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ELEMENTS 
 
 PHRENOLOGY. 
 
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ELEMENTS 
 
 OF 
 
 PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE COMBE, 
 
 LATE PRESIDENT OF THE PHRENOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 SECOND EDITION, 
 
 IMPROVED AND ENLARGED. 
 
 WITH TWO ENGRAVINGS. 
 JOHN ANDERSON, JUN. EDINBURGH, 
 
 55. NORTH BRIDGE STREET, 
 AND SIMPKIN & MARSHALL, LONDON. 
 
 1825. 
 
 k 
 
r 
 
 ENTERED IN THE STATIONERS' HALL. 
 
 P. Neill, Printer. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT 
 
 TO THE 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 The sale of the First Edition of this 
 work, consisting of 1500 copies, within ten 
 months, affords evidence that it has met 
 with public approbation. The rapid pro- 
 gress of Phrenology has rendered some 
 additions necessary. The present edition, 
 therefore, contains the latest discoveries 
 in the science, references to casts which 
 illustrate the organs, and an elucidation 
 of some points attended with difficulty. 
 
 Edinburgh, 1 
 1th May 1825, J 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 FIRST EDITION. 
 
 JVIany persons desire to know some- 
 thing about Phrenology, who nevertheless 
 are not prepared to bestow much either of 
 time or money in the pursuit of it. There 
 are others who, fully convinced of its 
 truth and importance, wish to possess a 
 manual to facilitate their practice of its 
 doctrines. The present work is intend- 
 ed to serve both classes, by conveying a 
 brief but comprehensive view of the 
 science at a moderate expence. 
 
""- 
 
 1 
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 A second edition of the Essays on 
 Phrenology will immediately be put to 
 press, and in them a detailed exposition 
 of the evidence, theory, and application 
 of the system will be given. The work 
 will consist of at least two volumes oc- 
 tavo, with numerous plates. 
 
 Edinburgh, \ 
 8th July 1824. J 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introductory Observations, - 1 
 History of Discovery, 2 
 Principles of Phrenology, - - 13 
 Definition of an Organ, - - 14 
 ■ ■■ of a Faculty, - - 16 
 Organs double, and extend from medulla oblon- 
 gata to surface of the brain, - - 17 
 Functions of parts at the base of the brain un- 
 known, - - - 18 
 Frontal sinus, effects of, - - 19 
 On the departure from parallelism in the two 
 
 tables of the skull, - - ib. 
 Circumstances which determine whether a faculty 
 
 is primitive, 20 
 
 Order I.— FEELINGS, - - 23 
 Genus I. — Propensities. 
 
 No. 1. Amativeness, - - ib. 
 
 2. Philoprogenitiveness, - 26 
 
 3. Concentrativeness, - 28 
 
 4. Adhesiveness, - - 33 
 
 5. Combativeness, - - 34 
 
 6. Destructiveness, 36 
 
 7. Constructiveness, - - 40 
 
 8. Acquisitiveness, 45 
 
 9. Secretiveness, 47 
 

 X CONTENTS. 
 
 Genus II— Sentiments. 
 
 10. Self-Esteem, 
 
 11. Love of Approbation, 
 
 12. Cautiousness, 
 
 13. Benevolence, 
 
 14. Veneration, 
 
 15. Hope, - 
 
 16. Ideality, - 
 "Wonder, 
 
 17* Conscientiousness, 
 
 18. Firmness, 
 
 Order II.— INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES, 
 Genus I. — External Senses, 
 Feeling or Touch, 
 Taste, 
 Smell, 
 
 Hearing, - 
 
 Sight, - - . - 
 
 Genus II. — Knowing Faculties, 
 
 19. Individuality, 
 
 20. Form, 
 
 21. Size, 
 
 22. Weight or Momentum, 
 
 23. Colouring, 
 
 24. Locality, - 
 
 25. Order, 
 
 26. Time, 
 
 27. Number, 
 
 28. Tune, 
 
 29. Language, 
 
 Functions of Individuality and other 
 knowing organs analysed, 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 XI 
 
 Genus ill.— Reflecting Faculties, 
 
 123 
 
 30. Comparison, 
 
 ib. 
 
 31. Causality, - 
 
 126 
 
 32. Wit, - 
 
 129 
 
 33. Imitation, - 
 
 132 
 
 Modes of Activity, - 
 
 134 
 
 Of the Propensities and Sentiments, 
 
 136 
 
 Of the Knowing and Reflecting Faculties, 
 
 140 
 
 Perception, - 
 
 141 
 
 Memory, - 
 
 142 
 
 Conception and Imagination, 
 
 143 
 
 Judgment, - 
 
 144 
 
 Attention,, - 
 
 146 
 
 Association, - 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pleasure and Pain, 
 
 156 
 
 Passion, - 
 
 ib. 
 
 Sympathy, - 
 
 157 
 
 Habit, - - 
 
 161 
 
 , Taste, - - - 
 
 163 
 
 Effects of Size and Activity in the Organs, and prac- 
 
 
 tical directions for observing development, 
 
 164 
 
 Table of measurements by callipers, 
 
 171 
 
 Combinations in Size, - 
 
 195 
 
 Combinations in Activity, - 
 
 206 
 
 On Materialism, - 
 
 214 
 
 Different Classifications of Organs, 
 
 235 
 
 Description of Craniometer, 
 
 238 
 
DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. 
 
 Put the Engraving of the Head at the Title- 
 Page, and that of the New Craniometer at 
 the End. 
 
ELEMENTS 
 
 OF 
 
 PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 A hrenology (derived from jppi mind, and 
 Aoy« 5 discourse) treats of the faculties of the 
 Human Mind, and of the organs by means of 
 which they manifest themselves ; but it does 
 not enable us to predict actions. 
 
 Dr Gall, a physician of Vienna, now resi- 
 dent in Paris *, is the founder of the system. 
 From an early age he was given to observation, 
 and was struck with the fact, that each of his 
 
 * Born at Tiefenbrun, in Suabia, on 9th March 1757* 
 
 A 
 
3 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 brothers and sisters, companions in play, and 
 schoolfellows, was distinguished from other 
 individuals by some peculiarity of talent or 
 disposition. Some of his schoolmates were 
 characterized by the beauty of their penman- 
 ship, some by their success in arithmetic, and 
 others by their talent for acquiring a know- 
 ledge of natural history, or languages. The 
 compositions of one were remarkable for ele- 
 gance ; the style of another was stiff and 
 dry ; while a third connected his reasonings in 
 the closest manner, and clothed his argument 
 in the most forcible language. Their disposi- 
 tions were equally different ; and this diversity 
 appeared also to determine the direction of their 
 partialities and aversions. Not a few of them 
 manifested a capacity for employments which 
 they were not taught ; they cut figures in wood, 
 or delineated them on paper; some devoted 
 their leisure to painting, or the culture of a 
 garden; while their comrades abandoned them- 
 selves to noisy games, or traversed the woods 
 to gather flowers, seek for bird-nests, or catch 
 
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 6 
 
 butterflies. In this manner, each individual 
 presented a character peculiar to himself, and 
 Dr Gall never observed, that the individual, 
 who in one year had displayed selfish or kna- 
 vish dispositions, became in the next a good and 
 faithful friend. 
 
 The scholars with whom Dr Gall had the 
 greatest difficulty in competing, were those 
 who learned by heart with great facility ; and 
 such individuals frequently gained from him by 
 their repetitions the places which he had ob- 
 tained by the merit of his original composi- 
 tions. 
 
 Some years afterwards, having changed his 
 place of residence, he still met individuals en- 
 dowed with an equally great talent of learning 
 to repeat-- He then observed, that his school- 
 fellows, so gifted, possessed prominent eyes, 
 and recollected, that his rivals in the first 
 school had been distinguished by the same pe- 
 culiarity. When he entered the University he 
 directed his attention, from the first, to the stu- 
 dents whose eyes were of this description, and 
 
 a2 
 
 J 
 
 
4 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 found that they all excelled in getting rapid- 
 ly by heart, and giving correct recitations, al- 
 though many of them were by no means dis- 
 tinguished in point of general talent. This ob- 
 servation was recognized also by the other stu- 
 dents in the classes ; and although the connec- 
 tion betwixt the talent and the external sign 
 was not at this time established upon such com- 
 plete evidence as is requisite for a philosophical 
 conclusion, Dr Gall could not believe that 
 the coincidence of the two circumstances was 
 entirely accidental. From this period, there- 
 fore, he suspected that they stood in an im- 
 portant relation to each other. After much 
 reflection, he conceived, that if Memory for 
 words was indicated by an external sign, the 
 same might be the case with the other in- 
 tellectual powers ; and thereafter, all indivi- 
 duals distinguished by any remarkable facul- 
 ty became the objects of his attention. By 
 degrees, he conceived himself to have found ex- 
 ternal characteristics, which indicated a decided 
 disposition for Painting, Music, and the Me- 
 
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. O 
 
 chanical Arts. He became acquainted also with 
 some individuals remarkable for the determina- 
 tion of their character, and he observed a parti- 
 cular part of their heads to be very largely de- 
 veloped. This fact first suggested to him the idea 
 of looking to the head for signs of the Moral 
 Sentiments. But in making these observations, 
 he never conceived, for a moment, that the skuU 
 was the cause of the different talents, as has been 
 erroneously represented ; for, from the first, he 
 referred the influence, whatever it was, to the 
 Brain. 
 
 In following out, by observations, the prin- 
 ciple which accident had thus suggested, he for 
 some time encountered difficulties of the great- 
 est magnitude. Hitherto he had been altoge- 
 ther ignorant of the opinions of Physiologists 
 touching the brain, and of Metaphysicians re- 
 specting the mental faculties. He had simply 
 observed nature. When, however, he began 
 to enlarge his knowledge of books, he found the 
 most extraordinary conflict of opinions every 
 where prevailing, and this, for the moment, 
 
O INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS', 
 
 made him hesitate about the correctness of his 
 own observations. He found that the moral 
 sentiments had, by an almost general consent, 
 been consigned to the thoracic and abdominal 
 viscera ; and that while Pythagoras, Plato, 
 Galen, Haller, and some other Physiolo- 
 gists, placed the sentient soul or intellectual fa- 
 culties in the brain, Aristotle placed it in 
 the heart, Van Helmont in the stomach, Des 
 Cartes and his followers in the pineal gland ? 
 and Drelincourt and others in the cerebel- 
 lum. 
 
 He observed also, that a great number of 
 Philosophers and Physiologists asserted, that 
 all men are born with equal mental faculties ; 
 and that the differences observable among them 
 are owing either to education, or to the acci- 
 dental circumstances in which they are placed. 
 If all difference were accidental, he inferred 
 that there could be no natural signs of predo- 
 minating faculties, and consequently that the 
 project of learning, by observation, to distin- 
 guish the functions of the different portions of 
 
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 7 
 
 the brain, must be hopeless. This difficulty 
 he combated, by the reflection, that his brothers, 
 sisters, and schoolfellows, had all received very 
 nearly the same education, but that he had still 
 observed each of them unfolding a distinct cha- 
 racter, over which circumstances appeared to 
 exert only a limited controul. He observed al- 
 so, that not unfrequently those, whose education 
 had been conducted with the greatest care, and 
 on whom the labours of teachers had been most 
 freely lavished, remained far behind their com- 
 panions in attainments. " Often," says Dr 
 Gall, " we were accused of want of will, or 
 " deficiency in zeal ; but many of us could not, 
 " even with the most ardent desire, followed 
 *' out by the most obstinate efforts, attain in 
 " some pursuits even to mediocrity ; while 
 " in some other points, some of us surpassed 
 " our schoolfellows without an effort, and al- 
 " most, it might be said, without perceiving 
 " it ourselves. But, in point of fact, our 
 " masters did not appear to attach much faith 
 " to the system which taught the equality of 
 
8 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 " mental faculties ; for- they thought them- 
 " selves entitled to exact more from one scho- 
 " lar, and less from another. They spoke fre- 
 " quently of natural gifts, or of the gifts of 
 " God, and consoled their pupils in the words 
 " of the gospel, by assuring them that each 
 " would be required to render an account, on- 
 " ly in proportion to the gifts which he had re- 
 " ceived *." 
 
 Being convinced by these facts, that there is 
 a natural and constitutional diversity of talents 
 and dispositions, he encountered in books still an- 
 other obstacle to his success in determining the 
 external signs of the mental powers. He found 
 that, instead of faculties for languages, drawing, 
 distinguishing places, music, and mechanical 
 arts, corresponding to the different talents which 
 he had observed in his schoolfellows, the meta- 
 physicians spoke only of general powers, such 
 as perception, conception, memory, imagination, 
 
 * Preface by Dr Gall to the " Anatomie, &c. du Cer- 
 veau," from which other facts in this Work are taken. 
 
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 9 
 
 and judgment; and when he endeavoured to 
 discover external signs in the head, correspond^ 
 ing to these general faculties, or to determine 
 the correctness of the physiological doctrines 
 taught by the authors already mentioned, re- 
 garding the seat of the mind, he found per- 
 plexities without end, and difficulties insur- 
 mountable. 
 
 Dr Gall, therefore, abandoning every theo- 
 ry and preconceived opinion, gave himself up 
 entirely to the observation of nature. Being a 
 friend to Dr Nord, Physician to a Lunatic Asy- 
 lum in Vienna, he had opportunities, of which 
 he availed himself, of making observations on 
 the insane. He visited prisons, and resorted to 
 schools; he was introduced to the courts of 
 Princes, to Colleges, and the seats of Justice ; 
 and wherever he heard of an individual distin- 
 guished in any particular way, either by remark- 
 able endowment or deficiency, he observed and 
 studied the development of his head. In this 
 manner, by an almost imperceptible induction, 
 he conceived himself warranted in believing, 
 
 a5 
 
10 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 that particular mental powers are indicated by 
 particular configurations of the head. 
 
 Hitherto he had resorted only to Physiogno- 
 mical indications, as a means of discovering the 
 functions of the brain. On reflection, however, 
 he was convinced that Physiology is imperfect 
 when separated from Anatomy. Having ob- 
 served a woman of fifty-four years of age, who 
 had been afflicted with hydrocephalus from her 
 youth, and who, with a body a little shrunk, 
 possessed a mind as active and intelligent as 
 that of other individuals of her class, Dr Gall 
 declared his conviction, that the structure of the 
 brain must be different from what was gene- 
 rally conceived, — a remark which Tulpius 
 also had made, on observing a hydrocephalic 
 patient who manifested the mental faculties. 
 He therefore felt the necessity of making ana- 
 tomical researches into the structure of the 
 brain. 
 
 In every instance, when an individual, whose 
 head he had observed while alive happened to 
 die, he used every means to be permitted to 
 
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 11 
 
 examine the br^ 5 and frequently did so ; and 
 found as a general fact, that, on removal of the 
 skull, the brain, covered by the dura mater, 
 presented a form corresponding to that which 
 the skull had exhibited in life. 
 
 The successive steps by which Dr Gall pro- 
 ceeded in his discoveries, are particularly de- 
 serving of attention. He did not, as many 
 have imagined, first dissect the brain, and pre- 
 tend by that means to discover the seats of 
 the mental powers ; neither did he, as others 
 have conceived, first map out the skull into va- 
 rious compartments, and assign a faculty to 
 each, according as his imagination led him to 
 conceive the place appropriate to the power. 
 On the contrary, he first observed a concomi- 
 tance betwixt particular talents and dispositions, 
 and particular forms of the head ; he next as- 
 certained, by removal of the skull, that the fi- 
 gure and size of the brain are indicated by these 
 external forms; and it was only after these 
 facts were determined, that the brain was mi- 
 
12 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS 
 
 nutely dissected, and light thrown upon its 
 structure. 
 
 At Vienna, in 1796, Dr Gall for the first 
 time delivered lectures on his system. 
 
 In 1800, Dr J. G. Spurzheim * began the 
 study of Phrenology under him, having in that 
 year assisted, for the first time, at one of his 
 lectures. In 1804 he was associated with him 
 in his labours ; and since that period has not on- 
 ly added many valuable discoveries to those of 
 Dr Gall in the anatomy and physiology of the 
 brain, but formed the truths brought to light, 
 by their joint observations, into a beautiful and 
 interesting system of mental philosophy. In 
 Britain we are chiefly indebted to his personal 
 exertions and printed works for a knowledge of 
 
 the science. 
 
 An elementary view of the result of their la- 
 bours-will be given in the following sheets. 
 » Their method of investigation is free from 
 certain insuperable difficulties, which have im- 
 
 * Born at Longuich, near Treves on the Moselle, 31st 
 December 1776. 
 
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 13 
 
 peded the progress of other philosophers in esta- 
 blishing a true theory of mind. 
 
 1st, Dissection alone does not reveal the 
 Junctions of any organ. No person, by dissect- 
 ing the optic nerve, could predicate that its of- 
 fice is to minister to vision ; or, by dissecting 
 the tongue, could discover that it is the organ 
 of taste. Anatomists, therefore, could not, by 
 the mere practice of their art, discover the 
 functions of the brain. 
 
 Qdly, The mind is not conscious of acting by 
 means of organs; and hence metaphysical phi- 
 losophers, who, in studying the mental pheno- 
 mena, confined themselves to reflection on con- 
 sciousness, could not discover the material in- 
 struments by means of which the mind per- 
 forms its operations in this life, and communi- 
 cates with the external world. 
 
 It is ascertained by experiment and observa- 
 tion, that the form of the brain can be discovered 
 in individuals, in perfect health, and under the 
 middle period of life, by inspecting the cra- 
 mum. 
 
14 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 The Phrenologist compares cerebral develop- 
 ment with the manifestations of mental power, 
 for the purpose of discovering the functions of 
 the brain, and the organs of the mind ; and 
 this method of investigation is conform to the 
 principles of the inductive philosophy, and free 
 from the objections attending the anatomical 
 and metaphysical modes of research. 
 
 A mental organ is a material instrument, by 
 means of which the mind, in this life, enters into 
 particular states, active and passive. 
 
 The mind is regarded as simple, and its sub- 
 stance or essence is unknown. It is furnished by 
 nature, with highly interesting susceptibilities, 
 and a vast apparatus of mental organs, for en- 
 abling it to manifest its energies, and enter in- 
 to different states. Thus, when aided by optic 
 and auditory nerves, the mind sees and hears ; 
 when assisted by an organ of Cautiousness, it 
 feels fear ; by an organ of Causality, it reasons. 
 Its power of seeing depends on the perfection 
 of the optic nerves ; and in like manner its power 
 of experiencing the emotion of beauty is in pro- 
 
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 15 
 
 portion to the perfection of the organ of Ideali- 
 ty. The optic nerve, when stimulated by light, 
 induces the active state, called Seeing, in the 
 mind; and the organ of Benevolence, excited by 
 an object in distress, produces' the mental state, 
 called Compassion. 
 
 States of mind are either simple or complex. 
 A simple state results from the action of a single, 
 organ on the mind; Seeing is a simple state 
 arising from the activity of the optic nerves. 
 Complex states are produced when the mind is 
 acted upon by several organs at the same time. 
 Thus, suppose, that an insult is offered to an 
 individual in an august assembly, Self-Esteem 
 will produce the feeling of offended dignity; 
 and Destructiveness will give the desire of re- 
 venge ; Veneration, however, will call up the 
 emotion of respect or awe for the personages 
 present ; and Cautiousness, and Love of Appro- 
 bation, will give rise to the fear of offending 
 them, and- all these contending emotions may 
 coexist. Hence, the mind, simple in itself, may, 
 
 \ 
 
16 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 by means of a plurality of organs, exist in a 
 state of complex relation to other objects *. 
 
 The term Faculty is retained as a convenient 
 expression for the particular states into which the 
 mind enters, when influenced by particular or- 
 gans. It is applied to the feelings as well as to 
 the intellect I Thus> the faculty of Benevolence 
 means every mode of benevolent feeling induced 
 by means of the organ of Benevolence. 
 
 The following points are conceived to be esta- 
 blished by an extensive induction of facts. 
 
 1st, The mind manifests a plurality of facul- 
 ties. 
 
 Qdly, The brain is the material instrument 
 by means of which the mind acts, and is acted, 
 upon ; and it is a congeries of organs. 
 
 %dly, The brain consists of two hemispheres, 
 separated by a strong membrane called the Falci- 
 form process of the dura mater. Each hemisphere 
 is an aggregate of parts, and each part serves to 
 
 * This doctrine was first clearly elucidated by the Rev. 
 David Welsh, in his excellent Life of the late Dr Thomas 
 Brown, Note N. p. 519. 
 
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 17 
 
 manifest a particular mental faculty. The two 
 hemispheres, in general, correspond in form 
 and functions ; and hence there are two organs 
 for each faculty, one situated in each hemi- 
 sphere. The cerebellum in man is situated be- 
 low the brain. A thick membrane, named the 
 Tentorium, separates the two ; but they are 
 both connected with the medulla oblongata, 
 and through it with each other. 
 
 Each organ extends from the medulla ob- 
 longata, or top of the spinal marrow, to the sur- 
 face of the brain or cerebellum ; and every in- 
 dividual possesses all the organs in a greater or 
 less degree. 
 
 4>thty, The power with which each faculty is 
 capable of manifesting itself, bears a proportion 
 to the size of its organs. Power and activity 
 are distinguishable, and will be explained in a 
 subsequent part of this work. 
 
 The size of an organ is estimated by its 
 length and its breadth. Its length is measured 
 by the distance from the medulla oblongata, or 
 
 top of the spinal marrow, to the outer surface 
 
 i 
 
18 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 of the brain. A line drawn through the head, 
 from the opening of one ear to that of the other, 
 would, in the middle, pass close to, but a little 
 before, the medulla oblongata ; hence the length 
 of an organ is measured from the line of the 
 ear to the circumference. Its breadth is indi- 
 cated by its expansion at the surface. An or- 
 gan may thus be likened to an inverted cone, 
 with its apex in the medulla, and its base at the 
 surface of the brain ; the broader the base and 
 longer the distance betwixt it and the apex, the 
 greater will be the size, or the quantity of mat- 
 ter which it will contain. 
 
 There are parts at the base of the brain, in 
 the middle and posterior regions, the size of 
 which cannot be discovered during life, and 
 whose functions in consequence are still un- 
 known. From analogy, and some pathological 
 facts, they are supposed to be the organs of the 
 sensations of hunger and thirst, heat and cold, 
 and of some other mental affections, for which 
 cerebral organs have not been discovered ; but 
 demonstrative evidence to this effect being want- 
 
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 19 
 
 ing, this conjecture is merely stated to incite to 
 farther investigation. 
 
 The frontal sinus is an opening between the 
 inner and outer surfaces of the frontal bone, 
 occurring at the top of the nose. It is found 
 in general after the age of puberty, and ex- 
 tends along the spaces marked T 2 g and 21 on 
 the Plate ; and throws a degree of uncertain- 
 ty over the development of the organs indi- 
 cated by these numbers. In old age and dis- 
 ease it frequently becomes much larger, extend- 
 ing over a variety of organs ; but these cases 
 form exceptions to the general rule, and are not 
 proper for observation. In other parts of the 
 skull marked as pointing out the situation of 
 organs, the outer and inner surfaces are either 
 parallel, or the departure from perfect paral- 
 lelism, where it occurs, is limited to a line, j^th 
 or ^th of an inch, according to the age and 
 health of the individual. The difference in de- 
 velopment between a large and a small organ 
 of the propensities and N some of the sentiments, 
 amounts to an inch and upwards ; and to a 
 
20 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 quarter of an inch in the organs of intellect, 
 which are naturally smaller than the others. 
 
 The Phrenologists consider Man by him- 
 self, and also compare him with other animals. 
 When the lower animals manifest the same pro- 
 pensities and feelings as those displayed by 
 man, the faculties which produce them are held 
 to be common to both. A faculty is admitted 
 as primitive, 
 
 1. Which exists in one kind of animals, and 
 not in another ; 
 
 % Which varies in the two sexes of the same 
 species ; 
 
 3. Which is not proportionate to the other 
 faculties of the same individual : 
 
 4. Which does not manifest itself simulta- 
 neously with the other faculties ; that is, which 
 appears and disappears earlier or later in life 
 than other faculties ; 
 
 5. Which may act or rest singly ; 
 
 6. Which is propagated in a distinct man- 
 ner from parents to children ; and, 
 
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 21 
 
 7. Which may singly preserve its proper 
 state of health or disease. 
 
 The history of the discovery of each faculty 
 and its organs is stated in Dr Gall's 4to work 
 in 4 vols., entitled " Physiologie du Cerveau," 
 and some of the evidence on which each is ad- 
 mitted is also there brought forward. Dr 
 Spurzheim's work, entitled " The New Phy- 
 siognomical System," also contains many facts ; 
 and more cases will be found in the Transac- 
 tions of the Phrenological Society, and in the 
 Phrenological Journal. It is impossible to re- 
 peat these in so limited a work as the present. 
 The reader is therefore respectfully informed, 
 that I do not here state the evidence on which 
 Phrenology is founded ; and beg to refer him 
 to the sources of information now alluded to, 
 and to Nature, which is always within his 
 reach ; for self-conviction can be obtained only 
 by self-observation. 
 
 I 
 When the two organs of a faculty are situa- 
 ted immediately on the sides of the middle line 
 
22 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 separating the hemispheres, they are included 
 in one space on the busts and plates. To save 
 circumlocution, the expression " organ " of a 
 faculty will be frequently used, but both or- 
 gans are thereby meant. 
 
 The Casts and Skulls, referred to in the sub- 
 sequent pages, as illustrative of particular or- 
 gans, are to be found in the collection of the 
 Phrenological Society, wtych, by the liberality 
 of the Society, is open to public inspection, in 
 their Hall, Clyde Street, Edinburgh, every Sa- 
 turday from One to Three o'clock *. 
 
 * Duplicates of most of these casts and skulls are exhi- 
 bited and sold by Mr James de Ville, 367- Strand, Lon- 
 don ; by Messrs Luke O'Neill and Son, 125. Canongate, 
 Edinburgh ; and by their agents, Mr Cox, Bookseller, 
 Castle Street, Oxford Street, London ; Mr Norton, Book- 
 seller, Clare Street, Bristol ; Mr Haddock, Bookseller, 
 Warrington ; Messrs W. and A. Galletti, 10. Castle 
 Street, Liverpool; and Mr Davies, Statuary, Pilgrim 
 Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
Order I.— FEELINGS. 
 
 Genus I. — Propensities. 
 
 The faculties falling under this genus do not 
 form ideas ; their sole function is to produce a 
 propensity of a specific kind. These faculties 
 are common to Man with Animals. 
 
 1st, Amativeness. 
 
