| ae \ } ak Riss. #07), fan yr : il 2; Nave Cwu vel DEVOLUTION “OF MISST MARY (ADMINISTRATION, IN CHINA CaN Amo Ye kc, A= a aon OF TRAP R UI Pe ed tin LE FO ly ae a q oe WORCUWES ERED URI VRS ae é + Wp.4 P m Sof Ghe Cees MISSIONS AND HISTORY OF RELIGION * 2 oy te Agate — SAS OF ARTES Filed with the Dean May 1, 1926 k ! ¥ a SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT = 4 ; OF THE REQUIREMENTS NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | for the degree 2. Policies of Bt 9ai SP NTENT ES . towort Beco iotiesn. ay a, The Liwertean Bo ard. Page ie INTRODUCTION... Gh of “the EBrdthr an. - Purpose Methodist Eyiscopal Unaxveh. | 6 Ze Why Devolution. of. Missions, 4n Us. Se A 7 a. Apostolic Example Lit. PACTORS Ze VEL DEVELOTTC RS CY CHIeese. AUT OmUre b. The Demand of an Indigénous Church. Lo Vitel Cortetian Faith and txperiense. 3, Definition of Terms, 10 Be BVLSitve. wit BOrel Strength. ao Missionary. ™ S, BB iwens Tn Spiritual and oral b. Mission. , Ro tealetpein Tor toe Judiwenoue Cirurch. sii Ge Indigenous Chinése Church. ds Devolution in Missionary Administration. . Chinese Autohomous Church. oe gis r PO rm : i aki: eke, ae S Puts be Ae Fay pay ie wie 1 (pooh a eee er § he}, i Ya 9 6 ADMINISTRATION QF MISSIONS IM CHINA 11 seer bbw. 1. Four Beginnings of Christianity in China. a a. By Nestorian Missionaries in 690... bo. By John.of Monte, Corvino, .a. Sitelies in 1224. o. By REGGE} a Jesuit in the sixteenth century, 1m *« “@2°Ry Robert Morrison, a Protestant in 1807. ee 3; Missionary ‘Administration in China. ay 6 ry. Moveu@er She bgarda..d@ ass ee ng. with missionaries,as individuals... a) . AF een! pe ose me a with, its.mi ized 1, PRe hop, dentte deating with, ite.mieadenertes oreanize o. Thre “5° “py ement 5° st” strer g h in field organizat ion. as The Binet of webkness in’ field organization. 63 The boards &pds dealing with missftoneri 6s and ‘Chinese in 1 authority. Page . 3. Policies of Mission Boards toward Devolution. 27 a. The American Board. bv. The Church of the Brethrene ce The Methodist Episcopal Church. d. The Presbyterian Church in U. 8. As III. FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE AUTOMOMY 32 1. Vital Christian Faith and Experience. | ae Spiritual and Moral Strength. bo. Weakness in Spiritual and Moral Life. 2. Leadership for the Indigenous Church, 35 ae The Present Supply. bv. Present Needs. Gc. Factors in Developing Leadership. : S. Desire for Autonomy. 35 ae A Desire to see Christ. be A Search for Indigenous Forms of Expression. c. An £ffort to Build up a Representative Chihese Churche | 4. Numerical Strength. 41 5. Literature. 43 IV. MOVEMENTS TOWARD DEVOLUTION IN ADMINISTRATION 45 l. Preparation for Devolution by Missionaries. 45 &. Three National Conferences. 47 ae The Morrison Centenary Gonference of 1907. be “ie: Senne National Missionary Conference of 1913. ; rire I» DTRERODUGTT OR Page Le ? wrasse. regeegre er tten Conference of 1922 at. aalonaary AlUmind so ratig on, the Tormign minaionary body of the Church of 3. The “National Christian Council of China. 53 vhing. The, greah elm oF mlaaion wrk has bean the develaprent of | : a. The Constitutional Functions of the Council. Hamese, Churches, (1). -. The attitudes of mieslonarted meetrads yy ten be The Council at Work. éiw hag. not been wnlforaly the comes Thaeoaxpestetion of the ap ooW EXPERIMENTS INvGHE TRANSFER OF MISSIONARY ADMINISTRATION »).57 ounce elo lthecamévidancBepabde for some, They bad te view the 57 heutenigs Ole "Chuvebiag thesBrethtens tic Gogpel throughout the 66 o.® “8. he China Christian Mission (Disetpleshus motPyatat on65 be mentagniie MetlibdtetIRpAmdopakeGhucedes (0). For draw vis1168 up O° o§jefheoPresbyterian Church ini the sUerSenAs 89 th herent preseni6g Thé Prétestant«EpiscopalsChirchermost parte.” “se ab 74 “ee of, Questions» and answered bynSecretaries.of Protestant’. / Lf sehag gee and Southern Baptist eerste . days of migaicue forest. the. missionaries to have acre Goneern for 8. The pad ne of Administration in Edueational winning cotvdnetitutdofer atudying. she problem of trandferving 80 aimie e9ya Thee transfer, of Administration in: Hospitalss w.) be 82 roneermed with Chine twigelomary: work in ite Later davalapme nt. VI. CONCLUSION ; 84 The problem of devealution, in. recent: yeere has bean faded gerionusiy 1. Mumerous Phases of Devolution. 8 a. provides exeelent.masterial for @tedy~e: (The altimate ‘aim ef 2. Self-support. 84 Rise lomhey work now held. by the grout majordtig of misedetmrie «t | 3. Chinese Missionary Enterprise. 86 the adh ievemsnt of the sutenon@use Uhinese.chureh, The mlagion- 4e tHAe PORA SH Churches. 87 arligen necouseariiy ageguned a dosimcat coalition iu tie earls Gass. ct Se ~ - 4] ia Ghinese Cnriatian leadership developed 413 omegumed) tagi orm previcusly by the misaionaries, We shalh point aut the trodrtens igeues of the fevreloument of Coristianitw ard on ave related te jews Wutios tn pabeni stration, abi w Rt Liebe . ‘ ee bi fe, ne Le @ ) Masai. Alfred Dewitt, "Outlines of Wissienary Tiatory." L¥ie. are Yoo # i nr wT “SK é His ‘ “ n EE Sum, Eiwiu ,, "She Miesiousry Enterpriga.” 1008, sage 290 (3 I. INTRODUCTION 1. Purpose. It is my purpose to study the devolution of missionaary administration from the foreien missionary body of the Church of China. The great aim of mission work has been the development of Chinese churches (1). The attitude of missionaries regarding this aim has not been uniformly the same. The expectation of the ap- proaching second advent of Jesus caused witness-bearing to be the essence of the missionary task for some. They had in view the hastening of His coming by preaching the Gospel throughout the whole world (2). Notable among those who were thus motivated can be mentioned the Chine Inland Missionaries (3). For them building up of congregations was suhordinate in importance to itinerant preaching and witness-bearing in the “uttermost parts." The ab- sence of large groups of mature Chinese Christians in the early days of missions forced the missionaries to have more concern for Winning converts than for study ing the problem of transferring administrative control. The major part of this thesis will be concerned with China missionary work in its later development. The problem of devolution in recent years has been faced seriously and provides excellent material for study. The ultimate aim of missionary work now held by the great na jority of missionaries is the achievement of the autonomous Chinese church. ‘The mission- aries necessarily assumed a dominant position in the Carly days. As Chinese Christian leadership developed it assumed tasks borne previously by the missionaries. We shall point out the important issues of the development of Christianity which are related to devolution in administration. 2) Matt. 24:14 $) Mason, Alfred Dewitt, "Outlines of aa hed History." 1912. page ° F Bliss, Edwin M., “The Missionary Enterprise." 1908, page 290. ( ° ; writin: of intigonevs workers wae part of the > 1. In the apostolic days there were no Boards of e's LAS ‘ti Oar sy PETES (> ne: ‘204 aD ' * be ear { Pe Mésetons., ™he iife an and. command of Josue supplied the dynamic fee Tees ax D3 4Ge-s % ee Wievrv Hi v3 oh +3 i 9 that. gent men forth. ‘Preaching the Gospel of. salvation was the aY | NSE Onno bably (amotiy ai ne ona urged The | elieni untve gal oce ation of, the church Paul made. ‘tents. to “Ah nigh ” hoe: Le , ne Bx Owe ie. I et opae 7 Bim. OF the proglain- e a Livi and also ived : ‘the bounty of tho se to whom he Aro, 4 ain ah, "GD y 5 B we bat fog > AZM AS 4 ri 1 Pe y 5 ee a io ha, to eee a) a the message of Christ. The work a i ce hy a Vary ile h ct prpelained , an co of eprqeting & ee eS get pews ony not confined to a few missionaries, Se ang ‘a * Fi ASA UD wala OP » Bs Be teas butevery Christian ‘shared the feeling of accountability for ex- L By ea oP POASge We Doe! G 20) a « i I sgh eaplovntad Gospel. ‘The anti olpated early return of ‘Jesus stirred fe itt i ATL, WE ae BAER 2 PLC Sd: BI # ’ on Pgs ge hl to prepare their own Lives and te make ‘mown the tit ibs Fe w es OS Si, a8 G9 “ia ~ ih ate eh at terne of salvation to others. me & ORs hy a moet pe. foeened hn tise ee mati % at On. pop 2. The apostolic missionary effort was directed to the eo 2 ie ms oe eITAC, R;: Ons 3 oe Lawes eh erie S. ae AU a’ at) Rae establishment _ of self-governing - self-supporting and Sol t-sxvend~ Me Be in r] he Be ads a ds # % * th rt: Hy : eee, “ae ‘ 3 Y ing church es (1s ‘Such “churches. wore the units in whi oh Paul rus ry Liv (Hs Hi pS We te oe L 4 arts i $2, ey :s ae mee we + a y us % S98 Ch pe ve: ALE Le yk eoekenet: 3 chs prog gress of the Gospel. In his address to the elders ri i5 P€ 4 ve mn SESS CiUROY BUG he ee at & £ i. ee ae RA? Le wea mike wk! ‘oe he ia RS Sb me eae, of Ephesus (2) pe aimed to finish his wrk there and commit” re- go be cy Se as terme oF uninese RCE Os, BOY, TE sponsibility, to. Me gsc apd og he journeyed to Jerusalen, “and eventually “8 1. hy ay y - , ration onf Love cen 41d the Chinese in the: he ea” ae P OM. 42 ROMP Hi Even though Chrési's return Was expected soon Paul LQG28 Ske Pa Snes Dat the imdieeneus chures re desired to establish churches that would continue abiding in His veh aware GO saypors L7 overn itselt to 2 by a meking a if ie: r mi LOTR oft SOLUS» Birt on mk! %. ie i ata ings Gugnt en thoeol cerca ! 3 th % @ exce ion Paul 4 ect & h effort t gueehions tate buy a. xcept wh Psi eS ae i Sonam te teas nF to cities a etinaee then to villages. He pianbes churches in strategic rat) VES i. W teh ve. oe Tesi eh A ie ohn roth ik ‘At Lt i ae ¥ i L tm, af sk Exh ie: places in view of their growth, wh through Cham, ee eventual f 1 War vib SYD | Mi "i Re i ? ny (i) Robinson, Charles Neary, “Wiatery of Cheri atica Bissione." LYS, (1) fering Shae, "apostolic and oto hastonse 1898, he ft aay + hy on - as Pp re 566 (2) Acts’ BO: L722. cS Fhe Proereas “-" tLe TN me LM” ate SP ll a evangelization of the surrounding territory (1). 4, The training of indigenous workers was part of the practice of the early church. John the Baptist began such work. Séaus made it his own greatest ministry. Paul selected and train- ed younger men, notably Timothy #ni Titus and urged them to do the same (2). This is the crowning missionary aim of the proclaim- er of the good news, not to make himself indispensable but to raise up followers to take his place (3). b. The Demand of an Indigenous Church. Christianity to become permanent in any country must be- come native to that land. Great universal principles are applic- able to every nation. Before these become useful to the people of a country they must be dressed in the garb of that nation, applied to its traditions, experiences and aspirations. The religious organization and theology of Western nations undoubtedly contain great truths which China needs but tre Chinese cannot accept as a gift a completely formulated religion. It must be worked out in terms of Chinese experience. Western churches by their cooperation and love can aid the Chinese in their growth in Christian experience, but the indigenous church requires that it be encouraged to support itself, govern itself to suit the Chinese genius, enrich its life by Chinese thought on theological questions and provide for its own extension. These statements seem obviously true yet they are difficult of application. (1) Robinson, Charles Hemry, "History of Christian Missions." 1915, | page 36. (2) Tle Tews 2:2 (3) Glover, Robert H., “The Progress of World Wide Missions.” 1924, page 37. “a Bint? the founds ng a Md Chive ae. toh Arlyn a RSan i911, TALS WO WOM. hin, nationalism hes been inoressinely noticeable. This feeling is shares in the lite of the ghurch. | Not, all missionaries have been oe x a | Sands Pak wise in their consideration of this matter as the following quo- tation ‘trom an. article in he Caenese Recorder Andseaces Heshep s," as a certain missionary has rn nwe renin eo Home, ‘ard Tet you work out what will suit you ‘best and most." Yes, pe s > is the best Christian way of solving a knotty ates edt oth ps not.’ Another says concerning a certain insti- ution, "The? institution is established with American money and therefore should be conducted to suit Americans." Very well, suppose it should be. Still another quotes a Western saying. in a. létterto a friend of his, "Beggars ‘are not choosers." But in ©. Christ's time, which is so different from ours, beggars did choose. A fourth he's beén heard to say that it is a hopeless case: "We ieee only second rate people to work with us because they will cooperate,” and for him cooperation is simply a one sided business. Thus perhaps a few outspoken missionary Christians help drive away Chinese workers from Christian institutions like "beavers that drive fishes off from the surface of the pond." Then, sooner or later a géneral tendency or attitude spreads over the Chinese people who hesitate to join hands in Christian work and some of wiom Consequently become anti-missidnary thinkers. Particular — cases begin | to justify | their being raised into y ahainaneateehananadl (1) The Chinese have grown free to express themselves. Here is the expression of Y. 9. Wu, Executive Seoretary , Peking Chris- tian Student Work Union: "A transplanted religion without being adapted ‘to suit ‘native soil, loses “its savor and fails to srow -- Let the foreign missionaries change their domineering attitude, if they Hold “such en ‘attitude, and wrk ds servants of Christ for the Chureh of China." (2) Some stulonts of missions preter’ the use of the born G ib hed iG tt dh iP "National Church, " ‘rather ‘than the, | "Indigenous Church , " on the ’ Bwe ground thet there is ne Antigenous church institution. — tt is the nosy hy)" oly eit bene ew’ cae ane gives the increase. Grantine AP ky eal ‘< (1) Chaos \ Ge one Indi genous Church.” Chinese Recorder. ’ 8 ieee: ‘1925 , “page 4984 > ce 2 tz) Wu, Y. P. chitens hidotaer, Auge 2923 5 ba ROCESS 10 this we would have a fully "national chureh" that receives from the Holy Spirit and the mother missionary church the necessary aid in becoming a truly "national church." | 3. Definition of Terms. a. A missionary to China is one who has gone or been sent from another country to teach the Christian religion and to work toward the building of a Chinese church. b. A mission is a group of missionaries and Chinese Christians Locally organized for cooperation in building the Kingdom of God in any given field. ¢. The Indigenous Chinese church is one that conserves and unifies the truths contained in the Christian religion and in China's ancient civilization ane in so doing menifests and express- es the religious life and experience of the Chinese Christians in a fashion that is native and natural to them oe d. Devolution in Missionary Administration is the process of trensferring the responsibility for the governing and supporting of organized Christianity from the missionaries to the new body of Chinese Christians. e. The Chinese autonomous clurch means the Chinese church governing itself, determing its policies and putting them into effect. The work of the missionary becomes auxiliary rather than dominating. (1) Chao, T. C., “The Indigenous Church." Chinese Recorder. Auge 1925, page 497. il II. ADMINISTRATION OF MISSIONS IN CHINA lL. Fou” Beginnings of Christianity in China aap? thety ae By Nestorian Missionaries in 635. The first begining wasin 063504. Ds, when Nestorian |» | « missionaries ‘frém Syria made ‘théir ‘way iclong the trade routes into China and “éstablighééd themselves»at the Court of the Tang Dynasty. The effort to establish ‘Christianity “in China ‘which seems to shave been very sliccessful was over-whelmed in a terrifiepersecution: by ‘the Buddhists which took place “in tlie. year 0840 )(1)s0\ Ourpehtef source of information*in®regaraet6 theowdrk cofothis mission-is’ the famous Nestorian Stone, buried im the Sth century and:re- &iscovered. by Chinese workman "in l625 (2}olon vw: ore), By®John of Monte Corvinoys#A Franeiscan in 1294. | The second “beginning was*made by John of Monte Corvino, sent by Popé Nicolas’ IV. with letters ‘addressed’ to Kublai, ‘the ruler 6f°Cambalud (Peking)y> Om°his°atrival in’1294°He found the Nestorian Mission strongly establishedvand bitterlyvopposedsto his mission, “Acedpaing’ to his testimonhy’ thé Nestorians had deviated sadly from the Christian*religion; but were powerful and would not permit a. Christian of another rite! to proclaim any other than. Nestorian doctrines: Johnsof Monte Corvino succeeded; however, in baptizing 6000 convertsiin' the first twélve'years. He died soon after 1328.0 The’ toleranteTartarndynasty! gave place to’ the» perse- cuti sie a NE and" both thé existing: Nestorian’ and Pranci scan Continued offering «sever Pe PHneces Lams ) Chitetiantt (1) The fetuaae Church nth tee sna yar Seatoreee esp 1922, page 91, 82. (2) Robinson, Charles Hemry, "History of Christian Missions." 