Methodist 
 Centenary Askings 
 For India 
 
 a 
 
 With 
 A Descriptive Statement 
 of the . 
 Types of Work 
 
Methodist 
 Centenary Askings 
 For India 
 
 With 
 A Descriptive Statement 
 of the 
 Types of Work 
 
 ha 
 
 Published by 
 
 The Centenary Commission of the Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
 
 111 Fifth Avenue, New York 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 HE purpose of this booklet is to 
 
 present a survey of the askings for the 
 work of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 
 India, as the various items have been approved 
 by the Joint Centenary Committee. Detailed 
 information concerning any of the askings 
 here included may be had upon application 
 to the Centenary Committee, 111 Fifth Ave., 
 New York. Before presenting the summary 
 of the askings, a brief general statement con- 
 cerning Methodism’s work in India is given 
 
 in the opening paragraphs. 
 
The Present Situation and Its History 
 
 =e \|N 1856 the first missionaries of the Methodist Episcopal 
 ee ai Church landed in India and began work at Bareilly. 
 CNS ie The Mutiny of 1857 forced Dr. Butler to flee to the 
 ap ah northern hills, and mission work could not be resumed 
 
 until peace was restored. ‘The report of the Board of 
 Foreign Missions for 1859 is the first to give any statistics of the In- 
 dian work. The number enrolled in our baptized Christian com- 
 munity at that time was 29. This figure is almost exactly 1% of the 
 grand total (2,975) of Methodism’s baptized community throughout 
 all her foreign mission fields as indicated in the 1859 Report. The 
 Centenary year, 1919, thus marks the 6oth anniversary of Methodist 
 mission enterprise in India, dating from Dr. Butler’s reestablishment 
 of the work after the Mutiny. 
 
 Phenomenally Rapid Growth 
 
 The diagram on the following page indicates that the Methodist 
 baptized community in India grew quite normally during the thirty 
 years from 1859 to 1889. At that time the Indian community num- 
 bered 12,887, or practically 18% of the total Methodist foreign mis- 
 sion ingathering. When it is remembered that Methodism works in 
 five major areas—Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, South America and 
 Mexico, Africa, and Europe—it will be seen that India had acquired 
 by 1889 what one might have judged to be her normal place in our 
 mission enterprise. But since 1890 the growth of our Indian Chris- 
 tian community has been extraordinary. In 1889, India had just 
 slightly less than 18% of our foreign Christians; the Report for 1917 
 shows that she now has 56% of our total baptized Christian com- 
 munity. That is—there are more baptized persons today in our 
 Indian church alone, than in all our other foreign fields added 
 together. 
 
 At this point several things should be emphasized. ‘The 
 writer hesitated to include the accompanying diagram and statements 
 because they might be construed as an invidious comparison or as a 
 criticism of the work of our missionaries in other fields. ‘The writer 
 wishes absolutely to disavow such thought in his own mind, and earn- 
 estly begs the reader not to let himself be betrayed into such an 
 
300,000 
 
 270,000 
 
 240000 
 
 . 
 «* 
 
 ee? 
 
 1860 65 ‘70 75 ‘80 ‘85 ‘00 ‘95 1900 ‘05 "lO "5. 
 = Methodist Baptized Community in India; 
 
 Sand Sik Ss aa = Methodist Baptized Community in all other Foreign Mission Lands; 
 en Meee AE = Total Methodist Foreign Mission Baptized Community. 
 
erroneous conclusion. The missionaries who have gone to India have 
 been in no measure more deeply consecrated than those who have 
 gone to other fields. The missionaries and native workers in India 
 have labored with no greater zeal or finer skill than have those in 
 other lands. The converts baptized in India are not of better Chris- 
 tian grain than those of other countries. Nor have the bars of training 
 and test of character prior to baptism been set lower in India than 
 elsewhere. No one would dare say that the Holy Spirit had let loose 
 a peculiar power in India arbitrarily denied to other lands. And 
 from another point of view this fact of phenomenal growth has not 
 been peculiar to the Methodist Mission in India. Other missions, 
 working in the areas notable for huge ingatherings, are as embar- 
 rassed as we are in explaining an increase in India hugely dispro- 
 portionate to that of their other fields, and of making this explana- 
 tion in such a way that the spiritual facts in the case shall not be 
 invalidated by direct statement or by inference. 
 
 The Mass Movement 
 
 This baptism of huge groups of people, with all the attendant 
 
 circumstances and needs, has been called “The Mass Movement.” 
 The name is good as far as it goes, but it explains nothing. The only 
 explanation, fair to all the facts, is one that discovers the roots of the 
 phenomenon in the pre-Christian environment of the people involved, 
 —the term ‘environment’ being understood as including all political, 
 social, economic and religious aspects of their life. ‘This is not the 
 place to work out such an explanation in detail. But one or two facts 
 should be noted. The Mass Movement has thus far occurred only 
 among the depressed groups of Hindus. It is as yet unknown among 
 middle and high caste Hindus, Parsees, Buddhists and Mohamme- 
 dans. In other words, it has appeared only in those strata of Caste 
 that lie at the extreme base of the social, economic and religious struc- 
 ture of Hinduism. ‘There are depressed groups in lands other than 
 India, but the peculiar type of grinding tyranny imposed by the Caste 
 system of Hinduism is unknown save in India. Certain social, 
 economic and religious privileges, essential to true life, have been 
 peculiarly denied by Caste to these groups of outcaste folk. The 
 Christian Church holds in its hands the solution of these social and 
 economic problems and offers the realization of the spiritual longings, 
 to a degree that no other organization in Indian life can begin to 
 
equal. It is but natural, then, that the oppressed group should rush to 
 Christianity, and that they should come in masses by reasons of the 
 genius of their Caste organization. Over 90% of Indian Christians 
 are from these groups. It is doubtless true that much of the longing 
 for these things is still subconscious, and that even where conscious 
 it is still largely inarticulate. Yet there are voices to be heard, and 
 they are truly portentous. The uprush into self-conscious life of 
 India’s Caste-oppressed 60,000,000 is the most tremendous move- 
 ment in the Orient. The whole world today is striving to attain 
 Spiritual Democracy, and the millions of oppressed Hindus feel 
 the world-pull—they are on the way up. ‘They are moving upward 
 because the world’s total movement is upward; they are moving fast 
 because they have far to come. Their condition is peculiar because 
 of their unique environment under Caste. They rush to Christianity 
 because the things they long for are found quickly in the Christian 
 Church. In such a way as this has the Mass Movement been pro- 
 duced, and its intensity and power seem to grow with the days. 
 
 Overwhelming Immediate Problem 
 
 Today a staggering problem is before the Christian Church in 
 India. From the oppressed classes vast multitudes are besieging 
 the Kingdom of God; and back of this fringe now in direct con- 
 tact with Christianity is the ominous surge of 60,000,000 nobodies 
 coming into the light of selfhood. By molding these masses, the 
 Christian Church will save India. But if the multitudes are not 
 held for Christ, they will pass on into dissatisfied unrest with anarchy 
 of mind and soul as well as of society. 
 
 B. T. Badley has most wisely said: “In reviewing the situation 
 resulting from the Mass Movement, one who has had personal ex- 
 perience in the work is constrained to say that in our overwhelming 
 success we have arrived not at a consummation. but at a problem. 
 The Mass Movement is discovered to be not an end to be achieved 
 but a mere beginning.” 
 
 And the Secretaries of our Board sum up our position in India 
 in these words: ‘The stress and strain of the Mass Movement work 
 in India are not lifted from us. The areas become larger. The 
 attitude of the people on the edge of these areas is constantly expectant, 
 for the movement is speeding toward many of them. The oppor- 
 tunity of a mission strongly led, democratic in its spirit, unconven- 
 
tional in its approach, American in its ideals and personnel, in these 
 days of political agitation and world movement, is tremendous. 
 
 ‘Among the studies of the strategy of Providence, if one may 
 dare such a term, there is nothing more striking than the fact that 
 in every great civic center of India and along its chief ranges of 
 popular movement, American Methodism has become an integral 
 part of the national life. We rejoice at the triumph of our mis- 
 sionaries and wonder at what we call successes of our work. But 
 these triumphs and these successes are no more than the beginnings 
 of a greater evangelistic and educational work among the crowding 
 multitudes of India which will bring the people by hundreds of thou- 
 sands into the school of Christ.” 
 
