o h has 2 > Highlights @ In Taiwan education is free in a mentary schools and is made pulsory for children of school age ( ucation iene a standard me ut for secondary schools. y ae e Any county or town in Taiwan permission to establish a ‘senior ¥ tional school. Fats e All the teacher-training insti in Taiwan are controlled and sup by the government and it is a fi which private organizations an viduals may not enter. Pro municipal, or district normal s are supported by the respective ities. @ The Ministry of Education in exercises general supervision over | edu- cation in the entire country. Bulletin 1956-No.3 one ORMOSA STRAIT } ducation mn. 3 a oth a vA ele ces oot 4 5 ag Spas ay Kes € sg. 990588 F Gasse ® f 7 Ope, / A « 2s Ff . ee as t. é / FORMOSA | Is : f by eal H.K.Sassani : ¥ 4 Specialist in Comparative Education - as : *% Fl Near East, Far East, and Africa as Division of International Education } : é gi ob Fd m PS e oe, s ‘, be aaa ” 7 & £ oe ae oe { 4s ere Pe dele ee a f¢ (ee Py cag 4 we ai é é oe é ee f # & U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE 2 Marion B. Folsom, Secretary i f S. a Office of Education .....---- Samuel Miller Brownell, Commissioner § £8 ¢ ae ee ee IN ) es a og Contents BORE WOR TS aos goku apes eee ge mater preter the awan-and-lHer> Peoples 4)>q seer te Pe eae tee hte Taiwan Under Japanese Rule... 20... 20. 42 ene Gisctorical Backetound ¢ Nec h ys aha Ome et ee Primary or Elementary Education.................-. Secondary si CuCALION «7s statin t meat alan Ge Renee ee eal MocationalsE.diucation a. ...cewaiers ssi en mena ena: MeAchers daca Lloll son 47s kas ee ee BLipherel QUCATION «7 Aiden Ree ae eae roe eae PSIBMOSVAD NT Wee treet cp et tap eee ee MES DR. ta as TABLES 1. Number of children of school age attending schools and number of elementary schools.............. 2. Elementary school curriculum (revised). .......... 3. Program of studies for the 6-year elementary school. 4. Program of studies in the secondary schools... ... . >. Program of studies in the 3-year junior middle BCHOOL Be, eecry Wee aie ee Uae ene ee eae oo eR PO 6. Program of studies in the 3-year senior middle SCHOO leeet ege POE in een CES, wanna, aime tindetae Tet . Curriculum of last 2 years’ middle schools under com | experimental program re tet sca fone’, erie tant CAPE MOIL: wae Page Sa IV CONTENTS 8. Weekly number of hours of instruction in the 4-year SVSLEML Sire ats ah ets oe he. aeRO seize ra eniee 9. The development of vocational schools 1949-53... . 10. Program of studies in vocational school... .o2s)an2. 11. Curriculum of typical normal school as prescribed by thesMinistryiot Education... a.) -. pape tee 12. Required courses of study with credits in various departments of Taiwan Teachers College... ..25. 13. Curriculum of English Department............... 14. Program of studies in the Physics Department CHARTS |. Organization of elementary, secondary, and higher education in Taiwan (Formosa)..............+.. 2. Organization of Ministry of Education of Taiwan, 3. Organization of Department of Education Provincial Government of Taiwan, 1955 Page Foreword lh aieuante IN TAIWAN (Formosa) is based mostly on official reports of. the Ministry of Education published in Taiwan, including other official and private reports which are not yet published. The text has been supplemented with additional data and information obtained from other official sources and through interviews with Chinese educators who have visited the author’s office in Washington. This bulletin attempts to give a brief picture of the educational system in Taiwan at the present time. In presenting this information, both time and space should be taken into consideration. Traditions, ideas, or principles underlying the present educational system in Taiwan are similar to those which existed in the Chinese mainland prior to the Communist regime. In addition, most of the teachers, educators, and other school authorities in Taiwan who are responsible for the conduct of education in that country are products of the rich traditions and the culture of China. Education on the island also owes a debt to the Japanese whose occupation ended with the libera- tion of Formosa. Among the nations of the world, China has had one of the longest histories; many centuries of tradition and important political and social upheavals have caused many changes both in methodology and curricula. Western and other foreign impacts have also influenced Chinese education. The American influence through Christian missionary activities in the field of education has been important. While the data include certain information needed by school . authorities in dealing with student transfers, it is hoped that the scope of the material presented is comprehensive enough to be useful to scholars in the field of comparative education and others who are actively engaged in international educational affairs in official or private capacity. OLIvEeR J. CALDWELL, Assistant Commissioner for International Education. Bess GoopyYKOONTZ, Director, International Educational Relations. Vv ‘in 2023 ivith ‘unde om: 7 Columbia University Libraries Education in Taiwan (Formosa) Taiwan and Her People Taiwan, or Free China, which is better known in the United States by its Portuguese name, Formosa, is a beautiful island located in the western Pacific, less than 100 miles east of the South China coast. Taiwan is about 240 miles in length and 90 miles at the greatest width. It has an area of about 14,000 square miles, a little larger than the States of Connecticut and Vermont combined. There are 5 munici- palities and 16 (hsien), counties. In addition to the main island, Taiwan Province includes 13 islands in the Taiwan group and 63 in the Penghu group, also known as the Pescadores. . Taiwan was an integral part of the Chinese Empire in ancient times. The Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch made attempts to colonize the island at the end of the 16th century and the early part of the 17th century. However, in the latter part of the 17th century, Manchu rule was extended from the China mainland to Taiwan and that rule continued for some 200 years. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894— 95, the island was ceded to Japan and remained a Japanese colony until 1945. In 1945, after World War II, the island again became a Chinese province. When the National Government withdrew from the China mainland in 1949-50, Taipei became the capital of Free China. This capital city is located at the northern end (see map) of the island, 18 miles inland from Keelung, which is the main northern port. The country is largely agricultural with rice and sugar being its most valuable products for export. The island is also rich in trees of eco- nomic importance, the chief source of natural camphor, half of the world’s supply being distilled there. A high grade of tea 1s also grown in the country. Pineapples are canned on a large scale, only Hawau and Malaya exceeding Formosa’s export in volume. Bananas and lumber are also exported. The other products include sweet potatoes, peanuts, citronella, citrus fruits, and vegetables. Manufacturing industries in general are small and many of them are old. The island has a large oil refinery and some textile mills. Climate —The climate is subtropical with the highest temperature registered at 100.4° F. From May through September, the tempera- 1 3% HDUCATION IN TAIWAN ture is somewhat hot and humid. Humidity is high throughout most of the year. The summer season, comparatively long but usually breezy, lasts from May to September, while the winter season, short and mild, extends from December to February. Rainfall is heavy in the north. The average rainfall 1s approximately 100 inches for the island. The typhoon season extends from May until October and is at its height during July and August. Situated in the seismic zone of the Pacific, Taiwan is subject to numerous earthquakes, most of which are hardly noticeable. People.