The PREPARATION of MISSIONARIES APPOINTED TO PAGAN AFRICA BOARD OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION 25 Madison Avenue, New York PRICE 10 CENTS BOARD OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION The Rev. James L. Barton, D.D. Prof. Harlan P. Beach, D.D. David Bovaird, Jr., M.D. Prof. O. E. Brown, D.D. Prof. Ernest DeWitt Burton, D.D. Miss Helen B. Calder Prof. Edward W. Capen, Ph.D. Prof. W. O. Carver, D.D. The Rev. Wm. I. Chamberlain, Ph.D. The Rev. George Drach The Rev. James Endicott, D.D. The Rev. F. P. Haggard, D.D. Pres. Henry C. King, D.D. Prof. Walter L. Lingle, D.D. The Rt. Rev. Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D. The Rev. R. P. Mackay, D.D. Pres. W. Douglas Mackenzie, D.D. John R. Mott, LL.D. Bishop W. F. Oldham, D.D. Principal T. R. O’Meara, D.D. Pres. C. T. Paul, Ph.D. Prof. Henry B. Robins, Ph.D. Prof. G. A. Johnston Ross, M.A. Dean James E. Russell, LL.D. T. H. P. Sailer, Ph.D. Miss Una Saunders Prof. E. D. Soper, D.D. Robert E. Speer, D.D. Pres. J. Ross Stevenson, D.D. Fennell P. Turner Pres. Addie Grace Wardle, Ph.D. The Rev. Charles R. Watson, D.D. Pres. Wilbert W. White, Ph.D. Pres. Mary E. Woolley, Litt.D. W. DOUGLAS MACKENZIE, Chairman FENNELL P. TURNER, Secretary WILLIAM I. CHAMBERLAIN, Treasurer REV. FRANK K. SANDERS, Ph.D., Director 25 Madison Avenue, New York THE PREPARATION OF MISSIONARIES APPOINTED TO PAGAN AFRICA THE REPORT OF A COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE BOARD OF MISSIONARY. PREPARATION PrEsIDENT C. T. Paut, Ph.D., Chairman Proressor HARLAN P. Beacu, D.D. REVEREND FREDERICK B. BrIpGMAN REVEREND S. J. Corey REVEREND PAUL DE SCHWEINITZ, D.D. PRESIDENT Hotiis B. FRrissett, D.D. Mrs. L. B. Goon REvEREND A. W. Hatsey, D.D. REvEREND S. S. Houcu, D.D. REVEREND CHARLES E. Hurigpurt BisHop W. R. Lamsutu, D.D. PresIDENT W. W. Moore, D.D. REVEREND W. M. Morrison, D.D. REVEREND R. H. Nassau REVEREND CorneELIUuS H. Patron, D.D. PRESIDENT ADDIE GRACE WARDLE, Ph.D.. REVEREND CHARLES R. Watson, D.D. PRESENTED AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING IN NEW YORK, DECEMBER, 1914 Board of Missionary Preparation 25 Madison Ave., New York City 4 ay: eae ‘ ‘ en x >. ¥ sg OPS See ite rf x SSS Ee Se ae cet Lat x ACE EM 7m Cine Top? Ue. ine (PR La es : ro \ Pa i cae , AG Ae Ho Aa Ls Ate 12 ait Ve ; A ” ’ " . * ’ ‘ ‘ f : iy o- a a ’ , Pt Mil aie ly i v } 4p 4 « HG Ria eas, gl REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SPECIAL PREPARATION NEEDED FOR MISSION- ARIES APPOINTED TO PAGAN AFRICA. The following report was prepared by a committee of the Board of Missionary Preparation of which President Charles T. Paul, Ph.D. of the College of Missions, Indianapolis, Indiana, was the chairman. The report was prepared in the first place after the most careful study of the printed results of missionary experience and of exploration of all kinds. After its presentation to the Board by the committee the report was reviewed by many specialists on matters relating to Africa, and by experienced missionaries at home. Disturbed conditions in the field prevented the wide-ranging submission of the report for criticism which is the custom of the Board with reference to each of its commission reports. It is confidently submitted, however, in the assurance that it represents the best available judgment of to-day. This report is based on an investigation of the present-day conditions and requirements of effective missionary service among the pagan peoples of Africa. It neither urges nor as- sumes the possibility of any one candidate realizing the ideal equipment which would presumably result from adequate pursuit of all the disciplines mentioned below. Special prep- aration for Pagan Africa does not imply an attempt to ex- haust the curriculum, but rather a discriminating program of self-development and study to be executed with thorough- ness and related to definite ends. Only the personal qual- ities recommended may be emphasized as essential to all; the courses of reading and study listed are purposely wide in their range, having in view the varying requirements of different classes of missionaries with respect to the whole Pagan African field. The committee suggests that each candidate, under the counsel of his mission Board, or persons competent to ad- 3 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA vise him, work out his preparation according to such prin- ciples of selection and limitation as: (1) the candidate’s temperamental needs and aptitudes ; (2) considerations of age and time; (3) the probable nature of his future work; (4) the section of Africa in which he is to labor. DELIMITATION OF PAGAN AFRICA Pagan Africa properly includes all portions of the African continent and its adjacent islands, in which the indigenous heathenism has not been displaced or assimilated by either Christianity or Mohammedanism. Its main regional area begins near the southern limit of the Sudan, and, extending east and west from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic, sweeps southward nearly 2,000 miles, finally merging into the British colonies at the austral extremity of the sub-continent. Its latitudinal position is approximately between the 5th” N. and the 30th® S., although the northern boundary, determined by the contact between Mohammedanism and paganism, must be regarded as an irregular and shifting line which cannot be fixed with precision. Contiguous to the principal territory mentioned, i. e., reaching northward from the 5th® up the west coast as far as Sierra Leone, and extending in great loops into portions of the Central and Egyptian Sudan even beyond the 10th’®, touching in their extreme reaches the waters of Lake Chad and the western apex of Abyssinia, there are additional pagan areas still unconquered and but slightly affected by the south- ward marches of Islam. The Sudan United Mission reports that on the great plateau between the Nile and the Niger at least fifty pagan tribes are still intact, dwelling in moun- tain enclaves surrounded by Moslem-peopled plains. In the present survey these border territories and the western half of Madagascar are included, while deduction is made of the well-occupied Mohammedan spheres on the east coast from Somaliland to German East Africa and Zanzibar. 4 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA The fact is not ignored that paganism, in its spirit and in some of its forms, exists almost everywhere beside, and is largely intermingled with the faith and practice of Mo- hammedanism, even in the northern lobe of the continent where that religion prevails; but, since preparation for Moslem lands is to be dealt with in a separate treatise, the present report will confine itself to the almost unbroken region of Pagan Africa as above outlined. It is an immense area of not less than 5,000,000 square miles, with a native pagan population very conservatively estimated at 65,000,000. A. THE QUALIFICATIONS SPECIALLY DESIRABLE IN MISSIONARIES TO PAGAN AFRICA Attention is called at the outset to certain qualities of per- sonality, including physical constitution, temperament, men- tal attitudes and spiritual graces, which are not only highly desirable but practically indispensable to success in this field. Without them the most elaborate educational acquire- ments would be futile. These personal characteristics can here best be indicated in connection with a brief statement of some of the special conditions with which the missionary to Pagan Africa is confronted. 1. PHysicaL QUALIFICATIONS. Although almost the en- tire region, e.g., the portion parallel in latitude with South America between Panama and Paraguay, lies within the tropics, Pagan Africa offers considerable variety of climate. The mean annual temperature below the 5th® .N. to the Orange River in the South, is under 80° F.; but the varying degrees of moisture, rainfall and elevation in different sec- tions produce, even at the same latitude, very unequal heat conditions, which vitally affect the residence and work of the missionary. For instance, on the interior plateaus of the equatorial belt from French Congo to British East Africa one may enjoy cool nights and live in comparative comfort, while on the coastlands of this region both east and west 5 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA the climate is exceedingly trying on account of surface de- pression and increased humidity. For similar reasons the average littoral temperature of Angola and of German East Africa is several degrees lower than that of Southern Uganda directly under the Equator. But in whatever sec- tion he may labor (except in the more temperate regions of the sub-tropical South), and with whatever alleviations of sea-breeze and elevation, the missionary will miss the ozone of North America. He will feel the power of the African sun, and will realize the importance of a physique that can offer due resistance to the depression and wear of the torrid zone. Moreover, all missionaries cannot live on the more salubrious altitude. The gospel must be preached on the blazing deserts, in the dank forests, on the flat river deltas, in the fetid marsh country, and on the pestilential coastlands, as well as on the heights. In the regions most unhealthful for white men, the Societies are using native workers as far as feasible. If tropical heat is one factor to be reckoned with, tropical disease is another. The West Coast has been called the white man’s grave. From Sierra Leone to Angola stretches the most prolific malaria bed in the world, although the East Coast from Italian Somaliland to Lorenzo Marques is a close second. Malarial fevers of various types not only abound on the coasts and in the great river basins, but are found in lesser degree in most other sections. Next to mal- aria, trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), to which the mis- sionary is just as liable as the native by the sting of the tse-tse fly, is regarded as Africa’s most menacing scourge. Yellow fever, globo-hematuric fever and certain “unclassi- fied” febrile disorders are endemic and occasionally epidemic, especially on the West Coast, in the Niger country and along the Congo. One is exposed, in some localities, also, to such loathsome diseases as yaws, craw-craw and even leprosy. In recent years much has been done through the applica- 6 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA tion of modern methods of sanitation, and the development of preventive medicine to improve health conditions in Trop- ical Africa. The present-day missionary has the advantage not only of these improved conditions, but of the accumulated experience of his predecessors, many of whom by due care have rendered long periods of strenuous pioneer service, and have survived to vigorous old age. With wise attention to diet, rest, the sun, preventive hygiene, and, in some sec- tions, frequent furloughs, the future missionary, other things being equal, may thrive and labor effectively in this field. Sufficient, however, has been said to indicate that a sound bodily constitution with unimpaired health is an absolute foundation requirement in any candidate for Pagan Africa. Fresh and unanimous emphasis on this qualification has been placed by the Committee’s correspondents from all parts of the continent from Sierra Leone to Natal. The candidate should be able to pass a physical examination equal to that of a first-class insurance risk, at the hands of a physician ac- quainted with the conditions and effects of tropical climate. No one should undertake work in Pagan Africa who is pre- disposed to malaria, or who has had heat-stroke, or is over sensitive to the sun’s rays, or has weak nerves or heart, or is subject to rheumatism or alimentary disorders. “The san- guine temperament does well only for a time,” says Dr. Noble. Persons of fat or “stocky” build should hesitate. Referring to this type, Dr. R. H. Nassau, who spent 45 years in French Congo, says: “My observation of others in Africa was that the strongly-built oak broke, while the bending willow yielded and rose again.” Persons best suited are of lithe, athletic constitution. Young women are advised against going out before the age of 25. 