Chronological Abridgment of the Russian History Lomonossof !lliiiiiWlliW W i lJ.l|j', i .m ^ ^^ UNIVERSITY OF N.C. AT CHAPEL HILL 00047436210 THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA ENDOWED BY THE DIALECTIC AND PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETIES DK36 .L 6U A Chronological Abridgment OF THE RUSSIAN HISTORY; Tranflated from the Original Ruffian^ WRITTEN BY MICHAEL LOMONOSSOFi Counfellor of State, and Profeflbr of Chytiiiftry at the Academy of Sciences at Peterfburg ; And continued to the prefent Time by the Tranflator. LONDON: ^ Printed for T. SNELj^rNo, (No. 163.) next the Horn Tavern itx Fleet Street. M DCC LXVIL ( J ) T O His EXCELLENCY AlexieyMoussinPoushkin; Counfellor of State to her Majefty the Emprefs of all the Ruflias, And Her Plenipotentiary Minifter at the Court of London, &c, &g. I Flatter myfelf that Tmr Excellency will be pleafed to grant Tour Protedion to thefe few Sheets ; con- taining the Hiftory of Tour native Country^ written by one of the moft ingenious and learned Gentlemen of it. The Importance of the Sub- jed, many of the Materials of which have never yet appeared in the Eng- A 2 liih ( 2 ) lifli Language ; befides, the Manner in which they are treated, give me hopes that Tour Excellency will pa- tronize this Work, and fupport with Tour Favour the young Writer; and accept the Sentiments of Duty and Refped of Your Excellencies, moft obedient, humble Servant, J. G. A. K ( i ) Chronology of the Ruffian Sovereigns. Num- ber of Regentf I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO II 12 '3 '5 i6 37 i8 ^9 20 21 22 3^1 Gr^^/ D//^^t>£^^o' - ?> two brothers, Sineus and Tru- vor^ was eleded great duke of Novogrod C from lb "The Great Dutchy of from amongft theWareghrRofles by the Scia-? voniar;s and Tchuds. After the death of his brothers, he brought the Novcgrodians and all the northern parts of RuiTia under his do- ininionj which from that time received the name cf RoiJes from his own country-men. OLEGH, a relation of Rurick, reigned during the minority of Rurick's fon, (was the fecond regent/ began to reign An. 879, and reigned 34 years) He governed the northern well as the fouthern provinces j and tranfported the great ducal feat from Novogrod to Kiof, after killing Ofkold and Dirr. He carried on v/ars with the Greeks of Conftantinople, but afterwards made peace with them, *and fet on foot a treaty ofcom^ merce, for the encouragement of trade, be- tween the two nations. IGHOR, Rurick's fon, fucceeded Olegb, (was in the fecond generation, the third re- gent, began to reign An. 913, reigned 32 years, and attained to the age of 68). He renewed hke his predeceflors the treaties with the Greeks, although he at firfl: had fought againft them. But having impofed a vciy infupportable tribute upon the Drev- lians, he was for that reafon killed by them, las he was returning with it to Kiof. OLGHA, Novogrcd and Kiof. %.% OLGHA, the holy, Ighor's confort, reign- ed during the minority of her foa Svetof- laf : (was the fourth regent, began to reign An. 945, reigned 19 years, and at-* tained to the age of almoft 80) (he reveng- ed her hufband's death on the Drevlians^ partly, by her power, and partly by policy* She likewife in her journeys thro' her domi^ nions, eftablifhed in many places ferries and tolls ; but at laft retired to Conftantinopkj^ where fhe was converted to the Chriftian Greek faith * SWETOSLAF, the fon of Ighor, fuc^ ceeded his mother Olgha, (was in the third generation, fifth regent, began to reign An« 964, and was at his death more than 40 years old). As he was a very warlike prince^ he was almoft continually in the field, and carried on many bloody wars upon the Greek emperor John Tzimifces. He had in his army not only the Sclavonians and Scythians, which were his ow^n fubjedls, but alfo many of his allies, the Bolgarians, as well as mer- cenary Wareghes, PetchenegSj and Turks, but he was killed by the Petchenegs in the winter on the banks of the river Dnie- per. C 2 YARO- 12 ^he Great Dutchy of YAROPOLK, SvetoHafs foo, reigned after his father's death at Kief, (was in the fourth generation, fixth regent, began to reign An. 973, and reigned nine years) He was killed by his younger brother Wla- dimir, being ajuft revenge for the death of the innocent prince Olegh the Drevhan, WLADIMIR L furnamed the holy, fuc- ceeded his brother Yaropolk, (he was in the fourth generation, the feventh regent, began to reign An. 981, and reigned 35 years.) He fu rpafled in valour the Petchenegs, Lek- lies, Bolgarians, the people upon the Volga and Danube, the Greeks, and all the na- tions which furrounded him. Having found- ed feveral faiths^ he at laft embraced Chri- flianlty, and took Anna, the daughter of the Greek emperor Romanus, to wife. Great numbers of his fubjcd:s followed his ex- ample, and Chriftianity from that time was the eftabiiOied religion in his dominions. SVETOFOLK 1. was either the fon of V/ladimir or Yaropolk, (vi^as in the fifth generation, the eighth regent, began to reign An. 10 1 5, and reigned one year.) His m^o- ther had been Yaropolk's wife ; and was mar- ried immediately aiier his death to Wladimir. • No Ndvogrod and Kiof. 13 No fooner was Wladimir dead, than Sve- lopolk killed three of his brothers, Boris^ Gleb^ and S^etojlaf s he afterwards was great duke of Kiof: but being defeated and dri- ven out by his brother Yaroflaf, ended his life very miferably in his flight between Bo- hemia and Ruffia. YAROSLAF 1. furnamed the Novogro- dian, (was in the fifth generation, ninth re- gent, began to reign An. 1016, reigned 38 years, and attained to the age of 76) ; hav- ing leavied an army of Sclavonians,Wareghes, and Tchuds, he made war upon his brother Svetopolk, and his ally Boleflaus Khrabry, king of Poland, and defeated them after he had been once defeated himfeif. He in confequence of a treaty of peace, concluded between him and his brother Milislaf, the valorous prince of Tmutracan, (now called Temruck) with whom he had formerly been at war, refided at Kiof. During his war with the Greeks, he made one Hi- larius metropohtan over the Ruffian archbi« fliops, without fending him to the patriarch of Conftantinople. Granted many privileges to the Novogrodians, which was one of the caufes of the divifions in ruffia. IZIAS ^ 14 ^be Great Dutchy of IZIASLAF L VaroQaf's fon, (was in the fixth generation, tenth regent, began to reign An. 1054, reigned 29 years, and attained to the age of 53), was twice driven out of Kiof, by his brothers and relations ; but at laft was confirmed by a treaty, in the pof- feffion of the throne. He vanquiflied the Poloftzes : defeated and killed in battle his coufins, who had often rebelled againft him ^ but was himfelf killed after the battle, by a lance thrown into his back, SVETOSLAF II. Yaroflaf fon, (was in the fixth generation, eleventh regent, began to reign An. 1073, reigned three years, and attained to the age of 49), by driving his elder brother Iziaflaf out of Kiof, reigned there very glorioufly. He fiiewed his riches him- felf to feveral German Ambaffadors, who were at his court ; with a great deal of pride and oftentation. He died after the cxtraflion of a bullet, which had occafioned a very painful flcknefs. Iziaflaf again mount- ed the throne after his brother's death, and drove out Wfewolod who had already placed himfelf upon it. WSEWOLODI. YaroflaPs fon, after his brother Iziaflaf 's death, remounted the throne ISJovogrod mid Kiof. 15 throne of Kiof, (was in the fixth generation, twelfth regent, began to reign An. 1078, reigned 1 5 years, and attained to the age of 64). His reign was rendered very turbulent by the many rebels which attempted to de- throne him. He died of the plague, which at that time raged in Ruffia s and he left the care of the governtment to his fon Wladimir. SVETOPOLK 11. Michael, the fon of Iziaflaf, (was in the feventh generation, 13th regent, began to reign An. 1093, and reigned 10 years) was eledted great duke of Kiof, with the confent of Wladimir Wfewolod's fon, who was always in good underftanding with him, and who reigned at Tchernigof. Wladimir afterwards quarrelled with Sveto- polk, becaufe he put out the eyes of duke Wafilko; however they were foon reconci- led, and united their forces againft the Po- lofzes, whom they defeated. Svetopolk died quietly. WLADIMIR II. Monomachus, Wfevo- lod's fon, (was in the 7th generation, 14th regent, began to reign An. Iii4> reigned n years, and attained to the age of 72) was gledted great duke of Kiof with the univer- fal confent of the nation* He put an end to 1 6 The Great Dtifchy of to many difcontents and rebellions^ which at that time raged in Ruflia, and likewife gave a lignal proof of his courage in a vic- tory he acquired over the Poloftzes. The city of KafFa in the Crim, then in poflef- fion of the Genoefe, was alfo taken by him, after he had killed in fingle combat the Ge- »oefe governor himfelf, and fcript him of nil the marks of his dignity ; afterv/ards turning towards the Greek empire, he took from the emperor Alexius Comnenus, all the Imperial ornaments, and was