—According to the latest census (October 1954), Taiwan has an estimated population of 8,438,016, not including the members of the armed forces on active duty. Of this total, 4,326,708 are males and 4,111,308 females; the birth rate is recorded at 4.439 percent and the death rate at 0.925 percent. The populations in the chief cities are as follows: Taipei (capital), 662,380; Taichung, 228,154; Tainan, 261,700; Keelung, 182,297; and Kaohsiung, 329,790 (see map). A majority of the population, estimated at 7,000,000 are native Taiwanese. ‘These Taiwanese with the exception of 150,000 aborigines are the descendants of mainland Chinese who migrated hundreds of years ago from the coast of Fukien and Kwangtung. Despite 50 years of Japanese rule, 95 percent of the population remains Chinese. The early settlers from Kwangtung were the Hakkas, a frontier people; the migrants from Fukien were called Puntis. The aborigines are found for the most part on the eastern side of ‘Taiwan. These aborigines comprise a large number of tribes, some with Indonesian character- istics, and speak languages of the Malayo-Polynesian group of tongues. The native Taiwanese speak mostly a dialect which is related to that of Amoy. Since 1949, Mandarin has replaced the Japanese language in the schools. As a result of long Japanese occupation, most adults speak Japanese as a second language. The principal religions or beliefs are: Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Christianity. The Taiwanese often dress in western style clothes, but many of the mainland Chinese adhere to their traditional costume. Health conditions.—Like many countries in Asia, Taiwan does not conform with all western ideas ‘of sanitation. Therefore, in order to guard one’s health, one avoids drinking unboiled water and eating raw foods. A number of other safeguards are taken, and such pre- cautions as are necessary soon become habitual. The city of Taipei has a municipal water supply, a sewerage system in some parts of the city, a health department, and conditions in general are controlled ° to such an extent that no widespread epidemics have occurred in recent years. Attacks of mild dysentery, however, are common among American personnel. In some parts of the island, tuberculosis, trachoma, and malaria are commonly found; and in certain districts EDUCATION IN TAIWAN 3 e children are not allowed to go barefooted, because of the possibility of contracting hookworm. Taiwan Under Japanese Rule Formosa was under the Japanese from 1895 to 1945. During this period the island was developed into an important military and naval base, and also as an important source of foodstuffs and other raw materials for the homeland. As a new colonial power, the Japanese at that time were eager to make their venture a success not only for profit, but also to gain repute among other colonizing powers. Under the supervision of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Formosa was set up as an integral part of the Imperial Japanese Government. Under a highly centralized administration, the Japanese Government had adopted a policy of ‘“Japanization”’ of the Formosan Chinese. This program was intensified after the outbreak of war with China in 1937. Measures were adopted to encourage the use of the Japanese language and to discourage the use of local Chinese dialects. A school system which was very similar to that of the Japanese both in content and organization, from elementary school through an Imperial university located at Taipai, was organized. In all the schools the Japanese language was made the medium of instruction; even the newspapers were published in Japanese. Generally, the educational policy adopted for the island had as its major purpose the inculcation in the people of a loyalty to the Japanese Government. The Taiwanese children could study their own written language only at home in small groups and after school hours, but they did not have much incentive to do this, because even the weekly newspapers were in Japanese. According to available accounts, under an effective school system established by the Japanese, about 80 percent of Tai- wanese could read and write. Under the Japanese occupation, Tai- wanese also learned what can be accomplished toward increasing productive power and improving standards of living through large- scale, efficiently conducted, systematic, and cooperative efforts. Historical Background For two thousand years, the structure of the Chinese Government was based on the basic teachings of Confucius and Mencious. Con- fucius has been held in reverence by every student and is always considered as the Teacher of the Teachers. His birthday on Septem- ber 28, has been proclaimed by the Government as the Teacher Day. In the earlier days, the Government took no part in education, but held examinations on the basis of Confucian writings. Only those who were qualified from the District, Provincial, and Central Examination could become chancellors, cabinet ministers, governors, and magistrates. As a result, only scholars could attain honor and 379695—56 9° Ai 4 EDUCATION IN TAIWAN fame. The examinations were open to everyone. Dynasties changed, but the examination system was maintained. In a way, this may have been one of the reasons for the continuity of the Chinese history -and language. Education on classical lines in China was as old as Chinese history, but the development of modern education is com- paratively recent. As a result of military defeat in the hands of the Western powers at the end of the nineteenth century, China began to wonder whether there was something wrong with her educational system, particularly the examination system. This old system was discontinued in 1905 and the modern educational system modeled after the American sys- tem was introduced. Chinese students educated abroad and foreign missionaries in China made further efforts to strengthen the new educational system. At the same time, the Chinese Government took an active part in the field of education. With the advent of the Republic in 1912, the educational system of China underwent some fundamental revisions, and for another decade continued to adjust itself to the existing problems in China. The organization of a national authority of educational adminis- tration was for the first time provided in the law on the organization , of the Ministry of Education in the first year of the Republic, 1912.! The organization of the Ministry of Education as it stands today is largely based on a combination of revised Organic Laws enacted and amended since 1912. When the National Government of China established itself in Formosa in December 1949, the political system that was put into operation followed generally the pattern that had been evolved on the mainland. For purposes of local administration, the island has now been reorganized into five independent municipalities and 16 counties (hsien). The councils of these 21 units of local administra- tion are to be elected by secret ballot. These councils are in turn to elect the members of the Provincial Assembly. In the field of education, the task of the Provincial Government has been to convert a Japanese system of education with a curriculum conducted in the Japanese language into a Chinese system. It was necessary to replace the Japanese teaching staffs largely with in- structors from the mainland, for there were Taiwanese who custom- arily used the dialects of south China as their spoken medium and were uncapable of using standard Chinese (Mandarin) as a literary medium. However, the officials did not have to start entirely from scratch, since elementary education under Japanese rule had been almost universal and the Japanese written language was based on ' Wang Shih-Chien, Minister of Education. Education in China, Report from the Chinese Year Book, 1936-37. On EDUCATION IN TAIWAN CHartT | Organization of elementary, secondary, and higher education in Taiwan (Formosa) Age Level Age Level 24 24 23 S 23 3 22 S Universities ; 22 Ko) ~ ya ea] and » Higher 21 20] 2 Colleges Technical 20 194 % Schools 19 18 18 Senior 17 Senior Normal Schools 17 af Vocational 16 ib Middle Schools 16 se! 15 a Rural 15 oO 14 a Junior Normal 14 Vocational 13 Middle Schools Schools 13 Schools 12 1 ry Elementary Schools Pi s 10 = 10 94 5 9 5 8 a Lower Elementary Schools 8 7 t 6 6 5 Kindergartens 5 4 4 Chinese characters. Therefore, the Taiwanese students were at the outset familiar with the Chinese ideographs, though they pronounced them differently. Authorities faced another important problem in reorienting students from an essentially Japanese to a Chinese point of view.’ 2 Ballantine, Joseph W. Formosa, a problem for United States foreign policy. Washington, D. C. The Brookings Institution, 1952, 6 EDUCATION IN TAIWAN Primary or Elementary Education Education is free in all elementary schools and is made compulsory for children of school age (6 to 12). In elementary schools, textbooks are supplied by the Government. In 1954, 90.83 percent of the children of elementary school age attended school, as compared to 87.75 percent in the fall semester of 1953.