SSAYONOO OISILNAIOS ODISIOVd-NVd OL SALVSOS1Sq0 = pre SOSA ROT OOS ry 23 s BCE EOOOUOS Boose sseiSsesea searera SRSAPRENS esters BPI ONS ROSES At at ae ee es SeLasQeSSR GR ese ace ‘ ; F ys0ce. 828. 9.9; 054 Rese 8 vate BTAY First Pan Pacific Scientific Conference Under the Auspices of the PAN PACIFIC UNION HONOLULU, HAWAII August 2 to 20, 1920 ORGANIZATION BiV@ GEE DIN Gs RES ORUTTO NS HONOLULU, NOVEMBER, 10920 The Scientific Conference was the first of a series of conferences to be held in Honolulu under the auspices of the Pan-Pacific Union. The purpose of the Conference was to outline the scientific problems of the Pacific Ocean region and suggest methods for their solution. The Conference undertook to take stock of our present knowledge of the Pacific area, its geography and geology, its plants and animals and the races of men which inhabit it, and proceeding from this com- prehensive view to formulate the programs for future research. CONTENTS Page CRE ANZ: C10 Tee ees ee ets ene ee Ser een ON, Pe a ns REE PEE ee So oe a 3 IPA Raeererehbayegs; ope inlaxen (ENS) KSKSRISOMNE, a eee ee 5 TUCO RMON CORE TM OVSY TSKOUMOINS) 5h ces cose ecco cca ere eens eco aoa SEES lial Delegates Soo ge Oe 22 EVSSO IL LLO 1 came eee eee ee Omer EEE tL eter Oe ees ede) UL OS oe Ss Id 27 Digitized by the Internet Archive — in 2022 with funding from Columbia University Libraries: https://archive.org/details/firstpanpacificsOOpaci | | ORGANIZATION @hairimian.: 22s eet. Herpert FE. Grecory Vice-Chairman ands ecretary....:-....21 ArtHUR L. DEAN EXECUTIVE AND ProcraM COMMITTEE The Chairman, the Vice-Chairman and the Leaders of the Sections. : COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS. Herbert E. Gregory, Chairman. A. L. Dean, T. Wayland Vaughan, Henry S. Washington. COMMITTEE OF THE PANn-Paciric UNION. George P. Denison, Chairman. F. C. Atherton, C. K. Ai, W. R. Castle, W. F. Frear; A. Lewis, Jr., Prince Kuhio Kala- nianaole, Vaughan MacCaughey, |. Mori, R. H. Trent; Ex- officio: the President, Secretary and Treasurer of the Pan- Pacific Union. CoMMITTEE ON ARRANGEMENTS. John R. Galt, Chairman. Robbins B. Anderson, Lyman H. Bigelow, C. H. Edmondson, Alonzo Gartley, T. A. Jaggar, Jr., Lorrin A. Thurston, Gerrit P. Wilder. Secretary, Miss A. Y. Satterthwaite. ORGANIZATION OF SECTIONS. ANTHROPOLOGY Leader, Clark Wissler, Curator of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Secretary, John F. G. Stokes, Anthropologist, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. BIoLocy Leader, Charles Chilton, Professor of Biology, Canterbury College, Christchurch, New Zealand. Secretary, C. H. Edmondson, Professor of Zoology, Uni- versity of Hawaii. BoTANY Leader, W. E. Safford, Economic Botanist, United States Department of Agriculture. [3] 4 Pan-PaciFic SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE Secretary, Charles N. Forbes, Curator of Botany, Bishop Museum; Mrs. Forest B. H. Brown, Research Associate in Botany, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. ENTOMOLOGY Leader, F. Muir, Entomologist, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. Secretary, D. T. Fullaway, Entomologist, Board of Agricul- ture and Forestry, Territory of Hawaii. GEOGRAPHY Leader, William Bowie, Chief Division of Geodesy, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Secretary, G. W. Littlehales, Geographer, U. S. Bureau of Navigation. Sub-Sections: Geodesy and Topography, N. Yamasaki, Chairman; ‘Terrestrial Magnetism, J. T. Watkins, Chairman; Meteorology, L. H. Daingerfield, Chair- man; Physical Oceanography, G. F. McEwen, Chair- man. | GEOLOGY Leader, T. Wayland Vaughan, United States Geological Survey. Secretary, Harold S. Palmer, Assistant Professor of Geol- ogy, University of Hawaii. SEISMOLOGY AND VOLCANOLOGY Leader, Fusakichi Omori, Director, Seismological Institute, Tokvo, Japan. Secretary, T. A. Jaggar, Jr., Director, Hawaiian Volcano Research Observatory. — PRoe hi bINGs ObMEEHeCHNERAT) SESSIONS MONDAY: AUGUST 2, 9:00 axm. Chairman: Herbert E. Gregory. ADDRESSES OF WELCOME. Hon. C. J. McCarthy, Governor of Hawaii. Hon. George R. Carter, ex-Governor of Hawaii. A. L. Dean, President, University of Hawaii. H. P. Agee, Director, Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. A. F. Judd, President, Board of Trustees, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. ADDRESSES ON SALIENT FEATURES OF SCIENCE IN HAWAII. William T. Brigham: Anthropology. Charles N. Forbes: Botany. Otto H. Swezey: Entomology. H. A. Pilsbry: Conchology. READ BY TITLE. Charles H. Edmondson: Marine Biology. Lawrence H. Daingerfield: Meteorology. T. A. Jaggar: Volcanology. MONDAY VAUGU SL ¥2,.2-00%p,.m. Chairman: Herbert E. Gregory. ORGANIZATION OF THE CONFERENCE. Following preliminary statements regarding the plans for entertainment and the trip to Hawaii, the Chairman opened the subject of the organization of the Conference. It was Voted: That the Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and the Lead- ers of the Sections constitute an executive and program com- mittee. [5] 6 Pan-PaciFfic SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE TUESDAY, AUGUS T#35G oomaa i) Chairman: C. M. Fraser. Subject: Ocean Currents and Their Significance. George F. McEwen: The Pacific Ocean and Its Impor- tance to Pacific Countries. G. W. Littlehales: The Hydrographic Aspects of Ocean Currents. N. Yamasaki: Oceanographic Research in Japan. Lawrence H. Daingerfield: Meteorological Aspects of Ocean Currents. R. A. Daly, of Harvard University: Some Suggestions for Geological Research in the Pacific Islands. (Read by the Sec- retary. ) R. C. Wells: Chemistry of Natural Waters. H. S. Washington: Relations of Geological Change to Ocean Currents. Wm. Bowie: Influence of Isostasy on Ocean Currents. J. T. Watkins: Inshore Currents. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 4. No general sessions. The delegates made the trip around the island of Oahu with informal addresses at points of interest. THURSDAY.) AWG US Pate O200n ann Chairman: Joseph A. Cushman. Subject: Hawaiian Flora and Fauna. Forest B. H. Brown:. The Origin of Hawaiian Flora. F. Muir: The Origin of the Hawaiian Flora and Fauna. H. A. Pilsbry: The Dispersal and Affinities of Polynesian Land Snail Faunas. W. A. Bryan: Origin of Hawaiian Flora and Fauna. Discussion by: Alfred G. Mayor, William FE. Safford, Paul Bartsch clee ae elsbnys FRIDAY, AUGUST 6,6 :00"amm: Chairman: F. Wood-Jones. Subject: Race Relations in the Pacific. H. E. Gregory: The Dominick Expedition. PROCEEDINGS 7 A. G. Mayor: Similarity Between Japanese and Polyne- sians. A. F. Judd: Scarcity of Proper Wall Maps and Teachers Familiar With Geography of Pacific Lands. Clark Wissler: Man in the Pacific. A. L. Kroeber: Anthropology of the Philippines. L. R. Sullivan: Physical Anthropology in Polynesia. Alfred Tozzer: Anthropological Study of the Hawaiian Race. J. F. G. Stokes: Religious Significance of Polynesian Feather Work. T. G. Thrum: Hawaiian Archaeology—Temple Structure. Discussion by: W. E. Safford, Chas. Hedley, A. G. Mayor, Forest Brown. Se LURDAY, AUGUS1)7, 0:00 a.m; Chaitmian sco A. Cotton, Subject: Relation of Ocean Currents to Marine Organisms. Paul Bartsch: Ocean Currents, the Prime Factor in the Distribution of Marine Mollusks on the West Coast of America. H. F. Moore: Relation of Ocean Currents to Fish. T. C. Frye: Ocean Currents and the Problem of More Food for Man. Wm. E. Safford: Dispersal of Plants by Ocean Currents. Discussion by: H. A. Pilsbry, G. F. McEwen, T. Wayland Vaughan, Charles Hedley, G. W. Littlehales, A. G. Mayor, Charles Chilton, C. M. Fraser. AUGUST 8 to AUGUST 13 The delegates visited the Islalnd of Hawaii, devoting spe- cial attention to the crater of Kilauea. Be LW Ae UG Uo lata 60 (00-4. m, Chairman: T. Wayland Vaughan. Subject: The Framework of the Pacific. EF. C. Andrews: The Structural Unity of the Suboceanic Mass of the Pacific Ocean. R. T. Chamberlin: Framework of the Pacific and Its Re- lation to the Americas. 8 Pan-PaciFric SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE F. Omori: Geographic Distribution of Volcanoes in the Pacitic: Wm. Bowie: The Bearing of Geodetic Investigation on the Knowledge of the Geologic Structure of the Pacific. Discussion by: H. S$. Washington, C. A. Sussmilch, T. A. Jaggar, W. D. Smith, L. A. Cotton, Wm. Bowie, R. C. Wells, MONDAY, AUGUST 16,°6:00- a5 im. Chairman: J. Allan Thomson. Subject: Mapping of the Pacific. William Bowie: Shore Lines of the Pacific. G. R. Davis: Coast and Island Topography. T. Wayland Vaughan: Sedimentation and Bottom Configu- ration. George F. McEwen: Recommendations Concerning Inves- tigations of the Pacific Ocean Waters. G. W. Littlehales: The Deeps of the Pacific Ocean. N. Yamasaki: Islands of the South Pacific. J. T. Watkins: The Survey of the Shoreline and Coastal Waters of the Pacific Ocean. FE. A. Beals: The Importance for Weather Forecasting of a Thorough Knowledge of the Pacific. Discussion we H. F. Moore, Paul Bartsch, H. C. Richards, L. As Cotton, M. Fraser, J. Allan Themen AGM aya T. Wayland an Ra Ga ells: TUESDAY, AUGUsS Is17 20 00ta. mm! Chairman: Elmer D. Merrill. Subject: Presentation by Sections of Programs of Re- search. The Leaders reported the resolutions recommended by their Sections. Clark Wissler: For the Section of Anthropology. C. M. Fraser: For the Section of Biology. Wm. E. Safford: For the Section of Botany. Wm. Bowie: For the Section of Geography. T. Wayland Vaughan: For the Section of Geology. T. A. Jaggar, Jr.: For the Section of Seismology and Vol- canology. Following the discussion of the resolutions it was PROCEEDINGS 9 Voted: To print the proposed resolutions and distribute copies among the delegates for their study. Voted: To refer the proposed resolutions to the Publica- tion Committee for revision with instructions to report back to the general session of the Conference to be held August 20. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 18, 9:00 a. m. Chairman: N. Yamasaki. Subject: Training of Scientists for Pacific Work. Addresses by: A. L. Dean, Wm. Bowie, H. C. Richards, W. E. Safford, A. F. Judd, E. C. Andrews, B. W. Evermann, Paul Bartsch, Chas. Chilton, H. E. Gregory, Josephine Tilden, eeeeootton, ©. Milraser) Ls W. Vatichan. THURSDAY, AUGUST 19, 9:00 a. m. Chairman: C. A. Sussmilch. Subject: Means and Methods of Cooperation. The following delegates addressed the conference in be- half of the several institutions represented by them. H. C. Richards: The University of Queensland. Barton W. Evermann: The California Academy of Sciences. J. Allan Thomson: The Government of New Zealand, In- stitutions of New Zealand and Individual Scientists. C. M. Fraser: The Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C. Charles Hedley: The Australian Museum, Sydney. John B. Henderson: The United States National Museum. K. Kishinouye: Japan. George F. McEwen: The Scripps Institution for Biological Research, of the University of California. William E. Ritter: (Read by G. F. McEwen)—The Role of the Scripps Institution in a Program of Pacific Exploration. A. F. Judd: The Bernice P. Bishop Museum. H. A. Pilsbry: The Philadelphia Academy of Sciences. Elmer D. Merrill: The Philippine Bureau of Science. E. O. Hovey: The American Museum of Natural History. William E. Safford: The United States Department of Agriculture. Charles Chilton: Canterbury College, Christchurch, N. Z. H. F. Moore: The United States Bureau of Fisheries. 