crowned em- peror and fovereign of all Ruffia. MSTISLAF, Wladimj'r's fon ; (was in the eighth generation, the 15th regent, be- gan to reign An. 1125, ^'^^^ reigned feven years) as theeldeft of his brothers, fucceeded to the great dutchy; in his reign the em- pire would have enjoyed peace, had it not been from fome difturbances raifed by the duke Olegh the fon of Svetoilaf, who want- ed to dethrone him, but thefe were in the end entirely fuppreffed. YAROPOLK IL was alfo the fon of Wladim.ir, ami reigned after the death of his brother Mftiilaf, (was in the eighth genera- tion, the 1 6th regent, began to reign An. 1132^ and reigned eight years) Being once taken Novogrod and Ktof. ij caken prlfoner, thro' the boldnefs of the Polilh fenator called Wloftowitch, and car- ried to Boleflaf- Krivoufty, then king of Po- land, who obliged him to give a great fum of money for his ranfom ; in revenge of which, he defeated the king of Poland near Ha- litch, and afterwards Vi^afted all his domi- nions, WIATCHESLAF, (was in the eighth generation, the 17th regent, began to reign An. 1 1 38, and reigned at feveral times) reigned but twenty days, after the death of his brother Yaropolk, before he was driven out of Kiof by Wfewolod, the fon of Olegh. However, he afterwards recovered his do- minion, and reigned jointly with Iziaflaf his nephew, who was a fon of Mftislaf, and with Roftiflaf. He died fuddenly. WSEWOLOD 11. the fon ofOIegh, and nephew of Svetoflaf the fon of Yaroflaf ; (was in the eighth generation, the i Sth regent, began to reign An. 11 38, and reigned eight years) placed himfelf upon the throne after he had expelled Wiatcheflaf. He always endeavoured to exclude the children and re- lations of Wladimir IL from the great and other dutchies^ but died when he was af- D fembiing 1 8 Tke Great Dutchy of fembling an army againft the prince of Ha-* litch- IZYASLAF 11. the fon of Mftflaf, (was in the eighth generation, the 19th regent^ began to reign An. 1146, and reigned nine years) featcd himfelf upon the throne, by driving out Ighor, the fon of Oiegh, who had reigned but two weeks when this revolu- tion happened, and who afterwards was killed by the inhabitants of Kiofupon his turning monk. Izyafiaf appointed one Clemens me- tropolitan over the Ruffian archbi(hops, with- out fending him to the patriarch of Con- flantinopie. He carried on many bloody wars wrth Yurie Dolgoroucky, (that is^ George the Longhanded) the fon of Wladi- mir, prince of Hahtch, about the great dut- chy. It was him, that recalled his uncle,. Wiatcheflaf to reign along with him, and upon whom he likewifs conferred the whole care of the government. After Iziafiaf's death, his uncle reigned along with Roftif- laf, MRiflaf 's fon, and coufin to Izyaflaf ; but after Wiatcheflaf 's death Rotiflaf was driven out by, YURIE 1. Dolgoroiicky^ the fon of Wladi- mir, (or George Longhanded) (was in the eighth Novogrod and Kiof. jg eighth generation, 20th regent, began to reign An. 1 1 52, and reigned- three years) who at Lift afcended the throne of Kiof, after he had fupprefled many ferments and con- fufions which at that time raged in the em- pire. He laid the foundation of the city of Mofkow, (or Mofkwa) he afterwards reign- ed very peaceably, and was fucceeded by his fon, ANDREY L BolgoUuhskoy, (or Andrew who loveth God,) (was in the ninth gene- ration, the 2ift regent, began to reign An. 1 158, and reigned 17 years at Wladimir) who removed the great ducal feat from Kiof to Wladimir, becaufe the preceeding difcords among the Ruffian dukes, had almoft ruined that metropolis. He gave a proof of his vaicur in an engagement he had with the Boigarians, upon the banks of the river Volga, but v/as at laft affaffinaced by fome Mofko- vian noblemen of the family of Kutchko- vitch. DEMETRIUS, Wfewolod, Yurievitz (was in the 9th generation, the 22d regent, began to reign An. 1 1 77, reigned 35 years, and at- tained to the age of 58) having afcended the throne of Wladimir, he punifhed the mur- derers of Andiey his brother. He carried D 2 cn 20 I'he Great Dutchy of on a war with Gleb, duke of Razan, who at that time made great ravages in his domi- nions. He defeated the Polofzes, and on that account was afterwards much feared by all the dukes of RulTia. In his reign the dutchy of Kiof was reduced very low, and another dutchy arofe in Halitch, whofe princes called themfelves fovereigns of all Ruffia. The confcquence of which was, a divifion of Ruffia into fouthern and northern, which was one of the greateft caufes of its feeble- nefs in the fequel. Demetrius was after his his death fucceeded by his fon. CONST ANTIN, (was in the tenth ge- neration, the 23d regent, began to reign An. I2i6, reigned two years, and attained to the age of 32) who however was driven out of the great dutchy of VVladimir, in the beginning of his reign, by Yurie, (or George) iiis younger brother ; Yurie had reigned three years after his father, when Conftan- tin was reftored to his kingdom after a bloody battle near the town of PoUpo Turief^ wherein the troops of Yurie and Yaroflaf wcie entirely defeated. YURIE IF. fucceeded his brother Con- ftantin, who did not long enjoy the govern- ment,, but was interrupted by death (was in Wladimir and Novo^rod. 2i In the loth generation, the 24th regent, began to reign An. 121 8, reigned 20 years, and attained to the age of 49.) It was in Yurie's time, that the fatal battle was fought, between the ruffians and the Tartars, upon the banks of the river Kalka, wherein Batu-Khan, the Tartarian prince, was vi6lo- rious, and afterwards overrun and laid wafte all Ruffia. The great duke himfelf loft his life in one of thefe engagements, and was fucceeded by his brother, YAROSLAF IL (was in the tenth genera- tion, the 25th regent, began to reign An. 1238, reigned nine years, and attained to the age of 57,) who at that time was duke of Great-Novogrod, but had been unmo- lefted by the Tartars, Upon the conclufion of peace, he went firft to Wladimir, and from thence to the Horda, where Batu granted him the great dutchy of Wladimir. Yaroflaf efta- bliflied his fon Alexander in Novogrod, but having endured many hardfhips for the fake of his country. He died upon his fecond return from the Horda. In his life time he had feveral wars with the Lithuanians and Germans (Livonians), beyond Novo- grod. After his death, was an interregnum of five years occafioncd by the Tartars. ALEX- a T&e Great Duichy of ALEXANDER L Ne^hy, (was in the lith generation, the 26th regent, began to reign An. 1252, reigned 12 years, and at- tained CO the age of 44) Yaroflaf's fon was at this time prince of Novogrod. His dominions were much infefted by the Swedes and Ger- mans, which were continually making at- tempts upon Novogrod. Being fome time after his father's death called to the Horda, he fo furprized Batu with his courage and handfome appearance, that he fent him ho- nourably back to the great dutchy, about which his two younger brothers were quar- relling. Upon his return from a fecond jour- ner he made to the Horda, he became a monk and died. YAROSLAFIIL (furnamed T^erskoyJ the fon of Yaroflaf, (was in the nth gene- ration, the 27th regent, began to reign An. 1264, reigned feven years) fucceeded his bro- ther Alexander in the dukedom. He march- ed againft the Livonians, and made a glo* rious peace with them before he returned. He afterwards was driven out of Novogrod,, but reftored upon the intreaties of the metro- politan. He died upon his return from the Horda. He had in his life time the dutchies of VVladimir, Novogrod and Tver. W A- JVladimir and Novogrod. 23 . WASILEY L Yaroflavltz, and brother of the preceding Yaroflaf, (was in the nth generation, the 28th regent, began to reign An. 1271, and reigned five years.) He made inroads along with the Tartars into the ter- ritories of the Novogrodians, but after a fliort war he died at Novogrod. DMITREY 11. (Demetrius) Alexander's fon (was in the 12th generation, the 29th regent, began to reign An. 1276, and reign- ed five years) at his uncle's death, af- cended the throne of Wladimir. He was alfo eledted duke of Novogrod, with whofe inhabitants he fell upon Carclia. But being expelled by Andrew his younger brother. He afterwards went to requeft the great dutchy at the Horda ; however his requeft never met with fuccefs, A N D R E Y II. Alexandrovitz, brother to the expelled prince Dmitrey, we have juft now mentioned (was in the 12th ge- neration, the 30th regent, and began to reign An. 1281.) He likewife applied to the Khan, who furnifhed him with an army of Tartars to fight againft his bro- ther Demetrius, after whofe death he pla- ced himfelf on the throne. He marched out 24 ^'^^ Great Dutchy of out with his Novogrodians and Wiadimiri* ans againft the Livonians, and took a city in Livonia. But upon a certain time, as he returned from the Horda, he turned monk and fome time after died. He was fucceeded by his brother. DANILLO (Daniel) who ufed to call himfelf great duke of Molkwa (was in the 1 2th generation, the 31ft regent, began to reign An. 1296, and attained to the age of 42.) He for the mofi: part lived very peace- ably, (being the youngeft brother) altho* among the Ruffian princes there was at that time great confufion. He in the mean time not only enlarged the city of Mofkof, which was now grown very populous, but alfo gave it greater domains, by fubjedling to it the city of Pere-yajlaf Zales/koyy thereby fulfilling the teftament of prince Yvan Dmi- trevitz, (Demetrius's eldefl: fon) and grand- fon of Alexander Neffkoy. Laftly, he turned monk and died. It was imagined in his time that Molkof would foon be the metropo- lis of Ruffia, He was fucceeded by his coufin MICHAILO (Michael) YarofiaPs fon (was in the 12th generation, the 3 2d regent, be* gan to reign An, 1304, and reigned 13 years} Novogrod and Wladlmir. 