1915, pace page 165. missions failed to leave any permanent traces of their apparent SuCGeSS. Robinson (1) states three causes for the failure of this second attempt to establish Christianity. 1. The home base furn- ished no financial help for the new mission, the missionaries did not work for a living; the converts did not support the miss ion=- aries and so they received aid from the Emperor, possibly on the basis that they were representatives of a friendly foreign power. 2. The change of dynasties brought opposition and Christians who came to be considered foreigners lost all influence with non- Christians. 3. A third reason for extinction was the failure to train an effective body of Chinese clergy. c. By Rieci, a Jesuit in the Sixteenth Century. A missionary named Ricci sent out by the Jesuits in 1582 made a third beginning. The zeal and success of the Jesuits stirred the fervor of other Roman Catholic societies who sent out missionaries. In spite of conflicts between societies, converts in large numbers were gained. In 1617 the converts number- ed 13,000. In 1650 they numbered 150,000. In 1671 the Domicans had 21 churches, the Franciscans 3 and the Jesuits 159. The | number of baptized Christians was 308,780 (1). The friendly emperor Kang hsi died in 1721 and his successor Yung-Cheng destroyed 300 churches. Succeeding dynasties continued offering severe persecution, Christianity did not (1) Robinson, Charles Henry, "History of Christian Missions." 1915,page 173, 177 13 bs ut on Ao he ein Be yy ‘ cai By 4 1g & 4 EPO i) Rau, Rew Rh Le SS GE OD APE” Bhs disappear entirely and the s sixteenth contury deginning ree a Adeeat toxexunner in & cOntinuous succession eal Roman Catholic migsions in China today faba: | | pan : ae 8 Robert Morrison (2 Protestant) in 1607, r The fourtn, last, and so called modern beginning of Chri staan missions in China began with the arrival of Robert Morrison in 1807. Morrison's work in China was attended with id great ifsioulties. Among them may be mentioned his inability to BOCure passage as a missionary on an Rast Indie ship gat ling from England. } He hea to sail via Americas Foreigners were prohibited from setting foot on | the mainland * China. He had to work secret- aya) The Language was. aitfioult and any Chinese who would teach it to him aid 89 under penalty of his. life. wm. Milne who joined Morrison nn 1813 said of the language , "PO acquire the Chinese is a‘work for men with bodies of brass, lungs of steel, Heads of oak, hands of spring steel, eyes of eagles, hearts of apostles, ‘memories of angels and ‘Lives’ of Methuselah." (2) Some Roman °° ‘Catholic Christians, survivals from the 16th century mission ‘Helped ‘him with the language. Christians ‘were officially for- pidden to set foot onthe mainland of ‘China as late as 1842, The pro gréss’of Christianity was slow. ‘Among ‘the’ redsons for ‘the inertia of the Christian ‘church may be mentioned, 1. Christianity was exotic and China ‘was opposed "to Changes brought in from the outside. 2. Western nations, presumably Christian, had not treated China with respect. oe There had been Schigm in China within Christian ranks over such Lae HS (1) The Chinese Church Nationel Chitaita an conterence Report. 1922, page 91. | (2) MacGillivray, D., "A Century of Protestant Missions in China." 1907, page 2. 14 questions as ancestor worship ani 4, Missionary activities were not projected with intense earnestness by many societies. In 1860 there were only fourteen residential centers occupied by Protestant missionaries. In the next twenty years down to 1880 only sixty~five additional residential centers were opened. Rapid expansion then began and ninety-nine more centers were opened up in 1890. By 1900 one hundred seventy new centers were opened. During the next twenty years up to 1920 three hundred thirty-seven were added, making a total of six hundred ninety-three centers occupied by foreign missionaries. More than forty-eight percent of the territory occupied by missionaries has been entered in the last twenty-five years. This fact should be remembered as we consider the transferring of responsibility to the Chinese church. The Boxer massacres of 1900. proved a real turning point in the history of the Christian enterprise in China. Above 2,000 Chinese Protestants, approximately 30,000 Roman Catholic Christians and 221 Western Christians including children were martyred that year (1). The rapid strides of the faith since then convinee us that the blood of the martyrs has indeed proved to be the seed of the church. Morrison's work in China beginning 1807 was not in an indigenous church, nor in a missioh well administered, but rather a work of personal pioneering. He managed with difficulty to work as a missionary without incurring the penalty of death or (1) The Chinese Church National Christian caer erenee Report. 1922, page 91. expulsion by the, government, By,1842 three British societies and four American, organizations had some twenty representatives in the. Ampire and. in the Chinese colonies adjacent. , Six converts |. ady 1860 i naratitate, 3 the agtmnry of, peasy snoxeh atte ed bay dong, oPhaisa dhe. Sreah, Patiae Shim, nad peratates, An. de lains. ohana for. Chine se and. had succeeded fairly well, r . The avidity of faptern nations for trade caused them to break down. SA A BECNBI OS » England's. demand, for trade privileges with, China, especially the opium trade furnished the pretext for Opium Wars with China. These struggles terminated in the qe ine of flong Rane, to the British, the opening of thirteen. ports to ‘foreign trade and the. payment of large indemnities te) These” open ports furnished the opportunities for the free hana of the missionary but the oppor- tunity was Lapeipsiiqual at a binge ‘Incbins L8tent’ with the cohtent ‘of the’ ‘Cobper he seage.' civecws sof f(otent His tovleonl Dadkpre ia alee Aha PAP cSlniticl in 1819 under the airedtion of Morrison was-much reVised during this peri od of limited privileges “Yor migsioHAry work. Ambne those who’ re- “Vib’ed! the: t¥ehdibtion' Were’ Bishop Stuéresctiewsky, a Russtan’ Jew, Gitziart whd kate the’ Version sed by ‘the Leaders of ‘the Tai Pihe rebeltior in’ 1850," Revs Wm. Deen, and’ Wea. P. Martin (3). °°" Ginn at ier x ne - wi. ele tee tcmena dt My rd lg og 4. 3 Poretitton of missionaries * ana converts Was. ‘Bavere.. LOW. ie the one geet ve souiee.an wich mintioteriag mast aepen (1) Rebinagn,, Oharies Henry, TEbatoxy. 2, Curt stdan Missions," 1915, Dp (2) Moore, E. C., "The Spread of ee Ap in the Modern World." 1919, page 183. (3) Montgomery, Helen Barrett, "The Bible and Missions,” 1920, pages 114, 115. Converts in such troublesome times were naturally few, but were men of strong convictions. From 1860 to 1877 the years were spent in entering new fields and extending work in fields already claimed, Definite advances were made in educational, medical and women's work. A few strong churches began to develop. The China Inland Mission was established in 1865, By 1877 Chinese Protestant Christians numbered 13,035. Twenty~nine missionary societies, twelve American, fifteen British, and two Continental were on the field. The missionaries numbered four hundred seventy-three. The growth of Chinese membership is worth noting: 1842 6 Chinese Christians. 1877 13,035 m sal : For the most part the years up to 1877 were a period of pioneering, although so called administrative work had begun. The foregoing survey of "begi mings” of the missionary movement in China will give us sufficient his torical background to begin our study of administration. 2, Missionary Administration in China. Efficient administration has meant success to many missions, but we should not put too much trust in it alone, for even in its best developed form it will avail but little in the absence of a whole-souled devotion to and dependence upon Jesus Christ. The transformation of lives is the work of God and his love is the one great resource on which missionaries must depend. Missionary administration may be divided into four i= D a Poiowea) He Aaiiiess gay tice %o, many, commemiabie poo Jo°%8s QQ PRG Wodrd dealing with: the missionaries or individuals. & wiGhe« pee dhe® ‘poard dealing: with its missionaries organized. into sap at pe "mi ssion.” SLLBGEL TS . Au Feu poin by da TAs rf L% ¢. The board ait with prayer rep wae. igen she in AX, Lol equal ‘puithoribys | BOVSN GAH Voor we i BS LOA F work 88s @ytthe?teard wil eventually cooperate as an enxiliary with the ehurch which is Fee ome nant e Chinese. eo atrons personality ano apiends ¢ gourd. Pav 3 sal initia oh ia Le Jn 2807 the first | Protestant period of missionary work in Shina, beginnins with Morrison, was “necessarily a stage of ‘individualism. The | aifticulties, the Isolation and opposition AYLS , WEXR ETCUHIG 2 rani wet Los oh weve 7 vie Aonanded mon and vonen of great 1 ‘fore and. character. “they © ‘set - Lae te tN they moved on ‘their | own ‘initiative, nor were they — i castomed to. Jong aeastons {n committees, ge rting ¢ the “composi te # Wb ham ¥Oo $65.0 WES Us me. wag Pn judgment of the “gzOUD. cl By ae , Ay paring the poem ‘of Andividualion | there was ‘no “elose ALL inetiti wee O. Odi veer ya 03 % wes th. G Grae organ ization 43 Vos woxkers+ ~The aissionsry who nad learned ‘the CVLOUE PORE Date ot” he 4 ban art. of. eppesl, or ‘who bell most ‘bold, “secured the ‘largest ‘appropri ations. from the beard. pee "from friends in the “nother chureh.* hw 176 Ax. ¥ Syery Vag Was Individual 1 missionaries were po forced to ‘submit to ‘the common i @G. Yih ..236 ¥ ae) a Oe Pag. 2 oat wi. Wee Es sit ex A , Judgment of the. whole group. Each was more or teas a ‘law unto. RR Ha Bs tan [184 was mo. Lemmoer tha ingiviinel, i1..Wag. Dhe “{1) Groesbeck, Adam Fenner, "Wield Administration of Missions." Chinese "Recorder, April 1925, page ge be Gad ae to tao 5 es i ox *As a beard secretary the writer has witte aed ene ‘winattg appent poral Sertaim sehool bailéding Ubyoel mispionary) #ho was: able, to loose the purse strings of Christians in America. The school (pps we.s nee so much needed as some other equipment, but the they te Ying the building was able ‘to tap sources! of . | RORY hice wore of were e ofosed & ng other ieee Ot? ot with meds eoually FF iy in Fe a * y RS cups of Miesionery For 0 we ‘ mM . Urges’ MS Lat « ‘s hie ia 4 ). : PW hee Te. ot Wd es 4 iB ee | woe Rhye ROR g Vetrover .9e4, pee "5 Ag 18 himsel?. This chance for initiative gave rise to many commendable cis hintes which were not adequately related to the enterprise as @ whole. Such a method was haphazard, weak in continuity, in- effective and disappointing in results (1). In Canton so recently as seventeen years ago missionary work was completely dominated by individual men and women of strong personality and splendid record of service (2). The missionaries secured the greater part of the missionary money by their own appeals. The representatives of each of the several boards were grouped into organizations which were little more than fellowship groups of independent workers. The independent mission- ary accomplished much, but the day of his furlough, or of sickness and of possible death always brought the thoughtful student to the idinattigtie that effective cooperation was needed. Indeed the one man institution could not meet the demands of China. It seems obvious that the missionaries upon sensing the faults of individual- ism would seek coordination. However, the most stubborn resistance in nearly every case was met from the missionaries themselves. Yet the new policy was bound to win. The dominant factor in the Canton mission field was no longer the individual. It wae the mission. bd. Changing to the stage of field organization which in the Northern Baptist denomination dates approximately (1) Groesbeck, pereie Fenner, "Field Administration of Missions." Chinese Recorder, April 1925, page 248. (2) Kunkle, J. Stewart, "The Re-Grouping oF Mik lakene Poboon in Cantone” International Review of Missions, October 1924, page 545. 19 from the year of the Boxer uprising brought stormy times emong missiouaries who had grown accustomed to a lerge mengure of inte- pendence, In 1901 when the reel movenent toward administrative organigation begsn the plan evoked .sugh epithets as ."Jesuitism" and its promoters were charged with trying to interfere with the. work of the Holy Spirit. Dr..T..S,Barbour® who introduced the plan. wanted , to. secure symme trical development. of the whole mission and to avoid friction among the members, Dr, Barbour's plan, pro- vided for a field secretary chosen by the Board who could bring their administration to the field personally. The spirit in. which this plan was received was not, cordial. | dina pe SE the. Santon territory where thirty-six. Aenomine tional, groups were working, the. adjustment . from, Andividualism to a... denominational missionary organization was realized as not. pO the total reform needed, (1). Each denomination,was.carrying a. . program just.as if no other groups were sharing in the work. Schools, hospitals, evangelistic work were very much duplicated. Ag many as eight missions were working in a small county. .,Compe- tition was regulated by rules of comity which definitely outlined confuston re seulteds + pitere af nate cies ve methods, brought, con- fusion, and controversy could not be avoided, This situation gave rise to a demand for coordination of missions, Along with a °§. Barbour was “Soreign ‘Becretary of the. “American Beptist hvtadceiacee Missionary: cuenta de (1) Kurikle’, Je "stewart, “tthe ‘He-Crouping ‘of. “Wissionary ‘Fébods in Canton." International Review of Missions, October 1924, page 545. this demand came the expression from the Chinese that any new adjustments should take into account their desire for a church : whieh should bear decreasingly the stamp of a foreion religion. It suffices here to indicate that this is an approach to the third stage of missionary administration. Also to any that seven inde- pendent Chinese churches established by as many missions united in forming what they, call the "Church of Christ in China.” These seven churches ere Hongkong, Canton, Fukien, Amoy, Tientsin, Foochow, and Peking (1). Discussing further the second stage of administration, viz», ficld organization, the types have varied among different denominations, depending largely whether their form of government is Episcopal, Congregational or Presbyterian. Essential elements in field organization provide for a periodical meeting of repre- sentative delegates, a committee often called the "Field Committee" to act ad interim and usually there is an officer whose duties” are to superintend the whole mission. Originally in nearly all missions the Chinese were not represented in this organization. Undoubtedly in the very beginnings the elementary understanding of the new Christians furnished an excuse for this lack of repre- sentation. As missions have advanced toward stage mumber three there has been an increasing representation of Chinese. For the most part the western churches have sought to transfer their forns of ongenization and 3 ties polity to the (1) The Chines Church National Gers ane oe Conference Report, 1922, page 82. mission field. This is but natural for western churches have chosen , what seems best to them