° The official thought and policy concerning the present-day Chinese education may be found in Chapter IT, Article 21; and Chapter XIII, Section 5, Articles 158-169 of the Constitution of the Republic of China, adopted by the National Assembly on December 25, 1946, and promulgated the following year. To any study of contemporary China, it would be very important to have an idea of what this Consti- tution provides for the education of the people. The articles which deal exclusively with education are therefore quoted here: CHAPTER II. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF PEOPLE Article 21. The people shall have the right as well as the obligation to receive public education. CHAPTER XIII. FUNDAMENTAL NATIONAL POLICIES Section 5. EDUCATION AND CULTURE Article 158. The nation’s educational and cultural services shall have as their aim the development among the citizens of national characteristics, democratie spirit, traditional morality, good physique, scientific knowledge, and the ability to earn a living. Article 159. All citizens shall have an equal opportunity to receive edu- cation. Article 160. All children of school age, to wit, those from 6 to 12 years old, shall receive free primary education. Those from poor families shall be supplied with textbooks at the expense of the Government. All citizens above school age who have not received primary education shall receive such education free of charge and shall likewise be supplied with textbooks at the expense of the Government. Article 161. The National, provincial, and local governments shall create scholarships to assist students of good scholastic standing and of exemplary conduct who lack the means to continue their school education. Article 162. All public and private educational and cultural institutions in the country shall, in accordance with law, be subject to State supervision. Article 163. The State shall pay due attention to the balanced develop- ment of education in different regions and shall promote social education in order to raise the cultural standard of the citizens in general. The National Treasury shall give cash grants to border regions and economically poor areas to help them meet their educational and cultural expenses. The Central Government itself may undertake the more important educational and cultural enterprises in such regions or give them financial assistance, 3 Official press release, ‘‘ Formosa in 1954."’ Chinese Embassy,.Washington, D. C. ee Se a ree ¥, EDUCATION IN TAIWAN i Article 164. Expenditures for educational programs, scientific studies, and cultural services shall be, in respect of the Central Government, not less than 15 percent of the total national budget; in respect of the provinces, not less than 25 percent of the total provincial budget; and in respect to the munic- ipalities or hsien, not less than 35 percent of the total municipal or hsien budget. Educational and cultural foundations established in accordance with the law shall, together with their property, be protected. Article 165. The State shall safeguard the livelihood of those who work in the fields of education, sciences, and art, and shall, in accordance with the development of the national economy, increase their remuneration from time to time. Article 166. The State shall encourage scientific discoveries and inven- tions. . Article 167. The State shall give encouragement or subsidies to the following enterprises or individuals: (1) Private educational enterprises in the country which have a good record; (2) Chinese educational enterprises abroad which have a good record: (3) Persons who have made discoveries or inventions in the fields of learning and technology; (4) Persons who have rendered long and meritorious service to the cause of education. Article 169. The State shall positively undertake and foster the develop- ment of education, cultural services, . . . for the benefit of racial groups in the border regions. Because of the increasing demand for preschool education in recent years, the Ministry of Education is establishing kindergartens or nursery-infant schools as part of the elementary school system. 0S ees eee eee ee S| Secreto 4 4 4 Productive training and services________-_- 2 2 2 2 2 2 Civicitrainin gos eee eee eee 1 1 1 1 1 1 Boy i Scouwtss.- 22 oe ee eee ee yee 1 1 1 lene 2 eee ee ee ee Technical courses and practices__________- 8-11 10-13 14-19 12-16 14-17 14-17 Totalasect ae a2 Saeco eee etme sane ree 33-36 33-36 33-38 33-37 34-37 34-37 Teacher Education The law on normal schools and regulations governing teacher edu- cation were issued in 1933, and since then there have been several revisions. The entrance requirement is graduation from junior middle school, and the course of study covers 3 years. In order to meet the needs of supplying teachers the special course admitting senior middle school graduates or senior vocational school graduates and covering 1 year may also be established under the law. Certain local districts were allowed to establish short-course normal schools covering a period of 4 years and admitting primary school graduates. All the teacher-training institutions are controlled and supported by the Government, and it is a field in which private organizations and individuals may not enter. Provincial, municipal, or district normal schools are supported by the respective authorities. The teacher-training institutions provide free board and room for the students. Generally the number of students for each grade in normal school is limited to from 25 to 50. Students must serve a certain legal period after graduation. Program of Studies Curricula and standards of subjects for teaching in the different kinds of normal schools, which are revised from time to time, are issued from the Ministry of Education. Table 11 shows the latest program of studies as prescribed for the normal schools. The curricula of other types of normal schools or classes include such additional sub- EDUCATION IN TAIWAN 19 jects as are required in each case; for instance, agricultural economics, introduction to hydraulics, ete., in rural schools; and kindergarten subjects in the kindergarten teacher-training classes. The curriculum in the normal schools has been revised twice since the Government’s removal to Taiwan, once in June 1950, and again in May 1952. TABLE 11.—Curriculum of typical normal school as prescribed by the Ministry of Education Number of hours of instruction per week, by year Subject lst year | 2d year | 3d year Rice veImeOhii mee Sete ste 2 2 eV en Sen Oe Se Ee My SR TRE! 1 1 1 PRHROOFECODIO Sch TINCIDlOSee #5, Soe dE ie SO Bey es Ne ee Seabee AES 2 (CONROE ek es A ee eee ee ee ee ey pe ar Ree ea RUE OS 6 Beene erie So eRe ey ee Se NS a se oe 9 EON oh 5 Dayne Jad 5 Pla Onia ues amros? cree hsp os i ain. CRE OR el Si aes Mle ah vw, eke ane: 3 Te LUSER OD Rr) + pe cL) ENE So CS a cea ee A ee lade BN La a gt Sat le ae A eat 2 Geography ass sues 2 SS 2 Biology ____- 3 (WHEMIUISUT YS 23 os —o Holy SiCSee ee oo” we = % Principles of education________-_- ESO) OUCH LiOLia= t= ae ee aS Rs See nw ee Tee Educational administration NETO SHOVE AGIAN nwa =k, Wee SNS ve Ca Bes te Seer ay ey ee ep Pe eS GC TULON A ESV CHOLOC Vere mee alos eee ae Ee Stee ee Ne Sack 8 J he Tests and statistics EELS DE CUICC marae een ee secre 4 2. EL IRN: DEY nd PY ee ai ten Se one Physical education 2 2 2 ‘AUDIO os aS a ee RS lL SERS 2 OD ARR Sa Ke Re on ee ee hie Nae 2 2 4 1 2 iProdietvive trainingvand service== 2 2. - 2! 