708 Cig Ue ELSES ST SMO RM OS YF LRN NAR TTD THAR LN TOTEM WED NNN RLRE AE GIE AED REALE PPT ALERT 2 PE Fa Associated Tile Manufacturers ALHAMBRA TILE COMPANY AMERICAN ENCAUSTIC TILING COMPANY, LTD. BEAVER FALLS ART TILE COMPANY CAMBRIDGE TILE MANUFACTURING COMPANY GRUEBY FAIENCE & TILE COMPANY MATAWAN TILE COMPANY MOSAIC TILE COMPANY NATIONAL TILE COMPANY OLD BRIDGE ENAMELED BRICK & TILE COMPANY PERTH AMBOY TILE WORKS THE C. PARDEE WORKS UNITED STATES ENCAUSTIC TILE WORKS WHEELING TILE COMPANY Office—Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania STS ae i Fam - This publication has a twofold purpose. In the first place, it is intended to serve as a convenient handbook on swimming pools for the information of prospective builders and home owners, and for the reference library of architects and engineers. The wide distribution which the first edition has enjoyed, the frequent references which writers on the subject have made to it, and the adoption, as standards, by a number of private organizations and State Boards of Health of the recommendations and ideas presented therein, in addition to its use as a text book in several colleges, indicate that it supplied a real and very definite need. In this revised second edition, all new data and experience have been utilized, and we confidently believe that it represents a digest of up-to-date methods and the best practice. In addition, it will point out the numerous advan- tages of tiles. Countless instances have demonstrated the exceptional fitness and value of tiles for the lining of pools of all descriptions, and in urging their general adoption for swimming pools we do so with absolute faith in their merit for this purpose. The principles and recommendations in this book are presented as an incentive toward better swim- ming pools and more of them. Copyright 1924, by ASSOCIATED TILE MANUFACTURERS, Beaver Falls, Pa. Page Two JE AE SES IEE Aw, SWIMMING PAOZOR Ls Swimming Pool, Madison Square Garden, New York City This is one of the largest indoor pools in the world—having ample space - for six to eight roped-off playing courts. Note the accessible entrance ‘ clin Whi / itec mies 5 Z Franklia Whitman, Architect steps and the artistic use of the tiled coping and decorations. Tiled Swimming Pools WILE is now generally accepted as the most suitable, serviceable and 2g practical material for swimming pools because of the satisfaction it has ya] given in every instance. It has many hygienic and economical advan- oases tages. Ever since the first swimming pool was lined with it, tile has been a feature of excellence in swimming pool construction. Hundreds of pools in connection with colleges, Y. M. C. A.’s, municipal and private natatoriums, clubs, and in numerous private residences have been lined with tile with com- plete success and lasting satisfaction. They render ample proof and evidence of its practical worth and artistic merit. Among the advantages of tile are cleanliness, durability, attractiveness, com- parative lightness, ease of application and reasonable cost. The usefulness of tile is, moreover, not restricted to the pool itself. Tile is equally advantageous and serviceable for floor, walls and ceiling of the hall in which the pool is located, for showers, dressing rooms, toilets, rain and tub baths, and for other supple- mentary equipment of the modern natatorium. Tiles always retain their beautiful surface lustre and finish. A tiled swim- ming pool never shows wear or change of color. Water contact or severe use does not affect the lasting sheen and attractive beauty of clean tiled surfaces. With proper care and cleaning, a tiled swimming pool will last indefinitely in its original freshness and neatness. Page Three Aor St Calin Sighs) ee lee! me els M AUN UP AS Gale Ua eae Spaulding Pool, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H. This 30 by 75 foot pool is lined with 34-inch speckled green ceramic mosaic with a gangway of gray flint tiles in 6-inch squares. The wall panels are oatmeal colored Touraine Quarries with glazed faience borders. Sanitary “Value of Tales Gel RO HE use of tiles for swimming pools is strictly in accord with modern yy); uy, . . . A eis EG hygiene, which has made its chief advances through the recognition ! eee) of cleanliness as the essence of proper sanitation. Tiles are indispensable in swimming pool construction for the attainment of that essential cleanliness, and fulfill all practical demands 1n this respect. Rich & Mathesius, Architects The smooth tile lining facilitates in unusual measure the ease and rapidity with which a pool may be cleaned, and the non-porousness of tiles insures the thoroughness of the cleaning operations. The dense, non-absorbent nature of tiles prevents impurities from penetrating the surface beyond the possibility of ready and complete removal. The hygienic aspect of swimming pool construction is obviously of the greatest importance. The swimming pool is a place for healthful exercise, and must be kept in a healthful condition at all times. The large amount of impurities carried into the pool makes it necessary for the designer to be alive to the dangers of absorbent pool lining materials, as well as to those of wide, porous joints. ’ Page Four ee le ho ease Wo laM eM? TeNioG BaOeOaiees ee a A C Private Swimming Pool, Residence of GAE: Wills, An ideally Jocated private pool of light green glazed tile with black Dries Michigan swimming lines along the bottom. At the spring-board end a tastefully a appointed lounging room is provided. Albert Kahn, Architect A distinction should be made between absolute and apparent cleanliness. The mere fact that dirt does not show does not always mean that dirt is not present. Only thorough cleansing can remove dirt and bacterial growths, and in tiles a material is available which permits and assures a complete cleansing process. Rounded corners and covers are provided for simplicity of construction and tile scum gutters for the automatic removal of floating impurities. Simplicity of clean- ing is not only desirable but absolutely necessary, because very few pools are so fortunately situated that the water may be changed daily and frequent cleanings permitted without extradordinary expense. A factor that lends additional desirability to the lighter shades of tiles, from a sanitary point of view, is their light-reflecting property. The germicidal effect of reflected light should not be underestimated in view of the fact that many pools are so located that they do not receive direct sunlight, or, at best, they receive only a comparatively small amount. Experiments have revealed that certain bacteria and spores are killed by direct sunlight, and that the result from reflected light is similar, although slower. Fresh, bright tiles today hold the unqualified endorsement of sanitarians, architects, physical directors, and owners as the cleanest, most durable and wholly satisfactory lining material for sanitary tiled swimming pools. Page Five — Ske UNO Gy Habe ibe oil be de Me AN] Us Poh 2G Ute hae Lasting Qualzties of Tiles qINOTHER point in favor of tiles eh is their extreme durability. Absolute reliance may be placed upon their lasting qualities. It is a noteworthy fact that tiles are 1m- mune from detrimental chemical or me- chanical actions of the pool water, or other leaching and dissolving influences. Continuous contact with water has no deteriorating effect upon tiles. This applies in equal measure to all kinds and colors, to ceramic mosaic as well as to tiles and faience of larger units made by the Assoc1ATED TILE MANUFACTURERS. Nera eey iibseey Coen Mig vinbintah Ge of pn bet oeenats pool in. Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, Architects stallation ranges 1n importance next to fo earried over the entire floor space under thesésts, thus faci; @ICAIUIMULDess wal seas MIN C eta Eee tating cleanliness in a place offering innumerable obstructions. of economy as it is one of safety. Two of the essential requirements of durability are hardness, which prevents abrasion, and inorganic chemical composition. Tiles are the most durable of materials, and being produced solely from clay, feldspar and flint, are, of course, entirely inorganic and cannot possibly decay or disintegrate. tOrS 2 Gan Dy ia — Private Swimming Pool, Residence of W. E. Boeing, Seattle, Wash. Bebb & Gould, Architects Swimming pools in connection with private residences are rapidly increasing in number. Here is one of medium size conspicuous for its elegant simplicity. The plunge is twenty feet wide, thirty-eight feet long, and has a water depth of seven feet. In addition to the pool, the suite comprises ladies’ and gentlemen’s showers, dressing rooms and toilets. Page Six Teles elev Vins NGG, PEQO@COe sss ee 8 ee Nk goee nse Swimming Pool, Cass High School, Detroit, Mich. The floor and walls of this pool are lined with unglazed tiles and glazed trles were used for the wainscoting. Note the tile markings for distances and swimming lines. Decorative Value of Tiles ==S|HE tonic effect which should result from a plunge depends in a large measure upon A attractive surroundings. As cleanliness contributes much to attractiveness, so should i Ve=x4| a due share be allotted to attractiveness for bringing about this invigorating effect. reueh)) There are numerous reasons why tiles make an artistic material for appropriate and SiserE3| beautiful decoration. They afford the designer abundant opportunity for the expression of any artistic value, for variety of color, textures and new designs. Malcomson, Higginbotham and Palmer, Architects A great variety in effects may be obtained by multiplication of units, by different finishes—bright glazed, satin, dull and unglazed— and by units of different size and shape. Owing to the almost un- limited range of sizes, shapes and colors, the architectural scale can always be preserved and ‘any decorative scheme executed in har- mony with the surroundings. ey HH Mey He A LEH AY {' THE A singular advantage of tile decorations is their durability, and in this connection, the permanence of the colors requires special men- tioning. All tile colors are durable and cannot fade from the chemical effect of light or any other influ- ence. There is beauty and service- ability in all of them; they make the pool attractive, more inviting, sry pepe te Tho cate Che atte beet and thereby increase the lure, the Racine College, Racine, Wis. rounded to facilitate sanitation. delight and the fun in swimming. Guilbert & Funston, Architects Page Seven AUSUSLO GT AT%E D> 77 G19 EAM ANG WS EA eC eee Indoor “Pools N indoor swimming pool has many obvious advan- tages over the outdoor pool. Being located in a heated building, it can Te afer the year around. The water can be heated to any desired temperature for winter swimming or water sports. The cost of refilling, cleaning and maintaining indoor pools can be considerably reduced by eff- cient filtration and purification equip- ment operating with a recirculating system of adequate capacity. The indoor pool satisfies many requirements of the modern public school. First, it permits instruction in swimming to the pupils during regular periods. It also encourages ’ j active exercise and builds up good Spaulding Pool, Dartmouth College, Note the decorative uses of tiles in these health through clean, robust bodies Hanover, N. H. wall panels and the faience borders. and refreshed minds. Colleges and universities today con- sider a tiled swimming pool an essential part of the standard athletic equipment. In addition to regular swimming exercises and instruction to the students by a competent director, the indoor pool permits the various aquatic sports such as water polo, water basket ball, swimming races, plunges, dives, etc.—now popular in college and school circles. The clean, attractive swimming pool has been definitely capitalized by clubs, athletic associations, Y. M.C. A.’s and Y. W.C. A.’s as a real drawing card for new members. Guests and newcomers in the community are impressed by the opportunities it affords for good fellowship, the keen rivalry of healthy sport, and as the opening for new friendships with active people. For the typical youth of the crowded city, there is no more powerful magnet than the delighted splashings in a cool, bright, tiled pool—the modern improvement of the “‘ole swimming hole.’’ The tired guest at many big metro- politan hotels today can enjoy his invigorating plunge in a clean, tiled pool without leaving the hotel build- ing. Attractive swimming pools are a pleasing feature of the better summer resort hotels throughout the country. Civic centers and public play- grounds have found the community swimming poolidea to be replete with new possibilities. The public can use the pool at advertised periods of two or three hours each evening; swim- ming Classes for pupils and games for children can be held at fixed hours during the morning and afternoon. The best and most popular location for the indoor pool is the basement, although many clubs and hotels in high buildings have a pool on one of the upper floors. While a separate structure is often erected for the pool, it will be found more practical and economical to locate the indoor ; Si ' swimming pool in a building already plist fag fe we Ee shows the Meratvs bent (eee a erected—preferably i in the basement. ee ha sak ear the lettered memorial plate. Rich & Mathesius, Architects Page Eight pve es epee 1) See NSN GG: PEOROMESS Open-Air Swimming Pool, Summit Beach Park, Akron, O. This commodious pool has drawn the crowds continuously since its completion in July, 1919, despite the fact that bathing is free in Sum- mit Lake directly adjoining it. It is 175 feet long and 80 feet wide, and is tiled throughout with vitreous ceramic mosaic