and ‘they. want to give the same te their missions. _ Western churches have not really considered ‘the confusion set up among neighboring missions by these diverse methods. os procedure. At has not seriously occurred to the western churches. that the eastern mind may, require different forms and modes from. those. on which western Christianity prosperse This 1a ok of understanding delays the echievenent of maturity of the Chinese ~-"““The common types of field organization can be evaluated by noting strong and weak points in them. 1. Elements of Strength ‘in“Field Organization. Cnity Of ord pram sere werrora « Among a group of missionaries thére should be unity. Where missionaries are organized, their efforts, their methods, their manner of living, their program of action can all conform to an aim agreed upon by the group. The work will assume proper proportions. No department will be magnified beyond its proper propor ti bi put there will be a eninge ee of the wholes &* % “"* Unity of Judgment. *" At best the missionary task is béset by sO many hard problems and by so many opportunities for error in judpment, that the composite judgment of the whole group is needed. Usually the missionary who errs most doés not seek the judgment of others and may miss the mark tragically when hé is responsible to no other © on the field. The missionary set in an oriental country, where customs, ways of thinking, standards of living, economic abilities and religious conceptions are all different certainly needs all the good judgment that can be commanded from all sources. Without doubt the chutch in China has profited by good field organization. Beonomy of workers and funds. The largeness of the task requires all the personnel and money available. Ina mission of sixty missionaries with which the writer is well acquainted, the financial organization had just grown up without systematic development. A bank cashier was sent out as the treasurer and business manager. In his first year of active service he saved more than enough to pay his first two year's expense. Where workers cooperate they may bear each other's tasks during sickness, or furloughs. In a well organized mission a smaller number of workers will accomplish as much as many more under the individualistic plan. si Opportunity for specialization. | It is tragic for a man who understands thoroughly the work of evangelism to be forced to build houses when he knows little of carpentry. The best of workers are limited in some arts and they can be assigned to the work they are best fitted to do when the field is well organized. Missionary service has of- fered many opportunities for specialization including evangelism and various types of medical, educational, industrial and social work. In a given area one man may be assigned head of the school for training ministers. Without organization this specialization would scargely.be possibdles cays fy thy of bs Westerners, who are skilled in ssa baateni have often. ik their, emphesis,.if. indeed. not. their trust, in organizations . Deluded. by, the, splendid, showing, of revolving wheels,. all was considered well, and both the missionaries.and the home chureh pronounced the mission a success. . Missionaries have ever and again been forced, back ..to, the consciousness of the supernatural. element and of living relationships with God which transcend organization as necessary ' for the building of the Kingdom... seta Ten, energetic American student - volunteers inspired, by passionate appeals for the, "Evangelization of the world in this Generation" have gone, forth like, flaming torches to convert China quickly, They, found China slow, \but money would hurry ‘the East. The West had money and so money has been used freely. . If young Christians were too poor to,,train for the ministry. their expenses were paid... If a new church ‘uilding was needed, the natural thing was to semi to America for the money and to build one quickly. Very Likely. tne, Aeaw horn | Christian community was unable or un- willing to. support, a pastor, So so. western, money .was used. This use of money, did make the machinery move, — Undoubtedly it hastened the addition of large, numbers,to the church, rolls, it. erected churches, it, made possible the establishment, of expensive church programs after the kind we have in the West and it provided for the recruiting of men for ministerial training. The Chinese and the missionaries are both. discoverins now that the church is not truly Chinese, but a western product. Pitiful attempts are being made to reduce western grants of money, but the Chinese are not anxious to pay for this foreign institution when they know the westerners are amply able to continue, We see in the course of this paper how the too free use of foreign money has stifled the initiative of the Chinese in self-support, self- govermment and self-propagation. | Western forms of worship, buildings and church program. Missionaries from the west naturally conceived of the oriental church being propagated along lines in which they had participated at home. So they proceeded to establish the same forms of church organization, of worship, of finance and doctrine as used by the mother church (1). It made little difference that the Chinese were accustomed to go singly to a Buddhist temple to worship. The western manner of Christian worship is ina church edifice of stately proportions and large enough to house the en- tire congregation at one sitting. Western denominationalism. In the west we deplore but accept denominational 4di- visions. We know how we came by them They give opportunity for various American temperments to express their religious life according to conscience and. Seriptural interpretations. (1) Exeland T., "The Relation of Mission Boards to Missi onaries.” Chinese Recorder, January 1921. 25 iy ey wisstowpt WORM! only’ be nataral for Chinese Christians to | develop vart bas’ dnsepts OF God.” Undoubtedly the Ghristian church df China in’ the ages to” come will allow tor various’ typ on on oer Ligidus experience! ‘Bat 1b is’ inconceivable ‘hee the division made” ‘by the Civil” war th’ Ameriéan shurches “would be weaning? for tne 1iFe of ‘chinese Christians. | ‘Wherever ‘our ‘Aenomtnctionaiton ». est Pat Hag’ madd Chri btian “unity more Grziowit in Chine it is a distinct weaimess. It “is” ‘Feared that. esters vskea have prized ‘more , highly ‘the thought of b prosperous: Chinese! branch of “their denomi - nation in ‘Giitnn “tad: tnéy have of a church” ‘tn ‘China that “18 truly ding demesoership inoxsases, raking. goo4. atatistical meporta,, Sut 4% ont Straint ‘of ‘Chinese ‘initiative, 9° ‘he (Ome Witimate Yaeal of all missionaries has been the saving aud deVeloping of ‘Chinese for the Kingdon ‘Of God.” Seven those missionaries who hastened out- “to ‘Cndna to tusk’ a ew brant s fromthe ‘burriing hoped ‘their doliverts would develop | Cnet stian strength. The hissiondries have ‘been ‘Wetins of the. situation ™ Which Weceuise "Or the ‘Yhmatlkity of ‘the Chinese made it seem ase for’ tel! to dawiing’ w pavernky wbrithae.” Chinese inttietive ae not’ given free opportunity for’ development. | “only, by the’ exercise of shth Opportunity cota’ the chinese ‘deverop a “church truly thet r owit. “UP Ys true that’ iiss tonaries’ trained Chinese ay leadership and” Pave’ them Seemingly “wide: dpportunities. “But the missionary used’ the” privite ge Se exerdising final cohtrol. “Chinese were to *EPtbRh Maccnerssnne Kiibi the plane. efokMemisetepaaren 1Sberics." +. Vi q Chinese Recorder, danvaxry Leki,» 26 missionary employed the Chinese. If the Chinese insisted on a different interpretation of Scripture or insisted on a method of work unapproved by the missionary, was not the outcome inevitably his separation from the mission? This situation bred among Chinese, a very unfortunate disease, namely, "the habit of follow- ing missionaries rather than Chinese." (1) In reality miss ion-~ aries in the true sense are the helpers of the Chinese, giving them the necessary help in the achievement of Christianity. What missionary has not been guilty of referring to the Chinese as "his helpers," or “his assistants?" This policy has been product- ive of membership increases, making good statistical reports, but it has not developed the leadership essential for the growth of the indigenous. church. eer. « | Ce The Board dealing with missionaries and Chinese in equal authority. In the third stage of administration the board of control deals with both missionaries and Chinese. The process of merging from mission to Chinese church is a delicate one. No standardized method has ever been used. Every situation demands separate treatment. Conditions such as the attitude, good judg- ment and skill of the missionary, the wish of the constituency of the home church, the position taken by the board of control, the maturity of Chinese leadership including the early years of preparation for the indigenous chureh all guage the ease and rapidity of the transition. The nationalistic spirit of the (1) Ekeland, P., "fhe Relation of Mission Boards to Missionaries.” Chinese Recorder, January 1921. soe. - . 4 Chinese people forces us to believe that this third stage will be successfully negotiated and the fourth stage entered. The third — phage: wadon was entered noticeably after 1900 is not "past history," for both westerner and Chinese Christian leaders are endeavoring - to relate Christianity to the Chinese mini. The third and fourth stages will be elaborated upon throughout the succeeding chapters. However, the fourth stage is to a considerable extent a matter for experiment. 3. Policies of Mission Boards Toward Devolution. Every missionary society maintains e certain aim or ideal for its work. This aim or policy does much to shape the final result. Questions involved in this aim are such as ;: 1. Is it purposed to build local branches of the parent church in China, or to establish an independent national church? 2. Have parent churches wished to give ecclesiastical independence to new Chinese churches? 3. Should there be formal organizations of missionaries or should all functions of foreign societies find expression in | the indigenous churches? 4, If the China work is set up on the basis of a dual organization with both mission and church, how shall the devolution of power proceed from the mission to the ehurch so as to instill the greatest stalwartness and independence into the Chinese church? The aim has not always been clearly defined. It cannot be stated concisely for each denomination for the policies have been progressive. os ike © Americ 0, ard. ; ne 13% ive). mem bey eh 3 arak wa pls ps By bonehead thebry: evey” rte nigh has. ‘You ve aetat LHe Sea VaRAE The” cone eption of an independent church in China developed quit’e early. Th 1e26° thé American Board approved a statement, 9 ‘portion of which, reads: tg do “they, (the. Bosra) expeot, to furnish ‘any a det Geek ee preachers for. mi GORE Tne RS gonp iht1O0s¢ Heathen nations must be rendered inde- pendent of hristi mdiom.for their r @lirious teachers as soon as inte a ‘In no other way can’ this be done than by endeavoring to raise up men in every. piace. “.t.“ 7, who may be ordained as. sight of the churchés.* (1) cooly ~ Rofus, ‘danaerson,” a great. “Gonstrustive. American missionary sates PRE POST APEEY Ot, $P*, drercesy..Bgard, for. haar by ss oUF b. years, issued 6 comprehensive statement woicgh was embodied in the Annual Report. (of. the. ema Board, for 1856, a section of which reads: BO a Ee, Ce eae pee a a CaS Peek Lan | ae? & Le Vw Se Che gee Des "ag we vconeluei the. «a ‘ec: wliptombis seine re simplest , _ yeah ws ‘shall find that it embraces 1. the conversion of organizing them into.churches, $. giving, tho oe dort aban 8 Mompetent: hees ¥e ministry, ana h: ho Renate” then i bbe. ghoae.¢ - Be gpentangs and. {in some, cases, ) of, me lla lnc fi 9) kedone1t y the labors of a missionary ‘society will terminate when its churches shell have. phen pne self-subsistent, but generally it must carry Its work to’the point of reliable s¢lf-development. Then, and not, till, then, may.it advance te, "regions, beyond..”..(2) * P ar, re UF WEA ro B Et B ig pS of peilieiniighi: in the Church of the Brethren is nost ed. ?P @ « The policy of missions wb cR ABD AT Bir Ee cU oor? Lhe hemmeus pour ok wag Stated _American Board of Commissioners abe on a ea0° Con ES 5) (1) eat More aeeers Euat ong: poe ‘ C2) es apis ait ie es “< 7 3088 Sin BORES.0Cconmtaeionore, Zoreden 29 as follows: "Po the end that the native membership may be trained and encouraged in every sood work, the missions shall be on the alert to develop leaders for all lines of church work from the Christians of their number." (1) | 4 mission is defined as follows: "A mission consists of all the missionaries appointed by the General Board in a particular country or within certain specified territorial limits. A native convert may become a missionary if recommended by the mission, the General Board and confirmed by Annual Conference." (1) In the organization of the Mission, a Field Committee is to be elected. The Board's manual states, "Missionaries only shall be eligible to serve on said committee." (1.1) On this basis a Chinese convert could only serve on this committee if he had attained the status of a missionary. These foregoing de- Gisions of the General Mission Board have been modified as we shall note in chapter five. It seems clear that the Board did not give large consideration to the question of devolution of ad- ministration, preferring to meet the situation when it arose. ‘Tle Church of the Brethren has worked in China since 1908. The term mission, strictly speaking, applies only to the missionaries, but in actual practice the name has been used loosely to embrace the entire work of both Chinese and foreign Christians. ce The Methodist Episcopal Church. The General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal (1) Missionary Menual of the General Mission Board, Church of the Brethren, page 56. mines , (1.1) Missionary Manual of the General Mission Board, Chureh of the Brethren, page 46. 30 church made no early official oe acy: of its ideal for the ee | AAD 5 et Ms 8 Weed ars, Hee i Wit A, : at - Pap Po, re ae ey chur che Pigheme ry after ‘the. “work of any group of nissionaries has passed its aniviet. stage @ regular Annual Confer- ence ate eee te organized. “thie Book of Discipline calls thie organization a “aission,” » but the Bad ape is something broader than the techni cal definition of ‘that term. The ethodists ‘chose ‘to develop their ‘ehuréh in Ching, working £ from within, not only ‘seclestasticalty, but _sdmind stratively. ek > May be eons | Bishop Bashford speaking before the General Conference “fn America “tn: PLB: said o po ad ne $4.90 | Par on OA Bil be, mans i"Theo whole , ‘teendias: motern, ‘history. dee ee world wide ‘affiliattons;:.. -; sv Thevkey , toy the 20th. century is internat ional- “fem, ses°+ 1G whlbibesa ‘thousand pities if+.