32S ee eek Vet Sa ON MRUR Sel G) een ey nae pe ee ey Nn RL Rene Pe FO iccsrtos iee AE TT ete mee aetna Ne) oe ae ae eh Ph eR Er Elective courses 1(4 Ne RNR Re hh NrwYehw eee bs ° ot 9 i 1 i ' ' t \ 1 1 1 1 i \ \ f \ \ \ \ i i i t | i \ i i ' \ i \ \ \ \ \ \ i ' i i ' 1 \ i \ ) i i \ ' ' \ j 1 \ ‘ \ ae oo ~ —~ a) ios) 1 Figures in parentheses stand for term courses. The Taiwan Teachers College——This institution was founded in 1946, and is the only one in Taiwan devoted almost entirely to the training of secondary school teachers. The institution consists of 11 departments: Education, Chinese, English, History and Geography, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Natural History, Physical Education, Music, Fine Arts, and Industrial Education. A depart- ment of Home Economics has been added recently. The faculty includes a number of eminent scholars who were compelled to leave the mainland in the past. The nature of the college is similar to the Peking Normal University and the Normal College of Nanking on the mainland prior to 1949. Admission to the college is conditional upon graduation from a public senior middle school or private senior middle school recognized by the Government and passing the entrance examination. Accord- 20 EDUCATION IN TAIWAN ing to the regulations of the Ministry of Education, a student is required to study for 5 years before he graduates. The first 4 years are to be spent in the college and the fifth year will be assigned by the Government to a middle school as a trainee. Those who have successfully completed the practical training period are considered as graduates of this college. Each academic year is divided into 2 terms of 18 weeks each. The summer vacation lasts about 11 weeks, and the winter vacation takes up approximately 4 weeks. A minimum of 142 credits is required for graduation from this college, but a 4-year residence is also required of every graduate. As arule, the student received 1 credit for 1 hour’s attendance weekly. Generally, each student is required to obtain 19 credits each term but there is considerable flexibility in this matter. As a rule, students are not allowed to participate in the general examinations until they have completed all the required courses, have acquired a sufficient number of credits, and have successfully passed the Chinese pro- ficiency test. The following are the general required courses: San Min Chu-l (The Three Peoples’ Principles), Chinese, English, Chinese General History, Western General History, Logic, Introduction to Philosophy, Education, Educational Psychology, Methods of Training, Pedagogy of Special Subjects, Teaching Practice, Thesis. The Department of Education of the College offers the following required courses: Sociology, General Biology, Ethics, General Psychol- ogy, Secondary Education, Educational Statistics, Hietore of Western Education, Developmental Psychology, Educational and Mental Test- ing, History of Chinese Education, Educational Administration, the Principles and Practice of Discipline, Philosophy of Education, Comparative Education. In the Department of Chinese, the following required courses are offered: Introduction to Chinese Classics, Methods of Literary Scholarship, Chinese Calligraphy, Mandarin and Standard Pro- nunciation, Selected Prose and Practice in Writing, Chinese Ety- mology, History of Chinese Literature, Chinese Grammar, Chinese Phonology, Literary Criticism, Selected Lyrics and Songs, Rhetoric, Semantics, Practical Writing, History of Chinese Philosophy, Selected Readings of Chinese Classics, Selected Poems, and Practice in Writing. EDUCATION IN TAIWAN ali Tasie 12.—Required courses of study with credits in various departments of Taiwan Teachers College Courses, by department Credit Courses, by department | Credit 1 2 I |. 2 iia Sal = |---- DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND | : GEOGRAPHY—Continued | ISL OXOLCS (OYA esa a a See ee 3 | GrenerahDlolog yar ea eee ae oe ee Sel leCreograp hy. Of UrOpe 22850 sneer ane 4 LORAAWCES Sy A Bae LAR Big Bie Segiere oa a nrg 3 || Geography of North America____._______- | 2 General psychology 4-2 34. ..-_ <5. --_ =k - 6 || Geography of southern continents_________ 2 Secondaryreducationias 22-2 12 = een ae Galle Geomorpholog yas ee eee eee 4 Hdaucationalstatistiess..22-2-225-0 5 Lee AcE Cina tologyzs os aaee | hee yuaete 4 History of Western education. ___________- 4ell MAUManceOgTa phy eee so ae ae ee a | 3 Developmental psychology --_-_-_---_____- Ash PR OntCAligeéO gta phy sete e . ae a eee eee e- | 2 Educational and mental testing. __--______ 4 ——— History of Chinese education_______. ______ 4 S130 Gey] renee ae BR eo tee re ER 1c 79 Educational administration _--_-__---_----_- 4 | == The principles and practice of discipline. __ 3 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS Philosophy of education=-_.--.---_--_-__-- 4 Comparative education. ...2..-....-.-_1_- AM eel re brates ee nee) Se SA ee eae 6 ——— | PAC vanced thieOnomMmelnye s.os2s_ sacs) sees 3 SINGS 9 se te ee Ee SE a ee 56.4) Advanced veometry:_-.. -- hoes eee | 3 === || Plane and solid analytical geometry______- 6 DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE (Generalphy sieges. esos. +e nat =e eee eaten 10 Differential and integral caleulus_________- 10 Introduction to Chinese elassies__________- 4-\\\ebrojective ceomethy 24.5.4 ee ees | e Methods of literary scholarships_--_-_____- 4 || Elementary theory of numbers___-___-_-__- | 3 @hinese ‘ealligraphy.- 22-5 =e see bee OallipAGvancedcalcwlusS.s2 a. == 4. eee 10 Mandarin and standard pronunciation____ 0 || Advanced analytical geometry___.__--___- 8 Selected prose and practice in writing ___- Gop euigheraleebras 2. Ser ce oe eee aesas 6 @hinese etymology s: - 29 ice se we ye as 6 || Theoretical mechanies__-_-___._.._---------- 6 History of Chinese literature _____________- ene PLOWS DILL yaa ee se phe et Rot SENT ee 3 G@ninese gratam ars je oe a es Ager im aryys taliSulCS see a= 2a ae = ee nee 3 Gininese PROnOlOsyees n= s Is ee 4 || Introduction to social sciences_--_------___- 4 TOTAL YaGliGhoisin pag 5) weer 2S 4 a Selected lyrics and songs____-_---------__- 4 "Totaleee seers oe ee ee ee 84 DG UORIC Me sere tare eS ee eh se 3 SSS OTA LLCS arene pent: yee ee eres Se Se 4 || DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY RAC UICRINWAUNL SS oe Set eee Se ee a 4 History of Chinese philosophy____------__ Gal. General chemistry. os-s0 se) = ee es 10 Selected readings of Chinese classics-______- 24 || General physics_------- Wea cane PEA Pea coos 10 Selected poems and practice in writing___- 6 || Differential and integral calculus__-------- 8 ANALY GICAlnGheM Sti yas ses = eee 4 Oba en ee i se Ne Ot Organi ciehemistiyers 2) soles see ees 10 {eer HMC CHAI CSige Sen ae e e eee ee 6 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH | MiectroOmagnetism ens. ae ee eee = 6 Optics Sea at yet ee ee eee 6 SOpuOmoOrer EMP lSN see yee ee ee 2 eS RANI & Iie ia en ete one ea eee EAE Soe or) 5 6 MICE OUShteot ween ee Rs toe ean oe Ae eA COUSLICS Uae Seen > takes oe te ee mee 2 SBEIOMHDAGLISH nero: SAR oe Soe dalltAdsvanced calcultises=se se aero eee 4 English grammar and composition —_______ Gull ebysicalichentstty ste. sss ee eee 10 Pinelishuphoneticssa* sos tee es oa Zoli industrialchemistryss-spe-s.222== eet Son 6 Oralgbnelishtoe 2. see koe ae see es Soe So) @NVLOGETM Ip \SiCs eae eae eae eee ee 8 English rhetoric and composition __________ 4 || ee ehoneticanilleda Lye ee 25 Oe 2 Totals Sistas. 5s Rae Ere eee 96 History of English literature_-___----__-__ 6 ee Rn PSHE Oy Clases eee Se a eS Oe 6 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL HISTORY PMELSHCOULPOSILON a= = ses 8 aelishidraiiasins serene oR ei eso Es 6 i, General (biology, 222 25sec aa 6 EMolishipOeby. cou cw ua 55 ee Nes Gell, General chemistrys: os 2eenes! oo eee 6 Socinlisclencesst. wt eas ee Sal Orgamic, CLemMIS (Ir ya ee dee eee 6 Study of teaching materials_____-----____- AWetnvervebrave:z 000g yaw see sees ae ea 6 IO: SUA CUS oe 22 ee nee Boe ee ee er 3 Mota lessee et eens See ee es" 77 GOMPALative anal OWL a a= 26 ae eee ae | 6 = He lantranatoniyeeeessess eee es eS | 3 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND (Geology ee a ee 6 GEOGRAPHY FALLS OLAI yee ene eee | Sees eee 6 BintOmolog Vos sotee cae eee eens 3 MMHCOnyeOlMuISCONy rena st tee US eee ee ALA No asbaa ke Wont 0) (ey eanre= ee ST 3 Anclonihistory ofChina:--_- 22-5223. 4 4 ile Vertebrate zoology, 2 es tesa eee 6 Medieval history of China_-__------------- 85 |(Amimeal, physi0logy sss. ee ee ee 6 IModermhistory of China-2c2. - 2222-2222 6. |- Plant physiowe yess ee er eee nee | 6 Ancient history of Western world________- Sielp lames Ps seg OI Vereen eae eee eee 6 Medieval history of Western world_______- 3]) Bia, NA Sill SN op ee oie 4 Modern history of Western world__-_----- 6 |; Applie f° .qnan physiologys22- oss =) == 4 FRISCO VAOISA SIGS =< See. est eh ee 4 || Cytology——d geneties___._._-.