Faw. Naive ohureh 
 
 THE RELATIONSHIPS OF PROTESTANT MISSION BOARDS IN AMERICA TO THE 
 
 CHURCHES IN JAPAN, KOREA, CHINA AND THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, WITH 
 SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE TRANSFER OF AUTHORITY AND CONTROL FROM 
 AMERTCA TO THE ORIENT 
 
 by 
 
 A. L. Warnshuis 
 
 Prepared at the request of the American Group of the 
 : Institute of Pacific Relations, as one of a series 
 
 of papers aimed to supply a basis of fact and opinion 
 
 for the discussions at the 1927 Honolulu Conference. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This study is one of a series of monographs prepared in connection 
 with the conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations at Honolulu 
 in July 1927. These monographs are presented to the Institute on behalf 
 of the American Group attending the Conference, but the presentation of 
 this material for consideration in the program does not imply either that 
 the Institute itself or that the American Group assumes respansibility for 
 statements of fact or opinion contained in the texts. These remain as 
 mich the personal expression of the authors as would have been the case 
 had the contributions been communicated orally. The Research Committee, 
 which has charge of the editorial work of the American Group, has neces- 
 sarily limited itself to the question of the pertinence of the subject 
 matter to the discussions of the Institute. 
 
 In the discussions at the 1925 conference of the Institute missions 
 emerged as a factor in Pacific relations. Were missions, especially 
 Christian missions, to be regarded as an international asset, or an in- 
 ternational irritant, or both? This question, repeatedly broached, had 
 to be left in abeyance, but it was regarded as inescapably in the field 
 for future discussion. The Institute at that time had not before it 
 any adequate factual statement pertaining to missions which could be 
 used as a basis for discussion. 
 
 Looking forward to the 1927 conference and, particularly, the 1929 
 conference of the Institute, the American Group asked its Sub-committee 
 on Missions (Charles H. Fahs, Mary E. Woolley, Edward H. Hume and Daniel 
 J. Fleming) to draft an outline for a major study of the social results 
 of Christian missions in China. The Committee responded to the request 
 and submitted a draft which was accepted by the Research and Executive 
 Committees of the American Group on December llth, 1926, with the under- 
 standing that the project be submitted to the Social Science Research 
 Council. 
 
 This draft drew attention to the fact that all former major efforts 
 to evaluate the social results of missions had had these limitations; (1) 
 They had been offered by those committed to missions and usually as an 
 apology for missions, and (2) they had sought to analyze the specific 
 social results of missions without initiating a general study for each 
 area investigated of the total forces making for social change. ‘Thus they 
 were unable to give to missions in each case their appropriate places and 
 setting as discovered through processes that were inclusive, detached and 
 completely objective. The American Growp was on the point of forwarding 
 this draft to the Social Science Research Council when Mr, Charles H. Fahs, 
 the Qhairman of the Missions Sub-committee, urged that the American Group 
 pestpane action on this research project until it could be discussed - 
 mutually py the Chinese and Americans attending the 1927 Conference at 
 Honoluly, My, Fahs and the members of his committee felt that the 
 Chinese members of the Institute should be asked whether they would 
 welcome some such study and if their answer should be in the affirmative, 
 steps should be taken by a joint committee of Chinese and Americans to 
 
Preface - 2, 
 
 re-draft the outline so that the project, if eventually undertaken, should 
 be directed by am internationally constituted group and serve equally the 
 purposes of the Chinese and American members of the Institute, The 
 Committee of the American Group decided to act on Mr. Fahs! proposal 
 
 and defer action until full conference with the Chinese had taken place 
 
 in Honolulu. 
 
 In the meantime, members of the American Group, remembering 
 the lack of a factual basis for the discussion of missions at the 
 first Honolulu Conference, urged that short reports be prepared on 
 the following topics; 
 
 1. The extent and nature of the work of Christian missions 
 in the Pacific countries; 
 
 2, The relationships of Protestant mission boards in 
 America to the churches in Japan, Korea, China and 
 the Philippine Islands, with special reference to the 
 transfer of authority and control from America to the 
 Orient. 
 