- - Methodism - - - ‘should attempt ‘to reverse the »Divine: Providence, ani abandon her ‘birthright embodied in John: Wesley's motto, "The world is my ‘parish, and begin the organization of a national church for China. --=-- Hence we are glad to report that after free discussion of the national as over against the universal church, the Central Conferenee for China on the eloquent appeal of a Chinese states- man that the Chinese Methodists keep the cross above the flag and maintain their seat around the family hearth stone voted over- whelmingly against the national conception and for the maintenance no Methodists of their birthright in ecumenical Methodism." The situation in the Methodist church has varicd at different. times, but in general we may say the aim was not for an ecclesiastically independent Chinese church, but rather an organi- zation that knew no national boundaries. Methodism's ideal was to secure active self-support and active self-propagation, but , Gia not emphasize active self-government as an end in itself. It L ae AIG. oh PULL $100 ot tae Re bi hes. Fs is the +m of: the: Methodist Ep tissopal, enureh, ‘that, there. should Vitidin. Lotter te. Mexiean li ag OH OY Whe Theat O2 Vawead Kigsions of the Pre abyt rien Ghaxrck im (1) Board of Yorelat Missions of the Methodiet Makenapal’ Ghureby ” General Conference Journal, 1912, page 979. be no discrimination in the choice of a bishop because of race or colores (1) i d. The Presbyterian Church in U. Se A» A statement of the policy of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian church in the U. S. Ae, indicates that the Board recognized the expediency of independent national Chinese churches. The Board's position as stated in regard to Mexico may be considered indicative of its policy Yor China: "The ideal which the Board cherishes earnestly is the ideal of a united and independent national Church among each people - a Church in which all true believers in Christ would be united in one body, fulfilling its own functions of self- maintenance, self-government, and self-extension - - - The Board heartily rejoices in each step which the Church may take toward the further attainment of the ideal which it cherishes toy itself and which the Board unreservedly cherishes for it," 2 . | (1) Board of Foreign Mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church. General Conference Journal, 1896, page 380, 1900, page 421. (2) Officiel Letter to Mexican Mission by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. June 15, 1908. SL SE, _ dettual end More’ " “tne” “taea of an “autonomous “indigenous church pre- ennEe nes certain essential “fountetion facts. A suscessful re- iwiéwal ba cold ation s bry “public ‘gan. ‘only exist when there is. ‘a high’ degree ‘or Literacy, a a * wh £% @ terry , heey eae) | RES HS +4 4 a desire for “Qemocracy, & predominating spirit of rignteousnsss ‘and “justice end ‘a Leadership adequate ‘for. ‘the ask’ tn this ‘ hapeer’ rit, * ee Yee Dh we we aim to note certain essential factors whose presence or absence 7 he i > tHe gs br et “measure the abiitty =} ‘the Chinese | ehur oh to ‘take ‘the’ ‘burden ‘of de a6 Lie “f litie the 7 “administration ‘from ‘the Felulenavan ° imong the most important fact . > tS t, “ “one way. be ‘included, 5 vital christian faith and experience, 2 Leadership, 3, ‘desire ‘for autonomy, “te numerical growth and 5. “Literature. mired trom varistian: stien for avinelvia ax peso ag ae By Guristientty we mean two things, ‘¢iyst, the Divine “Tite ia men rh» in human society ‘through Yesus christ, and second- ire Eo} ty, the expression of ‘that ate ‘in human foms. * one’ boay of a. re ‘Christians « collectively express ry divine ice ‘throug an organ- mines Pew S & od i198 “tzed ‘Yas trrune nt the Church. rt is eposed, to “transfer the ‘Fesponsi- 6 * sy at “bility. for ‘this. ‘organized lite to the Chinese. Before ‘this is - &. “done we. should inguire into ‘the spirituel growth of the Chinese. kre they ‘conscious of the Divine Life ‘through Yesus Christ? “Have th : - 4 " “they had @ vital christian experience? ‘Bo they maintain an abid- eae 4 Ang faith? i ihineas Christian seal, virile enough to ‘sopply the beepers to» a Pred 2316 te % 2 wary) 1 Fon von ap 8 “motive force for the Chinese y Be | ts the ure of @hinese Ohrt ah en. Lite shaigee from the ‘Ampersonel , ‘pantheistic, “nature eonception of, Deity, to a, personal, Ons the. Rathay of Jesus and (Of all, men? iy ry hinds,.."Bew aite pax ‘y ha 5 re nm China." Isis a % - ane " bt ay re * ei tera . “woe a x coe um 4 | ® _ rey a bs uy so ? « te Yh 4 Ph Py hae ¥ | ~ ey 7 — ey 43 Oo} Mars, SAW, tL WS A 2 OA eee, DARE Bare a. Spiritual and Moral Strength. Iucius C. Porter (1) writing about Chinese in- dividual regeneration says, a book should be written about the twice born men and women of China (1). He tells the story of a man and a woman both products of mission schools, who were married and reared to adult years four sons and a daughter all of whom have come to know Christ in a personal way and in his strength set out to serve China. Mr. Porter tells the story as typical of many similar instances. The Chinese have a tradition for personal loyalty, but they have acquired from Christianity a devotion for principle and cause. Mary Ninde Gamewell tells of the tablet in Martyr's Hall, Shanghei where the names of nearly two thousand Chinese Christian martyrs are inscribed and the list is not complete (2). Chinese Christians have persistently been dubbed "rice Christians," on the supposition that their faith was held for economic reasons. The steadfastness of the Boxer Christians in the face of death when in most cases recantation would have saved them not merely made impossible the opprobrious epithet but established the fact of their faith and vital Christian experience. Edwin Marx, writing in the 1924 China Year Book (3) gays there is abundant testimony that those in China professing the Christian faith have secured a firm grasp on its essential (1) Porter, Lucius 0., "China's Challenge to Christianity." 1924, (2) Gamewell, Mary Ninde, "New Life Bo hg China." 1919, page 191. (3) Marx, Edwin, "China Mission Yearbook." 1924, page 93. meaning and have acquired a real personal: experience of it. .%" yovemen’ Henry) 2s Hodgkimy*inesa sermon (1) /saiad theshope of the Chinese church is not merely in)thée ability or characters of her» leaders; butiin thevfact that ‘menyopeople; soften quite ordinary people ,havereome ‘into 1a Living personalknowledge of God through Jesus Christ. © He stated ithat he hadsrepeatedly met such Chinese Christians iwho were mot .copies, but swere the real: things Dr. Hodgkin»walso stated) he -was:aware of many Christians who :hadodis- gtaced their profession, butethat the virile Christians were ade~ quate tolay the foundations» for aoChinese .churchs , -tiien. The rgeneraleculture of theyChinese ministry» cannot ‘de. claimed as ¢qual to the foreign clergy, but there are a.numbercof well te ducatedomenyrgraduates: both: in arts and: divinity, whoy (os for no monetary sain and inspite of \considerable) financial at- traction elsewhere: cladly serve the ‘church \aseministers (2). Loo (orbs (Weaknesscin Spiritual and Moral Life. ‘he Incdanvary 01926; .acconferencescalled by the 1 National. Christian Gouné@il méetcoat ‘Shanghaix ‘The outstanding: : question: was whether or notthe spiritual life of the Christian: movement ‘in China is sufficiently ‘potent to meet othe rising tides of nationalism and mental .awakeningrin China (3)8 Itowas felt», that mechanicel «routine -has:hurried, ifenot crowded out direct tenetabsy ntttistine tering. O5tlandd igedeteli y= clnentnkewd otmate a } +c : e oo 7 me ai (I) Metin teary ee ‘cndi@ in the Midst." Chinese Recorder, January 1923, page 35. (2). National Christian : gry Report. ‘of Commi sions: 11922, 1922, page 179ees Lvs, (3) Editorial, "A Search for a New Christian Program in China." Chinese Recorder, February 1926, page 77. abril ames ace spiritual potency was not the characteristic of the Christian movement in China uppermost in the minds of the Chinese. Commission I. of the 1922 National Christian Conference in China, which studied the "Present state of Christianity in = China," agreed that a fundamental weakness of the world wide church, but especially in China is a shallowness of spiritual apprehension and insight into Christianity. Chinese do not. dig deep enough into Christianity to experience its real essence. In moral matters some professing Christians give short weight, practice usury, are not careful to tell the truth, tolerate super-. stition, do not abstain from gabling and intemperance, and fail to detach themselves from the practice of polygamy (1). While most of these sins are not uncommon among Christians of any land their prevalence in China does not let the church stnad out sufficiently clean from the sins of non-Christians. ; 2. Leadership for the Indigenous Church. The missionaries have ever purposed to develop an in- digenous leadership. The widom and ingenuity of the missionary has always been taxed to know how, to secure and train this leader- ship. In the pioneer period leadership was selected from the more zealous and intelligent members of the local congregation. The missionaries have endeavored to train leadership in the mission schools. Some of the difficulties of securing recruits are the obstructionist policy followed by some of the older pastors (1) The National Christian Conference Report of Commission. 1922, pages 196, 198. against younger men,,the, conditions of self-denial, limitations as) to, duitiative and authority. and imperfect relations with the missionaries (1) + .Ne -can,consider the question of leadership ‘from three angle s- , .a-,The present, supply, De The present needs. ¢« Factors in developing leadership. 9... |, ai Claimed wmemtag PppsentsSupplye : a naw era tu thw Bevelnttos wide ig hs «(The world Missionary Atlas numbers the total staff of ea helesliertdiaes workers at 27,133. Of these 1,966 are ordained men, 18,166 wnordained men, and, 6,846 women (2) — The: inerease,of Chinese workers has-been,amazing,, In 1907 the Z Chinese. salaried workers. outnumbered the foreign. workers ‘s ‘to ones, In. 19134, three, to, one, and in 19ee,, six. to one. (3). ‘The _ reaction of: the. Christian, teaching. is.produging men, who stand | beside: anyyin, the, world (4) +, Among the. produc ts. of Chri stian | schools: who, stand. high,may, be. mentioned. Dr» Sze. and Dre Koo, Chinese ministers: to, Washington, and London,, lr, Brae Koo, China’: Ss representetive, to. the, recent. Geneva opium conference, "tre, Magi Yui, representative to ‘the. ,Mashinaton, ArRB, conference, and Dr. Wang vho is Ondane'n, are aentenire on, dhe, pened, of suiges of the International Court jat the, Hague (5)6 ojo. 9 | ity WAR wt Se Bi witty ew y e ey heap Fed ay Nettona Christian ‘véaberends.* * Repai't of Commission. sshaice (2) “WoRla ise tonary digeeedo2s"3 es Mes bi. cy a. Warhand et bi (3) Marx; Edwin hina oat here ) 1 (4) Hodgkin, Henry T., "A Child 2 haat Pe ek Recordér, January hg page 35. 5) eer paet ged oe. Avnet »- "Contribution of . ecneiatts Education (2) National. Ghrietian ots China in, gareeet ‘Christian Education." » page .3¢ 49 Heal Se oth a le hee cs!) 2 bee ol Wie the} In 1922 more than half of the twelve hundred delegates to the National Christian Conference were Chinese. ‘These in- cluded men with high degrees. Men who could speak English better than the missionaries could speak Chinese. The mission- aries recognized with joy the rising Chinese leadership and pro- claimed 1922 as the beginning of a new era in the devolution of missionary administration (1). | b. Present Needs. In the face of splendid leadership existing the commission on Leadership in the 1922 National Christian Confer- ence stated that no greater problem confronts the Chinese church today than securing training and maintaining adequate leadership. The types of pastors needed were given as, 1. spiritual leaders, 37 2. intellectual leaders, 3. congregational leaders, 4. evangelists, ~ 5. directors of religious education and 6. leaders of union effort. The commission did not feel able to reduce to figures, the number needed, but declared the present supply totally inadequate (2). Ge Factors in Developing Leadership. Two distinct fnotors enter into the training of Chinese leadership, the Chinese to be trained and the missionary who trains. Back of the former is a constituency of Chinese, probably unsympathetic and with many traditions at variance with the Christian ideal. Back of the missionary is a mission and a Fleming, D. J., "Whither Bound in Migsions." 1925, page 157. } ) National Christian Conference, "Report of Commission." IV | 1922, page 549. home church which may.or may not maintain an attitude helpful,in developing a-leadership that can take over the supervision of the ‘Chinese .church., T,;T, Lew,in an address, before the ‘Peking, Missionary, Association (1) suggests afew propositions on the». cd eee sie ie mecca Ce ae eee eT be Low | hee se ee Nee ree ipa ade Rott gin Be ag nti as bre cope ier a ‘or Chinese churches there has developed « very tccorvanste.disena f following the ¢ missionszies rather, than the Chinese... Fe a : ¢ at fue! Gan ie hie 5 P of Ching Wp af \ ri ; < Dsih eg N Ke a! Plt ee = “Ae Tj er tN Gee oe ing ys : ; Fa ai, ome NRG wd (Aa rate shucttt-- 2 A ld oh eden os we “ft ay ! -) UN A Ep a re ia ie ca ta Sy: ide» ibaa br * ah , “te vee wah ; ay, Po hs ‘ ; mauih hy NF es : , A a h : Ta, i . | 39 Dr. John R. Mott in a conference at Shanghai in January 1926, spoke of the rising tide that exists in the Chinese church (1). The transfer of administrative responsibility from the foreign missionaries to the Chinese church could not be effected ‘if the latter were unwilling. The desire is of primary importance. . Meany difficulties confront the Christian movement in China. ‘The way shead is not clear. If perhaps the goal is definite the way to it is at least not obvious. | K. 7. Chung, Secretary of the National Christian Council of China after traveling in eight provinces of China and touching thirty-three cities, states his impressions of the yearnings of the Chinese church under three points (2). ' @ A Desire to see Christ. There is a craving for the reality of Christian faith. From where is the strength of the Christian church to come if not borne out of a vital experience with Christianity. There is a yearning to see Christianity with their own spiritual eyes and seeing Him through the eyes of the foreign missionaries is not sufficient. jE ee ae Oe (1) Wei, Francis, "Waking Christianity Live in China." Chinese : Recorder, February 1926, page 120. (2) Chung, K. T., "The Yearnings of the Chinese Gta »" China Mission Yearbook, 1926, page 86. 40 they thoogd. A Search«for « fhe spiritual experiences of China have been ° carried from generation:to generation by a Buddhistic and Con- fucian Literature.» The Gospel ought to: be preached in the language of the people.” Not only in Chinese, but. in a wey that the spirit- ual mind of Chinese,can understand. Chinese can do this for Chinese when once China develops a Chinese Moody, a Chinese Wesley ,° or a@:Chinese’ Mott... The Chinese Church is''yearnine for & daring application of Christianity to meet the needs of rural life, home industry and of the intellectual group. Chinese pastors and leaders need to be ennobled and memorialized by the Chinese. ey Am Effort to Builé up a Representative Chinese Church. Bverywhere the questions are being asked, "What isthe status of the’ Chinese church?" "What is the relationship of church and mission?” These questions touch ‘the whole problem of finding an adequate expression for spiritual aspirations. | This desire for autonomy is not a selfish seeking after power and authority, bus a pret hovel opment, of the. spiritual and physical Bayes ae MAN e vt eK taht mr One of the “iran Se aadinad word from the Chinese Chris- reefeae in one of its missions, not long ago, that the Chinese had decided the. Sine: mama ‘poae8 for ee to” ‘take. Over, the whole. manage - ment of the work of, the mission wm, ca the conviction had been hg dn upon then. scadt these could ‘not be a Chinese church until (1) Present Situation in China and its Significance for Christian Missions. 1925, page 236 they themselves assumed responsibility for conducting its affairs. | They still want the missionary, but, Shey want him no longer to direct affairs, but to assiste These aspirations of the Chinese are paying the way for the transfer of missionary administration to the Chinese church. 4, Numerical Growth. The Chinese Protestant churches give 402,539 as the figure for their membership, but these are all communicants. In~ eluding the persons under Christian instruction and the children of Christian families the Protestant Christian community numbers 795,075 (1). | The usual estimate of China's population is 400,000,000. The Christian Community constitutes only a fraction of one per- cent of the population. Can the influence or ability of the Christien church be estimated on the basis of numbers? It will freely be admitted that Christianity has exerted an influence in China quite out of proportion to the number of church members (2). | Commission I of the National Christian Conference in 1922 reported the growth in numbers of Christian Communicants as follows (3) | (1} World Missionary Atlas. 