------------ 3 Genoral:zseorrapnyees se et ae ate ow sete ae eee 4s|P Ey cienicstG. een eer eens rake eet 3 General geography of China_-__----------- 3 e = Regional geography of China_____________- 9 ROE] Sot a Sasa Ne eee Nes 2s 92 FS DOPT ITY) OL ASIAa= ee neers at ee a 4 = De EDUCATION IN TAIWAN TABLE 12.—Required courses of study with credits in various departments of Taiwan Teachers College—Continued Courses, by department Credit Courses, by department Credit 1 2 1 2 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF MUSIC ; Vocal-2 220 3s ee As he * eee 20 Principles of physical education___-----~-- 4°). Pian0 2 6283 ee ee ee 20 Hum anvan atomiy sense ee ee ee 4°). Rudiment...= 2-22 ee ee eee a EInMan pi yslology sacs seen Se 64) Harmony oe). 2 oe ee 4 ‘Hy cionicsie = > ue noe eee ee 4 | Counterpoint a2 .2=2ereeeae ee 4 Administration of physical education_____- 4-\\ Advancedeharmoniy. >. 2-2" 4 eee eee 4 BOY Scout SdUCAtION eee = ee ee one 6.) Music form cia 20 oes ae eee eee 2 Referee method in athletic education--___- 6) || Horm and com positions == = - es eee 4 Massage and corrective gymmastics_--__.__- 27) MusicalinstrumentSa.2s=es= =e = ereenne 2 Tests and statistics of physical education_- 4 \\|_ Blistory of musicl see eee eee 4 Introduction to physical education___---_- 2 || Sight singing and ear-training_____-_-____- 18 History of physical education--_----------- 2) |i Mousicallappreciationsgs.2=- 2-2 aes aae == 2 INatiral SCIENCE: heme soe ene ee ee 3p Conducting2 ss oe a eee 2 Construction and equipment of physical education 4s! reat eae eee ee 1Q-B Total +32 Ss. See eae 88 IVIUISICHoe Meee ee ee a eee ee eee See 6-2 = GYAN ESIC. Dlayansen en ee aeons 2-2 || DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION ERiary ts Eua 1G7eh Gk WL il steerer ee = 8-2 SEUNG S eee he ae a Mr EE ee Es 3-8 || Vocational education. = — 2-2 es 4 A thletice=8 tara pte oe eee oe seit 6-85) "Soctologys2 2 ee See ee eee 2 Ball @arti ses Sau ea eee ae a 6-8 \)| “ECONOMICS 3222 a ee a 3 ACUAtIC Anes se See ne eee Bee 8-8 || Differential and integral caleulus____-_-__- 8 Self-defense activitieses ose = ae oee a> == 1-25|= General phiysics2 22a 2 =a eee 6 =" |||, General Chennsttys.. see eee 6 Topas tien ao emer ere a ae 94 || Descriptive geometry _-_-__-.------------- 2 === |" Hngineering dra witless ee 6 DEPARTMENT OF FINE ARTS Mechanism: 222 ei ese eee 4 | Shop practice22_ 2 = eee 4 natRocdiucthionut Oath sssnee ae ee eee 2 || Applied mechanics---_-_-__-__-- Sain tS: 3 Perspective =.see See owe ee oe cee 2 || Engineering materials__________--_-----_-- 3 @olonmpaintin sess ee ee eee tees 2 ‘| Heat engines: =. esi ee eee 3 OSTOI Se eee a ee eI EL 6 || Industrial management: 22-72 _ 2 2a ue eee 4 ISEHCtICS = siete pe aes ie emer e rss aa 1 |} Electrical engineering=_--__-.---__--___22:2 S) ROOtEY. ANG“SONGS eso = ene ee 14? Strength ofmmaterials) 2s See 3 AMATONTY tees eee ee ens ae | 2 —_——— ATHeGUCaTlON: seen Le eee ee te 2 Total 3 2032 a ee ee 64 istory ‘OP ar tos. ee a ee ee 2 |i Sketche. esas ie eee eS eee ree | 22 Wisher colorpaint ing sees eee | 10 Oll-paingine 2a ee ss eae es eee 6 @hinese* painting sess. eee ee 12 IMechanicalsdrawanGes == seen eee 2 G@hinese ‘calligraphy S2aea see ea 2 TT OUR E I See ieee ne eee Tee 2 7 1 Girls and boys. Administration of Education The Ministry of Education —The highest authority of educational administration in Taiwan is the Ministry of Education, 1 of the 8 ministries under the Executive Yuan (the Cabinet) of the National Government of China. The Minister of Education is appointed by order of the president through the recommendation of the President of the Executive Yuan (the Premier). The Ministry of Education is headed by the Minister of Education who, in turn, is assisted’ Dy +x vice ministers (see chart 2), one secretary general, two seca» 1 1es, two councilors, four inspectors, and the Department of Hise ipulWesk toe Deparivent of Primary and Secondary Education; Department of io Education and General Affairs; the Bureau of International Cultural and Educational Affairs; EDUCATION IN TAIWAN 20 bond the auditing office; the personnel office; and 3 committees: (1) Guide to Schooling and Employment for Mainland Youth; (2) Extension of Social Educatien; and (3) Selection of Compilation and Editing Personnel. The Ministry of Education exercises general supervision over education in the entire country. In the case of elementary and secondary schools, the Ministry exercises its powers in policy making, the compilation of textbooks, and personnel administration. It also contributes funds to support elementary and secondary schools. The Minister of Education recommends measures to the Government, and issues ministerial rules and regulations to put these measures into effect. Provineval and district administration of education —Local educa- tional authorities are two: The Provincial Commissioner of Education and the Chief of the Bureau of Education in the district and municipal- ity. The Commissioner of Education is a member of the Provincial government, is appointed by the National Government, and is under the control of the Minister of Education. Generally he is more than a link between the local government and the Central Government, and within the frame of law he can do a great deal by his position and initiative. Every county or hsien, the geographical and administra- tive unit under the province, and every municipality has a Bureau of CHART 2 Organization of Ministry of Education in Taiwan, 1955 Minister Vice Minister Administrative Vice Minister Political Secretary- General & Counselors Inspectors Secretaries Dept. of Dept. of Dept. of Dept. of Bureau of Higher Primary & Social General International Education Secondary Education Affairs Cultural Education Educational Affairs Auditing Personnel Office Office Committees on: Schooling & Extension Selection of Employment of Social Compilation for Displaced Education & Editing Youth Personnel 24 ; EDUCATION IN TAIWAN CHART 3 Organization of Department of Education, Provincial Government of Taiwan, 1955 Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Secretary- General & Inspectors Secretaries Section of General Affairs Section of Section of Higher & High School & Section of Primary Education, Local Section of Social Normal Vocational Education Training Education Educational Administration, & Education for Mountain Tribes Education which in turn is responsible to the Commissioner of Edu- cation. The Department of Education in the Taiwan Provincial Govern- ment is composed of one commissioner, one assistant commissioner, one secretary general, several secretaries, a number of inspectors, for each of the following 5 sections: (1) General Affairs; (2) Higher Education and Normal Education; (3) Secondary Education; (4) Primary Education, Local Education Administration and Education of Mountain Tribes; and (5) Social Education. In each hsien or municipal government, there is a section for education (see chart 3). The commissioner is responsible for the administration of all grades of schools in the province, libraries, museums, public athletic grounds, and other educational affairs. Government.—Taiwan is administered as a province of the Republic of China. It has a provincial assembly, and is administratively divided into 5 municipalities and 16 counties, each having a legislative council of its own. All local legislative and administrative officials, including mayors and magistrates, are popularly elected, The provincial assembly is composed of one’member each elected from the 21 municipalities and counties and one additional member for every 150,000 people in excess of the population of 150,000 of a EDUCATION IN TAIWAN 25 municipality or county. The term of their tenure under the new law is 3 years. On April 18, and May 2, 1954, a total of 57 provincial assembly members, including 6 women and 3 aborigines, were elected to succeed the first group of 55 members whose terms had expired. On the average, 75 percent of the qualified voters cast their ballots. Fifty-six of 57 members of the provincial assembly and more than 96 percent of the members of the local legislative councils are natives of Formosa. Provincial Government.