 The cerebellum is the organ of this propen- 
 sity, and it is situated between the mastoid pro- 
 cess on each side, and the projecting point in 
 the middle of the transverse ridge of the occi- 
 pital bone. The size is indicated during life 
 by the thickness of the neck at these parts. 
 The faculty gives* rise \ to the sexual feeling. 
 In new-born children, the cerebellum is the 
 least developed of all the cerebral par4. It is 
 
24 AMATIVENESS. 
 
 to the brain as one to thirteen, fifteen or twenty, 
 and in adults as one to six, seven, or eight. It 
 attains its full size from eighteen to twenty-six. 
 It is less in females, in general, than in males. 
 In old age it frequently diminishes. There is 
 no constant proportion betwixt the brain and 
 the cerebellum in all individuals, just as there 
 is no invariable proportion betwixt the feeling 
 and the other powers of the mind. Sometimes, 
 however, the cerebellum is largely developed 
 before the age of puberty. This was the case 
 in a child of three years of age, in a boy of 
 five, and in one of twelve ; and they all mani- 
 fested the feeling strongly. In the cast of the 
 skull of Dr Hette, sold in the shops, the de- 
 velopment is small, and the feeling correspond- 
 ed. In the casts of Mitchell, Dean, Mary 
 Macinnes, and Raphael, it is very large, and 
 the manifestations were in proportion. Far- 
 ther evidence of the functions of this organ will 
 be found in Dr Gall's " Physiologie du Cer- 
 veau ;" and several cases are mentioned in the 
 following works, viz. " Journal of Pathological 
 
AMATIVENESS. 25 
 
 ." Observations kept at the Hospital of the E'- 
 « cole de Medecine, No. 108, 15th July 1817," 
 case of Jean Michel Brigand; " Journal of the 
 «* Hotel Dieu, 11 case of Florat, 19th March 
 1819, and of a woman, 11th November 1818 ; 
 « Wepferus, Historian apoplecticorum, 11 edit. 
 1724, page 487; " Philosophical Transactions, 1 ' 
 No. 228, case by Dr Tyson ; " Memoires de 
 " Chirurgie Militaire, et Campagnes, 11 by Ba- 
 ron Larrey, vol. iii. p. 262, vol. ii. p. 150 ; 
 " Serres on Apoplexy ; ? ? " Richerand's Ele- 
 " ments of Physiology," pp. 379,380; " Ker- 
 " rison's Translation." 
 
 M. Flourens, a physiologist of Paris, has 
 lately inflicted injuries on the cerebella of the 
 lower animals, and contends, that these experi- 
 ments shew that this organ serves for the regu- 
 lation of muscular motion. " On removing the 
 " cerebellum, 11 says he, " the animal loses the 
 " power of executing combined movements. 11 
 Magendie performed similar experiments on 
 the cerebellum, and found that they only occa- 
 sion an irresistible tendency in the qnimal to 
 
 B 
 
20 PHIL0PR0GENITIVENESS. 
 
 run, walk, or swim, backwards. He perform-- 
 ed experiments, also, on the corpora striata 
 and tubercula quadrigemina, with the follow- 
 ing results : when one part of these was cut* 
 the animal rolled ; when another, it went for- 
 ward, and extended its head and extremities ; 
 when another, it bent all these : so that, accord- 
 ing to this mode of determining the cerebral 
 functions, these parts of the brain possess an 
 equal claim with the cerebellum, to be regarded 
 as the regulators of motion. The fact is, that 
 all parts of the nervous system are so intimate- 
 ly connected, that the infliction of injuries is 
 not the way to determine the functions of any, 
 even its least important parts. — Established. 
 
 % PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. 
 
 The organ is situated immediately above 
 the middle part of the cerebellum, and cor- 
 responds to the protuberance of the occiput. It 
 is generally larger in females than in males, 
 
PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. 27 
 
 When it is large, and No. I. moderate, it gives 
 a drooping appearance to the hind part of the 
 head. 
 
 The chief function of the faculty is to pro- 
 duce the instinctive love of offspring in general. 
 This feeling is distinct from benevolence ; for 
 we frequently find it strong in selfish indivi- 
 duals, who manifest no compassionate feeling 
 towards adults. It is equally distinct from self- 
 love, for sometimes the most generous are pas- 
 sionately fond of children, and occasionally the 
 most selfish are indifferent about them. The 
 faculty gives rise to a certain feeling of sym- 
 pathetic interest in weak and helpless objects in 
 general. It chiefly supports the mother in her 
 toils, and renders even delightful the cares and 
 troubles of rearing a helpless offspring. 
 
 The natural language of the faculty is soft, 
 tender, and sympathetic ; and when the feeling 
 is strong, the individual is delighted at the 
 sight of children, who, on the other hand, are 
 instinctively captivated Jby its natural expres- 
 sion, and flock around him when he makes his 
 
28 CONCENTRATIVENESS. 
 
 appearance. The organ is larger in the female 
 in general than in the male. It is large in the 
 Hindoo, Negro, and Charib skulls. — Esta- 
 blished. 
 
 3. CONCENTRATIVENESS. 
 
 The organ is situated immediately above Phi- 
 loprogenitiveness, and below Self-Esteem. 
 
 Observation proves that this is a distinct or- 
 gan, because it is sometimes found large, when 
 the organs of Philoprogenitiveness and Self- 
 Esteem lying below and above it are small, and 
 sometimes small when these are large. Dr 
 Spurzheim observed it to be large in those ani- 
 mals and persons who seemed attached to par- 
 ticular places ; and he thence termed it the or- 
 gan of Inhabitiveness. The function, however, 
 is stated by him as only conjectural. From 
 more enlarged observations, it now seems pro- 
 bable, that its function is to maintain two or 
 more powers in simultaneous and combined ac- 
 
CONCENTRATIVENESS. 29 
 
 tivity, so that they may be directed towards 
 one object; and it is, in consequence, named 
 Concentrativeness. 
 
 The first step in the discovery of this last 
 function was the observation, that certain indi- 
 viduals are naturally prone to sedentary habits, 
 and find it painful to stir abroad, without a spe- 
 cial motive, and this, too, of considerable ur- 
 gency. Other persons experience equal diffi- 
 culty in settling; their strongest desire is to en- 
 gage in some active employment, in which their 
 attention shall be carried, as it were, out of 
 themselves, and occupied with external objects 
 and occurrences. The former were perceived 
 to possess this organ large, the latter small. 
 Some patients, afflicted with nervous debility, 
 feel extreme aversion to active pursuits, in whom 
 the organ may be found small ; but these are 
 cases of disease, and the observations now al- 
 luded to were made on individuals in the vi- 
 gour of life and health. 
 
 The next step was the observation, that some 
 persons possess a natural facility of conoentrat- 
 
30 CONCENTRATIVENESS. 
 
 ing their feelings and thoughts, without the 
 tendency to be distracted by the intrusion of 
 emotions or ideas foreign to the main point un- 
 der consideration. Such persons possess a com- 
 mand over their feelings and intellectual powers, 
 so as to be able to direct them in their whole 
 vigour to the pursuit which forms the object of 
 their study for the time, and hence they pro- 
 duce the greatest possible results from the par- 
 ticular endowment which nature has bestow- 
 ed on them. Other individuals, on the other 
 hand, have been observed, whose feelings do 
 not act in combination, who find their thoughts 
 lost in dissipation, who are unable to keep the 
 leading idea in its situation of becoming pro- 
 minence, are distracted by accessories : and, in 
 short, experience great difficulty in combining 
 their whole powers to a single object. These 
 persons, even with considerable reflecting ta- 
 lents, fail to produce a corresponding general 
 effect, and their mental productions are charac- 
 terised by the intrusion of irrelevant emotions 
 and ideas, and the unperceived omission of 
 
CONCENTRATIVENESS. 31 
 
 others that are important, arising from the dis- 
 jointed action of their several faculties. The 
 organ was perceived to be large in the former 
 and small in the latter. 
 
 Probably it is by the exercise of a power re- 
 sembling Concentrativeness, that animals, such 
 as the chamois, who are fond of heights, are 
 enabled to maintain in action all those faculties 
 which are necessary to preserve their position 
 while they brouse in difficult or dangerous si- 
 tuations, and at the same time avoid the aim of 
 the hunter. There appears, therefore, to be 
 nothing in the limited observations of Dr Spur- 
 zheim, inconsistent with the more extensive 
 views now taken of the functions of this faculty. 
 Concentrativeness, however, is stated as only 
 probable ; and the function is open to elucida- 
 tion from farther observations. 
 
 It has been objected, that concentration of 
 mind is an intellectual operation, and that the 
 organ No. 3. is situated between the propensi- 
 ties and sentiments. I doubt, however, if con- 
 centration be of an intellectual nature. All the 
 
32 CONCENTRATIVENESS. 
 
 Intellectual faculties perceive objects or relations 
 existing independent of the mind, but Concen- 
 trativeness has no external object or relation. 
 Its whole influence and sphere of activity, like 
 those of Firmness and Self-Esteem, near which 
 it is placed, arise and terminate in the mind it- 
 self. This is characteristic of a sentiment, and 
 not of an intellectual power. Farther, Concen- 
 trativeness combines the feelings, and directs 
 them in a concentrated effort, as much as it does 
 the Intellectual faculties. The Author of Wa- 
 ver ly speaks of " concentrated grief ;•" and it 
 is sense to speak of " concentrated selfishness," 
 or " concentrated affection f these effects 
 arising from this organ, combined with Cau- 
 tiousness, Self-Esteem, Adhesiveness or Acqui- 
 sitiveness. The organ is small in the Ameri- 
 can Indians, and larger in Negroes and Euro- 
 peans. 
 
adhesiveness. 38 
 
 4 Adhesiveness. 
 
 This organ is situated on each side of Con- 
 eentrativeness, higher up than Philoprogeni- 
 tiveness, and just above the lambdoidal su- 
 ture. 
 
 The faculty produces the instinctive tendency 
 to attach one's-self to surrounding objects, ani- 
 mate and inanimate. Those persons in whom 
 it is very strong feel an involuntary impulse to 
 embrace and cling to the object of their affec- 
 tions. It disposes to friendship and society in 
 general, and gives ardour to the shake of the 
 hand. In boys it frequently indicates itself by 
 attachment to dogs, horses, rabbits, birds, and 
 other animals. In girls it shews itself by af- 
 fectionate embraces of the doll. It is stronger, 
 and the organ is larger, in women than in men. 
 When too strong, excessive regret at the loss of 
 a friend, or excessive uneasiness at leaving one's 
 country, or the disease called Nostalgia, is the 
 result. When feeble, indifference to others -is 
 
 / b 5 / 
 
34 COMBATIVENESS. 
 
 the consequence, which may render a man an 
 anchorite or hermit. The organ is large in Mrs 
 H. and Mary Macinnes. — Established. 
 
 5. COMBATIVENESS. 
 
 The organ is situated at the inferior and 
 mastoid angle of the parietal bone. 
 
 The faculty produces active courage, and T 
 when energetic, the propensity to attack. A 
 considerable endowment is indispensable to all 
 great and magnanimous characters. It gives 
 that boldness to the mind which enables it to 
 look undaunted on opposition, to meet, and, if 
 possible, to overcome it. When very deficient, 
 the individual cannot resist attacks, and is inca- 
 pable of making his way where he must invade 
 the prejudices or encounter the hostility of others. 
 When too energetic, it inspires with the love of 
 contention for its own sake ; leads to a fiery and 
 quarrelsome disposition ; and pleasure may then 
 be felt in disputation or in fighting- 
 
COMBATIVENESS. 
 
 35 
 
 Dr Reid and Mr Stewart admit this pro- 
 pensity under the name of Sudden Resentment ; 
 and Dr Thomas Brown speaks of a principle 
 which gives us " additional vigour, when assail- 
 " ed, and which, from the certainty of this ad- 
 " ditional vigour of resistance, renders attack 
 " formidable to the assailant." And, again, 
 " there is," says he, " a principle in our mind, 
 " which is to us like a constant protector, which 
 " may slumber, indeed, but which slumbers 
 " only at seasons when its vigilance would be 
 " useless, which awakes, therefore, at the first 
 " appearance of unjust intention, and which 
 " becomes more watchful and more vigorous, 
 " in proportion to the violence of the attack 
 " which it has to dread." — Vol. iii. p. 324. 
 u Courage," says Dr Johnson, " is a quality 
 " so necessary for maintaining virtue, that it is 
 u always respected, even when it is associated 
 " with vice." The chief difference betwixt 
 these and the Phrenological views is> that we 
 regard the propensity as an active impulse, ex- 
 erting an habitual influence on the mind, in^ 
 
36 
 
 DESTRUCTIVENESS. 
 
 spiring it, when the organ is large, with consti- 
 tutional boldness, and prompting it to seek op- 
 portunities and situations in which the faculty 
 may exercise itself; and, when the organ is small, 
 occasioning a characteristic timidity and defi- 
 ciency of spirit for active enterprise. 
 
 The organ is generally large in persons who 
 have murdered from the impulse of the moment. 
 ItislargeintheCHARiBs, King Robert Bruce, 
 David Haggart, Mary Macinnes, Max- 
 well ; moderate in Rev. Mr M., and small in 
 most of the Hindoos.— Established, 
 
 6. Destructiveness. 
 
 This organ is situated immediately above, and 
 extends a little backwards and forwards from the 
 external opening of the ear, and corresponds to 
 the squamous plate of the temporal bone. In Dr 
 Gall's plates it extends a few lines farther back 
 than in Dr Spurzheim's. I have seen cases in 
 nature corresponding to both, there being slight 
 
 -~. — • 
 
DESTRUCTIVENESS. 37 
 
 variations in the situations of the cerebral or- 
 gans, as in the distributions of the bloodvessels, 
 nerves, &c. in different individuals. A diffe- 
 rence in the skulls of carnivorous and herbi- 
 vorous animals, first suggested the existence of 
 the organ. If we place the skull of any carni- 
 vorous animal horizontally, and trace a vertical 
 line through the external meatus auditorius, 
 a great portion of the cerebral mass is situa- 
 ted above and behind that line ; and the more 
 an animal is carnivorous, the larger is the quan- 
 tity of brain there situated.— Spurzheim, 
 p. 304. 
 
 The faculty produces the impulse, attended 
 with desire, to destroy in general. Combative- 
 ness gives the desire to meet and overcome ob- 
 stacles, and having vanquished them, the mind, 
 under its inspiration, pursues them no farther. 
 Destructiveness prompts us to exterminate them, 
 so that they may never rise up to occasion fresh 
 embarrassment. When energetic, it gives a keen 
 and impatient t6ne to the mind, and adds acti- 
 vity and force to the whole character. Anger and 
 
38 DESTRUCT1VENESS. 
 
 rage are manifestations of it; which being analy- 
 sed are threats of unpleasant consequences or 
 vengeance to those who transgress our commands, 
 or encroach on our rights. Hence it gives weight 
 to injunction, by inspiring with dread of suffer- 
 ing in case of disobedience. It is essential to 
 satire; and inspires authors who write cutting- 
 ly, with a view to lacerate the feelings of their 
 opponents. When very deficient, there is a lack 
 of fire in the constitution ; the mind, as it were, 
 wants edge, and the individual is prone to sink 
 into passive indolence. He feels, too, and others 
 likewise discover, that his resentment wants force, 
 that it is feeble and impotent, and the wicked 
 set him at defiance, or subject him with impuni- 
 ty to abuse. Cruelty is the result of its exces- 
 sive energy, uncontrolled by Benevolence and 
 Justice. The organ is conspicuous in the heads 
 of cool and deliberate murderers, and in persons 
 habitually delighting in cruelty. Cursing is the 
 outward expression of its fierce activity, and is 
 another form of its abuse. 
 
 Metaphysical authors, in general, take no no- 
 
DESTRUCT1VENES3. 39 
 
 tice of any such propensity as this. Lord 
 Kames, who has been censured by Mr Stew- 
 art, for admitting, unnecessarily, too many in- 
 stinctive principles, observes, that " there is a 
 " contrivance of Nature, no less simple than 
 u effectual, which engages men to bear with 
 " cheerfulness the fatigues of hunting, and the 
 " uncertainty of capture ; and that is an appe- 
 • tite for hunting? — " It is an illustrious in- 
 " stance of providential care, the adapting the 
 " internal constitution of man to his external cir- 
 " cumstances. The appetite for hunting, though 
 " among us little necessary for food, is to this 
 ft day remarkable in young men, high and low, 
 44 rich and poor. Natural propensities may be 
 " rendered faint or obscure, but never are total- 
 " ly eradicated." — Sketches, B. i. In point of 
 fact, I have found the organ large in keen 
 sportsmen without exception. It is also gene- 
 rally large in those who are fond of seeing pu- 
 blic executions, floggings, and the infliction of 
 pain in all its forms. When very powerful, but 
 combined with the higher sentiments equally vi- 
 
 \ 
 
40 CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 
 
 gorous, it renders the destruction of inanimate 
 objects a delightful occupation. The organ is 
 large in the busts of Dean, Mitchell, Pal- 
 let, Thurtell, Heaman, and in the skulls of 
 Bruce, Gordon, Hussey, Nisbet, Belling- 
 ham, Buchanan, Rotherham, Albert ; and 
 small in most of the Hindoos. — Established. 
 
 7. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 
 
 This organ is situated at that part of the 
 frontal bone immediately above the spheno- 
 temporal suture. Its appearance and situation 
 vary slightly, according to the development 
 of the neighbouring parts. Its size is less 
 easily distinguished, if the zygomatic process 
 is very projecting, or if the middle lobes of 
 the brain, or the forehead in general, or the 
 organs of Language and Order in particular, 
 are greatly developed. The leading object is 
 to determine the actual size of each organ, and 
 not its mere prominence ; and it is proper, there- 
 

 
 CONSTItUCTIVENESS. 41 
 
 fore, in examining nature, to keep these obser- 
 vations in view, and also to notice, that if the base 
 of the brain is narrow, this organ holds a situa- 
 tion a little higher, and there will then frequent- 
 ly be found a slight depression at the external 
 angle of the eye, betwixt the zygomatic process 
 and the organ in question, especially when the 
 muscles are thin. In such cases, it has some- 
 times appeared as high up as Tune. This 
 slight variation from uniform situation occurs, 
 as already mentioned, in the distribution of all 
 the parts of the body; but the anatomist, 
 who knows the circumstance, is not, on this 
 account, embarrassed in his operations ; for 
 the aberration never exceeds certain limits, and 
 he acquires, by experience, the tact of allowing 
 for it to this extent. It has been objected, that 
 the elevation or depression of this part of the 
 brain depends upon the force with which the 
 temporal muscles, which lie over it, have acted 
 in the individual r and it is said that carnivor- 
 ous animals who masticate bones, and in conse- 
 quence possess those muscles in a very powerful 
 
42 CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 
 
 degree, have narrow heads, and little brain in 
 the region of this organ. The answer to this is 
 fourfold ; 1st, Carnivorous animals do not 
 build, and the organ in question is wanting in 
 them. The organ being absent, their heads are 
 narrow of course ; but all this is in exact ac- 
 cordance with Phrenology. Qdly, In the bea- 
 ver, which cuts timber with its teeth, and in 
 which the temporal muscles act with great en- 
 ergy, the organ is large, and the head is broad ; 
 which also harmonises with our doctrine, and 
 contradicts that of the objectors. Qdly, In the 
 human race, the breadth of the head, at the re- 
 gion in question, which indicates the size of the 
 organ, does not bear a proportion to the force 
 Avith which mastication is performed ; for some 
 individuals, who live chiefly on slops, and chew 
 little, have narrow heads, and weak construc- 
 tive talents, while others, who eat hard viands, 
 have broad heads, and manifest great mecha- 
 nical skill ; and, 4tthly, The actual breadth of 
 the head in this quarter, from whatever cause 
 
CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 43 
 
 it arises, bears a regular proportion to the actual 
 endowment of constructive genius. 
 
 The temporal muscle differs in thickness in 
 different persons, and the phrenologist ought 
 to desire the individual observed to move the 
 lower jaw, and, while he does so, to feel the 
 muscle, and allow for its size. This uncertain- 
 ty in regard to the dimensions of the temporal 
 muscle, renders it unsafe to predicate the size of 
 the organs of Constructiveness and Acquisitive- 
 ness from casts of the head, unless information 
 as to the thickness of the fleshy fibres is com- 
 municated. These organs, therefore, are best 
 established, by examining living heads, or skulls, 
 or casts of skulls. 
 
 In man, the faculty inspires with the tenden- 
 cy to construct in general, and the particular 
 direction in which it is exerted, depends on the 
 other predominant faculties of the individual ; 
 for example, if combined with large Combative- 
 ness and Destructiveness, it may be employed 
 in fabricating implements of war ; if joined 
 with Veneration predominating, it may tend to- 
 
44 CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 
 
 wards erecting places of religious worship. If 
 united with large Form, Imitation, and Secre- 
 tiveness, it may inspire with a love of portrait- 
 painting. Its range is limited also in propor- 
 tion to the degree of the reflecting organs with 
 which it is combined ; these, without it, never 
 inspire with a genius for mechanics, but, when 
 possessed, they extend and facilitate its exer- 
 tions. In the lower animals, it appears to be 
 directed, in a great measure, to one special ob- 
 ject ; in the bird to a particular form of nest, in 
 the beaver to a special fashion of a hut, — these 
 animals being deficient in the generalizing and 
 directing powers conferred on man. The or- 
 gan is indispensable to all who follow operative 
 mechanical professions. It is large in the bea- 
 ver, field-mouse, and other animals which build. 
 The organ is large in Raphael, Milliner of 
 Vienna, Brunel, Williams, Haydon, Her- 
 schel, Wilkie, Edwards ; and small in New 
 Hollanders, — Established, 
 
ACQUISITIVENESS. 45 
 
 8. Acquisitiveness. 
 
 The organ is situated at the anterior inferior 
 angle of the parietal bone. It was, by Dr Spur- 
 zheim, called Covetiveness ; Sir G. S. Macken- 
 zie suggested the more appropriate name of 
 Acquisitiveness. 
 
 The faculty produces the tendency to ac- 
 quire, and the desire to possess in general, with- 
 out reference to the uses to which the objects, 
 when attained, may be applied. The idea of 
 property is founded on it. It takes its direc- 
 tion from other faculties, and hence may lead 
 to collecting coins, paintings, minerals, and 
 other objects of curiosity or science, as well as 
 money. Idiots, under its influence, are known 
 to collect things of no intrinsic value. A per- 
 son in whom it is predominant, desires to ac- 
 quire for the pleasure attending the mere act 
 of acquisition. If he is owner of fifty acres, 
 he will vastly delight in obtaining fifty more; 
 if of a hundred thousand, he will still rejoice 
 
46 ACQUISITIVENESS. 
 
 in doubling their number His understand- 
 ing may be convinced that he already posses- 
 ses even superfluity, and, nevertheless, under 
 the vivid impulses of the faculty, he may eager- 
 ly pant for more, for its gratification. This in- 
 stinctive tendency to acquire and to accumulate, 
 is the foundation of wealth, and of the conve- 
 niences and luxuries of civilized society. If 
 men had always provided only what they could 
 individually enjoy, they would never have 
 emerged from the savage condition. Persons 
 in whom the propensity is weak, think of every 
 thing, and pursue every object, with more avi- 
 dity than wealth ; there is no intense vivacity in 
 their pursuit of gain. Its abuse leads to covet- 
 ousness, dishonesty, and theft. Avarice is the 
 result of its predominating energy. 
 
 The metaphysicians have not admitted such 
 a propensity, but resolve the desire of acqui- 
 sition into love of the objects which wealth may 
 purchase. The Phrenological view is founded 
 on observation, and accords better with the phe- 
 nomena of actual life. Lord Kames, however, 
 
ACQUISITIVENESS. 47 
 
 observes, that " Man is by nature a hoarding 
 M animal, having an appetite for storing up 
 " things of use ; and the sense of property is 
 " bestowed on men, for securing to men what 
 " they thus store up*" This author has also re- 
 marked, that the same instinct is possessed by the 
 lower animals. " The beavers,' 1 says he, " per- 
 " ceive the timber they store up for food to be 
 " their property ; and the bees seem to have the 
 " same perception with regard to their winter's 
 " provision of honey." He continues, " The ap- 
 " petite for property, in its nature a great bless- 
 " ing, degenerates into a great curse when it 
 " transgresses the bounds of moderation," 
 (Sketches, Book i. Sk. 2). These observations 
 are highly phrenological. The organ is large 
 in Heaman ; full in Rev. Mr M. ; and mode- 
 rate in K. R. Bruce. — Established. 
 
 9. Secretiveness- 
 The organ is situated at the inferior edge 
 
48 SECRETIVENESS. 
 
 of the parietal bones, immediately above De- 
 structiveness, or in the middle of the lateral 
 portion of the brain. 
 
 The faculties of the human mind possess 
 spontaneous activity ; hence various thoughts, 
 desires, and emotions, arise involuntarily, the 
 outward expression of which is not, in all cir- 
 cumstances, becoming. Secretiveness produces 
 the instinctive tendency to conceal these, and to 
 suppress their manifestations, till the under- 
 standing shall have decided on their propriety 
 and probable consequences. Besides, man and 
 animals are occasionally liable to the assaults of 
 enemies, which may be avoided by concealment, 
 in cases where strength is wanting to repel them 
 by force. Nature, therefore, by means of this 
 propensity, enables them to add prudence, sly- 
 ness, or cunning, according to the dictates of 
 the other faculties possessed by the individual, 
 to their other means of defence. It may be ap- 
 plied in a great variety of ways ; and a certain 
 portion of it is indispensable to the formation of 
 a prudent character. It then imposes a salu- 
 
.ECRETIVENESS. 4*9 
 
 tM$ restraint on the manifestations of the other 
 faculties, and serves as a defence against pry- 
 ing curiosity. Those in whom it is deficient 
 are too open for the intercourse of general so- 
 ciety ; they are characterised by a headlong 
 bluntness of manner, and deficiency of tact, 
 arising from the instantaneous expression of 
 each thought and emotion, as it flows on the 
 mind, without regard to the delicacies required 
 by time, place, or circumstances. Too great 
 an endowment, on the other hand, when not re- 
 gulated by strong intellect, and moral senti- 
 ments, produces abuses. The individual then 
 mistakes cunning for prudence and ability, and 
 conceals every purpose of his life, trifling or 
 momentous ; and he may even be led to prac- 
 tise lying, duplicity, and deceit. It supplies 
 the cunning necessary to theft, and by produ- 
 cing an inward feeling of extreme secrecy, les- 
 sens the fear of detection and thus indirectly 
 prompts to the commission of crime. I have 
 found it large in a great number of habitual 
 thieves. 
 
 c 
 
50 SECRETIVENESS, * 
 
 The organ has been found large in actbiv 
 and in those who excel in the imitative arts. 
 Combined with Imitation, it gives the power of 
 expression ; and, in actors, it may be conceived 
 to do this, by furnishing its possessor with the 
 power of practising a conscious duplicity, a ta- 
 lent necessarily implied in the representation of 
 a variety of characters, or by restraining the 
 particular faculties whose influence requires to 
 be withdrawn for the time. If we wish to de- 
 ter a child from some act not very improper in 
 itself, but which to him might be prejudi- 
 cial, we feign anger and forbid him; in this 
 process Secretiveness probably restrains Philo- 
 progenitiveness and Benevolence, and permits 
 the natural language of Combativeness and De- 
 structiveness to appear. When an actor per- 
 forms Richard III. Secretiveness will suppress 
 Benevolence, Veneration, and Conscientiousness, 
 and allow ample scope to Combativeness, De- 
 structiveness, Firmness, and Love of Approba- 
 tion. If this theory be correct, it will be by 
 restraining some faculties and permitting o- 
 
SECRETIVENESS. 51 
 
 tlier to manifest themselves energetically, that 
 Secretiveness will conduce to acting, as distin- 
 guished from Imitation. This power o£ person- 
 ation is one of the ingredients in a talent for pro- 
 found dissimulation and hypocrisy. Secretive- 
 ness is an element, along with the faculty of 
 Wit, in a talent for humour, and produces the sly 
 concealment of real character, design or senti- 
 ment, which is essential to humorous represen- 
 tations. In writing, it leads to Irony, which is 
 a species of humour. It gives a sidelong glance, 
 and watchful look, to the eye ; and, when ener- 
 getic, inspires the individual with a desire to 
 discover the designs of others, as well as to con- 
 ceal his own. Mr W. Scott has thrown great 
 light on the functions of this faculty, in his Es- 
 say, published in the Phrenological Transac- 
 tions. 
 