 3. <A compilation of the most widely current and responsible 
 criticisms of the missionary movement as voiced both in 
 the Orient and the Occident. 
 
 The preparation of the first report has been undertaken by Dr. 
 Harlan Pp. Beach. The preparation of the third has not been undertaken 
 because it has not been possible, as yet, to secure the services of a 
 suitable author. On May 18th, 1927, Dr. A. I. Warnshuis, Secretary 
 of the International Missionary Council, was asked to prepare a short 
 paper on the second topic, namely, the transfer of the authority and 
 control from the Protestant Mission Boards in America to the churches 
 in Japan, Korea, China and the Philippine Islands. This paper is now 
 offered in this preliminary form as a part of the data necessary for 
 the discussions at Honolulu. Its contents have been checked as carefully 
 as possible in the time available, but Dr. Warnshuis will be grateful 
 for the correction of any inaccuracies which a wider circle of readers 
 may detect. 
 
 American Group 
 Institute of Pacific Relations 
 129 East 52nd, Street 
 
 New York City. 
 
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF PROTESTANT MISSION BOARDS IN AMERICA TO THE CHURCHES 
 IN JAPAN, KOREA, CHINA AND THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 
 
 The general aim of the missionary work of the Christian Churches 
 has been defined in many statements. For the limited purpose of this paper, 
 it will be sufficient to quote from one of these atatements which represents 
 one of the largest missionary organizations. The "Manual" of the Board of 
 Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. expresses this 
 purpose as including the aim "to gather these disciples into Christian 
 Ghurches which shall be self-propagating, self-supporting and self-governing; 
 to co-operate, so long as necessary, with these churches in the evangelizing 
 of their countrymen, and in bringing to bear on all human life the spirit 
 and principles of Christ." Again in the same "Manual", (section 87), the 
 relations with the Churches abroad are stated as follows;:- 
 
 "National consciousness should be welcomed and recognized by 
 provision for the absolute independence of the Church on the 
 Field, with complete ecclesiastical authority, and responsibil- 
 ity for the administration of its own affairs". 
 
 These statements may be accepted as expressing generally the aim 
 of the foreign missionary work of all the Protestant Churches. Provably 
 only the Methodist Episcopal and Protestant Episcopal Churches would de- 
 sire to make plain that the "National" Churches are integral parts of a 
 
 world-wide Church, but without infringing upon the rights and powers of 
 each part to administer its own affairs. In the Methodist Church, all the 
 "area conferences" are represented directly by delegates in the quadrennial 
 "General Conference" and in the Protestant Episcopal Church the American 
 
 Bishops in the various missions are members of the House of Bishops in 
 
 America and subject to its jurisdiction, 
 
-2-= 
 
 AUTONOMOUS CHURCHES 
 Brief mention of the Churches that have grown out of the missionary work 
 
 of some of the larger denominations in the West will show that the general 
 aim stated above has been carried into effect in Japan, Korea, China and the 
 Philippine Islands, as well as in other varts of the world. 
 
 Congregutiona. - The. churches that have a congregational polity have 
 naturally established independent congregations in the fields to which their 
 missionaries have gone. This is true, among others, of the missions of the 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the American Baptist 
 Missionary Society, the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Con- 
 vention, and the London Missionary Society. Outstanding examples of such a 
 polisy are the "Kumiai" churches in Japan, and the churches related to these 
 societies in China and the Philippine Islands, 
 
 Presbyterian. All ot the churches in Japan, Korea, China and the 
 Philippine Islands that have grown out of the missionary work of the 
 Presbyterian Churches in the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, 
 England, Scotland, Ireland are now wholly independent in their government 
 of the older churches from whose work they have sprung. 
 