—The following brief description of the organization of the Provincial Government should be helpful. The Taiwan Provincial Government is the highest administrative organi- zation for the Province of Taiwan under which there are a number of departments, bureaus, and boards. The Provincial Government administers all the civil affairs within the boundaries of the province in accordance with the Constitution and the laws and orders of the National Government. It has the power to issue such ordinances and regulations as are necessary for the administration of its affairs so long as they do not conflict with the laws of the National Govern- ment. However, ordinances and regulations affecting the people’s tax burden or concerning the rights and obligations of the people must first be presented to the Provincial Assembly for discussion and decision. The Taiwan Provincial Council is composed of 21 members ap- pointed by the National Government, with the Governor as chairman. Sixteen of the present council members are Chinese nationals born in Taiwan. Higher Education The organization and administration of the higher institutions of learning in China are largely regulated by the Law on University Organization of July 26, 1929, promulgated by the National Govern- ment and the rules on University Administration issued by the Minis- try of Education on August 14, 1929. These laws with their amend- ments are the basic laws governing higher education in China. By law a university must consist of at least three colleges, otherwise it is known as an independent college, which may have two faculties. Eight kinds of colleges are prescribed by law namely: arts, science, law, education, agriculture, technology, commerce, and medicine. Law further requires that, of the three constituent colleges of a uni- versity, at least one should be a college of science, agriculture, tech- nology, or medicine. This provision ensures a balanced composition of the university. With the exception of the medical colleges, nearly all of the other colleges require 4 academic years or 8 semesters of 16 to 18 weeks per semester, with 132 credits (1 hour per week equals 1 26 EDUCATION IN TAIWAN Bk : i A new dormitory housing 520 students was opened on the National Taiwan University campus last spring. Hach room accommodates eight students. credit) for a college degree of B. A. or B.S. Higher education is divided into three categories as follows: (a) those which have a grad- uate school aiming at advanced. scientific studies; (6) those which stress professional and technical education; and (¢) those whose main purpose is to train teachers. There are now 7 provincial colleges, 2 national universities and 1 private university on the island. The National Taiwan University has 6 colleges, namely: Liberal Arts, Science, Law, Agriculture, Engi- neering, and Medicine, with 29 departments. This is the only institu- tion on Formosa which offers graduate work in the following depart- ments: Department of History, Chinese, Philosophy, Agricultural Chemistry, Plant Pathology, and Entomology. The National Political University includes: the Institute of Civic Education, the Institute of Public Administration, the Institute of International Relations, and the Institute of Journalism. These insti- tutes which are graduate schools were created during the academic year 1954-55. Steps are being taken to revive other universities which formerly existed on the China mainland, such as Soochow University of Shanghai. The Ministry of Education is also considering the possi- bility of establishing a separate college for overseas Chinese students. The 7 provincial colleges include an independent teachers college; College of Agriculture and Engineering; Junior Colleges of Industry; EDUCATION IN TAIWAN Da Taipei Institute of Technology; Institute of Public Administration and Training School of Public Administration. Overseas Chinese Cultural and Educational Conference-—At the beginning of September, this year, there was held at Taipei the Over- seas Chinese Cultural and Educational Conference. More than 200 delegates representing Chinese communities abroad attended. Presi- dent Chiang Kai-shek and other leaders of the Government addressed the Conference. The main purpose of the Conference was to coordinate the cultural and educational policy of the Chinese communities in different coun- ‘tries. Recently there has been some conflict between Chinese schools and local government authorities, such as those in Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore. It is the hope of the Chinese Government that Chinese schools can be maintained so long as they are not in violation of any laws of the countries in which they are located. In this connection, a Senior Middle School will be established this fall in Taipei solely for the purpose of accommodating Chinese students abroad. The necessity for such a school is due to the fact that most of the students will be deficient in the Chinese language, and it will be difficult for them to keep pace with other students in the existing schools. Anyway, all the schools in Taiwan are crowded. The class will start in September. It is expected that more than 500 students from Hongkong, the Philippines, Indochina and other nearby coun- tries will enroll in this new school. New classroom buildings on Taiwan University’s main campus. 2S EDUCATION IN TAIWAN The fact that the question of overseas Chinese education is im- portant is because of the fact that 13,483,380 Chinese live overseas in areas all over the world. They are located on all the continents of the world, although the number of Chinese residents varies greatly from country to country. There is only one Chinese in Iraq, while there are 3,690,000 in Thailand. The Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission recently released the following statistics of Chinese residents abroad: 244,289 in the Ameri- cas with 117,629 living in the United States; 11,640 in Europe, France. leading with 2,700; and 13,195,010 in Asia. The Commission also reported that there are 2,338 Chinese schools operating in foreign lands, including 2,231 in Asia, 55 in the Americas, 2 in Europe, 11 in Oceania and 39 in Africa. Program of studies—In February 1947, at a conference called by the Ministry of Education in Nanking on the China mainland, the following resolutions were adopted as guiding principles to be observed in making up the curriculum for-higher education: 1. Required courses which are not closely related to the nation’s education policy should be either omitted or made elective. 2. A thesis should be required of all graduating students except those majoring in philosophy, history, and education. b) 3. “Three People’s Principles” and ethics are courses which all students should be required to take. 4, Students of liberal arts and law should take at least one science course. ” 5. The general history of China should no longer be a required course for science students, but in its stead, a second foreign language should be required. The standardization of the college program, in fact, had been started by the Chinese Government in 1938. Before that time, there were no standard curricula. Each college selected its subjects and curricula. Certain private colleges in Shanghai were mostly ‘diploma mills.” Anyone who could pay the tuition fees could buy a college diploma in 4 years. In fact, it was because of these conditions that the Ministry of Education began to standardize college curricula, particularly with respect to minimum requirements. Unfortunately, this minimum soon came to include most courses, and students enjoyed very little choice of electives. In this revision, the minimum requirements have been reduced to about 100 credits (that is to say, history: 100-116; physics: 9-114; sociology: 87-101; forestry: 103-114; mechanical engineering: 109-115; public administration: 104-105; and education: 95). The remaining credits are reserved for elective courses. The college curricula in Taiwan are prescribed by the Min- istry of Education. Although only one university (National Taiwan University) is under the direct control of the Ministry of Education, the provincial EDUCATION IN TAIWAN 29 colleges also follow the 1938 revision. Elective courses have been added in excess of the mintmum requirements of the Ministry. In Tatwwan, the Ministry of Education did not prepare the standard curricula for the junior colleges, but their curricula, when submitted to the ministry for approval, proved to be essentially a reproduction of the standardized curricula except for the elimination of several requirements in the freshman year. National Taiwan University.