Chief, by his father's death, in Edinburgh with Young Lochgarry, who cannot but have known Young Glen- garry, his Chief. For this presence of the orphan in Edinburgh, we have not only his written word, but that of Bruce (' Cromwell '), the ' Court Trusty ' who accompanied him. We have his testimony to Pickle's enhanced pride. He it is who tells us how ' the Army people make up to Pickle, thinking to make some- thing of him,' how General Bland (unconscious of guile) suspects him, as a friend of Pickle's ; how Pickle is going North, to his estates, and how the Governor of Fort Augustus, hard by, is ' to try his hand upon Pickle.' 2 All this Pickle himself confirms, in two letters of one of which only the briefest analysis has hitherto been given. 3 But these dull confirmatory letters may be relegated to an appendix. Briefly, we learn from his letters how Pickle has hurried to Edinburgh, for some reason of his own, on the news of a death which coincides with that of Old Glengarry. Coin- cidently, too, Pickle's family affairs are in great disorder. He writes again from Edinburgh (Octo- ber 10, 1754), and this letter is in his feigned hand. 4 In his second epistle from Edinburgh Pickle confirms 1 Scottish Review, April, 1897, p. 223. 2 Pickle, p. 283. 3 Ibid. p. 284. 4 See Appendix. MELANCHOLY XKW - 24] all that Bruce, the ('nun Trusty, has said about his approaching journey North, whence ( lolonel Trapaud, Governor of Fori Augustus, gives a bad accounl of Glengarry as swindling his wadsetters. 1 Pickle also confirms Bruce's account of the jealousy of General I Hand. That Young Glengarry, as well as Pickle, was a week's distance from town after his father's death (September 1. L754) I now confirm by the following letter to himself, where he is supposed to be interested in Old Lochgarry. It is probably from the Major Macdonald who, while he was a prisoner in 1747, persuaded him to conform to the English Government. ' London : Sept. 12, 1754. 'My dear Cuss. — I have duely received the Honour of your- of 3d current, I must own that the melancholly news [Old Glengarry's death] gave me an inexpressible shock, the only thing that abates my greife is thai my dear laic friend is so well represented in your dear person. I pray thai all the powers above may combine to make you shine even above your noble Ancestors. I hope ih.it Ilevon will long preserve and prosper you for the protection of a poor uame that seems at present in a yery tottering and abjecl condition; No doubt this accidenl will uaturally retard vour comine to this place [London] yet I can't think otherwise than ' December la, 1754. Pickle, ]>. 285. 242 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE that your interest calls you hither has soon you may have settled your domestique concerns. ' I have a line from Samer [probably St. Omer] by which I understand that the whole Coy [Corps?] seem'd determined to get ride of Loch[garry] at all events surely he's a most incorrigible man, and if a certain person [the Prince] does not interpose he must fall a sacrafice to his enemies' resentment and to his own folly. Mrs. Macdouald and the young folks join in compliments, our friendes of Crevan street salute you, and I ever am, My dear Cous, 'Yours whilst J. M. ' London : Sept. 12, 1754. ' I did not receive your note dated Wednesday till Thursday 12 o'clock.' 1 Thus, all Pickle's movements at this solemn hour of Old Glengarry's decease tally with those of Young Glengarry. Pickle is adulated by the army people, and goes North to his estates near Port Augustus, whence the Governor reports on — Glengarry. Can Pickle, then, while Glengarry is in Scotland, after his father's death, be posing in Edinburgh as himself a young, newly orphaned chief, going to his lands near Port Augustus ; personating Glengarry, in fact — for no other Chief had just lost his father? Mr. Millar says : ' Whoever Pickle was, it was clearly his intention to personate Glengarry. . . . 1 This letter, with a draft of Glengarry's reply, written on the hack, is in the possession of General Macdonald, the owner of Glen- garry's Letter Book. THE0R1 OF PERSONATION 243 It is hardly possible to imagine that an impostor could have deceived the Edinburgh folks, to whom Glengarry must have been well known." and whom, hurrying to his father's funeral, and to arrange his affairs, he musl jusl have visited, for Old Glengarry died in Edinburgh. I venture to call such an im- personation a physical impossibility, prolonged, as it was, for -(hum six weeks. It is physically impossible that, both in London and Edinburgh, many men who knew Young Glengarry should have supposed another person — Pickle — to be that hero. Yet, if the persona- tion was played oil", it was not discovered, then or later; for Tickle continued to be the informer, and to be the shadow of Glengarry. As soon as it is admitted that Pickle is feigning to be Glengarry, the case for that Chief's innocence is given up. The personation, among people who knew Glengarry inti- mately well, is impossible. Tickle's day of usefulness had gone by. On April 24, 1755, an official gave in a report of a conversation with the Chief, ' the head of a great Clan of his name," who wanted money. 1 In April L756 Tickle again came to London, and dunned the Duke of Newcastle: 'not the smalest article has been performed, of what was expected and at first, promised. I am certain my first friend ' (Pelham) 'mentionedme to the King. . . .'- In an undated letter he speaks of being on an 'utstation' in the Highlands, and talks of Glengarry in the third 1 Pickle, pp. 288 289. 2 Add. MSS. 82,864, t 187. B 2 244 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE person. 1 He tells of Glengarry's greatness, of -Jacobite overtures to him, and repeats his usual fond demands. In 1758, 1759, we know, from his own letters, that Glengarry was eager to go to London, to make terms about the fines on his estate. But Macleod would not back his bill for -400/. On February 19, 1760, Pickle wrote the last letter to Newcastle ex- tant in the Pelham Papers. He speaks of Pickle in the third person, but he writes in Pickle's hand. Pickle wants to give information ; Pickle wishes to raise a regiment (and so did Glengarry), if he get* ' the Eank of full Colonel, the nomenation of his Officers, and suitable levie money : ' also ' a bill payable at sight ' for travelling expenses. He ends, 'Mack mention of Pickle. His Majesty will remember Mr. Pelham did, upon former affairs of great con- sequence. Direction — To Alexander Mackdonell of Glengary, by Foraugustus .' 2 A reply from Newcastle directed to Glengarry would be opened by Glengarry, and then, if Glen- garry did not write Pickle's epistle of February 19, 1760, where is Pickle? Mr. Millar suggests that, ' if Pickle were a traitor in Glengarry's family, he must have been in a position to intercept the reply to this letter, or the whole plot would have been exposed.' This is a romantic hypothesis. There is no trace of any gentleman (such as Pickle was) eternally in attendance on Glengarry. And why did 1 PicJcle, pp. 290-291. 2 Ibid. pp. 312-314. SPELLING 24, the hypothetical traitor offer to raise a regiment, which only Glengarry could do? There is no con- ceivable motive for writing such a Letter on the pari of any one Inn Glengarry, who was terribly pressed for money, and could raise a regiment. Besides, the physical impossibility of Pickle's supposed per- sonation lias already been demonstrated. Glengarry, who had long been in very bad health, died on December 23, 1761. The nature of his will has been explained. The internal evidence of identity in the author- ship of Pickle's and Glengarry's letters remains to be considered. Both write the same shambling style. In an age of bad spelling both have a long list of blunders in common. I give a few: — 1. aquent 2. estime acquaint. . esteem. o. tow t wo. 4. dow . . do. 5. sow . . so. 6. triffle trifle. _ nan! ) '(chant i jaunt. , i utquarters . lutstatiou . out quarters. out station. 9. pick . (Foraugustu- ' (forAugustus ) . pique. Fort Augustus 1. how . who. 24 G THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE 12. lick . . like. 13. supplay • supply. 14. relay . rely. 15. puisli . push. Of these, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14 occur, spo- radically, in other Scotch writers of the age, as in the Gask Correspondence. Pickle combines them all. But I have not elsewhere met 7, 8, 9, 10, 15. 'How' for 'who' (11) I have met in Macleod of Raasay's letters in the ' Lyon in Mourning,' and in one letter of 1725, while 'howse ' for ' whose ' occurs in a Scotch epistle in the Cumberland MSS. The accumulation of these fifteen mis-spellings is the common note of the orthography of Pickle and of Glengarry. It constitutes a note of identity of authorship. But, believers in personation may say, ' Pickle had carefully studied and adroitly copied Glengarry's orthography, as, ex hypothesi, he wished to pass for that Chief.' Then why did he not also imitate Glengarry's handwriting ? Glengarry wrote two hands ; one is a sprawling- scrawl, sloped much to the right, in his rough drafts of letters, preserved in his Letter Book ; the other is merely the same hand written smaller, closer, not so sloped, in his letters, for example, to James and Edgar. The Windsor Letters, the neater and more careful, I could not compare with those of Pickle at HANDWRITING 24*3 the British Museum. Hut 1 took Glengarry's Letter Book, or folio of scrawled drafts, thither, and Mr. Millar (author of the criticism in the Scottish Review) kindly compared the two sets of docu- ments, he having much experience in such studies. I append what is essential in his report, contributed to the Dundee Advertiser of April 28, 1897. ' .Mr. Lang has come into possession of much new evidence upon the subject. Amongst other docu- ments he lias the Letter-book in which Glengarry frequently copied his letters with his own hand and signed them. This book comes from an unchallenge- able source. By Mr. Lang's invitation I had to-day the pleasure of comparing the handwriting of Glen- garry in this book with the Pickle letters in the British Museum. At the first glance one would say that the manuscripts are so unlike superficially that they were not both written by the same person. Glengarry wrote a wide, sprawling hand, with a very distinct slope towards the right. The Pickle letters are all written in the vertical style, and the lines are small and neat. When examined more closely, however, there is a striking similarity in the details. Having selected Pickle letters that con- tained similar words to those in the Letter- book, I have made a careful comparison of them minutely. It is beyond question that whoever Pickle was he wrote in a feigned handwriting to prevent identifica- tion sin >uld any Letter miscarry, [f Glengarry wished to fei-j'u another hand than his own. the most obvious '24.S THE COMPANIONS OF TICKLE way of effecting his purpose would be to change the sloping style into the upright style. When Pickle wished to disguise his hand he used the upright style. There are several letters which Glengarry wrote in a very peculiar manner. The capital letter " T," for instance, was distinctly Glengarrian. But the capital " T ' ; written repeatedly by Pickle is absolutely identical with that used in the Glengarry book. Such words as " most," " humble," " Sir,"' "I," and "Tho' " are precisely the same in form in both cases, the only difference being the change of the slope. There is only one curious fact which comes out after careful examination. When Glen- garry is writing adjectives that begin with the letter " d " he generally uses a capital. Pickle never does this, but uses the small " d " instead, yet that small " d " is exactly similar in form to the same letter written by Glengarry. This is certainly minute criticism, and might not be sufficient alone to esta- blish the case against Glengarry ; but when the other fact is borne in mind, that Pickle and Glen- garry make the same errors in the spelling of un- common words, the confirmatory proof is very strong. It is not likely that any letter exists in which Glengarry fully acknowledges his treachery, and the main evidence must therefore be circumstan- tial. If Mr. Lang had now to bei>in writing his book with all the additional evidence before him which he has obtained since its publication, he would probably find few who would dissent from his con- II \M>\\ IMI'lMi - L9 elusion that Pickle the Spy was no other than Alastair Macdonnell of Glengarry. There may be coincidences in events in the lives of two men; bul it is incredible thai Tickle, when disguising bis band- writing, should fall into the same formation of many of the letters which was peculiar to Macdonnell of Glengarry. Though begun upon a mere surmise by Mr. Lang, extended research seem- to confirm his notion as tO the identity of these two perM-nae.es. It is not a pleasant conclusion for any one who believes that all the Eighlanders engaged in the Rising of L745 were indomitable and patriotic heroes. There were blacklegs in the army of Prince Charles Edward, as there are in every movement of tin- kind; but there were also noble characters pre- pared to shed their blood and sacrifice their pros- pects in support of what they believed to be the rightful cause. Glengarry, apparently, must now take his place among the execrated traitors. — I am, oCC. 