1925, page 77. (2) Porter, Lucius, "China's Challenge to Christianity, 1924, page 182. (3) National Christian Conference. 1922, pages 82, 144. hia (42 Yoar _ Communicants — Net Increase Ratio of Growth AUK RVLOM BROW. & ake LeaSeeot TRAN in. FOuUwwer CnNUuPehneesy ‘1814. » 1842~ G2ALOCLOe 26 2640 oF Fhe O2cer may 1857 less ‘than 500 187Phich they arelEgS1ge> reedy. 1889. 32,287 51900terature. 85 ,000 74,713 127% (11 yr. period) 1906 178,251 93,251 109% ( 6 ‘yr. period) 1910 Pyv@gh GhhIZeee2uge Chrietieaen Literature is 1913 207,747 29,496 16% ( 7 yrs period) LOlé4ws cannot OBES, OOos emo Lee a7 »556 I. VOOCOMLE 3% eh IU ELS 1915 268 , 652 15 ,652 6% WIRES thers ic B2QBPlSG amount of ChREzee7 oki. ant git 1917 312,970 | 18,831 6% LGLGeblie for Ltsgeptation, The 1982,00e14 iiss iozog; 1920 $66,000 21,126 6 YEeSSied saat wh 402,539 sehen Of ChIB6 pSSSe.uoat | ox: 9% (1) - othe overwhelming majority of contemporary environment “being non-Christian will undoubtedly act as a wéicht to Christian ‘Ldeals. But from the ‘standpoint of numbers wé’s¢e No reason why the Chinese church is not strong enoumi “to achieve éavoneuy. slates \\eFoursfifths China's Christians are possessed of less: othan twenty-five years ‘experience in the Christian life. “Many” have phad: less ‘than ténsyears’ Christian experience. This ‘lack. Of maturity isa factor ‘requiring consideration in placing the ‘responsibility of othe church ‘on ‘shoulders so .young. ‘Timothy Tt. Lew writing in the Chinese Recorder (2): says; leadership needs oto be gradually developedvand ripened. ‘There are cases where ® experienced men get impatient with beginners. In the older Christian communities possessing mature 1 neneEey devolution in imbeod iano via We eOGI'O “(Q)- ‘Worla. ii oe data xe Atlas. 1925, “page “Te 2) Lewy Taecfape"fraining»:of the Future Leaders of the Chinese Church.” Chinese Recorder, March 1921, page 165. se on % be in cM oe ’ i * 3 ee ee Pe ae eee ene , | 4 e%F yey wl yy, ‘ 4 m Ghee "f zs ¢ “ae eae P : ‘6 a ty BE Mat) Le elk ich yet ited ET abe a Ca “Y if a Bee A a, as ior te Mud se vB aed FY al ? ae a ~ 2, a. * v Vy mt ‘ fo we ce ae HS ee oe whe kn Ooh eH c'} te pee entry? tte -53 . Aun 2 whe a EF $k ro VOQAT BAR 8 % Rik BR Ey Of ELT. Re EA ae Pile! » > EM Yee te ‘ed i OP ei Tun é or pea wy t*7 tp te I : or ocr L oeg Nad pata t i a ae ag Bi dd, oe ebay ey TS, SP te Sue Mm We LE ay nt bof MOB, ch oe SER Rt ; ad ' ‘Sean es 008, HRY IE én eh Su aaa ba TENA ES SPO Sa wt re dept AL a ore ah eae gp ttl ee tpl ihn bin the sath adie ioe, administration should take place faster than in younger churches. The younger following the lead of the older may undertake tasks for which they are not yet ready. | 5. Literature. Fresh challenging Christian Literature is so important that we cannot conceive of the Chinese church becoming indigenous unless there is a goodly amount of Chinese skill ana initiative available for its production. The 1910 World Missionary Conference reported that the whole system of Chinese education and the train- ing of the Chinese mind discouraged independent thought. The capacity is there, but the unquestioning attitude of acceptance of the past did not make the Chinese an inquisitive shholor (1). iT, G. Chao writing in the Chinese Recorder for 1925 states that the Chinese church does not have an indigenous liter- ature. He refers not to propagandist writings but to literature that presents the truths of Christianity to enrich the lives of those within the church as well as to evangelize those outside. He notes a dearth of literature that has life, which is: touched by a throbbing Chinese heart and can touch other Chinese hearts because it comes out of the subtle life material of the ancient Chinese blood (2). He feels a need for literature having a sense of triumph and leisure, a feeling of composure, and an assurance of intellectual beauty which western Christians are unable to produce in Chinese. as aa (1) The Church on the Mission Field. Report of Commission II Edinburg World Missionary Conference. 1910, page 259. (2) Chao, T. C., "fhe Indigenous Church.” Chinese Recorder August 1925, page 502. pees Gta ee a ak er ere a A re ee 9. Salat Be a PRS MEY + MRE NS pe pin pearsan AST a ee — ari i I re . en ; a 44 IVs BOVYZBEGTS TOWARD BRVOLOVION TR ADMEPIOTHAT LOR Elijah S. Nieh writing in the 1924 China Year Book, Le Reoperation tor Devolutiden by Nimes edie t also deplores the fact that 1rtératur “production has been domi- Kiaglonarias have from. the ‘ell inci tat batore thake nated by the foreigners, but says Christian schools have fostered ninda with taryion dogreus of clearness, Pub on. tue whole witn Chinese expression in literature and as a result li erary talent substantial unenimity . che. future Gainese. eet eG ¢ ae A a 3 Sys) weed of } AA. GP te Maa 44 Sah te Ge A OR Ee eee Bee Rea? ee ry 4 “ns a ene Sh YGARS OMe oe (wey “dnad’ “writing ‘in’ ‘the: “higust {925° Chinese Redoraer, says the ‘iuroh “urgently needs an "sndtgenous ministry. ‘nine * church has.not trained men that have sufficient. gag ol oe their ow civilization, and ‘that understand the génius of ‘their own, culture and.heritage," “It. has made. them, “halt @ US "he chureh has not dreaned. before et there ute * te oe ane an indigenous .church .and. ther oe has not pr d.an indigenous i ie to meet the situation it now fades.” (2) as Sy - - - a4 An ¥ i ah <4, Yh The foregoing ‘sritieiens represent’ the pessial stio side of the ‘preparation by nissionartes for devolution of admini- stration. It is quite’ gommon for more to ‘be written’ ‘abéut “the lis of a situation ‘that ‘its’ perfections. The ‘Polrowlag pe pages of this “chapter wilt show “Ena the ‘great bulk of ‘aisstonary. seated effort is sincerely in the direction or a indigenous ehurch. ne’ Poxing iis si onary Association on November 17, 1925, pnnees eenolutions “which faelud oa" ‘the: “étiéwne statenent, tHe aré in full.sympathy with, the.efforts,of the Chine 9) le found, .. a, ‘truly Ialigensus: ‘Chinese Christian ¢ anon ca Gs th ae 1d mage the Chinese anurin weak and 2 three Hationel Conferences. the: souperative spizit has. Ring 'seseie @urine” ‘the “ r } ia ps , DY sy o> shy, ae 4 pe 4 i + Ys ure , ae EM te & de | i gs Pe HES; 4 cm) LOt rie y fe 3 FLL t Hy 2 LOT. is THs rok e $P » rae | 4 Wr. A. a (1) Reese, We Someent Persona Relations Between Missionaries aie aad ese. Wa skerse" peta ae nae ae S26 (3) chee stil ibs “ a ro a seek e Pou ’ ‘page 499 © i ' (3) Pek ng ete Association, "Resolutions." Chinese Recordet, December 1925, page 238. last quarter of a century in three national conferences which are landmarks in the progress of the Chinese chtireh. They are the Morrison Centenary Conference of 1907, thé Sianghai National Missionary Conference of 1913, and the Shanghai National Christian Conference of 1922. o | | “© gl the Morrison Centenary Conference 1907. whas e@onference was composed of delegates chosen from practically every missionary society working in China. It was a great celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the beginning of Protestant Christian effort. in Chinae ‘When we are tola that it was a meeting of missionaries only, we natural ly wonder why the Chinese dia not participate. There was no schism between missionaries and Chinese Christians, for remarkable as it seems, neither of them were conscious of the incongruity of the absence of participation by the national Christians. This statement made by Fletcher Brockman in the October 1924 Inter- national Review of Missions seems almost unbelievable, especially since the one outstanding issue before the conference was cooper- ation (1). bn Ag fhe loud clamoring for nationalism of 1926 was just as conspicuously absent in 1907. The persecution of the Manchu and riatoule SP the “14tevatt tat Wane the oninese church wen and timid. Probably this situation should also be orédited to a paternal type of missionary administration. The church, while (1) See ape ara ‘Christian’ a he in China.” Interna view of ‘Missions, October 1924, Page ie, ? quite. existent, was was,a. thing, to be mothered, ‘rather than to give § self, éenvenstaiis , eyes who were a powr for Christ _ dn any. national,sense,were unknown. Neth iw | ‘ _ The. conference being cons¢ious. of, the. folly of over=" aaatiay recommended that. different sections ofthe same denomi- -national, family mite.) The.pertinency of this suggestion is. -made obvious by knowing there, were, six varieti es. of Presbyterians, five.of Anglicans, and.of Methodists six, each with a different name .in. Chinese, The suggested changes have largely materialized. This conference was.the beginning of: the cooperative spirit which _gave-birth.to,.cooperation in, the Peking, Union, Nanking, Fukien, and, Shantung: Universities. :'. ‘he cont Conference of «1913. ‘~The Shanghai, Conference was a direct outgrowth of | the Edinburg, Seotland World Missionary Conference of 1910... Edinburg, conference. was a notable gathering of representatives of missionary. socleties of all lands, met to: -consider cooperation pand, the »pro jection of the Gospel in ‘iunoccupied fie lass: This con- ference appointed a continuation, committee to continue the good work of the conference. The committee faced ‘the need for better relations between (the missionary agencies.on the home fields and. the leaders ofthe church im: the mission:fields. To: rrovide for: tne ‘ealling « ‘of. the! next: ‘national. ‘Suen trans? oni “? . Bag} ae a ye ff in, an & ’ wee min eet . AG’ Couned1- is elected i by the. “National. christian Cone: ne id Be, ey 2 Peas “* Ws v #o Ae on go “eae wa oe ny Chey © 4 “¥ Sb ss py: ee (ob OF a ference," it holds en” enna meeting, gets: its expense budget trom the clmzehes and indivi dua) givers of Chine and abrosds At the. eatigtaotery ag Le 1922 conference the so dy the deaienen of mest. of. its com-= ie mittees, - » two! owe ef four. a ake ats reo gperastye ph ade Foi mi pall sulky y EOu: 3 ME L2G Se rae ig 5 Pur Ut ~ page OF4. a majority of the delegates were Chinese. This indicates that the Chinese are assuming an increasing share of the responsibility for the diréction of the church. The Council is young and will prove its usefulness as the years go bys b. The Council at Work. May 30, 1925, a striking Chinese workman was shot by a Japanese mill owner in Shanghai. This event added highly inflamable material to the smouldering fires of anti-foreign feeling in China. Because the church is still so largely spon- sored and dominated by Churches of western nations which have unequal treaties with China, Christianity received its full share of opposition. The National Christian Council took prompt action in speaking a Christian message outlining the Christian position in the light of the event of May 30. A section of their message dealing with the transfer of mission authority is perti- nent here (1). In the last place, should we not seriously consider what the state of organized Christianity in China is today? There are more than one hundred separate Christian organizations which are by no méans all working harmoniously together. We see traces of misunderstanding, jealousy, strife, and ill feeling among them. May we pause for a moment also to consider the re- lationship existing between the churches and missions. Are they happy? Do we see clearly how the transfer of the work - - if such transfer is possible or desirable - - from the missions to the churches is to be made? Have not the missions, as a whole, carried too much ecclesiastical baggage over from the West? Do our troubles arise - - if we are troubled at all - ~ from real Christianity itself or from this excessive baggage? In short, is the organization of Christianity as we find it in China today satisfactory and satisfying? Or, in view of the situation here, (1) National Christian Council, "Message Adopted by the Executive Committee, July 16, 1925. Chinese Recorder, August 1925, page 524. do we feel the need of certain changes in it which may be more peng en. to" the’ 2 misty signe people’ in’ China?’ If so,“ what changes? _is it not hich time for us quickly, sincerely, humbly, before God ~to- find out Gracaseas: chdageisaytdn ieee tha’ Ohi nabs bob SER MRA , With diligence press forward and onward toward our ultimate goal? “We must preserve ana utilize’ the best of our Christian inheritance, and, while faithful fe od's World, be courageous to, discard those “extraneous things which are of no ‘real value today! Certainly, we should retain the best ete ta the Christianity from ‘the West) and agaih we’ should hesitate to incorporate into the” dife of the Chrigtian Church in Ching the mest helpful and. inepir- “ing eleménts of Chiness* civilization: Such’ a commingling of the best of different civilizations not only will not obscure the “face of otf Father in heaven but will surely reveal His very °~ nature to us in clearer and more forceful ways. ‘The churches and “missiots should at thé éarliest $oasible moment’ make’sa most eriti- Gal but constructive study of o eitedabeatthr tke eee “in Chine today and “introduee those ¢hanses which will make the Christian way gf 23h 8 Bees effective, helpful and better in accord with the°-ideals and practices of Chinese Llifes™ —” “O° eces OS Phe Counehl is taking action’ to strengthén thé work of “$he Chinesé church on all linés where interchurch work can be dor without disagréement)” The 1925° China Mission Year Book cives peports of its several Lines of Kétivity.s’® ~S mem, Fhe Tom OF Soh The°CounchL 18 seeking to strengthen the’ spiritual” life “through tétreats for°e¢onference.”’ “It is tackline the difficult problem of Christian industrial and social relationa.” Another ‘ssotion of the Counéil’fis embarking on the war against” opium. StL LL AnothéF group is wirkifie’ to ftiprove home and family life 2 thése movements should strengthen the church and hasten théday"6f° its Gdmpléte autondmys 8 19% 8 The 1 re ee gh aay a ‘en £% 7 wi ih sh Lan i a ee ‘oor A, ao) ae LP E sy on Sy ui bts ei al oe. thao ateen see 4 | OR. WOR SBE ORE RS... Be. OO ee). BABAR OFS 1OF - Bee voneregationueal Vaion of Shane], Saswtung: and Chibi’. (1) The exguple of the American Board is sited firat (1) Hodgkin, Henry 7., "The National Christian Council," China h panntins Tgar Books, 19454 pace SP the » % 5 a] rol 4 to ee 3 . ed Soa be Re Tats CS gy ew Af oe ad) DS Ws , ae ies a ou cB gk Mh Luk, Mi CR OG hed Sab, 4 ‘ sy > d,