2 j; y^ars) quarrelled about the great dutchy,with duke George Dannillo's fon, furnamed the MoflLOvian (or Yurie Danillovitz Mofkof- ikoy.) They both pleaded their own caufcs at the Horda, but Michailo only fuccceded in his application with the Khan, and at his return into Ruffia was ele6ted like wife duke of the Novogrodians. He fought againft the Mofkovians (which were then under duke Yurie's or George's dominion) but was forced to come back to Novogrod, be- ing repulfed with conliderable lofs, the fe- cond time he returned from the Horda ^ where he at laft was killed. YURIE (or George) Danillovitz (or the fon of Daniel) the Mofl^ovian, (was in the 23th generation, the 33d regent, began to reign An. 13 17, and reigned nine years) having married the fifter of the Khan, by that means obtained the great dutchy. But after- wards engaging into a war with Michael the great duke; his wife Kontchack was taken prifoner, whom Michael caufed to be ftarved to death. The Khan, upon George's requefl:, fummoned Michael to appear at the Horda, which the latter no fooner did, than he was put to a very painful death. After that, Yurie (George) marched againll: the Swedes of Wyburgh 3 built Orefliok upon the E mouth 26 7ie Great Dutchy of mouth of the river Neva, in the lake oi Ladoga, and made peace with the nations upon the Dvina, but at laft was killed in the Horda by Dmitrey, furnamed Tverfkcy, fon of the flain Michael : however, as this was done without any order from the Khan, duke Dmitrey was on that account put to death. The brother of Dmitrey, ALEXANDER, Michailovitz, "tverfkoy (v^as in the 13th generation, the 34th re- gent, began to reign An. 1326, and reigned tv/o years) fucceeded to Yurie, receiving the great dutchy from the Khan- At the very fame time Sbtcheikan, the Khan's relation, marched to Tver at the head of an army, but being mict by duke Alexander, the latter defeated his Tartars, and air.ong the great number of flain was Shtchelkan himfelf. The great duke for the prefent efcaped the Khan's rage and vengeance at Plefkof (or, Pfkof) in Livonia and Lithuania. But was ^fter^ wards killed at the Horda, where he had gone there in hopes of receiving his pardon, y VAN, or JOHN L Danilovitz, furna- medKalita, (was in the 13th generation, the 35th regent, began to reign An. 1328, and reigned iz years) was appointed by the Khan, great duke of Wladicnir and Mofcof, ^ and Novogrod and Wladifnif^ ij and duke of the other dutchies. He had been often at the Horda during the flight of Alexander, where he had great honours be- ftowed upon him* In his reign the town of Roftof was included in the territories of Mofcof. When the metropolitan Peter went to him, he eftabliOied him metropolitan of all Ruffia, in Mofcof, for thither the great dutchy of Wladimir was tranfported, tho* Wladimir for a long time after bore the title of metropolis* SIMON, Yvanovitz, furnamed Ghord)\ that is, the Proudy (was in the 14th genera- tion, the 36th regent, began to reign An. 1 340, and reigned 1 3 years) was appointed in the Horda great duke of Wladimir and Mof- cof, and was afterwards alfo eleded duke of Novogrod. He went to Smolenfk where he made a treaty with Olgherd, great duke of Lithuania, and then returned. Some time after this, a terrible plague breaking out in Ruffia, fwept off great numbers ot the inhabitants, and among the reft, the great duke himfelf and his children. YVAN (JohnIL) Yvanovitz,was appointed by the Khan to fucceed to the great duke- dom, (was in the 14th generation, the 37th regent, began to reign An. 1353, reigned E 2 frx 28 T^he Great Dutchy of fix years, and attained to the age of 33). By fending the nnetropolitan Alexius (Alcxey) into the Horda, he averted the incurfioa and devaftation which the Tartars io often made into Ruffia, fo that he had a very peaceable reign. He at laft became a monk and died. DMITREY (Demetrius) IL Conftanti- novitz, furnamed Sufdahkoy^ (was in the 14th generation, the 38th regent, began to reign An. 1360, and reigned two years) prevented duke Dmitrey, Yvanovitz of Mof- cof, in his minority, from obtaining from the Khan the great dutchy of Wladimir, and fo put his heutenants into Novogrod. During his reign, Ruffia was very much infefted with highwaymen, who intercept-- ed the Tartarian merchants > but fome of them being taken, were delivered up to th^ Khan for further punifhment. DMITREY III. Yvanovitz, fumaraed Donskoy, (was in the 15th generation, the 39th regent, began to reign An. 1362, and reigned 27 years) by going to the Khan obtained for himfelf and his defcendants the great dutchy of Wladimir. He drove out duke Dmitrey II. and obliged him to accept of what terms of peace he preiented him* Wladimir and Moskof. 29 him. He built the Kreml of ftone, (or the Czaric palace) in Mofkof. He carried on a war with duke Michael Tverlkoy, fon of Alexander II. and with Olgherd great duke of Lithuania, the ally and fon in law of Mi- chael, which gave occalion to great deva- ftations on both fides. And altho' Mamay^ a prince in the Horda, who had then greater power than the Khan himfelf, had not acknowledged Michael as great duke ; yet neither was duke Dmitrey allowed the great dutchy ; and when he obtained it from Mamai, he was twice driven out of Ruffia with a great army, and entirely defeated another time. Some time after this, Mof- kof was unexpedledly attacked by Tokhta- myfhkhan, which was the occafion of much bloodlhed. However, thro' this monarch's care, feveral of the principal dutchies were added to Molkof, which confiderably ftrengtiiened the empire. WASILEY (Bafilius) 11. Dmitrevitz had a very peaceable acceffion to the throne, (was in the i6th generation, the 40th regent, began to reign An. 1389, reigned 36 years, and attained to the age of 54) Having concluded a peace with the Novo- grodianS;, 30 ^he Great Dutchy of grodianSy he obliged them to pay black Tfrt^ bute^. He afterwards carried on a cruel war with his father in law, Vitthoft, great? duke of Lithuania, and fon of Keftutef^ becaufe Vitthoft had taken Smolenfk by ftratagem. Yedighey, a Tartarian prince^ (who had like Maniay a greater power \n the Horda than the Khan himfel^ fell on a fudden upon Mofkof, and made a great devaftation all around it. WASILEY IILWafflowitz,furnamedT^/«- noyy that is, the Brown, fucceeded his father t (was in the 17th generation, the 41ft regent, began to reign An. 142 5, reigned 37 years, and attained to the age of 47) his firft adverfary was duke Yurey Dmitrevitz Shemaka, and the uncle of Wafiley the Brown, to whom ihe Khan had given the great dutchy, and whofe borfe duke Yurey muft lead by order of the Khan. Bat duke Yurey or George> not regarding the Khan's commands, drove Wafiley twice out of Moikof, although he died himfelf foon after the fecond expuU * As the common people in Ruffia are diffinguiflied' by the name of Black, and the noblemen by that of White; fo this is to fignify, that the Novogrodians Ihould pay, all, without exception, fuch duties as if they were all common people or flaves. fiorw Wladlrmr and Moskof. 31 lion. Duke Wafiley, a fon of duke Yurey Shemaka, was afterwards driven out of th€ ^reat dutchy by his brothers, who placed Wafiley III. Wafilovitz upon the throne* However, duke Dmitrey Yurievitz Shemaka, having taken the great duke Wafiley III. prifoner, near Troitza, in the nionaftery of Serghef, put out his eyes, and fent him to Uglitch. Afterwards, the common people of Mofkof, together with the nobility and •ecclefiaftics, beg'd the reftitution of duke Wafily HI. Wafilovitz. Shemaka died in his flight; and afterwards the great duke concluded a treaty with the Novogrodians, who were obliged to become his tributa- ries. YVAN III. Wafilovitz, (was in the i8tb ^ generation, the 42d regent, began to reign An. 1462, reigned 43 years, and attained ib the age of 66 and nine months) fucceeded his father at a time, when the Khans in the Horda were at war with one another. He therefore took that opportunity to fend an army to Kazan, to humble the pride of its inhabitants. He marched againft Novo- grod, which had revoked at the infligation cf one Martha, a widow to the Novogro- dian citizen Ifaac Boretzkoi, and of her {Ciuidrcn s but the great duke foon brought them 32 ^he Great Dutchy of them to reafon. However, he was once more obliged to go to Novogrod, to appeafe that turbulent and riotous city : where he took Martha and her grand fon prifoners, and car- ried the cathedral bell to Molkof. He alfo annihilated the commonwealth of Novogrod, and brought it under a total fubjedlion. He did the fame with Plelkof or Plkof. Akh- med, who was at that time khan of the Horda, fent ambaffadors to Mofkof, to re- ceive the tribute and gifts, which he had negledled for fome years, with a Bajma (or order of the khan, reprefenting his perfon in the feal) which ordered the great duke to come unto the Horda, to receive the great dutchy. But he (the great duke) took the Bafma, and trampled it under foot, and ordered that all the ambaffadors fhould be killed except one, who was fent back to the Horda with a contemptible refufal. Akhmed in his fury marched immediately, with what forces he could gather together, into Ruffia ; but refledling afterwards that he could not keep the field alone againft the great duke, who had ftrongly fortified him- lelf, he waited for fome auxiliaries from Poland ; but the great duke taking advan- tage of his fituation, defeated him near the river Ugra, and afterwards marched towards the river Volga, and there deflroyed the khan's Wladimlr and MoskoJ. 