 Unity of the Work 
 
 As the Mass Movement is, or soon will be operative in so much 
 of our Indian field, and as the varied angles of our work are all 
 involved in the Mass Movement problem, it has been thought best 
 to present no special askings for the Mass Movement as apart from 
 the rest. The unity of the entire work and the all-pervasive character 
 of the Mass Movement can best be expressed by a single group of 
 askings. And there will be no confusion created in the minds of 
 donors. The needs of each Conference and District have been sur- 
 veyed and estimated with the utmost care. In this booklet they are 
 grouped by types of work, rather than by areas; but it will be noticed 
 that the pressure of the Mass Movement operates in all the depart- 
 ments of our mission enterprise. ‘These main divisions and types 
 of work and need will be discussed in the following order: Evange- 
 lism, Education, Medical Work, Christian Literature, Anglo-Indian 
 Work, and Missionary Supervision. 
 
Evangelism 
 
 Evangelism is the most urgent problem that faces the mission- 
 ary in India. Several factors enter to make it a very intricate prob- 
 lem as well. There must be provision for the instruction of interested 
 inquirers who are to be prepared for baptism. After baptism, the 
 converts, so recently brought out of heathenism and idolatry, must 
 be given adequate pastoral supervision, so that they may experience 
 a normal growth in Christian virtue and a full development of the 
 Christian life. To this end village churches must be built, pastors 
 appointed, and proper headquarters and school facilities offered for 
 each local circuit. Besides such definite instruction and supervision 
 of the interested and earnest seeker, provisions need also to be made 
 for an aggressive campaign in villages and among castes where the 
 influence of Christianity has not yet permeated. Although the great 
 bulk of our work is among the depressed and ignorant classes, we 
 must plan a statesmanlike program among the educated higher 
 classes. This will mean the employing of a number of thoroughly 
 trained and educated native preachers. 
 
 The evangelistic problem of the Mass Movement areas is in- 
 tense, for the teeming thousands must be shepherded, lest they rush 
 to destruction like silly sheep. Baptising a thousand a week lays 
 upon our mission the terrific burden of supplying trained work- 
 ers for the village and district communities. The financial support 
 of the training schools in such Districts as Tirhoot, Meerut and 
 Hyderabad-Vikarabad, is an imperative necessity. Not only must 
 the schools be thoroughly financed from home, so that the mis- 
 sionary will be -relieved of the problem of raising money, but 
 funds for scholarships should be provided. The finest village work- 
 ers come from among the children of the villages, but in their bitter 
 poverty they cannot achieve their own education. Yet, with all 
 the seething activity of the Mass Movement Districts, we must not 
 be blinded to the fact that the great bulk of our work, geographically 
 considered, is not within the technical Mass Movement areas. We 
 know full well, however, that tomorrow the Mass Movement will 
 have spread into these as yet unmoved districts, and it were the height 
 of folly to forget them. In certain places where the Mass Movement 
 has started, tragedy has come because we were not prepared to han- 
 
 Io 
 
dle it. By the up-building of strong, spiritually healthy communities 
 in the areas still unmoved we shall doubtless hasten there the com- 
 ing of the Movement, and shall have a church vigorous and eager to 
 receive the masses. We must not slacken or weaken our foundation- 
 building in those areas yet unmoved, because the permanency of the 
 ultimate structure depends on the stability of the foundation. 
 
 The problem is thus—the ingathering of great masses. The 
 provisions of an adequate force of pastors to shepherd them. The 
 sending out of a group of capable and highly educated men to the 
 higher classes. ‘The deliberate carrying on of solid work in those 
 Districts still unaffected by the Mass Movement. The establishment 
 and adequate support of training institutions to turn out men for 
 immediate needs and to train youth for future contingencies. And— 
 through all these means—the development of a virile, self-respecting, 
 and self-supporting church among the people of India. 
 
 For the purpose of closer definition and more definite handling 
 of statistics the work of evangelism will be discussed under a num- 
 ber of sub-heads. This is more or less artificial, for the various 
 phases of work overlap, but such division will make the immediate 
 problem simpler. That our educational system may appear as a 
 single unit, the askings for Training and Theological Schools will 
 appear in the main division of Education, but it must be remembered 
 that their peculiar drive is toward the solution of the problem of 
 Evangelism. 
 
 Native Preachers 
 
 The solution of the evangelistic problem rests in the hands of 
 the native preacher. . In former days, with limited spheres of work 
 and small burdens of administration, the missionary was able to 
 devote most of his time to personal evangelistic effort. ‘Today this 
 cannot be done. With Districts to administer—each at least the size 
 of an American Annual Conference,—with huge financial obliga- 
 tions, with an intricate educational system to develop, with a rapidly 
 increasing Church to be guided in its total life and growth, the mis- 
 sionary has practically no opportunity to enter .nto personal work. 
 The burden of instruction, baptism, and pastoral care must now 
 fall almost entirely upon the native preachers. Besides these activi- 
 ties they do most of the colportage. As one prominent missionary 
 phrased it—‘For this work (evangelistic and pastoral), I am wholly 
 in the hands of my native preachers.” 
 
 see 
 
The Mass Movement.and its reflexes have created hundreds of 
 new local village congregations. We need, then, hundreds of new 
 native preachers. Their salaries naturally will be graded according 
 to ability and experience. But each man will have his share of 
 the burden to carry, from the fully trained college man sent to the 
 higher classes or to our city churches, down to the humblest village 
 pastor-teacher. All are needed immediately, and each one is essen- 
 tial to the ultimate solution of the problem. The dire poverty of 
 most of our converts renders them incapable of assuming more than 
 a tiny share of pastoral-support. Until they grow in grace and 
 ability we must provide their pastoral oversight. 
 
 Conferences — Native Preachers 
 Bengal 8 at $400 each; 
 At S120"¢acn 
 at $ 60 each. 
 
 Burma | at $120 each. 
 
 Bombay at $600 each (college men) ; 
 at $125 each; 
 at $ 60 each. 
 
 Central Provinces at $ 60 each. 
 
 North India at > oO cach: 
 at $ 60 each. 
 
 Northwest India 316 at $100 each; 
 50 at $ 65 each. 
 
 South India 38 at $120 each; 
 | IO at $100 each: 
 176 at $ 60 each; 
 300 at $ so each. 
 All the figures in this table are yearly amounts. 
 
 Native Churches 
 
 It is natural for men to associate their religious worship with 
 some building or place. The Mohammedan has his mosque, the 
 Hindu his temple, and the Christian his Church. It is not fair to 
 the convert to wrench him away from all his beliefs and institutions 
 and give him nothing in concrete value to take their place. It is 
 
 LZ 
 
found continually that the community on the field to which a chapel 
 or church is given will progress more rapidly in Christian life than 
 the group which has no building dedicated to God. The creation 
 of so many new Christian communities demands not only more 
 preachers, but also more chapels. And the fine churches for our 
 city congregations and mission communities with their hundreds of 
 school students are absolute necessities. he church building, duly 
 dedicated to Christian service, and symbolising the social and spir- 
 itual unity of the congregation, is even more fundamental to the 
 normal and healthy growth of Indian Christianity than it is to our 
 American congregations. 
 
 Conferences Native Churches 
 Bengal at $45,000; I at $33,000. 
 at an average cost of $3,327 each; 1 at $200. 
 
 I 
 5 
 
 Bombay 4 at an average cost of $22,500 each; 
 5 at an average cost of $4,500 each. 
 I 
 
 Burma at $28,000. 
 
 Central Provinces 15 at an average cost of $2,858 each; 
 
 at $800 each; 14 at $600 each. 
 
 5 
 . O 
 North India 7 at.an average cost of $6,815 each; 
 8 
 
 at an average cost of $638 each; 
 46 at $300 each; 6 at $200 each. 
 
 Northwest India 7 at an average cost of $10,922 each. 
 South India 7 at an average cost of $4,943 each; 
 5 at $300 each; 180 at $100 each; 
 
 at $75 each. 
 
 Circuit Centers 
 
 Within the Annual Conference the. Districts are the units of 
 administration. Although certain Districts in India have been di- 
 vided into sub-Districts and these into circuits, it is generally felt 
 that the best administrative unit within the District is the circuit. 
 It is the circuit within which the Quarterly Conference is organized. 
 Several village communities comprise the circuit, and generally a 
 member of Conference is appointed to the circuit with lesser work- 
 ers under him in the villages. The experience of years has demon- 
 
 13 
 
strated that the most effective way of developing and heading up the 
 local village work is through the circuit. If the work at the circuit 
 center can be well organized and equipped, the contiguous village 
 work will prosper. The circuit center is that village in which the 
 man in charge of the circuit lives, and from which the work of the 
 circuit can best be supervised. Sufficient property should be acquired 
 at the circuit center to allow for the building of a commodious church 
 and a comfortable home for the pastor, and for a good village school 
 to which the bright children may come before being passed on 
 to the upper primary and middle schools. In building the pastor’s 
 house a room or two should be arranged and fitted for the accom- 
 modation of the missionary when he comes to hold Quarterly Con- 
 ference, and to carry out his work of supervision. The following 
 askings are for the establishment of such circuit-center plants. 
 