 In Japan, all these Presbyterian churches have united to form "The 
 
 Church of Christ in Japan". Only self-supporting congregations are ad- 
 mitted to full membership in its presbyteries. The churches still receiving 
 aid from the missions have an affiliated membership , which bécomes full 
 membership as soon as they attain financial independence. The American 
 missionaries may become members of the Japanese churches, the ordained 
 ministers of its presbyteries by bringing letters of dismissal from the 
 
 church in America. The missions cooperating with this church are those of 
 
-3- 
 
 the Northern and Southern Presbyterian Churches in the U. §. A., the Reformed 
 
 Church in d@merice, and the Reformed Church in the United States. 
 
 The Presbyterian Church in Korea includes the work of both the Northern 
 and the Southern Presbyterian Churches in the United States, the United 
 Church of Canada, and the Presbyterian Church of Australia. This Church is 
 entirely independent of the churches that send missionaries to Korea, "The . 
 
 Shurch is the central agency in control of all ecclesiastical affairs and 
 administering also all the schools and all the evangelistic work which it 
 supports. The ordained missionaries are all members of the presbyteries 
 and responsible to them for their assignment and work on the same basis with 
 the Korean pastors of self-supporting churches who are also in charge of 
 country fields. All evangelistic and primary school work is supported by 
 the Korean Church, so there has been no question as to the transfer to the 
 Church of the administration of foreign funds. The funds which it admine 
 isters are its own." * 
 
 In China, we have an example of a church, presbyterian in its form of 
 government, that has been autonomous from its beginning. This is the Protes- 
 tant Church in South Fukien. As soon as local congregations were organized, 
 
 these were immediately set up independent of the Churches in America and 
 
 England that cooperated with them, and so they have continued as they have 
 developed a church organization with several presbyteries and a synod, in which 
 all the churches in that area are united, without bringing over or even 
 translating a creed or rules of government of any church in the West. With 
 this independent church, the missions of the Reformed Church in Anwedos. the 
 *Speer, Mr. Robert E., and Dr. Hugh T. Kerr. Report on Jaber and China of the 
 
 Deputation sent by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church 
 in the U. 6 As «sss. 1926, vp. G8. 
 
ge | a 
 Presbyterian Church in England, and the London Missionary Society now cc- 
 
 operate. 
 
 For a time some of the other Presbyterian Churches in China were organ- 
 ized in presbyteries that were organically related to the parent Churches 
 in America, but now all the Presbyterian Churches in China are independent 
 of foreign ecclesiastical jurisdiction, This has been so for a number of 
 years. These churches are now engaged in the process of organizing a nation- 
 wide church to be known as "The Church of Christ in China." In this devel- 
 opment they are already organized in presbyteries and conferences, related 
 to one another in various ways. The Divisional Council in Kwangtung is 
 already organized, comprising the churches formerly related to the Presby- 
 terian Church in the U. S. A., the United Church in Canada, the Presbyterian 
 Church in New Zealand, the London Missionary Society and the United Brethren. 
 The South Fukien Churches will probably be another divisional council of 
 this church. The presbyteries in Central and North China will also probably 
 enter the same Church. These include churches formerly related to both the 
 Northern and Southern Presbyterian Churches in the U. §. A., the United 
 Church in Canada, and the Presbyterian Churches in Scotland and Ireland. 
 The conferences of the churches formerly related to the London Missionary 
 Society and the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions have 
 shared in the negotiations leading up to the organizations of this Church, 
 and it is hoped that they also will enter into its This movement for the 
 purposes of uniting all these churches is a demonstration of their indepen- 
 dence, for the decisions regarding these proposals are made by the Chinese 
 Churches without any reference to the Churches from which the foreign 
 missionaries have come. 
 