10 PaNn-PAcIFIC SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE T. C. Frye: The Puget Sound Biological Station of the University of Washington. Josephine Tilden: Inland Universities. FRIDAY, AUGUS 1220702007 a. in. Chaitinan seen. le Deans Subject: Adoption of Resolutions. Resolutions were presented by: F. Wood-Jones on Anthropology, Charles Chilton on Biology, W. E. Safford on Botany, William Bowie on Geography, T. Wayland Vaughan on Geology, T. A. Jaggar, Jr., on Seismology and Volcanology. General Resolutions were presented by: H. E. Gregory on Ships for Exploration, William Bowie on the International Research Council, H. E. Gregory on Future Conferences, H. FE. Gregory on Permanent Organization, A. L. Dean on Promotion of Education. The resolutions as adopted are printed elsewhere. H. S. Washington presented a resolution thanking the insti- tutions and individuals in Hawaii whose cooperation and hospi- tality had contributed to the success of the Conference and the pleasure of the Delegates. It was voted to request the Bishop Museum to preserve the records of the Conference, to publish and distribute the re- ports, papers and proceedings, and to act as representative of the members of the Conference after its adjournment. It was voted that the Delegates from each country repre- sented at the Conference elect one of their number to serve on a committee to arrange for future Conferences. The following were selected to serve with Herbert E. Gregory: E. C. Andrews, Australia; CoM Fraser, Canadas fs @inories japan liatics Chilton, New Zealand; T. Wayland Vaughan, United States. PROCEEDINGS Ome LHEy SECPIONS. SEC MONBORea LW ROPOLOGY. Monday, August 2. The Section was organized with Clark Wissler, Leader, and J. F. G. Stokes Secretary. The work of the Section was outlined. Tuesday, August 3. On plans for an extended exploration of the Pacific, and on the characteristics of the Hawaiians in 1864-5. William T. Brigham. Thursday, August 5. Report of the Archaeological Committee, presented by J. TG: Stokes. Report of the Committee on Linguistics, presented by Evel lCIE NCE: 1. MARINE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. The necessity for conservation of natural resources has be- come imperative, since, in the case of the Pacific Ocean, certain economic marine species have been exterminatcu and others are in peril of extinction or grave depletion. Measures for such con- servation must be based on an exact knowledge of the life his- tories of marine organisms. Knowledge of the biological, physical, and chemical phenomena of the Pacific Ocean is meager and wholly inadequate to serve as the basis for rational conservation measures; therefore be it RESOLVED: (a) That the First Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference rec- ommends that the governments of the several nations bordering on the Pacific Ocean cooperate, through their several agencies concerned in surveying and charting the seay toward the col- lection, compilation and publication of data relating to the topog- raphy of the bottom, and the temperature, salinity, acidity, cur- rents, and other physical and chemical properties of the waters of this ocean, fundamental to biological research and the improve- ment and conservation of the fisheries. (b) That the Conference recommends that a comprehensive systematic biological survey of the Pacific ocean and its contained islands be undertaken, with special reference to the economic fish- eries problems and that the investigation be carried on in so far as ‘possible through existing agencies, such agencies to be provided with the additional apparatus and facilities necessary, the investi- gation to be carried on under such cooperation as will prevent duplication of effort. (c) That the Conference recommends that the several mu- seums, biological stations, and other institutions engaged in bio- logical investigations relating to the Pacific ocean, associate them- selves for the purpose of exchanging information concerning past, current, and proposed investigations, the exchange of facili- ties and personnel, the coordination of work, and the prevention of duplication in their respective activities. It is further recom- mended that a survey be made of the facilities afforded by the several institutions, said survey to cover material, equipment, en- vironment, and the personal qualifications of the respective staffs 32 Pan-PaciFiIc SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE for supplying special information and working up material. It is further recommended that the National Research Council of Washington, D. C., be invited to undertake or arrange for such survey and that a committee of this Conference be appointed to represent the interests of the botanical and zoological sections in this regard, the committee to be appointed by the Chairman of this Conference. (d) That the Conference recommends that systematic sta- tistics of the fisheries be collected and published annually and’ that such statistics be, as far as possible, uniform in character and in such detail as to methods of fishing and geographical dis- tribution as to make them useful in fisheries administration and conservation. It is further recommended that the several gov- ernments provide for a joint commission for the arrangement of the details of such statistical compilations. 