in 34-inch squares, including depth and distance markings and swimming lanes. Outdoor Swzmming Pools In deciding on the plan and design for an outdoor pool, it is often best to make a sharp distinction from the usual stereotyped design for swim- ming pools. By so doing, a novel and pleasing effect can be obtained which will blend smoothly into the unique features of the surrounding landscape and the natural terrain. Distinctive features can be made of steps, plat- forms and ladders to conform with the general architectural scheme of the nearby buildings. As a rule the outdoor pool is not limited for space, nor is it always necessary to secure swimming space over the entire area of the pool, thus permitting closer Private Pool, Residence Robert phe Gish ave and ERFLODS pool hasa berians i; paw and curb of 6-inch rough texture promenade [ ‘ : i142 R. Meyer, Birmingham, Ala. Raa aR Ae kein ateerandiiasl lini of attention to the important auxiliary W. H. Kessler, Architect ceramic mosaic with black outlines. The bath details of trimmings and accoutre- house contains two white glazed tile showers with ceramic floors. ments. Page Nine ‘to it ought to be a of an harmonious whole; one should be able to pass Balt Ass eSuQ Gol AUEsE SD © il Te ees Ar INU a oy Gael aan eos Private Pool, Pes: P.G. Thomson, Cincinnatz, O. Three-quarter-inch vitreous ceramic mosaic was used to line this pictur- esque garden pool and has proved entirely waterproof. Garden Pools =iARDEN pools may be for swimming or for purely ornamental purposes. @| The private garden pool offers a free and unrestricted opportunity for H| the development of originality and distinction in the outdoor pool. For the larger estates, garden pools have been in vogue for a long time, and today garden swimming pools are being provided in greater and greater num- bers for grounds of an acre or even less, where the entire family can enjoy swim- ming at home and in seclusion. J.G. Rogers, Architect Tax FY The architectural features of the garden—its arbors, gateways, walls, foun- "i tains and garden pools—are not only important sources of interest in themselves, but they are the means of completing the garden, of rounding it out and imparting ‘ to it a finished appearance. Garden pools, like garden walls, should conform to the architectural style of the main house, for the garden and whatever pertains from one to the other, feeling that each belongs to the other. An attractive, well-placed garden pool makes a most delightful and unique addition to the private estate, and particularly so in the country or suburbs. Page Ten eee ets merce Wale Niele NeG. ee OsQ alee modest basin, 12 x 20 feet or smaller, can be built at com- paratively little cost—with tiled sides and bottom, an open overflow trough to col- lect leaves and seeds that fall upon the water, and a neat tile pavement around themed semltaflords a con- venient opportunity for a refreshing early morning plunge under the seclusion of hedges, pergolas, arbors and stately old trees. Garden pools are often placed in the conservatory, where they may serve both as swimming and garden pools— appropriately lined with ferns, | This view of the pool on the opposite page, shown empty, affords a close-up of the per- palms and flowers ; ; gola, diving board,decorative border of colored ceramic mosaic,and the tiled inset ladder. Wading Pools HAPPY variation of the garden pool is the tiled wading pool, where playful youngsters may splash in the water on hot sultry days to their NWA) Darts’ content. Wading pools can be built at little expense and are suited to the smallest grounds, as any desired shape may be adopted. No elaborate plumbing is necessary for the wading pool. An ordinary galvan- ized pipe placed in the ground below the frost line and connected with the house system will answer very well it Sc SC Sea os MT 2 PEERS Ta i or |. to supply the water. jaeeess PEE EE PEER 2 The tiled bottom of the & HE x SHAS S RES SERS SSR - wading pool should slope 7nnagaenn sy =>) gently from the edge to" a set s clea |~ depth of not over twelve =H : _ inches. A tiled approach on + > ome end and a curb to serve eee Soh Stee| yee __|~ aS a seat on the other three H . sides is a sensible treatment Ungiazed Stile. "cos iM : for square or rectangular pools. < onrtow |\~ Circular pools may have a x = small island artistically built B - of tile in the center. A tiled Se eS - walk should surround the rH ' Tiled Walk ‘ pool. Lert Wading pools can be easily cleaned with the ordinary Catdensnocceanamwrlinlact forever. ee ee Page Eleven ACS'S*®@:G-l Ay TSE DD, Pee Ee CV ASN Ce oes lees a ee Bac OPES J. G. Rogers, Architect Garden Aspect of the P. G. Thomson pool shown on pages 10 and I1. Color Schemes HE artistic sense of the designer, personal taste, and preference must of necessity largely guide in the selection of colors. The varying trans- lucency of the water requires some consideration. The predominating color in many cases is white, which is of great value where the pool is located in a hall deficient in daylight. In some states | ordinances provide that “‘the sides and bottom of all pools and tanks shall be white, so that objects may be clearly seen, so far as possible, in all portions of the pool or tank. However, where the water is more or less turbid, some _ kinds of colored tiles are more 4 desirable, because turbidity will be less noticeable in a A : | pool finished in color than , in a white pool. i Outdoor Pool, Resid be : N h ful gard ettin d deco- j Moe Beech dig [eartee Sestores of ta bavate eek tales The natural greenish or W.H. Kessler, Architect shown ba bags: bluish cast of large bodies of Page Twelve lie ie aes Ue Me TNS Ge POL Oekes water may be en- hanced by tiles of similar color ar- ranged in decorative borders and panels orasthe ground color for the entire pool. ieee from available space and funds, such points as probable attend- Hl ance, length of bathing day, bathing load, Board of Health regulations, A and requirements for water sports. In general, the aim of the designer eid be to establish dimensions and proportions which will result in an effec- tive minimum of water volume, since the water content naturally determines the required capacity and cost of filters, heating and disinfecting equipment, and general construction costs. The probable attendance furnishes the most important factor upon which the minimum contents of the pool should be determined. The actual or probable attendance in relation to the water contents is known as the “bathing load.”’ Some states have enacted regulations in which the maximum weekly or daily bathing load is fixed. The maximum bathing load may be calculated by dividing the total actual or probable attendance by the actual or proposed pool capacity in thousands of gallons. Shape MOST desirable shape for an indoor swimming pool is rectangular, | because it provides as long a swimming line as possible, and a long, narrow proportion gives relatively better recirculation results. More freedom is left to the designer of outdoor pools, and indeed, almost any conceivable shape can be found among them. It is, however, not advisable to adopt odd shapes on account of the increased difficulties of construction and consequent greater cost of the completed pool. —— - — . on oe = 9 eee Page Eighteen elite emer Wel Mel IN Ge 1 PrO Oss Contour SHE shape of bottom is an important feature, especially where pat- 04 Keg] TONage includes children, and in schools. The water depths must be aye regulated in accordance with requirements. Where pupils of all grades =2re3| ate to use the pool, the problem is quite complex; it is simplified when only the higher grades need the pool. There is still a difference of opinion about the value of swimming instruction in the lowest grades. The so-called spoon-shaped bottom is now recognized as the most serviceable for all purposes (A). Its merits are easily discernible. It gives the greatest depth about twelve or fifteen feet from the end wall, where depth is most needed, and the pool can be drained completely in a very short time. For the smaller sizes of pools the single spoon (A), and for the larger sizes the double spoon (B) are recommended. The latter provides the necessary playing area for water sports. An older form of bottom is shown in (C). Here the pool has a uniform depth for one-third the length at either end with a sloping center portion. Where sep- arate sections for swimmers and non-swimmers or for adults and children are desired, thiscontourisusually adopted. A gradual slope from one end of them poolmtomthe: other CD)eis the simplest form of bottom for pools of varying depth, and where the slOpeuts sate least: three, fect ometuc length of an average pool, the water may be drained out rapidly. A pool of uniform depth (E) con- sumes much time in emptying and Tonlersaib wUsclessmi0f. tOOmercataa length of time. = The slope of the bottom in the © «| shallow or wading section of the pool should not be greater than one foot in fifteen. Most bathers remain =) in this depth, and a sudden drop-off ® ‘| is never advisable except in depths greater than five feet. Spoon Shape Bie SH" Diagram showing various contours of bottom for comparison of merits. Length =e aHILE proportions for private pools are of secondary importance, pools SEN IGOA de: API designed for educational institutions, for Y. M. C. A.’s, etc., should always have the length a multiple of fifteen feet for convenience in measuring distances for competitive work. Rule II, Sec. 1, of the American Swimming Association Rules provides that *’Pools for cham- pionship meets shall be at least 60 feet in length, 20 feet in width; and further: ‘Records made in pools of less than 60 feet in length shall not be considered as official.’’ This rule immediately elimi- nates pools of smaller size. é: | pe os . An analysis of the seventy pools listed in the American Swimming Association Guide gives a mean value for length of 66.64 feet, a maximum length of roo feet and a minimum of 30 feet. Twenty- nine of the pools (or 41.1 per cent.) are 60 feet in length; seventeen (or 24.3 per cent.) are 75 feet, and four (or 5.5 per cent.) are 100 feet in length. Prof. Hastings reports almost identical proportions in the forty-five pools investigated by him. His mean value is 60.1 feet, the maximum 100 feet and the minimum 26 feet. The most frequent value is 60 feet, of which he reports sixteen out of forty-five Cor 35.5 per cent). Page Nineteen ASS 8on.0)* Cel oA® AE eID ieee lee Ge es M- AmIN© USE As Gaia USE ees Max Height of Boord above Water Specia/ Gutter at one end to reise Water Leve/ one Foot a re Pee Roe sy GANGWAY DEPTH G FEET Plan and Elevation of a Typical Swimming Pool. The pool is planned as a standard for swimming and diving events. It is, therefore, sixty feet long and twenty feet wide with a modern spoon- shaped bottom, has four swimming lines with turning lines at both ends, and has the jack-knife limit and distances marked on the sides. The relative position of the diving board has also been indicated in diagrammatical form. Depth = J Rae general depth as well as the distribution of the areas of different oe depths depends a great deal on the type and age of bathers. A distinc- oy | tion should be made between adults, children, swimmers and non- ees owimmers. The greatest depth should be below and a little ahead of the end of the diving board. Where the pool is intended principally for non-swimmers and children, the shallow water area should be increased over the normal shallow area. Asa guide for depth, reference is again made to Rule II, Sec. 1, of the American Swimming Association Rules: “Pools for championship meets shall have a water depth of at least seven feet in the deep end and not less than three feet in the shallow end."’ Rule XI, Sec. 4, provides that ‘‘The minimum depth of water in all college diving competitions shall be seven feet.’ In practice, this minimum depth will, however, be found inadequate, for none but experienced divers can safely perform the feat in seven feet of water. Statistics show the majority of pools to have a depth of over seven and one-half feet, with a maximum of ten feet. Eight, and eight and one-half feet, are the least depths where diving contests are to be held. This will also facilitate the playing of water polo and similar games which require a playing area over six feet deep for at least sixty feet of the length of the pool, according to the rules of the game. Page Twenty Webi de WBE SO AW! IE LIE TEIN E: PeOLOR Eas Width SL DOSTIS —< p= wi FOST typical widths group aA9Fi | around multi- Cee ples of 5 feet. Of the seventy pools re- ferred to before, 24.3 per cent. are 20 feet wide, Peace CeULeare2§ fect, and 21.4 per cent. are 30 feet in width. The mean value: is 26 feet, the maximum 60 feet, and the minimum 17 feet. Again taking Prof. Hastings’ figures for comparison, we havea [Ree gas = mean value for width of Seattle Natatorium, Seattle, Wash. There are two swimming pools in this natatorium. The 1 h h is si b hundred feet. Adjoini ZO: 7 feet: a Maximum of B. Marcus Pretica, Architect fie indies. pool, eighteen by thirty and one-half feet in size. oth are lined with ceramic mosaic tile. ec 60 Leet and a minimum tric lights are counter-sunk into the bottom for under- of 12 feet. He also finds water illumination. 