 Methodist. The Methodist Church in Japan has been organized as an inde- 
 pendent body, wholly autonomous. The missionaries of the Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Church, the Methodist Episcopal Church (South), and of the United church in 
 
- 5» 
 Canada cooperate with it, 
 
 In Korea, China, and the Philippine Islands, the Churches are members of 
 "conferences" that are on an equality with the "conferences" of the churches in 
 America. The missionaries are members of the "conferences", and there is no 
 racial or other distinction in the "conferences" between the missionaries and 
 the qantas who are nationals of the countries in which they are located. The 
 "conferences" send delegates to the Quadrennial General Conferences of the 
 Churches in the same way as the Neonferences" in America and other lands. fn 
 these churches there is no organization known as a "mission", but there are 
 finance committees which administer the funds contributed by the foreign 
 missionary boards in is aidinias On these committees in the areas where the 
 work is older, there are members who are nationals. The "conferences" of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church are united in a "Far Hastern Conference", 
 
 Anglican. In all the countries included in this survey, the Churches of 
 the Anglican Communion are organized in national churches with diocesan 
 councils and Synods that are independent and autonomous, fMThe missionaries 
 of the Protestant Episcopal church in America, the dine of England in 
 Canada, and the Church of England cooperate in the work of these churches, 
 The American bishdéps ~are members of the House of Bishops of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in America, but they are chosen in accordance with the laws 
 of the national churches. In Japan two Japanese Bishops and in China one 
 Chinese Assistant Bishop have been consecrated, 
 
 Lutheran. [In China, an independent, autonomous Lutheran Church has been 
 organized, which includes the churches of almost all the American Lutheran 
 Missions, 
 
 Within the limits of this paper it is not possible, and it is probably 
 unnecessary to review the status of the other church organizations. Those 
 mentioned above are the largest and oldest churches. from the brief state- | 
 
 ment of facts given above, it should be entirely clear that the development 
 
Bw 
 
 of ecclesiastical organization and the growth of the Christian churches in al! 
 these lands has resulted in the complete transfer to these national churches 
 of all ecclesiastical government and the independent control by themselves of 
 all their own ecclesiastical affairs. The adoption of creedal statements, the 
 ordination of their clergy, the admission and discipline of members, the ques- 
 tion of union with other churches, and all other church matters are wholly 
 within the governing authority of these national churches in accordance with 
 
 the constitution and character of the polity of each communion. 
 
 III. Transfer of Authority. 
 
 To complete this statement it is necessary to go farther and to show to 
 what extent the Boards and Missions have transferred to these autonomous 
 churches the work and institutions which they aid or maintain. A definition 
 of terms will probably help to make the following discussion clear. In 
 speaking of the "Church", the reference is to the ecclesiastical body, the 
 denomination or the local congregation composed almost entirely of the converts 
 and adherents from among the people of these countries, The churches in the 
 West have organized "Roards® to administer their missionary work under the 
 authority and confrol of the supreme courts or governing bodies of these 
 churches. "Societies" are organizations composed of church members voluntar- 
 ily associating themselves for the purpose of prosecuting missionary work in 
 other lands. ‘These "Boards" and "Societies" have organized their missionaries 
 in the various countries or regions in which they are located as "missions", 
 or "mission councils", or "district committees", These terms are synonomous, 
 and in this paper both in the preceding pages or in those that follow, the 
 term ‘mission" is used to designate these organizations in the field composed, 
 almost without exception, of the missionaries from abroad who are related 
 to the work of a Board or Society in a given area. 
 
 A large variety of plans have been adopted for the administration of 
 
 financial assistance and to govern the relations of foreign missionaries to 
 
i a 
 the churches, These plans depend to a large extent upon the stage of develop- 
 ment of younger churches. ‘The age of the work is a fact which must always be 
 taken into account in considering these various plans and especially when com- 
 paring the plans effective in different areas. How an older, stronger church 
 may most effectively aid a younger church has always been and is in all places 
 a difficult and delicate question. The question and the different plans or 
 methods adopted in the attempt to answer it can be discussed here in only very 
 general terms, 
 
