: CG Ay, ; (& Ce é Xe ap i \i cae #4 Re Copyright 1920 by Simplex) Steel, Products ‘Company OTIS §E,. FLEMING Apprentice. Carpsnter Drattsman And Builder RMOUGHESTER, ILLINOIS The Simplex System ot, Partition and Ceiling Construction The most effective and economical method of constructing sound-proof and fire-proof partitions and ceilings SIMPLEX STEEL PRODUCTS COMPANY Manufacturers of Metal Specialties for Buildings 1146 Roscoe Street Chicago ) Adjoining the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Switch Track \. \ ype Copyright 1920 by Simplex Steel Products Company eee 2 THE SIMPLEX SSYSTEM)OF Salon rn a . es S SHERIDAN-PLAZA HorTec aA oi kee i ‘ f WALTER W. AHLSCHLAGER CHICAGO Simplex Partitions and Ceilings Used Throughou ARCHITECT he SIMPLEX SYSTEM PARTITION AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION 3 Exclusive Features of the Simplex System HE Simplex System is a patented method of erecting [iii fire and sound-proof ceilings and non-bearing partitions by the use of plaster board and steel studs. All architects and contractors are more or less familiar with the general €atures and advantages of this type of construction. The Outstanding features of the Simplex System, which make it vastly superior to any other method, are the design of the studs and, more particularly, the method of pinning the plaster S>S>- => boards in place. HOLLOW PARTITION STUD Steel Studs Form Framework. The 22 and 24 gauge sheet steel studs —the foundation or framework upon which the ae partitions and ceilings are constructed —are designed to give : the greatest strength and to offer the many strong plaster keys STE ARG ONL Tn munne necessary to knit a firm surface and still remain deeply im- etal bedded in the plaster. To meet the requirements of the most approved construction methods, special studs have been de- signed for ceilings, solid and hollow partitions, corners, and | INTERSECTING AND CORNER intersecting walls. These studs are made on flat die machines shines aubatoooaRShU ate tees ata bene to insure perfectly straight, true forms. A Stud Style for Every Use. The diagrams of these various studs readily demonstrate how perfectly each type is designed CORNER STUD FOR HOLLOW to meet the demands made upon it. The hollow partition | poet ecienenate eens stud has a flat shoulder 144"’ wide which bears snugly against the plaster board, allowing a maximum air space between SIMP the wall faces. The solid partition stud, where thinness is not so essential, is finished with a double-V construction to _« give it exceptional strength and rigidity. The corner and | THE TIE 99 intersecting studs each accomplish what heretofore has neces-__ | THAT BINDS sitated two or more studs and give, moreover, a much more | ; solid construction. This is due to observing correct prin- ciples and providing strong binding plaster keys. The floor plate is used to anchor the studs to the floor and also to the ceiling if desired. phic Ive. hat Binds. ~ The lie. That. Binds is another special feature of the Simplex System. This is the die cut tongue every 3 inches along the stud, which is bent out from the stud and then back to tie with a strong tension around a pin binding the plaster boards securely in place. This method of pinning, or tying, automatically adjusts itself to any vari- ations in the thickness of the plaster boards and leaves a minimum of metal —a bare 14 inch —protruding above the surface at six-inch intervals to be covered over with plaster. As the tongue is bent up, it leaves a 144" by 34” slot for a plaster key. Studs are made and shipped with these tongues protruding slightly above the surface. The Tying Tool. A tying tool is used for clinching the tongue —"“The Tie That Binds’—over the pin and completes the operation in a fraction of a second. A claw slips through the slot and over the end of the die cut tongue. A downward motion bends this tongue out at right angles. A pin is slipped behind it and a reverse motion of the pinning tool laps the PHANTOM VIEW OF tongue securely over the pin, binding it firmly against the COMPLETED TIE plaster board. The speed at which this can be done permits the erection of a large surface in the shortest possible time. THE SIMPBEXSSYSTEMiOr Wire Pins Hold Plaster Board. The pins used are straight three-inch pieces of number ten wire which will lay flat on the plaster board. Right angle pins are supplied for corner construction. The spring tension of the steel hook binds the pins and plaster boards firmly to the studs. TYING TOOL FOR HOOKING PINS IN PLACE 1st POSITION, INSERT JAW. THRU SLOT —< 2 CLAMP