pion difon "a ? ae y Wont bog - regularly elected de1dvates’ ‘from tHe ohure es , one delegate Te ean ‘titteen kecomdedall sie fined ddtiventi'n nas as its officers a pr pre esident,, tase § Whe a oe apa a te Ba, ee > eae me 34 OTL « prestabrt’ tha two béebétar ‘tes, Mone of whom” pig be Ohihess and A Pogo y er OL the sale, purchase om tic foreiene the détvention is hotmail ty educational and ff the United Garisti aoa le sill a ection of the ,% Qevotional 4 if tharacter. Wiechacs reports and makes recom- we OG re a) Goma. i eee % Ye~ £4 mendations to° the’ councd s ‘tne acts upon matters referred to it UPA Hi Sows Re cretes % tha mieeionsary secretary by ‘the’ Couneit and by tt e Admini strative Committee. | Signe) or, i ¢ organuication and _— ihe cot ‘anet L Baraat of one. hlnees and one nissionary efits +o rreapondenge with the, Und Chrig tian trom 6ach of thé six stations. These delegates are i vy ane « ae your’ ry as ba noaiiy by the Convention from the members of the churches. Be- ae’ +: ah es t{ least one nenired uemcers,. Live sides these tw dolég ates 1 from each church two other delegates aes. 2 ogek yourly reecipts ant ens. other intersat HPs eLectsa® av rates. eee nde 1% B'S, i werk. ational or mecicai beTore Soothes Ome é oanot? passes Efe.tt.°¢ estimates, acts upon all #3 Aes wore t& ptioat ve. 4% 3B 3 Ch eet ed ae &, Sh SEALS OR Reteaviieshed, 2ta matters rer erted £3 Fe “By Che ai sitive” Gomi t tee and the (i f fs Raw “LT ad, piibenehetecaabedath é Agree ig he hot gh and make @ Db te an * 2p +h y Lie @ in : gal x réeuc} k # ae A d. Heeommbend ats Shs tothe Convention. It makes recomendations om aeoh Chimese ar rad régevadec the calling iz of ie lc, and of resignations eyed 4 ve t > Pay is ti nm Les al wo ek AG dnd “Mitougns “of Vicace.* Orel ne Clear administrative Committee consists of two Beers eke he es ihe ee Oa foreign Uepartuens 1 39 tii one “Citnese and one ‘Rigsionary | and in addi tion ‘two Chinese og og Sere or aye rea \ AS 2AS OT 7 att ‘io ‘Btsdtcnaries > ne” ‘hd tnis fi OR ek Maud tien i is “‘insthd & wh By 4. h G b tg ARE ab oes Belay at Ue? antnal meetine of the. Council. “ Th hamény with the YY ; iad 8 mi gh he Bay baat the po int fade 2Oue Gm Or VALA imagen be een ae oe me i a A. — i. 5) rhe ae ih Re Ria A i A aes are ae +e : OF r . J 7 67 policies determined by the Council, the Administrative Committee has direction over the work of organization including the formulation of policies, the control of funds, the location and transfer of missionaries and Chinese workers, the construction of buildings, the employment and discontinuance of workers and all matters relating to salaries, promotions, and station locations. It has the direction and supervision of the sale, purchase and custody of property under the direction of the United Christian Missionary Society. Its action is final when the committee re- mains unanimous. Of the two secretaries the missionary secretary signs orders for the payment of funds of this organization and carries on the official correspondence with the United Christian Missionary Society. fhe Station must have at least one hundred members, five hundred dollars in local yearly receipts and one other interest besides evangelistic work, such as educational or medical before it attains its recognized status as a station. Established sta- tions are not to be subdivided without leaving five hundred members and one thousand dollars in lical receipts in the old organization. Stations are to be managed so each Chinese and missionary has ample opportunity to promote the local work ac- cording to his ability. , . Dr. Corey, Secretary of the Foreign Department of the United Christian Missionary Society, writing concerning the assumption of responsibility by the Chinese says: "I might say that the point has come in our China work where the Chinege practically determine whether missionaries are. to stay in the: service.or not and we will not sen@ additional missionaries to China without the approval and desire of the Chi- nese a ere ee pit Bho ea gece Gan ‘Yo eke if OR iden Phe: Method tety 5 Labispnr: enusel) ‘The pe ge aoe rn ‘development which has taken piace ie crit ih tide Ty “among, re Methodists: has: bow: the enlarrement of the powers of othe. central conferences made at the General Conference of the _ Methodist: Episcopal, ‘Ohuseh which met at Des Moines in 1920. +My e Penl Hutchinson, manegi ne editor of the Christian Gen tung in ‘his little book, "The Next Step: A Study in Methodist ee ) oan e as what” took place in 1920: 86 ates ‘ephe: Metho dist Episcopal Church made esta no tial Sona in its treatment of the church outside the United States between 1884 and 1920 - thirty-six years! The more notable then is the remarkable. enlargement of powers which we now find in. » Par: 964: Seon #12," 34, By 6,° 75 8)s° From a body whose prin- _eipal- functions were comprised ‘in’ a hazy permission to look after - such educational, publishing, and other interests as: the separate conferences might delegate to it, we fon, eer f come upon a Bety npappahe ieeuer ns in Shiss form © ea "a It ts” organized ab bi ‘ge Wier Sirabitonn of the leiden Conference. i 1 a nk Ee wotatse, | " The. rales! of its: “composition « are 48° ‘its. own hands. » es get, 3 hie. "S It mst meet at least once in four yearse. he, It is-presiaed over by’ a ie or: a eediaent elected 1 vy ttselt, was eS ae ie aaa Peer eee “e Ent BR oe b Se Y ‘Be It has” nate that reagee 1s not tie supervision of ‘the. odisational, industrial, publishing, and other connectional interests of. the Chur ch wi thin: ‘the ‘area under its jurisdiction. (without reference to ‘any delegation of power ‘by conferences and missions as of old), "But never ‘in contravention of the Book of Discipline, or:the orders of the General. Conference; and it shall have.no. authority to involve the Board of vi i Missions in Pied (1) eh ry Phy Pang oti " phephas 3. antl Su United Christian Missionary Society to writer, March 4, 1926. ate ee ee 68 Paar nt ep PPL eee financial responsibility, nor to hold or control the property of the Board without the official permission of the said Board, 6. It has power, subject to the approval of the bishops, to arrange courses of study for all workers, foreign and native, ministerial end lay, within its jurisdiction. 7. In cooperation and collaboration with the Board of Foreign Missions and the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, it is to direct the missionary work and policy of the indigenous church. 8. It may simplify and adapt the Ritual for use in the are under its jurisdiction. 9. It may extend Article XXIII of the Articles of Re- ligion to apply to the governments of the conntries in which its work lies. 10. It has power "to make such adaptations regarding membership, special advices, worship, and the locel ministry, not contrary to the Discipline, as the peculiar conditions of the field soncerned call for." ll. It may, "subject to proper agreements with the Board of Foreign Missions,” incorporate an Executive Board or Committee to carry on such work between sessions as is desired by the Cen- tral Conference. 3 12. It can "Egtablish rules, rites, and ceremonies for the solemnization of marriage not contrary to the law of the country." 13. It can make rules and regulations "for the purchase, holding, end transferring of property not related to the Board of Foreign Missions and the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society." 14. Voting by Conferences and missions can, upon demand of one-third of the Conferences or missions represented, be en~- forced in a Central Conference. In such a case a two-thirds majority of the Conferences and missions represented is required to complete an action. 15. It may fix the boundaries of the Annual Conferences within its jurisdiction, although the General Conference retains the right to determine the total number of Annual Conferences yn may be organized within the territory of each Central Con- erence. 16. It may be discontinued only by the General Conference. 70 17. It must submit its. Journal, for examination by he “Cont éx je lone Trek ves he jominatigns wd being ee CY Saas e these daya ty the Anrwal Conferan on, B bes ¥ © 2S Fey The Ceritral outer nde Atueuvio Mira prod cow, dhe et ween pea! ns its execu five voHrd , “ts aithorized “hort tact ene nd ~ - esidences of, the missionary dishoy ptor ‘southern Astast seer. lo BORS eu bib il Behe aa ce L ERT 3, Y oe 2S oe we i “e Fie it (int eas fae! ee tire ot be Psa cre Sore SWgiich a By eth Le LY conouLe Hot pe aietioult tor 0 BQ dials BAe DRE TeCRL VEG Giregtiy drow our program epatemm the church eda “he United States Wé'dée ‘the “charter of 4 new Re \ se x as ei Lc , we Boor i ete: pibaenk ete p ina | an. vat if 44 role foe Chi Lye a8" & Wiole° athl2 Turther,; and piseeh Chinese i king 4 ee re" 6 t ds, D3 ineswide att JAE RES ela 3 kph dh ae edhe oak yg ipés rer were e pone tb. epand naral seater iissionir ie) ‘ys re se syndy ye get Fa 2 ang oe i= tid get estimt 6 cs) We seit! £4 ' “the. Beare ‘tn Amoston. User the! ree ete 2 2g RSLS te GEARS $e HAS Gired iit a.” WOR " fay caheaht ceGRience plan joint ec pipid tenes Macout fy Chinese, eid Pitst oriaries are ‘reaponsibie*t ‘for: ‘Bending RESP esti- BY # 3A Terie Wats nates to “tne g “Board ‘a ala for ‘agai at We ain ‘tinahotea tiatters_ | relating t9, tke Gonréroasess Se eraich inde dk terianta eaeler ke. = 8 ‘Cong eiing tHede DEs Rexgh Ward, _sesoorate Seoretary pee nets et ene at pf pgs ta ¢ c 7 (3 i ore ex~o iba ‘ - on & bet? aj fated “vy the "Board: at preter oti skeéne-to : + aoe { tas a eipest ie ldeal Pinanéé Committees. : chines eat ‘ y°oRKe Ldeal “Fine nee: oP ht fl er: salt ¢| tibued iar coy the ‘Board, ‘Save in’such” special arrar Sakae the ° Bo nea; “thosé wandlede ‘jimi xélusively” of foréign missionaries. . ip, te 18 t three yours the Board has so arranged its appre iat eset 6 draw bree sharply bétwWeen® finds for’ the fox Pokies?" budge ani funds’ for the "operating budgets" ae b 1dze aa anise ev ft hee? aside from’ the “salaries rehts tot ies. It. even ineludes he™ eres pe tar ai missfonaries™ in their looal hing pe aui ey erating budget" is Handled “by a mixed raed siettrestteatt 48, Tapye! $64 by" “the” gard” of ‘Foreign: r > ; rar Spr’ “fe a re eve a Dee a abe i, ii “hay " bee ugh the nomination of 1 ts memb ex aind'p Uy the local Annva’ (1) HAERincoliy’ Padi , "Tne Wekt Steps "1922 ) ‘pea 78): my is the 7 ae 71 Missions on nominations from China. The nominations are being made in most cases these days by the Annual Conference, a body 80 per cent of whose membership is Chinese. So far as I know, the Board of Foreign Missions has never declined to confirm any nomi- nations sent from China, for membership on Finance Committees. In some of our Finance Committees there are more Chinese than there are foreigners. This change has been brought about within the last two years, and has resulted directly from our program statement meetings, held in Peking during the winter of 1920 During 1922, we took a new important step which unified our program for China as a whole still further, and placed Chinese thinking still nearer the center of our work. We organized a CUhina-wide Finance Committee. During recent years our Board has increased its appropriations for Christian Literature for general educational supervision and for other phases of work. Appropri- ations for this purpose run over $120,000 Mex. for the year 1923. The China-wide Finance Committee has direct charge of the expendi- ture of this money. In the summer of 1922 this China Finance Committee spent eleven days in reviewing estimates (submitted by eight local Finance Committees in different parts of China) for the program of the Board of Missions and the Church in China for the twelve year period, 1922-1934 inclusive. The Committee not only reviewed these estimates but modified them in important respects. The Committee was composed of one Chinese and one American, elected by each of the eight local Finance Committees. The bi- shops and certain general officers in China were ex-officio members without vote, so that the voting hog in this Committee was on a basis of equal representation. is Committee, there- fore, had a relation not only to the budget for connectionalisnm, but to the statement of the total program of China as a whole. The work of this Committee, in consequence, has to do not simply with the operating section of the budget in China, but with the total budget both for expenses of foreign missionary personnel, and other items. Practically speaking, there are no matters affecting the Church in China which do not come before the Annual Confer- ence or the Finance Committees of the Board. The direction of institutions such as schools, hospitals and the like, is handled by principals or superintendents appointed by the bishop, who more and more consults the Chinese constituency; and by the Finance Committees, subsidiaries of the Board of Foreign Missions though related to the Annual Conference, as previously indicated, through the nomination of its membership by the local Annual Conference. Many of our so called Methodist institutions in the 12 United States have-no.more relationship to the local Annual Con-’ ference in the United States than do these Methodist institutions in Chine, As indicated above, the only Finance Committee in China which is held to a fifty-fifty basis is the new China-wide Finance Committee... There is no. rule, governing the. proportion of Chinese t and foreigners on the nine local Finance Committees." (1) 5. The Presbyté#ian Church in the Us S. de 0 om | oe. “the “Presbyterian Church is at this particular time,” making a special study of the. best methods of transferring ad= hintstrative responsibility from their China missionaries to the Chinese clio. in veply to an inquizy made concerning ‘the proe- rége of the’ PYestyterian church, Secretary George . Scott of the "You have caught.our Presbyterian Board right in the © midst of a transition period in which practically all questions relative to devolution of missionary administration are being nate aedver se tly,.4% RASp SABA, pened NaaiNe meting of three region- al conferences and one General Evaluation Conference to be held in China October and November 1926, when a deputation from the’ Board of Foreign Missions is to be in China to confer with repre- sentatives of our eight China Missions --.- I might say there © is a great Gifference in attitude between our older ami larger missions and our newer and smaller missions. Also between some of our more progressive. stations with, adequately educated and competent Chinese and some. of our, more, backward, stations where ~ Chinese leadership is still.to be developed. In general, qn the might venture to,say that the fundamental attitude of the Pres-, pA at lg 2 A tare pe na by aay he at tS ital pale matters, but that it has been becoming more progressive as, the desires and.” ability of the national Christian become more marked." (2) The. foregoing letter. doesnot imply ‘that the Pres-. 9 byterian church has ignored the subject of transferring wrk aiid finile “trom foreign control.to Chinese hants.. Several sib sdsticnd Pou hie Boded 2 witial deat with the appointment of i i P ~¥ a nie ‘| mT ae ue (1) etter trom Dr. Ralph Ward, quoted by B.C. Lobenstine “an "Phe Relation of Church and Mission in China.” 