 In the first place, it should be clearly understood that the churches in 
 the West and their missionary boards have generally transferred legislative 
 authority regarding the administration of work in the field to the "missions", 
 as defined above. [It is almost a universal rule in all missionary administra- 
 tion that the initiation of policies and action rests with the mission. The 
 appropriation of money is made in lump sums to the mission, which is responsi- 
 ble for its distribution in the various forms of work aided by it. Missionar- 
 ies are generally appointed to the mission and their assignment to stations 
 and particular fields of work is determined not in New York but hy the mission. 
 The apparent exceptions to this are only those cases in which the mission has 
 asked for some specialist, but even so the Board in America is only the re- 
 cruiting agency that finds the person for the task defined by the mission. It 
 is seldom and almost never that the Boards in America act in the administration 
 of missionary work abroad excepting upon the recommendation of the mission. 
 
 The question therefore resolves itself into that of the relation of the 
 Mission to the Church. fhe church, as show above, is entirely in control of 
 its own affairs, with full spiritual sovereignty and ecclesiastical autonomy. 
 
 It is the desire and purpose of the missions that the Church would of itself 
 take up its true character and undertake its full work. The problem that exists 
 concerns the manner and method by which the mission gives its aid to the Church. 
 
 How can the help of the mission best be given in the interest of the Church 
 
aa ee 
 
 herself and of the progress of Christianity in each country? This question 
 refers not only to financial aid but also to the services of the missionaries. 
 
 Many earnest efforts have beast nde to answer this easatinn, The range of 
 these various plans extends from those in which the mission is merged with the 
 Church to those in which there is complete separation between these two bodies. 
 Where the plans provide: for the distinct and separate existence and action of 
 the mission, the mission is in effect a committee of the Board, acting for it 
 with the authority conferred upon it by the Board. This plan is an application 
 of the principle of transferring administrative authority from the Boards in 
 the West to the field, bringing it as close as possible to the work administered. 
 In the plans by which the mission is merged in the church, this policy has been 
 adopted in response to the desire of the church to have direct relations with 
 and access to the Boards in the West, eliminating the mission and its mediation 
 in receiving the financial aid and the services of the missionaries given to it 
 by the western churches. Where the mission is strong the Board in New York or 
 London exercises little direct control of field administration; where the 
 ini seion is merged in the church, the Board is necessarily called upon to act 
 directly upon the requests of the church. Between these two, there are number- 
 less other plans for cooperation or affiliation, Most of them recognize that 
 the mission is a temporary agency and that inevitably it must Rgaroear as the 
 Church assumes full responsibility for the maintenance and devetonuant of all 
 christian work in the area within its influence, [In all of these plans, the 
 continuation of financial aid and missionary service for an indefinite period 
 is assumed, and the questions under discussion have to do with the issue of 
 whether or not the missionaries working with and in the church shall exercise 
 on behalf of the Board sending them the control in whole or in part of the 
 money given by the Board for the work of the church. Many missionary conferences 
 have been held to discuss the merits of these many different plans, and there is 
 
 available a shelf of books that deal with the question. Obviously this state- 
 
-9- 
 
 ment can not profitably discuss this question. It may suffice to quote from 
 
 a report of a conference held in Shanghai in January 1926, as follows: "Within 
 the body of the Church, in all problems of the Church's faith and order, its 
 government, finances, and propagation, Chinese initiative should have entirely 
 free course, and that the Chinese should work realizing that in the sight of 
 God the ultimate responsibility as also the spiritual and formal authority is 
 theirs and theirs alone", The recognition of that principle by the churches 
 and missions in Japan, Korea, China, Philippine Islands, and elsewhere, trans- 
 lated into practice, means that the churches may accept what help they desire 
 from without and they may enter into what cooperation they please, and they 
 follow their own initiative or independent paths or accept leadership as self- 
 dependent and self-determining churches. The autonomy of the churches, as 
 stated in the preceding section of this paper is unimpaired as they receive or 
 decline the aid of the mission. The problem of the mission is to relate their 
 financial aid and the services of their missionaries to the churches in such a 
 way as will recognize the rightful position of the churches and will contribute 
 most effectively to the strengthening of the churches, their expansion into 
 hitherto unoccupied areas and influencing all human life and activity with the 
 spirit and principles of Christ. 
 