'A. 11. MlLLAE. ' London : April 26, 1897.' I am no expert in handwriting, and 1 offer no opinion, except that rickle's confessedly feigned hand is more like Glengarry's careful hand, in the Stuart Papers, than like his sloping scrawl, meant only for his own eyes (and these nearly blind) in his Letter Book. The Duke of Atholl has compared Letters IV.nn < rlengarry, in his possession, with those of Pickle, and has arrived al the same conclusion as .Mr. Millar. Pickle's hand is Glengarry's, disguised. 2-30 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Such is my chain of evidence towards proving the personal identity of Pickle and Glengarry. Both men, it is hardly worth while to add, had been officers in French service. I am aware of not one discrepant feature to discredit the identity which Pickle practically asserts, when he declares himself (corroborated by Bruce) to have become, by his father's death, Chief of the Macdonnells, just when Old Glengarry died, and Young Glengarry succeeded to the headship of the clan. To sum up the whole case : Young Glengarry's conduct, as far as we know, is stainless, till, after endeavouring to ' conform ' in October 1747, he presently poses as a religiously faithful subject, or devotee, of James in January 1748. He is starving in London, which he visits in July 1749, his father being soon after released from Edinburgh Castle. Young Glengarry, in the winter of 1749, visits Cluny at Dalwhinnie, in company with Glenevis, Lochgarry, and Angus Maclan. Glen- garry obtains, by his own admission, a share of the treasure, and then formally charges Archy Cameron with looting 6,000 louis cCor. Archy accuses him of forgery ; they carry their quarrel before James in Eome. Early in 1751 Glengarry, though he is not known to have taken the oaths, is allowed to reside in London, and announces his approaching marriage with an English lady. But Glengarry is already suspected, and he knows it ; for when Leslie, the priest, is charged with treason by the Jacobites, SUMMING IT ^ : >l Glengarry says that the blow is aimed al him. Nothing is proved againsl Leslie, bul Btories of Glengarry's intimacy with Murray the traitor, and tin- spy Samuel Cameron, called Crookshanks, are anonymously brought by Blair and Eolker. In October 1751 Samuel's brother, Glenevis and Downan, arrested for their share with Glengarry in the matter of the French gold, accuse Glengarry <>f informing againsl them. They lie in gaol in Fori William; Glengarry (though the Governmenl know him to be their accomplice) lives freely in London, and travels where he pleases. In November 1752, April 1753, we have the a Hair of the Klibank Plot. On one side is Pickle, who is to lead Highlanders in London; Pickle, with- out whom his clan, and the North, can do nothing; Pickle, a friend of Prince Charles, and a correspon- dent of the exiled Kinif in Home; Pickle, who is • very weake' after a serious illness in Paris (Febru- ary—March, 1753); Pickle, the constant associate of the Earl Marischal ; and on the other side is Glen- garry, who claims every one of these notes for him- self. Both Pickle and < rlengarry are friends of Baron Kennedy's. Glengarry is known to Government to be a trafficker with France, and with the dreaded envoy of Prussia, the Earl Marischal, bul Govern- ment consults Pickle in place of arresting Glengarry. Pickle has had greal promises made to him by his employer, Henry Pelham, bo has Glengarry. Both complain of the breach of these promise- after 252 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Pelliam's death. Pickle comes and goes to Prince Charles in France in August 1753. Glengarry is accused, to Government, of visiting France at the same time as a Jacobite agent. Jacobites are being arrested all over the countrv, but not a finger is laid on Glengarry. Pickle and Glengarry both leave London for Edinburgh on the news of Old Glengarry's death, both are then bereaved young chiefs going to their northern estates near Fort Augustus. In this capacity Pickle, for some six weeks, is the centre of military attention in Edinburgh. Pickle wishes Bruce to assist him in drawing up a judicial rent-roll. Bruce surveys the lands of Glengarry. Pickle now, like Glengarry, remains in the North, where both are magnates, but both are poor. Pickle offers to raise a Highland regiment, and asks the Duke of Newcastle to direct his answer to Glengarry. The spelling of Pickle and Glengarry is identical in a score of peculiarities, and Pickle's handwriting is that of Glengarry in a simple disguise. What makes Pickle's design to raise a regiment especially interesting is the fact, now to be proved, that Glengarry entertained the same wish at the same moment. He wrote to the Duke of Atholl to that effect, on April 5, 1760, and his letters are printed in the Duke of Atlioll's ' Chronicles of the Atholl and Tullibardine Families' (iii. 476-477). Thus Pickle and Glengarry were inseparable to the last. Whoever is unconvinced by this array of circum CONCLUSION 2o3 stantial evidence against ( rlengarry must, al least, sug- gesl .-in alternative hypothesis which will colligate the facts. The hypothesis of a personation of Glengarry by Pickle has been proved absurd and impossible. Recenl research, after the publication of 'Tickle the spy.' lias added to the original evidence proof of Glengarry's insincerity as a Jacobite; the (denevis affair ; the promises made to Glengarry, as to Pickle. by Henry Pelham ; the identification of 'Cromwell' (Bruce); the relations of Glengarry with Pickle's friend, Baron Kennedy; a few new similarities of Pickle -Glengarry spelling ; the identity of their hand- writing; and their simultaneous desire to raise a regiment. All these facts confirm the previous conclusion. A false hypothesis is not apt to be strongly confirmed by facts unknown when it was trained, nor would a jury regard the charge againsl Glengarry as 'without any proof in the world.' To say so, as has been audaciously done, is to illustrate prejudice, not to enlighten criticism. In truth, the game was up as soon as the person calling himself Pickle offered to raise a clan regiment, and asked the Duke of Newcastle to reply to Glengarry. More than one interpretation of that fact there could not logically be. Put what is logic? A Lowland pedanl ry ! 254 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE XII OLD TIMES AND NEW Some years ago, when fishing in Loch Awe, I found a boatman, out of Badenoch, who was a charming companion. It may be the experience of others also that an English keeper usually confines his conver- sation, at least with strangers, to the business in hand, whereas a Scottish or Highland attendant will talk about Darwinism, Mr. Herbert Spencer, history, legend, psychical research, religion, everything. The boatman had a store of legends, and one day we fell to conversing on the old times, in the Highlands, and the new. He voted for the old. Among the advantages, he mentioned the game ; and then, with sparkling eyes, the plunder ! Property, of old, had been les vaches d'autrui, the cattle of Lowlanders and of other clans. Often, since that day, one has reflected on the old times and the new. The old were not wholly what is supposed. Thus Mr. Mackenzie, in his ' History of the Camerons,' contrasts the manly sport of the past with the modern driving up of deer to be shot down by ' drawing-room ' gunners. Stalking is more common now, but the drawing-room way was DEEB DRIVING 255 the old way ! 'The tenants drive everything before tin-in, while the laird and his friends are waiting with their guns t<> shoot tin- deer." S<> writes Burt, between 17:!rty-five, a Lowland observer naturally asks himself if the old times were really so good ? In one respect, and that essential, they bear the palm : the people, as a rule, loved and revered their Chiefs, and the Chiefs adopted at least the airs of popularity among the people. Even Young Glengarry, not a model Chief, resented the oppression of tenants falsely accused, as he maintained, of being deserters. 1 More- over, the poor did not live, generally speaking, in view of the luxurious rich. Clanranald and Glen- garry had castles which must have been built at the expense of the undefined ' services ' of their people long ago ; but the warrior Glengarry of Killiecrankie discouraged refinement and delicacy of living. The smaller lairds lived plainly, even poorly. Occasional feasts were given to the Clan. Every man ' was treated as a blood relation.' Consequently, if desti- tution existed, it did not provoke social hatred and discontent. This, at least, is quite certain. On the other hand, the presence of extreme poverty, of famines, by no means rare, of exactions which Lowlanders considered tyrannical, and the occurrence of evictions, before 1745, seem equally well established. Ignorance was one safeguard against discontent, and in the absence of schools, in the rarity of the Presbyterian clergy, with their innate democratic ideas, ignorance flourished. Over- 1 Glengarry's Letter Book, MS. (1758-9). A COTTAGE 257 population was encouraged, by minute subdivision of lands, for the purpose of increasing the I 'hief s military following. Thus poverty was artificially fostered, and. with it, idleness and habits of plunder and of tippling. This little picture of a Highland home is given in a book of 1747 : l 'I have seen in their Huts, when I have been walking, and forced to retreat thither for Shelter from the Rain, their Children, sometimes many in a Hut, full of the Small Pox and [at?] their Heighth, they having been lying and walking about in the Wet and Dirt, the Eain at the same time beating through the Thatch with Violence ; so that I used to get from one End of the House to the other to keep dry ; but it was all in vain, the Rain soon following me. These children at the same time seemed hearty, drinking Whey and Butter-milk, Wet and Cold with the Inclemency of the weather, and yet so well ! ' This sketch was drawn somewhere in the country between Inverness and Fort William, after Culloden. The raising of the early Highland regiments (1756-62) relieved the population, but also diffused knowledge, while the Chiefs' power, as sanctioned by law, was destroyed. The soldiers, who had seen the New World, whether gentry and officers or privates, did not incline to stay at home when rents were raised. They emigrated to America, almost by .1 Jowrney through pm-i of England and Scotland, Along with the Army, dc. By a Volunteer. Osborne, London : 1747, p. 176. 258 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE clans, in years of famine, as in 1782. The Chiefs were alarmed and indignant ; they were also needy. The}' screwed up rents, introduced sheep, moved populations to the coast, or evicted them. Voluntary emigration (the wisest policy) was succeeded by the removal of clansmen who were reluctant to go, or who could not afford to go, their poor goods not being marketable. Many even sold themselves into voluntary slavery for their passage fare. Some chiefs became opulent for a generation ; their families were ruined by their following of George, Prince Regent ; their estates fell into English hands, and forests were made at the expense of new evictions. This is a brief and gloomy account of what fol- lowed Culloden. An example may be given in the case of the great Glengarry family. On the death of Glengarry, in 1761, his affairs were found, as was natural, in a lamentable con- dition. To study them and the later changes on his estate is to gain a view into the heart of Highland grievances. Fortunately materials for this examina- tion exist, and have been published b} T Mr. Fraser Mackintosh in his ' Antiquarian Notes' (1897). Perhaps it may be best to begin by giving a brief account of the way in which such estates as Glen- garry's were usually occupied by the clansmen. The Chief let to tacksmen, or leaseholders, gentlemen of his clan, part of the lands which he did not hold in his own hand. Part of his ' tack,' again, the tacks- TENURES 259 man cultivated; part lie let out to cotters, 'under which general term may be included various local denominations of crofters, mailers, &c. . . . Fre- quently they have the command only of a small share of their own lime to cultivate the land allowed them fur maintaining their families. Sometimes the Tacksman allows a portion of his own tillage field for bis cotter; sometimes a small separate croft is laid off for him, and he is likewise allowed, in general, to pasture a cow, or perhaps two.' ' 'The Tacks,' says Dr. Johnson, 'were long con- sidered as hereditary,' but, in his time, strangers would make larger offers, and the hereditary tacks- man was apt to be dispossessed, with cotters, crofters, and all. As to the tyrannical and oppressive conduct of the tacksmen, much will be reported later. According to Young Barisdale's plea (1754), Old Barisdale held possession, from Glengarrv. without a line of written paper. The tacksmen, in war, were officers of the Clan regiment, and led, or drove, the tenants to the field. Apart from tacksmen and their cotters, were • small tenants ' holding direct from the Chief. They usually occupied, in townships, a farm in common : the shares may once have been equal, but, by 1738, one man might hold a fourth, another but a fifteenth. They dwelt in a hamlet near the arable crofts, of which the division might vary from year to year. They had also grazing, and, money being very scarce, 1 Lord Selkirk, Slat, <,f thr lln/hlaiuls, p. 42 (I HI).". . - 2 260 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE their chief wealth was their cattle. Interest and part principal of his patrimony were paid, in cattle, to Glengarry's younger brother iEneas. 