 Conferences Circuit Centers 
 Bengal at $3,000 each; 1 at $2,000. 
 Burma at $500 each. 
 Bombay at an average cost of $1,550 each. 
 Central Provinces at an average cost of $731 each. 
 North India at an average cost of $437 each. 
 Northwest India at an average cost of $1,000 each. 
 
 South India at $250; 1 at $200. 
 
 Workers’ Homes 
 
 It has not been possible to estimate under Circuit Centers the 
 cost of building decent and comfortable homes for our native work- 
 ers. Hosts of workers in the outlying villages have still to be pro- 
 vided for. In some cases extensive repairs should be made to homes 
 in our mission compounds. In other instances new homes should 
 be erected. | | 
 
 A man will naturally respect his calling more deeply if he has 
 a good, well-built house in which to live. And it will give the com- 
 munity greater pride in their church to see their pastor comfortably 
 housed. A house comparable to the best his people live in is none too 
 good for the pastor-teacher. All the askings for needs of this kind, that 
 are not included in the circuit centers, are presented in this table: 
 
 14 
 
Conferences Workers’ Homes 
 Bengal at $1,000; 6 at $400 each. 
 Bombay § at $1,000 each; 4 at $250 each. 
 Central Provinces 42 at $975 each. 
 
 North India 4 at $1,400 each; 24 at an average cost of 
 $158 each. 
 
 South India 271 at an average cost of $110 each. 
 
 Butler Memorial at Delhi 
 
 It is in every way fitting that the name of Dr. Butler be perpetu- 
 ated in India by a Memorial of outstanding character, and that such 
 a Memorial possess nation-wide value. To this end it is purposed to 
 erect at Delhi an All-India Memorial. A wonderfully located tract 
 of ground has been discovered in the City, in the acquirement of 
 
 which the Government has been most helpful. The plant to be estab- 
 - lished and developed will be a national institution. Besides the resi- 
 dence of the District Superintendent of the Delhi District there will 
 be included a bungalow for the ladies of the Women’s Foreign Mis- 
 sionary Society co-operating in the work at the Memorial. School 
 buildings and hostels with modern furniture and ample equipment 
 will offer educational facilities of wide scope to our Christian com- 
 munity. The headquarters of the District, with adequate housing 
 for the various workers, will be located here. And the evangelistic 
 work of a great Mass Movement area will radiate from this center, 
 at whose apex will be a superb Memorial Church. For the pur- 
 chase of property and the development of the Memorial along the 
 lines projected, the sum of $250,000 is asked. 
 
Education 
 
 In the early days of mission work the missionary directed most 
 of his efforts toward evangelism. All other types of work were 
 considered poor seconds. But today this whole attitude is changed. 
 The missionary realizes now that he is in India not simply to save 
 people spiritually. He knows that he cannot save them spiritually 
 unless he also saves them intellectually and industrially. Today edu- 
 cation, as a phase of missionary endeavour, rivals evangelism in 
 importance. And the system of education has been broadened so 
 that it includes not only the teaching of “1, 2, 3, 4” and “A, B, C,” 
 but also a complete range of industrial and commercial subjects, 
 and the opportunity of pursuing specialized training for the pro- 
 fessions. | | 
 
 Our Illiterate Community 
 
 Forty years ago we were able to give primary education to about 
 70% of our Christian children. But the increase in membership due 
 to the Mass Movement has brought so many children to us that 
 today, despite all the increase of buildings and teachers during the 
 years, we have facilities for educating but 20% of our children. 
 In other words, we are now prepared to give primary education to 
 only one-fifth of the 70,000 Methodist children of school age. This 
 is an appalling tragedy—a failure. It means that the Methodist 
 Church of tomorrow in India will be largely illiterate. To build 
 a church on illiteracy means ruin. One of the chief things for which 
 
 the depressed masses rush to Christianity is education. If it be 
 denied them, can they be blamed if they feel they have been be- 
 
 trayedr 
 
 Teaching the Non-Christian 
 
 The Church must not think simply of the need for educating 
 its Own constituency. Many non-Christians want their children 
 trained in Christian schools because of the excellent education and 
 also because of the instruction given in morals and ethics. The op- 
 portunity to inculcate Christian ethics in non-Christian minds, and 
 to affect the higher class non-Christian communities through our 
 high schools and colleges, is tremendous. Much evangelistic work 
 
 16 
 
may be accomplished in this way. And of broader value still, the 
 effect on the political welfare of the land is incalculable. The up- 
 rushing multitudes must be trained for Christ or anarchy will be 
 inevitable. The thinking higher classes must know the control of 
 ethical ideals if they are to be safe. India, in political reconstruc- 
 tion, can be held in loyalty and molded for God by Christian schools 
 as by no other agency. For these reasons our work in education must 
 be financed and made as efficient as possible. Disaster for the 
 Church in India, and for India itself, will follow failure here. 
 
 What We Have 
 
 We have a well-coordinated system of schools, from kinder- 
 garten to university, with rapidly developing groups of technical and 
 industrial plants on the one side, and of normal and theological in- 
 stitutions on the other. The skeleton of the system is well-formed and 
 articulated, but it is not filled out in proportion to the need. The 
 following diagram, although not accurate in the number and 
 proportion of the schools in the various grades, will satisfactorily 
 indicate the way in which the village schools are designed, through 
 the middle schools, to feed up to high school and college. 
 
 By meeting the Government requirements in equipment, cur- 
 riculum and grades of teachers, we are able to take advantage of the 
 liberal system of Government grants-in-aid. The war situation has, 
 however, seriously diminished the moneys available for such appro- 
 priation. Possessing, as we do, not only the confidence of the Gov- 
 ernment but the actual sympathetic support of influential people of 
 the non-Christian community, our work in Education, if adequately 
 financed and endowed by our home constituency, may well produce 
 an immediate and profound influence upon the life and thought of 
 the New India. 
 
 What We Need 
 
 To make our work both efficient and effective we must at once 
 achieve these goals: 
 
 1. Make adequate response to the Mass Movement appeal for 
 new schools, and add the hundreds of Primary School teachers nec- 
 essary to meet the demand created by the Mass Movement. 
 
 2. Strengthen our Central Educational Institutions, Middle 
 Schools, High Schools and College—providing not only the neces- 
 
sary new land, buildings and equipment, but also such endowments 
 as will insure efficient staffs. 
 
 3. Concentrate for similar development on our chief Industrial 
 Institutions. 
 
 4. Endow our Theological Seminaries, and provide for each 
 language area the necessary Bible Training Schools for village 
 workers. ; 
 
 5. Guarantee sustained progress in the preparation of trained 
 Christian Teachers for all types of work in our educational program. 
 
 6. Provide such ample scholarships as will enable all our chil- 
 dren out of their poverty to acquire an education calculated to make 
 them self-respecting Christians and intelligent citizens of the land. 
 
 Village Schools 
 
 No system of Christian education can be established in India 
 without well grounded institutions of preliminary and primary grade. 
 The Christian community finds its recruits in the lowest levels of 
 society, so that the educational system must find root in the village 
 communities. Of course the typical village school will be a very 
 primitive affair, even at best. But it serves an essential part in offer- 
 ing the simplest instruction to the village children, and in providing 
 a means whereby the abilities of one child may be displayed in con- 
 test with the others, thus allowing the mission workers to pick the 
 brighter children from the crowd for advancement to the higher 
 schools. 
 
 The figure of 100, as noted at the Niagara Falls meeting of the 
 Board of Foreign Missions for the number of new village schools 
 for India, is a most conservative estimate. The full need of our 
 Christian community will not be met until village schools are pro- 
 vided to care for al/ our children. It would be quite impossible to 
 collate from the askings all those involving schools of this type. 
 Every circuit center asked for above is designed to accommodate a 
 village school of the first rank for the community, and practically 
 every village church or chapel will be used as a school building on 
 week-days. Our requirements for this phase of work are involved 
 in askings that can be grouped far more satisfactorily under other 
 headings—circuit centers and village churches. Accordingly, no 
 tabulation under this category has been attempted. 
 