2. PERSONAL QUALITIES AND ATTITUDES. The social environment of the African missionary makes quite as exact- ing demands on other aspects of his personality as does the climate upon his physical organization. The whole atmos- 7 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA phere and complexion of a savage or uncivilized community tends to bewilder, depress and irritate one who has been reared in the culture of a Christian land. It should be frankly stated that African paganism is heathenism on its most gigantic scale, and, in some tribes, at its lowest levels. “The bulk of the population is immersed in darkness.” The people exhibit the ignorance of childhood without its inno- cence. The missionary is surrounded by the stagnation and downward pull of arrested primitive conditions. All about him are crude institutions, revolting social customs, degrad- ing religious practices,—the signs of mental confusion, moral abasement and spiritual decline. In such an environment the missionary is expected not only to maintain his own integrity, but, in all that he does and is, in every expression he makes of himself, to be a living and leading example of the Christian life. Vast importance attaches, therefore, to his temperamental qualities, his characteristic attitudes of mind and heart, the spirit he manifests in all the relations he sus- tains to his missionary associates and to the natives. From the standpoint of his own happiness and effectiveness the matters here spoken of are of the gravest, importance. (1) Attitude toward the People-—Candidates for Pagan Africa should, in the first place, assure themselves of the ability and grace to devote themselves unselfishly and yearn- ingly to the uplift of peoples who from many points of view are not attractive. African pagans may not be as interesting or as congenial as Hindu Vedantists or Chinese literati, un- less one approach them with genuine Christian love, and that enthusiastic faith in their possibilities which leads to self- denying service. Such a sympathetic approach will not fail to reveal points of attractiveness. Any manifestation of color prejudice or race antipathy would be fatal to the mis- sionary’s influence. The Africans are quick to detect this, if it exists, and to recoil from it when they discover it. (2) Cheerfulness——This characteristic is much praised 8 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA in communications from many corners of the Dark Continent as the best tonic against depression. Dyspeptics and hypo- chondriacs are not needed. The missionary is an apostle of joy and gladness; he should add no shadow to Africa’s gloom. A veteran authority insists that “‘a cheerful, vivacious dis- position is a sine qua non.” With respect to this quality other correspondents describe the ideal missionary as follows: “good natured,” “good tempered,” “sunny,” “sanguine,” “happy,” “not easily depressed,” “able to see the humorous,” “looking for the best in the African.” (3) Humuility.—A pioneer in Congo Belge advises that no one go out to Africa “with the thought that he is going to be a great man.” It is better to let greatness take care of itself. Willingness to serve wherever one is needed, and abil- ity to work harmoniously with others, in honor preferring one’s associates, are two elements in missionary “greatness.” The young appointee should arrive on the field as a learner. He should highly prize and repeatedly consult the expe- rience of the older missionaries. (4) Perseverance and Patience.—A factor in the general depression of the social environment is the isolation of the missionary, especially in districts where pioneer work is being done. Absolutely essential for endurance and helpful labor is such a strong resourceful spiritual life, developed through vital contact with divine forces, as shall make one less and less reliant on the religious supports and stimuli to which one has been accustomed in Christian countries. A patient and forbearing spirit is a signal requirement in dealing with primitive peoples, who are much like children. Although the missionary successes among African pagans are, on the whole, very heartening, and results come quickly as com- pared with other fields, yet Africa candidates should prepare themselves for the possibility of enduring loneliness, of adapt- ing themselves uncomplainingly to emergent and unpleasant situations, and of persevering often in the absence of encour- 9 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA agements and in the presence of many positive discourage- ments. (5) Additional Character Hints—The following quota- tions from the Committee’s African correspondence indicate further desirable characteristics. The missionary should be “calm,” “cool,” ‘“‘steady,” “phlegmatic rather than nervous,” “of even disposition,” “not contentious,” “genial,” “kindly,” “sympathetic,” “enthusiastic,” “frank,” “adaptable,” “defin- ite,’ “dependable,” “of strong convictions,” “gentlemanly,” “of unimpeachable integrity,” “unswerving in Christian prin- ciples,’ “of character as near Dr. Livingston as possible,” “Christ-like.” 3. Lincuistic AsiLity. Of the 843 languages and dialects spoken on the continent about 400 flourish in Pagan Africa as herein delimited, or, say, south of the 10th° N. These include about 60 of the Sudanese group which differ widely from each other. Some of them are exceedingly difficult for foreigners, as, for example, the Ewe language of Togo with its elusive idiom, or the Nupé tongue of Northern Nigeria with its nine-toned vocables that sound like guitar twangs. In addition to these not less than 300 known Bantu languages and dialects without either affinity or analogy with the Nig- ritian family, are found from Kamerun to Zululand. There are also, in the north, border languages of various composi- tion, principally Nigritian (Nilotic or Sudanese) mixed with Bantu; and, in the south, the Hottentot dialects with their peculiar clicking sounds. Since it is with the Bantu group that most American missionaries to Pagan Africa are likely to deal, be it said that Bantu is easy as compared with the Nigritian tongues of the Sudan, or with almost any European language of the Aryan group. Its grammar is regular, and, although there are so many dialects, it is easy to pass from one to another, once its principles of agglutination, inflection by prefix, and its laws of phonetic change have been mastered. If, for example, one has acquired Swahili, the lingua franca 10 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA of eastern equatorial Africa between the coast and the great lakes, it would not be difficult, by noting vocabulary varia- tions, to acquire other languages topographically as far dis- tant from it and from each other as Mpongwe spoken in the Gabun estuary, Batonga in the Zambesi basin, or even Ovampo in Damaraland. Some missionaries are required to learn more than one language, as for example, Ewe and Hausa on the Gold Coast; and in some pure Bantu fields a knowledge of several dialects is essential. Candidates for Africa, therefore, must possess good linguistic aptitude, espe- cially the ability to acquire the spoken language. This must be done in some cases without grammars, lexicons, or other text-books. Nor can much be expected from native instruc- tors. A quick ear, a ready tongue, a retentive memory, a knowledge of phonetic principles, and an acquaintance with methods of language study and acquisition are requisite. Many African languages yet remain not only to be acquired, but to be reduced to writing and made the vehicles of Chris- tian culture. 4, PoLiTIcAL INTEREST. Special problems for the mission- ary arise out of Africa’s political relationships. The conti- nent has been so partitioned among the European powers that less than one twentieth remains unincluded in the various protectorates and colonial “spheres.”’ The entire pagan sec- tion is under the control, actual or projected, of Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, Portugal, France and Spain, with their various ideals and methods of governing the native races and developing the country. Doubtless much has been done for -the benefit and uplift of the natives by the exploitation of the natural resources and the cultivation of commerce. Yet con- flicts have arisen, and are likely in the future to increase, be- tween the native and administrative interests, from which it seems impossible that the missionary, devoting himself to the highest good of the people, can hold himself aloof. With proper wisdom and right method, he may help to solve many 11 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA a difficult situation, retaining the confidence and gratitude alike of the natives and the government officials. To be of service in this regard, in fact, to avoid mistakes which might bring serious disabilities upon his mission, he should make himself fully acquainted with the commercial and govern- mental aspects of the colony in which he labors. 5. PIONEER QUALITIES. According to the Edinburgh Re- port about 35,000,000 of the 65,000,000 within the pagan area are utterly beyond the reach of the present distribution and operation of Protestant missions. In almost every section of the country there are great unoccupied fields. One of them, including portions of East Central and West Central Africa, embraces hundreds of thousands of square miles. In the Belgian Congo alone, it is estimated, there are 60 blocks of country, with an average area each of 10,000 square miles, without a Protestant missionary. In the French Congo and in Kamerun, there are 10,000,000 unevangelized souls, and about 6,000,000 in the regions touching Lake Nyasa. Pagan Africa, therefore, calls for more missionaries of the pioneer type. Upon candidates now preparing for their life work will devolve, in large measure, the task of establishing Chris- tianity in territory now unoccupied. This task is a challenge to men and women possessing in extraordinary degree the qualities of courage, initiative, resourcefulness, leadership and dauntless faith, as well as the practical all-round equip- ment that can beat new paths through the jungle and estab- lish relations with new tribes. It is urged that the desire to do pioneer work should not make the candidate apne to serve in the older stations of his mission. 6. VERSATILITY. In no other part of the Sond do mis- sions face a more immense and complex task than in Pagan Africa. It is not simply a question of preaching the gospel and establishing churches. It is nothing less than the build- ing of an African Christian civilization from the ground up. There are here no foundations of culture, no ethics or litera- 12 _ PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA ture, on which Christianity can build as in countries like In- dia, China and Japan. The domestic life, social system, industrial methods, mental outlook, religion,—everything,— needs radical change and redemption. There is not a single tribe in Pagan Africa with an indigenous literature or even an alphabet of its own. Colonization may contribute a veneer of civilization. Evangelization in its widest sense, the application of Christianity to the purification and develop- ment of all sides of life,—this alone can raise Africa from the depths of inertia and semi-barbarism; and to this many-sided work the missionary is called. Specialists of many kinds are needed. Professor Beach says: “This is pre-eminently the field for the versatile missionary with special gifts in prac- tical directions.” B. Courses oF StupY FOR CANDIDATES This report would fain help to dissipate the supposition, in so far as it may still exist, that since the African peoples are of inferior culture, therefore missionaries of inferior culture will suffice. Rather, “it takes the highest to lift the lowest.” Dr. Stewart of Lovedale says: “Complete and thoroughly trained fitness for work is not merely the tendency, but the absolute demand for the present day.’’ No disparaging re- flection is here cast upon the good work accomplished, and still being done, by those who have not been academically trained; but it is now unquestionably the consensus of judg- ment among the missionaries themselves that the prelim- inary preparation of future missionaries to Pagan Africa should be no less broad and thorough than that demanded for more cultured fields like Japan or India. This report urges that the interpreters and mediators to pagan peoples of the Christian faith and life, the builders of a Christian civiliza- tion on heathen soil, and in face of an encroaching counter civilization of inferior order, but of subtle power, must be 13 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA men and women of the strongest intellectual caliber and ac- quirements. All candidates for this field who expect to qualify as evan- gelists, teachers, nurses and physicians should take a college or university course as a foundation. A possible exception may be made of one preparing specially for industrial work or engineering, and who has secured discipline and skill in the prosecution of his technical training. But even he would find his ability and influence multiplied by a general college course. A Board secretary of wide experience in African missions says: “The places are few in Africa which can be filled by men lacking college education.” 1. IMPORTANT UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES. While neg- lecting none of the required work in the college or university course, students contemplating service in Africa, would do well to regard the following subjects of particular value. They should specialize in these, or at least some of them, so far as time and the undergraduate elective system will permit. Group I Group II Group III Biblical Literature Sociology Ancient History (especially Biblical History Psychology Egypt) Comparative Religion Pedagogy Politics and Government (especially primi- Philosophy | Economics tive religion and Modern Languages Mohammedanism) (English, French, German) History of Civiliza- Greek (for men who expect to tion take a theological course) 2. CouRSES IN SEMINARY OR BIBLE COLLEGE. An in- creasing number of candidates for Pagan Africa should be encouraged to take a full theological course, after gradua- tion in arts in college or university. Men of broad religious education and sound biblical scholarship are needed (a) to become effective evangelists and preachers, (b) to organize and develop native churches, (c) to inspire and train native evangelists, (d) to found and foster theological seminaries or Bible schools for the native ministry, (e) to give instruc- 14 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA tion in such institutions, (f) to lead in the social application of Christianity to tribal life, (g) to translate the Scriptures into new, vernaculars and to provide suitable Christian litera- ture for the native Christian community. The following courses usually offered in the North American Theological Seminary or Bible College are set down, not to the disparage- ment of others omitted from the list, but as bearing very di- rectly on the equipment of the Christian teacher. Group I Group II The English Bible New Testament Greek New Testament Introduction The Gospels Es Group II Old Testament Introduction Christian Doctrine Biblical Sociology Apologetics Church History Church History ; (especially the social teachings (especially the early period) of Jesus) Philosophy of Religion Religious Education Practical Theology Public Speaking The value of a clear, comprehensive and usable knowledge of the contents of the English Bible, and of the fundamentals of Christianity cannot be too strongly stressed. Special study of the proverbs of the Old Testament and of the parables of the New is recommended. The African mind responds most readily to teaching put in proverbial, epigrammatic and al- legorical forms. 3. BrspiicaL Lancuaces. Notwithstanding the lessen- ing emphasis in some American seminaries on the original Biblical tongues, there are two special reasons, apart from their acknowledged private value to the Bible student and teacher, why both Greek and Hebrew are included here: (1) the well trained theological man, especially if he enters new territory in Africa, is almost certain to be called on to do Bible translation work, in which case acquaintance with these languages is indispensable; (2) Hebrew, as Dr. Nassau has pointed out, is an excellent propzedeutic to the study of Bantu. There are helpful analogies between Semitic and Bantu structure. 15 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA 4. EpINBURGH RECOMMENDATIONS. There is one group of studies which require special emphasis as bearing more intimate relation to the missionary’s task than any others, except Bible studies. They are those recommended by Com- mission V of the Edinburgh Report as fundamentally neces- sary for all fields. Some of them have already been men- tioned above in the list of undergraduate or theological sub- jects. But the entire list is here given with the suggestion that such of them as the candidate has not taken in regular course he should not fail to pursue, either as graduate work, or privately. Phonetics should be taken under a well quali- fied instructor. Group I Group II Sociology The Science of Missions Pedagogy The History of Missions Religions of the World Phonetics 5. STUDIES SPECIALLY RELATING To AFRICA AND ITS Missions. This section suggests studies designed to intro- duce candidates more intimately to the real life and problems of Pagan Africa, to some acquaintance with the land and people, and to the history and status of African missions. Academic instruction is not obtainable on all of these sub- jects in the form recommended, although some are offered as graduate courses in universities, and still others in special missionary training institutions. In any case they consti- tute ample and important themes for private reading and study, which candidates cannot too early begin, and which they can continue on the field with increasing profit and de- light. The appended bibliography indicates authorities and sources. (1) African Geography.—‘We must bear Africa in our eye,” says Ratzel, “if we would understand the Africans.” From a good map with descriptive text the candidate should acquaint himself with his prospective country,—its Jeru- salem, its Judea, its Samaria, and even its uttermost parts: 16 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA No land is more fascinating than Africa in the picturesque variety of its physical features. Few lands have greater re- sources and economic possibilities. Familiarity should be sought with its territorial divisions, natural and political, its river systems, coastlands, deserts, lakes, forests, plateaus with their climatic and health conditions. Detailed study, of course, will be given to the candidate’s own field and its con- tiguous environs. The effect of geographical conditions on culture should be investigated and especially the natural forces which have checked the progress of the Africans. Practice in drawing maps from memory and observation will fix localities in the mind and can be turned to profitable ac- count later on the field. (2) African Ethnology and Ethnography.—Who are the Pagan Africans? What are their antecedents, kinships and characteristics? The candidate’s imagination will be quick- ened and his interest in the people clarified, by acquainting himself with the best narrative and descriptive literature concerning them. As Pagan Africa has no native historical records, the best introductory knowledge of its peoples is supplied in the above named subjects, ethnology dealing with the origins, distribution and classification of races, ethnogra- phy describing their characteristics. Almost any treatise or course on anthropology, ethnology or ethnography has con- siderable material on Africa, which is par excellence the con- tinent of tribes. Candidates in general will give special at- tention to the great Bantu family. Those contemplating northern fields will be interested in the Sudanese border tribes, while others looking to South Africa will not neglect the non-Bantu Bushmen and Hottentots. Acquaintance should be sought also with the Negrilloes or Pygmies. A visit to a museum like that of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington would afford valuable illustrative material. (3) Sociology of Primitive Peoples—Closely related to the foregoing is the more intensive study of the social life of 17 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA non-civilized peoples. As an introduction the Africa candi- date should consult the interpretations that have been given of the structure, institutions, customs and ruling ideas of African society. Practices in tribal government, slavery, polygamy, and “secret societies” should be inquired into. Women candidates will investigate especially the status of African women and children. This study should not lead one to dogmatic conclusions. It should simply open the mind to an appreciative and sympathetic attitude preparatory to first hand study of such matters after one reaches the field. (4) Primitive Religion—Any course on Comparative Religion or the History of Religion has a section dealing with primitive and tribal cults. For Pagan Africa this branch of the study should be more extended. Candidates should ac- quaint themselves with the main features of African ani- mism, fetishism, and ancestor-worship, and with the related subjects of magic and witchcraft. The status and function of the African witch-doctor is a subject for special inquiry, as is also the belief, more or less shadowy, in a Supreme Being, found among many tribes. In studying pagan re- ligion from books the candidate is warned, as in the preced- ing section, not to conceive prejudices which may hamper him in more original and independent observation, which it is desirable he should undertake on the field, in close contact with the people to whom he is to minister. The “book of the African soul” is not yet fully read or understood. The mis- sionary should study it diligently, if he would discover how most effectively to present Christian truth. (5) Mohammedanism.—Especially candidates preparing for fields on the East coast and along the south Sudanese border from Uganda to Sierra Leone,—regions in which the immediate pressure of the Moslem advance constitutes one of the gravest situations in the missionary world,—should not omit from their preparation some knowledge of Moham- medanism. One may go further and say that this knowledge 18 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA is important for every missionary to Pagan Africa, since the religion of the Crescent has penetrated many interior parts of the central and southern sub-continent, threatening by its tremendous onsweep to absorb the animistic populations, and even, in some sections, to drive Christianity from its estab- lished centers. One mission reports: “‘On the Gold Coast where once a Christian chapel stood and a Christian congre- gation worshipped, a Mohammedan priest, who was formerly a Christian evangelist, has built a mosque and gathered a Mohammedan congregation from among those who were Christians.”’ The probability is that every future missionary to the heathen tribes of Africa will come face to face with this counter propaganda. . In the words of the Edinburgh Report, the inevitable result of this diffusion of Islam, un- less it is stayed, will be that “the Christian missionary enter- prise will year by year become more difficult.”” The neces- sary studies will embrace a knowledge of the rise and prog- ress of Mohammedanism, the growth of its tradition, its sacred books—the Koran, and especially the modern Islamic movement in Africa. Acquaintance should be had with the methods and agents of the advance in Africa, and with the Christian methods being considered or adopted to check it. (6) History of African Exploration and Colomzation.— It is important to know the facts of the historical contact’ be- tween Africa and Europe, especially during the modern period of discovery, exploration and colonization. The story from the days of the Portuguese navigators of the 15th cen- tury to the exploits of Livingstone, Stanley and Coillard, is a thrilling as well as a most informing one. Every candidate should read especially the literature relating to the explora- tion and discovery of Central Africa, say from 1830 onward, and should be versed in the history of the European coloniza- tion of the southern half of the continent. The travels should be read of Mungo Park, Krapf, Burton, Speke, Baker, Schweinfurth, Bowditch (on Portuguese exploration), Du 19 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA Chaillu, Mary Kingsley, Livingstone, Coillard, Stanley and others listed in the bibliography. At least one good work on the general history of African colonization should be mastered. (7) History of African Missions.—A knowledge of the missionary history relating to Pagan Africa and to the conti- nent in general is important, to enable the candidate to appre- ciate the whole problem of African evangelization, and to re- late his own service intelligently to the general propaganda. He should know of the past successes and failures, and the present status of mission work. He should appreciate also something of the magnitude of the unaccomplished task in Pagan Africa. He should make himself specially conversant with the special field and activities of his own Board. In de- fault of a good course on the history of African missions, such as is given in some special institutions, he should master at least one good text-book on the subject, and also read the section on Africa in Volume I of the Edinburgh Report. (8) Lives of Missionary Pioneers——The most fascinat- ing missionary history regarding Pagan Africa is available in the biographies of the pioneers and eminent leaders. These should be read for their inspirational as well as their prac- tical value. Note should be taken of the spiritual motive and power which have marked pioneer achievement. The list could be an extended one. The following are specially recommended: Lives of Krapf, Robert and Mary Moffat, David and Mary Livingstone, M. and Mme. Coillard, George Grenfell, Pilkington, Hannington, Mackay, John Mackenzie, A. C. Good, J. Tyler, Anne Hinderer. 6. FURTHER PROCESSES IN EQUIPMENT. Preparation in the following studies and experiences is urged from the standpoint of personal efficiency, and the actual demands of the work almost everywhere in Pagan Africa. (1) Government Languages.—Correspondents without 20 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA exception recommend candidates, before they come to Africa, to acquire the government language of the colony or protec- torate in which they aretolabor. In the case of Liberia and all the British spheres where English is the state language, this requirement is, of course, normally met by missionaries from America. But for service in the German possessions (Togo, Kamerun, German South West Africa and German East Africa) a working knowledge of German is highly de- sirable, and, by the missionaries now in these colonies, is re- garded in future preparation as too important to be omitted. The same is true as regards French in the French and Bel- gian Congo and in Madagascar, and Portuguese in Angola and Portuguese East Africa. The desideratum is not simply a reading knowledge of the language, but the ability also to use it in speaking and writing and, if necessary, to teach it. The reasons urged are that such ability adds to the mission- ary’s prestige in the eyes of both the government, and the natives (some of whom themselves acquire it) ; that it enables the missionary to be useful in dealings between the govern- ment and the natives; that it tends to establish harmonious relations between the government and the missions; and, finally, that it is absolutely necessary in the founding of schools in which the government language as well as the ver- nacular must be taught. A very advantageous service open to the missionary, especially in the French and German areas, is the preparation in the government language of primers, grammars and other text-books for the study of the ver- naculars. Facilities exist in America (in some universities and in language schools in the larger cities) for the acquirement of conversational fluency in French and German, in addition to the usual instruction through grammar and translation; but opportunities for Portuguese are limited. (2) Phonetics—Mention should be made of the value of acquiring a speaking knowledge of French or German, in its Pon PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA helpful bearings on the later acquirement of the African vernacular. Practical mastery of a foreign European tongue is both a test and a prophecy of the candidate’s linguistic aptitude. Under ordinary circumstances, a person who has learned to express himself freely and correctly in one for- eign language can the more easily acquire another. As a valuable auxiliary in the matter of pronunciation, a good course in phonetics is recommended. With a scientific knowledge of the physiological conditions and acoustic qualities of speech sounds, acquaintance with the laws of pho- netic change in related dialects, and at least one foreign lan- guage already in usable possession, the candidate will be well equipped for the study of Bantu. (3) Medical Knowledge—‘All missionaries to Pagan Africa should have some training in medicine and first aid to the injured.” So writes a missionary from Rhodesia. A similar view is expressed from most parts of Pagan Africa. Sufficient knowledge of preventive medicine, personal hy- giene and sanitary science is requisite for the care of one’s own health in a tropical country. The ability to render medi- cal aid for the simpler ills and accidents is a valuable asset. It facilitates the evangelistic approach, relieves distress, wins friends, and meets emergencies when no physician or nurse is accessible. The evangelist meets sickness when a hun- dred miles away froma doctor. It is well if he can help. In some stations there is no resident physician. Some Boards require candidates to take a year in tropical medicine, hy- giene and minor surgery. A knowledge of simple dentistry is valuable. The possession of useful elementary knowledge should guard one against attempting what only a regular physician should undertake. (4) Industrial A bility.—Since a large portion of mission- ary effort in Africa is necessarily along industrial lines, any knowledge or experience in handicraft, in constructive or productive industry of any sort, can be turned to valuable ac- om PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA count. Many missionaries insist that every candidate should be encouraged to secure skill in some practical line, so that he may help the natives to a higher plane of industrial life. The following are mentioned as specially useful: horticul- ture (everywhere) ; dry-farming (especially in treeless dis- tricts where the rainfall is short) ; drainage, including tile- making (in the Congo basin and elsewhere in the lowlands) ; well-digging and boring (in arid districts, for irrigation, stock-watering and drinking purposes); masonry (Africa, especially in the South, is a land of stones) ; brick-making, brick-laying, milling, blacksmithing, carpentry, cabinet-mak- ing. Telegraphy will be of great use during the next few years in Belgian Congo, and also plumbing in Liberia. Print- ing is of never-failing value in all sections. Guidance is needed, one missionary writes, “‘to develop the incipient trades of the natives into larger sources of wealth,” viz., pot- tery, basketry, blacksmithing, weaving and the like.” (5) Other Practical Subjects Bookkeeping is a prac- tical requirement. Photography is useful as a recreation, and still more as an aid to interpreting mission work to the home constituency. Music, with tonic solfa notation, is re- garded as very important. The ability to play a small organ or other instrument is of very great value in evangelistic work. (6) For Women Candidates.—It is taken for granted throughout this report that regular women missionaries will require substantially the same general preparation as men. They will find it advantageous also to be well equipped in the following: music, kindergarten and Montessori methods, do- mestic science, including dietetics, practical cooking and sew- ing (particularly dressmaking), and pattern-cutting. (7) . Experience in Christian Work.—For all who expect to be evangelists and teachers, successful experience in evan- gelistic and educational work at home will be presumptive of success in Africa. The ability to win men and women per- 23 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA sonally to Christ is the most coveted gift. Experience in social uplift work, and general city mission work is com- mended. The massing of native workmen by the hundreds of thou- sands at mining centres like Johannesburg and Kimberley and in the coast cities of South Africa presents a problem as difficult as it is opportune. The task of the missionary at these centres is highly complex. It is a problem of quick evangelization, since the natives remain for only a few months or years; and of social uplift and salvation, since the new environment, changed habits of life, together with the strange temptations and generally demoralizing conditions, tend to drag down the native to a depth even lower than his present pagan condition. Candidates expecting to work in these industrial centres should have, if possible, special train- ing in city philanthropy, and in the methods of the best or- ganized city mission churches and evangelistic halls. (8) Special Equipment of Medical Missionaries and Nurses.—The medical missionary, in addition to a prepara- tory college course, should be a graduate in medicine from a first-class medical college. Since every physician in Africa must be his own surgeon, expertness in general surgery is indispensable. An interneship of at least one year in a hos- pital after graduation is an invaluable experience. Special- ization in tropical diseases is an absolute requisite. A post- graduate course in this department in one of the American, British or continental schools of tropical medicine should be definitely planned, and taken before going to the field. Very special attention should be given to the fevers, and skin dis- eases which especially afflict Africa and to “sleeping sick- ness,” which is making great ravage in some parts, especially in Belgian Congo. Every medical man is advised to know something of horticulture and irrigation and to be able to superintend the erection of a building. Any skill in carpentry is especially valuable. | 24 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA Nurses for Africa should, as a rule, have broader profes- sional training, even, than is usual for work in America, since more is expected of them. Competence in obstetrics, diseases of women, and minor surgery is desirable. Ability to teach is important. The nurse is specially looked to by African women for instruction as well as treatment in physical mat- ters. Both physicians and nurses should have at least a good knowledge of the English Bible, and also, of the subjects above mentioned in B. 4, and should perform all their work in the true evangelistic spirit. (See Third Report of the Board of Missionary Preparation, pp. 86-105 for fuller sug- gestions. ) (9) Special Equipment of Industrial Missionaries.