1 Cotters, who acted as labourers, were scattered among the little communities of small tenants. Eents were mostly paid in kind, and in ' services,' little money passed. Another system was that of ' wadsets.' A chief simply pawned a farm to a clansman, say Glengarry to Lochgarry, for a certain period, and for a certain sum of money. When he repaid the money, he recovered the farm. The wadsetter might build and improve, but no money was returned on redemption. The wadsetter sublet to tenants of either class, and either he or the Chief might make the better thing of the bargain. There were many poor wadsetters on a small scale. Colonel Trapaud accuses Glengarry of bullying his small wadsetters in Knoydart out of their wadsetts, and making them ' accept of common interest.' 2 ' The principal wadsetters refused, on which he ordered them out of his presence.' Such was the system of a Highland estate ; of its working more will be said later. On Glengarry's death, his heir was his nephew, Duncan, a minor : Glengarry and the boy's mother had been on the worst terms. In actual money, Glengarry's rents, at the day of his death, were but 330/. yearly. The rent ' uplifted ' by his wadsetters was larger. There were heavy debts, both on the estate and personal : 1 Glengarry's Letter Book, MS. - November-December, 1754. Pickle, p. 285. EMIGRATION 26] ilu- amount of the claims of Goveriimenl I have nowhere found stated. Trustees ruled for the heir, \\h<», however, must have beeD of age when Morar was sold to tin- Master of Lovat (Simon of the Forty-five) in I76S. This cleared the personal debts. In L772, the new Glengarry wedded .Miss Marjory Grant, eldest daughter of Sir Ludovick Grant of Dalvey. Mr. Fraser Mackintosh says that ' regardless of sufferings, she strove with success to clear off the debt-, to raise the rents, and generally to aggrandise the position of the Glengarry family.' The wadsetts were paid off: the wadsetters must ntiw be tenants, on increased rents, or 20. Most of them emigrated to the Xew England States. Bad years came : the small tenants fell into arrears. In 178:!. a year of famine, arrived the first sheep farmer from the Border. In 1785, fifty-five tenants were warned and removed, ' say 300 souls.' In 178G. 500 people emigrated under their priest, a Macdonnell of the Scothouse or Scotos family. They settled in Canada. They had fled from famine, as much as from increased rents. Duncan Macdonnell died in 1788; his son was Sir Walter Scott's Glengarry, ' the last of the ( Ihiefs,' in costume and demeanour, but, it seems, a great evictor. The French war made Highland recruits desirable, and emigration slackened, but there was an e\-«.diis in 1802. the settlers peopling Glengarry County in Ontario; sentiment apart, a very happy change. 262 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE We have seen Alastair's free rent in 1761 ; it was 330/. in money. In 1802 the rental was 5,090/.! The eccentric history of Scott's friend, Glengarry (for whom he wrote a Death Song) is well known. He was accidentally killed in 1828, and Glengarry was sold some years later. It has changed hands twice, since the first sale, and, says Mr. Fraser Mackintosh, 'It is a fact not less painful than pre- posterous that at the present day (1894), some dozen crofters (all remaining) cannot get sufficient land out of the tens of thousands of acres at Knoydart, to maintain them, without the intervention of the Crofters Commission.' 1 Yet in 1753, Lochgarry, perhaps in a sanguine way, reckoned the Macdonald claymores, ' hy Young Glengarry's concurrence only,' at 2,600.' 2 This is a typical specimen of the fortunes of a large Highland estate, compromised in the Eising of 1745. There are, of course, happier examples ; but, in this instance, we see every stage of the revolution- ary changes in the condition of the Highland people. Now an Englishman, or a Lowlander, asks himself, did the good old times contain the germs of these social maladies, exhibiting themselves in other forms, under other conditions ? To this conclusion we appear to be forced by the evidence. If Chiefs were callous and selfish after the Forty-five, if the land could not, or did not. support the people properly after Culloden, these misfortunes, moral 1 Antiquarian Notes, pp. 120-134. 2 Pickle, p. 217. BAD OLD TIMES 263 and material, existed before the starving and ill- arrayed clansmen died on the English bayonets. There had been no reason to expecl better treatmenl than the Clans have actually received, from several of the powerful families. Extreme destitution had prevailed; evictions had occurred, and had sometimes been bitterly avenged. There had been 'Agrarian outrages ' before Culloden, at tacks on men. and mutila- tion of cattle. Our evidence, as to the state of the Highlands, come- from various sources. We have Lowland. English, and Anglified witnesses. The Duke of Argyll cites a Highlander, Forbes of Culloden, but lie was a Whig, and President of the Court of Session. Yet there was no juster, more fair, or more wise and tolerant man in the North. We have Captain Burt, author of " Letters from Scotland.' written between the Rebellions of 1710 and 174"). Some modern Highlanders call him their foe: he certainly looks with English eyes, but he tries to be fair, and is far from unsympathetic. His tenderness for the pool- is remarkable. We have the Gartmore MSS. {rirc. 1748). which is Whiggish, and -.MS. KM.' in the ECing's Library. It is, apparently, of L749 50. All these witnesses agree as to the oppression of the people, their involuntary idleness, their dependence on tacksmen, chamberlains and factors, their destitu- tion, while their liability to raised rents and evictions are, by some of these witnesses, insisted upon. But all are vmting from the Whig point of view; their 264 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE desire to improve the popular condition is part of their desire to reduce the power of the Jacobite Chiefs. On the other side is General Stewart of Garth, enthusiastically Highland, anxious to keep up popula- tion for military purposes, as well as from honourable sympathy, and decidedly inclined to overlook the poverty, plundering, enforced idleness, tippling, and blackmail of the good old times. We have also Mr. Fraser Mackintosh, who, while he delights to tell a story against Cluny, for example, maintains that there were no evictions before 1745. Unluckily, we have no authoritative treatise from the Jacobite and ' old times ' side, written between 1747 and 1790. The best evidence might be found in Gaelic poetry, which, in general, proves one important point. Whatever the material condition of the Highland people, whatever their lack, in many parishes, of elementary education, they possessed, in legends, Mdrchen, traditional poems, and the living art of popular song, a native culture — rich, dignified, and imaginative — which newspapers merely destroy. This great element of happiness, where it survives, is the bequest of the good old times. Such is our evidence ; and now, having described its nature, we may turn to the details. A considerable portion of the people were terribly •destitute. We have heard what the biographer of Young Barisdale says, about a diet of shellfish from March to August, about the faces that never wear a CONTENTED POVERTY 265 Bmile. Franck, writing in L654-1660, tells us how, when Monk held Scotland, the Strathnaver crofters bled their cows in winter, and fed on blood mixed with oatmeal. 1 Burl and Knox testify to the Bame practice, a century later and more. * This immoderate bleeding reduces the cattle to so low a plighl thai in the morning they cannot rise from the ground, and several of the inhabitants join together to help up each other's cows.' 1 ' 'The gentry nun lie said to be a handsome people, bul the commonalty much otherwise; one would hardly think, by their faces, they were of the same species, or. ;it least, of the same country, which plainly proceeds from their bad food . . .' 3 The old times were not so good; the peasants, who protected and concealed him. could not give Lord Pitsligo sail to his porridge: ' Salt is dear. 1 But people who have seen nothing better are not discontented. The gentry — not chiefs, but tacksmen — as we have said, did not live luxuriously. Examples may he given. 'Although they have been attended at dinner by live or six servants, they have often dined upon oat-meal varied several ways, pickled herrings, or other such cheap and indifferent diet . . . Their houses are sometimes buill with stone and lime ' (like Harisdale's palace), but other houses of the gentry ' are buill in the manner of the huts.' Burl 1 Northern Memoirs. This author does not speak of drinking the blood of the living row. Sec op. <-il. p. 209, and note, p, 872. This correction applies to p. 283. Burt, ii. p. 81. :1 Ibid. p. 20. 266 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE mentions one such house, with beasts dwelling under the roof of the owner, or tacksman. For many years Old Glengarry dwelt in a hut, his castle being occupied by an English commercial gentleman. The laird's children were ' dirty and half naked ' — this is on hearsay— and it was a common proverb that ' a gentleman's bairns are known by their speaking English.' Glengarry's niece, daughter of iEneas, shot at Falkirk, ' had no English,' when she could not have been under thirteen years of age. 1 Thus there was no very great gulf, in some cases, between gentry and peasantry, where comfort was concerned. The difference of appearance between them, as between beings ' of a different species,' is the less intelligible. But herrings and game are more nutritious than nettles, cows' blood, and shell- fish, especially where all are scarce. As to rents, payments to chief or tacksman, how did things fare ? Conservatives, like Dr. Johnson and Sir Walter Scott, have written about the chiefs ' degenerating from patriarchal rulers to rapacious landlords.' The Duke of Argyll, on the contrary, speaks of the sub-tenants, in the good old times, as ' holding at the will of the lease-holders or tacksmen, and complaining bitterly of the oppressions under which they laboured.' This is on the evidence of Sheriff Campbell of Stonefield, speaking of Mull, Morven. and Tyree, in 1732.- 'It was only begin- 1 Glengarry's Letter Book, MS. '-' Scotland as it was and as it is, p. 245. RACK-RENTING 267 oing to be fell by these poor people thai even a bare subsistence could uol be secured when plunder had been slopped, and before industry bad begun.' What were the ' oppressions,' nol including, of course, such exceptional outrages as those of Barisdale? Well, Burt tells us that a tenant's improvements, in 1730-1740. meant an instant rise of rent. 'Whal would the tenant be the gainer ofil ' (enclosures and improvements on his farm), 'but to have his rent raised, or his farm divided with some other:' 1 The division would serve to recruit another swords- man for the Chief. The writer of a MS. of 1747. in th,. pn let to smaller tenants. Hence the lands lie waste, and 'above one hundred families have been reduced io beggary and driven out of the island." This is precisely the modern complaint against the bad new times, a complaint with which we all sympathise. Tacksmen, according t«» Culloden, were as bad as factors. 1 We have another statement by Culloden: 'From roth to [nver- and thence to the Western Sea, including the Western [elands, . . . no part is in any degree cultivated, except some spots lure and there in straths or fjlons, by the sides of rivers, brooks, or lakes, and on the sea-coast. The grounds that are cultivated yield small quantities of mean eoms not sufficient to teed the inhabitants, who depend for their nourishment on milk, butter, cheese, &0., the product of their cattle. . . . Their habitations are the most miserable huts that ever were Been/ Culloden Papers, p. 298. 