3 j khan's horda, notwithftanding the latter returned inn mediately upon receivinj]; advice of it. In the fame time the Ruffians alfo deftroyed the horda of the Nagai Tartars. Akhmed having been defeated once be- fore this, killed himfelf out of defpair, and with his iife^ the whole power of his horda vaniflied, but that of the city of Kazan encreafed. However, the great duke took Kazan, and put khan's in and out ac- cording to his pleafure. His marriage with Sophia, the daughter to a Greek emperor, brought the two -headed eagle of the Ro- man Empire into his arms* WASILEY IV. Yvanowitz, fucceeded his father, (was in the 19th generation, the 43d regent, began to reign An. 1505, reigned 28 years, and attained to the age of 55 and eight months) fcnt a powerful army againft Kazan, which had revolted j this army when it had made very confide- rable progrefles, was almoft totally deflroyed by the cunning of the khan of Kazan, and the fecurity of the Ruffians. After this the great duke declared war againft Po- land, which received auxiliaries from the Krim. Smolenfk was retaken by the Ruf- fians, and peace w^as re-eftabli(hed in Pfkof. Machmet Amin, khan of Kazan, who had 54 Great Dutchy of revolted on the former part of his reigrr, repented before he died his niiferable death, and fent rich prefents to the great duke, with a declaration of his guilt. In his room the great duke appointed one Shigalei; but this khan was driven out foon after, by the Tartars of Kazan, becaufe he would not join in a revolt againft the Ruffians ; upon which Shigaley retired to Mofkof. The Kazanians eledted Sophakirey their khan in his room 3 he was the fon of the Krimic khan. So foon as the great duke received this intelligence, he fent two armies, one by land, and the other by water upon the river Wolga againft Kazan. The army by land was defeated near the river Svagha, by the Tartars 3 and that by water, being in fmall veffels, was with all its provifion and baggage, overfet in the narrow paffages of the Wolga, by the weight of heavy beams, that were thrown upon theveffelsby theTcheremifles of Kazan. However, the Ruffians fent a third army, which arriving without any accident, de- feated the Tartars near Kazan, and obliged Saphakirey their khan to fly into the Crim. But a divifion among the Ruffian' generals, and the gaiety and negligence of their chief commander, duke Yvan Bielfkoy, prevent- ed Kazan from being taken, nctwithftand- ing Mo/kof and Wladimir. 3^ ing it was fo much expofed. It's inhabi- tants demanded Shigalei's brother for their khan, but they no fooner got him, than they drove him out and recalled Sophakirey. Wafiley in the latter end of his reign ftiled himfelf Tzaar and fovereign of all Raffia* YVAN L Wafilowitz (John 1. Bafilius's fon) T'zaar and Sovereign of all RuJJta^ reigned in his minority under the care of his mother the great dutchefs Helenai (was in the 20th generation, the 44th re- gent, began to reign An. 1533, reigned 50 years, and attained to the age of 54) He bravely defended his country againfl; the Lithuanians, Krimic and Kazanic Tartars^ who all at once attacked his dominions. And after his mother's death, having taken the reins of government into his own hands, he chaftifcd feme young noblemen who had taken advantage of his minority, and had been the caufe of much difquiet and injury to his fubjedls. The Tartars of Kazan ob- ferving, by Saphakirey their khan, th^t thofe of the Crim, looked upon th^mfclves as higher than them, took a diflike to Sa- phakirey, and drove him out. They then begged that the tzaar would give them Sbi- galey again for their khan, who accordingly ' by the. tzaar 's appointment w?nt to Kazan. F 2 How- 5 6 ^he Tzaardom of all Rmjia. However^ they kept him more like a pri-' foner than a khan, for which reafon he lecretly made his efcape into Ruffia. Upon which they again took back Saphakirey, who foon after died fuddenly. The tzaar Yvan went againft Kazan at the head of his army : but a fharp winter and fpring obliged him to return without taking it. Some time after he fent another army to Kazan under the command of Shigalei'f and he himfelf encamped near the towa of Svagefk, where he obligee the Tchere- miffes that lived on the mountains, to take an oath of fidelity to him. In Kazan the widow of Saphakirey, and her fon called Sumbeck, (hewed great afFedlion for the khans fon Kafh-tchack, whom the inhabi- tants of Kazan very much difliked, and would have delivered him up to the Ruffians ^ but Kafh-tchak endeavouring to efcape out of Kazan was caught, and carried to Mof- kof, where he was puniihed ; Sumbeck and her fon with all their wealth were likewife brought to Mofkof. Shigalei' exercifed cru- elties on thofe who had been the means of driving him out ^ for which he was much blamed, both by the Tartars, and like wife by the Ruffian generals who were at Svagefk, for which reafon he alfo was I'xptlkd Kazan. How»rver^ when the tzaar Yvan ^he ^zaardom of all Rujjia. 37 Yvan was to judge upon the affair, Shi- ' galey fo well defended his caufc, that the tzaar on that account made him khan of Kallmof. The tzaar himfelf marched again to Kazan, which he took in a general af- fault on it. He made khan Edigher (or Yedigher) prifoner, and eftabliflied his own power together with chriftanity in Kazan, Soon after this Aflrakhan was likewife added to Ruffia. It's khan (for it was at that time like Kazan, Kazitjiof, &c. aTartarian city) Em- turchey (or Yemturchey) was driven out, and his wives and children made prifoners. The , Krimic Tartars had at this time frequent wars with the Ruffians, by putting them- felves under the protedion of the Turks. The Swedes afterwards falling upon Oref- hok, were driven back by the Ruffians, far beyond the city of Wyburgh. The tzaar fent a great army confifting of Ruffians^ Tartars and Tcherkaffes againft the Livo- Dians, to punifli them for their cunning and difobedience ; and gave the command of it to Shigalcy, the khan of Kafimof, who took Narva, Yurief (or Derpt) and a great many more cities. In the tzaar's war with Poland he took Polctzk and other places. At that time the Crimic Tartars and Turks fat down be- fore Aftrakhan, with a numerous army; but after having loft a great part of it, with 38 T^he Tzaardom of all RuJJia. with all their baggage, they were forced to raife the^fiege. Yvan was valiant, and high fpirited ; a prince of great penetration, which his firft fpoufe Anaftafia, RomanoPs daughter, by her charms, knew always to govern. But after her death he quite changed his manners : particularly when many noblemen, very ambitious to have their daughters or relations married to him, for their fpeeches gave him fo much dif- quiet, that like a fudden tempeft^ he would burft at once into an immoderate fit of anger. This prince likewife punifhed the Novo- grodians, who were always fo remarkably turbulent. But having in his paffion ftruck his fon a violent blow, this was the occa- lion of his death ; this anger alfo acquired him the furname of The Cruel. By his command a printing houfe was eftabliflied in Molkof, and towards the latter end of his reign Ter77iak^ a donic kofak, conquered Siberia. FEDOR L Yvanowitz (or Theodor, the fon of John) (was in the 2ifl: generation, the 45th regent, began to reign An. 1584, reigned 14 years, and attained to the age of 41) had no fooner mounted the throne, than the people of Mofkof went in mobs to the palace, demanding one Bogdan Biel- ^he Hzaardom of all Rujfta. 