 This propensity appears to have been un- 
 known to the metaphysicians. Lord Bacon, 
 however, in his Essay on Cunning, describes 
 accurately many of its abuses. The organ is 
 large in Raphael, Bruce, La Fontaine, 
 
 a2 
 
5£ SENTIMENTS, 
 
 and Clara Fisher; also in American Indians, 
 cunning debtors, David Haggart, Hindoos, 
 Gibson, Macinnes; moderate in skull with 
 organs marked. 
 
 Genus II. — Sentiments. 
 
 These faculties, like those which we have al- 
 ready considered, do not form specific ideas, 
 but produce merely a Sentiment ; that is, a 
 propensity, joined with an emotion, or feeling 
 of a certain kind. Several of them are common 
 to man and the lower animals ; others are pe- 
 culiar to man. The former shall be first treat- 
 ed of. 
 
 1. Sentiments common to Man and the lower 
 Animals. 
 
 10. Self-Esteem. 
 The organ is situated at the vertex or top of 
 
SELF-ESTEEM. 53 
 
 the head, a little above the posterior or sagittal 
 angle of the parietal bones. 
 
 This faculty produces the sentiment of Self- 
 esteem or Self-love in general. A due endow- 
 ment of it, like that of all other faculties, pro- 
 duces only good effects. It imparts that de- 
 gree of satisfaction with self, which leaves the 
 mind open to the enjoyment of the bounties of 
 Providence, and the amenities of life, and in- 
 spires it with that degree of confidence in its 
 own powers, which essentially contributes to 
 their successful application. In general, it leads 
 to esteem of the special propensities and senti- 
 ments which characterize the individual in whom 
 it is powerful ; and hence, when combined with 
 the superior sentiments and intellect, in a state 
 of vigour, it contributes to true dignity and 
 greatness of mind, and the individual esteems 
 himself for those qualities which are really wor- 
 thy of the esteem of others^ — intellectual and 
 moral excellence. It also aids in maintaining 
 virtuous conduct, by communicating the feeling 
 of self-respect A deficiency of it produces a 
 
54 
 
 SELF-ESTEEM. 
 
 want of confidence, and of a proper estimate 
 of what is due to one's self. It is only when 
 possessed in an inordinate degree, and indulged 
 without restraint from the higher faculties, that 
 it produces abuses. It may, then, in children 
 shew itself in pettishness, and a wilful temper ; 
 and, in adults,, in arrogance, conceit, pride, ego- 
 tism, and it is an ingredient in Envy. There 
 are persons who are exceedingly censorious, 
 whose conversation is habitually directed to 
 their neighbours'' faults, who feel sore when 
 others are elevated, and experience great plea- 
 sure in bringing them down - r — such tendencies 
 proceed from Self-Esteem and Destructiveness, 
 not directed by Benevolence and Justice. The 
 bitter and envious tone, the sententious reflec- 
 tions, and the ill concealed self-complacency of 
 such persons, all indicate an internal adulation of 
 self, and a vivid desire of superiority, by depreci- 
 ating others. Children, in hooting and pelting 
 an idiot, gratify Self-Esteem and Destructiveness. 
 Their chief motive is a strong sense of their own 
 superiority. Self-Esteem corresponds, in some 
 
SELF-ESTEEM. 55 
 
 measure, to the Desire of Power of the metaphy- 
 sicians. Dr Thomas Brown calls it " Pride," 
 and defines it as " that feeling of vivid pleasure 
 " which attends the consciousness of our excel- 
 " lence, 1 ' vol. iii. p. 300. When very large, the 
 individual walks generally in an erect posture, 
 and by his reserved and authoritative manner, 
 induces the impression in others, that he consi- 
 ders himself infinitely elevated ,above his fellow 
 men. It disposes to the use of the emphatic I 
 in writing and conversation. Joined with Ac- 
 quisitiveness, and not regulated by other senti- 
 ments, it produces " Selfishness" in the general 
 acceptation of this term. 
 
 Nations differ in regard to the degree in 
 which they possess this sentiment. The Eng- 
 lish have more of it than the French, and hence 
 the manner of a genuine Englishman appears 
 to a Frenchman cold, haughty, and supercili- 
 ous. The lower animals, such as the Turkey- 
 cock, peacock, horse, &c. manifest feelings re- 
 sembling pride or self-esteem. When the or- 
 gan becomes excited by disease, the individual 
 
56 LOVE OF APPROBATION. 
 
 is prone to imagine himself a king, emperor, or 
 a transcendent genius, and some have fancied 
 themselves even the Supreme Being. The or- 
 gan is large in Haggart, the Hindoos, Demp- 
 sey ; moderate in Dr Hette, and the Ameri- 
 can Indians. — Established. 
 
 11. Love of Approbation. 
 
 This organ is situated on each side of that of 
 Self-Esteem, and commences about half an inch 
 from the lambdoidal suture. 
 
 The faculty produces the love of the esteem 
 of others, expressed in praise or approbation. 
 A due endowment of it is indispensable to an 
 amiable character. It induces its possessor to 
 make active exertions to please others, and also 
 to suppress numberless little manifestations of 
 selfishness, and to restrain many peculiarities of 
 temper and disposition, from the dread of in- 
 curring their disapprobation. It is the butt 
 upon which Wit strikes, when, by means of ri- 
 
LOVE of approbation. 57 
 
 dicule, it drives us from our follies. To be 
 laughed at is worse than death to a person in 
 whom this sentiment is predominant. The di- 
 rection in which gratification of it will be sought, 
 depends on the other faculties with which it is 
 combined in the individual. If the moral sen- 
 timents and intellect be vigorous, it will desire 
 an honourable fame, and hence animates and 
 excites the poet, painter, orator, warrior, and 
 statesman. If the lower propensities predomi- 
 nate, the individual may be pleased by the re- 
 putation of being the best fighter, or the great- 
 est drinker of his circle. 
 
 When too energetic, and not regulated by 
 the higher powers, it produces great abuses ; 
 it then gives rise to a fidgety anxiety about 
 what others will think of us, which is at once 
 subversive of happiness and independence. It 
 renders the mere dicta of the society in which 
 the individual moves, his code of morality, reli- 
 gion, taste, and philosophy ; and incapacitates 
 him from upholding truth or virtue, if disown- 
 ed by those whom he imagines influential or 
 
 c5 
 
58 LOVE OF APPROBATION. 
 
 genteel. It then overwhelms the artist, author, 
 or public speaker, with misery, if a rival is 
 praised in the journals in higher terms than 
 himself. A lady is then tormented at perceiv- 
 ing, in the possession of her acquaintance, finer 
 dresses or equipages than her own. It excites 
 the individual to talk of himself, his affairs, and 
 connections, so as to communicate to the audi- 
 tor vast ideas of his greatness or goodness ; in 
 short, vanity is one form of its abuse. " Sir,*" 
 says Dr Johnson, " Goldsmith is so much 
 " afraid of being unnoticed, that he often talks, 
 " merely lest you should forget that he is in 
 " the company. " When not combined with 
 Conscientiousness and Benevolence, it leads to 
 feigned professions of respect and friendship ; 
 and many manifest it by promises and invita- 
 tions, never intended to be fulfilled or accepted. 
 It, as well as Self-Esteem, prompts to the use of 
 the first person, but its tone is that of courteous 
 solicitation, while the / of Self-Esteem is pre- 
 sumptuous, and full of pretension. 
 
 When, on the other hand, the organ is defi- 
 
LOVE OF APPROBATION. 59 
 
 »cient, and the sentiment, in consequence, is 
 feeble, the individual cares little about the opi- 
 nions entertained of him by others ; and pro- 
 vided they have not the power to punish his 
 person, or abridge his possessions, he is capable 
 of laughing at their censures, and contemning 
 their applause. Persons of this sort, if endow- 
 ed with the selfish propensities in a strong degree, 
 constitute what are termed " impracticable 1 '' 
 men ; their whole feelings are concentrated in 
 Self, and they are dead to the motive which 
 might induce them to abate one iota of their 
 own pretensions to oblige others. 
 
 The disposition to oblige, conferred by this 
 sentiment, may be distinguished from the ge- 
 nuine kindness which springs from Benevolence, 
 by this, that the Love of Approbation prompts 
 its possessor to do most for those who, from su- 
 periority in rank, wealth, power, or reputation, 
 least require his aid ; whereas Benevolence 
 takes exactly the opposite direction. The two 
 sentiments, when both vigorous, greatly aid 
 each other. 
 
60 CAUTIOUSNESS. 
 
 The organ is larger in women in general 
 than in men. The French are more remark- 
 able for a larger development of it than of Self- 
 Esteem ; and on this account appear to the Eng- 
 lish, in whom the latter faculty predominates, 
 vain, ostentatious, and absurdly complimentary. 
 This organ is uniformly large in bashful indi- 
 viduals ; one element of this disposition being 
 the fear of incurring disapprobation. The me- 
 taphysicians admit the sentiment, under the 
 name of the Desire of Esteem. It is very 
 powerful in some of the lower animals, as the 
 dog, horse, &c. The organ is large in Bruce, 
 Dr Hette, American Indians, Clara Fisher ; 
 deficient in D. Haggart and Dempsey.— Esta- 
 blished. 
 
 12. Cautiousness. 
 
 This organ is situated near the middle of each 
 parietal bone, where the ossification of the bone 
 generally commences. 
 
CAUTIOUSNESS. 61 
 
 The faculty produces the emotion of fear in 
 general, and prompts its possessor to take care, 
 and hence it is named Cautiousness. A due 
 degree of it is essential to a prudent character. 
 The tendency of it is, to make the individual in 
 whom it is strong hesitate before he acts, and, 
 from apprehending danger, to trace consequen- 
 ces, that he may be assured of his safety. When 
 too powerful, it produces doubts, irresolution, 
 and wavering. When deficient, the individual 
 is not apprehensive about the results of his con- 
 duct, and often proceeds to act without mature 
 deliberation. The involuntary activity, from 
 internal causes, of this organ, in those in whom 
 it is too powerful, produces sensations of dread 
 and apprehension, gloomy despondency, or even 
 despair, without an adequate external cause. 
 A great and involuntary, but momentary acti- 
 vity of it, occasions a panic, a state in which 
 the mind is hurried away by an irresistible emo- 
 tion of fear, disproportioned to the outward oc- 
 casion. The organs are generally largely de- 
 veloped in children; and, in some instances, 
 
62 
 
 CAUTIOUSNESS. 
 
 are so prominent, as to alarm mothers with 
 the fear of disease or deformity. Such children 
 may be safely trusted to take care of them- 
 selves ; they will rarely be found in danger. 
 When, on the other hand, the organs are small 
 in a child, he will be a hapless infant ; fifty 
 keepers will not supply the want of the instinc- 
 tive guardianship performed by adequate Cau- 
 tiousness. This is another element in the for- 
 mation of a bashful character, and produces the 
 timidity essential to it. Many of the lower ani- 
 mals, as the hare, rook, &c. possess the organ 
 largely developed ; among them, it is generally 
 larger in the female than in the male ; and na- 
 turalists have observed, that more of the latter 
 are snared, and taken or killed by the hunter, 
 than of the former, even allowing for the natu- 
 ral difference between their original numbers. 
 The organ is large in Bruce, Raphael, Hette, 
 the Mummies, and Hindoos ; moderate in Bel- 
 lingham, Mary Macinnes, and Negroes. — 
 Established. 
 
BENEVOLENCE. 63 
 
 13. Benevolence. 
 
 This organ is situated at the upper part of 
 the frontal bone, in the coronal aspect, and im- 
 mediately before the fontanel. 
 
 The faculty produces the desire of the Hap- 
 piness of others, and disposes to compassion and 
 active Benevolence. It communicates mildness 
 and cheerfulness to the temper, and disposes 
 the possessor to view charitably the actions and 
 character of others. When abused, it leads to 
 profusion. A small development of the organ 
 does not produce cruelty as its proper function, 
 but only indifference to the welfare of others ; 
 when, however, Destructiveness is large, and 
 this organ small, cruelty may result from the 
 uncontrolled activity and abuse of the former. 
 The lower animals possess this organ, but the 
 faculty in them seems to be limited, in a great 
 degree, to the production of passive mildness of 
 disposition. Dogs, horses, monkeys, &c. which 
 have the corresponding part of the forehead 
 
64 BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 large and elevated, are mild and pacific ; those, 
 on the other hand, in which it is small and de- 
 pressed, are ill-natured. It is depressed in all 
 the ferocious tribes of animals, and also in na- 
 tions remarkable for cruelty, as the Charibs, &c. 
 The ancients make the top of the forehead much 
 higher in Seneca than in Nero. 
 
 It has been objected, that Nature cannot have 
 placed a faculty of Benevolence, and another of 
 Destructiveness, in the same mind ; but Man is 
 confessedly an assemblage of contradictions. 
 The great unknown Novelist, speaks of " the 
 " well known cases of those men of undoubted 
 " benevolence of character and disposition, 
 " whose principal delight is to see a miserable 
 u criminal, degraded alike by his previous 
 " crimes, and the sentence which he has incur- 
 " red, conclude a vicious and a wretched life, by 
 46 an ignominious and cruel death? (St Ro- 
 nan's Well). This indicates Benevolence co- 
 existing in the same individual with Destruc- 
 tiveness. The greatest of Poets has said, — 
 
BENEVOLENCE. 65 
 
 wC O thou goddess, 
 
 " Thou divine nature, how thyself thou blazon'st 
 
 " In these two princely boys ! They are as gentle 
 
 " As zephyrs, blowing below the violet, 
 
 " Not wagging his sweet head ; and yet as rough, 
 
 " Their royal blood enchaf 'd, as the rud'st wind, 
 
 " That by the top doth take the mountain-pine, 
 
 " And make him stoop to the vale." 
 
 Here Shakespeare informs us, that these boys 
 manifested much Combativeness and Destruc- 
 tiveness, combined with great Benevolence. The 
 Sword is one of the emblems of State, and what 
 is it but the symbol of Destruction ready to 
 fall on the heads of those who offend against 
 the Laws ?— ministering thus, in its very seve- 
 rity, to purposes of Benevolence and Justice. 
 What are the implements of war but instru- 
 ments of Destruction ; and for what end do sol- 
 diers take the field, but to destroy their ene- 
 mies ? And yet, surgeons and numerous assist- 
 ants attend on armies, to succour those on whom 
 the calamities of war have fallen; the two facul- 
 ties, which are deemed incompatible, being thus 
 
66 BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 manifested together, with deliberate design. 
 Without Combativeness and Destructiveness, 
 there would be no war ; and without Benevo- 
 lence, if these existed, there would be neither 
 mercy nor compassion. Instead, therefore, of 
 the co-existence of these faculties forming an 
 objection to the Phrenological system, it proves 
 its harmony with Nature. The organ is large 
 in Jacob Jervies^ Henri Quatre, Raphael, 
 Hette ; very smallin Bellingham, Griffiths, 
 and the Charibs; moderate in Bruce, and 
 Gordon.— Established. 
 
 II. Sentiments proper to Man. 
 
 Hitherto we have considered Man so far as 
 he is animal. But, besides the organs and fa- 
 culties already spoken of, common to him with 
 the brutes, he is endowed with a variety of sen- 
 timents, which constitute the human character, 
 and of which the lower creatures are entirely des- 
 titute ; and the parts which constitute the or- 
 
VENERATION. 67 
 
 gans of these faculties are not to be found in 
 the brains of the latter. The faculties now to 
 be treated of produce emotions or feelings, but 
 do not form ideas. 
 
 14. Veneration. 
 
 This organ is situated at the middle of the 
 coronal aspect of the brain, at the bregma or 
 fontanel of anatomists. 
 
 The faculty produces the sentiment of respect 
 and reverence ; and when directed to the Su- 
 preme Being, leads to adoration. It predis- 
 poses to religious feeling, without determining 
 the manner in which it ought to be directed ; 
 so that if the understanding be very unenlight- 
 ened, it may be gratified with the worship even 
 of images or idols. It is the source also of the 
 tendency to look up to and admire superiors in 
 rank and power ; and, in this way, disposes to 
 obedience. It gives rise to the profound emo- 
 tions of respect experienced by many when 
 
68 VENERATION. 
 
 looking on the ruins of a palace or temple, the 
 graves of their forefathers, or the former habi- 
 tations of men eminent for genius or virtue. It 
 enters largely into the constitution of a devoted 
 antiquary. It is also the chief element in filial 
 piety. When the organ is large, and that of 
 Self-Esteem small, humility is the result. 
 
 A deficiency of it does not produce profani- 
 ty, as a positive manifestation ; it only renders 
 the mind little sensible to the respectful and re- 
 verential feelings before described, and in con- 
 sequence, leaves the other faculties at liberty to 
 act without modification by its influence. When 
 too energetic, and not enlightened by intellect, 
 it produces superstitious respect for objects and 
 opinions which have nothing but their antiqui- 
 ty to recommend them, and renders its posses- 
 sor prone to venerate every ancient absurdity, 
 " as the wisdom of our ancestors."" In this 
 way, it often presents the most formidable ob- 
 stacles to improvements attended with innova- 
 tion. 
 
 The metaphysicians do not treat of this sen- 
 
VENERATION. 69 
 
 timent under the same name, nor in the same 
 point of view as the foregoing. Dr Thomas 
 Brown, however, when writing of Pride and 
 Humility, mentions a " tendency to look above 
 " rather than below," (vol. iii. p. 313.), which 
 is one effect of veneration. Authors who have 
 written on natural religion, say, that we per- 
 ceive order, beauty, power, wisdom, and har- 
 mony, displayed in the works of creation, and 
 hence infer, that a Deity exists. In this view, 
 the Phrenologists agree; but the understanding 
 only perceives facts, and draws inferences ; 
 and, therefore, after this induction is complet- 
 ed, it experiences no tendency to adore the 
 God whom it has discovered. In point of fact, 
 however, the tendency to worship is a stronger 
 principle in the human mind than the under- 
 standing itself, for the stupid and ignorant are 
 often prone to venerate, while their reflecting 
 faculties are incapable of directing them to an 
 object worthy of their homage. The existence 
 of the sentiment of Veneration, distinct from 
 intellect, explains this anomaly. Sceptical wri- 
 
70 HOPE. 
 
 ters, in general, appear either to have been un- 
 acquainted with it, or to have judged expe- 
 dient to pass it over without notice. Its exist- 
 ence shews that Religion has a foundation in 
 nature. — The organ is large in the Negroes, 
 Raphael, Bruce, Kapitapole, Martin ; 
 small in Dr Hette. — Established. 
 
 15. Hope. 
 
 This organ is situated on each side of that of 
 Veneration, and extends under part of the fron- 
 tal and part of the parietal bones. 
 
 The faculty produces the sentiment of Hope 
 in general, or the tendency to believe in the pos- 
 sibility of what the other faculties desire, but 
 without giving the conviction of it, which de- 
 pends on Reflection. It inspires with gay, fas- 
 cinating, and delightful emotions, painting futu- 
 rity fair and smiling as the regions of primeval 
 bliss. It gilds and adorns every prospect with 
 shades of enchanting excellence; while Cauti- 
 
HOPE. 71 
 
 ousness hangs clouds and mists over distant ob- 
 jects, seen by the Mind's eye. When too ener- 
 getic and predominant, it disposes to Credulity, 
 and, in mercantile men, leads to rash and incon- 
 siderate speculation. Persons so endowed never 
 see their own situation in its true light, but are 
 led by their extravagant Hope to magnify ten- 
 fold every advantage, while they are blind to 
 every obstacle and abatement. They promise 
 largely, but rarely perform. Intentional guile, 
 however, is frequently not their object ; — they 
 are deceived themselves, by their constitutional 
 tendency to believe every thing possible that is 
 future, and promise in the spirit of this credu- 
 lity. Those who perceive the disposition in 
 them, ought to make the necessary abatement 
 in their expectations. When the organ is very 
 deficient, and that of Cautiousness large, a 
 gloomy despondency is apt to invade the mind. 
 In Religion, this faculty favours the exercise 
 of Faith; and by producing the natural tenden- 
 cy to look forward to futurity with expectation, 
 disposes to belief in a life to come. It is treat- 
 
72 IDEALITY. 
 
 ed of by the metaphysicians. The discovery of 
 the organ and sentiment is due to Dr Spurz- 
 heim, for Dr Gall has not yet admitted them. 
 In his works, the function of the part of the 
 brain in question is marked as unascertained. 
 His notion is, that Hope is the attribute of 
 every faculty ; but he appears to mistake De- 
 sire for Hope. Every faculty Desires, but each 
 does not produce Hope; nay, Desire is some- 
 times strong, when Hope is feeble or extinct ; a 
 criminal on the scaffold may strongly desire to 
 live, when he has no Hope of escaping death. 
 I am convinced, by many observations, that Dr 
 Spurzheim's views are correct, and now regard 
 the organ as established. It is large in Ra- 
 phael, small in Dr Hette. 
 
 16. Ideality. 
 
 This organ is situated nearly along the lower 
 edge of the temporal ridge of the frontal bone. 
 The faculty produces the feeling of exquisite- 
 
 I 
 
IDEALITY. 73 
 
 ness and perfectibility, and delights in the 
 " beau ideal." The knowing and reflecting fa- 
 culties perceive qualities as they exist in na- 
 ture ; but this faculty desires something more 
 exquisitely lovely, perfect, and admirable, than 
 the scenes of reality. It tends to elevate and 
 endow with splendid excellence every object 
 conceived by the mind ; and stimulates the 
 other faculties to create scenes and objects in- 
 vested with the qualities which it delights to 
 contemplate, rather than with the degree of 
 perfection which Nature usually bestows. It 
 is this faculty which inspires with exaggeration 
 and enthusiasm, which prompts to embellish- 
 ment and splendid conceptions. When power- 
 ful, it gives a manner of feeling and of think- 
 ing befitting the regions of fancy more than the 
 abodes of men, (Phrenological Journal, vol. ii. 
 p» 147.) It is essential to the poet, painter, 
 sculptor, and all who cultivate the fine arts. 
 It corresponds to the Emotion of Beauty of Dr 
 Thomas Brown, (vol. iii. p. 134.) A good 
 endowment of it elevates and expands the other 
 
74 IDEALITY. 
 
 feelings and conceptions, directs them to high- 
 er objects than those which would be sufficient 
 to gratify themselves, and thus gives a constant 
 tendency to, and capacity for, refinement. A 
 great deficiency of it leaves the mind in a state 
 of homeliness or simplicity, varying its appear- 
 ances according to the other faculties which 
 predominate in the individual. The organ is 
 larger in civilized than in savage nations; in 
 the European, for example, than in the 
 Negro, American Indian, and New Hollan- 
 der. Milton, Shakespeare, and Byron's 
 poetry abound with its influence ; that of 
 Crabbe has less ; and it is scarcely distinguish- 
 able in the verses of Dean Swift. The organ 
 is large in Raphael, Voltaire, Wordsworth, 
 Wilkie, Burke, Haydon, Henri Quatre, 
 Francois Cordonnier ; small in New Hollan- 
 ders, Mr Hume, Bellingham, Haggart, 
 Gordon. — Established. 
 
WONDER. 75 
 
 Wonder. 
 
 Immediately above Ideality, a blank space 
 appears in the busts and plates of the head ; 
 the function of this part of the brain was not 
 ascertained when the other organs were num- 
 bered, and it therefore was left unmarked. 
 
 Dr Spurzheim states, that the faculty con- 
 nected with this organ produces the tendency 
 to believe in inspirations, presentiments, phan- 
 toms, &c. In his French works he named it 
 " Surnaturalite ;" but now calls it the Senti- 
 ment of the Marvellous, or Marvellousness. I 
 have met with persons excessively fond of news, 
 which, if extravagant, were the more accept- 
 able ; prone to the expression of surprise and 
 astonishment in ordinary discourse ; deeply af- 
 fected by tales of wonder; delighting in the 
 Arabian Nights'* Entertainment, and the mys- 
 terious incidents abounding in the Waverly 
 Novels ; and in them I have uniformly found 
 the part of the brain in question largely de- 
 
 d2 
 
76 WOKDEK. 
 
 veloped. When the organ predominates in an 
 individual, there is a peculiar and unconscious 
 turning up of the exterior angles of the eye- 
 lashes, expressive of surprise. In other per- 
 sons, I have found the part of the brain in 
 question small, and in them it was accompanied 
 with a staid soberness of feeling, diametrically 
 the opposite of the manifestations above de- 
 scribed. Such individuals were annoyed by 
 every thing new or strange ; they scarcely felt 
 or expressed surprise, and had no taste for nar- 
 ratives leaving the beaten track of probability 
 or reality, and soaring into the regions of super- 
 natural fiction. On analysing these manifesta- 
 tions, they all appear to be referable to the sen- 
 timent of Wonder, an emotion which is quite 
 distinguishable from those hitherto enumerated. 
 This sentiment, in a state of extreme and un- 
 controlled energy, probably gave rise to those 
 extraordinary feelings and disturbed imagina- 
 tions which led Dr Spurzheim at first to name 
 the faculty " Surnaturalite." The name which 
 he now uses coincides in meaning with that 
 
WONDER. 77 
 
 which I have ventured to propose ; and regard- 
 ing the function of the organ itself, there is no 
 essential difference between us. 
 