1923, page 14. (2) Personal letter from Dr. George T. Scott, Secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church to the writer, March 6, 1926. joint committees of Chinese and foreigners to direct evangelistic and educational work. | "Relation of the Church on the field to mission policy: Mission policy in relation to the Church in the mission field should be decided by the mission and the board, but the counsel and advice of national Christians should be considered, due weight being given to the same in formulating these policies. Relation of the Church on the field to the control of mission funds: The right to the control and administration of mission funds inheres in the mission, but a mission at its discretion, and with the epproval of the board, may make such grants to the Church on the field for general or specific purposes as it deems advisable, the Church on the field then having the power of con- trol over and administration of such funds. If deemed advisable, a mission may with the consent of the board transfer funds or institutions or other work to the. Church on the field or a cooperating committee of the mission and the Church on the field which may administer the same. Such jointor cooperating committee should be composed of certain members selected by the duly constituted mission authorities and certain members selected by the duly constituted Church authorities. Such a plan should be put in operation primarily in those fields where there is ¢ither a strong desire or capacity for self-government which has outgrown the financial ability of the Church, but that it be not adopted with the idea of permanency, but as a temporary expedient looking forward to and looking up z “yb hake deli and final complete control by the Church on the eid. Relation between missions and the Church on the field: National consciousness should be welcomed and recomized by provision for the absolute independence of the Church on the field, with complete ecclesiastical authority, and responsibility for the administration of its own affairs. This, however, need not prevent connection of the missionary with the Church courts, nor connection in any advisory Capacity, nox the power to serve on committees or to serve the 73 74 Church on the field in any capacity, provided the desire of the Church, for such relations ip or service is Stic ‘by the * Church oper (f through its own ecclesiastical atthorities, but all such — elat amet, gbeu st be looked upon’ oF ‘temporary’ and as falling short of the finat objective, which is’ an indigenous Church on a ‘native basis in which the foreien fmt: arr t Meabadan no longer a ee eee bP gg al: ii A A ye Beh hE. | ‘the ‘chron ‘on* the! PAEgaROn field abarron it: and: zt seston RAGE “the ordained mémbers of the mission’ oth connect t emselves Ww ith the: courts: of’ the “Charen on ‘Uhe’ ‘fiel eared. for Tdeals of tie chiireh on: the field: vias The Church i? the. mission field should aim to bepme agert prov ating, ‘se -supporting and self-roverning, and should be diligent tis applying the» principles of ‘the Gospel of Christ to “the soeial and moral’ “problems of commnity and’ nation; the’ mission, ‘with wise: Counsel and cordial assistance should encourage and © serie te bed chareh in: the: carrying out ‘of’ ‘this purpose.” a8 Bo Watiowan, leadership and etady abroad: bie PEOg SA Oey ay board reeomizes the nécessity of +eained” Leaabe- ship = ministers and 1 workers,” ‘both méen-and’ women = and that -it is the dut “Of” the mission to- start, sustain ‘and foster schools “for the train ng of such leaders. In’ ell” forms’ of work’; the ' Churh” on the field. should be’ encouraged from ‘the first to coopere- ate, with, ‘ae view to ultimate: / assumption: of Shh daa ta (i) Le os Protestant D iseopal Charen." aM : Stakes or ad i Dry sohn’ ison. Wood, “Executive secretary for Foreten aie i the ‘Protestant: “wpisebpal: Shureh’ ‘set forth: in a levier the: ‘poltey of “the” Bpiscopar” guuren regardine devo lution in ™ rae a es toe ‘Ps pty taped edmini strati On. . He Says: si “From the Deainning of the vork of our “Church af China it has held as its aim, the establishment not only of a native Church but of what we might call a National Church - Nationel not in the sense that it would be related officially to the State, _ but national in the sense that it would be a truly Chinese Church, manned and administered by the people of the country. ay ‘eau of the Board of Ae a aaa of ‘the Presbyterian _, Church, in the U. Se Aw? wh es 75 With this end in view, much emphasis has been laid from the beginning of our work in China upon education and especially ‘the training of men for the Ministry and for other forms of ser- vice and the training of women to render such service in evangel- istic, educational and medical work as women so efficiently render. Our method of missionary administration is naturally plamed around the 5 tng. bo Episcopal leadership and admini- stration are practically the only forms we know, or at least, the only methods we follow. Practically all matters of administration which do not involve departures from well settled policies, are cared for by our bishops in the field without reference to the home board. As this Church in its polity is Apostolic, we would uaturelly follow in the mission field of the Twentieth Century, the same general methods of development that have been followed by the Christian Church from the earliest times. The bishop is the head and center of the mission. At first he and the mission- aries deal only with individuals to whom they make known the Christian message. As this message is accepted by individuals and as these individuals are trained in Christian faith and practice, they are naturally organized into congregations. As the congregations increase, they are naturally organized into dioceses. As dioceses are developed, these are naturally welded into a National Church. This is the process which has been followed in China. It may be said to have culminated in 1912 vhen the National Church known as the Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui, or the Holy Catholic Church in China, was formed, not by any act of the Episcopal Church in the United States or of the Church of England, but by the act of a specially called group of repre- sentatives of the 11 dioseses existing at that time and previously established by the work of missionaries of the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Church of England, and the Church of England in Canada. This organizing synod was in its membership, predominantly Chinese. The name of the Church and the character of its polity were determined by the Chinese." (1) 7° questions Answered by Secretaries of Protestant Eolecoml ant Southern Baptist Boards. » The writer in seeking information as to the policy of different boards sent a list of questions to Dr. Wood. of the (1) Personal letter from Dr. John Wilson Wood, Executive Secre- tary for Foreign work, Department of Missions, Protestant Episcopal Church to the writer April 6, 1926. ; 16 pedtgatiiut’ pis opal: Ghur ch and. yo Dew: oh ineoaahen Corresponding & 3 (S% eG BCE 8 eh. i WORE fi YS seeretary’ of the Hinare Ler Board of: ‘the Southems Bap Vist Convent. ion. Toe Bhew Coen etee oe The bin Le ‘ends wontons from . these "te0 Waacetariea. ‘are as fol- lows: : 3, Ghee 2b3 int aver apt se m Mae yy any oh Te bi POOR, SLIM OFF Oho hs sa aad. What te’ “the? Attituie of your Board. to wera devolution +4 eiaahhoy: administration in China? indicate.by any official | ager aione made, 6Y by letter stating present positi OMe «Protestant Episcopal Church. - Our Board as such, has never taken any definite action with regard to the devolution of missionary administration to China. It has followed with sympathy and approval,” the’ Steps that have been. taken» in China to place larger responsibilities uponithe Chinese as the natural method of fulfilling’ the’ purpose’ with whichi:the, Church began its mission- ary work in ye me ! stenk Ed wed G i SEL OG, 4 Subnet Baptist Gartetehte x - Dhe. general. Polioy of tits ‘Board. ‘on ‘ow Mission*fields is that which obtains at BARR namely, to @ndourage churches to become self-supporting « rapidly and as early as they can. Churches on the higdion fields, like Baptist churches “in the South, are entirely independent. is There "3 Sots toy to ‘boards; missions, conventions etce,, are all toréether voluntary. ‘We recognize the autonomy. of the..Board. Neither can coerce the other. We do not have, as you are aware, ae ecclesiasticel ia cage oa Comdig with imeDe i ete. gay authority. 4 atic ' By What 'st DS Mae your Board taken leading toward, bévathies 6a 6f ainint stvation? Aw eter sot Chthsqe we | a. In ecclesiastical matter. _. . Bs In’ éhureh governments « - e Ody tome « to, “ally Wiaiy in’ finanoieL nn stro nv ea a ining abopbovebtant: ss ct Church: - Phe ‘Melee Catholic ‘Church oh eWina'* having’ emerged from the missions established by the various branches of the Anglican Communion as indicated above, takes control of all ecelesiastical matters concerning its own ite. Tt is’ an’ prgeay fanetrmnge th erasge at oie eoorne wile ainda | eee qurers:. Roney: . ‘ee eee: eitimrainktons petty are ' sui tostoeeeind: slect thei own ‘Vestries, generally containing both men and women. "iat annual Diovesan: aor mega ae ui ald. wits AE As poh Chinese and foreign and such lay representatives as may be se- lected by the congregations. These lay delegates are with rare exceptions, Chinese. Each Diocese elects its representatives, both clerical and lay, to the General Synod. The General Synod is the supreme governing body. Southern Baptist Convention - The Board has not taken any special steps since our policy has not made it necessary. Finéncial support is extended on the recommendation of missions and missionaries composing, which are in fraternal conference with native churches and leaders. | 5S. To what extent do the Chinese participate in the direction of: : a. Formulation of the budget for mission expenses b. Its expenditures ce The employment of Chinese workers? Protestant Episcopal Church - In most instances, the bishops, in preparing their estimates of appropriations needed for each fiscal year, consuit with some of the leading Chinese clergy. There is no requirement that they should do so. Av the present time, money is disbursed in China first, through a general treasurer then through diocesan treasurers and finally through station treasurers who are usually American, The appointment or employment of all workers is in the hands of the bishop. In the case of Americans, he acts in consul- tation with the Board of Missions. In the employment of Chinese, he acts in consultation with American and Chinese members of the staff. Southern Baptist Convention - The Chinese have entire control of funds which they contribute, and money which we give to their churches is given to independent Baptist bodies, but for work about which there has been agreement between these church- es and the mission. The budget for the mission expenses comes to us through the mission secretary, and our expenditures are made through the mission treasurer. Moneys are thus in the hands of those who are responsible to the Board until they reach the objects for which they are appropriated. : Chinese workers are employed by the mission and not by the Board. Usually individual missionaries make request of Mids WS te he Se Be 34 ee hehe Be aR ot ee Wy PA ee tay ” We Cm t ee: Ped % % at ae bE a, “ , OP OS ee oe r Sete Loe! Bowe: Bs wes i ial ia is ela vy ' ‘4 re si Ss z “théhmiasion that Chinese workers in’ théir particular ffelasibe » included in the budget. ‘The estimates for the salaries of these Chinese workers,are,.sent. to us and LS pede opal are made by items, but the Board does not attempt to employ directly the Chinese, nor, do,we, eppoint, natives who may be in this country and are returned to their home countries for religious wrk. i ow 2 @ sah “a. In Chinese churches thet are expected to become autonomous what, is your policy. regarding the ownership of build- dings. ere teddy .SP TALE MOMEV nares Sraelie GOES a When? oe oa li Chirch property ig vested in ‘the Domestic am, Foreign Miasionary Society. Im cases where it is not so vested, the Eni de Gotiere gat ion hes given, or other- wise secured atvands of apt building, No formal policy with re- -ogard to the ranster of titles has ag yet been considered. © © CO OF Peli es Rese Wiis FF. shcote weate ally af as me " p thay : i oR EGR sh vine: natarslle wee Southern Baptist Convention = We have ‘had little -ex- «perience. in. trausferring church buildings to native churches. oiWe hada case last-year of a church in Japan wishing to buy”™a twhouse which we had built, and we sold it to them on réasonable terms. -We bave, however, nothing which could be’ Galled a’ final Mee icy. We allow the churches to use the buildings which wo ‘chave-evected without purchas them unless they “wish to do so, “rare exceptions, the title to alt th & »o@md then we sell them at a reduced price and the money is used for other buildings or purposes on the fields. The titles to church buidldings.and otner propertics are made in such @ way that the Board can be certain that they are uséd’ for the pur- ‘poses: for, which, they, are purchased, but not for financial ad~ van tage to this Boards See ee eee Lee Orval a pare Ps thrtuphent. Tetvies . It wee that Mite ae Pee 5. Do the Chinese have any voice’ im the retention of ‘\presentomissionaries or, the calling of new foreign workers to mission service? ~~ ee er ee NE RN Nee One Pew het Bae het fer oe aid eee Rote One Protestant Episcopal Church’~'The Chinese have no voice inthe wetention of present missionaries or the calling of new Missionaries so far es the Board “of Migsions is concerned. . The, bishops Sama ee field undoubtedly consult some of their Chi- nese advisors, but as bishops, take the ‘responsibility of making '» thejdeeision after having received counsel. tiani¢ty A¢fterp_S@ushern rt ety Convention - No, The Chinese have never asked to be allowed to pass on missionfaties to be ‘sent or retained on the field. This is a matter which belongs to the Board under.a well.recognized autonomy. van Lhe. ae : s & i Sud, Ret ae 4 i FRE * 7 4 5 P BIR. x } eek Ss 7 4 % ee aie ds We N a L 7 %4 OR She Som ald 5 hae ae Al * & “at 78 - At the present time, with + rrp 6. Are the Chinese in any way represented in the (other than that included in Nos. 3 and 5) acts of your Board relative — to China? | “vad | Protestant Episcopal Church - No» Southern Baptist Convention - Mo. Dr. Love says further: | "TI may add as a supplement to 3-a that Chinese Boards as well as churches and individuals confer freely : 3 mission and have agreements as to amounts by which this Board supplements their gifts and the appropriation of our supplement to their gifts. We then send money to the mission and the mission turns it over to the Board. : In a field like our South China field, where there is considerable development both in numerical strength and intelli- gence of religious and denominational affeirs, the natives have ~ naturally assumed a large part of their own work, although the missionaries are in close fraternal conference and cooperation with them. For instance, in ow Pooi Ching at Canton, we con- tribute the services of two missionaries, and the Chinese contri- bute the remainder of the éxpense, which ineludes the care 978 student body The missionaries work with is known as wo-kwanes Association both in the educational and evangelistic work.” (1) | The status of devolution of missionary administration in the seven denominations cited as examples prevails generally throurhout China. It seems that Mission Boards are recomnizing the ppoblem and are in the midst of efforts to do that which will result in the most far reaching good for China. | 3 : Complete autonomy will scarcely be attained until full self-support is added to the achievements of the Chinese church. It will be natural that the Chinese will develop types of Chris- tianity different from those in America and Hurope.. Just how (1) Personal letter from Dr. J. F. Love, Corresponding Secretary, Yoreisem Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention to the writer, March 5, 1926. generously the American and European Churches will support a. ‘Chri stianityain China over which they have no control. and. with | Which they may differ'is a question, Revere ead ; the Sr ae ge e In ‘the seven ‘denominations. cited it. will be lia ‘that it is not planned for. ‘the missionary to retire from the field, but father that ne share authority with hig Chinese brother. It is probeble that the number of Hew itssionipies’to China’ wilt “Papidly decrease, “but''2150" there” will be & genérous number of missionaries. remain with the Chinese. to. act. in an. Suxiliary rae “eapacity for many years’ to come.’ The SHOR desire it in edad every case, @specially where the missionary is proficient in the John the Baptist art of decreasing while another increases. _ 8. The Transfer of Adm ni atrati on! in Raveat tonal’ Institutions: The | recent. rising. nationalisna, and ‘he. anti - -Christian “propaganda” ha 6! f6#¢ed° chi1¥ tah’ gend01e iaieh nave bore a ‘major’ share: of tne oppoBition to Christianity to! show evidence of thet? real! Worth. "x atrling’ oriteiem leveled at Christian sbhoots -Pational patriotisn, .t'nas' been onhrgel’ that they are’ under” "webb hin” ‘contro1 ‘Ang’ ‘tgndre. Chinese. ‘Yeais. ” On November 16,1925, the Ministry of Education issued an official pS aes) tape the substance of which is as follows!” ” shins i "Regulations Governing the Procedure of Recognition. “1. Any institution of whatever crate established by - ba Vl a ‘ yy x ee ee yy Oe ; CG te ee ol wie ie fe ee RODS SD tr By BE Oh A he i ts; Ting: \ ea yo wi he Boa ERED: ‘hie Cpe | FRAP GR CS a eee a ate fam, funds contributed for foreigners, if it carries on its work ac- cording to the reculations soverning various grades of institutions as promulgated by the Ministry of Education, will be allowed to make application for recognition at the office of the proper edu- cational authorities of the Government according to the regulations as promulgated by the Ministry of Education concerning the appli- cation for recognition on the part of all educational institutions. 