270 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Culloden, therefore, suggested the granting to the sub-tenants of nineteen years' leases if they would ' offer frankly for their farms such rent as fairly and honestly they could bear.' Such leases he had power to offer, and did offer. ' No takers ! ' Cullo- den was surprised, but he need not have been. The weight of the tacksmen would be against him, also the conservatism of the people. A fixed rent was a new crude hard thing : a system of shuffling along, above all as the general policy was to find room for swordsmen — was an old endurable thing. Culloden, however, persuaded some sub-tenants to offer. On the tacksmen he put pressure. He had with him some tacksmen from the mainland, better acquainted with farming methods. They offered for the insular tacksmen's farms, whereon the insular tacksmen also offered. Fixed now were rents, and fixed the duration of tenancy. One Culloden lease to a kind of village com- munity of six people in portions of land of different sizes is dated April IS, 1739, from Stoney Hill. 1 The lease of 1739 is for nineteen years, ' and that in full satisfaction of all casualitys, and other prestations and services whatsomever,' except for services in repairing harbours, mending highways, or repairing miln-leads, for the general benefite of the Island 1 This is the house near Musselburgh, which the wicked Colonel Charteris lent to Culloden, who had defended him from a charge of rape. In one room (when I was a boy) you saw in the centre a great black blotch, and black marks as of footsteps tiptoeing out to the door. A gruesome room ! >i:i:\ Ll ES 21 I (Mull). The tenants were to paj cesses, oiinisters' stipends, schoolmasters' salaries, &c, 'freeing and relieving the Duke 1 from these burdens. Failure of rent meanl removal, and made the Lease mill and void; the tenants having Leave, however, i<> take over tile share of a defaulter or choose a substitute fur him. Wliai the sub-tenants gain is freedom from a tacksman, secure possession while they pay, and freedom from all but the stated customary services and • casualties.' One of these was military service in a Jacobite rising. A tenant in Mull could not now lose his holding it' his tacksman ordered him to join the Prince and he refused. As to the other • sen ices.' the Duke of Argyll regards them as indefinite and oppressive. He selects examples from Sinclair's paper lor the Board of Agriculture in 1795. Kent was mainly paid in kind, chickens, cattle, grain, plus 'tilling, dunging, sowing, and harrowing a part of an extensive farm in the proprietor's' (or tacksman's) 'possession.' Peats, thatching, weeding, cartage, harvesting, and so forth, were exacted, with imple- ments, eggs, butter, cheese, a tithe of iish and oil. woollen yarn, and so forth. These services might easily be made oppressive, and did not conduce t<» improvement in agriculture. The exact weight and money value of these services must have varied widely. The author of MS. lot proposes that, in future, all services shall be definitely stated in writing when a tenant takes ;i 272 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE farm. ' Extravagant services are still required ' [circ. 1750) ' and performed, which the landlord would be ashamed to commit to writing.' He also, like Culloden, advocates the compulsory granting of leases for not less than twenty years. But he has already said that the people, accustomed to hereditary entry on farms from father to son, refuse to take written leases. As to ' services,' Mr. Fraser Mackintosh, on the other side, tells us how the Lochiels, in exile, ' re- gularly received part of the rent.' That he only sent 100/. to Lochiel's children in France, and made the tenants work on his lands instead of on the county roads, is a charge made by Colonel Crawfurd against Lochiel's brother, Fassifern. 1 Mr. Fraser Mackintosh comments on the loyalty of Lochiel's tenants, but adds ' in former times rent in the form of money was a minor easy consideration, the real burden or tax being services ' — especially ' the almost intolerable burden' of war. Thus the exile of the Chief became ' really no hardship to the people,' enabling them ' to pay a double (money) rent now and then with comparative ease.' 2 Thus, in this author's opinion, ' the real burden or tax ' was ' services,' not money rent. Happily he gives a case of commutation of services for money on Glengarry's estate. The commutation was ' appa- rently quite disproportionate and oppressive. For instance, in the case of Dugald Cameron, late cow- 1 Cumberland Papers, 1758. 2 Antiquarian Notes, p. 207. EVICTIONS 273 herd to Glengarry, afterwards tenanl of Boline, while his rem was 11/. |.s. :;,/., the converted services amounted to • >/. 2s. ^ absurd. If it be agreed thai •services* were the main part of rent, how oppressive a hostile tacksman, say Barisdale, mighl make them is easily conceived. 2 Whatever we may think of the advantages of a definite Culloden rent, it is pretty plain thai the people did not like it. Bui the old kind of rent and services was of scarce any value to a probably non- resident proprietor, who could gel high returns on the new system from large farmers or graziers. He did not want hens and cheese, and had now no use for claymores. The consequence- were raised rents, emigration, evictions, the Highland grievances. But were there no evictions, and removals, and forced migrations in the good old times? Mr. Fraser Mackintosh says, ' The Commissioners on the Forfeited Estates, or, more properly, their Factors, were the first evictors in the Highlands, and they were guilty of favouritism to such a degree in 1 Antiquarian Notes', compare pp. 126 and 207. - Here is a formal rent from Burt (ii. 56j : — Donald Mac Oil vie i/l<- Challum. Money £8. 10. 4. Scots n). :.. h> Butter 81b. 2oz. Oatmeal 2 bushels 1 lYck .*! Lip. Sheep j ami ,',.. Other tenants paid in Bhares the rest of the sheep. Then there would be 'services,' engaging Donald's time and labour a T 274 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE favour of strangers, that man}- of the tenants emi- grated voluntarily.' Indeed, Glenure was shot, by Allan Breck or another, because, as factor for the forfeited estates of Lochiel and Ardsheil, he had evicted Cameron or Stewart tenants, and preferred Campbells. But Mr. Fraser Mackintosh ought to know that the Commis- sioners were not the first evictors. Who drove a hundred families from Mull and Tyree about 1738, as Culloden tells us ? Who ' removed ' James Stewart of the Glens before Campbell of Glenure did ? Why Ardsheil, whose bastard brother he was. Who evicted some and threatened to evict all Macpher- sons from the Duke of Gordon's lands in Badenoch in 1724 ? Why the Duke and his factor, Gordon of Glenbucket. The story is told in a letter of Cluny to the Earl Marischal. 1 The Macphersons held lands in Bade- noch ' as feuars, woodsellers, or kindly tenents to the Duke of Gordon.' He however ' vexes and re- duces us by perpetuall lawsuits,' and ' has taken it into his head to root us intearly out of our own country.'' He therefore feued most of his Badenoch lands to Glenbucket k for the half of its value, or, I may say, a third, meerly out of design to take it out of the hands of the Macphersons.' Glenbucket, ' in order to begin the work of extirpating us, has turned out the tenants of six farms.' Their high offers of rent 1 ' Cluny, May 10, 1724.' Stuart Papers, p. 113, Appendix, pp. 100-105 DIRKING \ FACTOB 275 were refused, so they dirked Glenbucket, 'in a mosl barbarous manner.' The operation can scarcely be performed in a gentle fashion. -They very luckily missed their aim by the Favour of a buff bell he had about him,' also by the favour of a claymore thai was lying convenient. The Duke now threatened to • extirpate ' Or eviet ' the whole name of M acpheix H i.' which he proceeded to do 'with a body of a thousand men, fool and horse.' All parties were Jacobites, and King James settled hcec certamina tanta. Il< had no objections to eviction. He writes to the Duke of Gordon, k l am far from blaming you for any steps you may have taken which are authorised by the law of the land, but there are only a few offenders, and, politically, the eviction disunites loyal clan-.' ' Indeed the more one thinks of Mr. Eraser .Mackintosh's assertion that the Commissioners were the first evictors in the Highlands, the more grotesque does it appear. We turn to the manuscript 'Letter of a Gentleman ' whose sympathies are with 'the wretched commons, 9 not with the Chiefs. 8 * The gentlemen of the name of .Mackenzie,' says our author, ' are frugal- and industrious. . . . They have screwed up their rents to an extravagant height, which i hey vitiously term improving their estates, without putting the tenants upon a proper way of improving the ground, to enable them to pay that 1 .liuiK's to the Duke of (lonlon, August 27, 1724. 2 British Museum. The King's Library, L04. t 2 276 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE rent, which makes the common people little better than slaves and beggars.' No ' screw ' but eviction could be used by these Mackenzie landlords, frugal and industrious. Here is a case among the Camerons from the same MS. : — 6 To shew the present disposition of that Clan.' described as 'lazy, silent, sly, and enterprizing people,' ' I will relate an instance of their barbarity which happened since the year 1725. The possessor of a farm belonging to the Duke of Gordon, of the tribe of the Macmartins, about three miles to the North of Fort William, demanded an abatement of the usual rent, which the Duke refusing, he left the farm, boasting that no man would dare to succeed in it. For some years it was untenanted, till at last the Duke prevailed on Mr. Skeldoich, who was then minister of the parish, who could not find a place to reside in, to take this farm. The former possessor lay still till the minister had plentifully stocked the farm with cattle and built a house on it, then, with some other rogues, finding that the cattle were care- fully watched, went to the place where the calves were kept, and with their durks cut off their heads, and cut the skins so that they would not be of any use.' The}'' also destroyed the Duke's salmon nets on the Lochy. Later, watching till the minister chanced to be away from home, ' they pulled down part of his house, and fired several shots towards the place AGRARIAN OUTRAGE 277 where his wife lay.' The worthy clergyman then thought it time to move into Fort William. I >ur author adds that cadets of Highland houses have possessed farms 'forages' withoul Leases, and when they are aol able to pay their rents, and are turned out, they look upon the person who takes the farm after them as usurping their right. These people have often refused to take a written lease, think- ing that, by bo doing, they gave up the right of possession. All this, written about 1740, is hardly congruous with Mr. Fraser Mackintosh's bold statement that the Commissioners of Forfeited Estates were the firsl evictors in the Highlands. We learn that, ' by reason of the great poverty and slavery of the commons,' on the Mackenzie estates, out of the clan levy "t' 3,000 men, 'a third are but dross.' Let us add that the Campbells evicted the Macdonalds from Kintyre, by cutting their throats; that every defeated • Ian was likely to be, more or less, evicted; and that all the Macgregors were evicted. These were opera- tions of clan warfare, though not much more enjoy- able for that. But when a sub-tenant held from a tacksman, on a ■ precarious tenure,' does Mr. Frasei Mackintosh maintain that he was never evicted P Why did Robin < >ig shoot Macfarlane at the plough tail? He did so simply for the old agrarian reason. In Prestone. rank's speech for the Crown, al the disgraceful trial which ended in the judicial murder 278 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE of James Stewart of the Glens, he says that ' a delu- sion in a peculiar manner prevailing in the High- lands,' is that ' a cause of mortal enmity arises if a man should be removed by another from his farm or possession which he hath no manner of title to hold or retain.' 1 'The delusion,' he says, 'prevails else- where,' but is ' in a particular manner prevalent in the Highlands.' How could a popular delusion of this kind come into existence if the Commissioners of Forfeited Estates were ' the first evictors in the Highlands ' ? Demonstrably they were nothing of the kind. There were evictions in the good old times. On the other hand, evictions had probably not been much practised with a view to obtaining higher rents or making improvements, but for other reasons. Claymores, not money, had been in request from tenants before 1745. Once more, according to Burt, a Lowland authority, the Chief ' must free the necessitous from their arrears of rent, and maintain such who, by accidents, are fallen to a total decay.' Far from throwing a lot of small farms into a large one, or a sheep-walk, ' if, by increase of the tribe, small farms are wanting for the support of such addition, he splits others into lesser portions, because all must somehow be provided for.' 2 This policy is the precise reverse of the Culloden lease, which terminates, ipso facto, when rent falls into 1 Scots Magazine, 1753, p. 498. 