39 j[l<.oy, giving out that he wanted to have killed the tzaar 3 however the people were all appeafed, when they heard that Bielfkoy was ordered into exile. At that time Yer- mak took the fons of the khan of the Tartars in Siberia prifoners, and fent them to Mofkof. After which the Kazanians left off their turbulent behaviour, and were en- tirely fubjeded to the Ruffian empire. How- ever, to fecure their fidelity, many little towns and forts were built near Kazan, and peopled with Ruffians. Boris Godunof (Ton of Fedor Godunof) brother-in-law to tzaar Fedor, being very much hated both by people and nobility, for his malice and haughtinefs; the tzaar was petitioned by the metropolitan, and many among the higheft of the nobility, that he would divorce Bo- ris's fifter, and take another wife. But as foon as Godunof got intelligence of this, he took every opportunity to prevent the fuc- cefs of their application ; which he had no fooner accomplifhed, than he put to death many of his enemies, and baniflied all the reft. He likewife ordered that duke Dmi- trey, who was the fon of the tzaar Yvan, fhould be put to death atUglitch, as if he had been a common criminal 3 by whofe death he extinguiflied all the male iflue of tzaar Yvan. About this time was the fir ft Pa. 4© The Tzaardom of all Rujjia. Patriarch, Job, inftituted at Mofkof. The tzaar went into Livonia and retook Yvan- gorod (or Yvan's city) Yamburgh and Ko- por'ie. Which the khan of the Crimic tars no fooner got notice of, than taking advantage of his abfence, made a very quick march towards Mofkow, and laid the country wafte all around it. At the fame time the Norwaymen ftU upon the mofi: northern maritime parts of Ruffia. How- ever, they were defeated and drove back by the Solofzes and Efthonians. The king of Grufinia, (which is the Ruffian name for Georgia) and fome other princes, put them- felves under the tzaars protection. Be- fore the tzaar died he gave the tzaardom to his brother-in-law, Fedor Nikititch Romanof. BORIS, Godunof, the fon of Fedor Go- dunof, (was the 46th regent, began to reign An. 1598, and reigned feven years and fix months) by many rich prefents, bribery, promifes, and partly threats, to the com- mon people and nobility, gained fo far upon them as to be elefted tzaar, inftead of Fedor Romanof. At firft he very much conciliated their afFeClion with his gracious behaviour and flridl regard to juftic^b, by putting the laws in execution againft mur- derers and robbers. He likgwife hindered the Th^ Tzaardom of all Rufjia. 14 the khan of the Crim from making any incurfions into the Ruffian dominions. He made war upon the Nagai-Tartars, vvhofe power at that time was increafing, fo as to grow too formidable to Aftrakhan. This war however much weakened them \ which finiflied, Boris gave ear to all who brought any accufations againft the nobility, and particularly againft the family of Roma- nof. He fent Fedor Nikititz into exile^ and gave orders that wherever any of his relations could be found, they fliould be immediately ftarved to death* And in or- der the better to fecure his dominions to himfelf and his pofterity, he looked over a great part of the world, for a wife for his fon> and for a huiband to his daughter. It was this that made him fend an em-^ bafly to the Tartarians, to afk a wife for his fon ; but the ambaffadors were all killed by the inhabitants of the deferts, through v/hich they were obliged to pafs ? About this time the royal prince of Denmark, came over to Ruffia on purpofe to marry Xenia the tzaar's daughter; but was poi- foned by order of the unhofpitablc Boris. While thefe things were going on^ a great famine, which occafioned frequent robbe- ries, riots, and almoft daily murders ; to- G gether 42 Tloe Tzaardom of ail Rujjia. gather with Boris's infupportable cruelty, made one Gryfhka (or Gregory) Raftrigha, give out that he was prince Dmitrey, (the fon of tzaar Yvan L Walilowitz) who had fome time before been killed by Boris's order, during the reign of his (Dmitrey 's) brother Fedor 1. and Gryfhka being affifted by the Folanders, Kazacks, and many dif- afFedted Ruffians, who hated Boris, he march- ed before Mclkof; which the tzaar no fooner faw, than poifoned himfelf out of fear. A plague, which infefted Ruffia during his reign, had depopulated almoft the whole city of Mofko£ FEDOR II. Boriffowitz Godunof, (was the 47th regent, began to reign An. 1604, and reigned but lix weeks) was immedi- ately feated upon the throne by the peo- ple in Molkof ; but moll: of the noblemen in his army deferted with many troops to Raftrigha, who foon made himfelf mafter ofMoikof, and ordered that all the Godu- nofs, fhouid be put to death ^ among whom was the tzaar Fedor and his mother, but his fifter was firfl; proftituted by Raftrigha, and then made a nun. Alter he had taken polFcffion of MofKof, he married a Polifh lady, and brought with him a great num- T^he Tzaardom of all Rufjia. 43 ber of that nation, together with many Roman-catholic priefts, to whom he gave great power. However this ufurper at laft was put to an infamous death by duke Wafiley Shuifkoy, his body being burnt^ his afhes were flrewed about the ftreets. After his death, WASILEY, Yvanowitz Shui'fkoy, (was in the 20th generation, the 48th regent, began to reign An. 1606, and reigned five years) was made tzaar of all Ruffia. He fent ambafTadors to Poland to acquaint them that Raftrigha was an impoftor, and not Dmitrey Yvanovitz, as he had given out. But the ambaffadors were not accepted, for the Polanders were far from believing them. In the mean time tzaar Wafiley beean to fear the noblemen, for the breach of a promife he had formerly made them, that he would always be attached to their intereft. And it happened as he fufpedled ; for a firoDg fadion had already formed it- felf, headed by one who called himfelf prince Dmetrios, (as Rafirigha) befides a great many other rioters, who went un- der the names of prince Dmetrius's bro- thers and coufms, which altogether put the Ryffian empire in a ferment y for at the G 2 fame 44 T^zaardom oj all RufJIa, fame time with thefe there were inteftine wars, robberies, incurfions of the Polanders and Swedes, under pretence of affifting one or the other party ; all which le{rened very much the power of the tzaar, and at laft $innihilated it. For fome noblemen eledled Wladiflaf, the prince of Poland, their tzaar^ and forced Wafiley Shuifkoy to become a monk, and afterwards delivered him up to the king of Poland, The Ruffian ambaf- fadors above-mentioned, among whom was the metropolitan of Roilof, Philaret Ni- kititz Romanof, were altogether clofely confined by the Polanders 5 w^ho, in fliort, reigned at Mofkof, and had moreover Smo- lenflc, and many more places in the Ukraine, fo that they laid the country wafte at their pleafure. The Swedes having been like- Vv'ife called in to give their affiilance, toolc Novogrod, Ladoga, Orefliok, and all the cities in Ingriae Ruffia was in this deplorable condition, which was even worfe than that it had been in, when the Tartars had over- run It, when a merchant of Nizigcrod, calU ed Kofmas, took Mofkwa, under the con- duct of duke Dmitrey Michailowitz Po- ilrarfkoy, and duke Dmitrey Timothewitz Trubetzkoy^ and cleanfed it of Polanders and Robbers* MI. ^he "T^aardom of all RuJJta. 45 MICHAEL 11. Fedorowitz Romanof, (was in the 23d generation, the 49th re- gent, began to reign An. 1613, reigned 33 years, and attained to the age of 49) was a near relation to the MolTcovian tzaars, and coufm of tzaar Fedor L his father was Fe- dor Nikititz Romanof, whom t^aar Fedor !• entrufted with the tzaardom, and who was afterwards metropolitan of Roftof, under the name of Philaret. Michael was una- - nimoufly eleded. When he came from Koftroma to Mofkof, he found that city all in ruins, and the country round it laid wafte 5 to prevent which for the future, he checked the Polifh and Swedifh incurfions, and afterwards concluded a peace with them; the conditions whereof were, that the Swedes iliould return Novogrod and Ladoga, and the Polanders give back the tzaar's father Philaret whom Michael immediately ap- pointed patriarch of Mofkof. After this he concluded treaties, and fent embaffies to the Turks and Perfians, chiefly with the view of encouraging the trade with the lat^ ter. The Swedes at this time wanted the tzaar to join with them in an alliance a- gainll: Poland, but he refufed to comply with it. However, a war fooii after break-^ ing 4.6 Hhe Tzaardom of all Rujjia. ing out between Rufiia and Poland, the Ruffians laid fiege to Smolenfk, bat did not take it thro' the cowardice of their noblemen, who were ali feverely punifhed for delivering up their baggage and co- lours to the king of Poland, without ftri- king a ftroke. A peace foon after enfued with Poland, and a line of fortifications and towns were built againft the Crimic de- fert. The d onic Kozacks took Azof, and the Ruffians fent an embafly to China (or as they call it Kitai) for the firft time. ALEXEY I. Michailovitz, (was in the 24th generation^ the 50th regent, began to reign An. 1645, reigned 31 years, and attained to the age of 47) mounted the throne upon his father's death, and foon after defeated the Turks and Tartars, who had made an invafion into the Ukraine. He appeafed a fedition in Novogrod, and with his arms fubdued the Pfkovians, and becaufe they refufed to furrender, he after- wards caufed the ringleaders to be put to death. About this time the populace (who are all flaves) of Mofkow, grew very riotous againft their nobility and judges, becaufe the latter, by bribes they had received from the noblemen, bad been guilty of very great ads The ^%aardom of all RuJJia. 