JAW OVER STEEL PRONG BEND PRONG OUT AT RIGHT PLACE PIN. LOOP PRONG AROUND PIN, BINDING IT. RELEASES PRONG. PINS “4OWIRE STEEL * ANGLE PIN FOR CORNERS § INTERSECTIONS A* FIRM. HORIZONTAL BOND: PERwEEN PLASTER BOARDS SEPARATOR TIE SINGLE STUDS FOR PARTITIONS REQUIRING’ LARGER THAN FOR USE BETWEEN 3° STUD SEE PAGE Il Clips Hold Plaster Board Rigid. Clips are stamped out of steel to slip over each end of adjoining plaster boards —over the top edge of one section and over the bottom edge of the one above it—to hold the two boards 14” apart and thus pro- vide a strong horizontal plaster key. These clips are so de- signed as. to maintain a perfect alignment of the two adjoining boards and prevent any play between them. In erecting hollow partitions, clips are used opposite each other on each face of the wall, with, if desired, an I shaped brace locking them together, giving absolute rigidity to the wall. One clip half way between the studs in each horizontal joint is sufficient. Best for Solid Partitions and Ceilings. The interlocking of plaster boards, steel studs and clips gives an exceptionally even, firm, and rigid plastering surface. The special design of the single stud, with its double-V construction on each edge, gives the extra strength and rigidity necessary for correct solid partition and ceiling construction. As the pins extend but a bare 14” above the plaster boards, and as a strong net work of plaster keys is provided, a firm non-cracking plaster surface can be applied with a minimum amount of plaster. Ideal for Hollow Partitions. The unique design of Simplex hollow studs leaves a maximum thickness of dead air space between the wall faces for resistance of fire and sound and for enclosing pipes, wires, and conduits. Hollow studs are made in 114”’ and 3” widths inside measurement for 3’’ and 454"" finished partitions. Single studs, used with separator ties, meet the requirements for walls of greater thickness. Adaptable for Every Type of Building. The nature of the Simplex System —its effectiveness against fire, sound and vermin, its speed of erection and its low cost —makes it the logical method for use in the construction of homes, hotels, apartment or flat buildings, theatres, stores, office buildings, churches and public buildings. PARTITION AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION Nn Dominating Points of Superiority ONSIDERED from every view point, the Simplex System demonstrates its superiority in a way which every architect and contractor will appreciate, Its principles are fun- damentally cor- Rect, and provi- sions are made for overcoming the faults and disad- vantages of earlier methods of fire- proof construction. Greater Fire and Sound-Proof Qualities Simplex parti- tions and ceilings are almost solid gypsum, proved by laboratory tests and by actual fires to be effective bar- riers to both fire and sound. Steel is the only conductor used. Its conduct- ivity is minimized, however, by the individual design of the stud with the tie and pin pro- truding but a small fraction of an inch above the plaster board surface. This, and the large slots providing for plaster keys, keep tress tee! stu dis insulated by being deeply imbedded in plaster. The result is that partitions and ceilings so constructed are incombustible and offer great resistance to the transmission of sound and fire. Hote: SHERMAN. CHICAGO Maintains Uniformity of Temperature The same qualities of Simplex construction, which resist so successfully the transmission of fire and sound, also maintain a marked uniformity of temperature in the rooms. The very low con- ductivity of gypsum plaster board and plaster, and the extra thickness of the dead air space in the Simplex hollow partitions offer excellent in- sulation, and prevent rapid and extreme variations of heat and cold. Rooms are cool and pleasant in summer and warm in winter, with a marked con- servation of heat and saving of fuel. Lightest Floor Load A combination of features conspire to make Simplex Dat ti U1 Onset me lightest per unit of floor space. First, the light weight of these" wolaster board which takes the place of one plaster coat is an important saving. They are radically less heavy than the materials of bulky metal lath and channel iron construction. An- other element giv- ing light weight is the saving of plas- ter made possible by the thinness of the hooks and pins holding the plaster board. A _ three- eighths inch plaster coat will give a very satisfactory surface. Simplex parti- tions are, there- fore, much lighter than any other type, and in large buildings reduce the floor