— Mention has been made of the desirability of every candidate acquiring skill in some trade or branch of practical industry. In addition to this, Africa needs men specially trained for, and giving most of their time to, industrial work. Indus- trial development, the heightening of the entire plane of Pagan African life, is regarded as an integral part of the creation of a Christian community. Specialists are needed in agriculture, mechanics, printing, building, cabinet-making, book-binding, and various other trades. For this service graduates of the best agricultural colleges and technical schools are sought by some Boards. The achievements of Lovedale, Livingstonia, Uganda and Tiger Kloof exhibit the relation between industrial development and evangelization. Catholic missions have received marked impetus from the ex- cellent industrial centres of the Belgian fréres. Men set apart for industrial work, and even engineers called to oper- ate mission steamers on the rivers, should have some training in such missionary subjects as those recommended by Com- mision V of the Edinburgh Report, and a good knowledge of the English Bible. In cases, where a college course is impossible, a year in a special institution for missionary training is desirable. 25 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA (10) Special Equipment of Educational Missionaries.— Educational work in Pagan Africa is, in many parts, yet in the elementary stage, or barely emerging from it. Yet with the general development of Christian communities the day of higher education is dawning, and in some fields has arrived. There will be increasing demand for well-qualified teachers, whose equipment will need to be not less than that recom- mended in the special report on the preparation of educa- tional missionaries in the Third Report of the Board of Mis- sionary Preparation, pp. 50-85. C. STUDIES FOR MISSIONARIES ON THE FIELD In offering suggestions for studies on the field, this report recognizes the practical difficulty of securing time for such systematic reading and self-development as most mission- aries would like to pursue. The many-sided demands of the work in Pagan Africa, especially in the newer stations where almost every one must give full play to whatever versatility of service he may possess, make adherence to a cultural pro- gram, in many cases, impossible. Yet it is the ideal of the busiest missionaries to seek such adjustments as will permit them to attend more adequately to such disciplines as are vital to their own growth and efficiency, and to the growing exigencies of mission work. Mission Boards will probably give more attention than formerly to a policy covering the whole question of the missionary’s personal educational in- terests on the field. 1, Frrst YEAR STUDIES (1) The Native Language.—Unquestionably the princi- pal task of the new missionary on reaching the field is the ac- quirement of its vernacular. Though this is recognized with unvarying unanimity by all Boards and Societies at work in Pagan Africa, there is at present considerable diversity of procedure as regards actual provision for language study. In some sections the facilities are felt to be quite insufficient 26 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA and unsatisfactory. The multiplicity and diversity of dia- lects, the vast areas over which the missions are scattered, the difficulties of travel, the wide distances often between the stations of the same mission, the lack of instructors who can be permanently released for such work—all combine to render difficult the establishment of co-operative, centralized language schools, such as those which now exist in China and Japan. So far as the inquiries preceding this report could ascertain, there is no serious agitation of such an institution anywhere in Pagan Africa, though some missionaries con- template it as a future possibility in the more compact Bantu areas. With little uniformity as to time and requirements, as one looks over the whole field with its varying conditions, the study of the language is at present carried on under the in- struction or supervision of an elder missionary or a native competent to teach it. Most missions have outlined a definite course covering periods varying from eighteen months to three years. The general ideal seems to be to leave the young missionary especially free for language work during the first year, at the close of which an examination is given. The de- mands and responsibilities of the work accumulate so rapidly that the young missionary should take every advantage of this first year, following the prescribed courses under an older missionary or native teacher, and supplementing them by all possible conversational contact with the people. With a knowledge of phonetic principles and previous experience in language acquisition, much can be done in the first year with Bantu which, fortunately, makes no such demands on the American intellect as more complicated languages like Rus- sian or Chinese. The alert person should acquire a fluent use of Bantu, so that he can preach acceptably in it, within two years. Dr. Nassau mastered it fully in that period in the days when there were neither grammars nor teachers. an PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA A fair working knowledge of an African dialect has in some cases been gained in less than a year. (2) First Impressions.—In connection with the first year of language work the new missionary may profitably remain in the interrogative mood, learning all he can from the older and more experienced workers, and studying the various phases of his new environment. He should covet and seek to establish the most cordial relations with his associates, and make friends of the natives. The note-book habit of record- ing impressions while they are fresh is of great value. Write down descriptions of interesting scenes and events. Let photography be a recreation. Notes and pictures can later be worked up into useful articles for the church papers or missionary magazines at home. 2. LATER FIELD STUDIES (1) Studies in Local Religion and Society.—The mission- ary well conversant with the native language is in a position, such as no passing scientist or traveller can enjoy, of making a first hand study of the religious life and social practices of the people whom he has learned to call his own. Once the natives have come to regard him as their friend they become communicative and show willingness to co-operate with him in any object of his interest. The advantageous relation which the missionary may establish as a basis for study of his people is well illustrated in what is said by a Rhodesian missionary concerning Henri A. Junod, the missionary author of the “Life of a South African Tribe,’—“an inten- sive study carried out in close contact with the natives, the author enjoying the greatest confidence of his informants.”’ Candidates who have taken the recommended introductory courses in such matters, to be obtained from books or lec- tures in the home land, will naturally be interested in this more intensive study on the field. It is not urged primarily from the scientific viewpoint, but chiefly because of its pos- sible contribution to the better understanding of those whom | 28 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA the missionary seeks to reach with the gospel. From such study a vast fund of literature may result, of incalculable value to African missions. (2) Folklore—As a key to the African mind and an aid to that desirable accomplishment of “thinking black,” the study of tribal folklore is of recognized importance. Evan- gelists testify of its great value in their preaching. Every missionary has it within his power to make an original col- lection of the rhymes and tales which represent the accumu- lated deposit of tribal thought. This report would suggest to Africa missionaries the value and opportunity of collect- ing from other tribes, who have as yet had no compiler, such invaluable material as P. Amoury Talbot has secured from the Ekoi of Kamerun and Southern Nigeria. The study and collection of local and tribal proverbs, also, is of much impor- tance. They are valuable side-lights to the native mind, and are of special help in discourse. (3) Government Relations——The missionary on the field should acquaint himself with the government policy of the colony in which his mission is located. He should read the government literature and have appreciation of administra- tive problems from the viewpoint of the governing people. (4) Missionary Science.—A valuable study in the science of missions would be a thorough investigation of the area in which one is working, with respect to distribution of forces, unoccupied territory, unreached people, interdenominational comity, methods of work, problems of the native church, the past history and present policy of each mission within the area. This should be undertaken not in the spirit of criticism, but from the impartial viewpoint of a survey, for the purpose of ascertaining the facts. The data thus gathered will not only be of value in presenting the needs of Africa, but will enable the missionary to view the problems of his own mis- sion in their broader relations, and to discuss intelligently proposals of comity and union. In connection with this study 29 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA it would be well to read through the Ist, 2nd, 4th and 7th volumes of the Edinburgh Report. (5) Bible Studies—The indispensability of these, of course, needs no argument. Suffice it to call attention to what all missionaries admit to be fundamental, but in which many confessedly fall behind. In the foreign field one gets out of touch with the great Bible study movements and methods of the home land, and, amid the strain and rush of every day duties, is apt to lose system and goal in one’s study of the Holy Book—which should become more and more the fountain of one’s illumination, inspiration and strength. Whatever may have been the range and method of Bible study in the past, this report ventures to suggest to those who are not now following any definite program, the unfail- ing fruitfulness of studying the Bible by books,—say a gospel, or an epistle each month. Let one begin, for example, with the Epistle to the Ephesians and go through it with the aid of T. Armitage Robinson’s commentary, mastering its suhlime contents, until the soul is lifted up into the great age- long purposes of God. Whatever else is omitted from the missionary’s program, daily, systematic, intensive Bible study, according to some definite plan, from which only ex- treme circumstances would cause him to deflect, is placed at the very foundation of his success and progress on the field. While such devotional study of the Bible itself for the re- freshment and ctlture of the spiritual life is of equally vital importance to all classes of missionaries,—to the industrial superintendent or the kindergartner, as well as to the Bible teacher or the evangelist,—the ordained missionary or theo- logical instructor cannot, without loss, neglect the intellect- ual stimulus resulting from a sustained acquaintance with the progress of Biblical scholarship. He can keep himself fairly well informed by reading a good theological quarterly, and a few of the select volumes each year, which present the 30 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA results of historical Bible research and constructive interpre- tation. (6) The Production of Vernacular Christian Litera- ture.