 Dr Adam Smith, in the History of Astrono- 
 my, calls Wonder a Sentiment, and Dr Tho- 
 mas Brown, vol. iii. p. 59-, admits it as a pri- 
 mitive emotion, and contends with success, that 
 Surprise and Wonder are essentially the same 
 feeling, only excited by different objects or oc- 
 currences. We wonder at a comet, from its 
 novelty ; we are surprised to meet a friend in 
 Edinburgh whom we believed to be in Lon- 
 don ; but it is the novel and unexpected situa- 
 tion in which we see him that causes the sur- 
 prise, and not the appearance itself. Dr Brown 
 distinguishes the emotion of Wonder from those 
 of Beauty and Grandeur, and very justly ob- 
 serves, " that we may be struck at the same 
 " time with the beauty or grandeur of a new ob- 
 " ject, and our mixed emotion of the novelty 
 " and beauty combined will obtain the name of 
 " Admiration" P. 57.— Some men's intellects 
 do not easily or accurately discriminate between 
 
78 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 
 
 the possible and the impossible; — this probably 
 arises from the predominance of Wonder over 
 Causality and Conscientiousness. — Probable. 
 
 17. Conscientiousness. 
 
 This organ is situated on the posterior and 
 lateral parts of the coronal surface of the brain, 
 upwards from Cautiousness, and backwards 
 from Hope. In Dr Gall's Plates, the func- 
 tion is marked as unascertained. Dr Spur- 
 zheim discovered that it is connected with Con- 
 scientiousness. In his English work, publish- 
 ed in 1815, he mentions this function as pro- 
 bable ; but many subsequent observations au- 
 thorise me to state it as ascertained. 
 
 The faculty produces the feeling of obliga- 
 tion, incumbency, right and wrong, for which 
 we have no single definite expression in the Eng- 
 lish language ; just as Ideality produces the 
 sentiment of Beauty. Justice is the result 
 of this sentiment, acting in combination with 
 
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 79 
 
 the intellectual powers. The latter investi- 
 gate the motives and consequences of actions ; 
 but, after having done so, they, of themselves, 
 experience no emotions. In surveying human 
 conduct, however, as soon as the intellect has 
 thoroughly penetrated into the springs from 
 which it proceeds, a feeling of decided ap- 
 proval or condemnation, distinct from all o- 
 ther sentiments, and from pure intellection, 
 arises in the mind ; and this is produced 
 by the faculty of Conscientiousness. A large 
 endowment of it is of the highest import- 
 ance in regulating the conduct. The indivi- 
 dual is then disposed to act justly from the love 
 of justice ; he is delighted with the observance 
 of right, and disgusted with the doing of wrong : 
 he is inclined to form equitable judgments of 
 the motives and conduct of others ; is scrupu- 
 lous, and, when deserving of censure, is as rea- 
 dy to condemn himself as his neighbour. 
 When the organ, on the other hand, is small, 
 the power of experiencing the sentiment is 
 feeble, and the individual, in consequence, is 
 
80 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 
 
 more prone to do an unprincipled action, if 
 tempted by interest or inclination. He ex- 
 periences a difficulty both in perceiving the 
 quality of justice itself, and in feeling the im- 
 perious obligations of duty, arising from its dic- 
 tates. Such persons, taking their own minds 
 as types of those of the human race, imagine 
 that the rest of the world is carrying on a so- 
 lemn farce, in believing in the immutable dis- 
 tinction of right and wrong, and trusting in 
 the ultimate triumph of truth and justice over 
 insolence and fraud ; they regard as eminently 
 weak, those individuals who adopt such views 
 as practical maxims ; and conceive themselves 
 to have attained to an extraordinary depth of 
 penetration, in discovering that those notions 
 spring from senseless enthusiasm, and that sel- 
 fishness, disguised occasionally by a shew of ge- 
 nerosity, is the real origin and object of human 
 actions. To such men, Phrenologists, and all 
 who espouse unfashionable opinions, merely be- 
 cause they are true, and rely on their truth 
 for their success, appear extremely deficient in 
 
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 81 
 
 practical sense and knowledge of the world. 
 In point of fact, however, the pretensions to su- 
 perior sagacity, in such cases, are founded on a 
 great moral imperfection ; and indicate lament- 
 able weakness in an important mental function, 
 instead of depth and superior illumination. Re- 
 morse is a painful affection of this sentiment, 
 occasioned by conduct in opposition to its dic- 
 tates. In the Essays on Phrenology I stated, 
 that Gratitude probably arises from this facul- 
 ty ; but Sir G. S. Mackenzie, in his Illustra- 
 tions of Phrenology, has shewed, that " Grati- 
 " tude is much heightened by Bene\?olence,' n — 
 a view in which I now fully acquiesce. 
 
 Some metaphysical writers admit this senti- 
 ment, and others deny it, apparently just as it 
 was strong or weak in their own minds. Dr 
 Thomas Brown maintains its existence with 
 great eloquence and success ; and his views ac- 
 cord, in a remarkable degree, with those brought 
 to light by Phrenological observations. The 
 only point in which his knowledge appears to 
 have been defective, is, that it is possessed, in 
 
 d 5 
 
852 FIRMNESS. 
 
 very different degrees of strength, by different 
 individuals, according as the organ is large or 
 small*. The organ is large in Hette, Mrs 
 H. ; small in Bruce, Haggart, Bellingham, 
 Gibson, and in the skulls of most of the savage 
 tribes. 
 
 18. Firmness. 
 
 This organ is situated at the posterior part of 
 the coronal surface of the head, close upon the 
 middle line. 
 
 * I embrace this opportunity of paying a humble tri- 
 bute to the talents of the late Dr Thomas Brown. 
 The acuteness, depth, and comprehensiveness of intel- 
 lect displayed in his works on the Mind, place him in the 
 highest rank of philosophical authors ; and these great 
 qualities are equalled by the purity and vividness of his 
 moral perceptions. His powers of analysis are unrivalled, 
 and his eloquence is frequently splendid. His " Lectures" 
 will remain a monument of what the human mind was 
 capable of accomplishing, in investigating its own consti- 
 tution by an imperfect method. In proportion as Phre- 
 
FIRMNESS. 83 
 
 It is difficult to analyze and distinguish the 
 ultimate principle of the faculty. Its effects are 
 sometimes mistaken for Will ; because those in 
 whom it is large are prone to use the phrase, 
 " I will," with great emphasis, which is the na- 
 tural language of determination ; but this sen- 
 timent is different from proper volition. It 
 produces determination, constancy, and perse- 
 
 nology becomes known, the admiration of his genius will 
 increase ; for it is the highest praise to say, that, in re- 
 gard to many points of great difficulty and importance in 
 the Philosophy of Mind, he has arrived, by his own re- 
 flections, at conclusions harmonizing with those obtained 
 by Phrenological observation. Of this, his doctrine on the 
 moral emotion discussed in the text, is a striking instance. 
 Sometimes, indeed, his arguments are subtle, his dis- 
 tinctions too refined ; and his style is circuitous ; but the 
 Phrenologist will pass lightly over these imperfections, 
 for they occur only occasionally, and arise from mere 
 excess of the faculties of Secretiveness, Comparison, Cau- 
 sality, and Wit ; on a great endowment of which, along 
 with Concentrativeness, his penetration and comprehen- 
 siveness depended. In fact, he possessed the organs of 
 these powers largely developed, and they afford a key to 
 his genius. 
 
84 FIRMNESS. 
 
 verance. Fortitude, as distinguished from ac- 
 tive courage, results from it. When powerful, 
 it gives a fixed, forcible, and emphatic manner 
 to the gait, and a corresponding tone to the 
 voice. It is indispensable to the attainment of 
 excellence in any difficult department of art, 
 science, or business. It gives, however, perse- 
 verance only in manifesting the faculties which 
 are possessed by the individual in adequate 
 strength. A person with great Firmness, and 
 much Tune, may persevere in making music : 
 diminish the Tune, so as to render him insen- 
 sible to melody, and he will not persevere in 
 that attempt ; but if he have great Causality, 
 he may then be constant in abstract study. 
 When too energetic, and not well directed, it 
 produces obstinacy, stubbornness, and infatua- 
 tion. When weak, the individual is prone to 
 yield to the impulses of his predominating feel- 
 ings. If Benevolence assumes the sway, he is 
 all kindness ; if Combativeness and Destructive- 
 ness are forcibly excited, he falls headlong into 
 passion, outrage, and violence. He also expe- 
 
FIRMNESS. 85 
 
 rienccs great difficulty in steadily pursuing any 
 line of action, and is prone to deviate from his 
 object, when assailed either by internal fickle- 
 ness or external solicitations. The metaphysi- 
 cians appear not to have been acquainted with 
 this sentiment. — The organ is large in Bruce, 
 Haggart, American Indians; small in Mrs H. 
 and Gibson. — Established. 
 
86 INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 
 
 Order II. 
 INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 
 
 These faculties communicate to man and ani- 
 mals knowledge of their own internal sensations, 
 and also of the external world ; and their ob- 
 ject is to know existence, and to perceive quali- 
 ties and relations. They consist of three genera ; 
 the first includes the Five Senses ; the second, 
 those powers which take cognizance of external 
 objects ; named Knowing or Perceptive Facul- 
 ties ; and the third, the faculties which trace 
 abstract relations, and reason, or reflect. 
 
 Genus I. — External Senses. 
 
 By means of the Five Senses, man and animals 
 are brought into communication with the exter- 
 nal world. 
 
EXTERNAL SENSES. 87 
 
 Each sense has two organs, but a single im- 
 pression is received by the mind from affections 
 of them. Various theories have been formed 
 to account for this circumstance. Drs Gall 
 and Spurzheim are of opinion, that only one 
 of the organs of a sense is active at the same 
 time, and that they alternately act and rest. 
 Thus, if we look through spectacles having one 
 glass yellow and another blue, external objects 
 will not appear green, as has been reported by 
 philosophers, and believed by the public ; but, 
 if the glasses are equally thick, and equally 
 transparent, they will be seen blue or yellow, 
 according as we look fixedly with the one eye 
 or the other. If one of the glasses is thinner 
 or more transparent than the other, it will give 
 its colour to the objects perceived. Another 
 explanation may be found in the fact, that the 
 mind has no consciousness either of the exist- 
 ence of the organs of sense, or of the functions 
 performed by them. Hence, the perceptions 
 of the mind are always directed to the objects 
 which make the impressions, and not to the in- 
 
88 EXTEItNAL SENSES. 
 
 struments by means of which they are experi- 
 enced ; and the mental affection partakes of the 
 unity of the object exciting it, and not of the 
 duplicity of the organs through which the im- 
 pression is transmitted. 
 
 The functions of every sense depend on- 
 ly on its peculiar organisation ; and hence 
 no preceding exercise or habit is necessary, 
 in order to acquire the special power of any 
 sense. If the organization be perfect, the 
 functions are perfect also ; and, if the for- 
 mer be diseased, the latter are deranged, not- 
 withstanding all preceding exercise. Each 
 sense is subject to its own positive laws. For 
 example, we see according to the laws of the 
 refraction of light ; and hence a straight rod, 
 half plunged in water, appears crooked, al- 
 though touch proves that, in this situation, it 
 continues straight. This is a kind of rectifica- 
 tion ; but it must not be confounded with the 
 doctrine which maintains, that one sense acquires 
 its functions by means of another. Touch may 
 shew, that a rod, which is plunged in water, and 
 
EXTERNAL SENSES. ȣ) 
 
 looks crooked, is straight; but the eyes will see 
 it crooked as before. The rectifications thus 
 effected by the senses are mutual, and not the 
 prerogative of one sense. In this view, the 
 eyes may rectify the sense of touch. If, with- 
 out our knowledge, a piece of thin paper be 
 placed betwixt one of our fingers and the thumb, 
 we may not feel but we may see it. Even 
 smell and taste may rectify the senses of seeing 
 and touch. Thus, many fluids look like water ; 
 and it would be impossible to discover them to 
 be different by the sense of touch ; but it is 
 easy to do so by smell and taste. 
 
 It is difficult to point out accurately the precise 
 limits of the functions of the senses, because in 
 every act of perception, their instrumentality is 
 combined with that of the internal faculties. 
 The senses themselves do not form ideas. For 
 example, when an impression is made upon the 
 hand, the organs of touch there situated receive 
 it, and transmit it to the brain, and a, faculty 
 of the mind, through the instrumentality of ano- 
 ther organ, .perceives the object. Hence, previa 
 
90 EXTERNAL SENSES. 
 
 ously to every perception, there must be an an- 
 tecedent impression on the organs of sense ; and 
 the whole functions of these organs consist 
 in receiving and transmitting this impression 
 to the organs of the internal faculties. The 
 organs of sense, in a state of health, never pro- 
 duce the impressions which result from their 
 activity, except when excited by an external 
 cause. Hence, whatever perceptions or impres- 
 sions, received from external objects, can be re- 
 called by an act of volition, cannot depend exclu- 
 sively upon the senses ; because we cannot excite 
 them by an act of volition. On the other hand, 
 whatever impression we are unable to recall by 
 an act of the Will, must depend on the senses 
 alone ; for we are able to reproduce at pleasure 
 ideas formed bv our internal intellectual facul- 
 ties. 
 
 After these general considerations, which ap- 
 ply to all the external senses, a few words may 
 be added on the specific functions of each sense 
 in particular. 
 
FEELING OR TOUCH. 91 
 
 Feeling or Touch. 
 
 Dr Spurzheim inferred from pathological 
 facts, that the nerves of motion must be distinct 
 from the nerves of feeling ; and subsequent ex- 
 periments have proved his inference to be well 
 founded. The sense of feeling is continued, not 
 only over the whole external surface of the bo- 
 dy, but even over the intestinal canal. It gives 
 rise to the sensations of pain and pleasure : of 
 the variations of temperature ; and of dryness 
 and moisture. These cannot be recalled by the 
 will ; and I therefore consider them as depend- 
 ing on the sense alone. The impressions made 
 upon this sense serve as the means of exciting 
 in the mind perceptions of figure, of roughness 
 and smoothness, and numerous other classes of 
 ideas ; but the power of experiencing these per- 
 ceptions, is in proportion to the perfection of 
 certain internal faculties, and of the sense of 
 touch jointly, and not in proportion to the per- 
 fection of this sense alone. 
 
92 TASTE. SMELL. 
 
 Taste. 
 
 The functions of this sense are, to produce 
 sensations of taste alone ; and these cannot be 
 recalled by the will. We may judge of the 
 qualities of external bodies by means of the im- 
 pressions made on this sense ; but to form ideas 
 of such qualities is the province of the internal 
 faculties. 
 
 Smell. 
 
 By means of smell, the external world acts 
 upon man and animals from a distance. Odor- 
 ous particles are conveyed from bodies, and in- 
 form sentient beings of the existence of the sub- 
 stances from which they emanate. The func- 
 tions of smell are confined to the producing of 
 agreeable or disagreeable sensations, when the 
 organ is so affected. These cannot be repro- 
 duced by an effort of the will. Various ideas 
 
HEARING. — SIGHT. 93 
 
 are formed of the qualities of external bodies, 
 by the impressions which they make upon this 
 sense ; but these ideas are formed by the inter- 
 nal faculties of the mind. 
 
 Hearing. 
 
 \ 
 
 In new-born children this sense is not yet ac- 
 tive ; but it improves by degrees, and in pro- 
 portion as the vigour of the organ increases. 
 Its proper function is the production of the im- 
 pressions called Sounds ; yet it assists a great 
 number of internal faculties. The auditory 
 nerve has a more intimate connection with the 
 organs of the moral sentiments than with those 
 of the intellectual faculties. 
 
 Sight. 
 
 This fifth and last of the senses, is the se- 
 cond of those which inform man and animals of 
 
94 SIGHT. 
 
 remote objects, by means of an intermedium ; 
 and which, in this instance, is Light. This 
 sense has been said to acquire its functions by 
 touch or by habit. But vision depends on the 
 organization of the eye ; and is weak or ener- 
 getic as the organization is imperfect or perfect. 
 Some animals come into the world with perfect 
 eyes ; and these see distinctly from the first. 
 The young chicken is guided, immediately on 
 escaping from the shell, by the sense of sight, 
 and the sparrow, on taking its first flight from 
 the nest, does not strike its head against a wall, 
 or mistake the root of a tree for its branches ; 
 and yet, previously to their first attempts, these 
 animals can have no experience of distance. On 
 the other hand, animals which come into the 
 world with eyes in an imperfect state, distin- 
 guish size, shape, and distance only by degrees. 
 This last is the case with new-born children. 
 During the first six weeks after birth, their eyes 
 are almost insensible to light ; and it is only by 
 degrees that they become fit to perform their 
 natural functions. When the organs, however, 
 
SIGHT. 95 
 
 are matured, children see, without the aid of 
 habit or education, in the same manner, and as 
 accurately, as the greatest philosopher. The 
 eye only receives, modifies, and transmits the 
 impressions of light ; and internal faculties, 
 form conceptions of the figure, colour, dis- 
 tance, and other attributes of external objects ; 
 and the power of forming these conceptions is 
 in proportion to the perfection of the eyes and 
 the organs of the internal faculties jointly. 
 
 Genus II. — Knowing Faculties. 
 
 The faculties now to be treated of, take cog- 
 nizance of the existence and qualities of exter- 
 nal objects : They correspond, in some degree, 
 to the Perceptive Powers of the metaphysicians; 
 and form ideas. Their action is attended with 
 a sensation of pleasure, but (except in the case 
 of Tune) it is weak compared to the emotions 
 produced by the faculties already treated of; 
 
96 INDIVIDUALITY. 
 
 and the higher the functions, the less vivid is 
 the emotion attending their active state. 
 
 19. Individuality. 
 
 This organ is situated in the middle of the 
 lower part of the forehead. Two places are 
 marked with the same number, T ^ and *% ; the 
 reason of this will be explained below. 
 
 Dr Gall observed in society different per- 
 sons, who, though not always profound, were 
 learned, had a superficial knowledge of all the 
 arts and sciences, and knew enough to be capa- 
 ble of speaking on them with facility ; — such 
 men are deemed brilliant in society. He 
 found that, in them, the middle of the lower 
 part of the forehead was very prominent, and 
 the anterior inferior part of the brain much de- 
 veloped. He first named the part, the organ 
 of the memory of things ; but having observed 
 that persons gifted with a great memory of this 
 kind, enjoy, in general, prompt conception, with 
 
INDIVIDUALITY. 97 
 
 a great facility in apprehending details ; that 
 they have a strong desire for knowledge, and 
 are also frequently fond of teaching, he subse- 
 quently gave it the appellation of the Sense of' 
 Things ', " Sens d^educabilite, de perfectibilite? 
 He adds, that persons in whom this organ is 
 large, and in whom the reflecting organs are 
 not equally developed, are prone to adopt new 
 theories, to embrace the opinions of others, and 
 have a great facility in accommodating them- 
 selves to the customs, manners, and circum- 
 stances with which they are surrounded. 
 
 The faculty gives the desire, accompanied 
 with the ability, to know facts and things, with- 
 out determining the kind of knowledge, and 
 without any view to the purposes to which it 
 may be subservient. It has been named by Dr 
 Spurzheim " Individuality.' 1 Its organ is 
 early and largely developed in children, and 
 the faculty is strongly manifested by them. It 
 is of importance, not only in philosophy, but in 
 the affairs of life. It prompts to observation, 
 (Phrenological Journal, vol. ii. p. 67.), and to 
 
98 INDIVIDUALITY. 
 
 investigation by experiment, and is a great ele- 
 ment in a genius for those sciences which con- 
 sist in a knowledge of specific existences. It 
 greatly aids in producing a talent for all prac- 
 tical business involving details, and hence to 
 the medical practitioner, the lawyer, and mer- 
 chant, it is of essential advantage. To the ora- 
 tor or author, it communicates that power of 
 observation which enables him to seize objects 
 and incidents presented to his mind, to store 
 them up, and to recal and apply them when 
 required, so as to give substance to his mental 
 productions. The minute enumeration of things 
 and occurrences, which communicates so pleas- 
 ing an interest, and an air of truth, to the fic- 
 titious narratives of Le Sage, De Foe, Dean 
 Swift, and the Author of Waverley, depends 
 chiefly on this power. When predominant, 
 and aided by Comparison, it leads to personifi- 
 cation, and produces the metaphorical writing 
 that distinguishes Bunyan. If the organ is 
 small, the individual may hear, see, or read 
 many facts, but they make only a faint impres- 
 
INDIVIDUALITY- 99 
 
 sion, and soon vanish from the mind. Such a 
 person retains only general ideas, he feels a dif- 
 ficulty in becoming learned, and is not able to 
 command his knowledge without previous pre- 
 paration. — The organ is established. 
 
 This organ is possessed by the lower animals. 
 Dr Gall considers the faculty in them to pro- 
 duce the capacity for education, and he gives a 
 scale of the heads of animals, from the crocodile 
 and frog to the elephant, with the view of prov- 
 ing, that the more this part of the brain is de- 
 veloped in each species, the higher are its natu- 
 ral susceptibilities of being tamed and taught. 
 Dr Spurzheim justly remarks, that this organ 
 does not fill the whole forehead, and that the 
 others situated there, also contribute to the ef- 
 fects observed by Dr Gall. The observation 
 of the latter, therefore, is deficient in precision, 
 rather than in truth ; for this faculty unques- 
 tionably adds to the capacity of the lower ani- 
 mals for profiting by instruction, although it is 
 not the sole source of it. 
 
 There are strong grounds for believing, that 
 
100 INDIVIDUALITY, 
 
 two organs are included in No. 19. The lower 
 portion of it including a small space between 
 the organs of Locality, appears to be connected 
 with the talent for knowing and remembering 
 facts and circumstances. The upper portion, 
 bordering on Comparison, is large in persons 
 who are fond of natural history, and who ap- 
 pear to delight in the study of objects which ex- 
 ist. 
 
 The frontal sinus is occasionally found un- 
 der the lower space, marked No. 19- ; and this 
 limits the evidence in favour of the organ to 
 the negative kind ; that is, when externally there 
 is a depression, the brain in that part is neces- 
 sarily small, and the mental power is invariably 
 found weak ; but when there is an external ele- 
 vation, the power is not invariably strong, as 
 in some individuals the swelling outwards is 
 caused by the sinus and not the brain. The 
 organ is large in Sir J. E. Smith, Roscoe, Fra- 
 ser, Henri Quatre, Swift, Macinnes; mo- 
 derate in Voltaire and Haydon. 
 
FORM. 101 
 
 20. Form. 
 
 The size of this organ is indicated by the 
 width between the eyes ; the different degrees 
 of which correspond to the greater or less de- 
 velopment of the portions of brain situated on 
 the mesial or inner side of the orbitary plates 
 of the frontal bone, on each side of the crista 
 galli. The function of the organ is to judge 
 of Form. It aids the mineralogist, portrait 
 painter, and all persons engaged in the imita- 
 tive #rts. It gives the power of distinguishing 
 faces. Dr Spurzheim mentions, that it is 
 large in the Chinese whom he had seen in Lon- 
 don, and also in the French. Children, in 
 whom this organ, together with those of Con- 
 structiveness, Secretiveness, and Imitation are 
 large, frequently draw, cut, or scratch, the fi- 
 gures of men and animals for their amusement. 
 Large in King George III., and in the Chi- 
 nese skulls. — Established. 
 
102 SIZE, 
 
 21. Size. 
 
 Persons are found who have an intuitive fa- 
 cility in estimating Size, and in whom the 
 powers of distinguishing Form and relative po- 
 sition are not equally strong ; and the part of 
 the brain under No. 21. has been observed in 
 such individuals to be large. It gives the 
 power of perceiving and judging of perspective. 
 Some officers in the army,, in forming their 
 companies into line, estimate the space which 
 the men will occupy with perfect accuracy, and 
 others can never learn to judge correctly of this 
 requisite; and the organ has been observed 
 largely developed in the former. Locality also 
 may conduce to this talent. As the frontal si- 
 nus throws a difficulty in the way of observing 
 this organ also, the negative evidence is chiefly 
 to be relied on ; and it is stated as only proba- 
 ble. Large in Brunei., Williams, Douglas; 
 small in Ferguson. 
 
WEIGHT OR RESISTANCE. 103 
 
 22. Weight or Resistance. 
 
 There seems to be no analogy between the 
 weight or resistance of bodies, and their other 
 qualities. They may be of all forms, sizes, and 
 colours, liquid or solid, and yet none of these 
 features would necessarily imply, that one was 
 heavier than the other. This quality, there- 
 fore, being distinct from all others, we cannot 
 logically refer the cognisance of it to any of the 
 faculties of the mind, which judge of the other 
 attributes of matter ; and, as the mental power 
 undoubtedly exists, there appears reason to 
 conjecture, that it may be manifested by means 
 of a special organ. Persons who excel at arche- 
 ry and quoits, also those who^ find great facili- 
 ty in judging of momentum and resistance in 
 mechanics, are observed to possess the parts of 
 the brain lying nearest to the organ of Size 
 largely developed ; and so many instances of 
 this kind have occurred, that the situation of 
 the organ is now marked on the plate. Mr 
 
104 COLOURING. 
 
 Simpson conceives the faculty to produce the 
 instinctive power of adapting animal movements 
 to the laws of equilibrium. In turners I have 
 observed the organ largely developed ; and it 
 may now be stated as probable. The frontal 
 sinus, when very large, extends to this organ, 
 and renders its ascertainment difficult. Large 
 in Maclachlan. 
 
 23. Colouring. 
 
 Several of the metaphysicians were aware, 
 that a person may have very acute vision, and 
 yet be destitute of the power of distinguishing 
 colours; but habit and attention have, as usual, 
 been adduced to solve the difficulty. Observa- 
 tion shews, that those who have a great natural 
 power of perceiving colours, have a large de- 
 velopment of that portion of the brain situated 
 under the middle of the arch of the eye-brows, 
 enclosed by the lines 23 ; whilst those who can- 
 not distinguish minute shades of colour have 
 
COLOURING. 105 
 
 this portion small. Dr Spurzheim mentions, 
 that a large development of it is indicated by 
 an arched sppearance in the middle of the eye- 
 brow, and that this sign is found in the por- 
 traits of Rubens, Titian, Rembrandt, Sal- 
 vator Rosa, Claude Lorraine, &c. ; but its 
 large size is also indicated by the projection 
 forwards of this part of the eye-brow, without 
 arching. It presents this appearance in the 
 masks of the late Sir Henry Raeburn, Wil- 
 kie, Haydon, and other eminent painters. In 
 the masks of Mr James Milne and Mr 
 Sloane, and in the heads of several other gen- 
 tlemen, who are unable to discriminate colours, 
 this part of the head recedes, so that in some 
 the eye even projects beyond it. The faculty 
 gives the perception of colour, their shades, 
 harmony, and discord ; but the reflecting facul- 
 ties adapt them to the purposes of painting. 
 It is generally more powerful in women than 
 in men ; and, accordingly, some women, as co- 
 lourists, have equalled the masters among men 
 while, as painters, women in general have al 
 
 e5 
 
106 LOCALITY. 
 
 ways been inferior to the other sex. A large 
 endowment of this faculty renders the sight of 
 flowers and enamelled meadows pleasing. It 
 aids the flower-painter, enameller, dyer, and, in 
 general, all who occupy themselves with colours. 
 Its great energy gives a passion for colours, but 
 not necessarily a delicate taste in them. Taste 
 depends upon a perfect rather than a very 
 powerful activity of the faculties. In several 
 oriental nations, for example, the faculty ap- 
 pears, from their love of colours, to be strong, 
 and, nevertheless, they display bad taste in the 
 application of them. — The organ is now consi- 
 dered as established. 
 