2, RECOMMENDED INVESTIGATIONS IN MARINE BIOLOGY. Because of the urgency or importance of certain investiga- tions, this Conference RECOMMENDS: (a) The collection of bottom samples from depths under 20 fathoms, since these are not usually obtained by deep sea expedi- tions and can be readily obtained at anchorage by simple ap- paratus. (b) The study of the brachiopod faunas above the 1000 fathom line inasmuch as a knowledge of these Brachiopods sup- plies important evidence on the question of former land connec- tions. (c) A systematic and thorough study of Pacific Ocean aleae and of the conditions under which they occur and of the part they play in their environment; this could be obtained by means already employed for certain parts of the Pacific Ocean and would be of great scientific value. (d) Because the Hawaiian Islands lie on the margin of the tropical seas, and therefore occupy a critical positic.s for the study of the ecology of marine organisms, among which corals are im- portant; and because data obtained from ecologic investigations in this locality would be of value to geologists in interpreting the conditions under which fossil faunas lived, the Conference rec- ommends a careful study of the ecology of the marine organisms RESOLUTIONS 3h of the Hawaiian Islands, and particularly a study of the corals and of the organisms associated with the corals on the reefs. 3. LAND FAUNA. The part played by living animals in the solution of many scientific problems in the Pacific is well recognized. The relation- ship of their present to their former areas of distribution and to that of extinct allied forms is the key to some of the geological problems; they have direct bearing upon many ethnological prob- lems and they are the chief source of evidence upon which our ideas of evolution must be built. From a knowledge of the land fauna follow great economic advantages, such as the protection of the human race against many diseases and crops against pests. Although in certain continental Pacific areas and some of the larger islands the land fauna is fairly well known, yet in none is knowledge yet complete, and in some, such as Polynesia, it is very deficient. The urgency for this work is great, as large areas are rapidly being swept of their native land fauna. Therefore this Conference RECOMMENDS: (a) ‘That surveys, as complete as possible, be made of the land fauna, especially of those smaller islands in which the native fauna is fast disappearing, or is likely to become extinct in the near future. (b) That the attention of zoologists be called to recently made land areas due to volcanic or other activity and the import- ance of the study of ecological development with special reference to the appearance of animal life upon such areas. (c) That since land mollusks supply information of value in zoogeographical researches, material for a comparative study of the anatomy of the soft parts of land snails be obtained from all the high islands of Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia, and that adequate faunistic collections be made on islands the faunas of which are not at all or only partially known. Ae ORNITHOLOGICAL, SURVEY OF THE, PACIFIC This Conference expresses its gratification at the fact that arrangements have been made by the American Museum of Nat- ural History for the purpose of undertaking and carrying on a comprehensive and intensive ornithological survey of the islands 34 Pan-PAciFfic SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE of the Pacific Ocean, particularly those of the South Seas, and extends its thanks to those who have made provision for the ex- pedition. 5. COLLECTING POLYNESIAN LAND FLORA. Since a definite knowledge of the flora of Polynesia is essential to a proper understanding and correlation of numer- ous problems bearing on the life and origin of Polynesian peoples, problems of forestry, agriculture, ethnobotany, plant dis- eases, physiology, and ecology; since the original vegetation of some island groups is rapidly being destroyed ; and since botanical exploration of Polynesia has been sporadic and in many regions incomplete, therefore the First Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference RECOMMENDS: (a) That botanical exploration of Polynesia be extended as rapidly as possible in order to assemble comprehensive collec- tions with as complete notes as possible covering the scientific and economic aspects of Polynesian botany. (b) That this work of exploration be carried on by existing agencies, by special botanical expeditions, and by heads of non- botanical expeditions employing and supervising native collectors, whenever feasible, for the collection and preservation of botanical material. (c) That material be collected in bulk, from ten to fifteen specimens of each species, with the object of distributing dupli- cate specimens to Pacific institutions and to the larger botanical centers of the world. 6. PLANT ECOLOGY ON LAVA FLOWS. Since new lava flows and other volcanic ejecta offer fresh terrane for the abode of life, therefore this Conference RECOMMENDS, That studies be made of the stages of eco- logical development with special reference to the appearance of forms of plant life on new volcanic deposits following an erup- tion; and also of plants best suited to the speedy rehabilitation for agricultural uses of regions covered by such volcanic ejecta; and of the resistance of plants to volcanic fumes. RESOLUTIONS 35 7. PRESERVATION OF THE HILLEBRAND GARDEN (HONOLULU) Since the botanical garden of the late Dr. William Hille- brand, author of the “Flora of the Hawaiian Islands,” situated in the city of Honolulu, is one of the most remarkable gardens in the world, possessing as it does many unique and rare plants in- troduced into the Hawaiian Islands by Dr. Hillebrand, and since this