2 Bvirt, ii. 5, 6. THE CHIEF 279 arrears. A Chief, bound by consanguinity to treal all bis tenants as gentlemen, migbl practise shooting at them, like Clanranald with his famous piece, 'the Cuckoo,' bul certainly was uol apt to evicl of ten for arrears of rent. Be lived al borne, he built a erreal castle like I Hengarry's I probably by aid of 'services'), he i«'(l on the slice}), kine, butter, milk, of his tenants, but he shook them by the hand, perhaps forgave arrears, held clan fens;-, and was a god on earth. When he raised rents, united farms in one hand, did not shake that of every clansman, bul rather evicted them, discontent was natural, inevitable. Holders of land, proud free men, must emigrate, or become labourers or artisans in towns. Who does not sym- pathise with their emotions? On the other side, the Chief must subdivide and subdivide, in the good old times, 'because all must somehow be provided for.' Hut all could not be and were not 'provided for.' We have seen the pictures of cruel exquisite poverty from Franck in L654, to the Gartmore MS. in 1747, and the Culloden Report in 1738, and the 'Life of Barisdale' in 1 7 -~) 4 . and Burt's Letters of about L735. It seems reasonable to suppose that all arable lands were eagerly cultivated as far as the implements and skill of the people availed to cultivate them. It was the interest of the chiefs to increase their bands of warrior- and the sentiment, if not the interest, of the clansmen urged them to stay on the land. lint the land could not maintain them! The '280 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE younger gentry pushed their fortunes abroad as men of the sword or in commerce. But the commons were often at the starving point ; we hear of famines. Glengarry writes of a great scarcity, when meal had to be bought in the Lowlands. Burt tells of no meal in Inverness. ' A house, grass for a cow or two,' and ' as much land as will sow a boll of oats,' rocky land, needing spade culture, was a cottar's ' only wages of his whole labour and service,' says the Gartmore MS. The author reckons that there is not in the Highlands employment for more than half the population, even when land has been remorselessly sub-divided. Many earned a harvest wage in the Lowlands. Others ' sorned ' on their kindred. Armies of tramps were supported by the generosity of the poor ; nay, Lowland beggars came North, allured by the open hands of the Highlanders. Whisky shops were everywhere ; here men sauntered and drank. Plunder was habitual ; a captain of a ' Watch ' like Barisdale was at once thief and thief-taker. w They live like lairds, and die like loons,' says Franck, speaking not of all the Highlands (as Macaulay quotes him), but chiefly of Lochaber. ' Upon this fund ' — blackmail — the Captain ' employed one half the thieves to recover lost cattle, and the other half of them to steal.' Lochiel laboured to reform his clan in this respect. The exactions of tacksmen, i sub-letting farms to a much greater number than they can maintain, and at a much higher rent than they can pay, obliges these poor people to purchase GENERAL STEWART 28 I their rents ami expences by theifts and robberys,' of cattle ; for the Bighland honesty aboul portable property is extolled by Hurt. A- 10 the moral iniquity of cattle robbing, all morality is local, and a man who does not sin against the local Btandard is no extreme criminal. The Mac- donalds held a simple creed of communism. 'They say thai the Cattle are God's creatures, made for the use of man, for which the earth yields grass and herbs in plenty, without the labour of man, and thai therefore they Ought to be common' — that is, oughl to belong to the Macdonalds. 1 The same ideas had prevailed on the Border : If every man had his ain cow, A richt poor clan Buccleugh's wad be. Dr. Carlyle shows that Border cattle thieves, though not encouraged by the gentry, were a powerful class about 1740. This is not a picture of a golden age, and Bailie Nicol Jarvie, in ' Eob Roy,' sums up this theory of what the age was really like. But, if we turn to Stewart of Garth, 2 we find the real condition of the Highlands in times past revealed in a rosy haze. Blackmail is only extorted from Lowland&rs, as if Barisdale had Lowland neighbours ! B The game and fish were • free to all' — a palpable error as regards salmon, at all events, while one doubts if every clan- man was made free of ClunyV forest. We do not read of grouse and venison in cotters' huts. 'Cottagers 1 MS. Ml. ; Sketches, 1822. Tbid. L K>. 282 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE and tradesmen were discouraged from marrying.' 1 Yet the surplus population was very large. A young- amorous Highlander set himself up for marriage by ' thigging ' — that is, by begging among friends for cows, sheep, and seed-corn. 2 They did not dis- courage him. ' The extinction of the respectable race of tacksmen ... is a serious loss to the people.' 3 Mr. Fraser Mackintosh, however, speaking of Skye, says, ' large tacksmen . . . could be relied on to assist (each other) or keep aloof, if the oppressed were below their class or set.' 4 The author of MS. 104 would reduce the power of tacksmen by making- all tenants leaseholders for terms not under twenty years, and would pay off all wadsetts on forfeited estates, ' because the gentlemen who had them were great oppressors of the Poor, and most of them, though they did not themselves take arms, were very active in forcing the people into the late Eebellion.' An association had been made by Sutherland farmers in General Stewart's time to suppress sheep- stealing. He objects to the new social state which made this association necessar}^. Previously ' crimes had been so few that, from 1747 to 1810, there was only one capital conviction for theft.' This may have been so in Sutherland, and the MS. Letter already cited makes it probable. ' The Mackays of Lord Eeay's country,' though previously reckoned ' the wickedest clan,' now ' abhor thieving.' But 1 Op. cit. i. 84, 85. - Burt, ii. 107. 3 Sketches, i. 135, not l Antiquarian Notes, p. '284. GENERAL STEWART 283 'the common people who dwell along the Easl Coasl are nexl to the Caithness people for poverty, slavery, and dwarfish stature, while the people further up the country towards Strathnaver' (where Franck found them bleeding their cattle for food) •live better.' A third of the Earl of Sutherland's Levy •art- mean, despicable creatures.' Thus one county showed very different conditions; however, like the Maekenzies, the Sutherland men 'abhor thieving.' Elsewhere in the Highlands, hangings for thefl occupy a good deal of the old Scots Magazine. Many pretty men "died for the law." as every one knows. General Stewart, objecting to the new farmers' as- sociation, seems not to have observed that blackmail and 'Highland Watches' were old-fashioned 'associa- tions for protecting property.' Complaints are made by him of ' cutting down farms into lots.' as if the old Chiefs had not infinitely subdivided the soil.' The old extreme poverty is left out of notice by General Stewart, with the old tippling, loafing, ' sorning,' thieving, 'thiffffing' habits. Which land could be and was cultivated, he says, which is now pasture, the harvest only failing'in cold and wet autumns.' 2 These not being unknown in the Highlands, but. on the other hand, very common, famines followed often, notably in L782. If the Lowlanders, the English, and tin- ^uglified Highlanders, like Culloden, paint too gloomy a 1 Sketches, i. 150. ' Tbid. ii. Appendix, div. 284 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE picture of the good old times, General Stewart may be regarded as erring in the opposite direction. His charge against the new Chiefs and landlords is the callous hurry with which they seized their pecuniary advantage, ' which proved ruinous to their ancient tenants.' 1 This is also Scott's opinion, in his Quarterly Review article of 1816. He, too, a Tory of the Tories, condemns the heartless greed of evicting landlords.' 2 General Stewart records cases of delicate consideration and honourable sagacity on the side of the landlords. But often we find either a well-meaning hurry to make sweeping ' improvements,' and benefit people in a way they detest and do not understand (as by giving them leases), or a mere hasty desire to save such a ruined estate as war had left to Glengarry, by raising rents, causing, with the aid of frequent famine years, wholesale emigration. This policy was, indeed, far unlike what Burt reports : ' the poverty of the tenants has rendered it customary for the Chief, or Laird, to free some of them every year from all arrears of rent ; this is supposed, upon an average, to be about one year in five of the whole estate.' These habits vanished with the change in the Highlands ; the old ' arts of popularity ' were no longer practised by the Chiefs : clan affection became clan hatred. If we may believe a tithe of our Whig or Lowland information, it should have done so long- before 1745. Cattle, sheep, red-deer, grouse, now 1 Sketches, i. 139. 2 See also the Introduction to The Legend of Montrose. MONEY. 285 occupy the place of the Bwords of the North: the banker, brewer, or upholsterer shoots the Chiefs game, or misses it. Truly money is the rool of all evil. When specie was scarce in the North, a guinea a thine seldom seen, the fatal treasure of Loch Axkaig pro duced, or evoked, the moral consequences of hatred, malice, treachery and slander. Twenty years later the lack of money hardened the hearts of Chiefs (which had not been so very soft before). Clansmen had to emigrate, and they were wisest who sailed fust from a land of famine. Their descendants, or some of them, dwell happily in a realm of forests, hills, and streams, deer and salmon, still retaining Bighland courtesy. Highland speech. Bighland courage, and Highland hospitality. They seem to have chosen the better pail, and to be more fortunate than their cousins in the new times, or their fathers in the old days that were riot really golden. On the whole, a distressed Highlander need not, it seems, conceive that the old times were free from distress, or thai Chiefs were really always humane. They acted in accordance with their immediate interests. They kept rents low when it paid to have a following, and they screwed rents up when money was more desirable than men. The two policies might be contemporary; this among Mac- kenzies, that among Macdonalds. Ensign Small reported 1 that, among the Macdonalds, 'the gentry 1 Cumberland Papers, 17."):;. 286 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE are fond of a rising, the commoners hate it.' The author of MS. 104 represents the Macdonalds as ' cursing their Prince and their Chiefs.' The world, to its disadvantage, allows interest to override sentiment, which we only find here and there, as in the noble words of Lochiel. When he arrived with Prince Charles in France, in the autumn of 1746, he was, of course, very poor. The Prince, according to Young Glengarry, in a conversation with Bishop Forbes, was obliged to give Lochiel a full security for his estates before the Chief would raise his clan. Consequently Charles felt bound, said Glengarry, to secure a French regiment first of all for Lochiel. This, in Lochiel, would have been a singular piece of caution ! But let us hear his own words, in a letter to King James. 1 ' I told H.E.H. that Lord Ogilby or others might incline to make a figure in France ; but my ambition was to serve the Crown, and serve my Country, or perish with itt. H.E.H. say'd he was doing all he could ' (to return with forces to Scotland), ' but persisted in his resolution to procure me a Eegiment. If it is obtained, I shall accept it out of respect to the Prince, but I hope Yr. M. will approve of the resolution I have taken to share in the fate of the people I have undone, and, if they must be sacrificed, to fall along with them. It is the one- way I can free myself from the reproach of their blood, and shew the disinterested zeal with which 1 January 16, 1747. old i.<>\ \t 287 I have lived, and shall dye Your Majesty's most bumble, most Obedient, and most faithful! subject and servant, ' Donald ( Iameeon. 1 ' There speaks a man who makes real the ideal of the Clan system. But the ideal, though a hundred times illustrated in the conduct of the commons, has left Less conspicuous examples in the behaviour of some Chiefs. 'My brother-in-law, Major Grant, pretended that the man.' (a recruit) 'I sent from this country, Isold, which is false," says Old Loval to Cluny. 2 Major Grant, his brother-in-law. knew Old Lovat. He, like TJarisdale, was an example of the kind of chief who, till after 1745, was not impos- sible. He throve wickedly on the survival of a kind of society, the tribal society with its usages, which was in no sense exclusively Celtic, but originally pre- valent all over Europe. In parts of the Eighlands tribal society outlived its day, and gave to Loval the opportunities which he abused. I Irowne, iii. p. 477. 