 24. Locality. 
 
 Dr Gall, in his youth, had good eyes, but 
 he could not recognise places where he had 
 formerly been. One of his school-fellows, 
 named Scheidler, possessed the faculty of do- 
 ing so in a high degree. Without the aid of arti- 
 
LOCALITY. 107 
 
 iicial marks, he retraced in a forest, the bushes 
 in which they had discovered nests. Dr Gall 
 moulded ihis individual's head, and observed 
 the part now marked as the organ of Locality 
 largely developed. This gave him the first idea 
 of its function, and he afterwards compared, 
 very extensively, the size of this cerebral por- 
 tion with the degree of local memory possessed 
 by individuals, and he found them proportion- 
 ate. 
 
 This faculty conduces to the desire for tra^ 
 veiling, and constitutes a chief element in the 
 talent for topography, geography, astronomy, 
 and landscape painting. It gives what is call- 
 ed " coup d'ceil," and judgment of the capabi- 
 lities of ground. It is necessary to the military 
 draughtsman ; and is of great importance to 
 a general in war. The organ is large in the 
 heads of astronomers, as Kepler, Galileo, 
 Newton, Tycho Br ache'', Descartes ; and also 
 of landscape painters ; and travellers as Captain 
 Cook. Dr Gall mentions, that he had obser- 
 ved the organ large in distinguished players at 
 
108 
 
 LOCALITY. 
 
 chess; and he conceived their talent to consist 
 in the faculty of conceiving clearly a great num- 
 ber of the possible positions of the men. Join- 
 ed with Individuality, Size and Comparison, 
 it gives a genius for geometry. The lower 
 animals possess the faculty and organ ; and dis- 
 play great powers of retracing their way, when 
 removed from their habitations. The instinc- 
 tive tendency of several species of them to mi- 
 grate at certain seasons, is inferred to be con- 
 nected with the periodical excitement of this 
 organ. The frontal sinus occurs occasionally, 
 but not generally, at the seat of Locality. 
 The positive evidence is strong, and the ne- 
 gative irresistible ; the organ is therefore held 
 to be established. It is large in the companion 
 of Gall, Williams, Strath, Douglas ; ge- 
 nerally moderate in females. 
 
ORDER. 109 
 
 25. Order. 
 
 Order supposes a plurality of objects ; but 
 one may have ideas about a number of things 
 and other qualities, without considering them 
 in any order whatever. Every arrangement of 
 external articles is not equally agreeable to the 
 mind ; and the capacity of being delighted with 
 order, and distressed by disorder, is not in pro- 
 portion to the endowment of any other faculty. 
 There are individuals who are martyrs to the 
 love of order, who are distressed beyond mea- 
 sure by the sight of confusion, and highly satis- 
 fied when every thing is well arranged. These 
 persons have the organ in question large. The 
 sort of arrangement, however, imposed by this 
 faculty, is different from, although perhaps 
 one element in, that philosophical method 
 which is the result of the perception of the 
 relation of things. The faculty of which we 
 here speak, gives method and order in arran- 
 ging objects, as they are physically related; but 
 
110 ORDER. 
 
 philosophical or logical inferences, the concep- 
 tion of systematising or generalizing, and the 
 idea of classifications, are formed by the reflect- 
 ing faculties. Dr Spurzheim mentions, that 
 the Sauvage de TAveyron at Paris, though an 
 idiot in a very high degree, cannot bear to see 
 a chair or any other object out of its place; and 
 as soon as any thing is deranged, he, without 
 being excited to it, directly replaces it He saw 
 also in Edinburgh a girl, who in many respects 
 was idiotic, but in whom the love of order was 
 very active. She avoided her brother's apart- 
 ment, in consequence of the confusion which 
 prevailed in it. I have seen remarkable ex- 
 amples both of large development and deficien- 
 cy of the organ, attended with corresponding 
 manifestations ; and regard the function as as- 
 certained. At the same time, as the organ is 
 small, and the angle of the frontal bone is conti- 
 guous, there is a difficulty in observing it; and 
 it is by extreme cases alone that conviction will 
 be produced. It is large in French M. D., in 
 
TIME. Ill 
 
 Mask named " order large," and in Humboldt, 
 the traveller. 
 
 26. Time. 
 
 The power of conceiving Time, and of re- 
 membering circumstances connected by no link, 
 but the relation in which they stand to each 
 other in chronology, and also the power of ob- 
 serving time in performing music, is very differ- 
 ent in different individuals. We have a few ob- 
 servations in evidence of this organ ; but the 
 organ is stated as only probable. The special 
 faculty seems to be the power of judging of time, 
 and of intervals in general. By giving the per- 
 ception of measured cadence, it appears to be 
 the chief source of pleasure in dancing. It is 
 essential to music and versification. An excel- 
 lent essay on this faculty by Mr Simpson, will 
 be found in Phrenological Journal, vol. ii. 
 p. 134. 
 
1 12 NUMBER. 
 
 27. Number. 
 
 Some individuals, remarkable for their great 
 talent of calculating, excited the attention of Dr 
 Gall. He found even children who excelled 
 in this faculty. Thus, a boy of thirteen years 
 of age, born at St Poelton, not far from Vien- 
 na, excelled his school-fellows surprisingly in 
 this respect. He learned with facility a very 
 long series of numbers, performed the most 
 complicated arithmetical calculations from me- 
 mory, and very soon found their true result. 
 Mr Mantelli, a Counsellor of the Court of 
 Appeals, at Vienna, took a particular pleasure in 
 the solution of arithmetical problems ; and his 
 son of five years of age resembled him in this 
 talent. In this country, Mr Zhero Colburn, 
 and Mr George Bidder, lately exhibited in 
 public a similar talent. In such individuals, the 
 arch of the eye-brow is either much pressed 
 downward, or there is an elevation at the ex- 
 ternal angle of the orbit. This sign is the re- 
 
NUMBER. lltf 
 
 suit of a great development of the part of the 
 brain situated behind this place. The special 
 function of the faculty seems to be to give the con- 
 ception of number and its relations. Arithme- 
 tic, algebra, and logarithms belong to it ; — but 
 the other branches of mathematics, as geometry, 
 are not the simple results of this faculty. The 
 organ appears large in the portraits of Euler, 
 Kepler, Napier, Gassendi, La Place, &c. 
 and in Jedidiah Buxton, who possessed the 
 faculty in a surprising degree, it is very large. 
 It is large in Bidder, Humboldt, Colburn ; 
 small in. French M. D. — It is held to be esta- 
 blished. 
 
 It is still doubted whether the lower animals 
 possess this organ and faculty or not. 
 
 28. Tune. 
 
 The organ of Tune bears the same relation 
 to the ears, as the organ of colour does to the 
 eyes. The ear receives the impressions of 
 
114 TUNE. 
 
 sounds, and is agreeably and disagreeably af- 
 fected by them ; but the ear has no recollection 
 of tones, nor does it judge of their relations ; it 
 does not perceive the harmonies of sound ; and 
 sounds, as well as colours, may be separately 
 pleasing, though disagreeable in combination. 
 A great development of the organ enlarges the 
 lateral part of the forehead ; but its form va- 
 ries according to the direction and form of the 
 convolutions. Dr Spurzheim observes, that in 
 Gluck, and others, this organ had a pyramidal 
 form; in Mozart, Viotti, Zumsteg, Dus- 
 sek, Crescentini, and others, the external 
 corners of the forehead are enlarged, but round- 
 ed. Great practice is necessary to be able to 
 observe this organ successfully ; and beginners 
 should place together one person possessing a 
 genius for music, and another who can scarcely 
 distinguish between any two notes, and mark 
 the difference of their heads. The superior de- 
 velopment of the former will be perceptible at 
 a glance. The faculty gives the perception of 
 melody ; but this is only one ingredient in a 
 
TUNE. 115 
 
 genius for music. Time is requisite to a just 
 perception of intervals, Ideality, to give eleva- 
 tion and refinement, Secretiveness and Imitation 
 to produce expression ; and Constructiveness, 
 Form > Weight, and Individuality are requisite 
 besides, to supply mechanical expertness, neces- 
 sary to successful performance. This combi- 
 nation occurs in Mr Kalkbrenner, and other 
 eminent composers and performers. Mr W. 
 Scott has published an admirable essay on this 
 subject, in the Phrenological Journal, vol. ii. 
 p. 170. 
 
 Dr Spurzheim mentions, that the heads and 
 skulls of birds which sing, and of those which do 
 not sing, and the heads of the different indivi- 
 duals of the same kind, which have a greater or 
 less disposition to sing, present a conspicuous dif- 
 ference at the place of this organ. The heads 
 of males, for instance, and those of females of 
 the same kind of singing birds, are easily dis- 
 tinguished by their different development. The 
 organ is large in Haydn, Macvicar ; small in 
 Sloane. — Established, 
 
116 language. 
 
 29. Language. 
 
 A large development of this organ is indi- 
 cated by the prominence and depression of the 
 eyes, this appearance being produced by con- 
 volutions of the brain situated in the posterior 
 and transverse part of the upper orbitary plate, 
 pressing the latter, and with it the eyes, more or 
 less forward, downward or outward, according to 
 the size of the convolutions. If the fibres be 
 long, they push the eye as far forward as the 
 eye-brows ; if they are only thick, they push 
 them towards the outer angle of the orbit, and 
 downwards *. The special faculty of this or- 
 gan is to enable us to acquire a knowledge of, 
 and to give us the power of vising, artificial signs 
 or words. Persons who have a great endowment 
 of it abound in words. In ordinary conversa- 
 tion their language flows like a copious stream ; 
 
 * The organ of Form produces only distance between 
 the eyes ; without rendering them prominent, or pushing 
 them downward. 
 
LANGUAGE. 117 
 
 —in a speech they pour out torrents. When 
 this organ is large, and those of reflection small, 
 the style of writing or speaking will be verbose, 
 cumbersome, and inelegant ; and when this dif- 
 ference is very great, the individual in ordinary 
 conversation is prone to repeat, to the incon- 
 ceivable annoyance of the hearer, the plainest 
 sentences again and again, as if the matter were 
 of such difficult apprehension that one telling 
 was not sufficient to convey the meaning. This 
 practice appears to originate in an immoderate 
 power and activity of the faculty of language, 
 so great, that delight is felt in mere articulation, 
 independent of reflection. When the organ is 
 very small, there is a want of command of ex- 
 pression, a painful repetition of the same words, 
 and a consequent poverty of style, both in writ- 
 ing and speaking. The style of that author is 
 generally most agreeable in whom the organs 
 of language and of reflection bear a just pro- 
 portion to each other. If the intellectual powers 
 be very acute and rapid, and Language not in 
 proportion, a stammer in speech is frequently 
 
118 LANGUAGE. 
 
 the consequence. Individuality and Compari- 
 son greatly assist this faculty, when applied to 
 the acquisition of foreign languages and gram- 
 mar. I have observed that boys who are dux in 
 classes for languages, generally have these two 
 organs large, and that this endowment, with 
 moderate language, accomplishes more, in the 
 way of scholarship, than a large development of 
 the latter organ, with a small endowment of the 
 former. Such individuals have a great facility 
 in recollecting rules, as matters of fact and de- 
 tail, in tracing etymologies, and in discriminat- 
 ing shades of meaning ; and the combination al- 
 luded to gives them great readiness in using 
 their knowledge, whatever the extent of it may 
 be. 
 
 The signification of words is learned by other 
 faculties : For example, this faculty may enable 
 us to learn and remember the word Melody ; but 
 if we do not possess the faculty of Tune, we 
 can never appreciate the meaning attached to 
 that word by those who possess that faculty in 
 a high degree. The principle removes an ap- 
 
< 
 
 LANGUAGE. 119 
 
 parent difficulty that sometimes presents itself. 
 A person with a moderate organ of Language 
 will sometimes learn songs, poetry, or particu- 
 lar speeches by heart, with considerable facility 
 and pleasure ; but in all such cases, the passages 
 so committed to memory will be found highly 
 to interest his other powers, such as Ideality, 
 Causality, Tune, Veneration, Combativeness, 
 Adhesiveness; and that the study and re- 
 collection of pure vocables is to him difficult 
 and disagreeable. To a person, on the other 
 hand, in whom the organ is decidedly large, 
 pure words are interesting, and he can learn 
 them without caring much about their mean- 
 ing. Hence, also, a person with a moderate 
 organ of language, and good reflecting organs, 
 may, by perseverance, learn languages, and at- 
 tain to proficiency as a scholar ; but he will not 
 display copiousness, fluency, and richness of ex- 
 pression in his style, either in his own, or in a fo- 
 reign tongue. — Large in companion of Gall, 
 Sir J. E. Smith, Humboldt, Voltaire ; small 
 in Fraser. — Established. 
 
120 FUNCTIONS OF INDIVIDUALITY. 
 
 Functions of Individuality distinct from 
 those of the other knowing faculties. 
 
 In the preceding pages, it is stated, that the 
 faculty of Form perceives the forms of objects ; 
 ■ — Colouring their colour; — Size their dimen- 
 sions ;— and that Individuality takes cognizance 
 of existences and events in general. The que- 
 stion naturally occurs, if the minor knowing 
 powers apprehend all the separate qualities of 
 external objects, what purpose does Individua- 
 lity serve in the mental economy ? Its func- 
 tion is to form a single intellectual conception 
 out of the different items of information com- 
 municated by the other knowing faculties. In 
 perceiving a tree, the object apprehended by 
 the mind is not colour, form, and size, as sepa- 
 rate qualities ; but a single thing or being, 
 named a tree. The mind having, by means of 
 Individuality, obtained the idea of a tree, as an 
 individual existence, may analyse it, and re- 
 solve it into its constituent parts of form, co- 
 
I 
 
 FUNCTIONS OF INDIVIDUALITY. 121 
 
 lour, magnitude; but the contemplation of it 
 in this manner is at once felt to be widely dif- 
 ferent from the conception attached to the word 
 Tree as a whole. The function of Individua- 
 lity, therefore, is to embody the separate ele- 
 ments furnished by the other knowing faculties 
 into one, and to produce out of them concep- 
 tions of aggregate objects as a whole; which 
 objects are afterwards viewed by the mind as 
 individual existences, and are remembered and 
 spoken of as such, without thinking of their 
 constituent parts. Children early use and un- 
 derstand abstract terms, such as tree, man, 
 ship ; and the organ of Individuality is very 
 prominently developed in them. 
 
 Farther, Form, Colour, and Size, furnish cer- 
 tain elementary conceptions, which Individuality 
 unites and conceives, as the being called a Man. 
 The faculty of Number called into action gives 
 the idea of plurality ; that of Order furnishes 
 the idea of gradations of rank and arrangement. 
 Now, Individuality, receiving the intimations of 
 all these separate faculties, combines them again, 
 
122 FD NOTIONS OF INDIVIDUALITY. 
 
 and contemplates the combination as an indivi- 
 dual object, and this is an army. After the 
 idea of an army is thus formed, the mind drops 
 the recollection of the constituent parts, and 
 afterwards thinks of the aggregate only, or of 
 the combined conception formed by Individua- 
 lity ; and regards it as a single object. 
 
 It is interesting to observe the Phrenological 
 System, which at first sight appears rude and 
 unphilosophical, harmonizing thus simply and 
 beautifully with Nature. Had it been con- 
 structed by imagination or reflection alone, it is 
 more than probable that the objection of the 
 minor knowing faculties rendering Individuali- 
 ty superfluous, would have appeared so strong 
 and unsurmountable, as to have insured the 
 exclusion of one or other as unnecessary ; and 
 yet, until both were discovered and admitted, 
 the formation of such terms as those we have 
 considered, was altogether inexplicable. 
 
i ( 
 
 REFLECTING FACULTIES. 123 
 
 Genus III. — Reflecting Faculties. 
 
 The intellectual faculties which we have 
 considered, give knowledge of objects and their 
 qualities ; those to which we now proceed, pro- 
 duce ideas of relation, or reflect. They mini- 
 ster to the direction and gratification of all the 
 other powers ; and constitute what we call Rea- 
 son or Reflection. 
 
 30. Comparison. 
 
 Dr Gall often conversed on philosophical 
 subjects with a savant, possessing much viva- 
 city of mind. Whenever the latter was put to 
 difficulty in proving rigorously his positions, he 
 had always recourse to a comparison. By this 
 means he in a manner painted his ideas, and his 
 opponents were defeated and carried along with 
 him, effects which he could never produce by 
 simple argument. As soon as Dr Gall perceiv- 
 
 f2 
 
124 COMPARISON. 
 
 ed that, in him, this was a characteristic trait 
 of mind, he examined his head, and found an 
 eminence of the form of a reversed pyramid in 
 the upper and middle portion of the frontal 
 bone. He confirmed the observation by many 
 subsequent instances. He names it " perspi- 
 " cacity, sagacity, esprit de comparaison." 
 
 The faculty gives the power of perceiving 
 resemblances, similitudes and analogies. Tune 
 may compare different notes; Colour contrast 
 different shades ; but Comparison may compare 
 a Shade and a Note, a Form and a Colour, 
 which the other faculties by themselves could 
 not accomplish. This faculty prompts to rea- 
 soning, but not in the line of necessary conse- 
 quence. It explains one thing by comparing 
 it with another ; but does not discriminate the 
 points in which they differ ; and hence those in 
 whom it is predominant are in general more 
 ready and plausible than sound in their infe- 
 rences. It gives " ingenuity in discovering un- 
 w . expected glimpses and superficial coincidences, 
 " in the ordinary relations of life ;"" and great 
 
COMPARISON. 125 
 
 power of illustration. It is the largest organ 
 in the forehead of the late Right Honourable 
 William Pitt. In popular preachers it is 
 generally fully developed. It is more rarely 
 deficient than any other intellectual organ ; and 
 the Scripture is addressed to it in a remarkable 
 degree, being full of analogies and comparisons. 
 It prompts to the invention and use of figura- 
 tive language ; and the speech of different na- 
 tions is more or less characterized by this qua- 
 lity, according to the predominance of the or- 
 gan. Dr Murray Patterson mentions, that 
 the Hindostanee language abounds in figures, 
 and that Comparison is larger than Causality 
 in the heads of the Hindoos in general. From 
 giving power of illustration and command of 
 figures, it is of great importance to the poet, 
 and it aids Wit also, by suggesting resem- 
 blances. It is the origin of proverbs; which, 
 in general, convey instruction, under figurative 
 expressions. It does not determine the kinds 
 of comparison to be used, for every one must 
 choose his analogies from his knowledge, or 
 
126 CAUSALITY. 
 
 from the sphere of activity of his other facul- 
 ties. He who has Locality in a high degree 
 will thence derive his examples ; while another, 
 in whom Form predominates, will illustrate 
 from it. — Large in Raphael, Roscoe, Ed- 
 wards, Pitt, Henri Quatre, Burke, Cur- 
 ran, Mr Hume, Hindoos ; deficient in Charibs. 
 — Established. 
 
 31. Causality. 
 
 Individuality and Comparison take cogni- 
 zance of things obvious to the senses. Causa- 
 lity looks a little farther than these, and per- 
 ceives the dependencies of phenomena. It fur- 
 nishes the idea of causation, as implying some- 
 thing more than mere juxta-position or se- 
 quence, — and as forming an invisible bond of 
 connection between cause and effect. It im- 
 presses us with an irresistible conviction, that 
 every phenomenon or change in nature is caused 
 by something, and hence, by successive steps, 
 
CAUSALITY. 127 
 
 leads us to the First Cause of all. In looking 
 at the actions of men, it leads us to consider the 
 motives, or moving causes, from which they 
 proceed. Individuality judges of direct evi- 
 dence, or facts ; Causality of circumstantial evi- 
 dence, or that by inference. In a trial, a Ju- 
 ryman, with large Individuality and small Cau- 
 sality, will have great difficulty in convicting on 
 circumstantial evidence. He in whom Causa- 
 lity is large will often feel that kind of proof to 
 be irresistible. It induces us, on all occasions, to 
 ask, Why, and wherefore, is this so ? It gives 
 deep penetration, and the perception of logical 
 consequences in argument. It is large in per- 
 sons who possess a natural genius for meta- 
 physics, political economy, or similar sciences. 
 When greatly larger than Individuality and 
 Comparison, it tends to vague generalities of 
 speculation, altogether inapplicable to the affairs 
 of life ; and hence those in whom it predomi- 
 nates are not calculated to shine in general so- 
 ciety. Their sphere of thought is too abstracted 
 to be reached by ordinary minds ; they feel this., 
 
128 CAUSALITY. 
 
 and remain silent ; and hence are reputed dull, 
 heavy, and even stupid. A great defect of the 
 organ renders the intellect superficial ; and un- 
 fits the individual for forming comprehensive 
 and consecutive views, either in abstract science 
 or business. Coincidence only, and not Causa- 
 tion, is then perceived in events : Such persons 
 are often admirably fitted for common situa- 
 tions, or for executing plans devised by pro- 
 founder intellects ; but, if they are entrusted 
 with the duties of legislators, or directors in any 
 public affair, embracing Causation, it is difficult 
 to make them comprehend the natural depen- 
 dencies of things, and to act according to them. 
 Blind to remote consequences, they stigmatize 
 as visionary all intellectual perceptions which 
 their own minds cannot reach; they reject prin- 
 ciple as vain theory ; are captivated by expe- 
 dients, and represent these as the beau ideal of 
 practical wisdom. — The organ appears largely 
 developed in the portraits and busts of Bacon, 
 Locke, Franklin, Kant, Voltaire, Play- 
 fair, Dr Thomas Bkown ; and in the mask,* 
 
WIT. 129 
 
 ot Haydon, Franklin, Burke, Brunell, 
 Wilkie ; moderate in Pitt, Sir J. E. Smith ; 
 and very deficient in Charibs and New Hollan- 
 ders. It is larger in the English and Germans 
 in general than in the French. — Established. 
 
 32. Wit. 
 
 Every one knows what is meant by Wit, and 
 yet no word presents more difficulties in its de- 
 finition. Dr Gall observes, that, to convey a 
 just idea of the faculty, he could discover no 
 better method than to describe it as the predo- 
 minant intellectual feature in Rabelais, Cer- 
 vantes, Boileau, Racine, Swift, Sterne, 
 Voltaire. In all these authors, and in many 
 other persons who manifest a similar talent, the 
 anterior-superior-lateral parts of the forehead 
 are prominent and rounded. When this de- 
 velopment is excessively large, it is attended with 
 a disposition, apparently irresistible, to view ob- 
 jects in a ludicrous light. When joined with 
 
 f 5 
 
130 wif, 
 
 Combativeiiess and Destructiveness large, it 
 leads to satire ; and even friends will then be 
 sacrificed for the sake of a joke. It gives the 
 talent also for epigrams, Persons in whom this 
 organ is small, regard wit as impertinence, and 
 are offended by it. It is greatly aided by Com- 
 parison, which suggests analogies and resem- 
 blances. 
 
 This faculty is treated as an intellectual 
 power in Dr Sfurzheim's English work ; but, 
 in his French works, subsequently printed, it 
 is considered as a sentiment. He regards it as 
 giving the feeling of the ludicrous, and pro- 
 ducing the tendency to represent objects under 
 this aspect, in the same way as Ideality gives a 
 feeling of the beautiful, and also the tendency 
 to elevate and adorn all the conceptions of the 
 mind. Wit, according to this view, would con- 
 sist in conceptions formed by the higher intel- 
 lectual powers, imbued with the sentiment in 
 question. Mr William Scott has suggested 
 another view, highly ingenious, and equally ca- 
 pable of explaining the phenomena, The older 
 
WIT. 131 
 
 metaphysicians have remarked, that " there are 
 " geniuses of two sorts ; the one remarks easily 
 " the differences existing between objects, and 
 " these are the excellent geniuses. The others 
 " imagine and suppose resemblances between 
 " things, and these are the superficial minds*." 
 Phrenological observation has shewn, that the 
 latter tendency is produced by a predominating 
 Comparison, and that those who have this or- 
 gan larger than Causality and Wit, are habitu- 
 ally prone to perceive resemblances, without at- 
 tending to differences. At first it was inferred 
 that Causality gives the talent for discriminat- 
 ing the latter ; but Mr Scott has been led to 
 believe, that this depends upon the faculty of 
 Wit ; and that the primitive function of this 
 power is to distinguish differences. According- 
 ly, he shews, that all instances of Wit, in the 
 common acceptation of the word, are resolvable 
 into perception of difference, or of congruity 
 
 * Malebranche, Rech. de la Verity Liv. II. part. u. 
 c. ix. See also Locke, Essay, B. n. c. xi. § 2.; and Lord 
 Bacon. 
 
132 wit. 
 
 amid incongruity. In conformity to this view, 
 Comparison perceives resemblances, Wit differ- 
 ences, and Causality, situated between the two, 
 the necessary connections of things : the three 
 combined thus forming the highest endowment 
 of a philosophical understanding. Mr Scott 
 has also given a beautiful analysis of Humour *. 
 The talent for it is produced by Secretiveness 
 in combination with Wit; the former giving 
 the slyness, the latter the ludicrous colouring, 
 which together constitute humour. Imitation 
 greatly aids these powers in producing humor- 
 ous effect. — The organ of Wit is large in 
 Sterne,Voltaire, Henri Quatre ; and mo- 
 derate in Sir J. E. Smith, Mr Hume, Hindoos. 
 
 33. Imitation. 
 
 One of Dr Gall's friends desired him to 
 examine his head, because he had a part of it 
 
 * Phren. Trans, p. 174. 
 
IMITATION. 133 
 
 enlarged in an uncommon degree. Gall found 
 the superior-anterior portion of the head, on the 
 two sides of Benevolence, rising up in the form 
 of a segment of a circle. The individual had 
 a particular talent for imitation. Dr Gall in- 
 stantly proceeded to the Institution for the Deaf 
 and Dumb, to examine the head of a scholar 
 named Casteigner, who, six weeks before, 
 had been received into the establishment, and 
 had excited attention by his prodigious powers 
 of mimicry ; and he found the same configura- 
 tion of head in him. These facts suggested the 
 notion that this talent might depend on a pri- 
 mitive faculty, of which this was the organ. 
 He afterwards verified this conclusion, by a 
 great number of additional observations. I 
 have examined the heads of a number of dis- 
 tinguished artists and players, and found the 
 organ uniformly large. The faculty gives the 
 power of imitation in general ; and when joined 
 with Secretiveness, it gives expression in the 
 fine arts. It is indispensable to portrait-paint- 
 ers, sculptors, and engravers ; and it gives the 
 
134 MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 tendency, in speech and conversation, to fit the 
 action to the words. It is generally active, and 
 the organ large, in children. When the organ 
 is deficient, the individual is destitute of flexi- 
 bility of manner. He presents habitually the 
 air of his predominant dispositions. When this 
 organ and that of Benevolence are both large* 
 the anterior portion of the coronal aspect of the 
 head rises high above the eyes, is broad, and 
 presents a level surface, as in Clara Fisher; 
 when Benevolence is large, and Imitation small, 
 there is an elevation in the middle, with a ra- 
 pid slope on each side. — The organ is large in 
 Raphael and Clara Fisher; small in Jacob 
 Jervis. 
 