load and stress through- out the entire structure so that lighter supporting construction may be figured upon. Saves Floor Space In erecting large buildings with a high valua- tion on floor space, any reduction in the thickness of partitions is a very important consideration. A 3” Simplex hollow partition possesses the strength and the fire resistive and sound-proof qualities of a4” or 5” partition of other materials. It can readily be seen that in large hotels and office buildings, where there are thousands of feet of partitions, the saving of floor space accomplished Horasirp & RocHe, ARCHITECTS Simplea Partitions Used in the Three-Story Top Addition Yie SIMPLEX SYSTEM THE SIMPLEX SYSTEM OF by the use of the thinner partitions, is a very essential factor. Partitions Strong and Rigid Every element in the construction of Simplex partitions makes for strength and rigidity. Plaster board itself is notably stiff and strong and offers a rigid plastering base. Supporting this base is a frame-work of unyielding steel studs, constructed to give maximum strength, and interlaced with cross braces and clips. This staunch foundation is welded together most securely by the strong tension of the Simplex hooks tying the plaster board firmly to the studs, and by the many large plaster keys both along the studs and horizontally between the plaster boards. These special features of the Simplex System not only give structural strength and rigidity to the entire partition but also prevent the plaster from cracking. It must be remembered that this ex- ceptional strength is possessed in spite of the unusual lightness and thinness of Simplex partitions. Speed of Erection The simplicity of the Simplex System and the consideration given construction problems enables partitions and ceilings to be erected at remarkable speed. The studs can be readily fastened to floors and ceilings of any material by various methods which will suggest themselves to the mechanic. The large, clean slabs of plaster board are, of course, easy to handle and are quickly put in posi- tion. The chief advantage of the system is the method of fast- ening the plaster boards by hooking a section of the stud over the pins with a tying tool Any workman can fasten these steel ties at high speed and erect a partition much faster than he could by nailing or by wiring. As shown on pages 8 and 12, grounds are wired or nailed flat against the plaster board without any delay for notch- ing the ground or stud. Fit- ting around door bucks, win- dow frames and other irregu- larities in construction is readily accomplished because erection, it is well to remember that the plaster board serves as one coat of plaster and that there is a minimum of material and debris to take up space and hamper progress during erection. Minimizes Cost of Construction Since less metal, less plaster, and less time and labor is required for erecting Simplex partitions and ceilings than for any other type of construc- tion, it is readily seen that the cost of construction is also lower than for any other method. In de- molishing a structure, Simplex materials are easily salvaged and have a comparatively high salvage value which may be considered in judging costs. The method of manufacturing the steel studs and clips —stamping them out on economically operated machines —and the use of wire pins in- stead of nails, reduces the production cost of materials to a low level. The Simplex System of partition and ceiling construction occupies the unique position of offering the most effective and satisfactory results at the lowest cost. Another point in this connection is the saving in freight and storage charges for Simplex hollow partitions. The materials required offer only one- fifth of the bulk possessed by materials used with some other methods. One carload of Simplex hollow studs will put up the same amount of partitions as five cars of the more bulky materials, accomplishing a saving of four-fifths of the cost for freight and storage. Broad Field of Use These qualities and advan- tages of the Simplex System are essential in all types of construction. They are to be considered in planning all structures from the small resi- dence or store to the mammoth hotel or office building. The value of fire-proof and sound-proof methods is indis- putable. Maintaining light floor loads, saving floor space and still securing strong sub- stantial construction are like- wise important considerations. But to combine all of these factors, and to accomplish it at a low cost through econ- omies of quick erection and saving in materials —that is