47 a£ts of injaflice; but the tzaar's prefence and orders prevented all further mifchief, and reftored every thing to its former tranquillity. He afterwards took Smolenfk, and overrun all Poland ; in which expe- dition he was much affifted by fome re- gular troops ' he had in his army. He marched into Livonia as far as Righa, where fome foreign troops had revolted ^ in the mean time one INickon was made patriarch, but having been the caufe of great troubles to the tzaar, he was foon after depofed, in a general congregation of the patriarchs. The khan of the Krim invaded Ruffia twice during this tzaar's reign. In the firft invafion the Ruffians were defeated, and their brave general, prince Pofliarlkoy, taken prifoner and flain : but in the fecond, which was the following . year, the Ruffiaiis gained a compleat vic- tory. Mean while a donic Kozak, called Stenka (for Staniflaus) Razin, robbed and committed great barbarities upon the banks of the river VVolga and Cafpian Sea; but being at lail taken upon the banks of the river Don, was carried to Molkof, and there condemned to be quartered. This profligate fellow, by burning the firft £hip, which was built at Aftrakhan^ and which was 48 ^he jT zaardom of all Rusjid. was called the Eagle, prevented the tzaar^s accompHfhing what he had in view, viz, the building of a fleet upon the Cafpian Sea. FEDOR III. Alexievitz, (was in the 25th generation^ the 51ft regent, began to reign An, 1676, reigned fix years, and attained to the age of 25 ) fucceeded his father Alexey, and he retained the late acquifitions of Kiof and Malo^ roffia, which had been conquered by his father. He difcountenanced the propenfity to revenge^ which at that time poffefred the nobility and courtiers. As he was a lover of learn- ing, he eftablifhed the college in Mofkow^ behind the jnonaftery of Ickonofpalkoy (or of th^ redeeming Image). Notwichftanding he was extremely fond of riding on horfe- back, and had Stodes, yet he had a very indifferent conftitution. As he had no chil- dren, he appointed before he died his bro- ther Peter Alexiewitz his fucceffor, becaufe he difcovercd in him great abilities, and courage, although he was at that time very young. YVAN II. Alexiewitz, (was in the 25th generation, the 5 2d regent, began to reign An, 1682, reigned 13 years, and attained the age of 29) was eleded and crowned tzaar. The Tzaardom of allRusfta. 49 tzaar, together with his brother Peter ^ but both under the tutelage of their fifter Sophia 9 fome time after happened the firft rebellion among the Strellitzes; (a kind of foldiers then common in Ruffia) and notwithftanding the tzaar Yvan was the eldeft, yet he being a very timid prince^ did not venture to take the reins of government s and the tzaar Peter being at that time too young, and only occupi- ed in learning the art of war 3 the government for fome years continued in the hands of the princefs Sophia, and of the chief of the nobility. However, there were three other rebellions of the Strellitzes fucce^- fively, and alfo fome fudden and unlucky marches of the Crimics. Yvan died without leaving any male children. PETER L Alexiewitz, the Great, (was in the 25th generation, the 53d regent, began to reign An. 1682, reigned 43 years, and attained to the age of 38 and eight months) learned the art of war during the feveral rebellions of the Strellitzes, which we have jufi: now mentioned (and which had been underhand encouraged by the princefs Sophia, on purpofe to make at- tempts upon Peter's life,) and at 12 years of age he was enrolled like a common H fol. 50 Hoe Empire of all Rusfia. foldier, and fiept with his companions under one and the lame tent, he watched when it came to his turn, carried earth in a cart to a mock fortification; (which' he himfelf had ereded for his pleafure), in Ihort, he underwent all the labours of a common foldier, and thi> on purpofe to fhew what a foldier was able to do, and what was his duty. The fear of fuch hard duty, made " a great number of his troops upon the fron- tiers, defert to the enemies in Livonia, Finn- land, Poland, Pom.erania, Sweden, Turky, and Perfia. The finding of an old boat, kindled in his fpirit fo great a defire of building a fleet, that by elTays upon the feveral Lakes and the White Sea, feveral men of war and merchant fliips were buiit, and were feen to fet fail from the mouths of the rivers. Don, Neva, Dvina, and Wolga, The taking of Azof was the firft efFed of this new ijiftitution. And having already excited the attention of Europe by his •glo- rious conquefts, he fecretly undertook his voyage into the Weil; with an high name, and an incomparable prefence of mind, he fiid the utmoft that was poffible to make himfelf mafter of the art of iliip-building. Nay, he even condefcended to be taught by the conimon people. He was preparing to The Empire of all Rusjta. 51 to continue this ufeful voyage, when he was obliged to return to his own country, to fupprefs a fifth rebellion of the Strellitzes. The unlucky encounter of the Ruffians with the Swedes, headed by king Charles XIL did not difpirit him in the beginning of the war, nor make him wifli to fliorten it. Soon after this, the enfuing battles near * Tchernaya and Krafnaya Myza, and upon the PeipusLake; the taking of Marien- burgh, Shluffclburgh, Kantzy, Derpt, Narva, Mitau, and the building of Peterlburgh, aU mod before the eyes of the enemy, fuffici- ently proved Peter's magnanimity and labo- lioufnefs. But more than ever was the world convinced of his fuperiority over his enemies, when after he defeated the Swedifh general Loewenhaupt^ Peter himfelf defeated near Poltawa, king Charles the Xllth, at whofe name all Europe trembled, but who was now obliged to feek fhelter in Tuiky ; after leaving behind him 18,000 Swedes prifoners, who were all carried to Moikow. Soon after Peter reftored the crown of Po- land to Auguftus II. whom king Charles had deprived of it ; and in the voyage Peter made thither^ he affiled at the feveral lieges of Elbing, Righa, Danaminnd, Wiburgh, Pernow, Kexholm, Areniburgh, and RevaL H 2 After 52 The Empire of all Rusfia. After thefe performances he prepared to march againft the Turks, having firfl: efta- bliftied the fenate ; he furmounted the hard- fiiip of a toilfome voyage, went into the enemies country, but croffing the river Prut, was furrounded with TurkiOi troops, and fuftained their attacks three days fucceflive- ly ; till at laft being in extreme want of viduals, he had refolved to make a laft effort to break thro' the enemy, but by the advice and requeft of his confort Catherine, he preferred the fecurity and prefervation of his perfon (fo necelfary to the new in- flitutions of his country) to an exertion of his heroic valour, and concluded a peace with the Ottomannic Porte, by which he gave up Azof. This adventure, though ap- parently of no ufe to Rufiia, was however coniiderably fo to fome of its neighbours. For, the Turks by this means were pre- vented entering Poland, through which they would have pafTed, under pretext of con- veying king Charles XII. into his domi- nions ^ and with their numerous army, might perhaps have fubdued it, as they had done formerly with the Greek empire. After this Peter went both with an army and navy to Finnland, where he fought ieveral battles 5 he afterwards took Stetin in ^he Empire of alt Rusfia. 53 in Pomerania, defeated the Swedifh army under general Steinbock, and fhewed his vidlorious arms near Stockholm, where he at laft obliged Sweden to conclude an e-* ternal peace with Ruffia 3 referving for him- felf, Efthonia, Liefland, the ifle of Oefell, and a great part of Finnland, But he had fcarcely time enough torefrefh himfelf a little, when he was under a neceffity of carrying the war into Perfia ; where after an exceeding laborious and dangerous voyage through the wild nations in the defert, he took Der- bent, and feveral other cities, which he de- livered from the rebels againft the king of iPerfia. By this expedition he conquered the whole weftern (hore of the Cafpian Sea, and returned amidft the univerfal accla- mations of his fubjedts. And now refolv- ing in his mind to improve to the beft advantage the peace he had procured to his dominions, he more particularly wifhed to eftablifh the fciences, and for that rea« fon it was, he crowned his confort Ca- therine, who reigned afterwards along with and after him. But God did not much longer leave him in this world, and Peter the Great died of the ftone. He luffered great hardfhips, and efcaped manv dangers, Doi only from the Streliitzes,, Raf-. 