—After V—J Day, the National Taiwan University was established by the Ministry of Education by incor- porating into it the former Japanese Taipei Imperial University, which then consisted of 4 colleges, namely: Science, Agriculture, Commerce, and Engineering; the former Taiwan Provincial College of Law and Commerce, and the former forestry grounds belonging to the Imperial University of Tokyo. The National Taiwan University consists of the following colleges, departments, and research institutes: College of Liberal Arts has 5 departments: Chinese literature, foreign literature, history, philosophy, archeology and anthropology, and 2 research institutes of history and philosophy. College of Science has 7 departments: mathematics, physics, chemistry, zoology, botany, geology, psychology, and the research institute of botany. College of Medicine has a hospital and advanced nursing school and 2 research institutes: pathology and public health. College of Engineering has 4 departments: Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering, and the Research Institute of Electrical Engineering. College of Agriculture has 8 departments: plant parasitology, agricultural chemistry, horticulture, forestry, animal husbandry, and veterinary medi- cine, and 2 research institutes, namely: agricultural chemistry and plant parasitology. It has, in addition, 1 experimental forest and 3 experimental farms—farming, horticulture, and animal husbandry. College of Law has 4 departments: law, political science, economics, and business administration. Beginning with the academic year 1953-54, two new departments will be established in the College of Medicine, the Department of Dentistry, which offers a 6-year course, and a department of phar- macy, which offers a 4-year course. The College of Medicine requires 7 years to graduate. All of the other 5 colleges offer 4-year courses in undergraduate studies, upon completion of which, a “bachelor’s” degree is granted. The research institutes offer a “master’s”? degree to students after completion of 2 years of required studies and a graduating thesis. In the spring semester of 1953, the Ministry of Education reported the total enrollment as being 3,597, of whom 3,586 were under eraduates and 11 graduates. 30 EDUCATION IN TAIWAN Liberal arts.—The only college of Liberal Arts im Taiwan is at the National University of Taiwan, and it has 5 departments: Chinese, history, philosophy, anthropology, and foreign languages. There are 634 students (reported 1952-53) in this college, but more than 70 percent of them are specializing in foreign languages. For almost all this means specialization in English, plus 6 to 12 credits of French or Spanish. The department offers 14 courses (84 credits of English) toward this specialization in English, plus 6 to 12 credits of French or Spanish. The titles of some of the English courses are: English prose, English phonetics, history of English literature, English poetry, works of great Western authors, drama, American literature, practical English, and Shakespeare. The following table is given as an example of a program of study in a department such as English. Tasie 13.—Curriculum of English Department Subject Year Credits Required Courses BP Sh prose sete eerie er ce soe See ees 2020 2.2 Je ee Se ees 10 History of English literature_-__._-_------------ hp teeta ea age 20:5 be | 6 Hnglish phoneticstascae we sass eee ee Se a ee eee DO I2 Ys Ee ee eee ee 4 a CEA OIA. = toe a ae ee eo ee ak CE See sie ee ee Sd oe a Se eee 4 Bnglishpoethy: esses eae ee ee on Sa ee eee 304 343d eee 6 Wrorksiof gréatevmesvermalthbOrsees 22 2-= 2255 ee ee ees Sdor4a ths eee 10 DOT AINE foe eae oeet eee me eee tN RCE Se rte eS oe At ic cend— 2M eee een 4 iMistory.of Chinese literatunew asses. 2. 2a: ee eee ee 20.3 Se eee 6 ELIStory Olin W esterma philoso pbDive see een oe oe ee eee 200 Ss Soe Se ee ee 6 ATEUMeNtalion andes ting anatase. a2 2-2 ka epee ee Dd SS ae 2 Second foreigmiangunge sass see a5 Se nes oS eee 2d, .3d;.0r/ 4th 6 to 12 Elective Moderncliterature <2 een oe. Rees | 2d 3d Orit Ch ee ee : 6 ‘Aimerican literattre at ese ee ee eee 20530: or 4th S22 pee | 6 Practical big igh ee eee se es ee es BOL oth gO Lk 4S LO ame 4 Shekespeaie = see eee ree OS Ce A ee eee ees 20, 80,-0r 4t hie ee eee 6 English literature of the 19th century____----_-------_-----------} 2d, 3d, or 4th ____-__-_______ | 4 Methods and materials for English te aching - 2a eee | 4th es ae See 4 SPaNishiOrSsiaie- we sae eo ee AS. Meet Rotee a) ns See BdneDL eee ed 6 Program of studies in the College of Science.—Courses offered in the College of Science compare closely, so far as titles are concerned, with science courses in an American institution. The differences are in the direction of greater specialization and a larger list of requirements For instance, a student specializing in physics is required to take (1) a minimum of 43 hours of required courses in the first 2 years, in- cluding Chinese history, Chinese, English, sociology, economics, and a second science; (2) at least 56 hours of required civics and mathe- matics courses, including the usual courses in the special field. Ap- plied electronics, modern physics, calculus, and differential equations. A course in general chemistry is also required; (8) electives to make a total of at least 132 hours at graduation selected from such courses as Vector analysis, kinetic theory of gases, quantum mechanics, and relativity. Courses in German, meteorology, and methods of teaching physies are also possibilities. EDUCATION IN TAIWAN 31 Subject Year Credits = x6 of = = ee" = a5 Se a= | Required | eneral piysics witha boratory. = 2-eese ae ee ee US fete fete ane S Coeese eens | s suheOreticmechanicss: tae sa tT or ea Be Idee EAC e Ch ies als 6 to 8 Electricity and magnetism with laboratory__.___________________ Des oy lee ey re | 8 ET ertavuie mele DON ORy eee fete eae ee ten 8 en Ct hd Ce SRV LRN Sia IE) head Ube oh ae 7 OO EIGS wih ie DOTALOU Yost ne ee Ee Rd 2h SSeS BARE le aan oe ea. | 8 Anplied electricity, with laboratory. o- = 222 see oes. 2 Biol ss one renee Se 4to8 Modern ph ysicsiwith la boratory.2222 9352.2 este Le iy 4th eee ee S oe ae Ses 6 to 8 "ORUMUTIC IS <6 shat ie 2 Sago ee leaeae Appin ieee SAN, eS et UST Soe lt (ieee gees aoe Soe 6 to 8 Witiereniral OUuUstlOvss: ce ee Ses Peay ee ae 20) a ee See ie He 3 General] chemistry with laboratory---.--.._---__-_--____- 2 93) || IE ete Ee Cad mee eee | 8 Elective WET CT oe ee Pe ee eee ai Cae ta! ee en ge ee eee Save ee 3 All college graduates are now required to join the Reserve Officers Training Corps. Provincial Institutions of Higher Learning Provincial Teachers College of Taipet.—The Provincial Teachers College of Taipei has an enrollment of 1,609 reported in the fall semester of 1952. This particular institution consists of 11 depart- ments: General education, Chinese, English, history and geography, mathematics, physics and chemistry, biology, physical education, arts, music, and industrial education. At the present time, prepara- tions are underway to open 3 new departments: agricultural educa- tion, home economics, and Boy Scouting. Provincial College of Taiwan.—This institution has 6 departments: mechanical, electrical, chemical, civil, architectural, and electronic engineering. As reported in the fall semester of 1952, the college had 263 faculty members and 1,038 students. Provincial Agricultural College of Taiwan.—This college has 6 departments: agronomy, forestry, plant pathology and insect control, agricultural chemistry, rural economy, and horticulture. The 1952 enrollment of this institution was 886, of whom 775 were males and 111 female students. The Provincial Junior College of Local Administration.—This college, which was established in 1949, provides a 2-year course in 4 subjects: General administration, public finance, land economics, and educa- tional administration. According to the ministry’s report in 1952, the college had 1,066 students. Provineial Junior College of Engineering.