20 feet the most frequent value. Typical pools according to these figures are therefore: O10 Exe OOFICEE PO Ku 5 fect ES EXeOo ect DES aT SuLeCt 30 x 60 feet 201 xX 75 tect with the 20 by 60 foot pool predominating. This size has been adopted as the standard for Y. M. C. A. pools. It is unfortunate that less than half of the pools cited above (or 47 per cent.) are of typical dimensions, and that the other half cannot be used for competitive games because they are of odd dimensions, the difference often being only one foot. Lines and Markings particularly well suited for this purpose. All distance markings should begin at the end. Accuracy in this work is imperative. In compliance with the rules of the American Swimming Association, certain lines should be incorporated into the tilework, namely, swimming lanes should be established lengthwise along the bottom of the pool. Dark colored tiles, at least three inches wide, or their equivalent in ceramic mosaic, are recommended to mark such lanes distinctly. The number of lanes depends of course on the width of the pool. Each lane should be five feet wide, so that four lanes are established in pools twenty feet in width, five in pools twenty-five feet wide, six in those of thirty feet in width, and so on. There is now a tendency to get away from Janes, which require the swimmers to stay between two lines, and substitute swimming /émes, over which the contestants must keep during the com- petition. It is claimed by swimming coaches that it is much easier to keep over a line than to swim in a lane. A limit of safety for non-swimmers may be indicated prominently by a similar line running across the bottom of the pool and up the sides. In some pools this is, however, taken care of by Page Twenty-one PASS OC ATED | LelelitB, oo MeAm Ne Cer a At Gar] etlerhen ones nee 4 GOAL LINE } : Jacknitelim| « (07 Sidjot Foe!) | - FREE THROW LINE i FREE THROW LINE | F ' 20-FOOT LINE y es CENTER LINE CENTER LINE (OF PLAYING AREA) FREE THROW LINE TUBRNING# LINE GOAL AREA Official swimming lanes, turn- Official playing lines for Official playing lines for Composite of official mark- ing lines and jack-knife limit. water polo. water basket ball. ings for a standard pool. signs worked out in tile on top of the coping or curb. Five feet from each end of the pool the “‘turn- ing lines’’ must be inserted along the bottom and up the sides in similar manner. The ‘‘Jack-knife Limit’’ should be marked by a distinctly colored line inserted into the face of { the coping and running a short way below the surface of the water, six feet from the end of the diving board on each side of the pool, since contestants when executing any jack-knife dive must enter the water within six feet from the end of the diving board. These lines are necessary to assist the judges in determining fouls, and are required in the rules. For pools where Water Polo 1s to be played, an area of sixty to seventy-five feet in length, twenty to forty feet in width, and at least six feet in depth should be laid out. This area may be shortened in pools having a shallow end, so that a six-foot depth is assured in the playing area. The following playing and goal lines are then laid out from the ends of this area: Center Line: equidistant from the ends. Free Throw Lines: 15 feet from the ends. Goal Lines: 4 feet from the ends. Goal Zones: 20 feet from the ends. For the playing of Water Basket Ball, any pool free from obstruction and not exceeding 2,500 square feet in area may be fitted by inserting a three-inch tile center line across the bottom or on the sides at equal distances from the ends, and a fifteen-foot line in the same way fifteen feet from each end. Baskets in the form of hammock nets of cord and suspended from metal rings 18 inches in diameter must be placed 5% feet above water level at both ends and 6 inches from the backgrounds. The latter are 6 by 4 foot boards extending not less than three feet above baskets. For high diving competitions, platforms at two heights have to be erected, the first not less than 14 fe oe and not more than 16 feet, and the second not less than 24 and not more than 27 feet above the water level. These platforms must %, be seven feet wide, fixed and free from spring. Ts General experience has proved that such provisions for diving, speed swim- ming and the playing of games add to the enjoyment of the pool and increase patronage. es Bir du Detail of a distance numeral along coping. Showing the use of ceramic mosaic for distance markers and an erator in the Spaulding pool. , Eee CN Ge ere Pee ES Page Twenty-two sly les [eae ee Seo War eV Mal Nie Gee Ps Or O8E SS Indoor Pool, Heckscher Foundation for Children, New York City. Note the use of ceramic mosaic for the rail markings, inset ladder and scum gutter on this indoor pool. The curb, runways and wall Maynicke and Franke, Architects Wainscoting are also tiled, bighi cs Ladders and Steps ane EINGRESS and egress may be provided by ladders Pal or stairs built into the pool. If the ladders are of metal and fastened to the sides, they should be removable. Metal ladders, however, are rapidly being supplanted by a better and more permanent style which has been developed in the shape of tile ladders. The most satisfactory plan is to build the ladders of tile into the sides of the pool. Each rung or round 1s rein- forced by iron bars rigidly set into the concrete founda- tion. The ceramic mosaic or tile is either placed around this reinforcement in the shape of an actual round, or carried over additional reinforcement of woven wire in cement to the back end of the recess in the form of a slightly concave step. The former is the style now generally used. In the latter case, an opening must be left through each step to assure complete drainage when Piem poolmdis scmpticd «ile @contractors* now cast, tach 2 & a leas 1 rung separately around the reinforcement in cylindrical Tite tadders are especially advan- qieerminera mtoruss of sproper) cross uscctions with the feo 8 “tecdonct prone: are substantial and are not affect- feintorcement projecting about two inches on each side. 2iiy constant contact with water Y. M. C. A., Beloit, Wis. Page Twenty-three Avssg,0 GCG ISA eE D die le EBS iMeeAT IN SU eee Cerin eee cen These pre-cast rungs are then set into the ladder recess and cemented into place. This procedure assures not only speed and accuracy, but also simplicity and con- venience in installing the tile ladders. The tile is of course not applied until the rungs have been set in place. The tread portion of the rounds or steps is prefer- ably built of unglazed tile to assure a firm hold for the feet, and in black or other distinctive color to make them plainly visible. Where the scum gutter rail forms one of the rungs of the ladder, a point of simplicity in construction 1s gained. Since these tile ladders do not project, they are especially advocated for pools where competitive games are to be held. Swimming teachers recommend two ladders at the deep end and one at the shallow end, always placed at the sides of the pool, never into the end walls. Stairs are still used to a great extent in private and outdoor pools. Overhang- ing treads should never be built, and the edges formed by tread and riser should be rounded off with a tile bead or curved ceramic mosaic. Overflow Trough and Handrail FAN