54 hwpire of all ttusftd. Rafkolnicks, and other rebels ^ but alio from his own lifter Sophia, his firft con- fort Eudocia, and his fon Alexey, which obliged him to be a little fevere. He was not of a revengeful difpofition, but bore human infirmities with patience, and was rather a father than a prince to his fub- je£ts. In the field, he was vigilant and in- defatigable. He was a fparing oeconomift, but a generous rewarder. In battle he was intrepid, but precautious ; in alliances, a faithful friend, and an excellent politician. In a word, Peter the Great was the father of his country. CATHERINA L Alexiewna, the con- fort of Peter the Great, was the 54th regent, began to reign An. 1725, and reigned after his death no more than one year and three months 5 and was fucceeded by PETER II. Alexiewitz, the grandfon of Peter the Great, (was in the 27th gene- ration, the 55th regent, began to reign An. 1726, and reigned three years and eight months) by the appointment of the emprefs Catherina, according to a funda- mental Law in Ruffia, which is, that every emperor or emprefs, has the power to ap- 7he Empire of all Rusfia. 55 point their fucceflbr; a princefs Dolgo- rucky was chofen for his imperial con- fort ; but before the confummation of the nuptials^ the emperor died of the fmall pox. ANNA 1. Yvanowna, the dutchefs dow- ager of Courland, and niece of Peter the Great, (was in the 26th generation, the 56th regent, began to reign An. 1730, and reigned ten years and nine months) was put in poffeffion of the imperial throne by the miniflry and the grandees, in fpite of the Dolgoruckys, who would fubftitute the prin-^ cefs, who had been made choice of to be the confort of Peter 11. Anna eredted a mi- niftry, called the cabinet, to whom the fe-^ nate and all the other offices were to be fubordinate. The foreigners were in much credit at her court. The 21ft of June 1732, (he concluded a treaty of peace with Per/ia, in which flie made a volua- tary ceffion of the provinces of Laghedfhank, Ranakut, and all that the Ruffians then had in poffeffion, beyond the river Sepid- Rud^ befides the provinces Ghilan, Afta- rin, and all the country from Aftrabad, to the river Kur, referving only the country to the north of this river, and to her fub» jedts 56 I'he Empire of all Rusfm. je^ls a free commerce through the whole extent of Perfia, without paying any cuftom^ or duties* After the death of Auguftus 11. king of Poland, who had at that time a fcheme of conquering the Conftantinopolitan empire 3 fhe fent an army into Poland, to eftablifh Auguftus III. his foii. Her vidto- rious troops under field - marfhal Mun- nich, laid* fiege to Dantzig, which town after the efcape of Staniflaus, was obliged to capitulate. In the year 1736, a new treaty of peace was concluded with Shah Nadir, by which all the country from the river Kur to the river Koifa was rendered to Perfia. She began at the fame time war with the Turks, took the forts of Azof, Otchackof, Akierman, Perecop, and in (hort overrun the whole Crira ; fo that the Turks and Tartars were routed with fuch a fuccefs, that the Ruffians marched to the Danube, and would have conquered the whole Turkifh empire in Europe, had it not been for the precipitate peace, which the Roman emperor Charles VL concluded at Belgrad, and which obliged the Ruffians to accede to it. After a glorious reign Anna died, having appointed for her fuc-^ ceflbr YVAN The Empire of all Rusfia. ST YVAN hi. Anthonovitz, the fon of An- thony Uirich, duke of Brunfwick Wolfen- buttel, and of the priiicefs Anne of Meek- lenburgh, granddaughter toYvan Alexiewitz, (was in the 28th generation, the 57th re- gent, began to reign An. 1740, and reigned one year and two months) Ernefi: Biron, duke of Courland, was appointed regent, during his minority. But his politive and arrogant difpofition procuring him his exile, the princefs w^as declared regent in his room, at the fame time that a war with the Swedes began in Finland ; but on the 6th of December 1741, EIZABETH L Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great, (was in the 26th genera- tion, the 58th regent, began to reign An. 1 74 1, and reigned 20 years) with the af- liftance of a fingle company of the foot guards took poffeffion of the Imperial throne, and banifhed prince Yvan with the dutchefs regent, and herhufband toHolmogory, aplace about4o Engliflh miles above Archangel, where they lived for many years, and had a nume- rous iilue of five fons and three daughters, all living, the dutchefs dying afterwards. Elizabeth, after the battle of Wilmanftrand, I con- 58 ' ^he En}pire all RuJJta. concluded a peace with the Swedes at Abo, declared the 28th of November 1742. Peter Ulrich, duke of Hclftein Gottorp, fon of her fifter Anna, her fucceffor, and created him great duke of Ruffia, and married him to Catherine Alexievna, princefs of Anhalt- Zerbft, his coufin. The north weft fhores of America were difcovered under her reign, Kamchatka defcribed, many colonies of Servians planted between the rivers Dnie- per and Bog, to the north of the Zaporo- vian Kozacks, which forms now the govern- ment of New-Ruflia, and the whole em- pire from the very eaftern ocean to the river Dnieper, at an extent ofjooo Englifli miles^ furrounded with a line of forts. In the year 1757 the Ruflian troops entered Pruflia, and fought the battle of YagerndorfF; in^ the year 1758 Cuftrin was burnt, and fome time after happened the bloody battle in that neighbourhood ; the following years Po- merania was conquered, Silefia and the Mark of Brandenburgh laid wafte, Berlin taken, and Colberg, after two fruildefs attempts, obli- ged to capitulate. However, the career of thefe fuccelTes of the Ruffians was put a flop to by the death of the eniprefs, the 25th of December 1761. j PETER The Empire of all RuJJia. 59 PETER the Illd. Fedorowitz, (was in the 25th generation, the 59th regent, be- gan to reign An. 1761, and reigned about fix months) immediately took polTeffion of the empire, and concluded a treaty of peace with the king of Pruffia, and fent him an army of auxihary troops againft the Auftrians. But being diredled by people who were no politicians, he diffipated more than five mil- lions fterling, and attempted to alter the prefent ftatc of the Greek Ruffi.an religion ; and notwithftanding he was warned by his frieiid and ally the king of Pruffia, yet he ftill continued upon the fame falfe principles, till, CATHERINE II. Alexievna his confort was put on the throne by a revolution of the guards, he (Peter) was then confined at Ropflia, a palace about 40 miles from Peterfburg, where he died focn after of an hemorrhoidal cholick, (was the 60th regent, and began to reign An. 1762) Plowever, the emprefs confirmed the peace with Pruffia, and was crowned at Mofkow. She gave great encouragement to foreigners, and near 30,000 were introduced into the empire, a ^reat number of whom had lands given to I ^ them 6 o ^he Empire of all RuJJta. them upon the banks of the river Volga ; the revenues of the lands of the clergy were put under an adminiftration. Many publick fchools, a foundling hofpital, an academy of polite arts, and many other ufeful inftitutions were ereded 5 trade was enlarged, manufadures encouraged, hufbandry promoted, an oeco- nomical fociety founded, and the revenues of the empire encreafed from three millions, to the amount of four millions of pounds fter- ling. However, the commerce with China was interrupted by the differences which arofe upon the total deftrudion of the E- luth Khalmucks, by the Chinefe; (thefe Khalmucks were a free nation, and governed by their own khans). The cmprefs fet out for Righa in 1764, and about the fame time the unfortunate prince Iwan III. being confined at Shluffelburgh, a fort in the Ladoga Lake; fince the death of the emprefs Elizabeth, was ftabbed by the governor of the fort, on a fedition made in order to eftablifli him on the throne.The eledion of Staniflaus Auguftus king of Poland was chiefly effeded by the ftrong recommendations of the emprefs, who, with the affiftance of the Ruffian troops fuppreffed the diiturbances caufed by prince Radzivil. The emprefs recom.mended to the diet of Poland^ in the year 1766, to reliore the diffi- The Empire of all RuJJia. 6i dUTidents to their ancient privileges, which they had loft by oppreffion. But the diet refuiing to take it into confideration, and at- tempting ftill more to aggravate their already diftrefled fituation, by putting them under the jurifdiclion of the Roman Catholic bifhops, and giving force to the laws againft the diffi- dents, the emprefs refolved to fend a corps of troops into Poland, to give more weight to the reprefentations of her minifter, and to infift upon calling a new diet. In the beginning of the year 1767 flie fet out for Mo&ow in order to vifit the fouthern pro- vinces, and to make fuch improvements in the management of them, as Ihould be found convenient upon infpedion. C 64 3 OF THE Russians of both Sexes TOOETHERWITH The feveral Intermarriages with Foreign Princes. URICK. Note. It is not known neither what number of wives he had, nor who they were, but it is moll probable, as he was a Heathen, that he had 64 A Genealogy of the a number of wives, as his great grandfon Wladimir had. Son^ Jghor. 2. OLEGH. 3. IGHOR Rurickovittz. 4. Con fort, the Holy OLGHA, from Plef- kof. Some make her the great grandaugh- ter of Goftomyfl. Son : Svetoflaf. 5; SVETOSLAF Ighorevitz. Note^ From amongft his wives and concu- bines we know but two. TZ?