 Modes of Activity of the Faculties. 
 
 All the faculties, when active in a due degree, 
 produce actions good — proper — or necessary. 
 It is excess of activity which produces abuses ; 
 and it is probable that Phrenology has been 
 
OE THE FACULTIES. 135 
 
 discovered only in consequence of some indivi- 
 duals, in whom particular organs were very 
 largely developed, yielding to the strongest pro- 
 pensities of their nature. The smallness of a 
 particular organ is not the cause of a faculty 
 producing abuses. Thus, though the organ of 
 Benevolence be small, this does not produce 
 cruelty. It may lead to the omission of duties, 
 as it will be accompanied with indifference to 
 the miseries of others. When one organ is 
 small, abuses may result from another being left 
 without proper restraint. Thus, powerful fa- 
 culties of Acquisitiveness and Secretiveness, 
 combined with a weak faculty of Conscientious- 
 ness, and weak reflecting faculties, may pro- 
 duce theft. Powerful faculties of Combative- 
 ness and Destructiveness, with a weak faculty 
 of Benevolence, may produce cruel and fero- 
 cious actions. 
 
 Every faculty when in action^ from whatever 
 cause, produces the kind of feeling, or forms 
 the kind of ideas, already explained as result- 
 ing from its natural constitution. 
 
136 MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 The faculties which produce PROPENSI- 
 TIES and SENTIMENTS cannot be excited 
 to activity by a mere act of the will. For ex- 
 ample; we cannot conjure up the emotions of 
 Fear, Compassion, or Veneration, by merely 
 willing to experience them. These faculties, 
 however, may enter into action from an inter- 
 nal excitement of the organs ; and then the de- 
 sire or emotion which each produces is expe- 
 rienced, whether we will to experience it or not. 
 Thus, the cerebellum being internally active, 
 produces the usual feeling ; and this cannot be 
 avoided if the organ be excited. We have it 
 in our power to permit or restrain the manifes- 
 tation of it in action ; but we have no option, 
 if the organ be excited, to experience, or not to 
 experience, the feeling itself. The case is the 
 same with the organs of Fear, Hope, Venera- 
 tion, and the others. There are times when 
 we feel involuntary emotions of fear, or hope, or 
 awe, arising in us, for which we cannot ac- 
 count ; and such feelings depend on the inter- 
 nal activity of the organs of these sentiments. 
 
 ~~v - ~- — — - - ■- 
 
OF THE FACULTIES. 137 
 
 **i We cannot Nature by our wishes rule, 
 " Nor at our will, her warm emotions cool." 
 
 Crabbe. 
 
 In the second place, these faculties may be 
 called into action independently of the will, by 
 the presentment of the external objects fitted 
 by nature to excite them. When an object in 
 distress is presented, the faculty of Benevolence 
 starts into activity, and produces the feelings 
 which depend upon it. When an object threat- 
 ening danger is presented, Cautiousness gives 
 an instantaneous emotion of fear. And when 
 stupendous objects in nature are presented, 
 Ideality inspires with a feeling of sublimity. 
 In all these cases, the power of acting, or of 
 not acting, is completely dependent on the will; 
 but the power of feeling, or of not feeling, is 
 not so. 
 
 In the third place, The faculties of which 
 we are now speaking, may be excited to activi- 
 ty, or repressed, indirectly, by an effort of the 
 will. Thus, the knowing and reflecting facul- 
 ties haye the function of forming ideas. Now, 
 
138 MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 if these faculties be employed to conceive inter- 
 nally the objects fitted by nature to excite the 
 propensities and sentiments, the latter will start 
 into activity in the same manner, but not in so 
 powerful a degree, as if their appropriate ob- 
 jects were externally present. The vivacity of 
 the feeling, in such cases, will be in proportion 
 to the strength of the conception, and the ener- 
 gy of the propensities and sentiments together. 
 For example, if we conceive inwardly an object 
 in distress, and Benevolence be powerful, com- 
 passion will be felt, and tears will sometimes 
 flow from the emotion produced. In like man- 
 ner, if we wish to repress the activity of Ideali- 
 ty, we cannot do so merely by willing that the 
 sentiment be quiet; but if we conceive objects 
 fitted to excite veneration, fear, pride, or bene- 
 volence, these faculties will then be excited, and 
 Ideality will sink into inactivity. 
 
 Hence he who has any propensity or senti- 
 ment predominantly active from internal excite- 
 ment, will have his intellect filled frequently 
 with conceptions fitted to gratify it. If Cau- 
 
OF THE FACULTIES. 139 
 
 tiousness predominate, the inward thoughts will 
 be directed to dismal objects ; if Benevolence 
 predominate, the inward conceptions will be of 
 plans for removing distress ; if Veneration, the 
 thoughts will be of religion ; if Acquisitiveness 
 predominate, the thoughts will be of plans for 
 saving and accumulation; if Ideality be su- 
 preme, the thoughts will be of splendid scenes, 
 superior to all known realities. 
 
 As the faculties of the Propensities and Sen- 
 timents do not form Ideas, and as it is impos- 
 sible to excite or recal the feelings or emotions 
 produced by them, directly, by an act of the will, 
 it follows that these faculties have not the attri- 
 butes of Perception, Conception, Memory, Ima- 
 gination : They have the attribute of Sensation 
 alone ; that is to say, when they are active, a 
 sensation or emotion is experienced. Hence 
 Sensation is an accompaniment of the activity of 
 all the faculties which feel, and of the nervous 
 system in general ; but sensation is no faculty in 
 itself. 
 
140 MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 The laws of the KNOWING and RE- 
 FLECTING faculties are different : These fa- 
 culties form Ideas, and perceive Relations; 
 they are subject to the will, or rather consti- 
 tute will themselves ; and they minister to the 
 gratification of the other faculties which only 
 feel. 
 
 1st, These faculties may be active from in- 
 ternal causes, as well as the former, and then 
 the kinds of ideas which they are fitted to form, 
 are presented involuntarily to the mind. The 
 musician feels the notes flowing on him uncalled 
 for. A man in whom Number is powerful and 
 active, calculates by a natural impulse. He in 
 whom Form is powerful, conceives figures by 
 internal inspiration. He in whom Causality is 
 powerful and active, reasons, while he thinks, 
 without an effort. He in whom Wit is power- 
 ful and active, feels witty conceptions flowing 
 into his mind spontaneously, and even at times 
 and places when he would wish them not to ap^ 
 pear. 
 
 „ 
 
OF THE FACULTIES. 141 
 
 Qdly, These faculties may be excited by the 
 presentment of the external objects fitted to call 
 them into activity ; and, 
 
 3dly, They may be excited to activity by an 
 act of volition. 
 
 When excited by the presentment of exter- 
 nal objects, the objects are perceived, and this 
 act is called PERCEPTION. Perception is 
 the lowest degree of activity of these facul- 
 ties ; and, if no idea is formed when the 
 object is presented, the individual is desti- 
 tute of the power of manifesting the faculty, 
 whose function is to perceive objects of that 
 kind. Thus, when tones are produced, he who 
 cannot perceive the melody of them, is des- 
 titute of the power of manifesting the faculty 
 of Tune. When the steps of an argument are 
 logically and distinctly stated, he who cannot 
 perceive the relation betwixt the steps, and the 
 necessity of the conclusion, is deficient in the 
 power of manifesting the faculty of Causality ; 
 and so on. Thus, Perception is a mode of ac- 
 tion of the faculties which form ideas, and im- 
 
142 MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 plies the lowest degree of activity ; but percep- 
 tion is no separate faculty. 
 
 When these faculties are excited by an act of 
 the Will, the ideas which they had previously 
 formed are recalled : This act is named ME- 
 MORY, and it is the second degree of activity 
 of each of these faculties ; but is no faculty it- 
 self. Tune remembers music ; Individuality, 
 facts. 
 
 Dr Watts seems to have anticipated, by a 
 very acute conjecture, the real philosophy of 
 Memory. He says, " It is most probable, that 
 " those very fibres of the brain which assist at 
 " the first idea or perception of an object, are 
 " the same which assist also at the recollection 
 " of it, and then it will follow, that the Memo- 
 " ry has no special part of the brain devoted to 
 " its own service, but uses all those in genera] 
 " which subserve our sensation, as well as our 
 " thinking and reasoning powers *." 
 
 Memory, in the philosophical sense, implies 
 
 * Improvement of the Mind, p. 18. 
 
OF THE FACULTIES. 143 
 
 the notion of past time. This would be sup- 
 plied by the faculty of Time, acting in combi- 
 nation with the particular faculties which first 
 perceived, and which, in consequence, serve to 
 recall the past event. Thus, Individuality re- 
 calling circumstances, without the notion of 
 Time, would produce Conception only ; if the 
 idea of past time were added, it would be Me- 
 mory. 
 
 When the faculties are powerfully active, 
 from internal excitement, whether by the Will, 
 or from natural activity, the ideas they have pre- 
 viously formed are vividly and rapidly conceived, 
 and the act of forming them is styled CONCEP- 
 TION or IMAGINATION. Where con- 
 ceptions of absent external objects become vivid 
 and permanent, through disease of the organs, 
 the individual believes in the actual presence of 
 the objects, and is deluded by phantoms or vi- 
 sions. This is the explanation of the cases ci- 
 ted in Dr Hibbert's work on Apparitions. Dis- 
 ease of the organ of Wonder contributes espe- 
 cially to this effect. The train of ideas which is 
 
14* MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 constantly flowing through the mind, depends on 
 the internal activity of the faculties and organs, 
 and not on bonds of association betwixt particular 
 ideas themselves. When the faculties are vigorous 
 and active, the succession is rapid ; when weak 
 and inactive, it is slow. During profound sleep, 
 when the organs are entirely at rest, it ceases 
 altogether. Conception and Imagination, there- 
 fore, are not faculties themselves, but result 
 from the third degree of activity of every facul- 
 ty which forms ideas. 
 
 And, lastly, JUDGMENT, in the philosophi- 
 cal sense, belongs to the reflecting faculties alone. 
 The knowing faculties may be said, in one 
 sense, to judge ; as, for example, the faculty of 
 Tune may be agreeably or disagreeably affect- 
 ed, and, in this way, may be said to judge 
 of sounds ; but judgment, in the proper sense 
 of the word, is a perception of relation, or 
 of fitness, or of the connection betwixt means 
 and an end, and it belongs to a class of facul- 
 ties, entirely separate, viz. the reflecting facul- 
 ties. These faculties have perception, memo- 
 
OF THE FACULTIES. 145 
 
 ry, and imagination also. He who possesses 
 them powerfully, perceives and conceives, re- 
 remembers and imagines, processes of deduction, 
 or ideas of abstract relations, with great faci- 
 lity. 
 
 Practical Judgment in the affairs of life 
 depends on a harmonious combination of all the 
 organs, particularly of the propensities and sen- 
 timents, in just proportions. In order to act 
 rightly, it is as necessary to feel correctly as to 
 reason deeply. 
 
 On these principles we are able to explain 
 why individuals may manifest a great power of 
 perception, memory or imagination, and little 
 judgment. If an individual have the power of 
 manifesting the several knowing faculties vigo- 
 rously, he will have those powers in an eminent 
 degree, while, if he be deficient in the power of 
 manifesting the faculties which reason, he will 
 be deficient in philosophic judgment; and al- 
 though he possesses a splendid intellectual de- 
 velopment, if he be deficient in the organs of the 
 
146 MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 propensities and sentiments, he will be defective 
 in practical judgment. 
 
 ATTENTION is not a faculty of the mind, 
 but merely consists in a vivid application of the 
 faculties which form ideas. Unless a faculty be 
 possessed, the objects of which it takes cogni- 
 zance cannot be attended to by an effort of the 
 will. The intellectual powers are greatly as- 
 sisted in producing attention by Concentrative- 
 ness and Firmness. 
 
 ASSOCIATION.— The metaphysicians con- 
 ceive that our thoughts follow each other in an 
 established order of succession, and have at- 
 tempted to find out circumstances which deter- 
 mine the order and causes, in virtue of which 
 one idea introduces another into the mind ; in 
 short, by reflecting on their own consciousness, 
 they have endeavoured to discover laws regu- 
 lating the succession of ideas in mankind in ge- 
 neral. Such an attempt appears to the phreno- 
 logist to be opposed by impossibility. If we 
 place a number of persons on a hill-top, say 
 Arthur Seat, overlooking a champaign country, 
 
 =m ,- • Hi 
 
OF THE FACULTIES, 147 
 
 an arm of the sea, and a great city, — one in 
 whom Ideality predominates, will be enchanted 
 with the beauty and magnificence of Nature ; 
 one in whom Acquisitiveness is the leading pro- 
 pensity, will think of the profits of the farms, 
 and ships, or of the works whose elevated chim- 
 neys throw clouds of smoke into the air ; one 
 in whom Constructiveness prevails, will criticise 
 the lines of the roads, and the architecture of 
 the monuments ; one in whom Benevolence 
 and Veneration predominate, will think of the 
 sources of enjoyment spread out before him, and 
 feel gratitude and reverence to an all-bountiful 
 Creator spontaneously arising in his soul. 
 Now, a metaphysician, who has also visited Ar- 
 thur Seat, expects, by reflecting on the ideas 
 which the recollection of it calls up in his own 
 mind, to discover laws of association that will 
 enable him to judge of the ideas which will pre- 
 sent themselves to the minds of all the other 
 persons here supposed, on its being mentioned 
 in their presence. This expectation, however, 
 
 g2 
 
148 MODES OF ACTIVITY. 
 
 is clearly vain ; because, the original impressions 
 received by each individual, differed toto ccelo 
 from those experienced by all the others, and 
 when the scene is recalled, the associated feel- 
 ings and ideas of each must clearly be those 
 which his peculiar mind formed at the first as- 
 pect of the scene. 
 
 Association, therefore, expresses only the mu- 
 tual influence of the faculties. Thus, although 
 the organ of Causality is the only one which 
 perceives the relation of necessary consequence, 
 it may act in association, or combination, with 
 Comparison, furnishing illustrations to render 
 the argument clear, — with Ideality, infusing 
 magnificence and enthusiasm into the concep- 
 tions, — with Tune and Imitation modulating the 
 voice, and giving vivacity to the gestures ; and 
 the result will be the manifestation of splendid 
 oratory. Associations may be formed, also, be- 
 twixt faculties and signs. For example : Na- 
 ture has established an association betwixt the 
 external appearance of misery and the faculty 
 of benevolence; so that, on the presentation 
 
OF THE FACULTIES. 149 
 
 of the appearance, the faculty enters into acti- 
 vity, and generates the emotion of pity. She, 
 in like manner, has connected the faculty of 
 Tune with the impressions called Sounds, by 
 a link of such a kind, that a certain sound pro- 
 duces a certain feeling and perception. She has 
 associated the faculty of Wit with external ob- 
 jects ; so that, on the presentation of certain cir- 
 cumstances, instantaneous laughter is excited. 
 On this association natural language is found- 
 ed. The sign requires only to be presented, 
 and it is understood in all countries, and by all 
 nations. 
 
 But mankind possess likewise the power of 
 inventing and establishing arbitrary signs, to 
 express particular inward feelings, or particular 
 conceptions. For example ; The words Love, 
 Compassion and Justice, are mere conventional 
 signs, by which we, in Britain, agree to express 
 three different internal feelings or sentiments of 
 the mind ; but there is no natural connection 
 whatever betwixt the signs and the things sig- 
 nified. 
 
150 MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 Now, the way in which we learn the signifi- 
 cation of these signs is this. Shew us a person 
 in a rage, and express his state of mind by the 
 word " Rage," and afterwards, every time the 
 term is used we understand it to niean that state 
 of excitement of the mind. In the same way, 
 point out the object I now write upon, and call 
 it a Table, and when the word is again mention- 
 ed, I conceive the thing signified by it. Hence, 
 to be able to comprehend the meaning of a 
 word, we must be able to feel the propensity or 
 sentiment, or to form the conception, of which 
 it is the sign. A child of three years old, is 
 unable to conceive the meaning of the word 
 Abstraction ; because, at that age, he has not 
 the power of forming the idea signified by it. 
 But he can conceive the meaning of the word 
 Table, because he is then quite able to form a 
 conception of that piece of furniture when pre- 
 sented to him ; while a person, who is deficient 
 in the faculty of Tune, can never conceive ful- 
 ly what we mean by the word Melody. 
 
 tm 
 
OF THE FACULTIES. 151 
 
 Hence, the human mind is so constituted, that 
 any indifferent object may be selected and used 
 as the arbitrary sign of any propensity, feeling 
 or conception whatever. I say indifferent ; for 
 if the object stands already in a natural relation 
 to any faculty, it cannot be made the arbitrary 
 sign of an emotion of any opposite faculty. 
 For example : We might, by a mutual under- 
 standing, constitute a square figure, thus j j, 
 the artificial sign of the emotion termed Rage. 
 After the agreement was understood, that figure 
 would suggest the idea to us, just as well as the 
 letters R,a,g,e, which are mere marks placed in 
 a certain order. But if we were whimsical 
 enough to make the figure of a sweet and smil- 
 ing countenance, which likewise is merely a spe- 
 cies of form, the sign of that emotion, we could 
 never, by any efforts, come to associate the idea 
 of rage with that figure, with facility ; for it 
 stands already in the situation of the natural 
 sign of emotions entirely opposite. In the same 
 way, we might associate feelings of veneration, 
 pity, affection, or grief, with soft and slow notes 
 
15£ MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 of music ; because these notes, which themselves 
 excite emotions of a specific kind, may become 
 arbitrary signs of any other feelings of a homo- 
 geneous kind, which we please to attach to them. 
 But no association could ever be formed, by 
 which soft, slow, and delicate tones, could be- 
 come the artificial signs of violent rage, jealousy 
 and fury ; because the natural character of such 
 notes is directly opposite to the natural charac- 
 ter of such feelings. 
 
 The circumstance of an object being already 
 the natural sign of a propensity, sentiment or 
 conception, of a certain kind, appears to be the 
 only limit to our power of associating with it 
 propensities and conceptions of every other de- 
 scription, so as to make the artificial signs sug- 
 gest the feeling or conception signified, to those 
 who are acquainted with the convention. 
 
 The rapidity or vivacity with which a feeling 
 or conception is excited on presentation of the 
 sign, will be in proportion to the natural per- 
 fection of the faculties, and the degree in which 
 
 ■^a^-.,^..^^-,^^ "- ^' W i l l II - 
 
TJF THE FACULTIES. 153 
 
 they have been exercised, but not in proportion 
 to either of these circumstances singly. 
 
 If the foregoing views be sound, the prin- 
 ciples of association must be sought for in the 
 constitution of the faculties, and not in the re- 
 lations of particular ideas. In using associa- 
 tion, therefore, as an instrument of artificial 
 memory, we ought to keep always in view, that 
 every individual will associate, with greatest fa- 
 cility, ideas with things which he has the great- 
 est natural facility in perceiving. For example : 
 He who has Number most powerful, will asso- 
 ciate words most easily with numbers ; he who 
 has Form most powerful, will associate words 
 most easily with figures ; he who has Locality 
 most powerful, will associate words most easily 
 with space ; and he who has Tune most powerful, 
 will associate words most easily with musical 
 notes. 
 
 Hence, also, the influence of Association on 
 our Judgment is easily accounted for. He in 
 whom veneration is powerful, and to whom the 
 image of a saint has been from infancy present- 
 
 g5 
 
154 MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 ed as an object to be venerated, experiences an 
 instantaneous and involuntary emotion of awe 
 and respect, every time the image is presented 
 to him, or a conception of it formed, because it 
 is now a sign which excites in him that feeling, 
 and the latter excludes the reflecting faculties 
 from performing their functions. Hence, until 
 we can break this association, and prevent the 
 conception of the image from operating as a sign 
 to excite the faculty of veneration into activity, 
 we shall never succeed in bringing his under- 
 standing to examine the real attributes of the 
 object itself, and to perceive its want of every 
 quality that ought justly to be venerated. In 
 the same way, when a person is in Love, the 
 perception or conception of the object beloved 
 stirs up the faculties which feel into such vivid 
 emotion, and that emotion is so delightful, and 
 the mind has so little consciousness of the real 
 source of the fascination, that it is impossible to 
 make the lover see the object with the eyes of a 
 disinterested spectator. If we could once break 
 the association betwixt the object and the facul- 
 
OF THE FACULTIES. 155 
 
 ties which feel, the reflecting faculties would 
 then perform their functions faithfully, and the 
 object would be seen in its true colours. But, 
 while we are unable to break this link, and to pre- 
 vent this fascination, we may reason ad sempi- 
 temum, and our conclusions will never appear 
 to be sound, because the premises, that is, the 
 appearance of the object, will never be the same 
 to the party most interested in the argument, 
 and to us. 
 
 Thus the associations which mislead the judg- 
 ment, and perpetuate prejudices, are associations 
 of words or things with feelings or sentiments, 
 and not associations merely of ideas with ideas. 
 The whole classes of ideas formed by the know- 
 ing and reflecting faculties, may be associated 
 ad infinitum, and if these ideas do not become 
 linked with the propensities and sentiments, no 
 moral prejudices will arise. Ideas of form, co- 
 lour, order, and impressions of melody, may be 
 associated in ten thousand ways, and faults in 
 taste may perhaps be the consequence ; but un- 
 less the association embrace feelings and senti- 
 
156 MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 ments also, what is called the Heart, in common 
 speech, is not misled. 
 
 PLEASURE and PAIN, and also joy and 
 grief, are affections of the mind arising from 
 the exercise of every faculty. Every facul- 
 ty, when indulged in its natural action, feels 
 pleasure ; when disagreeably affected, feels pain ; 
 consequently the kinds of pain and pleasure 
 are as numerous as the faculties. Hence one 
 individual in whom Benevolence is large, de- 
 lights in generously pardoning offences, and 
 another, in whom Destructiveness and Self- 
 Esteem predominate, feels pleasure in taking 
 revenge. One in whom Acquisitiveness is large, 
 is happy in the possession of riches, and ano- 
 ther in whom Veneration and Conscientious- 
 ness predominate, glories in disdaining the va- 
 nity of niankind. Thus pain and pleasure re- 
 sult from, but do not generate, the faculties. 
 
 PASSION is the highest degree of activity 
 of any faculty, and the passions are as different 
 as the faculties : Thus a passion for glory is the 
 result of great energy and activity of the facul- 
 
 — 
 
OF THE FACULTIES. i57 
 
 ty of love of approbation ; a passion for mo- 
 ney, of acquisitiveness 5 a passion for music, 
 of tune ; a passion for metaphysics, of causa- 
 lity. Hence there can be no such thing as 
 factitious passions, although such passions are 
 spoken of in various books. Man cannot alter 
 his nature, and every .object that he can desire, 
 must be desired in consequence of its tending to 
 gratify some natural faculty. 
 
 SYMPATHY is not a faculty, nor is it sy- 
 nonymous with moral approbation. The same 
 notes sounded by ten instruments of the same 
 kind harmonize, and blend softly together, to 
 form one peal of melody. The cause of this is 
 to be found in the similarity of the constitution 
 and state of the strings. Each faculty of the hu- 
 man mind has a specific constitution ; and in vir- 
 tue of it, produces specific kinds of feelings, ori- 
 ginates or suggests specific kinds of ideas ; and 
 wherever similar faculties are active in different 
 individual similar feelings are experienced by 
 each, and similarity of feeling is sympathy. 
 Hence he who is under a strong feeling of De- 
 
 J* 
 
158 MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 structiveness, will delight to join with others in 
 schemes of devastation. He who strongly feels 
 Veneration will join in adoration with the most 
 glowing fervour. He in whom Benevolence is 
 very active, will join in schemes of charity with 
 a melting soul. He who has powerful Reflect- 
 ing Faculties, will seek the society of those who 
 reason and reflect. He who has Tune in an 
 eminent degree, will seek the company of those 
 who will gratify it by producing pleasant sounds. 
 He who has the Knowing Faculties most power- 
 ful, will seek the company of those who con- 
 verse, but exercise little reflection : and the rea- 
 son of the sympathy in each case is to be found in 
 the similarity of the constitution of the faculties, 
 in the particular individuals who sympathize. 
 
 But, in the human mind, the faculties proper 
 to man bear sway over those common to man 
 and brutes: and hence, if one of two individuals 
 have Acquisitiveness strong, and Conscientious- 
 ness weak, while the other has Acquisitiveness 
 strong and Conscientiousness strong also, these 
 two individuals may not sympathise in their 
 
 _ S 
 
OF THE FACULTIES. 159 
 
 modes of gratifying the inferior propensity; for 
 Conscientiousness will produce feelings of justice 
 in the one, which the other, from the weakness 
 of that faculty in him, may not experience. 
 
 Sympathy is not synonymous with moral ap- 
 probation. We approve of the actions produced 
 by the lower faculties of others, only when these 
 are guided by the faculties proper to man : For 
 example, we never approve of Combativeness, 
 when indulged for the mere pleasure of fight- 
 ing ; nor of Destructiveness, when gratified for 
 the mere delight of being ferocious ; nor of Ac- 
 quisitiveness, when directed to the naked pur- 
 pose of acquiring wealth. But we approve of 
 the action of all these faculties when directed by 
 justice and understanding. On the contrary, 
 we approve of the action of the sentiments pro- 
 per to man, even when unmingled with any 
 other motive. Thus, we approve of Benevo- 
 lence, from the mere glow of charity; of Venera- 
 tion, from the mere inward feeling of devotion; 
 of Justice, from the pure dictates of conscien- 
 tiousness. Indeed, actions done apparently 
 
160 MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 from the impulses of these faculties, lose their 
 character of purity and excellence, in our esti- 
 mation, in exact proportion to the alloy of the 
 inferior feelings which we perceive to be mingled 
 with them. Kindness, in which we perceive In- 
 terest, is always less valued than when pure and 
 unadulterated. Activity in the service of the 
 public loses its merit in our eyes, in exact pro- 
 portion as we perceive the motive to be the love 
 of approbation, unmingled with conscientious- 
 ness and true benevolence. r 
 
 These facts prove the accuracy of the phre- 
 nological doctrine, that the higher faculties are 
 made to govern the lower ; and that man is con- 
 scious of feelings, necessary, no doubt, in them- 
 selves, but of the gratification of which, when 
 undirected by the superior powers, he himself 
 disapproves. Even the higher sentiments, how- 
 ever, must act conformably to the understanding 
 to be approved of; and excess of veneration, of 
 benevolence, or of scrupulosity, is always regard- 
 ed as weakness, just as excess of any lower pro- 
 pensity is regarded as vice. 
 