2 March 26, 1740. Gleanings from Clwny Charter Chest, p. -t. APPENDIX l.— PICKLE'S LETTERS These two letters of Pickle's, not published in full in Pickle th Spy, illustrate ' The Case against Glengarry ' in this volume. In the letter dated Edinburgh, 14th Sep- tember, 1754, we find that, immediately on hearing of his father's death, the writer sent a note to Gwynne Vaughan, an English official, and went to Edinburgh, writing from Newcastle on his way North. His ' family affairs are in cm i fusion.' Now Old Glengarry died in Edinburgh, on September 1, 17.54, and, as has been elsewhere shown, Young Glengarry at once repaired to the North. No reader of these letters can doubt that their writer is, or is feigning to be, Young Glengarry. Now no such pretence could possibly succeed in Edinburgh, where Young Glen- garry, a man eminently well known, happened to be at the moment. For the rest, the letters are mainly concerned with the Informer's proposed terms of payment, now thai his • situation is greatly altered,' by the death of his father, obviously Old Glengarry. Further comment seems needless, the evidence being beyond suspicion, and capable of but one interpretation. Dr. Sir, — I have receivd the pleasur of yours of 20 Beptr, but have been of late so hurried that I had no time to return a proper answer. I thought I was pritty pointed in my last in regard to a certain stipulation, but as by yours 1 imagen I was not so well understood, I beg leave to be now more explicite. I waited patiently four years (since u 290 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE 1750) without making the least demand, but for Journy expences, which fell so fare short that I spent all my owne ready Mony, and ran in debt eight hundred £st. Now, Sir, I expect that your friend will pay this sume by way of gratification, which will make me free of all debt contracted during my several trips, for I expect to be considered for what is past, as well as for times coming : I had had his tvorthy Brother's ' paroll for this as well as a promise of his countenance, and protection, in all my other claimes. as I will notvarrie the least in my demand, notwithstanding my situation is greatly altered, I will only mention £ five hundred St. yearly, twice regularly payd by Grandpapa, for I won't absolutely have to dow with any other. If Mr. Kenady (Duke of Newcastle) whose friendship I have a right to Claim, in vertue of his Brother's promise, will obtain this for me, there is nothing honourable he can think of, but I am able to perform. Only I beg he be not prejudiced by that swarm of Videts that dally infest him. The Services I can be of are pritty well known, and as I am embark'd I am determin'd to percevere, but then I expect that Mr. Kenady (D. of N.) will fulfill his worthy Brother's promise to me, which was to clear me of the Debts contracted in my new way of lief, when that is done, and a certain thing yearly fixt, Mr. Kenady shall dispose of me in what shape he pleases. Young Swift (Lochgarry) is arrived, and upon his waiting of 20 (Genl. Bland) was not recevd as was promis'd he should. When I waited of him, he did not receve me as I expected, haughtly refusd the use of a fulsie without I should qualifie. I smiling answr'd, if that was the case, I had then a right without his permission, but that he could not take it amiss that I debar'd all under his comand the pleasure of hunting upon my grounds, or of any firing, which they can't have without my permission, so that I thought favours were reciprocall. 20 (Genl. 1 Henry Pelham's. APPENDIX 1. 291 Bland) and his Club pretends to be well inform'd of the minutest transaction in the Grand Monark's Cabinet, rare poUiticians, Poor 21 (Bruce) is greatly to &< pityed, for my old friends are mad at my consulting him in 'ill my affairs t and 20 (Bland) and some about him spoke very injurious of him to me. I think this ought to be put to rights. / go North in a few days, I hope to prevail on 21 (Bruce) to follow in order to assist me in making a Judicial rent roll. 1 My stay will not exceed a month, and his noi a fortnight, so that it' you expert me up, write under 21 (Bruce's) cover, and I shall obey your comands. lint Mr. Kenady (D. of X.), your friend, must enable me to go about it in a proper manner, and I am sure I will performe the business to his entire satisfaction. Young Swift, (Lochgarry) has verbally communicated to me most of .Miss Philips (Young nder's) amours. Sin has turn'd adrift all, or most of her former companions and galants. (This refers to the rupture between Prince Charles and his English adherents.) My presence is much wanted, and ardently wished tor by hir, and hir present conductors. But I cant hear any thing materiall till old Swift (Lochgarry) return from hir. "What I mentiond concerning Black Cattel is fact, but I hate repetitions, and at any rate must deffer further particulars till my return from the North. I will expect the pi' ;isure of hearing to satisfaction and pointedly from you —I will beg the continuance of your good Offices, and will conclude by making offer of my Compts. to Mr. Kenady and assures him that all now depends upon himself, as Every thing is in liis option. I ever remain, Dear Grandpapa Your most obedient and most ohlidged humble Servt. Albs Guthby. Edinbr. 10. Octr. 1754. 1 Oii«' Brace
  • l survey the Forfeited Estates and others. i 2 292 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE (Pickle to G.Y.) (Gwynne Vaughan) Add. 32,736. f. 525. Edinbr. 14 Septr. 1754. Dr. Sir, — I am vastly uneasy not to receive the least answer to either of my letters from Newcastle, or that which I wrote immediately upon my Father's death ; 1 but, as I have the greatest confidence in your friendship, I per s wade myself that nothing prevents my receiving apointed answer to every article in both my last, but the multiplicity of weighty Affairs daily crouding upon the Duke of Newcastle ; therefore without any suspicion or diffidence I am deter- mined to continue firm to our Concert, untill you acquaint me if he agrees to my Proposals, which if he does, he may safely rely upon everything in my power, and I think I can't give stronger proof of my sincerity than by this offer, in the confusion of my Family affairs, which in its present situation, demands all my attention. I have heard fully from Lochgary, who acquaints me that the Young Pretender's affairs take a very good turn, and that he has lately sent two expresses to Lochgary earnestly intreating a meeting with Pickle, and upon Lochgary' s acquainting him of the great distance Pickle was off, he commanded Lochgary to a rendezvous, and he set out to meet me the 4th. Instant, and is actually now with me. I shall very soon have a particular account of the present plan of operation. I have now the ball at my foot, and may give it what tune I please, as I am to be allowed largely, if I fairly enter in co-partnership. The French King is in a very peaceable humour, but very ready to take fire if the Jacobites renew their address, which the Young Pretender assures him of, and he will the readier bestirr himself, as the English Jacobites hourly torment him. Troops, Scotch and Irish, are daily offered to be 1 At Edinburgh, Sept. 1, died Old Glengarry. APPENDIX I. 293 Bmuggled over : but I have positively yet reins, add greatly to the Young Pretender's patrimony, and English Contributors are not wanting "ii their parts. I suspect that my letters of late to my friends abroad are st<>pt, pray enquire, for I think it very unfair dealings. J am in a few weeks to go north to put some order to my affairs. 1 should have been put to the greatest incon- veniency if 21 (Bruce) had not lent his friendly assistance; but as I have been greatly out of pocket by the Jants I took for Mr. lVlhani, 1 shan't he in condition to continue trade, if I am not soon enabled to pay olt'the J)ehts then con- tracted. I have said on former occasions so much upon this head to no effect that I must now be more explicit, and I beg your friendly assistance in properly representing it to the Duke of Newcastle. If he thinks thai my services, of which 1 have given convincing proofs, will answer to his advancing directly eight hundred Pounds, which is the least that can clear the Debts of my former Jants, and lix me to the Certain payment yearly of Five hundred at two several terms, he may command anything in my power upon all occasions. 1 am sorry to be forced to this explanation, in which 1 always expected to be prevented. 1 am so far from thinking this extravagant, that 1 am perswaded it will save them as many thousands, by dis- carding that swarm of Yidets, which never was in the least trusted. If the Duke of Newcastle's Constituent (the King) was acquainted with this, 1 dare say he would esteem the demand reasonable, considering what he throws away upon others of no interest or power on either side. I beg you'll acquaint me with the soonest of the Duke of Newcastle's answer, and assure him of my ready obedience to his commands. [ have referred to 21 to enlarge further upon this, and other subjects I have heen conversing with him some days ago, as he can inform you of my great hurry 294 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE and confusion for this fortnight past, ] which will be all the apology I will make for this hurried scrawl, and I beg you'll be fully convinced of the great esteem etc. etc. etc. P.S. Pray let me not be denied the Arms I wanted, and I hope in case of accidents, you'll take care of young Lochgary. I am just this instant informed that Mr. Nordly has left the King of France for the summer season, and is residing now in England, but can't learn in what particular place — 21 is supposed to be the Watchman : whose letter will explain what he hints of Lochgary. Mr. Nordly is not deciphered yet. (Copy of Pickle's letter to G. V. (Gwynne Vaughan) deciphered. K. Oct. 16th, 1754.) II.— MACLEOD ' The Eebels had an implacable Illwill and Malice against Him (Macleod) as they alledged, and many of them believed, that he not only deserted, but betrayed their Cause : what truth there is in this I will not take upon me to determine.' So says the writer of the MS. 104, ' The Highlands of Scotland in 1750.' ' Surely never did man so basely betray as did Macleod, whom I shall leave for the present to the racks and tor- tures of a guilty conscience, and the just and severe judgement of every good man.' Thus writes Murray of Broughton, after narrating how Macleod gave a written promise to aid Prince Charles whenever he landed. What he did was to send information to Forbes of Culloden, ' it is certain that the pretended Prince of Wales is come 1 On account of Old Glengarry's death. \NT.\MX [I. 295 into the coasl of South l'i>t and Barra.' lit- begs thai his i laun as informant may he kept secret. 1 Macleod can thus avoid the charge of betraying the Cause, only by disproof of Murray 's allegation thai be gavi a written promise to rise. Bui this allegation Is confirmed by family tradition. 'Miss Macleod of Macleod, Dunvegan Castle, remembers having seen in the family charter-chesl an interesting correspondence between \\l> I loyal Eighness and Macleod, in which Norman " invited the Prince to come over, Beveral months before he arrived," hut the letters have since disappeared, and the family knows nothing as to where they have gone to.' 2 On the showing of Miss Macleod, as reported by Mr. Mackenzie, in the passage just cited. Murray might well cry ' never did man betray so basely as did Macleod.' Despite his written promise to Prince Charles, Macleod was the lirht to Bend information against ' the pretended Prince of Wales.' Alter Prestonpans, ' it would appear,' writes Mr. Mackenzie, ' that Macleod was taking lessons in duplicity from Simon,' Lord Lovat. Macleod scarcely needed instruc- tion in treachery; but, if Mr. Mackenzie is right, he now meant to send Young Macleod with the clan to join the Prince, while he stayed at home, and said that he could not help it. 3 This domestic arrangement was not carried into effect. Macleod was horn in 1706, and inherited the family lands with 60,000/. He died in 177-2, leaving o0,000/. of deht. He is still spoken of in the traditional history of his family as An Droch Dhuine, or 'the Wicked Man,' partly because of his extravagance, partly 'for his cruel treatment of his first wife and Lady Grange.' * 1 Dunvegan, August 3, 1745. Culloden Papers, p. 204. History of the Macleoda, \'>y Alexander Mackem ie, P.S.A., p. 12<». Inverness. 1889. ; Tbid, p. L88. ' Ibid. p. 149. 