 The success of these various plans in their practical working varies great- 
 ly in different places, depending upon the age of the work, as stated above, 
 the resulting ability of the church to carry its responsibilities, and also 
 upon the point of view both of the older church with its missions, and of the 
 younger church. The polity of the church denomination is also, a modifying 
 factor, - in some the ecclesiastical organization is such as to make it easy 
 to give large freedom to small, local units, in others the connectional organic 
 unity of the whole body resulting in the subordination of local units and 
 their leaders to higher church authorities. These and other facts need to be 
 
 kept in mind when discussing any particular plan or situation. 
 
A 
 
 Most important of all are the personal relations involved, The chavacter 
 and attitude of the cooperating parties, both the leaders of the churches and 
 the missionaries from other lands, is more important than the plans of coopera- 
 tion. This is emphasized in the report of Dr. Robert E. Speer on his recent 
 visit to China, from which the following extract is quoted:- "The fact is that 
 neither in wise plans of cooperation, nor in self support is the sole solution 
 to be found, essential as these are. It is in personal temper and attitudes 
 also. <All relations are ultimately personal and the fundamental and ultimate 
 thing is the love that is stronger tian death and that many waters cannot quench, 
 neither the waters of foreignism nor the waters of anti-foreignism, nor of 
 nationalism, whether Chinese or Western, whether false or true, 
 
 "The Rev. Liu Fu Ttrien of Ichowfu used a homely but conclusive illustration 
 at the Tsinanfu Conference: 'In the conference of Chinese leaders in Shantung, 
 we were more concerned with the renewing of the spirit of cooperation than with 
 securing an organization. To illustrate my point - on the way to Tsinan I saw 
 two wheelbarrows; one was pulled and pushed by brothers, the other was operated 
 by an employer and employee. Outwardly they were handled in the same way, but 
 there was a vast difference in the efficiency of the two pairs, because of the 
 spirit of cooperation between the brothers, who were pushing and pulling to- 
 gether, while the other two utterly lacking in that spirit were each yelling at 
 the other to pull harder, each was suspicious the one was trying to make the 
 other do all the work.' 
 
 ' The essential thing is not that the Church and Missions should both be 
 together at one end of the barrow, still less that they should be coalesced 
 into one barrow man who would have to be located at one end, ¢ither before or 
 after, but that they should be working together as brothers jn the spirit and 
 relations which enable both to do their utmost at the common task and each to 
 
 fulfill his own distinct share in it."* 
 
 " “Speer, Mr.Robert EB. and Dr. Hugh T. Kerr. Report on Japan and China.....1926, 
 Pp. 324, 
 
ro ae 
 IV. EDUCATIONAL AND MEDICAL WORK. 
 
 Something more may need to be said regarding the relation of the schools, 
 colleges, universities and hospitals to the Churches. ‘The principles outlined 
 above are naturally applicable to the administration of these institutiens. 
 However, the greater wealth of the older churches in the West has enabled the 
 Mission to establish and maintain educational, medical, and other institutions 
 that in size and character and cost are much greater than the younger churches 
 are as yet able to support, and yet which are essential to meet the demands 
 for the spread of Christianity in non-Christian countries. These institutions 
 are conducted in the name of the Churches but in reality they are controlled and 
 developed by the Missions. It is commonly stated that the Churches are ex- 
 pected some day to take over and carry on all this work. To a large extent, 
 it is evident that the Churches are being compromised and their future is 
 being shaped and determined for them. There are many who see this and who 
 recognize both the evil and also the good of it. MThey know that the younger 
 Churches as Churches cannot yet do these things. They have as yet neither the 
 financial ability nor a sufficient number of leaders capable of accepting the 
 administrative responsibilities. Nobody would say that these things should 
 not be done. [t would be unreasonable to suggest that the development of such 
 institutions should be retarded to correspond with the growth of the Churches. 
 Moreover, the responsibilities of the churches in the West are not to be 
 limited by the lack of strength of the younger Churches in the Bast. ‘The older 
 Churches must be urged to do all within their power, which they are not yet do- 
 ing, for the benefit of men and women everywhere. Only in establishing and de- 
 veloping this institutional work, it is essential that the younger Churches 
 