—In reducing scores of African languages and dialects to writing, in stimulating language culture through the in- troduction of printing, in providing vernacular text-books and primary literature suited to peoples just emerging from illiteracy, in translating and circulating the Scriptures through the co-operation of the Bible Societies, the mission- aries in Africa have been the pioneers of native Christian education. There are now about forty presses in Central Africa, and sixteen in the native centers of South Africa, devoted to the output of supplies for the mission churches and schools. In the older missions the vernacular literature has become quite extensive, including translations, text- books, magazines, and original compositions pertaining to the higher stages of culture. On the West Coast (e.g., Nigeria) there are flourishing mission book-rooms. The is- sues from presses like those of the Paris Société Evangélique at Morija, or of the United Free Church of Scotland at Love- dale, have not only been abundant but have reached high literary merit. But surveying the whole field, Christian mis- sions in Pagan Africa have no greater need at the present time than the cultivation of Christian literature in the native tongues. This is strongly felt in the more recently occupied central regions where the formation of a vernacular litera- ture society for Central Africa has been agitated. It is recommended that more and more missionaries in connection with their advanced language study (and, indeed, as both incentive and object for advanced language study) should undertake, according to their particular interests and aptitudes, definite pieces of vernacular work, either in trans- lation (with necessary adaptations) or in original composi- tion. In this the assistance of competent natives should, where possible, be secured; and while provisional literature 31 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA will be necessary in some dialects destined soon to disappear, the chief attention should be directed to the stronger lan- guages which promise not only to survive but to serve large areas. As the Christian communities develop, there will be increasing need for men and women of special linguistic at- tainments and literary gifts to be set apart entirely for such literary work. (7) Avocations.—Thus far the disciplines suggested for the missionary on the field are such as would seem to bear quite intimate relation to mission work. But the fact must not be ignored that the missionary is, first of all, a human being with the usual limitations of strength and with more than usual need of recreational change of thought and work. This is particularly true of workers in Tropical Africa who are grappling with the most gigantic and difficult problems under the most trying conditions. This report ventures to repeat the exhortation that Africa missionaries shall not “keep the bow constantly bent.” In addition to securing physical relaxation and repose, it is well that one should have some special theme, as far as possible removed from the grind of the every-day tasks, to which the mind can turn at intervals with eagerness and delight. This escape from the strain and humdrum can be linked with ends not only pleas- urable but useful. Those of studious habits can cultivate through the years some out-of-the-way phase of African life, which may eventuate in a real contribution to the inter- pretation of the continent. Nature in most parts of Africa has secrets yet unrevealed, or only faintly apprehended. Are “the exquisitely luxurious experiences of the forest soli- tudes” only for the passing traveller? May not the mission- ary learn to say “The woods have songs for my especial ear, The waves a melody none else can tell, And in the solemn night the stars look down With wondrous revelations in their gaze?” What is suggested is some subject in which one can have 32 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA keen, enthusiastic interest, a hobby, an avocation,—geology, zoology, astronomy, or any science,—some branch of litera- ture or period of history,—anything from current fiction back to “the glory that was Greece or the grandeur that was Rome.”’ In some cases, perhaps, the farther off from Africa the theme is, the better. D. StrupIEs For MISSIONARIES ON FURLOUGH The report of the Committee on the Furloughs of Mis- sionaries published by the Board of Missionary Preparation (1914) has made clear and appreciative presentation of the widely differing circumstances and conditions which may at- tend the furlough period in the home land. It recognizes that, in each case, account must be taken of health, time, age, finance, family relationships, the program of the mission Board, the attitude of the supporting church, as well as the missionary’s individual needs and his own conception as to how the furlough may most profitably be employed. But after frank statement of difficulties and objections the report indicates substantial agreement of missionaries in many lands as to “the wisdom of devoting part of the furlough to intel- lectual development.”’ The report also lays down the principle that the missionary himself, knowing his own field and his limitations in regard to it, should be the chief judge as to what and where he ought to study. With this view the pres- ent report respectfully concurs and will limit itself, accord- ingly, to brief suggestions of a general character regarding furlough studies for missionaries from Pagan Africa. It is assumed that some can attend an institution only one term or semester and that some by special arrangement can de- vote an academic year to special studies, while others will prefer to study privately. Those who cannot attend univer- sity or other lecture courses should make special arrange- ment for adequate library facilities. 1. Conscious NEEDS AND PREFERENCES. The first fac- tor governing the choice of subjects is the missionary’s own 33 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA knowledge of his need. If experience on the field has re- vealed deficiencies, or suggested special lines for advantage- ous improvement, he will proceed accordingly. In answer to the question: “If you could spend all of your next furlough in study, what courses would you choose in view of the pres- ent demands of your work?” correspondents from Natal, Rhodesia, Basutoland, Angola, Belgian Kongo, and German East Africa reply almost unanimously in favor of Bible courses, and instruction in medicine and hygiene. From fields on the Sudanese border and the East Coast, where there is contact with Islam, preference is expressed for studies of Mohammedanism, including Arabic. Physi- cians report that they would specialize further in tropical diseases, while teachers would seek the latest in educational science and practice. Industrial missionaries also feel the importance of “brushing up” in their respective lines, as well as adding other items to their equipment. Physicians would find their needs best met, perhaps, at the schools of tropical medicine in London, Liverpool or Brussels, although at Harvard University there are now excellent opportunities for graduate instruction and research of this sort. There are in America also seminaries, universities, and special institu- tions, in which Biblical and related courses are designed to meet the missionary’s needs in special preparation. Concern- ing these the Director of the Board of Missionary Prepara- tion will give information, if consulted. 2. Vita Supjyects. Besides the professional or techni- cal branches (theological, pedagogical, medical and indus- trial), which the different classes of missionaries (so far as the classification exists in Africa) will naturally wish to pur- sue, there are subjects of vital import to all classes, and par- ticularly to the all round missionary in whose activities all classes have been blended. What is needed ordinarily is a general toning up in subjects of perennial and progressive value. The following list is submitted: Bible studies, meth- 34 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA ods of church work, recent missionary history, the science of missions, recent world history, sociology, psychology in its applications to religion and education, recent philosophy, the philosophy of religion, economics, anthropology, apologetics, methods of language teaching, recent English literature. Visitation and study of some of the outstanding American Sunday schools, and also of such institutions as Tuskegee and Hampton Institute, would be helpful. There are courses in child welfare, child psychology, kin- dergarten and Montessori methods, household economics, basketry, and other light “arts and crafts’ work, which would be helpful to many women missionaries. 3. SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE. The following from a mis- sionary in Mashonaland, emphasizing the increasing need for agricultural experts, will have its own suggestions for those engaged in industrial work: “I would recommend specializa- tion in the natural sciences. The missionary should be pre- pared through the study of biology, physics, chemistry, zoology, geology, forestry, agriculture, and botany to help the native to gain control of the forces of nature. He should be able to analyze soils and prescribe what the soil needs; he should be able to help the native cultivate better plants, trees, grains, and vegetables; he should be able to carry on experiments and make demonstrations as to what the native can do with the things at hand. Agriculturalists from America, unless they are able to experiment and meet the new conditions, are often rendered helpless by the exigencies arising. The scientific problems of Africa are yet to be solved. Superstition will be broken down more quickly through scientific explanations than through theological training.” By missionaries wishing to specialize in agricultural sci- ence at least a part of the furlough summer might be spent at a first class agricultural college, where both elementary and advanced courses in the above-named subjects are 3 on PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA offered, including opportunity to secure acquaintance with the latest and most profitable methods. CONCLUSION This report has necessarily emphasized the intellectual side of preparation. It has dealt in some detail with studies and processes calculated to develop the missionary’s natural abil- ities, so that his thought and energy may be the more effec- tively related to his tasks. But the report would not leave the impression of advocating anything like professionalism. Sufficient reference has been made to spiritual requirements to indicate full recognition of their priority over all mere technical equipment. For a fuller statement of essential re- ligious knowledge, spiritual endowments, and graces of character, both candidate and missionary are referred to the report on the Fundamental Qualifications of the Foreign Missionary by Rev. W. D. Mackenzie, D.D., President of the Board of Missionary Preparation for North America. BIBLIOGRAPHY I. GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL Heawood. Elementary Geography of Africa. London, 1895. World Atlas of Christian Missions, edited by J. S. Dennis, H. P. Beach and C. H. Fahs. Student Volunteer Movement, New York, 1911. Maps especially good. nD 3. Government Maps pertaining to any colony or protectorate may be obtained from the colonial office of respective Euro- pean governments. Important for intensive study of any section of Africa. 4. Mill, H. R. The International Geography. Appleton, New York. Excellent descriptive text in portions relating to Africa. Statistics need revision. 5. Statesman’s Year Book. (Macmillan. Latest edition.) Best authority for statistics. 36 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA I]. More ExtENvDED Description (Physical and Historical) 1. III. rr . Ov" 16. 3 fe Keane, A. H. Africa (in Stanford’s Compendium). 