 1g 
 
Middle and Boarding Schools 
 
 As it is the purpose of the Mission to plant village schools in 
 all our Christian communities, so it is its object to establish Middle 
 and Boarding Schools in every mission compound. If adequate 
 buildings, ample equipment and well trained staffs could be had 
 for a Middle Boarding School at each point where we have or pro- 
 pose having missionaries in residence, a great advance would be 
 made. The hope of the Christian Church in India, and indeed of 
 the entire land and people, rests in the present generation of boys and 
 girls. And the experience of years has taught that the finest results 
 in Christian life, as well as in scholarship, are to be had where the 
 boy or girl is taken from the village home and carried through a 
 Primary and Middle Boarding School under Christian auspices. 
 Good food, decent clothing, wise physical training, thorough instruc- 
 tion—both by precept and example—in hygiene and sanitation, are 
 as essential as the learning of the alphabet or multiplication table. 
 And these things can be taught in a boarding school under the super- 
 vision of the missionary far better than in the squalid and heathenish 
 surroundings of a typical Indian village. 
 
 The needs of the Middle Schools will vary in the different locali- 
 ties and mission stations. But in general they will be—buildings 
 for instruction and for the boarding department, together with proper 
 hostels and groups of houses for the teachers. A certain amount of 
 equipment will, of course, also be necessary. Adequate scholarship 
 and teachership funds must be provided; but it has been thought best 
 to consider these needs separately rather than in conjunction with the 
 asking for land, buildings and equipment. 
 
 Lee Memorial School As a Type 
 
 There is probably no finer Middle School in all our work in 
 India than the Lee Memorial Mission on Wellington Square, Cal- 
 cutta. There is a boarding school with over 200 girls, none of whom 
 would have an education but for such provision. Connected with 
 the institution is a Normal Training School of very high standing. 
 The boys’ boarding school has fifty resident students. Thirteen day 
 schools are conducted in various parts of Calcutta, and in neighbor- 
 ing villages. Medical and dispensary work has been established. 
 Yet the passion of Young India, and especially of our own com- 
 munity, for education, is so great that the present fine property and 
 
 20 
 
buildings are already grievously overcrowded and inadequate. We 
 must expand even to hold our own. And we want to do much more 
 than hold our own. Ina city like Calcutta property and buildings are 
 far more expensive than in the smaller communities, but the askings 
 detailed here are typical of the items for our other similar schools. 
 
 LEE MEMORIAL GIRLS’ BOARDING SCHOOL 
 School 
 
 Nurse—1 at $300. 
 Native teachers—7 at $300 each. 
 American teachers—z2 at $600 each. 
 
 LEE MEMORIAL GIRLS’ DAY SCHOOLS 
 
 5 schools at $600 each. 
 Land for 2 is $670. 
 5 Native teachers at $48 each. 
 
 OTHER MIDDLE SCHOOLS REQUIRED 
 Conference 
 
 Bengal at an average cost of $5,120 each. (This 
 does not include the Lee Memorial Schools, 
 as noted above.) 
 
 Bombay at $9,000; 1 at $2,700. 
 
 Burma — at an average cost of $2,460 each. 
 Central Provinces at $8,200. 
 
 North India at an average cost of $5,340 each. 
 Northwest India at an average cost of $8,417 each. 
 
 South India at an average cost of $4,540 each. 
 
 High Schools 
 
 With village schools in all our local Christian communities, and 
 with a Middle Boarding School in each center of missionary resi- 
 dence, our general program of education recognizes the need for a 
 thoroughly equipped High School in each of our major language 
 areas. As the village schools feed up to the Middle School, so the 
 
 21 
 
Middle Schools of a section are designed to feed the High School 
 of that section. Experience is teaching that the language area is a 
 better unit for the High School than the Conference area. Con- 
 ference lines are sometimes arbitrarily fixed, and they are not al- 
 ways drawn with respect to linguistic or other social cleavages. On 
 the other hand, the language division comes closest to the people, 
 and if followed in the secondary institutions tends to minimize ad- 
 ministrative difficulties. 
 
 The High School is, of course, a much more complicated insti- 
 tution than the Middle School. It will be located at the central point 
 of our mission work within the given area. Calcutta, Moradabad, 
 Belgaum, Baroda, and Lucknow are typical. It will be at the center 
 of a vital Methodist community, and will be looked upon as the 
 summit of our educational work within the language area. As a 
 result of many varied causes, it will be found that a far larger per 
 cent. of non-Christian boys seek admission to the High School than 
 seek admission to the Middle School. The power of the High School 
 to affect the non-Christian community is correspondingly greater. 
 In curriculum the High School will carefully follow the program 
 laid down by the Government for Government-aided Schools, and 
 the medium of instruction in all departments will be English. This 
 means that no pains must be spared in securing the finest staff avail- 
 able; and the equipment, especially in the science departments, must 
 be adequate. In some circumstances it may be necessary to erect 
 special hostels for non-Christian students, although this is not always 
 so. Where congested and dark rooms are now in use by the stu- 
 dents, new buildings must be erected. Where unsanitary hostel 
 conditions exist, the moral and physical health of the boys must be 
 safeguarded. Play-fields must be provided where they do not now 
 exist. In every way our boys must be trained for lives of the greatest 
 usefulness to God and Country. The immediate standardizing of 
 our High Schools in buildings, equipment and staff is essential to the 
 situation. 
 
 Baroda Boys’ High School As a Type 
 
 The situation at the Baroda Boys’ High School is quite typical. 
 The present building is very inadequate, being a church that was 
 never designed for educational purposes. Classrooms there are, 
 improvised and converted, but they are small and very poorly lighted 
 and ventilated. Classes in chemistry and drawing must needs occupy 
 
 22 
 
the same room on successive hours; confusion and breakage of ap- 
 paratus is the inevitable result. No adequate furniture or equipment 
 can be had in such circumstances. Registration is limited not only 
 by cramped quarters in class-rooms, but by the capacity of an old 
 hostel building long since outgrown. And the school stands as our 
 only secondary institution for boys in a Methodist community of 
 many thousands. Baroda, capital of one of the most progressive 
 Native States, is admirably located, with direct rail connections with 
 Bombay, Delhi, or the North. The present mission property can- 
 not accommodate a new building, but an adjacent tract can be se- 
 cured. To put this school on its feet, that it may render efficient 
 service to its constituency, the following items are asked: 
 
 Buildings 
 
 Road and wall 
 Furniture and equipment 
 
 In addition to this amount, large scholarship and teachership 
 support is required, but these items will be found pra S under 
 their respective sub-headings. 
 
 The need at Baroda is but typical of our high school situation. 
 The following askings, summarized for the sake of space, are 
 similar in detail to those of Baroda, covering the same sort of need. 
 All these schools are admirably located in central mission stations, 
 and face opportunities that are imperative if our Christian com- 
 munity is to be educated. 
 
 Conference High Schools 
 Bengal Collins’ Institute 
 
 Bombay Baroda Boys’ High School 
 Proposed new high school 
 
 Burma Rangoon Boys’ High School 
 
 Central Provinces Harwicke Christian High School 2 25,000 
 North India Bishop Parker Memorial High School. 31,700 
 Northwest India | Conference High School for Christian 
 
 South India Beynon-Smith High School 
 J. L. Crawford Boys’ High School 
 
 23 
 
In the case of our high school at Lucknow, it is probable that a 
 fair proportion of the endowment fund asked for the Lucknow Chris- 
 tian College will be apportioned to the high school as part of the 
 College. Such high schools as those at Pauri, Naini Tal and Shah- 
 jahanpur, need similar support, although the definite amounts have 
 not as yet been indicated for them. 
 
 The Lucknow Christian College 
 
 The Lucknow Christian College is the summit of our educa- 
 tional system in India. As the village schools pass their bright boys 
 on to the Primary and Middle Schools, and they in turn to the High 
 School, the Lucknow College in turn draws the brightest from the 
 High Schools. Affiliated with the Government University of Alla- 
 habad, the Christian College gives the Bachelor of Arts and Bach- 
 elor of Science degrees, with the following subjects in the curriculum: 
 English, Persian and Sanskrit Literature, Logic, Philosophy, Eco- 
 nomics, History, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Bot- 
 any and Commerce. The work done is scholarly, and the ability of 
 the graduates, demonstrated by the success they are achieving in their 
 posts and professions, is most gratifying. The faculty, including 
 both American and Indian professors and instructors, is well trained, 
 and is enthusiastic for the success of the College. 
 
 The New Building and Its Site 
 
 The great immediate need of the College is for a modern and 
 well equipped building. The Government University, with which 
 the College is affiliated, has condemned the Science Laboratories 
 and lecture rooms as being entirely inadequate to present require- 
 ments. This part of the work must be discontinued, and the Institution 
 be classed as a second grade College with a corresponding deprecia- 
 tion in prestige and opportunity,—or a new building must be im- 
 mediately provided. It is calculated that $50,000 will be the mini- 
 mum cost for a building suitably equipped to meet the Government 
 requirements. “This building is the supreme need of the College, 
 and without it Methodism in India will be vitally handicapped.” 
 