 should be protected and prepared to take over these tasks in due time or be free 
 
de 8 e. 
 to develop their own ingtitutions in their own way, Moreover, it is important 
 
 that these institutions conducted by foreign agencies should be rightly relafed 
 to the cultural life of the nations «so that they may be incorporated in it. 
 Although supported by foreign funds and served by foreign workers, they must 
 
 not be alien institutions, but should be thoroughly naturalized so as to con- 
 tribute to the fullest possible measure to the development of the native culture. 
 
 and national life, 
 
 how far are these principles recognized and applied in the existing insti- 
 tutions? In elementary schools, so far as these still receive support from 
 foreign sources, the control has been very largely transferred to the governing 
 bodies of the Churches. The problem of the relationships of these schools may 
 still exist in some places, but it is not acute or far from complete and satis~ 
 factory solution. The difficulties that exist, and they do exist, are in the 
 support and control of the colleges and universities and larger hospitals. 
 
 There is no disposition on the part of the responsible boards to dispute the 
 right of each nation to have its own national, adequate and complete educational 
 system, and to control and direct the educational forces which shape the national 
 mind and character. The Missions desire only to provide a comparatively ate 
 and supplementary portion of the immense development of schools of all kinds 
 which are needed in the countries in which they are at work. Their schools and 
 the organizations that control them must be brought into just relationship to 
 the institutions and authority of each country. The schools should be regis- 
 tered, if that is required, and they should comply with all regulations, They 
 must either obey the laws or come away. The questions of whether these 
 different national governments will permit private schools to exis}, and 
 whether religious teaching may be an integral part of the training given in 
 such schools are to be determined by these governments. Japan and the United 
 States of America have adopted such sabsaten.- whe we must believe that China 
 
 will also do what is right and reasonable. 
 
om 3 
 
 the problem of control and administrative relationships will also yield +9 
 patient and wise effort. An increasing measure of power is being given te 
 Boards of Managers in the countries in which the institutions are located, and 
 the constitution of those Boards are being altered so that a majority of the 
 members will be nationals of those countries. As rapidly as qualified men and 
 women can be found, the positions of presidents, deans, and other administrative 
 responsibility are being given to nationals. Much progress is being made along 
 right lines in these respects; probably such steps should have been taken at an 
 earlier stage in many cases, but in any case the fact should be recognized that 
 it is now being achieved. The title to the property of these institutions is 
 held almost altogether by the Boards in America or Europe in accordance with the 
 laws of the countries in which they are Banat an No serious issue need arise 
 with reference to these titles, for it has been shown that wherever desirable 
 and practicable it is easily possible to lease them at nominal rates to the 
 controlling bodies in Asia. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be stated that the questions of control and adminis- 
 
 tration of missionary work are those that must be solved on the field. The 
 missionary boards in New York or London, or wherever their headquarters may be 
 
 located in America or Europe, long ago decided to transfer control and full 
 responsibility for all administration to the missionsand churches in Asia. The 
 practical problems center around the duty of discovering the Christian leaders 
 in Asia who will “assume the real responsibility, not for giving counsel only 
 but for accepting consequences and for actually carrying the load and maintain- 
 
 ing the trust",* 
 
 *Speer, Mr. Robert E, and Dr, Hugh T, Kerr. Report on Japan and Pehsas 19 0s 
 p- 3.