2 vols. 2d edition, 1904-1907. Especially Vol. II. on southern half of the continent. Encyclopedia Britannica (eleventh edition, 1910). Vol. I. Article on Africa. Beach, H. P. Geography and Atlas of Protestant Missions. (Student Volunteer Movement, New York, 1901.) Chaps. XVII and XVIII. Excellent brief survey from missionary viewpoint. SELECT MONOGRAPHS ON IMPORTANT SECTIONS OF PAGAN AFRICA Crooks, J. J. A History of Sierra Leone. Dublin, 1903. Johnston, H. Liberia. 2 vols. London, 1906. MacDonald, G. The Gold Coast Past and Present. London, 1898. Kingsley, Mary H. West African Studies. (2d Edition.) London, 1901. Mockler-Ferryman, A. F. British Nigeria. London, 1902. Zintgraf, Eugen. Nord-Kamerun. Berlin, 1895. Goffart et Morrisen. Le Congo, Géographie physique, politi- que et économique. Bruxelles, 1908. Challaye, F. Le Congo Frangais. Paris, 1909. Negreiros, A. Les Colonies Portuguaises (Angola and Portu- guese East Africa). Paris, 1907. Maugham, R. F. C. Portuguese East Africa. London, 1906. Gouldsbury, C., and Sheane, H. The Great Plateau of North- ern Rhodesia. London, 1911. . Dove, K. Deutsch Siid-West Afrika. Gotha, 1896. Bryce, J. Impressions of South Africa. ‘London, 1897. Theal, G. M. History and Ethnography of Africa South of the Zambesi. 3 vols. London. (Rhodesia, Bechuanaland, Transvaal, etc.) Ward, H. F., and Milligan, J. W. Handbook on British East Africa. London, 1912. Johnston, H. The Uganda Protectorate. 2 vols. London, 1902. Kumm, H. K. W. The Sudan. London, 1907. 37 oh PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA IV. CLIMATE AND HEALTH Ravenstein, E. G. (1) The Climatology of Africa; (2) Cli- matological Observation. Part I dealing specially with Tropical Africa. Reports of British Association. London (1) 1892- 1901; (2) 1904. Manson, Sir Patrick. Tropical Diseases. New edition. Lon- don, 1914. Standard book on the subject. Chiefly for physicians, but not too technical for lay readers. Felkin, R. W. (1) Disease in Africa; (2) Geographical Dis- tribution of Tropical Diseases in Africa. (1895.) Park, T. H. Guide to Health in Africa. London, 1898. Cross, D. Kerr. Health in Africa. London, 1900. V. LANGUAGES Sweet, H. The Practical Study of Languages. New York, 1899. Discussion of methods of language study and teaching by one of the foremost philologists. Deals specially with the classics and modern European tongues, but its suggestions are applicable to languages in general. Emphasizes and illustrates use and importance of phonetics. Rippman, W. Elements of Phonetics. London, 1910. Brief introduction to phonetic study with illustrative application to English, French and German. Cust, R. N. Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa. 2 vols. London, 1893. An interesting conspectus despite errors in details, by a scholar and advocate of Africa missions. Johnston, H. Bantu Languages. Article in Encyclopedia Britannica. Eleventh edition, Vol. III, pp. 356-363. Brief description and up-to-date classification of the Bantu group. Clear presentation of fundamentals of Bantu grammar. Should be studied by every candidate. Illustrative vocabularies of Eastern and Central dialects are found also in other works by the same author: (1) Kilimanjaro Ex- pedition (1884); (2) British Central Africa (1898); (3) The Uganda Protectorate (1902-1904) ; (4) George Grenfell and the Congo (1908). Bleek, W. I. A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages. 2 parts. London, 1869. Incomplete and somewhat technical but very valuable for all the dialects south of the Zambesi. Torrend, J. A Comparative Grammar of the South African Bantu Languages. London and Capetown, 1894. Treats especially of the Central Zambesi group. A standard work despite some erroneous deductions. — Collections towards a Bibliography of the Bantu Languages of British East Africa. Journal of the African Society. Lon- don, 1907. 38 10. 11. Wi 13. 14. 1. PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA Meinhof, C. (1) Grundziige einer Vergleichender Gram- matik der Bantusprachen. Berlin, 1906. (2) Grundriss einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen. Berlin, 1910. (3) Die mod- erne Sprachforschung in Afrika. Berlin, 1910. (4) Die sprachliche Ausbildung des Missionars. Basel, 1909. Professor Meinhof, the leading European authority on the speech of East and South East Africa, is director of the Hamburg Colonial In- stitute. His original treatment of Bantu on phonetic principles is of superior value. Stapleton, W. H. Comparative Grammar of the Congo Languages. Stanley Falls, 1903. Presents eight principal languages spoken along the Congo from the West Coast to Stanley Falls—a distance of 1,300 miles; also Swahili. Invaluable to every prospective Congo missionary. Whitehead, J. Bobangi Grammar and Dictionary. London, 1899. Excellent treatment of what was once the most important language in Central Congo, but is now on the decline. Nos. 9 and-10 are by English Baptist missionaries and may be ob- tained from The Baptist Missionary Society, 19 Furnival Street, Hol- born, London, E.C. Bentley, H. Dictionary of the Congo Language. London, 1891. Spoken between the Kasai River and the West Coast. Madan, A. C. (1) Swahili Grammar; (2) Swahili-English Dictionary; (3) English-Swahili Dictionary. London. Lingua franca of East Africa. Madan, A. C. Living Speech in Central and South Africa. Oxford, 1911. Scott, D. C. Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Manafija Lang- uage. London, 1891. Important language in British Central Africa. Smith, E. W. A Handbook of the Ila Language. London, 1910. Spoken in N. W. Rhodesia. Schuler. Grammatik des Duala. Berlin, 1898. Coast language of Kamerun. ‘ Jacottet. Grammaire Subiya. Paris, 1902. Treats of Subiya and Luyi, spoken in Barotsiland. Chatelain, H. Grammar of Kimbundo. London. Language of Central Angola. Hetherwick, A. Introductory Handbook of the Yao Language London, 1900. Important language of Nyasaland and German East Africa. Westermann, D. Die Sudansprachen. Hamburg, 1911. Introduction to Sudanese languages. 39 — ’ PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA VI. PoLitTicaL DIVISIONS Keltie, J. S. The Partition of Africa. London, 1895. Johnston, H. The Colonization of Africa by Alien Races. London, 1905. (Last edition.) Latimer, E. W. Europe in Africa in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago, 1903. PAGAN AREAS UNOCCUPIED BY PROTESTANT MISSIONS Edinburgh Report (World Missionary Conference, 1910). Vol. I, pp. 219-227 ; 230-245. Zwemer, S. M. The Unoccupied Fields of Asia and Africa. Chapters I, II. PRESENT STANDARDS OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION Edinburgh Report (World Missionary Conference, 1910). Vol. 5, especially Part IV. Board of Missionary Preparation. Third report. New York, 1914, Deals with the requirements for different classes of missionaries in all fields—ordained, educational, medical, women. ANTHROPO-GEOGRAPHY (Geography, Ethnology, Ethnography ) Ratzel, F. The History of Mankind. 3 vols. London and New York, 1898. Especially Vols. II and III. Unexcelled for general description of peoples. Deniker, J. The Races of Man. London and New York, 1902. Chap. XI deals with classification of tribes. (See also Enc. Brit., Vol. I, Art. Africa.) Hobley, C. W. Eastern Uganda. An Ethnological Survey. London, 1902. (Anthropological Institute.) Model scientific study of a group of tribes. Semple, E. C. Influences of Geographic Environment. New York, 1911. (See index for sections relating to Africa.) Corrective of Ratzel’s generalizations. Very suggestive as to the relations between geography and culture. X. PRIMITIVE SOCIETY Junod, H. A. The Life of a South African Tribe. Vol. I. London, 1912. Authoritative and recent sociological study by a French missionary. Kidd, D. Kaffir Socialism. London, 1908. Sympathetic description of Southern Bantu community life. (See also Savage Childhood and The Essential! Kaffir by the same author.) 40 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA De Préville, A. Les Sociétés Africaines. Paris, 1894. Studies of African social life by a French authority. Macdonald, D. Africana; or the Heart of Heathen Africa. 2 vols. London, 1882. Social analysis of Nyasa tribes by competent observer, a Scotch missionary. Spencer, H., and Duncan D. Descriptive Sociology of African Races. London, 1875. Valuable collection of data, though one may not accept Spencer’s social theories. Routledge, W.S.and K. Witha Prehistoric People. London, 1910. Treats of British East Africa. XI. PRIMITIVE RELIGION Jevons, F. B. (1) Introduction to the History of Religion. London, 1896. (2) Introduction to the Study of Compara- tive Religion. New York, 1908. (3) The Idea of God in Early Religions. London, 1910. Suggestive introductory manuals; the second delivered as lectures for missionaries. Warneck, J. The Living Christ and the Dying Heathenism. (Published also with title, “The Living Forces of the Gospel”). London and New York, 1906. Studies of the psychology of Battak animism by a German mission- ary. Has been found helpful to many African missionaries. Nassau, Dr. R. H. Fetishism in West Africa. New York, 1904. Standard work by distinguished American missionary after forty years’ observation. Dennett, R. E. (1) At the Back of the Black Man’s Mind. | London, 1906. (2) Nigerian Studies. London, 1910. Argues the existence beside fetishism of higher conceptions of God. Junod, H. A. The Life of a South African Tribe. Vol. II. London, 1914. A book of unrivalled merit on the psychic life of a South African tribe. Hartland, E. S. Bantu and South Africa. Art. in Hastings’ Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. II. Comprehensive sketch of scholarly views. Tremearne, A. J. N. (1) The Ban of the Bori: Drums and Drum Dancing in West and North Africa. London, 1914. (2) Hausa Superstitions and Customs. London, 1900. 41 2 oA PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA Wilder, G. A. Ndau Religion. Hartford Seminary Record, Hartford. Edinburgh Report (World Missionary Conference, 1910). Vol. IV. Chap. II. MoHAMMEDANISM CHIEFLY IN Its RELATIONS TO AFRICA Margouliouth, D.S. Mohammed and the Rise of Islam. New York, 1905. Arnold, T. W. The Preaching of Islam. London, 1913. Idealized presentation of Mohammedan missions. Zwemer, S. M. Islam, a Challenge to Faith. New York, 1907. Especially Chaps. III, VII, IX. Bonet-Maury. L’Islamisme et le Christianisme en Afrique. Paris, 1906. Chief French authority on the subject. The statistics are out of date. Atterbury, A. P. Islam in Africa. Sell, Rev. Canon. The Religious Orders of Islam. London, 1908. Detailed description of religious orders at work in Africa. Blyden, E. W. Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race. Lon- don, 1888. Edinburgh Report (World Missionary Conference, 1910). Vol. IV, Chap. V. XIII. Stupres or SpEcIAL PEOPLES Ellis, A. B. The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast. London, 1887. Ellis, A. B. The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast. London, 1890. Ellis, A. B. The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast. London, 1894. Morel, E.D. Nigeria, Its Peoples and Its Problems. London,. 1911. Milligan, R. H. The Fetish Folk of West Africa. New York, 1905. Treats specially of the Fang, interior tribe of French Congo. Ellis, G. W. Negro Culture in West Africa. New York, 1914. Bentley, W. H. Pioneering on the Congo. 2 vols. New York, 1900. Authoritative account of Congo tribes. Weeks, J. H. Among the Primitive Bakongo. London, 1914. 42 10. 11. PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA Roscoe, J. The Baganda. London, 1900. The ruling people of Uganda. Cunningham, J. F. Uganda and Its Peoples. London, 1905. A general survey. Kitching, A. L. On the Backwaters of the Nile. London, 1912. Tribes of Northern Uganda. Van der Burgt, J. M. Un grand Peuple de I’ Afrique Equa- toriale. Bois-le-Duc, 1904. Admirable account of the Warundi. Werner, A. The Native Races of British Central Africa. London, 1912. Deals chiefly with the Wa-yao and the Mangafia of the Shiré High- lands, Nyasaland. Weule, K. Native Life in East Africa. New York, 1909. The Yao and other tribes in German East Africa. Bégun, E. Les Marotsé. Etude Géographique et Ethno- graphique. Lausanne, 1903. A Rhodesian people. Irle, J. Die Herrero. Giitersloh, 1906. The people of Damaraland, S. W. Africa. Gibson, J. Y. The Story of the Zulus. London, 1911. Full history and description of an important race. Junod, H. Les Baronga. Neuchatel, 1898. Valuable monograph on one of the chief branches of the Zulus. Stow, G. W. Native Races of South Africa. London, 1905. Contains fine reproductions of native art. Carnegie, D. Among the Matabele. London. Casalis, E. Les Bassutos. Paris, 1859. English translation— The Basutos. London, 1861. Quatrefages, A. de. The Pygmies. London, 1890. Burrows, G. The Land of the Pygmies. London, 1899. Specially refers to Belgian Congo. TRAVEL, DISCOVERY, EXPLORATION AND COLONIZA- TION Johnston, H. The Opening Up of Africa. London and New York, 1914. Best brief recent sketch. Keltie, J. S. Africa and its Exploration. London, 1890. Excellent to its date. Brown, R. The Story of Africa and its Explorers. 4 vols. London, 1892-1895. 43 10. 11. i Wi 13. 14. (ie 16. PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA Park, Mungo. Travels in the Interior of Africa. Edinburgh, 1858. Krapf, J. L. Travels and Researches in Eastern Africa. London, 1860. Burton, R. F. The Lake Regions of Central Africa. 2 vols. London, 1860. Speke, J. H. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. London, 1863. Baker, Sir S. W. The Albert Nyanza. 2 vols. London, 1866. Schweinfurth, G. The Heart of Africa. 2 vols. London, 1873. Bowditch, T. E. Account of the Discoveries of the Portu- guese in the Interior of Angola and Mozambique. London, 1824. Du Chaillu, P. (1) In African Forest and Jungle. New York, 1903. (2) Adventures in the Great Forest of Equatorial Africa. New York, 1899. Kingsley, Mary. Travels in West Africa. (French Congo, Corisco and Kamerun.) London, 1907. Livingstone, David. (1) Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa. London, 1857. (2) The Zambesi and its Tributaries. New York. (3) Last Journals of David Livingstone. New York, 1875. Coillard, F. (1) On the Threshold of Central Africa. New York, 1897. (2) Sur le Haut-Zambéze. Paris, 1898. Stanley, H. M. (1) Congo and the Founding of its Free State. New York, 1885. (2) In Darkest Africa. 2 vols. New York. (3) Through the Dark Continent. London, 1878. (4) How I Found Livingstone. New York, 1902. Hilton-Simpson, M. W. Lands and Peoples of the Kasai. Chicago, 1912. Lucas, C. P. Historical Geography of the British Colonies. Vol. II] (West Africa). Vol. IV (South and East Africa). Herdtslet, E. The Map of Africa by Treaty. 3 vols. Lon- don, 1896. Harris, N. D. Intervention and Colonization in Africa. New York, 1915. Recent work by a student of world diplomacy. Petit, E. Les Colonies Frangaises. 2vols. Paris, 1902-1904. 44 10. PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA IV. Hutstory oF AFRICAN MISSIONS Naylor, W. S. Daybreak in the Dark Continent. New York, 1905. Best brief account of the whole enterprise. Parsons, E. C. Christus Liberator. Excellent outline study of work in the different sections. Fraser, D. (1) The Future of Africa. London, 1911. (2) Winning a Primitive People. New York, 1914. (2) Missions in Nyasaland. Noble, F. P. The Redemption of Africa. 2 vols. New York, 1899. Most complete history (to its date) of both Protestant and Catholic missions. Stewart, J. Dawn in the Dark Continent. New York, 1903. Du Plessis, J. History of Christian Missions in South Africa. ‘London, 1911. Jack, J. W. Daybreak in Livingstonia. New York, 1900. Intensive account of work in one region; best discussion of methods. Tucker, Bishop. Eighteen Years in Uganda and East Africa 2 vols. London, 1908. O’Rorke, B. J. African Missions: Impressions of the South, East and Center of the Dark Continent. New York, 1912. Fletcher, J. J. K. The Sign of the Cross in Madagascar. Edinburgh, 1901, XVI. BIoGRAPHIES OF PIONEER MISSIONARIES Krapf, J. L. Travels, Explorations and Missionary Labors During an Eighteen Years’ Residence in Eastern Africa. Boston, 1860. Moffat, J. Robert and Mary Moffat. New York, 1900. Blaikie, W. G. Personal Life of David Livingstone. London and New York, 1880. Mackintosh, C. W. Coillard of the Zambesi. London, 1912. Rey, Mme. Une Femme Missionaire. Mme. Coillard, Paris. Favre, E. Francois Coillard. 3 vols. Paris, 1908-1912. Full authoritative biography in French. Hawker, G. Life of George Grenfell, Congo Missionary and Explorer. London, 1909. Hawker, G. An Englishwoman’s Twenty-five Years in Tropi- cal Africa. Biography of Mrs. G. E. Lewis. London, 1911. 45 als PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA Harford-Battersby, C. F. Pilkington of Uganda. New York, 1898. Dawson, E. C. James Hannington, First Bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa. New York, 1887. Harrison, Mrs. J. W. Mackay of Uganda. New York, 1890. Mackenzie, W. D. John Mackenzie, South African Mission- ary and Statesman. New York, 1902. Tyler, J. Forty Years Among the Zulus. Boston. Parsons, E.C. A Life for Africa. Biography of A. C. Good. New York. — Seventeen Years in the Yoruba County. A Memorial of Anna Hinderer. London. McAllister, A. A Lone Woman in Africa. (Liberia,) New York. Johnston, J. Dr. Laws of Livingstonia. London, 1895. Page, J. The Black Bishop, Samuel Adjai Crowther. New York, 1900. , Wells, J. Stewart of Lovedale. London, 1909. Bentley, Mrs. H. M.. The Life and Labors of a Congo Pioneer: W. Holman Bentley. London, 1907. Casalis, E. My Life in Basutoland. London, 1889. XVII. PAGAN AFRICAN INDUSTRIES AND INDUSTRIAL AY yen oy Ue ie MISSIONS Schweinfurth, G. Artes Africane. 2 vols. London, 1875. Deals with the primitive arts, inventions and industries of Africa. Mason, O. T. Woman’s Share in Primitive Culture. Lon- don, 1894. For sections on Africa see index. White, A. S. The Development of Africa. London, 1892. Jack, J. W. Daybreak in Livingstonia. London, 1900. Stewart, J. Lovedale, South Africa. Edinburgh, 1894. Bleloch, W. (1) The New South Africa. London, 1902. (2) The South African Natives. London, 1909. XVIII. Fork ore (Model studies representing various sections.) Talbot, P. Amoury. In the Shadow of the Bush. London, 1912. Superior collection of tales of the Ekoi and other tribes in the Oban district of S. Nigeria and in Kamerun 46 PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA tv Weeks, J. H. Congo Life and Folklore. London, 1910. A vivid book by an English Baptist missionary. Especially interest- ing is Part Il: “Thirty-three natives stories as told round the evenin fires.” See also the author’s Among Congo Cannibals for Seaccal folklore material. (Both books refer to Belgian Congo.) 3. Dennett, R. E. Notes on the Folklore of the Fjort. London, 1898. Suggestive study of a tribe in the French Congo. 4. Chatelain, Heli. Folk-tales of Angola. Boston, 1894. Authoritative for Portuguese Congo. 5. Hewat. Bantu Folklore. London, 1905. A recent work dealing with Southern and Southeastern tribes. 6. Callaway, H. Nursery Tales, Traditions and History of the Zulus. London, 1868. Fragmentary, but of the highest value. 7. Theal, G. M. Kaffir eg London, 1882. Scholarly treatment. 8. Hollis, A.C. The Masai, Their Language and Folklore. Ox- ford, 1905. Refers to British East Africa. See also the author’s The Nandi, EN nett Seek and Folklore (Oxford, 1909), referring to Eastern ganda. 9. Dayrell, E. Folk Stories from Southern Nigeria. .London, 1910. 10. Camphor, A. P. Missionary Story Sketches: Folklore from Africa. (Liberia.) New York, 1909. 11. Nassau, R. H. Where Animals Talk: West African Folklore Tales. Boston, 1912. 12. South African Folklore Journal, published at Capetown, is in- dispensable for studies in this department. There is abundant material also in the cited works of Livingstone, Stanley, Schweinfurth, Johnston, Macdonald and Junod. XIX. GOVERNMENT RELATIONS (Books dealing with colonial policies and ideals and the attitude of governments to missions) BRITISH. 1, Lugard, Lady. A Tropical Dependency. (Western Sudan.) London, 1905. 2. Mockler-Ferryman, A. F. (1) Imperial Africa. Vol. I. Lon- don, 1898. (2) British Nigeria. London, 1902. 3. Lugard, F.D. The Rise of Our East African Empire. 2 vols. London, 1893. 47 10. iM AZ, 13. 14. 15. 16. PREPARATION FOR PAGAN AFRICA Eliot, C. The East Africa Protectorate. London, 1905. BELGIAN. Paque, E. A. Notre Colonie. (Belgian Congo). Namur, 1910. Michaux, C. Pourquoi et Comment nous devons Coloniser. Brussels, 1910. Chapaux, A. Le Congo historique, diplomatique, humanitaire, etc. Brussels, 1894. GERMAN. Hessler. Die Deutschen Kolonien. Leipzig, 1900. Gareis, D. K. Deutsches Kolonialrecht. Giessen, 1902. Meyer, H. Das Deutsche Kolonialreich. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1909. FRENCH. Rouget, F. L’Expansion Coloniale au Congo Frangais. Paris, 1906. You, A. Madagascar; Histoire, Organisation, Colonisation. Paris, 1905. PORTUGUESE. Vasconcellos, E. J. de. As Colonias Portuguezas, Lisbon, 1903. Couceiro, F. J. Angola. Lisbon, 1910. Ribeiro, A. Missions at Explorations Portugaises. Paris, 1910. FOR GENERAL REFERENCE. Ortoz, F. van. Conventions Internationales Concernant l’Afrique. Brussels, 1898. 48 PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOARD OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION The Second Annual Report (1912) Containing the reports on “Fundamental Qualifications for Missionary Work” and on the “Facilities for Training Missionary Candidates.” Paper, price 25 cents, postpaid. The Third Annual Report (1913) Rich in suggestions concerning the special training which evangelistic, educational, medical, and women missionaries should seek. It also contains a report on the use of the missionary furlough and a list of the institutions which offer special courses for candidates along these lines and suggests valuable courses of reading. Paper, price 25 cents, postpaid. The Fourth Annual Report (1914) Containing reports on preparation for different fields, such as China, India, Japan, Latin America, the Near East and Pagan Africa. It also in- cludes full reports of the two important Conferences on Preparation of Ordained Missionaries and Administrative Problems. Paper, price 50 cents, postpaid. The Fifth Annual Report (1915) Containing reports of two important Conferences on Preparation of Women for Foreign Service and Preparation of Medical Missionaries, be- sides other reports. Paper, price 25 cents, postpaid. CONFERENCE REPORTS. Report of the Conference on the Preparation of Ordained Missionaries, held December, 1914, in New York. Paper covered, price 10 cents. Report of the Conference on the Preparation of Women for Foreign Service, held December, 1915, in New York. Paper covered, price 10 cents. Report of the Conference on the Preparation of Medical Missionaries, held April, 1916, in New York. Paper covered, price 10 cents. REPRINTS OF SPECIAL REPORTS. How Shall the Missionary Spend His Furlough? Price 5 cents. The Preparation of Ordained Missionaries. Price 10 cents. The Preparation of Educational Missionaries. Price 10 cents. The Preparation of Medical Missionaries. Price 10 cents. The Preparation of Women for Foreign Service. Price 10 cents. The Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to China. Price 10 cents. The Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to India. Price 10 cents. The Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to Japan. Price 10 cents. The Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to Latin America, Price 10 cents. The Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to the Near East. Price 10 cents. The Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to Pagan Africa. Price 10 cents. mn ? he a i y h it Si Mi Ban ‘van indie i he iN i ni ify lu (hit Wii anit y Ny at . Uf Hi AP ALT OPTI