^ one was a Greek woman and a nun, but being made a captive, Svetoflaf made her his wife; after his death, fhe was, given to his eldeft fon Yaropolk, upon whofe death his younger brother, Wladimir, married her. She was the mother of that Svetopolk who murdered his brothers. ^he other confort of Svetoflaf was a cham- bermaid to Olgha, called Malufha, the daughter of one Maletz Lubtchanin, fifter of Dobryn, prince of the Chazars, and mother of Wladimir. Sons: Taropolk^ Oleeh, Wladimir. 6. YAROPOLK L S^etoflavitz. Confort : the above Greek woman. WLADIMIR L Svetoflavitz. Co?!-- ' Rusjian Princes. 65 Cofjforts. Wladimir, befides a great num- ber of concubines, had fix wives: i. The iirfl: a Bohemian woman ; 2. Rogneda^ after- wards called Goriflava, the daughter of Rog- wold, princefs of the Poloftzes 3 3. The a- bovementioncd Greek woman 4. A fecond Bohemian woman ^ 5. A Bolgarian woman; 6. Anna, the daughter of the Greek emperor Romanus. Sons : he had 12 fons ; i. Wyfheflaf, by the firft Bohemian 3 2. Iziaflaf; 3. Taro/laf; 4.Wfevolod5 by Rogneda; ^.Svetopolk^ by the Greek woman ; 6. Svetoflaf ; 7. MHiflaf, by / the fecond Bohemian ; 8. Boris, and 9 Gleb, from the Bolgarian ; lo.Staniflaf IL Pozvizd, and 12. Sudiflaf, by his concubines. Daughters : i. Predllava, by Rogneda, w^as married to Boleflaf Khrabroy, king of Po-« land ; 2. by Rogneda, (her name is not known) 3. Maria, by the Greek prin- cefs Anna ; married Kazimir L king of Po- land, where Her name was changed into Dobrogneva. I Note\ The dependents of Predilava can- not be known, as Boleflaf her hufband had aiany wives. K 2 Note. A Genealogy of the Note. From Maria was defcended an infinite number of kings, queens, &c. She had Boleflaf Audax, and Wladillaf L by Kazimir; from them defcended, i. the ki?2gs Boleflaf III. furnamed Krivo-ufty, Primiflaf, Wladiflaf - Lodlicus, Kazimir the Great, kings of Poland, and Ludo- vlcus the Great, king of Hungary and Poland. 7wo ^eem : Svetava, wife of Bratiflaf IL king of Bohemia, Hedviga or Helena, the queen of Wladiflaf Loc- ticus, king of Poland. Rixa, the wife of Wenczeflaus IV. king of Bohemia ; who on her account, lived always together with the king of Poland. Elizabeth, the wife of Charles Robert, king of Hungary. Maria^ the wife of Ludovicus the Great, king of Hungary and Poland. Maria, the heirefs to the Hungarian throne, con- fort of the Roman emperor Sigifmundus, aueen of Hungary and Bohemia ; allt hefe were the defcendents of queen Maria Wla- dimirovna, of whom many dukes^prnces, &;c, fprang. ' , 'Note. Wyllieflava, was daughter of Met- chiflaf, the grandfon of Boleflaf III. the fon Rusfan Princes. 67 fon of Maria Wladimirowna. Wy/he- llava married Boguflaf II; duke of Pome- rania, from them came Boguflaf the Greatj who was father in law to the king of Denmark, Frederick L who was the patriarch of the dukes of Holfteino See numb. 34, 8. SVETOPOLK I. Confort: the daughter of Boleflaus Khra«^ bry, king of Poland. 9. YAROSLAF II. Wladimirovltz. Confort: Inghegherday daughter to OlausL king of Sweden \ (he had formerly been the wife of Olaus the Holy, king of Nor- way. Sons : I, Wladimir ; 2, Iziajlaj ; 3, 51;^- iojlaf ; 4, Wfewolod ; 5, Ighor s 6, Wachef- M. Daughters: i, Elizabeth, married Ha- rold king of Norway and Sweden; 2. Anna, to Henry I. king of France ; 3. Anaftafia, to Andrew I. king of Hungary. Daughter-in-law ; the Englifli princefs, daughter of Harold I. and wife to Yaroflaf s eldell: fon. Granddaughter : Watcheflava, the daugh- ter of Yaroflaf s fon Watcheflaf, married Boleflaus Audax, king of Poland. K 2 Great-* 6S A Genealogy of the Great-grand-daughter : Helena, a daugh- ter of Roftiflaf, the Ton of Wladimir Yarof- lavitz; (lie married BoleflaflV. duke of Po- land : whofe fecorid confort jfhe was. Note I. The princefs Anm^ confort of Henry I. king of France, was the ance- ftor of a great number of kings, princes, &c. In France flie was called Agnes : fhe had three fons by king Henry, viz. Philip, Hugho, and Robert ; Philip fuc- ceeded his father on the throne, and from him defcended, r, (in France) out of the families Capet, Valois and Bour- bon, 28 kings, till to the now reigning Lewis XV, 2, Charles, Count, and Lewis, duke of Anjou, were kings of Naples ; 3, Their great grandfon, Peter de Cour- tenay, was Greek emperor, at the time when Conftantinople was in the poflef- fion of the Latins, and in the time of the Hierofolymitan wras. 4, The prcfent reigning family of Spain, de- fcended trom king Lewis XIV. of France. 5, The Englifli queens ; Margarefa, confort of king Edward L Ifabclla, con- fort of king Edward I J. Izabella, of king Richard IL Catherine, of king Henry the Vth, Maria^ royal confort of king Charles Rusjtan Princes. 69 Charles I. The Scot's queen, Magda- lena, of king James V. The SpaniiTi queen, Ifabella, of king Phiiip the IVth. The Bohemian queen, Beatrix, of king John. The queen of Cypre, of king John (Joannes) IL All thefe kings and queens of the pofterity of the princefs Anna ; the daughter of Yaroflaf had likewife a very numerous pofterity of , kings, queens, princes, &c. After the death of king Henry L his dowager, queen Anna (Ague's) married the reign- ing duke Rudolph of Crefpy and Valois. Note 2. Harald, the king of Norway, had many children, but if Elizabeth (Yarof- laf's daughter) was the mother of any of them, is doubtful, as Harald had ano- ther confort called Thora. Note 3. Anajlatia^ (YaroflaFs daughter) was called in Hungary, Agmunda, and had ' by her buiband, Andrew, king of Hun- gary^ king Solomon, and 9. daughter, named Adclheida, who married Bratif- laf I[. king of Bohemia. 'Note 4, Bolodara, a grand-daughter of Ro- /liflaf, who was Yaroflaf 's grandfon, mar- ried the Greek emperor, Alexis Commenos, ISIote ■ A Genealogy of the Note S. Helena, the daughter of Rotlflaf, and the great grand-daughter of Yaroflaf, confort of Boleflaf IV. duke of Poland, (either fhe, or Anaftatia, the daughter of Wfevolod Yarolavitz, who was like- wife wife of Boleflaf IV.) had by him Megtilda, who married Prybiflaf, the laft king of the Wends. 10- IZIASLAF L Yaroflawitz. Confort : the Polifli princefs, Metchiflava, lifter to Kazimir the Ild. Sons : I , Mft iflaf 3 2 , Michailo Svetopolk ; and 3, Yaropolk. 11. SVETOSLAF 11. Yaroflavitz. ^ Confort ; Oda, countefs of Stada, and fifter ofBurkhard, bifliop of Triers. Sons ; Olegh, Yaroflaf, Boris, Gleb, Ro- man, David. 12. WSEVOLODL Yaroflawitz. Confort s : i, The daughter of the Greek emperor Conftantin Monomachus 3 flie was the mother of Wladimir Monomachus s 2, Anna. Sons : Wladimir Monomachus^ Roftiflaf. Daughters : i, Eupraxia, to Ottol. Marc- grave of Brandenburgh 3 and her fecond huf- Rusfian Princes. 71 hufband was the Roman emperor Henry IV* at laft fhe became a nun in Ruflia ; 2, Ca- therine ; 3,Anaftafia to Boleflaus IV. duke of Poland ; fee numb. 9. 13. MICHAILO SVETOPOLK IL Yzi« aflawitz. Confort : Helena, the daughter of Tugor- kan, a prince of the Poloftzes. Sons : Mflijlaf^ Yaroflavetz and Bratchiflaf, 'Daughter : Zbyflava, the firft wife of Bolellaf III. king of Poland. 14. WLADIMIR IL Wfewolodowitz Mo- nomachus. Confort s \ i, Chriftina, daughter ofln- gor IV. king of Sweden ; 2, Euthymia. Sons: MJltpf, IzMaf, Svetoflaf, Tare- polk^ Watchejlaf^ Romanus, lurey^ (George) Andrew. Daughter : Marina, was made a nun. D aught er-in^ law : The grand-daughter of Tugorkhan, prince of the Poloftzes, mar- ried to Andrew. 15. MSTISLAFL Wladimlrovitz. Confort s: i, 5 2, the daughter of a Novogrodian citizen, called Demetrius Zavidovitz. Sons : Wfewolod, Izyajlaf Roftiflaf, Sve- topolk, Wladimir, Roraanus. Daugh^ y2 A Genealogy of the Daughters : i, Sophia, to Waldemar I. king of Denmark; 2, to YaroflavetZj, fon of the great duke Michael Svetopolk, and duke of Wladimir. Note I. From Sophia came Canutus VI. and Waldemar IL both kings of Denmark. Rixa^ the wife of Ericus X. king of Sweden ; Ingheburgha, wife of Philip IL King of France, who was a grandfon of the princefs Anna, the daughter of great duke Yaroflaf I. fee numb. 9. Note 2. The fecond daughter of Wladi- mir II. was fent back by her hulband> which caufed that her father overrun the city and dutchy of Wladimir, where her hufband Yaroflavetz Svetopolkovitz reigned, 26. YAROPOLK IL Wladimirovitz. ConfOrt : Helena, a princefs Ya&oy. 17. WATCHESLAF, Wladimirowitz. 1 8. WSEWOLOD IL Olgowitz. Note. His father Olegh was the fon of great duke Svetoflaf IL Son : Svetoflaf. Daughter-- Husjian Princes. 73 Daughter-'in'law. Svetoflaf's wife, the daughter of prince Wafiley, the fon of Sve- topolk, who was the fon of Wladimir IL 19. IZIASLAFII. Mftiflawitz. Conforts : i, 3 2, a princefs of Obez- fkoy. Sons : Svetoflaf^ from the jfirft confort. Daughter : to Rigvald Boriflbvitz,' prince of Polotzk. 20. YUREY, (George) L Wladimirovitz. Conforts: i, a daughter of Ayep, (a prince of the Poloftzes) and grand-daughter to Afeef ; 2, Olgha, or when a nun, Eu- phrofinia. Sons : Roftillaf, Andrey^ Yvan (John) Boris, Gleb, Mftiflaf, Wafiley (Bafiiius) Yarofiaf, Michael Svetoflaf, and Wje renewed by bringing it to the Hbrary. DATE DUE RET. DATE DUE RE