296 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE When we add his treachery to the Prince, we see in Macleod a character far from exemplary. His grandson speaks of him as ' always a most beneficent and beloved chieftain, whose necessities had lately induced him to raise his rents.' . . . . ' The Jacobites treated him as an apostate, and the successful party did not reward his loyalty." He reaped as he had sown. 1 Mackenzie, pp. 150, 151. INDEX Aii ode] \. Earl of, 105 Ailesbury, Lord, 58 Airlie, Earl of, 105 Albemarle, Lord, 115, 118, 119, 120 Alberoni, Cardinal, II- 1 * Amelot, bis \\ arning to Murray of Broughton, 7:; Anderson, Mrs., of Arradoul, Durses Prince < lharles, s;> note Ardsheil, his estates, 27 I Argj 11. 1 take of, al Sherimnnir, 1 1 ; cited, L06, 162,226,263,271 Arkai^. Loch, Frencb gold buried at. See Frencb treasure Association of Scottish Jacobite 3, the, foundation 'A'. .';•_! Atholl, I >uke of, bis comparison of Pickle's and Glengarry's letters, 249 11, James, Dul e of, 82, B3, 106, 214 Atterbury, Bishop, urges pro- clamation of Rin g Jam Ainu's death, 8 : conspiring, 'Ji Baili.ik. William, Letter on Glen- garry - r< a mcilem6nt to the ( rovernment, 226 Balhaldie (chief of the Mac- gregors), 72 ; his Ossianic pro- phecies of ■■> French Invasion, !'■'> ; in Paris, 7:i ; in Flandei s, 7"> : working againsl M orraj of Broughton, 76 ; cited, 82, 88, 34, 86, 222,288,239 Barisdale, Colonel (grandson of MacdonelJ of Barisdale), 1'-! I Barisdale, MacdonelJ of, physi- cal I 1 - '.-. i . loo ; mari Is L01 : fighl with < !ameron of Taask, 1oi ; arrested for theft, 102 ; thief-catcher, 102 ; cruelty. 103 : joins a confederacy for theft, 104 ; nV\ ices for levying blackmail, 105 ; captain of a • Watch,' M).", ; w adsetter of < I li ogarrj 's, 106 ; duel with Cluny, 106 : made a colonel bj Charles, 107 ; al Pri tonpans, 107 : made a Lraighl banneret, 108; raising the clans. 108 ; reducing the shirt - of Ross and Sutherland, 109 ; Letter to Lady Sutherland, 112 ; too late for ( !ulloden, 113 ; and Lochiel, 114; endeavours to seize ( lharles, 1 15 ; gets a ' pro- tec! ion,' 1 15 : his protection re- scinded, 115 ; with his son put in irons by < lharles, 116 ; in a French prison, 117: imprisoned in Edinburgh < !astle, 117: his nai rat i\ e to the Justice Clerk. 118- 121 ; Jacobite charges againsl him. L22 ; die i in Edin- burgh Castle 128 ; family Beat, 178; cited, si;, s7. 181, 133, 184, L38, 189, 188, L90, 195, 259 I larisdale, 5 oung (son of Mac- don* 11 of Bai i dal< I, in a French prison, 117: a fugitive in the Highlands, L28; take-, the oaths, I'ji : cited, L60, LOO, L95, L96, 259 Barry, Dr., betrayed by Murray of B i B8 ' 298 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Barrymore, Lord, 36, 38. 74. 75 1 ieaufort, Duke of. 36, 38, 74, 75 Berwick. Duke of, urges James to join his adherents, 9 ; then advises delay, 9 ; detained by the Regent Orleans in France, 9 Blair (an agent of James), 229 Bland, General, Governor of Edinburgh Castle, 174. 198, 240, 241, 290, 291 Bolingbroke, 9 Brado, Mr. (Jew), 200 1 heck, Allan, 194,274 Bruce (Court Trusty), 217, 218, 240. 241, 291 Burt, Captain, 221. 263. 265 Cameron, Allan (brother of Glenevis), dies at Culloden. 149 Cameron. Allan, of Landavrae, 164 Cameron, Alexander, of Glenevis, 147 ; genealogy, 148 ; brutality of Cumberland's men to his wife, 148 ; Colonel Crawfurd's attempt to arrest, 150 ; sur- renders to Crawfurd, 152 ; be- lieves that Young Glengarry gave information against him. 153 ; in Edinburgh Castle, 156 ; cited. 141. 142, 146. 168, 196, 229, 230, 232 Cameron, Angus, of Downan, 136, 146, 149. 151, 153, 154, 156, 159, 160, 196 Cameron, Archibald, of Dun- gallon, 133, 147, 150, 151 Cameron, Dr. Archibald (brother of Lochiel), entrusted with French treasure, 131 ; buries a portion at Loch Arkaig, 131 ; accuses, and is accused by, Young Glengarry of embezzle- ment, 140, 141 ; vindicated in a letter from Douay, 142 ; also by an informer, 143 ; Cluny Macpherson's alleged accounts. 144 ; innocent of malversation of the Prince's money, 146 ; relationship to Lochiel. 147 ; accusations from and of Young Glengarry about the French treasure, 228 ; cited, 85, 86, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 159, 232 Cameron, Donald, 135 Cameron, Dugald (cowherd). 272 Cameron, Duncan, 156 Cameron, Evan, of Drumsallie ; 145 Cameron, Mrs. Archibald, 148, 227 Cameron, Mrs. Jean, 138 Cameron of Lochiel. See Lochiel Cameron of Taask, 101 Cameron of Torcastle, 141, 142 Cameron, Rev. John, 114 Cameron, Samuel (brother of Cameron of Glenevis ; Major in Lochiel' s regiment in French service), 138 ; cited, 149, 159 Cameron, Sergeant Mohr, hanged, 159 ; cited, 194, 196 Campbell of Auchenbreck (father- in-law of Lochiel), 72, 73 Campbell of Glenure, murdered, 158, 161, 194, 274 Campbell of LochneU, 227 Campbell, Sheriff, of Stonefield, 266 Carlvle. Dr., 142 Carte, the historian, 29, 37, 41 Caryl, Lady Elizabeth, 27 Cecil. Colonel. 73 Charles Edward, Prince, disliked by the Earl Marischal, 5; re- pudiates assassination schemes, 22 ; affected contempt for all religion, 25 ; proposal to settle him in Corsica, 30 ; offers to go alone with the Marischal to Scotland, 34 ; living concealed in Paris, 35, 43 ; anxious to join the French army in Flan- ders, 35 ; implores the Earl Marischal to meet him at Venice, 40, 42 ; breaks with Goring, 43 ; declines to cashier his mistress. Miss Walkinshaw, 44 ; his retreat in Flanders detected by the English. 44 ; appeals to the Earl Marischal, 47 ; his life of exile, 49 ; absurd anecdote of his want of courage, IM'I.X 299 58 : Btory of his presence at the coronation of « reorge 111.. 59 ; bis pi rsi ' i.il appearance, To. 71 : Murray of Broughton's attachment to him. 7 1 ; Murray exposes Balhaldie and SempO him, 76 ; avows his intention ot'\ isiting Scotland, 76 ; warned unst this intention, 76, 79 : embarks for Scotland, 36, so ; beli< ves in Murray of Broughton, 81 ; anger with Kuril George Murray on the march southwards, 83, - v I ; attacked with pneumonia, 85 ; behaviour after Culloden, 85, B6 : kindness show n him by Mile. Ferrand and Mme. de . 92 96 : makes Baris- dale a colonel, 107 ; warned by Sheridan against Barisdale, ll- - ' : put- Barisdale and his son in a French prison, 116 ; account of his escape from Skye, 127 ; instructions about French tr< b sure at Arkaig, 137 : directs the remainder o ii gold to be brought to France, 156 ; deserted by his adherents, 171 : m\ itation from France, I s " : break n]> of his party in England, 208; loyalty to his adherents, 223, 224; in- terview with young Glengarry in France, 235, 236 ; colled ion made for him, 238; cited. 286, 291, 292, 294, 295 i !olonel, 270 note I ral, 175 Clancartj . I iord, 36, ">7 Clanranald, alter sin riffmuir, L8, 1 1 ; cited, 86, 131,227, 236,256 Clemenl XL. 21 Cluny'8 treasure. Set French t n burn, his carelessness with lacobite cypher, 75 Cole, 188 Condillac, A.bb4, his tribute to Mile. I ■ rra id and Madame de \ 13,94,95 Conti, Princesse de, L9 Cope. ( reneral, 82, 88 Cotton, Sir John 1 Linde, 86, 7 I I i ird- ^.dvoc • 281 I Eurd, Colonel (Governoi I William), 142 : am tifern, 1 19 ; < rlen< \ is but- to him, 152 : examines ( rL n. -\ is conci rninj th( I r< aoh gold, 15 I. 155 ; ui ges the ' up- ; ing " of Fassifern, 161 ; in- duces Charles Stew ait to lie aboi I I claims, 169, 171 ; cited, 229, 272 i. nn the Im-m Brigade), 180 l'rei|ii\ . Madame d . Me- Irs of, ii : her K>\ e affair with the Earl Marischal, 15 ; fraudu- compilation of her Me- moirs, 15 Cromarty, Lord, 108, 109,111, 113 tal-gazing, 96 note Culloden, 85 Cumberland, Duke of. 117, lis. 119, 121, 128, 189, 190 ]> Vi.i.mukkt. quoted, 4, <>, 8, 9, 10, 12. 13, II. is. 24, 34,35, 17. 60, 61, 62, 64 D'Axgi us, 60,62 D'Argenson, 84, 36,37, 2-2:; ] t'Avenant, thr( atens to bombard Genoa if the Keiths are not lied, 21 Davii 3, Sergeant, murder of, 172. 17:; 1 lawkins, Jemmy, 43 Dillon, < reneral, l I. 22 jlas (Sheriff-substitute), 150 1 >ouglas, Sir John, ss Drummond, Lord John (brother of Duke of Perth), 82, 33, 86, 131 Drummond, ot Balhaldie. See Balhaldie Drummond, Provost, 201, 202, 203, 2iil Duma the Sbunger, his dramatic use of an incident in Murray of Broughti r, 90 Di .1 .old. 26 Edg \i: (.lame-.'- seen tar\ '. 88, 71. 89, 22s. 229, 280, 281 >()() THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Elcho. Lord. 79, 86, 110, 131 Elibank, Lord, 232 Elibauk Plot, the, 43, 231, 232 Emette, Mile. (Turkish captive), 31 Erskine, 117 Fassifern (Lochiel's brother), 143 ; examined as to the French treasure, 145 ; arrested by Colonel Crawford, 149 ; in Edinburgh Castle, 156 ; de- nounced by Young Glengarry, 160 ; Colonel Crawford's accu- sations, 161 ; charged with suborning Glenure's murder, 162 ; accused of forging deeds of Lochiel's estate, 163 ; evi- dence of an informer against him, 164 ; protests against points in his indictment, 165 ; petitions for bail, 166, 167 ; bail refused, 168 ; Charles Stewart on his claims, 169 ; Macfar- lane's preparation of claims from missing deeds, 170 ; found guilty of abstracting his own papers, 171; •uprooted,' 171; cited, 151, 196, 232, 235, 236 Faulkner, Sir Everard, 115, 116, 200, 211 Fergusson, Captain, 103, 195 Ferrand, Mademoiselle (Mile. Luci), kindness to Charles, 92 ; influence on Condillac, 93 ; character, 94; death, 95 : crys- tal-gazing in research of her identity, 96 note Fire- charming, 24 Fitzjames, Due de, 186 Fleury, Cardinal, death of, 73 Floyd, Captain, 41, 58 Flovd, David (son of Captain Floyd), 58, 59 Forbes, Bishop, 141, 148, 224, 231, 286 Forbes, Captain, 214 Forbes of Culloden, 106, 126, 127, 263, 269, 294 Fowler, Mr. (gentleman gaoler of the Tower). 89 Frazer, General (son of Old Lovat), 200 Frederick the Great, his esteem for the Earl Marischal, 4 ; employs hirn, 40 ; concerned at his health, 45 ; asks the Mari- schal to find him a good French cook, 46 ; foresees the oncoming of the Seven dears' War, 46; loses Marshal Keith, 50 ; sends the Marischal to Spain. ">1 ; surety with George II. for the Marischal's conduct, 51 ; patro- nises Rousseau, 56 ; tampers with the Jacobites, 238 French treasure, in aid of Charles's expedition, 129 ; Murray of Broughton's and Archibald Cameron's disposi- tion of it, 131 ; burial of a por- tion in the garden of Mrs. Menziesof Culdairs, 132 ; burial of major part at Loch Arkaig, 132 ; intelligence sentto Colonel Napier about, 133-139 ; Came- ron's accusation of Young Glengarry, 140 ; Glengarry charges Cluny and the Doctor with embezzlement, 140, 141 ; Cameron of Torcastle's state- ment, 141 ; a letter from Douay, 142 ; evidence of an Informer, 143 ; Cluny Macpherson's in- tromissions, 144 ; Fassifern' s admissions, 145 ; Glenevis under examination concerning, 154, 155 ; Young Glengarry's dealings with it, 155, 156 ; causes dissensions among the clans, 156 ; Knoydart and Lochaber demoralised by it, 194 Froullay, Mile. de. See Crequy, Mme. de Gardiner, Mr. (an agent of Craw- ford's), 150 Gartmore MSS.,263 Gask, the .Laird of, 141 Geoffrin, Madame, 51 George II., pardons the Earl Marischal, 51 George III., story of Charles's presence at his coronation, 59 I M » 1 A 30] < rli adarnle, IT ( Unit-vis. S< <■ (aim ron oi < Hen- evis ( rlengarry . /Eneas i brol bi c of YoungGlengarry),201,221, 260 ( rlengarry, I tancan, 260 Glengarry of Killiecrankie, 256 \irr\. ( >ld (lath.i of I'icklei. 82, 11 i. lie. 181, 190, 210, 224, 228,266 ( rlengarry, Yonng. S< i Pickle ( rlenahiel, the conflict at, 18, 1'.' ( '<< irdon, Ailiniral, 26 Gordon, Duke of, 105, 27 1. 27.".. 276 Gordon of Glenbucki t, 86, 210, 274, 27.". Gordon, sir Thomas, of Earls- tonn, 7-"> Goring, Henry, 40, 48, is ( irant, Major, 2N7 Grant, Mi-- Marjory (daughter of Sir Lndo\ ick (irant of Dalvey), 261 Grant, Mrs.. 85 ( irant of ( irant, 106 < ui \ 1 1 English Jacobite), 22 Hamilton, Duke <>f. 71. 72: contributes mom tary aid to 1 es's cause, 7'." ; acc( pts 1 commission, 81 Hani-. .ii. Father, 132, 135 Hay. John, -i Restakig, '21. 85, 86 I lay of 1 rrumelzier, 72 1 law William, cited, 26 Belvetius, 2.".. .vs. .v.t Highlanders, character of, 97 I [ighlands, the, tin. <>]7 ; i migration <>l 1 1 1 * * clans, 2">7 : the ( rlengarry estate a t\ pical instance of olan bi 258 262; evidence concerning, 263, 264 : poetry, 264 : Strath- oaver croftei -. 265 ; living blood mixed \\ ith oatmeal -•oil. 265, 288 : bardm living, 265; rents, 266; the truck Bystem, 267; thriftless agricultural methods, o\ i.l tli. ■.. 269 ; 1 '..I In s of Culloden's 27n ; customary -. i \ ices and oalties,' 271. 272 , rent paid in kind. 271 : commuta- tion ot sen iff- for monej . 272 ; copy of a loi mill n ui. 27:i nott ; evictions, 27:; : tin- eviction ot the Macphersons from Bade nofh. 27 1 : the Macken landlord-. 275 ; tin- < amerons as tenants, 276 ; e \ ictions a part of (dan w.-u Ian . 277. 27s ; obligations of the chiefs to the necessitous, 27s, 0711 ; tu city, 280 : blackmail, 280, 281 : the creed of communism, 281 : association of Sutherland farmers to suppress Bheep ling, 282 : atl it ude of land lords. 284 ; (dan affection laconics clan hatred. 284 J old times contrasted with new. 285 Eodgson, I laptain, 127 I [olderness, I iord, 51 Holker (of Ogilvie's regimi 229 I toward, < ;.. letter on I larisdale's protect ion, 1 1 5 Hume, I 'avid. 55; letter from Marisclial concerning Rousseau, .".fi ; disseminates an an< cdote reflecting on the coura < harli s, 58 : ll Iters from Marischal. 