 Securing a proper site for the new building is no longer a mat- 
 ter of concern. Under God’s good Providence the rental of the 
 finest parcel of land in Lucknow has been obtained. The present 
 College campus is a little south of the world-renowned Residency, 
 
 24 
 
where the besieged British Army maintained such a brilliant defense 
 during the Mutiny of 1857. The lease for the tract of twenty-five 
 acres, adjacent to our present holdings, has been secured from the 
 Government. The configuration of the plot and its proximity to the 
 Residency will protect it from any future encroachment. There is 
 no more historic spot in British India than the Lucknow Residency 
 with its sombre ruins. No one visits Lucknow but he must traverse 
 the site of the great defense. With the superb new building men- 
 tioned in these askings, situated directly across from the Residency, 
 a new era in the history of the Lucknow College, if not of all of 
 Methodism’s educational work in India, will be begun. 
 
 Wide Influence of the College 
 
 The student constituency of the College is of two classes— 
 Christian and non-Christian. For our Christian community the 
 College is rendering a service of incalculable value. If ever our 
 Christian Church—growing as it is with such amazing rapidity, and 
 composed as it is in such large measure of the downtrodden and illit- 
 erate—if ever that Church is to develop into full-rounded life and 
 consciousness, it will be through thoroughly trained native leaders. 
 “To those most conversant with the needs of our Church in India, 
 there has been no question . . . as to the potentialities of this 
 institution in connection with raising up an acceptable indigenous 
 leadership for the great church which is being born through the 
 Mass Movement.” 
 
 More than that, the technical training acquired in the Business 
 and Commercial Department of the College is an important factor 
 in the establishment of a self-supporting and self-respecting church. 
 More than 200 Christian boys have been trained in this depart- 
 ment, and numbers of them are today holding responsible positions 
 in Government employ and in the commercial world. Three 
 brothers, graduates of this department, are drawing salaries averag- 
 ing over 20 times the highest wage their father ever earned. Men 
 like these form the backbone of the laity of our church and are help- 
 ing to usher in the day of self-support and self-propagation. “The 
 hope of Methodism in India centers in the young men who are to 
 be trained in Lucknow.” 
 
 The non-Christian community is affected by the College equally 
 with our own Christian group. Dr. John R. Mott says: “I can 
 conceive of no institution that would contribute more to the upbuild- 
 
 25 
 
ing of good citizenship and Christian character in North India than 
 the Christian College at Lucknow.” ‘There is no more potent influ- 
 ence operating to undermine the old social and religious practices 
 of the people of India than modern scientific education. Pure knowl- 
 edge shatters the old beliefs, but fails to give anything in return. 
 “The Christian College alone substitutes a vital religious faith for 
 the dark superstitions which cannot be retained in the light of scien- 
 tific study and research.” ‘To quote Dr. J. M. Taylor: “It is in my 
 opinion a wonderful thing to have hundreds of educated Hindus and 
 Mohammedans in this institution under daily instruction in the Bible 
 and constantly under influence of godly men and women. The ap- 
 peals for financial help being made by this institution have bee: 
 carefully investigated and I consider they are not only necessary 
 but are remarkable opportunities in the way of investment.” 
 
 The specific askings for the Lucknow Christian College, as 
 endorsed by the Centenary Commission, are: 
 
 1. A new College building, especially designed to 
 meet the Government requirements and stand- 
 ards for teaching science. The new building 
 must be erected, or the institution will be re- 
 duced to a second grade college. Estimated 
 minimum cost of building and equipment.... $ 50,000 
 Electric lighting for college and hostels, absolutely 
 essential to efiicient work 
 
 Land and houses for 3 missionary and 10 Indian 
 professors and teachers 
 
 Endowment to ensure independent and efficient 
 administration of the entire institution 
 
 $375,000 
 
 Vocational Schools 
 
 An efficient policy for general scholastic education alone will 
 not meet every need in education of our Christian community. Thou- 
 sands of our boys will never enter the High School, nor see the 
 College at Lucknow. The fortunate few may fit themselves for 
 places of prominence and of broad influence. But the many must 
 rest content with the training of the common school. Of these the 
 great majority will be dependent for their livelihood upon the soil 
 or upon their knowledge of one of the trades. 
 
Christianity brings new conceptions of values to life. The 
 convert to Christianity feels within himself an insistent urge to 
 live on a higher plane of efficiency and self-respect than do his 
 heathen neighbors. The Indian Christian must be bettered socially 
 and economically; and the inevitable result of such economic and 
 social betterment is a self-respecting Christian community fast ac- 
 quiring the ability and willingness to assume self-support. To assist 
 the Indian Christian in this most practical and brotherly way we 
 have developed a system of vocational schools running parallel to 
 our Middle and High Schools. Scientific methods of agriculture 
 are taught, as well as the various trades—carpentry, iron working 
 and printing. 
 
 Work of this sort, carried on in a small way, had better never 
 been begun. If it is to be done well and successfully, its equipment 
 must be generous and modern, and its staff must be expert. The 
 lifting of our Christian community into efficient and self-respecting 
 life will bring incalculable benefits. To the trained individual to- 
 day, doors of opportunity are flung wide in India’s industry and 
 commerce. ‘To the non-Christian peoples, the sight of a sober, in- 
 dustrious and thriving Christian community will preach with more 
 effect than a thousand sermons. For the Christian Church in India 
 the future is guaranteed in the uplift and success in life of its in- 
 dividual members. 
 
 Conference Vocational Schools 
 
 Bengal Pakaur Agricultural Work 
 
 Bombay Nadiad Industrial and Engineering In- 
 stitute 
 Quetta Trade School 
 
 North India Shahjahaupur Industrial School 
 Work in Tirhoot District 
 
 Northwest India | Muttra Boys’ Industrial School 
 South India Debt on Kolar Institute 
 
 District Bible and Training Schools 
 
 In the chapter on Evangelism the need for preachers, as created 
 by the Mass Movement, was discussed in detail. The problem of 
 training a sufficient number to meet the growing demand has been 
 acute. Men cannot be sent out overnight equipped to satisfy the 
 spiritual requirements of the new congregations. There must be 
 
provision for adequate training; and, for the most effectual opera- 
 tion, there should be a training school at each District headquarters. 
 The work of training must be standardized and carried on in a sys- 
 tematic way and it must possess sufficient, although comparatively 
 simple, equipment. The chief need is for land and buildings, most 
 certainly including proper accommodation for the families of the 
 students. The preachers’ wives become valuable Bible-women if 
 training is offered them, and by this provision the home-life is not 
 invaded. As the primary and middle schools are essential to the 
 education of our children—and the vocational schools to raising 
 the standards of self-respect in the Church,—so the District Training 
 Schools, heading up in the two or three Theological Seminaries, are 
 vital to the moral and spiritual development of the multitudes we 
 are baptising. | 
 Conference District Bible and Training Schools 
 Bengal I at $23,000. 
 Bombay Schools for total Marathi language-area, 
 $105,000. 
 Burma 1 at $6,000. 
 Central Provinces at $31,500. 
 
 North India at $10,875 ; 
 at $ 3,000 each. 
 
 Northwest India at $19,500. 
 at $ 9,000. 
 at an average cost of $5,000 each. 
 
 South India at an average cost of $3,250 each. 
 
 Theological Schools 
 
 These schools are designed ultimately to become the Drew, 
 Boston and Garrett of India. With splendidly trained American 
 and Indian professors the schools are coming rapidly to rank with 
 the leading institutions of their kind in India. Men who have passed 
 through the course of the District Training School, and who have 
 shown signs of promise in the ministry, are passed on to these schools 
 for higher and more intensive training. 
 
 The leading young men in our Indian ministry are—almost to 
 a man—graduates of the Lucknow College, or of one of these Theo- 
 logical Schools. For thoroughly trained leadership in the native 
 Church these schools are quite essential. 
 
Conference Items 
 
 Bombay Florence B. Nicholson School of Theology. 
 2 lines of students’ quarters 
 
 1 line of teachers’ quarters 
 3 teachers’ houses 
 I missionary house and land 
 
 North India Bareilly School of Theology. 
 Hostels and residences 
 
 Endowment 
 
 Native Teachers 
 
 Conference Items 
 Bengal 2 at $300 each; 
 16 at $ 80 each; 
 Grates eOOneCaCoy 
 $24,000 endowment. 
 Burma $70,000 endowment. 
 Central Provinces $10,000 endowment. 
 2 at $350 each; 
 $7 at. $ Ob' each: 
 North India 25 at an average cost of $280 each; 
 194 at an average cost of $ 50 each. 
 Northwest India 1 at $600; 
 52 at an average cost of $108 each; 
 315° at. $00, each: 
 South India 1 at $500; 
 35 at an average cost of $143 each; 
 2 atesso.each, 
 
 Houses for Teachers 
 
 Bengal 3 at $400 each. 
 