Conference believes that the preservation and perpetuation of this garden, which is threatened with destruction, would be a ereat benefit to botanical science, it recommends that the steps be taken to insure the preservation of this garden. IVS GCrOURNPEY Le LOPOGRAPHICeMAPS: The exploration of Pacific regions in many branches of science is handicapped by the almost total lack of topographic maps. There is scarcely any human activity which does not depend to a greater or less degree upon a knowledge of the configuration of the land. This is especially true in such work ~ as mining, railroad and highway extension, and maintenance, and the utilization of water in power development, irrigation, and transportation. The natural resources of the world cannot be discovered and utilized efficiently without such maps. Topographic maps of any given area should be adapted in scales, accuracy and details, to the scientific and economic needs peculiar to the area. The benefits derived from adequate topographic maps are far greater than their cost and this Conference urges that a plan be made for carrying on a topographic survey of the lands of the Pacific regions, and that this plan be designed to give uniformity of results. This Conference commends the countries of the Pacific region for the work already done by them. Ze hy VeOl erie HORKEINE AND COASTAL WATERS. A general hydrographic survey of the continental shelves extending off-shore to the one-thousand fathom curve and of 36 PAaN-PaciFIc SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE the island platforms should be executed, in order to supply basic data essential to all research work involved in the gen- eral scientific exploration of the Pacific ocean. This survey should establish a system of horizontal and vertical control, determine the shore line and adjacent topographic features in true geographic position, develop submarine relief, collect and describe the materials of the bottom, observe tem- perature and salinity, and define vertical and horizontal move- ments of the water. The hydrographic bureaus of the na- tions of the Pacific, as now organized and operating, need only to expand their equipment and extend their field to meet the re- quirements of this project. Closer cooperation is desirable in the interest of uniformity and to avoid duplication. These results, in addition to their bearing upon research work, have so great economic value to the shipping, fish- eries, and other marine interests that the cost of the survey for the collection of the necessary data is relatively insignif- cant. It is stated in a recent publication of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey that the vessels wrecked in the coastal waters of California, Oregon, and Washington in the year 1917 on account of the incompleteness of the charts, in- volved a loss which amounted to more than double the esti- mated cost of a complete hydrographic survey of those waters. This unfinished state of the hydrographic survey along the west coast of the United States is not exceptional; few re- gions of the Pacific of any considerable extent have been thor- oughly surveyed. This Conference makes appreciative acknowl- edgment of the notable contributions made to the survey of the coastal waters of the Pacific by the several nations bordering thereon; but in view of the magnitude of the work and the length of time involved in its execution it commends this general project and urges its early execution. 3, USE OF WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY IN LONGITUDE DETERMINATION. This Conference commends the use of wireless telegraphy for the improvement of determination of the longitude of the islands in the Pacific. 4. MAGNETIC SURVEY. The general magnetic survey of the Pacific ocean should be RESOLUTIONS 37 continued to an early conclusion and provision made for such additional work as may be needed to determine annual and secular changes in the magnetic elements. The field of work should be extended to include the coastal waters, where the magnetic phenomena are complex, and their determination es- sential to many important interests. Systematic operations under this project are a comparatively recent undertaking; but already excellent results have been obtained in the Pacific from the work of the Carnegie Institu- tion of Washington. The work is of immediate and vital importance to naviga- tion and surveying, in addition to its bearing upon the gen- eral subject of geophysics, and this Conference hopes that plans may be made for a complete magnetic survey of the Pacific region and that the work may be expedited. Cori yY oLOAl OCEANOGRAPHY. Oceanographic investigations yield results which consti- tute a basis essential for scientific exploration and research in the Pacific region, notably in meteorology, geology, botany, and biology. Moreover, such investigations are of importance to navigators in disclosing dangers to vessels sailing the ocean and are of economic value in enabling vessels to save time and fuel in their navigation. The present knowledge of the oceanography of the Pacific is deficient in every branch and constitutes but a meager array of data scattered widely. In the oceanographic investigation of the Pacific waters the configuration of the bottom should be determined, speci- mens of the bottom deposits collected and their thickness and stratification revealed, the physical and chemical characteristics of the water at different depths and times determined, and the horizontal and vertical circulation of the waters observed. The field work involved in such investigations must be carried on almost entirely by the