OF THE FACULTIES. 161 
 
 There are some faculties, also, which, from 
 their constitution, do not sympathize in different 
 individuals in whom they are equally active. 
 Thus two individuals, under vivid impulses of 
 Self-Esteem or Love of Approbation, do not 
 sympathize. Two proud men, or two vain men, 
 repel each other, like similar poles of a magnet. 
 There is something so engrossing in these two 
 faculties, that different individuals, under the 
 unrestrained influence of them, are extremely 
 offensive to each other. 
 
 HABIT. — Next to Association, Habit makes 
 the most conspicuous figure in the philosophy of 
 Mr Stewart ; but in Phrenology it is viewed 
 differently. Dr Johnson defines habit as " a 
 " power in man of doing a thing acquired by 
 " frequent doing it." Now, before it can be 
 done at all, the faculty and organ on which it 
 depends must be possessed in an available de- 
 gree; and the more powerful these are, the 
 greater will be the energy with which the pos- 
 sessor will do the thing at first, and the ease 
 with which he will learn to repeat it. George 
 
162 MODES OF ACTIVITY 
 
 Bidder, for example, the celebrated mental cal- 
 culator, acquired the habit of solving in his 
 mind, without the aid of notation, and in an in- 
 credibly short time, the most extensive and in- 
 tricate questions in arithmetic and algebra. Be- 
 fore he could begin to do so, he required to 
 possess a large organ of Number ; and actually 
 possessing this and the corresponding mental 
 faculty, he made great and rapid progress in 
 the art, and at seven years established the ha- 
 bit which strikes ordinary persons with so much 
 surprise. Other individuals are known, who, 
 possessing a small organ of Number, have la- 
 boured for years to acquire habits of rapid and 
 correct calculation, but without success. In 
 like manner, a boy who acquires a habit of 
 quarrelling and fighting at school, manifests 
 strong faculties of Combativeness, Destructive- 
 ness, and Self-Esteem ; and if these were very 
 deficient, he would acquire such a habit with 
 extreme difficulty, if at all. Habit, therefore, 
 is the result of facility acquired by exercise. 
 It is the organ which acquires activity and su- 
 
 * 
 
 ^_ 
 
OF THE FACULTIES. 163 
 
 perior facility in performing its functions, by- 
 being properly used, just as the fingers of a mu- 
 sician attain increased rapidity and facility of 
 motion by the practice of playing. 
 
 TASTE is the result of the harmonious 
 action of the faculties generally, in at least a 
 moderate degree of vigour. Thus, the most 
 beautiful poetry is that by which gratification is 
 afforded to the higher sentiments and intellec- 
 tual powers, without the introduction of any ex- 
 travagance, absurdity, or incongruity to offend 
 any one of them. If Ideality is in excess, this 
 produces bombast; if Causality predominates too 
 much, it introduces unintelligible refinements; 
 if Wit is excessive, it runs into conceits, epi- , 
 grams, and impertinences. A picture is in best 
 taste when it delights the Knowing Faculties, 
 Reflection and the moral Sentiments, without 
 offending any of them. Thus, if Colouring be 
 too strongly or too weakly exerted, the picture 
 will be defective in taste in its shades ; if Form ^ 
 be weak, it may be out of aVawinjfc; if Ideality 
 and Colouring predominate over Reflection, it 
 
 ^ 
 
164 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 may be glowing and striking, but destitute of 
 dignity and meaning. If Language be over- 
 powerful in an individual, his style will be re- 
 dundant and verbose ; if it be ivery deficient, it 
 will be dry, stiff, anoMneagre : if Individuality 
 be excessive, he may narrate without reflection ; 
 if Reflection be too strong, he will reason with- 
 out premises or facts. 
 
 Effects of Size and Activity in the Or- 
 gans and Practical Directions for ob- 
 serving Development. 
 
 As " self-conviction can be obtained only by 
 " self-observation,'' 1 every one who desires to 
 become a Phrenologist should learn to observe. 
 A healthy brain, at a vigorous period of life, is 
 the proper subject for observation ; and as the 
 fundamental principle of the science is, that the 
 power or energy of mental manifestation bears 
 a uniform relation, cceteris paribus, to the size 
 of the organs, we must be careful not to con- 
 
 *m 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 165 
 
 found this quality of mind with that of mere 
 activity m. the faculties, as size in the organ is 
 an indication of the fokner, and not at all of 
 the latter. 
 
 In physics, power is quite distinguishable 
 from activity. The balance-wheel of a watch 
 moves with much rapidity, but so slight is its 
 impetus, that a hair would suffice to stop it; 
 the beam of a steam-engine traverses slowly and 
 ponderously through space, but its power is pro- 
 digiously great. 
 
 In muscular action, these qualities are recog- 
 nized with equal facility as different. The 
 greyhound bounds over hill and dale with ani- 
 mated agility ; but a slight obstacle would coun- 
 terbalance his momentum and arrest his pro- 
 gress. The elephant, on the other hand, rolls 
 slowly and heavily along ; but the impetus of 
 his motion would sweep away an impediment 
 sufficient to resist fifty greyhounds at the sum- 
 mit of their speed. 
 
 In mental manifestations (considered apart 
 from organization) the distinction between power 
 
166 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 and activity is equally palpable. On the stage, 
 Mrs Siddons senior and Mr John Kemble 
 were remarkable for the solemn deliberation of 
 their manner, both in declamation and action, 
 and yet they were splendidly gifted in power. 
 They carried captive at once the sympathies 
 and understanding of the audience, and made 
 every man feel his faculties expanding, and his 
 whole mind becoming greater under the influ- 
 ence of their energies. This was a display of 
 power. Other performers, again, are remark- 
 able for vivacity of action and elocution, who^ 
 nevertheless, are felt to be feeble and ineffec- 
 tive in rousing an audience to emotion. Acti- 
 vity is their distinguishing attribute, with an 
 absence of power. At the bar, in the pulpit, 
 and in the senate, the same distinction prevails. 
 Many members of the learned professions dis- 
 play great felicity of illustration and fluency of 
 elocution, surprising us with the quickness of 
 their parts, who, nevertheless, are felt to be 
 neither impressive nor profound. They possess 
 acuteness without power, and ingenuity with- 
 
 — i 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 167 
 
 out comprehensiveness and depth of under- 
 standing. This also proceeds from activity 
 with little vigour. There are other public 
 speakers, again, who open heavily in debate, 
 their faculties acting slowly, but deeply, like 
 the first heave of a mountain-wave. Their 
 words fall like minute-guns upon the ear, and 
 to the superficial they appear about to termi- 
 nate ere they have begun their efforts. But 
 even their first accent is one of power, it rouses 
 and arrests attention ; their very pauses are ex- 
 pressive, and indicate gathering energy to be 
 embodied in the sentence that is to come. When 
 fairly animated, they are impetuous as the tor- 
 rent, brilliant as the lightning's beam, and over- 
 whelm and take possession of feebler minds, 
 by impressing them irresistibly with a feeling 
 of gigantic power. 
 
 Upon the principle before stated, that size 
 is a measure of power, brains may be expected 
 to vary in their general size, in proportion to 
 the degree of mental energy possessed. Our 
 first object, therefore, ought to be to distin- 
 
168 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 guish \he size of the brain generally, so as to 
 judge whether it be large enough to admit of 
 manifestations of ordinary vigour ; for if it be 
 too small, idiocy is an invariable consequence. 
 Our second object should be to ascertain the re- 
 lative proportions of the different parts, so as 
 to determine the direction in which the power 
 is greatest. 
 
 It is proper to begin with the observation of 
 the more palpable differences in size. In some 
 instances, the greater mass of the brain lies be- 
 tween the ear and the forehead ; in others, be- 
 tween the ear and^the occiput ; and in others 
 above the ear in perpendicular height. Great 
 differences in breadth are also remarkable ; 
 some being narrow throughout, and some broad. 
 Some are narrow before, and broad behind, 
 and vice versa. The busts of the Reverend 
 Mr M., Mary Macinnes, Pallet, and Hag- 
 gart, may be contrasted with this view. If the 
 proportions of the parts differ, so that, in the 
 larger head, the greatest quantity of brain lies 
 in the lateral and posterior regions ; and, in the 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 169 
 
 lesser head, the preponderance is in the frontal 
 and coronal aspects, the larger head will then, 
 (•ceteris paribus, manifest the greatest energy 
 in the animal propensities, and the smaller one 
 the greatest power in the moral and intellec- 
 tual faculties. These higher qualities may even 
 be more vigorously manifested by the smaller 
 than by the larger head ; because the former, 
 although smaller in its general size, is, in this 
 instance, supposed to be the larger in the par- 
 ticular regions ; — but, of course, its manifesta- 
 tions of the animal propensities will be greatly 
 inferior in energy to those of the larger head, 
 the size of which is here supposed to lie princi- 
 pally in these organs. 
 
 It is necessary to keep in view, that large size 
 may consist in length or breadth, or in both. 
 The length of an organ is ascertained by the 
 distance from the medulla oblongata to the pe- 
 ripheral surface. A line passing through the 
 head from one ear to the other, would near- 
 ly touch the medulla oblongata, and hence 
 the external opening of the ear is assumed 
 
 H 
 
170 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 as a convenient point from which to estimate 
 length. Thus, the organs of intellect are si- 
 tuated in the forehead, and in proportion to 
 the length of the line from the ear to that re- 
 gion, is the length of these organs. The breadth 
 of an organ is judged of by its peripheral ex- 
 pansion ; and it is a general law of physiology, 
 that the breadth of any organ throughout its 
 whole course, bears a relation to its expansion 
 at the surface : the optic and olfactory nerves 
 are examples in point. Hence, if the line from 
 the ear to the forehead is much larger than 
 from the ear backward, and the breadth nearly 
 the same, we infer that the intellectual organs 
 predominate. If, on the other hand, the fore- 
 head is very narrow, as in Thurtell, and 
 the hind-head very broad, we hold the animal 
 organs to predominate, although the length 
 were the same in both directions. Measure- 
 ment by callipers is useful for ascertaining ge- 
 neral size. The following are a few measure- 
 ments from nature, taken promiscuously from 
 many more in my possession. 
 
A\"D PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 171 
 
 Table of Measurements by Callipers. 
 
 Males 
 
 rt 53 
 
 3* 
 
 i— 1 W 
 
 o .2. 
 
 O - 
 
 • 1 
 
 is 
 
 .2 .2 
 
 1— I o> 
 
 between 
 25 
 
 O o 3 
 
 ■aw 
 
 03 
 
 
 eS 4) 
 
 m B 
 
 w C <1> 
 
 5 m g 
 
 
 and 
 50. 
 
 ** ^3 
 
 0) 
 
 ^ fe 
 
 zn .£ 
 
 
 
 n3 
 
 O.S T3 
 
 S.5 
 
 O PL 
 
 S |5 
 
 ©ft 
 
 ° ¥ ? 
 
 S « » 
 
 03 03 
 
 O O 
 
 
 ft C« t-l 
 
 
 Sh O J 
 
 
 fi > h 
 
 *h <u 0> 
 
 ft 
 
 1. 
 
 71 
 
 4| 
 
 4^ 
 
 H 
 
 51 
 
 5| 
 
 5| 
 
 2. 
 
 6| 
 
 3| 
 
 4| 
 
 s§ 
 
 5§ 
 
 5| 
 
 4| 
 
 3. 
 
 Ȥ 
 
 4| 
 
 : 6f 
 
 6| 
 
 6| 
 
 6 
 
 5§ 
 
 4. 
 
 ,71. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5| 
 
 6 
 
 5| 
 
 5| 
 
 5. 
 
 8 
 
 4| 
 
 5| 
 
 «i 
 
 6| 
 
 6 
 
 5§ 
 
 6. 
 
 8 
 
 41 
 
 46 
 4 8 
 
 |i 
 
 5| 
 
 H 
 
 51 
 
 7. 
 
 71 
 
 4| 
 
 4| 
 
 *f 
 
 6| 
 
 H 
 
 5| 
 
 8. 
 
 71 
 
 4| 
 
 4| 
 
 5§ 
 
 5| 
 
 5| 
 
 5| 
 
 9. 
 
 71 
 
 41 
 
 H 
 
 6 
 
 5f 
 
 51 
 
 5| 
 
 10. 
 
 8f 
 
 5 
 
 5§ 
 
 H 
 
 «i 
 
 fi 
 
 5| 
 
 11. 
 
 71 
 
 4| 
 
 5 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 
 41 
 
 12. 
 
 71 
 
 4| 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5| 
 
 H 
 
 4| 
 
 13. 
 
 71 
 
 4| 
 
 4| 
 
 5| 
 
 5| 
 
 5| 
 
 5| 
 
 14. 
 
 71 
 
 3| 
 
 4| 
 
 5§ 
 
 6f 
 
 *H 
 
 5 
 
 15. 
 
 71 
 
 4| 
 
 4| 
 
 H 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 16. 
 
 71 
 
 4| 
 
 5§ 
 
 6 
 
 6| 
 
 5§ 
 
 5| 
 
 17. 
 
 7S 
 
 4| 
 
 51 
 
 6| 
 
 61 
 
 gi 
 
 , 5| 
 
 18. 
 
 7| 
 
 41 
 
 5 
 
 5f 
 
 5| 
 
 5§ 
 
 4| 
 
 19. 
 
 8 
 
 4| 
 
 «S 
 
 6| 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4|. 
 
 20. 
 
 Total di- 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 4g 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 sf 
 
 4| 
 
 151| 
 
 86| 
 
 991 
 
 118| 
 
 119| 
 
 113| 
 
 103| 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vided by 
 20 gives 
 
 F 
 
 4§ 
 
 41 9 
 
 5i§ 
 
 fill 
 
 tt 
 
 $fc 
 
 average 
 
 J 
 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 h2 
 
 ' 
 
172 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 These measurements are taken above the 
 muscular integuments, and shew the size of 
 heads in these directions; but they are not 
 given as indications of the absolute dimensions 
 of any of the phrenological organs. The calli- 
 pers are not suited for giving this latter infor- 
 mation, for they do not measure from the me- 
 dulla oblongata, nor do they indicate breadth 
 of fibre. The new craniometer is preferable 
 for ascertaining absolute length, and the breadth 
 may be judged of by means of the hand or eye. 
 The average of these twenty heads will be high>- 
 er than that of the natives of Britain generally, 
 because there are several large heads among 
 them, and none small. 
 
 After becoming familiar with the general size 
 and configuration of heads, and learning to ap- 
 preciate the proportions which the general mass 
 of the three orders of organs bears to each, the 
 student may proceed to the observation of indi- 
 vidual organs ; and in studying them, the real 
 dimensions, and not the mere prominence of 
 each organ, should be looked for. Practice, 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 173 
 
 with at least an average endowment of the or- 
 gans of Form, Size, and Locality, are necessary 
 to qualify a person to make observations with 
 success. Individuals whose heads are very nar- 
 row across between the eyes, and little developed 
 at the top of the nose, where these organs are 
 placed, experience great difficulty in distin- 
 guishing the situations and minute shades in 
 the proportions of different organs. If one or- 
 gan be much developed, and the neighbour- 
 ing organ very little, the developed organ pre- 
 sents an elevation or protuberance ; but if the 
 neighbouring organs be developed in propor- 
 tion, no protuberance can be perceived, and the 
 surface is smooth. The student should learn 
 from books, plates, and casts, or personal in- 
 struction (and the last is by far the best), to dis- 
 tinguish the form of each organ, and its appear- 
 ance, when developed in different proportions to 
 the others. The phrenological bust shews only 
 the situations of the organs, and their propor- 
 tions in one head ; and it is impossible by it to 
 communicate more information. The different 
 
174 
 
 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 appearances in all the varieties of relative size, 
 must be discovered by inspecting a number of 
 heads ; and especially by contrasting instances 
 of extreme development with others of extreme 
 deficiency. No adequate idea of the founda- 
 tion of the science can be formed until this is 
 done. In cases of extreme size of single organs, 
 the form delineated in the bust is perceived dis- 
 % tinctly standing out in nature. 
 
 When one organ is very largely developed y 
 it sometimes pushes a neighbouring smaller or- 
 gan a little out of its place. This may be dis- 
 tinguished by the greatest prominence being 
 near the centre of the large organ, and the 
 swelling extending over a portion only of the 
 other *. The observer should learn, by inspect- 
 ing a skull, to distinguish the mastoid process 
 behind the ear, and several bony prominences 
 which occur in every head, from elevations pro- 
 
 * In these cases the shape should be attended to ; for 
 the form of the organ is then easily recognised, and is a 
 sure indication of the particular one which is largely de- 
 veloped, 
 
Very small 
 
 Moderate 
 
 Small 
 
 Rather full 
 
 Rather small 
 
 Full 
 
 AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 175 
 
 duced by ojevelopment of brain ; as also to dis- 
 criminate bony excrescences sometimes formed 
 by the sutures, when such occur. 
 
 The terms used to denote the gradations of 
 size in the different organs, in an increasing ra- 
 tio, are 
 
 Rather large 
 Large 
 Very large 
 
 Captain Ross has suggested, that numerals 
 may be applied with advantage to the notation 
 of development. He uses decimals ; but these 
 appear unnecessarily minute. The end in view 
 may be attained by such a scale as the follow- 
 ing : 
 
 1. 8. Rather small 15. 
 
 2. Idiocy 9. 16. Rather large 
 
 3. 10. Moderate 17- 
 
 4. Very small 11. 18. Large 
 
 5. 12. Rather full 19. 
 
 6. Small 13. 20. Very large 
 7- ! 14. Full 
 
 The intermediate figures denote interme- 
 diate degrees of size, for which we have no 
 
176 
 
 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 names. The advantage of adopting numerals 
 would be, that the values of the extremes being 
 known, we could judge accurately of the di- 
 mensions denoted by the intermediate numbers; 
 whereas it is difficult to apprehend precisely the 
 degrees of magnitude indicated by the terms 
 small, full, large, &c. except we have seen them 
 applied by the individual who uses them. 
 
 In observing the appearance of individual 
 organs, it is proper to begin with the largest, 
 and select extreme cases. The mask of Mr 
 Joseph Hume may be contrasted with that 
 of Dr Chalmers for Ideality ; the former 
 being 5§ inches in breadth at this organ, 
 and the latter 6|. The casts of the skulls 
 of Raphael and Hag g art may be com- 
 pared at the same part; the differences being 
 equally conspicuous. The cast of the Reverend 
 Mr M. may be contrasted with that of Demp- 
 sey, in the Love of Approbation ; the former 
 having this organ large, and the latter small. 
 Self-Esteem in the latter being exceedingly large, 
 may be compared with the same organ in the 
 
 _ 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 177 
 
 ^kuil of Dr Hette, in whom Love of Approba- 
 tion is much larger than Self-esteem. The or- 
 gan of Constructiveness in Raphael may be 
 compared with the same organ in the New Hol- 
 land skulls. Destructiveness in Bellingham 
 may be compared with the same organ in the 
 skulls of the Hindoos ; the latter people being 
 in general tender of life. Firmness large, and 
 Conscientiousness deficient in King Robert 
 Bruce, may be compared with the same organs 
 reversed in the cast of the head of a lady (Mrs 
 H.), which is sold as illustrative of these organs. 
 In observing in nature also, it is proper to begin 
 with the larger organs; and two persons of op- 
 posite dispositions, in the particular points to be 
 compared, ought to be placed in juxta-position, 
 and their heads observed- Thus, if we take the 
 organ of Cautiousness, we should examine its 
 development in those whom we know to be re- 
 markable for timidity, doubts and hesitation. 
 We should contrast the appearance of the or- 
 gan in such cases with that which it presents in 
 individuals remarkable for precipitancy, and 
 
 H5 
 
ITS SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 into whose minds a doubt or fear rarely enters; 
 or a person who is unable to distinguish one 
 note from another, may be compared, in regard 
 to the organ of Tune, with another who has a 
 high natural genius for music. No error is 
 more to be avoided, than beginning with the 
 observation of the smaller organs, and examin- 
 ing these without a contrast. 
 
 It ought to be kept constantly in view, in the 
 practical application of Phrenology, that it is the 
 size of each organ in proportion to the others in 
 the head of the individual observed ; and not 
 their absolute size ; or their size in reference to 
 any standard head, that determines the predo- 
 minance in him of particular talents or disposi- 
 tions. Thus, in the head of Bellingham, De- 
 structiveness is very large, and the organs of 
 the moral sentiments and intellect are small in 
 proportion; and according to the rule, that, ce- 
 teris paribus, size determines energy, Belling- 
 hamV most powerful tendencies are inferred to 
 have been towards cruelty and rage. In the 
 skulls of several Hindoos, the organ of Destruc- 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 179 
 
 tiveness is small in proportion to the others, and 
 we conclude, that the tendency of such indivi- 
 duals, would be weakest towards the foregoing 
 passions. But in the head of Gordon, the mur- 
 derer of the pedlar boy, the measurement from 
 Destructiveness to Destructiveness is 5 J, and in 
 the head of Raphael it is 5| inches. Here the 
 absolute size of the organ is greatest in Ra- 
 phael, and yet he was an amiable man of ge- 
 nius, and Gordon an atrocious murderer. This 
 illustrates the rule now under consideration. 
 In Gordon, the organs of the moral sentiments 
 and intellectual faculties are small, and that of 
 Destructiveness is the largest in the brain; while 
 in Raphael, the moral and intellectual organs 
 are large. On the foregoing principle, the most 
 powerful manifestations of Raphael's mind 
 ought to have been in the department of senti- 
 ment and intellect, and those of Gordon's mind 
 in Destructiveness and animal passion; and 
 their actual dispositions corresponded *. 
 
 • Still the dispositions of Raphael would be charac- 
 terized by the large size of this organ. It would commu- 
 
180 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 An objection is frequently stated, that persons 
 having large heads have " little wit," while 
 others with small heads are " very clever.* 
 The Phrenologist never compares mental ability 
 in general with size of brain in general; for the 
 fundamental principle of the science is, that dif- 
 ferent parts of the brain have different functions, 
 and that hence the same absolute quantity of 
 brain, if consisting of intellectual organs, may 
 be connected with the highest genius, while, if 
 consisting of the \ animal organs, lying imme- 
 diately above and behind the ears, it may indi- j 
 cate the most fearful energy of the lower pro- 
 pensities. The brains of Charibs seem to be 
 equal in absolute size to those of average Euro- 
 peans, but the chief development of the former 
 is in the animal organs, and of the latter in the 
 organs of sentiment and intellect ; and no Phre- 
 nologist would expect the one to be equal in in- 
 tricate that warmth and vehemence of temper, which are 
 found only when it is large, although the higher powers 
 would restrain it from abuse. 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 181 
 
 telligence and morality to the other, merely be- 
 cause their brains are equal in absolute magni- 
 tude. 
 
 If we take two heads, in sound health, and 
 of similar ages, in each of which the several or- 
 gans are similar in their proportions, but the 
 one of which is large, and the other small, and 
 if the preponderance of power of manifestation 
 is not in favour of the first, then Phrenology 
 must be abandoned as destitute of foundation. 
 
 Imcomparing tne brains of the lower animals 
 with the human brain, the Phrenologist looks 
 solely for the reflected light of analogy, to guide 
 him in his researches, and never founds a direct 
 argument in favour of the functions of the dif- 
 ferent parts of the human brain, from any facts 
 observed in regard to the lower animals ; and 
 the reason is, that such different genera of ani- 
 mals are too dissimilar in constitution and ex- 
 ternal circumstances, to authorise him to draw 
 positive results from comparing them. Many 
 Philosophers, being convinced that the brain is 
 the organ of mind, and having observed that the 
 
18£ SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 brain of man is larger than that of the majority 
 of tame animals, as the horse, dog, ox, have at- 
 tributed the mental superiority of man to the 
 superiority in absolute size of his brain ; but 
 the Phrenologist does not acknowledge this 
 conclusion, as in accordance with the principles 
 of his science. The brain of one of the lower 
 creatures may be very large, and, nevertheless, 
 if it be composed of parts appropriated to the 
 exercise of muscular energy, or the manifesta- 
 tion of animal propensities, its possessor may be 
 far inferior in understanding or sagacity to ano- 
 ther animal, having a smaller brain, but com- 
 posed chiefly of parts destined to manifest intel- 
 lectual power *. Whales and elephants have a 
 larger brain than that of man, and yet their sa- 
 gacity is not £qual to his ; but nobody pretends 
 that the parts destined to manifest intellect are 
 larger^ in proportion to the convolutions intended 
 to manifest propensity, in these animals than in 
 man, and hence the superior intelligence of the 
 
 * Spurzheim's Physiognomical System, chap. 4. 
 
 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS, 183 
 
 human species, is no departure from the general 
 analogy of nature. 
 
 In like manner, the brains of the monkey 
 and dog are smaller than those of the ox, ass, 
 and hog, and yet the former approach nearer to 
 man in regard to their intellectual faculties. To 
 apply the principles of Phrenology to them, it 
 would be necessary to discover what parts ma- 
 nifest intellect, and what propensity, in each 
 species ; and then to compare the power of 
 manifesting each faculty with the size of its ap- 
 propriate organ. If size were found not to be a 
 measure of power, then, in that species, the rule 
 under discussion would fail ; but even this would 
 not authorise us to conclude, that it did not hold 
 good in regard to man ; for human Phrenology 
 is founded, not on analogy, but on positive ob- 
 servations. Some persons are pleased to affirm , 
 that the brains of the lower animals consist of 
 the same parts as the human 'brain* only on a 
 smaller scale ; but this is highly erroneous. If 
 the student will procure brains of the sheep, 
 dog, fox, calf, horse, or hog, and compare them 
 
184 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 with the human brain, or the casts of it sold in 
 the shops, he will find a variety of parts, espe- 
 cially in the convolutions which form the organs 
 of the moral sentiments and the reflecting facul- 
 ties, wanting in these animals. 
 
 It is proper next to advert to certain condi- 
 tions which may co-exist in ,the brain with size, 
 and to attend to their effects. Power in the 
 manifestations, and size in the organ, are in the 
 general case proportionate; and when diffe- 
 rences in size are considerable, no circumstance, 
 consistent with health, will render the manifes- 
 tations equal in power, but one brain may be 
 more perfect in constitution than another, and, 
 in consequence, act more vigorously, although 
 not larger in dimensions ; but these differences 
 are slight, and their effects limited. Size, then, 
 is not the only requisite to the manifestation of 
 great mental power ; the brain must possess also 
 a healthy constitution, and that degree of acti- 
 vity which is the usual accompaniment of health. 
 Now, the brain, like other parts of the body, 
 may be affected with certain diseases which do 
 
 *mm 
 
AND PEACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 185 
 
 not diminish or increase its magnitude, and yet 
 impair its functions ; and, in such cases, great 
 size may be present, and very imperfect mani- 
 festations appear ; or it may be attacked with 
 other diseases, such as inflammation* -or any of 
 those particular affections whose nature is un- 
 known^ but to which the name of Mania is gi- 
 ven in nosology, and which greatly exalt its ac- 
 tion ; and then very forcible manifestations may 
 proceed from a brain comparatively small ; but 
 it is no less true, that when a larger brain is ex- 
 cited to the same degree by the same causes, the 
 manifestations become increased in energy in 
 proportion to the increase of size. These cases, 
 therefore, form no valid objection to Phrenolo- 
 gy. The Phrenologist ascertains, by previous 
 inquiry, that the brain is in a state of health. 
 If it is not, he makes the necessary limitations 
 in drawing his conclusions *. 
 