 Central Provinces at $600. 
 
 Northwest India at $1,500. 
 
 South India at an average cost of $148 each. 
 
 29 
 
The need for increasing and properly embursing our staff of 
 teachers, and of providing them with decent houses, surely requires 
 ‘no proof. The structure, not only of our educational system, but also 
 of the whole Church, would be imperilled by inadequate provision 
 at this point. 
 
 Scholarships 
 
 While it is true that second and third generation Christians find 
 it increasingly easy to support their children in school from their 
 own resources, the fact still remains that the vast bulk of our Meth- 
 odist children in India will not receive education unless support is 
 given them in scholarships from America. The average monthly 
 cash income of a typical Mass Movement family is not over $4.00. 
 How can the home be supported and children educated on that sum? 
 Our Mass Movement converts will remain illiterate unless kind- 
 hearted help comes from the home Church. In certain Conferences, 
 limited endowment amounts have been asked for as a preferable 
 method of administering the resources. 
 
 Conference Scholarships 
 
 ~ Bengal 60 at $25 each. 
 
 Bombay 30 at $40; 
 200 at $30; 
 40 at $25 each; 
 Endowment $65,500. 
 20 at $50 each; 
 24 at $30 each; 
 Endowment $10,000. 
 Central Provinces Endowment $40,000. 
 
 North India 790 at $25 each; 
 Endowment $12,450. 
 
 Northwest India at $50 each; 
 at $40 each; 
 at $35 each; 
 at $25 each. 
 
 South India at $30 each; 
 at $25 each. 
 
 30 
 
Medical Work 
 
 In a land like India the native Christian Doctor and the Medi- 
 cal Missionary can enter fields and achieve results impossible to 
 other Christian workers. It is difficult for an American to imagine 
 the wholly unsanitary conditions in which the millions of India’s 
 oppressed classes live. The scourges of the Oriental tropics carry 
 off thousands of people. Knowledge of even the simplest principles 
 of sanitation and hygiene is conspicuous by its absence. Superstition, 
 magic and humbug constitute treatment of the sick. 
 
 It is doubtless true that India has a higher percentage of physi- 
 cians in the total population than do certain other mission territories. 
 The British Government has done nobly in its efforts to create a 
 trained native medical profession. But the fact remains that the 
 great majority of the native physicians are high-caste men, and either 
 they will not tend the outcaste, or, even if they are willing to do it, 
 the outcaste will not go to them. Caste and religious differences 
 work mightily to nullify,—for the common man of the Indian vil- 
 lage,—the medical advance over other lands gat a bald statistical 
 
 average might seem to indicate. 
 
 Open Doors for the Christian Doctor 
 
 As 95% of the work of the Christian missionary is with the 
 outcaste Hindu groups—the element in Indian society least affected 
 by the native medical profession—the medical missionary and the 
 native Christian doctor have a real and vital work to perform. The 
 people of our Christian community must be ministered to in their 
 pains and illnesses, and they must be lifted into decency and knowl- 
 edge of their common physical life. Not only must they be treated 
 and cured, but they must be taught how to live. And again, the 
 medical missionary, by reason of his professional status, acquires 
 access to homes and circles that no other Christian worker can enter. 
 The influence in the non-Christian community that a Christian phy- 
 sician can exert is almost beyond calculation. To take a single in- 
 stance—the fact that a given Christian village-group, inoculated by 
 the missionary, suffers practically no seizures or deaths from bubonic 
 plague, while the neighboring non-Christian groups, refusing in- 
 oculation, die like rats, cannot but create the most profound im- 
 pression on the non-Christian mind. 
 
 31 
 
The medical missionary finds three avenues of influence open 
 tohim. He can gain the confidence of men by his skillful and tender 
 ministries to their sick. He can lift the common life to higher levels 
 by wise and tactful comment and instruction as he touches individuals | 
 and communities. He can do much to overcome caste and religious 
 prejudice and lay the foundations of a new sense of brotherhood, by 
 treating rich and poor, caste and outcaste,—by showing how common 
 to all are illness and suffering,—and by creating a community of in- 
 terest in the common need. 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS RELIEF 
 
 One peculiar proposal should be specially noted. It is planned 
 to establish in the Rajputana District, at either Tilaunia or Phalera, 
 a sanitarium for tubercular patients. The climate of the Rajputana 
 District is more advantageous than that of any other section in India. 
 At Tilaunia, the Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society has a similar 
 establishment, for girls and women, that is doing remarkable work. 
 Tuberculosis plays dreadful havoc in the native population, and yet 
 there are not more than six institutions in the whole of India to com- 
 bat it. Wuth two such sanitariums contiguously located we shall be 
 at the forefront of tuberculosis relief in India. Not only will the 
 individuals be benefited, but all our schools will be rid of a menace 
 in that any suspected case can be sent at once to Rajputana. Adequate 
 educational facilities will be provided in connection with the sani- 
 tariums. For this purpose the sum of $28,000 is asked. 
 
 The over-modest askings in this division of missionary work 
 should not need further commendation to the sympathetic hearts and 
 ready hands of American Methodists. 
 
 MEDICAL WORK 
 Conference Items 
 Bombay Thoburn Memorial Hospital 
 Dispensary Building 
 
 Bungalow 
 
 Missionary Doctor (Annual) 
 American Nurse (Annual) 
 Assistant Doctor (Annual) 
 
 3 Nurses at $120 
 
 $17,960 
 
 32 
 
South India | 
 Hulda A. Crawford Hospital 
 
 WEGLOU Cire pe ooo eee rt aE $ 200 
 Wooskers’- Quarters tavish Fo Han aia & 300 
 Sewave: disposal? tise ae ek aon Os bee. 500 
 Tsolations:Weatd:i. 2st. 4. ens ie See 200 
 Baundtyiiiiedy 1 ey edt a ere, brett: 300 
 Cottacess: (patients?).s aude sie tee ee 1,000 
 iNitses? house. sit. ds. goer ee Ds vite T1000 
 Bungalow} ts. 237) ole pee aa 3,000 
 geLrained Nurses ($126)... >.) peat ees. a 375 
 
 $6,875 
 
 Other Work 
 
 SULT O'S er t's 264 vact es) en Wakes Miers ou eer eke $4,000 
 
 2 Native doctors at $180 each. 
 2 Compounders at $100 each. 
 4. Nurses at $150 each. 
 
 1 Missionary Doctor at $800. 
 
 1 Missionary Nurse at $600. 
 
Christian Literature 
 
 The utter dearth of decent literature in the native vernaculars of 
 India is as obvious as the glut of foul and indecent stuff is appalling. 
 The reading matter that comes to the hand of the common man in 
 the script of his own language is absolutely vile. Save those tracts 
 and books that come from Christian presses, there is only a small 
 percentage of the literature in the common tongues that make for 
 decency and moral health. The need for producing wholesome liter- 
 ature is very great. 
 
 By means of free distribution or sale at railway stations, bazaars, 
 fairs, melas, and so on, Christian agencies may do appreciable work 
 among non-Christians. But it is with the need of our own Christian 
 community that we are most vitally concerned. The young genera- 
 tion of India is learning to read over night. Having learned to read, 
 they demand “something to read.” Unless our presses can turn out 
 supplies of decent and wholesome fiction, translations of standard 
 European and American writings, single essays on life and man- 
 ners,—to say nothing of those forms of literature of distinctly re- 
 ligious and devotional value,—our own Christian youth will in- 
 evitably feed its mind on the salacious reading matter so abun- 
 dantly at hand. The production of great quantities of Chris- 
 tian devotional writings and of decent secular literature is essential 
 and fundamental to the establishment of a Christian community 
 which will be pure in mind and heart. Provide as we may for pas- 
 toral oversight and for a thoroughly equipped educational system, we 
 shall still be culpably negligent, and the moral and spiritual growth 
 of our Church will be woefully handicapped, if we do not fully 
 
 endow and equip our publishing interests. 
 
 To this end, three items are included in the Centenary askings. 
 $100,000 is asked on behalf of the publishing house in Lucknow, for 
 enlargement of buildings and modernization of equipment to meet 
 the increased demands put upon it by the fact that it serves 
 so much of our Mass Movement area. For the Madras Press the 
 sum of $62,000 is asked to liquidate its debt; freed of this heavy 
 burden the Press will be able to render really efficient service to our 
 South Indian constituency. In addition to these items for debt, 
 plant and equipment, the sum of $300,000 is asked to provide an en- 
 
 34 
 
dowment for publications. The income of such a fund will be 
 used exclusively for the production and distribution of large 
 quantities of Christian literature throughout the areas in which 
 we are at work. : 
 
 The day has come when the purity of conscience, heart and mind 
 of our Christian people must be safeguarded. This protection can 
 be guaranteed only by obtaining the total sum requested in this sec- 
 tion of our askings. 
 