a crowning feature. It is this combination of qualities and advantages which marks the Simplex System and makes it particularly adapted to wide field of uses. Epwarpb D. SHANK, ARCHITECT the plaster boards are easily pereibea ceacr SLE cut and shaped. Simplex Partitions and Ceilings Used Throughout In considering speed of “———————————— Yhe SIMPLEX SYSTEM PARTITION AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION a) General Information Regarding Simplex Solid Partitions For Details of Construction see Plate on Page 8 Adaptability ME con- struction re- quirements of closets, enclosed Sita PW. a¥S5 sharus -ialse beams and col- umns, and for all non-bearing partitions where air or enclosing Space is mot re- quired, are ad- mirably met by Simplex Solid Brant 1 1.0 11'S\. Their thinness, rigidity, speed of erection and light weight, and their high fire and sound- resisting qual- ities meet every requirement. Strength of Partition Such a partition has great strength in spite of its thinness. Plaster board itself is very rigid. A 12x18 inch section 3%’ thick supported on knife edge bearings spaced 16 inches, and loaded on a similar bearing midway between the two, will sustain a 40 lb. stress across the fibre of the sur- facing and 20 lbs. parallel with it. THe Trocapero Hote, Detroit — The character of the plaster board covering is such that when plaster is applied it forms a bond that fuses the board and plaster into a monolithic slab two inches thick. Simplex studs, with “The Simplex Partitions and Ceilings Used Throughout P g g Tie that Binds,” the large plaster keys, and Sim- plex steel clips, make an. unsur- passed reinforce- ment for this solid plaster slab partition. The patented feat- ures of the stud permitia per fectly construct- ed wall using, if desired, a 34” plaster coat on one side and 34”’ on the other, finishing to a 1144” thickness. Light Weight of Partition The design Heol (the # stud, as tole such theatrera minimum of metal is used. Plaster board is light, averaging about 1700 Ibs. per thousand square feet. The method of pinning boards to studs effects economy of plaster. These three factors result is a finished partition of mate- rially lighter weight than possible to secure with any other method. Saves Time and Labor Every element in Simplex construction has been studied and arranged with a view of saving time in erection. Special studs are provided to meet special conditions. Anchoring to the floor and Epwarpb D. SHANK, ARCHITECT Section of Simplex Single Stud, One Half Actual Size Yhe SIMPLEX SYSTEM a RRND CEILING Coy, ta = 3 y: se Cae Bes JE THAT sO . THE SIMPLEX SYSTEM OF HN SinaLe 1 51 alate STUD} "METHOD. oF FASTENING TO: eas Te. ah te ; PINs. Libchine PLASTER ~ Rea ie “ : BOARDS SECURELY IN PLACE |: 01 3 f AGAINST STUDS BY PRONGS PLA TER CARD. % % s e i : HOOKED AROUND THEM -PLASTER KEYS OFFERED — "BY LARGE SLOTS IN STUD _ . BETAILS a “OF Bec MNErion . mig “INTER-SECTING STUD ns iat ye Eye he “A 5 USED IN ER- H eM d, INGLE § stup * Hon PARTI. Perce, coca «| wacormonanmnag| MUN DETAIL OF WINDOW JAMB- ae = NO Sn ‘GROUNDS FASTENED BY connsn aTup Uso oce rae oe | WIRING: THRU STUDS aisieska PAR ON: \ oe - S COIS SC SE feat PARTITION AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION \o ceiling is quickly and easily accomplished. Plaster boards are clean and convenient to handle and can readily be cut to fit around irregularities in building formations. But the big time saving feature is the Simplex method of pinning the plaster boards to the studs. Gypsum plaster can be applied on this foundation immediately and will dry quickly. Low Cost of Erecting The various materials used in Simplex System construction can be made very economically and are sold at a comparatively low price. This, com- bined with the saving in time, labor and materials effected, makes it a low cost method of building. Fire-resistive Qualities As the shape of the studs and the method PR Actual Size Section of Simplex Single Stud With Plaster Boards Attached, Showing Slot, Pin, and Method of Fastening MaIn STAIRWAY Tue Trocapero Hore. Detroir Epwarp D. SHANK, ARCHITECT Showing Simplex Ceiling Completed of pinning the plaster boards keeps all the steel—the only conductor used—deeply imbedded in plaster, a Simplex solid partition is fire-resistive to a high degree. Gypsum plaster and gypsum plaster board are universally recognized as effective fire-proofing materials. A 2’ wall of this type construction was subjected to a one hour fire test, with an average temperature of 1700 degrees Fahrenheit during the last half hour. This was followed