governmental hydrographic organizations of the countries bordering on and contained with- in the Pacific ocean, owing to the great expense involved in creating new and special agencies, and because the govern- mental agencies have the personnel trained in this work. Those carrying on oceanographic surveys in the Pacific should avail themselves of the services and advice of individuals and 38 PAN-PACIFIC SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE organizations dealing with those branches of science depending upon the results of such surveys. This Conference feels that a systematic oceanographic investigation of the Pacific should be undertaken as soon as possible. The plan adopted should be designed to complete the survey of the most critical areas at an early date, and eventu- ally of the whole Pacific region. Om Mit EOKOLOGY: Investigations in meteorology or the physics of the atmos- phere designed to lead to an accurate scientific knowledge of atmospheric phenomena are of recognized importance. Very little is known of the behavior of the upper air over the land, and still less over the ocean. The fundamental aspects of these phenomena are exhibited in their simplest manner over the: greatest of oceans, the Pacific. (Hence it 1s snecessar yaa make meteorological observations over the Pacific for use in studying the more complex problems over the land. Moreover, the collection and prompt dissemination of marine meteorological data are of great benefit to humanity in carrying on its commerce and in weather forecasting which is now limited by a lack of synchronized, uniform meteorological data over great areas not within the customary track of vessels. Observations at the place of origin of typhoons, hurri- canes, larger cyclonic and anticyclonic areas, as well as the development, dissipation, oscillation, and translation of the same, are essential to successful forecasting and the study of ocean meteorology. Moreover, the meteorological survey of these ocean areas has practical value. Therefore, the governments of the countries bordering on the Pacific ocean are invited to con- sider carefully these matters with a view to increasing the number of meteorological vessel and land stations within the confines of this ocean and on its borders, especially the establishment of vessel reporting stations in somewhat fixed positions. In considering these matters, it is believed that special attention should be given to increasing the number of stations in the well known “centers of action.” The First Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference commends the ocean navigation companies and their masters of vessels for the valuable assistance they have rendered the meteorological services RESOLUTIONS 39 of several stations and urges them further to cooperate espe- cially in the matter of transmitting their weather reports by radio- graph as well as by mail. jeaeMETE@OROLOGIGALS STATION @ON “MACQUARIE ISLAND. Since the observations made at the meteorological station on Macquarie Island resulted in improvements in the accuracy of weather forecasting, this Conference expresses the hope that observations at that station, interrupted by the war, may be resumed at an early date. Cee NOR OROCICALE Sah lON.ONSMAUNAI LOA: In view of the fact that Mauna Loa, Island of Hawaii, the highest accessible point in the central Pacific, offers excep- tional opportunities for the exploration of the upper air, this Con- ference recommends that a station of the first order be established on its summit for continuous meteorological observations. Oeil tig ES: The successful operation of the Michelson earth-tide ap- paratus at a station in the United States of America has fur- nished data from which the knowledge of the physical char- acteristics of the interior earth has been increased, and it is desirable that earth tide stations be established in the Pacific region at widely separated points in order to discover whether the physical characteristics vary from place to place. This Conference hopes this work will be extended. Tope SOS TALICAINY ES TIGA TIONS. Investigations in the theory of isostasy have thrown much light on the subject of deviation from the normal den- sities in the outer portions of the earth, which is of importance in the study of geology and in other branches of science. Much can be added to our knowledge of isostasy by a mathe- matical reduction of existing field data, following well known methods, which would involve only slight expense. This Conference urges, in the interest of geophysical and other sciences, the early reduction of existing geodetic data 40 Pan-PaciFic SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE and the extension of geodetic field work to those regions of the Pacific where such data are now lacking. This Conference commends the Coast and Geodetic Survey of the United States, the Trigonometric Survey of India, and the Dominion Observatory of Canada for work they have done in isostatic investigations. VERGE OLOG YE I AGHOLOGIGCAL AMA PS: Since it is in the interest of science and of value in the devel- opment of the natural resources of the different countries con- cerned, be it RESOLVED, That the following maps of the Pacine region on the international scale of 1:1,000,000 be completed as expeditiously as possible: (a) A base map showing by contours or hachures as many topographic features as practicable. (b) A map showing geological formations or groups of geological formations. (c) A map showing mineral resources. 