 Conference District Items 
 North India Lucknow Methodist Publishing House at Lucknow 
 Butldings— 
 Reconstruction; light and water 
 installation ; sanitation, etc 
 Furniture and Equipment— 
 Book department 
 Accounting department 
 Press department 
 Bindery department 
 Dispatching department 
 
 South India Madras Madras Publishing House 
 Debt and Interest 
 
 All India Endowment for providing litera- 
 ture throughout our entire field 
 of work 
 
 35 
 
Anslo-Indian Work 
 
 Under this term is embraced all the work we do in India in 
 English. The Anglo-Indian community is that group that has been 
 produced by the fusion of European and Indian blood. Its prob- 
 lems are intricate, very peculiar and often exceedingly delicate. In 
 many localities our church is the only evangelical body that attempts 
 any constructive work among these people. Strictly speaking, the 
 work is not “native”; and it must not be confused with work carried 
 on in the native vernaculars. Yet our Anglo-Indian work is directly 
 included in the organization of every Conference in India, and its 
 trained and thoroughly Christian young men and women have often 
 been most successful missionaries. Although very many Anglo-In- 
 dians are desperately poor, it is nevertheless true that here lies a 
 force which if rightly developed and linked up with our vernacular 
 work, will add much strength to the total effort. The askings under 
 
 this head for churches are all for debt or repairs on present structures. _ 
 
 The askings for schools are designed to put our leading Anglo-Indian 
 schools upon such a basis of efficiency that they can function in the 
 biggest way within the life of the church and the nation. 
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN CHURCHES 
 
 Conference 
 Bombay Laylor, Memorrlchurchisé) ee $10,000 
 Burma Debton Rangoon Churche se oe eae 6,000 
 North India) Debt:on Joucknow. Church. 28. 800 
 South, ndia «Repairs atdViad ras tg ae a ae 1,000 
 Churchvat-Royapuram ete 3,232 
 ANGLO-INDIAN SCHOOLS 
 
 Bengal Calcutta Boys’ School 
 Additional: land kos ee ee ee $50,000 
 Playground Peni ed ova ae ee aerate eae 16,500 
 Equipment i70 coon ley cries arte ea eres 3,300 
 Endowment icc cing sss ee arto eae 23,000 
 $92,800 
 North India’ Hostel at Naini tale eee ee ee $ 5,000 
 Endowment for Philander Smith College. .... 50,000 
 South India’ Hyderabad’ “School. pase ee $* 27332 
 
 Baldwin High School at Bangalore.......... 16,000 
 
Missionary Supervision — 
 
 In another generation or so the Methodist Episcopal Church in 
 India will be much more self-sufficient than it is today, both in re- 
 sources and in leadership. But the American Missionary is still, and 
 will be for many years, the center of all activity and the guide of all 
 advance. He must supervise all pastoral work, unite the various — 
 parts of an intricate educational system, be the agent through whom a 
 large part of the financial support of the work will come, and in all 
 angles of life, whether individual, social or national, be a founder and 
 builder of the Kingdom of God. 
 
 The Missionary’s Task 
 
 It is trite to say that the missionary force is undermanned. There 
 is not a man of our staff in India but who carries burdens that should 
 rest on the shoulders of two,—or more. How they face and solve 
 the difficulties, carry the loads and achieve the results that they 
 do, is a constant miracle. With the pressure of growth in the Mass 
 Movement areas, with the increasing expectancy in other sections, 
 with the imminent educational tasks of providing native preachers 
 and teachers of all grades, and with the responsibilities of supervision 
 broadening as the work broadens,—it is surprising that our askings 
 for new missionaries and their needs are set at such a small figure. 
 Broad District and Conference supervision in evangelistic and pas- 
 toral work requires large and immediate re-inforcement of the mis- 
 sionary staff. If trained indigenous leadership is ever to be provided 
 for the Indian Church, many additional missionaries will be needed. 
 The present, pitifully inadequate educational work is too great for the 
 present staff. If it be made efficient, the staff must be rapidly in- 
 creased. Challenged by these immediate needs for re-inforcement 
 we make our askings for the transit and support of new missionaries ; 
 and for rental in those cases where houses cannot at once be provided. 
 
 His Home 
 
 A good substantial house is a great factor for the peace of mind 
 and general efficiency of the zealous worker. To be torn up root 
 and branch from home and accustomed environment, and to be set 
 down in a strange land among strange people, puts an awful strain 
 
 37 
 
upon the energy and adaptability of the new missionary. Hard ex- 
 periences at the outset often handicap usefulness for many years. A 
 first-class house and a decent home are half the battle. Then, too, dis- 
 eases of a hundred insidious forms lie in wait for the newcomer. If 
 he can have a good, clean home, he may be saved much illness or total 
 incapacitation for work. For these reasons we do not hesitate to 
 urge the items for bungalow repair and construction. 
 
 His Family 
 
 There is a short season of the year when it is literally criminal 
 to require women and small children to remain on the plains. Every 
 missionary who possibly can plans to send his family to the mountains 
 for these blistering weeks. But when the time comes many of them 
 find they cannot do it. The standardized support of our missionaries 
 is quite sufficient for ordinary needs; but there is hardly a missionary 
 family that does not find itself facing extraordinary needs. The pres- 
 ent increased cost of all stuffs and materials is one factor. The edu- 
 cation at home of the older children is another serious demand. There 
 are the constant needs of workers, converts and general situations that 
 the true missionary will meet from his own income when mission 
 funds are not available. So it often happens that the missionary’s 
 family is doomed to remain in the intolerable heat of the plains far 
 longer than they wisely should. And reasonable and decent boarding 
 places are not always easily found in the mountain stations when the 
 season has progressed. We therefore ask for $147,000 as an 
 endowment fund, the income of which shall be used to defray the 
 expenses of the missionaries and their families in getting to the moun- 
 tains during the unhealthy heat. Such sanitorium provision is essen- 
 tial to the health and continued usefulness of our missionary staff. 
 
 Bullock-Cart and Automobile 
 
 Where Districts cover wide areas, speedy travel saves time and 
 energy. It took one of our missionaries ten days to go from the rail- 
 way to his station by native conveyance; now he does it with an auto- 
 mobile in ten hours. This experience could be repeated a score of 
 times in the work of our men throughout the land. And tents, carts 
 and materials of various sorts are essential to efficient district evange- 
 lization work. We accordingly include in the askings items covering 
 these matters. 
 
India Needs More Missionaries 
 
 The fullest measure of success in evangelism and pastoral over- 
 sight requires large reinforcement of our staff of native preachers, 
 and the erection of many new churches and circuit-center buildings. 
 We cannot meet the educational demands thrust upon us without the 
 fullest support of our educational policy. All the items included in 
 the various preceding sections are essential to the finest prosecution 
 of our work. But basic to all, the inspiration and leader of the whole 
 program, is the missionary. He must be sent in ever increasing num- 
 bers; he must be housed and his family provided for; and to his hands 
 must come the supplies and money necessary to the work. Without 
 him the oncoming millions will be as silly sheep going each his own 
 way. The hope of India lies today with the wise missionary. With 
 him the Kingdom of God in India is assured of ultimate victory. 
 
 Conference Items 
 
 Bengal 6 missionaries at $1,100 each; 
 $800 transit for each 
 
 Bombay 12 missionaries at $1,100 each; 
 $800 transit for each; 
 $1,000 rental for 2 
 
 Burma II missionaries at $1,200 each; 
 es : 
 $800 transit for each 
 
 Central Provinces 13 missionaries at $1,100 each; 
 
 North India 7 missionaries at $1,200 each 
 - 6 missionaries at $1,100 each 
 I missionary at $600 
 (single woman for Boys’ School) 
 
 Northwest India 23 missionaries at $1,100 each 
 2 women evangelists at $600 each 
 $800 transit for each 
 $1,100 rental 
 
 South India 6 missionaries at $1,100 each 
 $800 transit for each 
 
 In some cases, all of the missionaries enumerated here will not be sent out at once. The 
 figures represent the totals to be distributed throughout five years. 
 