essential sanitary feature of the modern swimming pool is the A) tiled overflow trough or scum gutter. It serves four principal purposes: Through the activities of the bathers, it automatically removes from the water surface the bulk of floating substances or scum formed by the accumulation of dead cuticle, exudations of the sweat glands, hair, lint from bathing suits, dust, etc., and flushes them into the waste pipes, provided the water level is always kept within a few inches of the rail. It acts as an overflow, regulates the depth of water and keeps it uniform. No standing waste pipe should be used for this purpose, because the scum which collects around the opening of such an overflow is not removed in the same man- ner, the rust from the pipe discolors the water, and the pipe is an objectionable obstruction. In addition, the gutter serves the important function of a cuspi- dor that is constantly flushed by the lapping and splashing of the water, and to a great extent pre- vents expectoration in or about the pool. Finally, the front or: ‘dam’ portion forms a support or ‘“‘life rail’ that in all respects is far superior to the crude and obsolete rope and the obstructing metal rail. At least two sides of the pool should be provided with these overflow troughs. In view of their important sanitary functions, they are usually installed, however, on all four sides in the majority of Detail of Tile Work Bottom and walls are lined with six-inch white onW.E. Boeing Pool tile. The surrounding floor consists of three-inch modern pools. The occasional prac- octagons and one-inch square dots. The overfow Shown on Page 6 trough design has unusual decorative qualities. tice of providing two gutters at Page Twenty four etree pee Vere Vie Me lana Ge PeOsOcL ss different elevations—the lower for ordinary use, the upper for high diving, etc.—has, from all indications, not met with any particular degree of suc- CESS. The principles governing the profile and construction Oimchcasuttcreate simple euOughemlocecapacity, deve. the depth and width, must be miCUmtid teallethe: water splashed into the trough can drain away rapidly and under no circumstances flow back into the pool, as would be the case where the gutter is too small. It should be men- Merrohie ci; wide and 12 feet deep. The pool bottom has 6-inch . : : : emphes, Lenn. squares of pearl gray Flint tiles with black hydraulic tile tioned in this connection that Fi MicGeou Architect swimming lane markers. The pool walls and runways . : have 6-inch squares of dark green Flint tiles, and the scum the SUAS of tire gutter changes gutter and curb are ceramic mosaic in dark green, cream : . : . and white colors. Note the spoon-shaped bottom. in an inverse ratio to the size of the pool for the reason that a bather jumping into a large pool will not cause the same stir and overflow as will be the case in a small pool. The life rail portion must be of comfortable width to the grasp and absolutely level. Great care should be exercised in respect to the latter point, for the slightest error in elevation will become noticeable as soon as the pool is filled. Besides, it is evident that only a perfectly level dam can give satisfactory service. eee ; ‘ _ a oe ~ p . Indoor Pool, Clarence Saunders, This well-equipped pool measures 60 feet long, 20 feet Drains connecting with a common sewer should be provided at certain inter- vals and the bottom of the gutter pitched slightly toward these outlets. A com- parison of the various possible arrangements of drains, and the resultant effect upon plumbing and depth of gutter, are given in the diagram below, which 1s self-explanatory. (A) immediately stands out as the most practical and eco- nomical method, and provides a gutter of almost uniform depth, with high points between drains twenty feet apart. A great diversity of practice exists in the matter of profile of overflow troughs, and no standard design can be referred to. There are two distinct types, however; namely, the recessed, and the open or “‘roll-out-rim’’ styles. From the cross sec- tions on page nineteen the development of the most effective contours may readily be studied. The recessed type takes away none of the runway space, which is frequently limited, and bath- : : at ras age = - =] efs cannot step into it when i ae eee rere | SILLIN GZ OD the curb or edge aa 1 I { S : : ! ® ! | | || of the pool. The open type is ee ga ! ee err more simply constructed,’ per- fy a ee | mits of bringing the water 1 | A | © ' || level much nearer to the run- Meee itor tarts S16” ! | ! Slope+/ 1a" in /0Feet | way floor level which 1S often 7 : 7, : of Li) 1 ’ ° : G. — ee rece 1 || desirable, and is more acces- \Depth of Gutter uniform © No Slope -/acreesed Hlumbing| Si bl e f or 7c ] eanin g ; H owever ; the very. fact that it 1s, acces- sible invites various kinds of Diagram of various methods of gutter drainage and their effect on depth of gutter and plumbing. Page Twenty-five Asis OC IsAeren aD TEE AB as Matay N' SUN Baw. Gr lal Rape ies thoughtlessness and violation of sanitary rules. It has also the disadvantage that the bather when entering the pool must step or jump over the open gutter. Each of these types has a number of variants as may be observed from the illustration. The height of the life rail above the bottom of the recessed gutter has been observed to vary between three and six inches. The usual width or thickness at the top 1s two inches; a greater width reduces the effectiveness of the gutter and does not afford a comfortable hold to the bather. To give added rigid- ity, the life rail should be reinforced with expanded metal or metal lath bent to shape as shown in the cross sections. The inside width of the gutter ranges all the way from three to eight inches. The bottom should be of sufficient width and of the proper contour to accommodate the strainers. In some cases, the drain openings are located in special recesses of the gutter. A long rectangular form of strainer is most desir- able—it fits the general form of gutter, is most effective and looks neater. The gutter may be built either of ceramic mosaic or so-called white glazed tile trimmers. Ceramic mosaic yields any desired profile; the designer who chooses it is therefore at liberty to give any contour to the dam and gutter. Attention is called to the possibility of constructing cer- tain portions of the pool of ceramic mosaic and the remainder of white glazed tile. Curb COPING around the swimming pool serves a triple purpose. First, it limits the possibility of water WY from the gangway floor flowing into the pool. ’) This water on the runways is usually very much ==3] polluted from suit and body drippings, sputum and effete matter. In the second place, it prevents water used in cleaning the runways from running or splashing into the pool. Lastly, it serves as a ‘‘take-off’’ in competitive swim- ming. If the pool is to be used for competitive contests, Rule IX, Sec. 1, of the Intercollegiate Swimming Rules provides that ‘the maximum height for the take-off shall be 18 inches above the water level.’’ The width of the curb is determined by the length of the human foot. A width of twelve inches provides a comfortable foot rest, and sixteen inches is even better. The height of the nosing above the runway must be determined by attendant conditions. It should be at least two or three inches in height to effectively prevent soiled water from running into the pool. The usual height is six inches. A substantial and beautiful spring-board rest is sometimes installed as a part of the curb. Its purpose and construction do not require explanation. Holyoke High School, Holyoke, Mass. Tile Spring-board Rest Page Twenty-six This profile in every detail is in conformity with all requirements. The gutter is small and neat. The curb is of proper height to serve asa take-off. A Special Type of Open Scum Gutter. (A) with hand rail. (B) without hand rail. Design for wall tile gutter and curb. The water level is eighteen inches below the top of the curb, the proper take-off distance. RUT ABC MEST TNE PFE EGE Dasa Wee le Nie Wel Ne G Runways Ss MURROUNDING the Se Shou ropa ZW Siialrors \” ae be runways, three to four and one- - in width along the sides, and at least six feet at thes endsa) [hey “should, have ample width to prevent con- gestion and unnecessary colli- sions. A wide and clear runway is a help to attendants when giving swimming instructions and in cases of emergency. It is an excellent plan from a hygienic point of view to provide two runways, an outer picmanminner one. Lhe inner one should be reserved for the exclusive use of the bathers and be accessible only for those going to and from the dressing rooms. The outer passage is for PAOVOR TSS Indoor Pool, Y. M.C. A., Huntingdon Ave., Boston, Mass. Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, Architects This spacious runway has a 2 by |-inch un- glazed tile floor with color inserts in the curb. White glazed tiles are used on the walls and faience mosaic in the pool, wall border and decorative color band. the accommodation of non-bathing visitors and for newcomers to reach the dress- ing rooms. This simple plan prevents the soiling of the inner gangway by dirty shoes, one of the frequent sources of contamination of the pool water. The floor of the runway should always be tiled with an unglazed tile. Rubber or fiber mattings are not desirable, for sanitary reasons. The runways should drain away from the pool unless a curb surrounds the pool, in which case it may slope toward a shal- Private Pool, Hon. his M. Cox, This neat pool is lined with 34-inch ceramic mosaic; the Dayt Ohi walls and pillars have white glazed tile squares; the floor ayton, 10. panels are of herringbone ceramic mosaic, and the colored O. C. Hering & D. Fitch, Architects borders in walls and floor are faience mosaic. low gutter running along the inside of the curb. A low tile partition, four to six inches wide and from thirty to thirty- six inches high,may sepa- rate the inner and outer passages. Reinforced econctetes of common brick, should form the foundation upon which the tile work is set. Aside from ceramic mosaic, so-called parti- tion tile is available for this purpose. By judi- cious use of the differ- ent patterns and colors, these partitions can be made to add greatly to the attractiveness of the hall. Page Twenty-seven Ay SaSO CeleAeT* EDs Dee Ey aM Ag NS Ul Sr oe Dele meron eee be Corridor and Foot Pool, Heckscher Foundation for Children, The floor and wainscoting are faience tiles; the foot pool floor is of ceramic Negnyark Car mosaic. Note the effective arrangement for control of the bathers. The Nha Me Be attendant’s office is at the extreme right, next to it is a foot pool through Maynicke and Franke, Architects which all must pass before entering pool, and at the left is the exit. Walls and Cezslings 7 te] VIMMING hall and shower rooms are incomplete without provision SS) for the sanitary condition of the walls. It is absolutely necessary to Yel) protect them against disintegration. Li Condensation of moisture on the walls is unavoidable in the pres- ence of a large body of tepid water. If this moisture is condensed on walls of absorbent, porous material, they will rapidly discolor and deteriorate, paint will peel off and in a general way become unsightlyand unsanitary. To thoroughly clean such a wall is next to impossible, for dust and moisture are natu- rally retained inthe cracks and crevices formed in the process of dilapidation. Dr. W. Paul Gerhard, an authority on pools and bath houses, states in this connection: ‘‘The walls of the swimming hall should likewise be fin- ished in tiles and the ceiling should also be tiled. Painted brick walls and plastered ceil- ings are abominations not to be tolerated, because the always present vapors attack these surfaces quickly.” The economical aspect of such treatment De = is easy of comprehension. Cleansing 1s Shower Room of the Spaulding Pool, Dartmouth College, simplified, repainting and replastering and Srehy et ioe other current repair work are eliminated, Rich & Mathesius, Architects i, : Note the attractive wall and ceiling treatment with faience thus Saving money and assuring maximum tiles. The ceramic mosaic floor completes a model shower > ey [os : » room—entirely impervious to splashing and condensation availability of the pool. of moisture. ~ ———— — _ _—_— ee ee a he a ee Page Twenty-eight Shower Baths PSN adequate number of shower ‘3 baths, where each bather | is required to bathe prep- foes! atatory to entering the swimming pool, is a necessary san- itary precaution in every well-planned swimming establishment. The number of showers depends upon the probable number of patrons; the type and arrangement, in rela- tion to dressing rooms and pool; upon the available space; and the sex and age of the bathers. Individual showers may be built with each dressing room; or the dressing rooms may be planned in see aE MENG TENG GP os? OfOl1L S groups of two A three or more, and a Shower stalls showing the use of white glazed tiles on the walls, and hex- shower installed for each group. agonal ceramic mosaic on the floor with checkered color border. hi In men’s colleges and schools, a common dressing and locker room is some- i times provided, with a row of showers in an adjoining room. B Tiles are admirably adapted to the requirements of shower baths. They are, , by far, the cleanest, most attractive and most satisfactory material for this purpose. cates Foot Pool and Shower The walls are white glazed tiles with a dark blue border; Fall River, Mass ‘ the floor is laid in ceramic mosaic. Foot “Pools eee DI NAR Y est Sanitary pre- AOSD cautions and Cee Bee) public hygi- ene call for the use of tiled foot poolsin public tanks, natatoriums, and institutional pools used by large numbers of people. Rules generally stipulatethatall bathers cleanse their feet thor- oughly before entering the pool. Foot pools or baths can be neatly built into passages or corners in conjunction with a low foot-showeér, or be located in the annex leading to the shower room. Unglazed tiles and ceramic mosaic make very suitable lin- ings for foot pools. PSEC CY Page Twenty-nine AUSiS'O:' CIMA TiRED) Tle EG. eMeAG Nel baAn Ge itn aera Private Pool, Residence of John F. Dodge, Meadowbrook An excellent private pool. The walls are in six-inch white semi-matt Boss Rochen Mack tile and the pool is six-by-three-inch sea green. The floor consists of ? ? two-inch hexagonal white tile. Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, Architects Water proofing WHE subject of waterproofing is of great importance when building a swimming pool, and particularly an indoor pool located near build- ‘Ail ings, where leakage may cause damage to footings and consequent wi E43) settlement of the buildings. Waterproofing is not of the same impor- tance in pools for gardens, parks and beaches, although any pool should be built watertight if for no other reasons than to insure sanitation of the water and to prevent frost damage. The use of the scratch coat required in connection with the tile work as a method of integral waterproofing allows great simplification of construction through the elimination of all extraneous waterproofing courses. S2te Indoor pools are placed either in separate buildings, in the basement, or on upper floors of structures used elsewhere for other purposes, and the choice of a site is determined or restricted by the location of these buildings. Outdoor pools intended for swimming should be located as far from possible sources of con- tamination as practicable and on sites with good natural drainage. All too fre- quently outdoor pools are placed at the lowest point, which precludes satisfactory surface and ground water drainage from the start. Construction HE most satisfactory form of construction for rough bowls, located on or in the ground, is reinforced concrete, as it assures unity in the ay) structure and requires a minimum quantity of materials. | is 2 ; j ; : The determination of the proper thickness of concrete walls and floor and their reinforcement are engineering problems based on the principles of reinforced concrete design and hydrostatic pressure, and as such, are distinctly Page Thirty eee aero Wile Ve Viol Ni Ge =PeO°On S the work of an architect or engineer. Frequently the soil strata may be of varying bearing capacity and require special types of footings; the bowl may have to resist excessive groundwater pressure when empty, which is equalized after the pool is filled; when located high above ground the swaying of buildings due to wind, vibration due to nearby transportation lines, and expansion and contrac- tion in the support may have to be taken into consideration. The necessary ratio of cross sectional area of steel to concrete may have to be varied according to climate and whether the pool is above or below ground. For these and similar reasons no one should proceed with the construction of a pool holding a large volume of water without advice from experts on the ground. +f Tiles take less space in swimming pool construction note than any other lining material. This is important where Npseos alee space is limited, as it will often allow the size of the pool | Ls] } float Gor to. be made standard, or the runways can be widened to el Srathteor full width if the extra space is not required in the con- ties He struction of the pool. From eight to eighteen inches in Reenforcement),| .,.° |" 5 2 : ee length and width dimensions can be saved by the use of tiles over other more bulky materials. Drains Concrete Spee ee ri = alll Cost ; ae cost of constructing a swimming pool varies 4 keel] With location, size, type of construction and on f yen equipment. For such types as a standard 20 x 60 fe Ra A size of indoor pool used in schools, Y. M. C. MR pes MS MCLCe, including the tile work, filtration plant, steri1- Concrete Retaining Wall for Swim- lizers, heater and cleaning equipment, the cost ranges from Be ern peters diegran $10,000 to $14,000. Where the pool cannot be accom- ee ahaa modated in the basement and a separate building is re- quired for housing it, the cost is increased by about $10,000 or $12,000. Outdoor pools without filtration and heating plants can of course be constructed for materially less. The cost of the tile installation for a 20 x 60 pool will range from $3500 to $6000 according to kind of tile, design, labor cost and decorative details. c Re How to Care for Swimming Pools Se IROPER care of a swimming pool is a simple matter requiring only regular attention. aN It should start right after installation. Such care will add greatly to the pool’s appear- | ance, cleanliness, advantages and satisfactory service. Glazed tiles should be washed down regularly with soap, clean cloths or mop, and plenty of clean hot water, with a thorough ‘“‘rinsing’’ after cleaning. Abrasive compounds containing grit should not be used. Unglazed tiles should be cleaned regularly with a scouring powder or abrasive compound in much the same manner as glazed tiles. Here again, the use of plenty of clean hot water and clean cloths is most important for the best results. Particular care should be used to remove all soap from tiled surfaces, particularly runways, by thorough rinsing with clean hot water—otherwise the tiles will steadily accumulate a soapy film of grime and dirt, and become discolored and slippery. Swimming pools should always be cleaned when empty for a thoroughly satisfactory job. Pools having a recirculating system of water can be cleaned while full with a vacuum system which works in conjunction with the circulating water pump. , Water stains and rust stains from pipes can be removed with diluted nitric acid. Paint spots will yield to strong ammonia, and oxalic acid will remove ink stains. Page Thirty-one AeeSLO'G TeACT SEED © leitales Eee AEN ee = amit1E information on the foregoing pages = must of necessity be of a more or less 2A general nature in order to be applicable to the varying conditions under which swimming pools are installed. Weare, however, prepared to make definite and practical recommendations and suggestions, and work out specific problems concerning in any way the sanitary, artistic, economical and durable lining of any swimming pool to be installed under given conditions, and will supply technical information on any feature of their construction. Architects and prospective builders of swim- ming pools are therefore requested to avail them- selves of our earnest desire to furnish any data pertaining to our product and its application. t= Indoor Pool, Heckscher Foundation for Children, New Y ork City. [) BeAs Gil sUaRa BARES