2) \GHOLOGICALSoURVEYorOl 7@R TL LAI Gs ile ARBAS INTL HE PACIET@ OCH AING GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EASTER ISLAND. Since a knowledge of the geology of Easter Island might throw light on the question of whether there was in past geo- logical time a westward extension of the land area of the South American continent, be it RESOLVED, That it is desirable to have a careful study of Easter Island to determine the character and geologic age of the rocks composing that island. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Since the results of a detailed geological survey of the Hawaiian Islands would aid in the solution of many prob- lems of the Pacific, region, be- it RESOLVED, That this Conference strongly recommends RESOLUTIONS 41 that a geological survey of the Hawaiian Islands be made and that appropriate geological maps and descriptive texts be published. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SEVERAL SMALL ISLANDS IN EASTERN FIJI. Since raised coral atolls with exposed basements of bedded limestone or of volcanic material are found in eastern Fiji, and since a geological survey of these islands supple- inented by reconnaissance work in the neighborhood of Suva would be invaluable in the study of the origin of coral reefs, and in the elucidation of the geology of the southwest Pacific, be it RESOLVED, That a topographic and geological survey of the several small islands, such as Mango, Thithia, Lakemba, Vanua Mbalavu, and Tuvutha be made at the earliest opportu- nity, and the results published. 3. FORM OF OCEAN BOTTOM. Because of their importance as supplements to geological work on land in determining the structural framework of the Pacific region and in interpreting the geological history of the region, be it RESOLVED: (a) That the configuration of the bottom of the Pacific ocean be determined with adequate accuracy. (b) That charts of the littoral and sub-littoral zones be made in all practicable detail; for example, wherever possible these charts should be on scales ranging between 1:10,000 and 1 :40,000. Awe > Chi A CHOUS CORRELATION: Since such knowledge is essential to the establishment of an adequate basis for the stratigraphic correlation of the post- Cretaceous formations of the Pacific region, be it RESOLVED: (a) That in addition to the study of the post-Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleontology of the Pacific islands and of the land areas on the margins of the Pacific ocean, such work 42 Pan-PaciFfic SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE also be expedited in the Caribbean region and in the region from Burma through the Himalayas to the Mediterranean sea. (b) That inventories of the living fauna and flora of the Pacific region be prepared at the earliest practicable date. 5. STUDIES OF SUBAERIAL AND SUBMARINE EROSION. Since it is coming to be recognized generally that a knowl- edge of subaerial and submarine erosion is indispensable to a correct interpretation of the history of the continents, the continental margins, and the oceanic islands during post- Cretaceous time, be it RESOLVED: (a) That geologists, geographers, seismologists, biologists, and others who are interested in the facts of form within the Pacific ocean and along its margins devote attention to the study of physiographic processes and the forms resultant from such processes. (b) That geologists and physiographers make special study of the physical, chemical, and other properties of igneous and sedimentary rocks so as to ascertain the difference in their resistance to erosive agents. (c) That efforts be made to obtain assistance in furthering the study of wave and current erosion, the factors limiting wave base, the action of weathering and corrosive agents at the head- waters of streams, the forms of stream channels, the form of sea cliffs at different stages of development, the action of plants in retarding land erosion, and the sequential stages of erosion of fault scarps. 6. STUDIES OF SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES AND SEDIMENTARY] ROCKs: Since it is generally recognized that the interpretation of a large part of the geological record demands a knowledge of the processes of sedimentation and the results of these processes in the formation of deposits of past geological time, therefore be it RESOLVED: (a) That geologists, oceanographers, geographers, biolo- RESOLUTIONS 43 gists, and others who may be interested devote as much attention as possible to the study of modern sediments and the processes by which they are formed. . (b) That geologists make special studies of the physical, chemical, and other properties of sedimentary rocks to ascer- tain the conditions under which the deposits were formed and the changes that may have taken place in such sediment- ary rocks after deposition. (c) That all existing agencies be urged to study the phe- nomena referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b) above, and that efforts be: made to increase the number of agencies for the prosecution of such investigations. Capa LOLOGICAL COOPERATION: Since it is desirable that the projects undertaken by the different workers in the Pacific region be so selected and so designed that each may be supplementary to the rest and so contribute to the uniform accumulation of geological informa- tion concerning the Pacific region, be it RESOLVED, That steps be taken to advise in the plan- ning of research, to correlate the efforts of the different work- ers, and to promote in such ways as may be proper a uniform mode of publication of results. le LOR OCEAN DEV OrCANOLOG Y. The dominant motive which has appeared in the convention of seismologists and volcanologists of the Pacific here gathered together for the first time, has been to promote