Northwest India Conference at a Type 
 Misionary Supervision—District Equipment 
 
 District 
 Allahabad Motor car for District Superintendent. . . .$1,000 
 Motor'car annual upkeep. 7.0.2.2... es 400 
 Cawnpore)\o. 8 sVLOtOr ach Ge a bat eae ere ade 1,000 
 Motor car-annual upkeep. a ei 400 
 CY PE WiC Aceh < Sain paler 75 
 A Ph eee Be OPO Re ee Perrine per 200 
 Delhi Motor;carsfor evangelists: sqiiscine sie gene 1,000 
 Motor. car/annual upkeepJitics wai ies 400 
 Annual upkeep District Superintendent’s car 400 
 Tents;searts, ete,vannuallyc. t2.iaheeera a: 1,600 
 Meerut Annualpkeep ofcars=. 3.0 eee 4.00 
 [tinenating equipment... .),.7. = eres 1,900 
 Muttra Motorscagr 2% ta: eattieviemaiee ote et I,00U 
 Motor car anualupkeepe, cee; 3. 400 
 [tineratin® equipment. ee eres 200) 
 Punjab Miotor Catia os phen aes Cn ee eee, 1,000 
 Motor: carannuakupkeep iss. oo. een ene 400 
 Itinerating ‘equipment esas a tee ee 4,200 
 Rajputana Motor,:tents wetein es rs ons ee ee 2,000 
 Roorkee Motor :Cate/) torn et tes te. a, eee ne! 1,000 
 Motor car annual*upkeepo tt 7 eP7oe e 400 
 
 Askings of a similar character should be duplicated for every 
 other conference and district in India. The total of time and effort 
 that could be saved for our Missionaries, were they all given adequate 
 district equipments, would be enormous. 
 
 Missionary Residence and Headquarters 
 
 Conference Items 
 
 Bengal 3 at an average cost of $7,000 each. 
 
 Bombay 3 at an average cost(withland of $18,333 each. 
 6 at an average cost of $4,500 each. 
 
 Burma 3 at an average cost of $5,500 each. 
 
 Central Provinces 8 at an average cost of $2,707 each. 
 
 40 
 
North India 8 at an average cost of $2,363 each. 
 The figure is low in this conference because 
 a number of small repair amounts are included. 
 
 North West India 15 at an average cost of $7,133 each. 
 South India 8 at an average cost of $4,737 each. 
 
 Sanitorium Foundation 
 
 Burma Endowment—$1 2,000. 
 All India Endowment—$147,000. 
 
 4 
 
Totals 
 
 Evangelism 
 Education 
 Medical 
 
 $5,624,569 
 
 It should be noted that the Indian Church proposes raising at 
 least $280,000 of this total. 
 
 In reaching the totals here indicated, the askings for our presses 
 were included in Education, and the askings for Anglo-Indian work 
 were divided between Evangelism and Education, as was appro- 
 priate. Likewise the askings for Missionary Supervision were dis- 
 tributed according as the Missionaries involved were intended for 
 evangelistic, educational or medical work. 
 
 42 
 
India—Land of the Future 
 
 India is a land of the immediate future. In size India is ap- 
 proximately one-half the area of the United States. But within the 
 borders of India is crowded a population over three times that of the 
 United States—roughly, 335,000,000. The average density of popu- 
 lation in India is thus about six times what it is in our country. 
 
 With the chief exception of the desert tract of Rajputana, the 
 land is fertile. In many sections it is very rich, abounding in tropical 
 luxuriance. ‘he Government is making every effort to disseminate a 
 knowledge of modern agricultural methods and has SNC OI several 
 extensive irrigation canal units. 
 
 In the past twenty years a remarkably complete system of rail- 
 roads has been built, facilitating the wide and rapid distribution 
 of food stuffs. As a result no great decimating famines have oc- 
 cured since 1901. There is much mineral wealth, including great 
 coal and iron deposits. Along the northern frontier the many moun- 
 tain streams, as yet unharnessed, mean amazing quantities of po- 
 tential electric power. The war has given strong impetus to local 
 manufactures. India’s wealth of raw material, her cheap labor, and 
 her reservoirs of coal and water to produce steam and electric power, 
 —all these mean that India’s goods will become common in the mar- 
 kets of the world. India has a long coast line with two port cities on 
 the east—Calcutta and Madras; and two on the west—Bombay and 
 Karachi; while Rangoon will grow in importance with the de- 
 velopment of Burma. Although not in India proper, Colombo, the 
 chief city of Ceylon, may well be called an Indian port. India is 
 destined soon to occupy a large place in industry and world com- 
 merce. 
 
 The people of the land are a people of the future. In the past they 
 have lacked almost all sense of national unity. Racial differences 
 have been keenly felt. There are Dravidians—scattered but import- 
 ant groups descended from aboriginal stocks; Indo-Aryans-—mostly 
 Hindu; Semites—Parsees and Mohammedans; Mongols—chiefly in 
 Assam and the northern border hills; and several lesser racial units 
 mostly of Negroid and Malay origin. 
 
 The problem of creating a sense of national solidarity will ap- 
 pear more complicated when the linguistic differences are consid- 
 ered. In India there are a score of distinct major languages, each of 
 
 43 
 
which is spoken by over a million people. Some of these languages 
 are as completely unlike as English and Russian not only in sound, 
 meanings of roots, and in idiom and grammar, but in script as well. 
 If these twenty major languages be divided into their chief dialect 
 forms and then to this number be added those lesser tongues spoken 
 by the rude jungle and hill tribes, the total of the classifiable linguistic 
 units would be amazing. And it should be said that the boundaries 
 
 of racial and linguistic areas by no means coincide. | 
 
 The people of India are divided by another force—their re- 
 ligion. Not only are there Hindus and Mohammedans but there 
 are Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains and Parsees, to say nothing of the Chris- 
 tian community that is growing with startling rapidity. Moreover, 
 the lines of religious cleavage do not follow those of linguistic or 
 racial division. | 
 
 But the greatest divisive element in Indian society is Caste. 
 Caste is peculiar to the Hindu religious group and there are probably 
 100,000,000 people in India who are not affected by it at all. Yet 
 there are more than 200,000,000 Hindus whom Caste divides into a 
 thousand social units. Caste separates between its victims so abso- 
 lutely, it subdivides with such endless intricacy, and it holds all so 
 rigidly that the western mind is astounded and baffled by it. The 
 Caste system of Hinduism is quite unique; its like is to be found no- 
 where else under the sun. Considering these facts, then, it will not 
 appear strange that the dawn and growth of a true national con- 
 sciousness has come only within the last sixty years—that is, since the 
 establishment of British Crown Government immediately after the 
 mutiny of 1857. The past decade has seen a greater development than 
 did the whole preceding half century. And now, the war, demon- 
 strating India’s intense loyalty to Britain and Britain’s faith in India, 
 has proven the people of India capable at last of realizing national 
 self-hood. 
 
 In politics India’s immediate future holds more of essential 
 value than all her past. From the days prior to English control 
 Modern India inherits little of real political worth. But since the 
 establishment of British rule she has been growing in appreciation 
 and knowledge of political values, she has been learning lessons in 
 Governmental practice and in obedience and loyalty to legally con- 
 stituted authority. The light of Democracy today dawns above 
 India’s horizon. She is awakening to true concepts of life and na- 
 tional destiny, and she is about to set her house in order according 
 
 44 
 
to the new ideals. Her loyalty has been put to the test in these days 
 of war, and has been abundantly proven. Tomorrow she will as- 
 sume her place beside Canada, the Australian commonwealth, and 
 the Union of South Africa as the fourth autonomous Dominion within 
 the British Empire. 
 Last, but by no means least in significance, the religion of India 
 is a religion of the future. Although Buddha lived and worked in 
 ' India, and although all the places sacred to his memory are to be 
 found on India’s plains, yet Buddhism has little present power in 
 India, and its future there is most precarious. In the face of educa- 
 tion and modern ways of life, Animism is doomed. Another faith 
 must take its place. Radicalism and Modernism are sweeping 
 through the Parsee community. Hinduism is undergoing very rapid 
 transformation. The various reforming groups, such as the Arya- 
 Samaj, are exercising a most salutary effect in the purification of 
 worship and belief. Caste is tottering under the impact of western 
 ideas and customs, and is being seriously threatened by the effects 
 both of the Christian Mass Movement and of the social and economic 
 upheaval rapidly developing in the oppressed classes. Even Moham- 
 medanism with its fanatical conservatism is slowly undergoing 
 changes. Two quite dissimilar groups have appeared within its 
 pale. And the Indian Mohammedan’s political loyalty to Britain 
 as against the Sultan’s religious call to the “Holy War” may well 
 produce effects in religion of which we little dream. Great as has 
 been the growth of Christianity in India during the past half century, 
 sane judgment will say that it is but the dawn heralding the full 
 splendor of the day. The faith of India, and with it all of the 
 spiritual aspiration and moral power that religion involves, will be 
 fashioned and accepted within the next two generations. Now is 
 her day of Salvation. 
 
 45 
 
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