by a 2% minute application of a hose stream from a 1%” nozzle at 30 Ib. nozzle pressure. At no stage during the test did cracks develop in the exposed surface of the partition; neither smoke nor flame was per- mitted to pass. A Simplex Solid Partition adequately meets every demand made upon it. Specifications for Solid Partitions This contractor to erect partitions where shown, by the Simplex System, using Simplex solid partition studs anchored to floor and ceiling by approved method, and properly lined up to insure a straight wall. Studs to be placed 24% inches on centers. Corner and intersecting wall studs to be used where required. After studs have been properly placed, erect 3¢-in. x 24 in. x 32 in. gypsum plaster boards, securing them to studs by means of wire pins 3 inches long, of not less than No. 10 gauge thickness. Pins to be held in place by prongs, which are integral with the Simplex studs, using a Simplex tying tool to hook prongs tightly over pins, and securely bind plaster board to studs. Pins to be 6 inches apart or less. The bottom row of plaster boards to be full size and half size, alternated to give broken joints. In the center of each horizontal joint between plaster boards, furnish and place one clip to separate boards not less than 4- inch, which separation and stud slots on vertical joints are to be used for plaster keys. Apply gypsum plaster to entire surface on both sides of partition, applying brown and white coats, white coat to be not more than -inch thick. Do not wet or sprinkle plaster boards before applying plaster. All plaster to be mixed according to manufacturer's speci- fications, and to be applied the proper thickness to be flush with grounds when completed. All grounds will be furnished and set by carpenter contractor. ne SIMPLEX SYSTEM | CAND CEILING Go CE BONS 10 THE, SIMPLEX SYSTEM OF Practical Suggestions for Erection of The Simplex System S THE workmen become more familiar with Simplex materials and methods, they will dis- cover many ways of their own for handling the details which will speed up the work, save materials, and give satisfactory results. Tongues to Point Upward Studs must be set with the tongues pointing upward to permit the tying tool to be inserted in the slots so that the tongue may be bent out and hooked over the pins. To line up the plaster boards correctly and prevent their being placed over the slots, an average of two tongues to the board should be bent out from the stud as guides. Studs Spaced on 241%" Centers By erecting the studs on 241%” centers, full size plaster boards will fit exactly in place on the shoulder of the studs. This eliminates cutting and fitting, saves a big waste of materials, and avoids much extra and useless work. Break Plaster Board Joints When applying the plaster boards to the frame- work of studs, start each tier of boards at the floor, alternating with full and half size pieces. This gives a staggard arrangement to the horizontal joints of the plaster boards and affords maximum strength. If the joints matched and formed a long horizontal joint, it would mean a greatly weakened partition. Splicing for High Partitions For partitions over twelve feet high, and for ceilings, studs can be overlapped several inches and bound together when hooking the plaster boards in place. This provides a very strong splice, utilizes short lengths of studs, and meets special requirements of construction. Pin Only Where Necessary To insure having ties at essential points, more hooks are provided for along the studs than are required for binding the plaster boards in place. Use those which come near the ends of each section of plaster board and every second one in between. The others are left in their original position to be She SimPLeX SYSTEM used if studs are salvaged and re-erected. The used hooks can be straightened out and re-used if desired. Wire Fastenings Made Easy The large slots for plaster keys also provide apertures through which a mechanic can quickly and securely wire his grounds, ceiling hangers, corner beading, and other details. The work is thus made easier and accomplished more quickly. Use Correct Studs For solid and hollow partition corners, or in- tersections, use the correct studs that are specially designed for these purposes. They insure correct, Satisfactory construction, save unnecessary waste of materials, and are easily and more quickly erected. In ordering Simplex materials, contractors should check over their plans carefully and specify the exact number of corner studs and intersecting studs required. Enclosing Pipes—Conduits The hollow