more localized and more continuous observation of regional phenomena than has hitherto been accomplished in most seismic and volcanic districts. On the other hand, there is agreement that precise teleseismic triangulation is not a field for amateurs or for stations equipped with a multiplicity of inferior and diverse instruments. There is urgent need for mutual information, regularly supplied by each observer to his distant colleagues, concerning volcanic and seismic happenings in each land. The employment of mariners and scientific expeditions to collect specimens and notes for the volcanologists in remote places may be organized. Education of the people in matters of earthquake-proof con- 44 PaN-PACIFIC SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE struction and safeguards against disaster has been proved to be a practicable and effective method of meeting volcanic and seis- mic crises. Interest has recently developed in the earth tide, changes of level about volcanoes, and measurable horizontal and vertical dis- placements directly related to earthquakes. These are matters for the national geodetic surveys and for geophysical investiga- tion of high mathematical precision. The consideration of the needs indicated above, namely, local- ized work, distribution of information among workers in this field, education of the people at large, and the applications of precise geophysics has led to the following resolutions: 1, ESTABLISHMENT OF VOLCANO OBSERVATORIES. Useful volcano experiment stations have already been es- tablished in some lands, and more volcanologic experience is needed for protection against disaster of the increasing popula- tions of Pacific countries and for the advance of science; there- fore this Conference RECOMMENDS the continuance of the present volcano observatories and the establishment of new permanent volcano observatories in lands about the Pacific; and recommends that such a station for maintenance and publication of continuous ob- servations should be placed on one or more active volcanoes in each important volcanic district. 2. PROMOTION OF LOCALIZED SEISMOMETRY. In addition to the work of existing establishments, the in- tensive study of both large and small earthquakes in seismic prov- inces by all appropriate physical, geological and other scientific methods may lead to important and rapid advancement in geo- physical knowledge. This knowledge is of importance tOryeces nomic and humanitarian as well as scientific ends. This Confer- ence therefore COMMENDS the existing institutions, recommends their continuance and expansion, and urges early establishment of fur- ther specific programs of investigation and continuous observa- tion in regional seismology in special seismic districts about the Pacific. Timely publication of results is recommended. More- over this conference recommends to the National Research Council of the United States the establishment of a pro- RESOLUTIONS 45 gram of research in regional seismology in the southwestern part of the United States. pee U BLICA TION Gray OLUCANOPAND HARTHOUAKE INFORMATION. The workers in regional seismology and volcanology need accurate information about geophysical events in other locali- ties than their own; therefore this Conference RECOMMENDS, That prompt and authoritative publica- tion of current facts and measurements concerning volcanoes, earthquakes, submarine eruptions, and tidal waves be an essen- tial part of the routine of all Pacific observatories. foe RE Cl bee ee iNGeAN Dp epRIANGUUATION IN RELATION TO VOLCANOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY. Great earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are often pre- ceded and followed by elevations, depressions, and horizontal displacements in the regions concerned; therefore this Con- ference RECOMMENDS, That precise leveling and triangulation be carried on at definite time intervals, in selected seismic and volcanic districts, in order to ascertain precursory and other changes in underground stress accompanying great seismic and volcanic disturbances. COLE CTIONRAN Dare BEICATIONIOR STATISTICS ORSEARTHOUAKHS AND ERUPTIONS. There is needed for certain Pacific countries more complete statistics concerning earthquakes and eruptions; and a com- plete list for the world should eventually be maintained; there- fore this Conference RECOMMENDS, That each Pacific country publish sta- tistical lists of local eruptions, earthquakes, tidal waves, and other related phenomena; and issue catalogues of active, dor- mant and extinct volcanoes, and of local seismic features. 46 PaN-PACcIFIC SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE 6.. CENTRAL SCIENTIFIC BUREAU. Dissemination of volcanologic and seismologic knowledge will be furthered by working through a body cooperating with all Pacific countries; therefore this Conference RECOMMENDS the establishment of a central bureau for dissemination of scientific knowledge among the volcano and earthquake stations of the Pacific. 7, SAMOAN GEOPHYSICAL STATION. This Conference COMMENDS highly the work done at the Geophysical Observatory at Apia, Samoa, and expresses the hope that the service of that station will be continued. 8 EDUCATION) OF DWELLERS GN spit Rigi LIABLE TO DISASTER. Great injury and loss of life to persons and damage to human constructions may be caused by earthquakes and vol- canic eruptions and may be decreased by general education ; therefore this Conference . RECOMMENDS, That countries liable to seismic disaster educate the people in proper methods of construction, in beha- vior during emergencies, and in the history of such catastro- phes elsewhere.