2e Such an institution should prefix to its official name the term "szgu Lih" (privately established), oe The president or principal of such an institution should be a Chinese. If such president or principal has hither- to been a foreigner than there must be a Chinese vice-president, who shall represent the institution in applying for recognition. 4. If the institution has a board of managers, more than half of the board must be Chinese. 5. The institution shall not have as its purpose the propagation of religion. ) 6. The curriculum of such an institution should conform to the standards set by the Ministry of Education. It shall not include religious courses among the required subjects. The requirement that schools must change from foreign to Chinese management is only hastening the goal toward which missionary educational administrators should aim. Many of the leading Christian universities although founded by missionaries in a day when the Chinese were not appreciative of modern edu- cation are now becoming truly Chinese in spirit. As an example of this, Yenching University is rapidly increasing the Chinese members of its staff. These members are accorded equal rank and position with foreign teachers on the basis of their gifts and training. In the last few years the administrative offices have been open to the Chinese. Three deans out. of four in the Uni- versity are native sons of China. The teaching of Chinese culture ane given an increasingly large position in the institution In the Church of the Brethren Mission three main stations conduct both boys and girls schools. N. A. Seese an officer of the mission presents pertinent data as to the process of devolution (1) Lew T. 7., "Ideals of a Christian Missionary Institution in China." Chinese Recorder, December 1925, page 806. 82 in educational cag eg age Brief, Me bry A from his commund - réaeon to Wink that BY M220 De 7! cation will be sufficient tor our purpose: A field of eCusatio ot DBrtorre gs et aD ttn ike Ae OBES "You will ‘notice from the minutes of tus field com- mittee’ andiof®the executive committee of thé’ Chinese church that.” our Chinese brethren are beginning to take over activities that were: formerly reserved exclusively for forefeners.°° You will also notice from the educational policy that I sent you that in three of our’boys’! schools) foreigners’ are to be replaced by’ Chinese as principals and we are to have only one foreigner as supervisor for the three schools." (1) In the same letter Mr. Seese relates that a year ago internal strife troubled one of the schools. The Chinese teachers quarreled and would not cooperate because of jealousy and the students taking sides with the teachers resulted in many of them quitting school. On another occasion a Chinese evangelist turned against a Chinese school principal and incited the students to a big strike. These events lead one to believe that new Chinese leadership being initiated into responsible posts will present occasion for various irregularities until the leadership becomes mature in the handling of administrative tasks. The November 1915 act of the Ministry of Education in requiring a majority of the trustees of an educational institution and either its presi- dent or vice-president to be Chinese has created a veritable landslide in transferring responsibilities from the foreign missionaries to the Chinese. 9. The Transfer of Administration in Hospitals. Reliable data is not available to the writer in regard to the progress of devolution in hospitals, but there is (1) Official letter of N. A. Seese, Secretary, Church of the Brethren, Chine Field Committee to the General Mission Board, February 19, 1926. reason to think that the movement is not as rapid as in the field of eduentdone Yet progress is being made. Mr. N. A. Seese who was quoted above also stated in the same letter that beginning with the summer of 1926, a& Chinese doctor will become the head of a good sized hospital formerly managed by a missionary doctor. 84 VI. CONCLUSION rites » In. the introduetory., onapter we indiccted chinese autonomy to,be that. ,condition_ wherein the Chinese ‘Church assumes responsibility. for self-government, self-supyort ¢ and self-propa- gatione We have seen, in, chapter 7. that he chinese possess con- siderable: willingness,and.ability, to bear at least an equal share of the. government.of the. church along with, the missionaries. There is little.doubt. that,, Gha missionaries could retire from af many territories, and the Chinese would be amply able to perform the governmental.function of the church, .. » Bhere are, many, aspects of devolution, such as, ‘ecelesi- astical, administrative, evangelistic, ‘mediesl, eduestional, ne ‘finencial and »the, work of, church Orhan s Gis Any one of these mad ojects present.a,tield for serious study. In one sense they. are 3 -separate,fields, but in their larger, aspect. thoy are a1 ali. ound to- gethere:. Val ly Be da lg | ar a lin . ar Leg ve There, is. aigterence of opinion 2 regarding, the “question of, self-support,of,the Christian church din, China. “There is argu- ment in the,.desirability, of its. attainment: ‘bat many roads are suggested as the way. to, ‘the. (goale _ Three | general views are ‘advo- cated. 91. Let foreign churches contribute their citte to China as unto baal Lord leaving the Chinese church use the money as it sees Sodvue ex Discontinue all funds except ‘the support of missionaries or, 3. Withdraw financial assistance gradually. The latter plan a 85 seems to be regarded with most favor. .In the Church of the Brethren Mission, the Chinese ehurch organization including Chi- nese and missionaries prepares biscuit: sets of figures in connection with the annual budget. 1. The to tal amount needed. 2. The amount the Chinese church can pay and 3, bast valence which will need to be supplied from the Home Board. There is a strenuous attempt made for the Chinese church to increase her gifts annually. Prog- ress is slow and the calamities of war hinder the Chinese Chris- tians from achievements worthy se tugs in normal times. James Maxon Yard, General Secretary of World Service, Methodist Epsicopal Church, Shanghai, writes that he doubts if self-support in most cases will be attained by any aevely_ mechani - cal process of reducing grants by 10 yenoent each years ae ‘be- lieves that self-support will come suddenly like the sunrise, when certain conditions have been met. He telieves Chinese chi stian communities are disturbed when they think self-support means ben coming finencially responsible for hospitals, schools, universities and the entire unwieldy and expensive organization that mission-\ aries have established, Such institutions should be oventualiy, \ turned over to boards of trustees or foundations and not to | Ghurches. Mr. Yard says there is little visible progress in self-support, but there is much intellicent appreciation. of the, is ‘i iN real difficulties involved (1). oN (1) Yard, James Maxon, "Se1f-Support ~ Is it Growing?” » ‘ohtna ) Mission Year Book. 1925, page 94, | | by _ 86 Others. writing for specific territories speak very en- _gouragingly of the progress in self-supporte Evidently conditions _ Such as age, wealth, spiritual fervor and standards of church _ Maintenance all play a great part in the achievement of self- Support, . .. » She writer tele that missionaries have established s_ _ program of Christianity considerably beyond the ability at, the Chinese , te finance and that the progress in self-support is all boo slow. Self-suppart should be more nearly on a par with the rapid strides in self-government. Whether or not the foregoing opinion regarding the standard of the Chinese church is correct . bhere are gratifying instances of Chinese churches MASORARE self- . Supporting. | 9. Chine se Missionary Enterprise. ‘. asin The success of devolution in administration is indicated aie no small way by the Chinese initiative manifested in home . missionary work. wo iess than twenty-five regularly organized Home Mission Societies backed by annual gifts of from. ten.to. . fifteen thousand dollars from Chinese Christians are making known . the Aad news throughout China (1). Some of these societies receive partial support. from foreign sources, but most of them Ae either entirely or nearly self-supporting. . The denominational Chinese church. organizations have projected most of these societies - but a ane of them are non-denominational. tepoxe ae ” ee Rene Oy ae (a) me inte ttes Vaapets of China. ‘W922, pee ape > is stp hans at al Oh tl ptt ll ed Mes go Pl ith As DAG SS Mts — ee : “a a a ee eae eer Fae ee oe sr heen a a onion lana TT wa dena ov Ki (Le Ta Cie. ein inci 7 iiheliiallls 87 This missionary activity is a sign of progress, even more hopeful than that of self-support. The China Survey reports the activity of purely Chinese organizations working in conjunc- tion with the parent churches in carrying on work in the provin-~ ces of Fukien, Shensi, Kwangtung, Chekiang, Shantung and Hupeh. As an outstanding example of a Chinese non-denominational organi- gation we may mention the Chinese Missionary Society in Yunnan. The idea for this society, non-denominational and national took root during a Christian Conference for Chinese held at Kuling in the summer of 1918. Its initial impulse came from a small group of women. ‘The contagion soon spread and the society became a reality. In duly 1925 the society held its sixth Annual Meeting at Nankinge In Yunnan the society has two mission stations and six workers. In the Heilungkiang field there are nine stations, each manned by one worker. Dr. Ce Y. Cheng is president of the cabinet of the society. All offivers of the society are Chinese (1). This Home Missionary Society is an exceptional example of what is being duplicated in a smaller way by man societies through- out China. 4, Independent Churches. For over fifty years Chinese churches have been "organ- ized" in connection with Protestant missions. In many instances the influence of the missionaries was so predominating that ina (1) Report of Annual Meeting of the Chinese Home Missionary Society. Chinese Recorder, September 1925, page 616.6. 88 meMeie with Be Gey rh Mead FES aa, oe ce oh ary BAL? Ye ae cmt it ee ter ght a) bag sense ‘pe Shurch Big 8 not. atejotay Chinese. | Our reference, here Wd CRA WD EE lhe is. to sah Andepender : caer ones. as. neve. ‘separated. from. church Diath OG oe: “arts 9 wh orth) faz } ‘bodies organized by sgn tgucibhasledi societies. There are two £7 Ae maet i grat 4 pide al See ” ; types of such independent ghurches (1). ‘et mn bs gS igh MAR | to be ay og Ge pome churches. Sue to ‘aiftioulties An, relationship, either with 1 ne mission 6 as, 8 boy or With individual missionaries, eS ee. ERHUM gh G severed ghesr. Gonna Get On. with, the ‘parent church and have. become | Me 4 2" a » fiz Py ae we AD TAP SA ke SA a line Or ® int Gee A tae ab i ee * nih OD yer Saat ig a ee ary independent egglosigstically and. in. the matter of financial sup- the charcn at 7 WR ne A AND, Fuh be hk | Bierman WE MAS Oh. be Bo** premise. of _8uch churches are the independent churches of * an & hed aes A, jn ba SKE Chekiang which were formerly connected with the China Inland Mission and others in Fakien AAS connected wi th the ghurch HERE GI ay COO 48 at be tage geet 3 Pastete. Recently these Churches: have become a part of the National Association of Chinese Independent Churches. Sud Debt ee ee & wat & Apparently the se churches: are not SO. well. Satisfied with, their endo { jae’ hee. Qt severing Pome Sten. with the parent churches “or the new Ley yy. +e National Association Siscourages | other churches, from achieving in- e e *e3 Fan ole eu i. & fependence in this manner and refuses | to. admit. them to their Age- eG r0Ot ‘ sociation unless there hes, been ACAAYAYS reason tor Severing. con- Ds be ee ty nections with he. parent church. cee Of OE ee Pe we os is Pe a ah be Mie second. type. 9; _ Andependent, churches have severed x wo te. . fy RF ey a5 Re Sie, ey < organic connection with | the parent Jussionary organization, on such ERED YY MANO? COR ert. aoa eee) grounds BS », 1. The convigtion. ‘het a church ir Hinese Uhyiletians, control will have a stronger sppeal. to non-Christians, 2+. The Oh dda Ae ys & VAD Mi, SOC Baws OL ALP mS GLLe Bre vets : ans i iw 1% Bitte WERE AT Ah dereten he predic wi 11 develop more rapidly along Chinese lines. 3. Church (1) The Christian Occupation of China. 1922 » page 380 ee ee members will be confronted with a greater responsibility which will lead to loyalty end greater effort and 4. There will be com- plete freedom from western ecclesiastical restrictions both in dogma and organization. | This second type of churches, while independent still maintains most cordial relations with parent missionary churches and asks missionaries to retain places on their advisory boards. Examples of the second type of independent churches are: the church at Tientsin organized in 1911; Tsinan organized in 1902; Peking organized in 1903; ®singtan organized in 1919. Some of the independent churches have developed their autonomy too far. They are no longer associated with any church body and are open to excessive extremes in the promotion of Christianity. | in conclusion it should be said that the writer be- lieves thoroughly in the importance of proper administrative organization. Its neglect leads to weakness. But its presence Goes not agsure success for towering over and sbove it in im- portande is the Spirit of Christ, of Him who came that we might — have life and have it more abundantly. “Devolution is proceeding in what I consider a satis- factory manner considering such conditions as the, age of most Chinese Christians, the disturbed war torn condition in China, - the strong anti-Christian opposition and the stage of literacy of " in tae, Mae ‘ya » TER A Ree ee ie hie a e 1 sonar * are _chanetng but hiss 4 ; us in our reintioun may the spirit of brotherhood | , Biieu, Edwin ret Reino Mest ddary meter Revell, Baw Tore, : ‘« be evidenced by the Wicariousness: of those who would serve China. a Chinese Chaar oh, The Wational Chri st ian coe, tans ees f Fain : _- +» Origntal, Pregs, Shanghat,.19 ites 4 Curt atten Qeounes ton af 0 Sate iy Zag hina Goutisaansson: Comms 06 y Church on the Kission Field, Phe Repert of Commiseiony II Sdanbuse ; wee WlssLomry Couferenag. Revell, Bew York, ms Fleming, Pe. Fay. Tiny ows dn Picanto een testes Preon, ee . ow ba, 19. . la! Oaneweld., Mary. hinike Sew Lite: hieareatit ia, Chim, Ws elenary. « : ges Mi Ydkent Lom Movenent, Hee Yorks. 1919. : pied magico A he, Sane. Pregrese Ot. Roeld. Wide. Miagtona, |, Doren : ti tee York, 1924. . } Rutehivgn, . ‘Pana ip The Baxt sak sien Methodist: Book Gencermn , 4°: : | New York, 1922, 4 meeee ris 7 m » A.Gen of Protestant, Uiasions hia China. ; sb dtl liege pee riean Ppadt Society, Now Tee Re L907, unrite, "ohaitineste clea’ Hoddrn litindore, ‘Hevena, New OP ke a Maat, Attred ig ie 2 eg i Getonaby Htetory. Soran. orstgenooy , if Helen Barrett ‘Wie. Bivie and E Vien conti Pe Ren ea tae a mmlviee G2” the ‘United Stuly of Foreien bites Yak | Miastona, Ree Madtord,y: Mawgeu: IGRO, The ae dane: Be 8 mae Spread of Christ tant ty in the Matern World. a ik 43 | ) Universit ty of Chieaae Pres , GOLGI OL « 1919, 1. Porter, inotus Gey, i gota Challenge: to Christians ty. 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Educational Principles. \Vol. 20. December 1925. Resolutions of the General Board of the China Ce Me yeaa CL Cat . ons Christian’ Educational. Association Aprti°1,2,1925. ‘nptepence, Sow Tork « Yer ruaey eeGe tebenetine, Be Say *Re vo betters: Bed rs a SS N B53 4.00 nay rn the ue 4 4 ea ‘ w Vt, EA ‘ i te v} je eee Aa + tials er A ee eee iat ye wr te. PR t ee a ee Lh THE) TA 2 fh Shae & nt PUR Meee. * 2982 he Rane oF LE at ER ad A y Letter from Drs Rakph: Wards quoted ‘ycEy Cs. Lob énstiné in, ~~ .»"The Relation of -Ghirer.and Mission." International Mission- ary Council, London, 1923. ci ed Ory Heanwal ef Vos Geperal Mige.on Per SURG wo ter \irom hristian Missionary Society to writer, March 4, 1926... 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