partition studs will enclose conduits a trifle larger than the stud measurements. This can be done with entire satisfaction as the plaster boards can be sprung slightly on each side of the partition and plastered over so as not to throw the surface out of alignment. Pipes and wires can be installed with comparative ease after partitions and ceilings are completed where the Simplex System is used. When pipes larger than 3 inches in diameter are to be enclosed in a partition, use two single studs with Separator Ties as explained on page eleven. Fastening Grounds With hollow partitions the grounds may be nailed on instead of wired. To nail them, 4-inch pieces of lumber the thickness of the stud are inserted as cores in the channel of the studs at the heights desired. The four inch lengths insure matching with a slot opening. Grounds are then placed in position and fastened by nailing through the slot into the wooden core. Another method is for two men working on each side of a partition to fasten the grounds by nailing through the partition and into the ground on the opposite side. PARTITION AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION Special Data and Scientific Tests for Simplex Hollow Partitions For Details of Construction see Plate on Page 12 Adaptability a very material sav- HEREVER ing in fuel. (e lailial. light- Highly weight, non-bearing | Fire-resistive partitions are required which must conceal pipes, wires or con- duits, or allow an extra thick enclosed air space, or which will provide greater fire and sound-proof qualities than a solid partition, Simplex Hollow Partitions RESTAURANT A Simplex hollow partition is an excep- tionally effective bar- | rier to fire. It is in | reality two separate firé walls, Each face consists of almost an inch of solid gypsum without the presence of any combustible offer exce pt ional THe Trocapero Hote, Detroit Epwarb D. SHANK, ARCHITECT material. A fire test advantages. Simplex Ceiling with Furred Beams | for such a _ hollow a9 partition, 3’ thick Partitions Any with 3%" gypsum Thickness plaster boards and a Only two sizes are made in regular hollow studs — the 114” stud for 3” finished partitions, and the 3’ stud for walls to finish 454” thick. Investigation has proved that partitions thicker than these can be constructed most satisfactorily by using two single studs bound and braced with separator ties. The plate on page twelve illustrates the details of erection. Separator ties are strips of sheet steel, made in any length, with a shoe bent down on either end which fits snugly between the outer flanges of the single stud. By bending the flanges in over this shoe with pliers the separator tie is locked firmly in place. They should be set about every two feet along the stud. With this construction, the en- closed air space can be made as wide as desired and will prove a very effective means of stabilizing temperature in adjoining rooms, making them cooler in summer, and warmer in winter, with ¥" coat of gypsum plaster registered the follow- ing degrees Fahrenheit: Period of Fire Exterior Face Interior Space Readings Temperature Temperature Temperature 0 min. Pilg 74° Talon 10 min. 152.0% Lae 209° « 20 min. 1602° 107° De 30 min. 1610° WS 392° 40 min. 1704° Lode 616° 50 min. LA002 ey 824° 60 min. 1455° WS 869° These temperatures unquestionably prove the low heat conductivity and the fire-resistive prop- erties of the partition. The fire was followed by a severe water application, and only five hair cracks developed on the exposed surface. At no time during the entire test was smoke or fire permitted to pass. Section of Simplex Hollow Stud, One Half Actual Size he SIMPLEX SYSTEM ae SH ce LOS (s 4 ie ne se TIE THAT 50 KZ THE, SIMPLEX. SYSTEM OF a SIMPLEX HOLLOW FART TIONS | 4 ra a PLASTER KEYS _ a boa | OFFERED BY el Head rena clips Si SEPARATING By 7 : ARD “= METHOD OF FASTENING : STUD TO CEILING BY ~ j USE OF CEILING PLATE DETAIL OF HOLLOW PARTITION USING ) THRU LARGE SLOTS NAILED: TO CEILING, ae SIMPLEX SOLID PARTITION = eM preiens ee seh STUD AND SEPARATOR TIE IN STUD SIMPLEX --HOLLOW STUD ‘PRONG HOOKED OVER PIN BINDING PLASTER BOARD AGAINST STUD. 2B PLASTERBOARD | PLASTERKEY STUD SECURED BY WIRING THRU JUNCTURE OF PLASTER BOARDS AND SECURED BY Pi LE “~~ ELEVATION SHOWING CROSS SECTION ~ DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION OIMPLEX HOLLOW | Of SIMPLEX HOLLOW SPP STUD. : | ~ PARTITIONS. : INTERSECTING me PARTITION AS eae Pe: ee f4 : CORNER CONSTRUCTION GEE Ducts PIN LOCKING PLASTER WITH SIMPLEX HOLLOW SECURELY. 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