59 64 Hunter. M rs., of Polmood, 87 Ilimtlv. 1 1. 13 I bb mii m (the Marischal's Turk), :;i limes. ( reorge (head of thl College), L79 limes. Thomas (historian I, 17'.' In\ eniess. I iOrd, 26 I/aid. Captain. 121. 195 James (the Third, chevalier de St. George), urged to quit ! uce and join his adherent-. 302 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE 9 ; his wintry welcome at Perth, 11 ; after Sheriffmuir, 12 ; escapes from Scotland, 12 : at Avignon, 14 ; his assassina- tion planned by Stair. 20 ; his bride, 20 ; endeavours to re- lieve his destitute followers, 21 ; pension from Spain. 26 : at the tomb of Clementina, 28 ; his trust in Balhaldie, 83 ; believes in ' lying still,' 39 ; opposed to desperate ventures, 49 ; de- serted by the Earl Marischal, 52 ; announces the French King's resolution to help him, 75 : appealed to about the French treasure, 140 ; his name forged by Young Glengarry, 155 ; cited, 27, 181, 182, 222, 226, 228, 230, 275 Johnson, Dr., quoted, 259, 266 Johnston, Captain, 160 Johnstone, Chevalier, 107, 109,178 Jones, Captain, 149 . Kaunitz, Count, 238 Keith, George, Earl Marischal of Scotland, his place in con- temporary history, 1 ; ancestry, 2 ; political views, 2, 3 ; per- sonal character, 4 ; date of birth, 5 ; parentage, 6 ; Colonel and disciplinarian, 6 ; neglects the chance on Anne's death of proclaiming King James, 8 ; urges James to join his ad- herents, 9 ; induces his brother James to join the Jacobite cause, 10 ; at Sheriffmuir, 11 ; remains with the defeated army, 13 ; ships to France, 13 ; in Spain, 14 ; legendary romance about Mile, de Froul- lay (Crequy), 15 ; portrait in 1716, 16 ; at the Lewes with a Spanish force, 17 ; in Holland, 19 ; in Kome, 20 ; communi- cates the Glenshiel fiasco to Alberoni, 20 ; vicissitudes, 21 : friendship with the Duchess of Medina Sidonia, 24 ; investi- gates fire-charming, 24 ; reli- gious ideas, 25 ; receives from James the Order of the Thistle, 27 ; dislike of Prince Charles, 5, 27 ; finds the Jacobite Court at Rome no place for an honest man, 28 ; at Avignon, 28 ; modesty of his requirements, 29 ; on the hanging of Por- teous, 30 ; at St. Petersburg, 30; Turkish captives in his custody, 31 ; impatient with Sempil and Balhaldie, 32 ; accused of being lukewarm, 33 ; appointed General of a diversion in Scotland, 34 ; asked by Charles to set forth with him in a sailing boat, 34 ; accused of stopping the Dunkirk ex- pedition, 35 ; tries to influence Louis XV. for French aid, 36. 37 ; at odds with Sempil, 37 ; averse from Charles's unsup- ported expedition, 38 ; disap- pears from the diplomatic scene, 39 ; at Venice, 39 ; at Berlin, 40 ; in the service of Frederick the Great, 40 ; dis- trust of George Kelly, 40, 41 ; Frederick's ambassador to Ver- sailles, 43 ; tolerance of the Elibank Plot, 43 ; breaks with Charles, 43, 44 ; letter from his brother, Marshal Keith, 45 ; Frederick's generous offers, 46, 47 ; Prince Charles ap- peals to him, 47 ; seeks pardon from the English Government, 48 ; his judgment of Charles too severe, 49 ; death of his brother, 50 ; squabble with Keith's mistress, 50; sent by Frederick to Spain, 51 ; suc- ceeds to Lord Kintore's estate, 51 ; pardoned by George II., 51 ; visits England, 52 ; Provost of Kintore, 52 ; dislikes Scot- land and returns to Neufchatel, 53 ; acquaintance with J. J. Bousseau, 53 ; leaves Neuf- chatel and secures Bousseau an asylum in England, 55, 56 ; at Potsdam, 58 ; disseminates a scandalous anecdote about Charles, 58, 59 ; letters to i\i»i:\ 303 Hume, 59 64 ; his life lin. 64 : attachment to Fredi rick, 65 : character, tasti babies, 66 : death, 67 ; cited, 208, 228, 284, 286, Keith, Marshal James, joins the ■ nut of Sheriffmuir, 11; i scapi - to France, 18, 14 : reception l>\ Marj ut' Modena, II: in Spain, II. 17 : meets Tullibardine in Paris, 17; brings a S] force to Scotland, 17 : d< feated by the English forci . 18 ; in Holland, 19; in Rome, 20; vicissitudes, 21 ; ill in Paris, 24 : enters the Russian service, 26 : wounded, 80; his Turkish cap- tives. :;i ; in the sen ice of Frederick, in ; his Livonian mistress, 12 : Letter to the Gar! Marischal, 15 ; bis death, 50 Keith, sir Robert Murray . f>7 Kelly. Rev. i m orge (one of the Men ut Moidart), im- prisoned in the Tower, L9; pes therefrom, 29 : cited, 23, 80, 84 note, 38, 10, II. 58, 121 Kennedy. Major, concerned with the French treasure, 86, 130, 132, I-". I. 188, l in. 154 Keppoch. Km Keppoch, Lady, 137 Eingsburgh, 128 Kintore, Lord, ">1 Kirk, Rev. Mr., L09 Knyphausen, 1">. 51 LiAMBEBT, Colonel. "ill Law, founder of the Mississippi Boheme, 19 I b \. i . his mob-plot, 28 ; hac 28 Leslie (priest i, 221 Lichfield, Earl of, 86 Liria, 1 >ul ; impolicy of his methods of s< curing adherents to Charles, 77 : on Macleod's treason, 78 ; dissuades Charles's visits t" Scotland without an armed force, 78, 7'.) ; his aelf-justifica- 80 : beheves in his own military skill. Kl ; suspicii Lord George Murray. 81, 82, on i in march southwards with Charles, 8 1 : illu. < lulloden, B5 ; Btands \\ l iel, 86 ; in charj for < harlt -. 1 88, 189 ; for the burial of the I gold, 86 : captured, s 7 ; persona] honesty in mon< y matters, 88 ; characb r of Ins confessions, ss ; betrays the si crel of the Arkaig treasure, 180 : acci pt< d as King's evidence, 89; pard to provoke 'I raquair to a duel, 89; sells Broughton, 90; dies in a mad-house, 90 ; sum- mary of his character. '.II ; cited, 27. 101, Ki2 note, 11 I. 126, 221. 222. 229, 294 Murray, Lord George, d< < Henahiel, 1 ^ ; represi nt< ■! I \1 urra\ of Broughton ass traitor i" < Iharles, 81 ; liis loyalty . 82 ; equivocal action, 88 ; general in-chief ut' ( iharles's expedition- ary forces, 8 1 : anger with ( harles after Culloden, 85 : cited, 109 Murray. Mrs. (wile of Murraj i I Broughton), ss. s;i Murray ol Philiphaugh, the de- ndants of, 70 Murray, Sir I >avid (father i t Murray of 1 troughton I, 70 Murray, William (brother of Loi 1 < reorge), 82 Mylne, Captain, 160 Napier, Colonel, \.lu . to the Duke of Cumberland, 1 15, I Needham, 68 Newcastle, Duke of, 159, 206, 209, 21 1.2 is. 288, 2'. mi. 291, 29 Neynho, 28 North ( English Jacobite), 22 i lottBY, Lord, 286 « t'Nii I. a follower of Charli Orleans, Begent, intrigues in I lano\ erian interest, '•• Orme, Mr.. W.s.. 200, 208, 205 Ormonde, Duke of, actii n ■ i X 306 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Anne's death, B ; cited. 14, 17, 18, 23, 28, 34, 75 O'Kourk, Mr., of Tipperary. 180 Orrery, Lord, 22, 30, 74 0' Sullivan, a follower of Charles, 85 Oxford, English Jacobite, 22 Parker, Lord Chief Justice, the Earl Marischal's letter to, 7 Pelham, Henry, 198, 200, 207, 208, 232, 235, 237 l'ercheron, M., 15 Perth, Duke of, resigns the com- mand of Charles's expeditionary forces, 84 ; wounded, 80 ; cited, 78, 79, 100, 109, 131 Peterborough, Lord, 14 Pickle (the spy; Young Glen- garry), obtains from Murray of Broughton information of the Loch Arkaig treasure, 89 ; Leslie's aid, 89 ; his alleged copy of Cluny Macpherson's Intromissions, 144 ; treachery to Glenevis, 153 ; forges King- James's name, 155 ; permitted by the Government to reside in London, 155, 150; denounces Eassifern, 100 ; treatment of his wadsetters, 198 ; Young Lochgarry's intimacy with, 199 ; letters to Mr. Orme, W. S., on business, 200, 203, 205 ; letter to Rory McLeod on family matters, 201 ; his niece, 203 ; letter to the Chief of the Macleods asking him to go conjunct with him in a loan, 205 ; writes to the Duke of Newcastle complaining, 200; Pelham's promise to abate de- mands on his estate, 207 ; those promises never fulfilled, 208 ; series of coincidences in Pickle's fortunes and those of Glen- garry, 208 ; their uniformity of bad spelling, 209, 214 ; Young Glengarry's estate troubles, 210-213 ; remonstrance to Colonel Trapaud, 213; illness and bad sight, 214 ; his offer to raise a regiment coincident with Young Glengarry's, 214; Young Glengarry's will, 214 ; the Pickle letters, 217 ; his close relations with Henry Pelham, 217 ; coincidence of his father's death with that of Old Glen- garry, 218 ; claims to be chief of the Macdonnells, 218 ; the clue to his identity with Glengarry, 219 ; his career identical with that of Glengarry, 219 ; sugges- tion that Glengarry was per- sonated by an unknown inti- mate calling himself Pickle, 220; his early life, 221 ; usage by his stepmother, 221 ; in France, 222 ; meets Murray of Broughton, 222, 223; in 'the Tower, 223 ; released, 224 ; attempts reconciliation with the Government, 225 ; asks James for a colonelcy vacant by the death of Lochiel, 220 ; at the nadir of his fortunes, 227 ; offers his services 4 in any shape ' to the English Govern- ment, 227 ; helps himself to the treasure of Cluny, 228 ; earliest charge of treachery against Glengarry, 229 ; Edgar warned against him, 229 ; his real situation in 1751, 229, 230 ; account of the Elibank Plot, 231 ; he and Young Glengarry both receive remittances from Baron Kennedy, 231 ; Pelham's personal knowledge of him, 232 ; date of his illness and that of Young Glengarry, 232 ; points shared in common by Pickle and Glengarry, 233 ; a spy's evidence, 233-235 ; inter- view with Charles in France, 235 ; Young Glengarry in France same date, 230 ; mutual promises from Pelham, broken after Pelham's death, 237; consulted by Government on Frederick's tampering with Jacobites, 238 ; the hypothesis that Pickle personated Glen- garry, 239 ; hurries to Edin- INDEX :;i»- burgh on the death of < >ld Glengarry . 240 ; Young Gli garry near at hand on his father's death, - 1 1 : impersona- tion physically impossible, 248 ; duns the Duke of Newcastb . ■1 13, 2 1 1 : interna] <'\ idenoe of identity of authorship of Pickle's and Glengarry's let- ters, 245, 246; Mr. Millar's criticism, 247-249 ; the I hike ol Atholl's conclusion, 249 ; summary of the case proving identity, 250 268 ; two letters mcriminatory and confirmatory . 289 294 : cited, 48, 76, 77, 7s. 79, 140, 1 12, 14:5, 190, 199,256, 286 Pitsligo, Lord, 88, 265 Podewils, ( 'mint. 4.". PorteouB, hanged by the mob, <50 • Prescot,' suspected of intending to murder lames. 14 Pringle, Sir John, 58 Reay, Lord, L09 Rob Roy, letter to General Wade, '.is Robison of Ballnicaird, 201, 202, 203, 204 Ross of Balnagoun, 109 Rousseau, -lean Jacques, meeting with and impressions of Mari- schal, 53 55; wants to write the hist< n \ of the Keith-. 55 ; cited, t. 5, «». U, 66 Sake, Marshal, 84 Bcott, Sir Walter, 97, 17'2 Bcotl (Sir Walter's father), his sentiment regarding John Mur- ray of Broughton, 69, 90 Scotus (DM), L90 sxotus (Young), 86 Seaforth. 11. 17. 18, L06 Sempil, Lord, 32, :;, '>. '■'>> ■ 88, < ( '>, 222 Sheridan, sir Thomas (Prince Charles's tutor), 58, 85, 86, L08, 181 Skeldoich. .Mr. (minister), 276 l 1,17, 1 l". l >9, 172. 17.:, 171 Sobieska, Clementina, 20 i. 9 irt, Ah . ui ler (solicitoi >. 165, 166, 1 * .T Stew art. ( lharles i\\ riter in liana- Inn. ion. 167, 168, L69, 171 i (, '. 199, 289, 264, •is i .i-\\ Stewai t. uaged for the murder of Campbell of Glenui >-, 159; cited, '271. 27 :. Stewart, John Roj , sr ' Stewart of Appin, 77. 78, 166, 167, L69 Stonor, cited, so, 90 Stra . crofters, bleeding their co\\> for sustenance, 265 Sutherland, Eariof, 107, 109, 11". 113 Sutherland. Countess of, letter to the Young Pretender, 1 l'» : Barisdale's letter to her. 112; her clever diplomacy, 1 13 Stuart, Charles) Fassifern's agent), 196 Tacks i 268, 269, 282 Talmond. Madame de, Charles's mis! Tencin, Cardinal. 7:: Terig (or Clerk), Duncan, 172. 17::. 171 Thompson, Sii E. Maunde, 216 Threipland, Sir Stewart. 182 Thurot, M., 52 • Tobo80.' the ( )rder of, 26 Tollendal, Calls. 186 Mr., 238 Trapaud, Colonel (Governor of Fort Aug istus), L98, 218, 218, 211, Traquair, I iord, feebleness of his Jacob I iment, 7 1 . of tl iation,' 72 ; n Bponsible tor Scotland BOUth of forth. 78 ; in Condon, 7::. 7 1 . skull rising, 77 ; fails to tin: -! lit the wai ui 1 his \ isit 1 308 THE COMPANIONS OF PICKLE Scotland, 78, 79 ; causes Mur- ray of Broughton to be arrested for breach of peace, 90 ; cited, 32, 88, 223 Tullibardine, William (brother of Lord George Murray). 17. 18, 82 Urquhart, Colonel, Scottish cor- respondent of Edgar, 71 Vass£, Madame de (La Grande Main), 04, 92, 93 Vaughan, Gwynne, 289, 292 Villettes, Arthur, 48 Voltaire, 42, 47, 01 Wade, General, 98 Wadsets, 200 Walkinshaw, Miss. Charles Ed- ward's mistress, 44 Wall, General, 48 Weddeiburn, of Gosford, 145 Wedderburn, Thomas, 107 Wemyss, Earl of, 78, 110 White, Major, 225 Williams, Sir Charles Hanburv, 42 Wingfeild, Thomas (trooper), 7 Wodrow, cited, 10 Wogan, Charles, 20 AVogan, Nicholas. 21, 22, 23, 224 Wynne, Sir Watkin Williams, 36, 38, 74, 75 Yokk, Duke of, 38, 185, ISC, 188 I'ki.ntkd ];y BPOTT1SWOODE AND CO.. NliW-b'J'llEE'J syUAKE LONDON COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, as provided by the rules of the Library or by special ar- rangement with the Librarian in charge. DATE BORROWED DATE DUE DATE BORROWED DATE DUE SFP30 2003 &?1 ,10 caetesMMioo COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 0039187381 9+1. 07 ua5" (V