—This institution is located in Taipei, and provides a 5-year course for graduates from junior middle schools and junior vocational schools. The college is divided into 5 departments: electrical engineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering, mining and meteorology, and mechanical engineering. According to the report of 1952, the total enrollment of the college was 970, of whom 22 were girls. o2 EDUCATION IN TAIWAN The Taiwan Provincial Institute of Public Administration.—This institution was founded in 1949 by order to the Taiwan Provincial Government. The school is open to “refugee” students from the mainland of China as well as to graduates of local senior middle schools. The Institute has five departments: Civil Affairs, Finance, Ac- counting and Statistics, Land Administration, Social Work. Each of these departments has a curriculum on a 2-year basis, leading to a diploma awarded by the Institute with the approval of the Ministry of Education. The curriculum of the department of Civil Affairs consists of the following subjects: The Three People’s Principles (San-Min Chu-]J), Chinese, General History of China, English, Local Administration, Constitutional Law, Introduction to Civil Law, Political Science, Principles of Economics, Study of Administration, and Statistics. These subjects are taught during the first year. The following courses are offered during the second year: Introduction to Civil Law, Administrative Law, Introduction to Criminal Law, Public F inance, Census Administration, International Law, History of Political Thought, Rural Economy and Cooperation, Land Problems and Policies, Sociology and Social Problems, Organization and Training of the People, and Administrative Practice. } The Department of Public Finance offers the following 2-year curriculum: First Year, The Three People’s Principles (San-Min Chu-I) Chinese, General History of China, English, Rural Economy and Cooperation, Constitutional Law, Introduction to Civil Law, Principles of Economics, Agricultural Credit, Land Administration, Land Tax, Land Problems and Policies, Rural Sociology, Farmers’ Organization and Cooperation, Land Survey. Second Year: Land Administration, Local Administration, Administrative Law, Land Economics, Land System, Land Law, Land Survey, Introduction to Agricultural Science, Land Investigation and Statistics, and City Planning. The Department of Social Work offers the following 2-year program of studies: First Year: The Three People’s Principles, Chinese, Gen- eral History of China, English, Introduction to Civil Law, Principles of Economics, Sociology, Social Problems, Social Investigation and Statistics, Social Work, Introduction to Cooperation, Industrial Management, Field Work. Second Year: Social Psychology, Social Administration, Social Insurance, Rural Sociology, Social Relief, Criminal Law, Labor Legislation, Child Welfare, Administrative Law, Public Health, Constitutional Law, Local Administration, Field Work. EDUCATION IN TAIWAN i 33 Tunghai University.—This new institution of higher learning sponsored by the United Board for Christian Education in Asia opened its doors to a first class of 200 students in September 1955. The aims and purposes of the university as stated by its founders are to offer an educational program which would “attempt to meet the needs and aspirations of the Christian community on Formosa in as fresh and imaginative a pattern as possible. It should lay great stress upon the cultural heritage of its students as it is expressed in the history, philosophy, art, and religion of eastern Asia. * * * Its constant aim should be the training of men and women for unselfish service to their time beginning in Taiwan .and reaching to the utter- most parts of the earth.” ; Selected Bibliography ArRNpT, C. O. and SrEvERIN K. Turostenpki, TunG YUEN Fone. Education in China. (U.S. Office of Education Leaflet, No. 69) Washington, U. 8. Gov- ernment Printing Office, 1944. ARNOLD, JULEAN H. The People of Formosa. Washington, D. C., The Smith- sonian Institution, 1910. pp. 287-295. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col- lection, Vol. LII.) ASSOCIATED BOARDS FOR CHRISTIAN COLLEGES IN CHINA. Annual Report, June 30, 1944. 150 Fifth Avenue, New York 11, N. Y. 12 p.and June 30, 1941. 12 p. . Bath, H. Macuear. Report from Formosa. London, Eyre and Spotteswoode, 1952, 210 p. CAMPBELL, WILLIAM. Sketches from Formosa. London, Marshall Brothers Ltd., 1915. 394 p. ~ China Handbook 1937-1945. A comprehensive survey of major developments in China in 8 years of war. Revised and enlarged with 1946 supplement. Cora- piled by Chinese Ministry of Information New York, The McMillan Corn- pany, 1947. 862 p. China Handbook 1953-54. Compiled by the Chinese Handbook Editorial Board. Taipei, Taiwan, China Publishing Company. Christian Colleges in China, Cooperative Organization, Council of Higher Edu- cation, 23 Yuen Ming Yuen Road, Shanghai and Committee for Christian colleges in China, 150 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Cuyns, W. Y. Handbook of Cultural Institutions in China. Shanghai, Chinese National Committee on Intellectual Co-operation, 1936. 289 p. Hducation in China during the War. Published by the P. E. N. Club of China, Shanghai. Printed by the South China Morning Post, Ltd., Hong Kong. 25 p. FreyN, Huser. Chinese Education in the War. Prepared under the auspices of the Council of International Affairs, Chungking, Shanghai. Hong Kong— Singapore, Kelly and Walsh, Ltd. 1940. 187 p. Greaa, Auice H. China and Educational Autonomy. The changing role of the Protestant Educational Missionary in China, 1807-1937. New York, Syracuse University Press, 1946. 283 p. 34 ; EDUCATION IN TAIWAN International Yearbook of Education 1954 UNESCO Avenue Kliber 19 Paris and International Bureau of Education, Geneva. 409 p. (International Bureau of Education. Publication No. 161.) LATOURETTE, KenNETH Scorr. The Chinese, their History and Culture. The third edition. New York. The MacMillan Company, 1946. 847 p. The Development of China. Sixth edition, revised. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, Cambridge, Mass., The Riverside Press, 1946. 343 p. Mission Report. United States of America Mutual Security Agency Mission to China. Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa), Oct. 1, 1952. Orr, J. Epwin. Through Blood and Fire in China. London, Edinburgh. Mar- shall, Morgan, and Scott, Ltd. 160 p. Prake, Cyrus H. Nationalism and Education in Modern.China. New York, Columbia University Press, 19382. 2400p. ** “+ ++" Report of the China-United States Agricultural Mission, Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations, USDA Report No. 2, May 1947, Washington, D. C. 265 p. Rurrer, Owen. Through Formosa, an account of Japan’s Island Colony. New York. H. W. Wilson Co., 1924. 288 p. Suin-CuHEIN, Dr, WanG. Educationin China. China United Press, 299 Szechuen Rd., Shanghai, 1935. 465 p. Education in China. Reprinted from the Chinese Yearbook. Second issue, 1936-37. pp. 451-523. SmituH, Henry Lester. Comparative Education. Bloomington, Ind., Eduea- tional Publications, 1941. pp. 312-354. Statistical Abstract of the Republic of China 1945, Compiled and published by the Directorate of Statistics, National Government, Chungking, China. 187 p. TarwaN ProvisionauL InstrrurE or Pusiic ADMINISTRATION, THE. A brief bulletin, 1952. 15 p. Ministry of Education, Taiwan. Taiwan Teachers College, Bulletin 1953. The Taiwan Teachers College. Ping Road, Taipei, Taiwan. 21 p. ‘ U. 8. Economic Cooprration ADMINISTRATION. ‘Tenth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth Reports to Congress for quarters ending Sept. 30, 1950, Dee. 3f, 1950, Mar. 31, 1951, and June 30, 1951. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office. Yat-Sen, Sun. San Min Chu I. Three Principles of the People, Ministry of Information of the Republic of China. Chungking. 1943. 514 p. Yen, Yu CuvuENn James. Chinese Mass Education in Wartime. Journal of Adult Education 10; 184-186, April 1938. O PS—28-56 PRINTEDINU.S.A. DATE DUE eat eae! (ie ial am Es ees. [Sea areas. eee ommend NRE sia exe meas nes Pati] ie asa OGiau ny OCT 20 ‘RR , \ ni ‘ - at ao ay 5 b ‘e ve UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE DIVISION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS WASHINGTON 25, D. C. A i OFFICIAL BUSINESS | 4 ¥ If you do not desire to continue receiving this type of publication, please cHECK HERE 7 ; tear off this label and return it to the above address. 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