 Nature admits of no exceptions, and a single 
 
 * See this subject discussed at greater length in Phre* 
 nological Journal, No. II. p. 300. 
 
186 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 instance of decidedly vigorous manifestations, 
 with a small organ, disease being absent, would 
 overturn all previous observations in favour of 
 that organ ; but men are liable to err ; and al- 
 though an individual Phrenologist may have 
 called an organ small, the manifestations of 
 which are powerful, or vice versa, this is not to 
 be precipitately charged against nature as an 
 exception. Chemists occasionally fail in expe- 
 riments, mathematicians err in demonstration, 
 and arithmeticians are wrong in calculations ; 
 and, in like manner, Phrenologists may commit 
 mistakes in observing cerebral development. 
 The test in such cases is, to compare the organ 
 in regard to which an apparent discrepancy has 
 occurred, with the same organ in the head of a 
 person whose powers of manifestation are known 
 to be diametrically opposite. If the organs are 
 not perceived by an ordinary eye to differ, then 
 the exception is proved. I have seen conviction 
 carried home to an opponent, by such an appeal 
 to nature, when he imagined himself sure of a 
 
 - 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 187 
 
 triumph on the score of an error committed by 
 an observer. - 
 
 If, in each of two individuals, the organs of 
 propensity, sentiment, and intellect, are equally 
 balanced, the general conduct of one may be vi- 
 cious, and that of another moral and religious. 
 But the question here is not one of power, for 
 as much energy may be displayed in vice as in 
 virtue, but it is one of direction merely. Now, 
 in cases where an equal development of all the 
 organs exists, direction depends on external in- 
 fluences, and then no Phrenologist pretends to 
 tell to what objects the faculties have been di- 
 rected, by merely observing the size of the or- 
 gans. 
 
 Suppose that two individuals possess an or- 
 ganization exactly similar, but that one is high- 
 ly educated, and the other left entirely to the 
 impulses of nature ; the former will manifest his 
 faculties with higher power than the latter; and 
 hence it is argued, that size is not in all cases a 
 measure of energy. 
 
> 
 
 188 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 Here, however, the requisite of cceteris pa- 
 ribus does not hold. An important condi- 
 tion is altered, and the Phrenologist uniformly 
 allows for the effects of education, before draw- 
 ing positive conclusions. See Phrenological 
 Transactions, p. 308. The objector may per- 
 haps push his argument farther, and maintain, 
 that if exercise thus increases power, it is im- 
 possible to draw the line of distinction between 
 energy derived from this cause and that which 
 proceeds from size in the organs, and hence that 
 the real effects of size can never be determined. 
 In reply, it may be observed, that education 
 may cause the faculties to manifest themselves 
 with the highest degree of energy which the size 
 of the organs will permit, but that size Hxes a 
 limit which education cannot surpass. Dennis, 
 we may presume, received some improvement 
 from education, but it did not render him equal 
 to Pope, much less to Shakespeare or Mil- 
 ton: therefore, if we take two individuals whose 
 brains are equally healthy, . but whose organs 
 differ in size, and educate them alike, the ad- 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 189 
 
 vantages in power and attainment will be great- 
 est in the direct ratio of the size, in favour of 
 the largest brain. Thus the objection ends in 
 this, — that if we compare brains in opposite^ con- 
 ditions, we may be led into error — which is 
 granted ; but this is not in opposition to the 
 doctrine that, cceteris paribus, size determines 
 power. Finally-p- extreme deficiency in size 
 produces incapacity for education, as in idiots ; 
 while extreme development, if healthy, as in 
 Shakespeare, Burns, Mozart, anticipates 
 its effects, in so far that the individuals educate 
 themselves. 
 
 In saying, then, that, cceteris paribus, size is 
 a measure of power, Phrenologists Remand no 
 concessions which are not made to physiologists 
 in general, among whom, in this instance, they 
 rank themselves. 
 
 ACTIVITY means the rapidity with which 
 the faculties may be manifested. The largest 
 organs in each head have the greatest, and the 
 smallest the least, tendency to natural activi- 
 
 ty- 
 
190 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 This law of our constitution is of great prac- 
 tical importance. If an individual have large 
 organs, they generate strong desires, sentiments, 
 or intellectual conceptions, involuntarily. If 
 provided with suitable objects, on which they 
 may exert their energies, they conduce to the 
 highest enjoyment, and lay the foundation of 
 the greatest usefulness. If not so provided, 
 they give rise to the most painful emotions. If 
 Love of Approbation be large, it excites an ar- 
 dent desire of applause ; if no merit be posses- 
 sed to command esteem, it cannot obtain grati- 
 fication, and painful dissatisfaction is the con- 
 sequence. Self-Esteem very large, prompts to 
 the assumption of airs of consequence, and to 
 exaggerated opinions of self-importance, and, 
 when uncontrolled, exposes the possessor to 
 countless mortifications. Combativeness and 
 Destructiveness very large, and undirected, 
 prompt the mind to watch for occasions of of- 
 fence, and embitter every hour by furious ebul- 
 litions. A long train of diseases^ in common 
 language styled Nervous Affections, result 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 191 
 
 from the mental faculties and organs being 
 unprovided with proper objects on which their 
 activity may be exerted. Unless the brain be 
 very small and constitutionally inactive, occu- 
 pation must be obtained, otherwise the organs 
 unexercised generate the most painful sensa- 
 tions. Education and literature, as means of 
 occupying and directing the faculties, are of 
 vast importance ; when these are not possessed, 
 animal pleasures, or the follies of fashionable 
 life, are resorted to for the sake of a little tem- 
 porary excitement. 
 
 A certain combination in size, namely, Com- 
 bativeness, Destructiveness, Hope, Firmness, 
 Acquisitiveness, and Love of Approbation, all 
 large, is commonly attended with general ac- 
 tivity; and another combination, namely, Com- 
 bativeness, Destructiveness, Firmness, and Ac- 
 quisitiveness, small or moderate, with Hope, 
 Veneration, and Benevolence, all large, is fre- 
 quently attended with inactivity in the men- 
 tal character ; but the activity of the whole 
 brain is constitutionally greater in some indivi- 
 duals than in others, and this frequently de- 
 
192 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 pends on causes altogether unknown. It may 
 even happen, that, in the same individual, one 
 organ is naturally more active than another, 
 without reference to size ; just as the optic 
 nerve is sometimes more irritable than the au- 
 ditory ; but this is by no means a common oc- 
 currence. Exercise greatly increases activity ; 
 and hence arise the benefits of education. 
 
 The doctrine that size is a measure of power, 
 is not to be held as implying, that power is the 
 Only, or even the most valuable quality, which 
 a mind in all circumstances can possess. To 
 drag artillery over a mountain, or a ponderous 
 car through the streets of London, we would 
 prefer an elephant, or a horse of great size and 
 muscular power; while, for graceful motion, 
 agility and nimbleness, we would select an Ara- 
 bian palfrey. In like manner, to lead men in 
 gigantic and difficult enterprises, — to command 
 by native greatness, in perilous times when law 
 is trampled under foot, — to call forth the energies 
 of a people, and direct them against a tyrant at 
 home, or an alliance of tyrants abroad, — to stamp 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 19S 
 
 the impress of a single mind upon an age ;— to 
 infuse strength into thoughts, and depth into 
 feelings, which shall command the homage of 
 enlightened men in every period of time ; — -in 
 shorty to be a Bruce, Buonaparte, Luther, 
 Knox, Demosthenes, Shakespeare, or Mil- 
 ton, a large brain is indispensably requisite ; 
 but to display skill, enterprise, and fidelity, in 
 the various professionsof civil life;~to cultivate, 
 with success, the less arduous branches of phi- 
 losophy ; — to excel in acuteness, taste, and fe- 
 licity of expression; — to acquire extensive eru- 
 dition and refined manners, a brain of a moderate 
 size is perhaps more suitable than one that is 
 very large \ for wherever "the energy is intense, 
 it is rare that delicacy, refinement, and taste, are 
 present in an equal degree. Individuals pos- 
 sessing moderate-sized brains easily find their 
 proper, sphere, and enjoy in it scope for all their 
 energy. In ordinary circumstances, they dis- 
 tinguish themselves ; but sink when difficulties 
 accumulate around them. Persons with * large 
 brains, on the other hand, do not readily attain 
 
 i 
 
194 SIZE AND ACTIVITY, 
 
 their appropriate place; common occurrences 
 do not rouse or call them forth ; and, while un- 
 known, they are not trusted with great under- 
 takings. Often, therefore, such men pine and 
 die in obscurity. When, however, they attain 
 their proper element, they feel conscious great- 
 ness, and glory in the expansion of their powers. 
 Their mental energies rise in proportion to the 
 obstacles to be surmounted, and blaze forth in 
 all the magnificence of genius, when feebler 
 minds expire in despair. 
 
 Men in general obey willingly a person in 
 authority, whose head is large and favourably 
 proportioned ; because they feel natural great- 
 ness coinciding with adventitious power. If, 
 on the other hand, the head is small, or large 
 only in the organs of the propensities, the indi- 
 vidual is felt to be inferior in spite of his artifi- 
 cial elevation, and is opposed, despised, or 
 hated. 
 
 Boonaparte, Captain Parry, and many 
 others, present a favourable specimen of the 
 former ; while, among living men in authority, 
 
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS, 195 
 
 numerous examples of the latter are also to be 
 met with. 
 
 Great general size and great activity com- 
 bined, constitute the natural elements of the 
 highest genius. 
 
 Combinations in Size, or Effects of the 
 Organs when combined in different 
 relative proportions. 
 
 The primitive functions of each organ were 
 discovered, bjf observing cases in which it de- 
 cidedly "predominated over, or fell short of, 
 other organs, in point of size, and by similar 
 observations, each must still be verified. Af- 
 ter the discovery is established, its practical ap- 
 plication deserves attention. Every individual 
 possesses all the organs, but they are combined 
 in different degrees of relative size in different 
 persons; and the manifestations of each are mo- 
 dified in some degree by the influence of those 
 with which it is combined. 
 
 i2 
 
196 COMBINATION IN SIZE. 
 
 Three rules may be laid down for estimating 
 the effects of differences in relative size, occur* 
 ring in the organs of the same brain. 
 
 Rule FinsT.-^Every faculty desires gratifiU 
 cation with a degree of energy proportionate to 
 the size of its organ * ; and those faculties will 
 be habitually indulged, the organs of which are 
 largest in the individual. 
 
 Examples. — If all the animal organs are 
 large, and all the organs of the moral senti- 
 ments and intellect small, the individual will be 
 naturally prone to animal indulgence in the 
 highest degree, and disposed to seek gratifica- 
 tion in the directest way, and in the lowest pur- 
 suits. . The Charibs, Maey Macinnes, and 
 Bellingham, are illustrations of this combina- 
 tion, and their manifestations corresponded. 
 
 If, on the other hand, the organs of the mo- 
 ral sentiments and intellect greatly predominate, 
 
 * The condition, cteteris paribus, is always understood, 
 and therefore need not be repeated, in treating of the ef- 
 fects of size. 
 
COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. 197 
 
 the individual will be naturally prone to moral 
 and intellectual pursuits ; such persons are " a 
 " law unto themselves. " The casts of Dr 
 Hette, and the Reverend Mr M., are ex- 
 amples of this combination, and they may be 
 contrasted with the casts last mentioned. 
 
 Rule second. — As there are three kinds 
 of faculties, Animal, Moral, and Intellectual, 
 which are not homogeneous in their nature, it 
 may happen that several large animal organs 
 are combined in the same individual with seve- 
 ral moral and intellectual organs highly de- 
 veloped. The rule then will be, that the lower 
 propensities will take their direction from the 
 higher powers; and such a course of action 
 will be habitually followed, as will be calcula- 
 ted to gratify the whole faculties whose organs 
 are large. 
 
 Examples If the organs of Acquisitiveness 
 
 and Conscientiousness be both large, stealing 
 might gratify Acquisitiveness, but it would of- 
 fend Conscientiousness. According to the rule, 
 
198 COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. 
 
 the individual would endeavour to gratify both, 
 by acquiring property by lawful industry. If 
 both Combativeness and Destructiveness are 
 large, and Benevolence and Conscientiousness 
 as fully developed, wanton outrage and indis- 
 criminate attack might gratify the first two fa- 
 culties, but they would outrage the last two ; 
 and hence the individual would seek for situa- 
 tions calculated to gratify all four, and these 
 may be found in the ranks of an army em- 
 bodied for the defence of his country ; or the 
 same object may be obtained by moral and in- 
 tellectual warfare against the patrons of cor- 
 ruption and abuse in Church and State. Lu- 
 ther, Knox, and many other benefactors of 
 mankind, were probably actuated by such a 
 combination of faculties. 
 
 If, in an individual, the Cerebellum is very 
 large, and Philoprogenitiveness, Adhesiveness, 
 and Conscientiousness deficient, he will be prone 
 to the directest gratifications of the animal ap- 
 petite ; if the latter organs are large, he will 
 perceive that wedlock affords the only means 
 of pleasing the whole group of faculties. 
 
COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. 199 
 
 If Benevolence, Self-Esteem, and Acquisi- 
 tiveness are all large, giving charity may grati- 
 fy the first ; but unless the individual-be very 
 rich, the act of parting with property may be 
 disagreeable to the two last faculties : he would 
 therefore prefer to gratify Benevolence by per- 
 sonal kindness ; he would sacrifice time, trouble, 
 influence and advice, to the welfare of others, 
 but not property. If Benevolence were small, 
 with the same combination, he would not give 
 either money or personal service. 
 
 If Love of Approbation large, is combined 
 with large Ideality and moderate reflecting fa- 
 culties, the individual will be ambitious to ex- 
 cel in the splendour of his equipage, style of 
 living, dress, and rank. If, to the same combi- 
 nation, be added a powerful intellect and large 
 Conscientiousness, moral and intellectual excel- 
 lence .will be preferred as the means of obtain- 
 ing the respect of the world. 
 
 If Self-Esteem large, is combined with defi- 
 cient Love of Approbation and Conscientious- 
 ness, the individual will be prone to gratify his 
 
 t 
 
200 COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. 
 
 selfish feelings, with little regard to the good 
 opinion, or the just claims of society. If Self- 
 Esteem large, is combined with large Love of 
 Approbation and Conscientiousness, the former 
 will produce only that degree of self-respect 
 which is essential to dignity of character, and 
 that degree of independence of sentiment, with- 
 out which even virtue cannot be maintained. 
 
 If Cautiousness large, is combined with defi- 
 cient Combativeness, the individual will be ex- 
 tremely timid. If Combativeness be large, and 
 Cautiousness small, reckless intrepidity will be 
 the result. If Combativeness be equally l^rge 
 with Cautiousness, the individual will display 
 courage regulated by prudence. If Cautious- 
 ness, Conscientiousness, Self-Esteem, Secretive- 
 ness, and Love of Approbation, are all large, 
 and Combativeness moderate, bashfulness or 
 mauvaise honte will be the consequence. This 
 feeling is the result of the fear of not acquit- 
 ting oneVself to advantage, and thereby com- 
 promising one's personal dignity. 
 
 If Veneration and Hope are large, and Con- 
 
 mifci 
 
COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. 201 
 
 scientiousness and Benevolence small, the indi- 
 vidual will be naturally fond of the act of reli- 
 gious worship, but averse to the practice of 
 charity and justice. If the proportions are re- 
 versed, the result will be a natural disposition 
 to charity and justice, with no great tendency 
 to the exercise of devotion. If all the four or- 
 gans are large, the individual will be naturally 
 inclined to render homage to God, and dis- 
 charge his duties to men. If Veneration large, 
 is combined with large Acquisitiveness and 
 Love of Approbation, the former sentiment 
 may be directed to superiors in rank and power, 
 as the means of gratifying the desires for wealth 
 artd influence depending on the latter faculties. 
 If Veneration small, be combined with Self-Es- 
 teem and Firmness large, the individual will 
 not naturally look up to superiors in rank. 
 
 The^intellectual faculties will naturally tend 
 to such employments as are calculated to grati- 
 fy the predominant propensities and sentiments. 
 If the organs which constitute a genius for 
 painting are combined with large Acquisitive- 
 
 i5 
 
 y 
 
202 COMBINATIONS IN Mffl& 
 
 ness, the individual would paint to become rich ; 
 if combined with Acquisitiveness small, and 
 Love of Approbation large, he would probably 
 labour for fame, and starve while attaining it. 
 
 Talents for different intellectual pursuits de- 
 pend upon the combinations of the knowing 
 and reflecting organs in certain proportions. 
 Form, Size, Colouring, Individuality, Ideality, 
 Imitation and Secretiveness, large, with Loca- 
 lity small, will constitute a portrait, but not a 
 landscape, painter. Diminish Form and Imita- 
 tion, and increase Locality, and the result will 
 be a talent for landscape, but not for portrait, 
 painting. If to Individuality, Comparison, and 
 Causality , all large, an equally well developed 
 organ of Language is added, the result will be 
 a talent for authorship or public debate ; if the 
 Language be small, the other faculties will be 
 more prone to seek gratification in the business 
 of life, or in abstract philosophy. 
 
 The principle of this rule solves cases which 
 often appear inexplicable to superficial obser- 
 vers. In Quaker Geddes, as drawn by the 
 
COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. 203 
 
 Author of Waverley in Redgauntlet (and many 
 such individuals exist in nature), Combativeness 
 and Destructiveness are kept in cheek by the 
 moral sentiments and reflection, so as in no in- 
 stance to be permitted to repel violence by vio- 
 lence. The question is frequently asked, what 
 in such cases becomes of the organs j? The an- 
 swer is, that they are present, and perform their 
 usual functions. The individual in question is 
 represented as full of moral intrepidity and en- 
 ergy of character ; and this is the result of Com- 
 bativeness and Destructiveness, directed by the 
 superior faculties. If these organs were small, 
 those of the higher powers being large, the con- 
 sequence would be a deficiency in active and 
 energetic qualities of mind. In no instance, 
 therefore, is it a matter of indifference to the 
 dispositions and character of the individual, 
 whether any particular organ be large or small. 
 To estimate the effect produced on the character 
 by a large organ, the manifestations of which 
 appear to be suppressed, we should consider 
 what the result would be if that organ were 
 
 J 
 
204 COMBINATIONS IN SIZE* 
 
 small, while all the others retained their origi- 
 nal proportions. 
 
 Rule third. — Where all the organs appear 
 in nearly equal proportions to each other, the 
 individual, if left to himself, will exhibit oppo- 
 site phases of character, according as the animal 
 propensities or moral sentiments predominate 
 for the time He will pass his life in alternate 
 sinning and repenting. If external influence is 
 brought to operate upon him, his conduct will 
 be greatly modified by it; if placed, for instance, 
 under severe discipline, and moral restraint, these 
 will cast the balance, for the time, in favour of 
 the higher sentiments; if exposed to the solici- 
 tation of profligate associates, the animal pro- 
 pensities will probably obtain triumphant sway. 
 Maxwell, who was executed for housebreak- 
 ing and theft, is an example of this combination. 
 In him the three orders of organs are amply 
 developed, and, while subjected to the discipline 
 of the army, he preserved a fair reputation ; 
 
COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. 205 
 
 but when he fell into the company of thieves, 
 he adopted their practices, and was hanged. 
 
 The principles now laid down remove an ob- 
 jection that has frequently been stated, viz. that, 
 as different combinations modify the manner in 
 which the faculties are manifested, and as the 
 functions of the parts at the base of the brain 
 are still undiscovered, no certainty can be obtain- 
 ed regarding the functions even of the higher 
 parts; because, say the objectors, all the manifes- 
 tations actually perceived, may be the result of 
 the joint action of the known and unknown parts, 
 and hence it is impossible to determine the speci- 
 fic functions of each. The answer to this objec- 
 tion is, that the function of each organ remains 
 invariable, whatever direction the manifestations 
 may take, in consequence of its acting in com- 
 bination with other organs. Hence, if we sup- 
 pose the unknown parts at the base of the brain 
 to be the organs of Hunger and Thirst, as seve- 
 ral facts indicate, then Tune combined with 
 these parts large, would be directed to Ba- 
 chanalian songs ; if combined with these small, 
 
206 COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 
 
 and Veneration large, hymns would become the 
 objects of its manifestation ; but, in either case, 
 Tune would perform only its primitive function 
 of producing melody. 
 
 Combinations in Activity. 
 
 Where several organs are large in the same 
 individual, they have a natural tendency to 
 combine in activity, and to prompt him to 
 a line of conduct calculated to gratify them all. 
 Where, however, all or the greater part of the 
 organs are possessed in nearly equal propor- 
 tions, important practical effects may be pro- 
 duced, by establishing Combinations in activity 
 among particular organs, or groups of organs. 
 For example, if Individuality, Causality, Com- 
 parison and Language be all large, they will 
 naturally tend to act together, and the result of 
 their combined activity will be a natural talent 
 for public speaking, or literary composition. If 
 Language be small, it will be extremely difficult 
 
COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 207 
 
 to establish such a combination in activity, and 
 the natural talent will be deficient ; but if we 
 take two individuals, in both of whom this 
 group of organs is of an average size, and if 
 we train one of them to a mechanical employ- 
 ment, and the other to the bar ; in the latter,^ 
 the reflecting organs and that of Language will- 
 be trained to act together, and the result will 
 be an acquired facility in writing and debate ; 
 whereas, in the former individual, in conse- 
 quence of the organ of Language never being- 
 accustomed to act in combination with those of 
 intellect, this facility would be utterly wanting. 
 On the same principle, if a person having an ex- 
 cellent endowment of the organs of propensity, 
 sentiment and intellect, were introduced for the 
 first time into higher society than that with 
 which he had been accustomed, it might hap- 
 pen that he would lose for a moment the com- 
 mand of his faculties, and exhibit an unhappy 
 specimen of awkwardness and embarrassment, 
 This would arise from irregular and unharmo- 
 nious action in the different faculties and or- 
 
208 COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 
 
 gans ; Veneration powerfully excited would 
 prompt him to manifest profound respect; Love 
 of Approbation would inspire him with a strong 
 desire to exhibit a pleasing and becoming ap- 
 pearance ; Cautiousness would produce alarm, 
 lest he should fail in any essential of breeding ; 
 Self-Esteem would feel compromised by em- 
 barrassment stealing on the mind ; and the in- 
 tellect, distracted by these vivacious and con- 
 flicting emotions, would be unable to regulate 
 the conduct, according to the rules of propriety. 
 When familiarised with the situation, the sen- 
 timents would subside into a state of less ener- 
 getic and more harmonious action ; the intellect 
 would then assume the supremacy, and regu- 
 late and direct the feelings which previously 
 had overpowered it ; and then the individual 
 might become the idol and ornament of the 
 circle, in which he at first made so awkward a 
 debut. 
 
 It is in virtue of this principle that educa- 
 tion produces its most important effects. If, 
 for instance, we take two individuals, in each of 
 
 . , « ■! 1, 11 Hi ,1M 
 
COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 209 
 
 whom all the organs are developed in an aver- 
 age degree ; and if the one of them has been 
 educated among persons of sordid and merce- 
 nary dispositions, Acquisitiveness and Self- 
 Esteem would then be cultivated in him into a 
 high degree of activity, and self-interest and 
 personal aggrandisement would be viewed as 
 the great objects of life. If the Love of Ap- 
 probation were trained into combined activity 
 with these faculties, it would desire distinction 
 in wealth or power ; if Veneration were trained 
 to act in concert with them, it would take the 
 direction of admiring the rich and great ; and, 
 Conscientiousness not being predominantly vi- 
 gorous, would only intimate that such pur- 
 suits were unworthy, without possessing the 
 power by itself, of overcoming or controlling 
 the whole combination against it. If another 
 individual, possessing the same development, 
 were trained amidst moral and religious society, 
 in whose habitual conduct the practice of be- 
 nevolence and justice towards men, and vene- 
 ration towards God, was represented as the- 
 
210 COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 
 
 leading objects of human existence, the Love 
 of Approbation, acting with this combination, 
 would desire esteem for honourable and virtu- 
 ous actions ; and Acquisitiveness would be 
 viewed as the means of procuring gratification 
 to these higher powers, but not as itself an ob- 
 ject of paramount importance. The practical con- 
 duct of the two individuals might be very differ- 
 ent in consequence of this difference of training. 
 The principle now under discussion is not 
 inconsistent with the influence of size ; because 
 it is only in individuals in whom the organs are 
 nearly on an equality in point of size, that so 
 great effects can be produced by combinations 
 in activity. In such cases the Phrenologist, in 
 estimating the effects of size, always inquires 
 into the education bestowed. 
 
 The doctrine of combinations in activity ex- 
 plains several other mental phenomena of an in- 
 teresting nature. In viewing the heads of the 
 higher and lower classes of society, we do not 
 perceive the animal organs preponderating in 
 point of size in the latter, and the moral 
 
COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 211 
 
 i 
 
 sentiments in the former, in any very palpable 
 degree. The high polish, therefore, which cha- 
 racterises the upper ranks, is the result of sus- 
 tained harmony in the action of the different fa- 
 culties, and especially in those of the moral sen- 
 timents, induced by long cultivation ; while the 
 rudeness observable in some of the lower orders, , J 
 results from a predominating combination in 
 activity among the lower propensities ; and the 
 awkwardness that frequently characterises them, 
 arises from the propensities, sentiments, and in- 
 tellect, not being habituated to act together. If, 
 however, an individual is very deficient in the 
 higher organs, he will remain vulgar, in con- 
 sequence of this defect, although he is born 
 and educated even in the best society, and in 
 spite of every effort to communicate refinement 
 by training ; while, on the other hand, if a very 
 favourable development of the organs of the 
 higher sentiments and intellect is possessed, the 
 individual, in whatever rank he moves, will have 
 the stamp of Nature's nobility. 
 
 Several moral phenomena also, which were 
 
212 COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 
 
 complete enigmas to the older metaphysicians, 
 are explained by this principle. Dr Adam 
 Smith, in his Theory, Chapter II., " On the 
 " influence of fortune upon the sentiments of 
 " mankind, with regard to the merit and de- 
 " merit of actions," states the following case : 
 A person throws a large stone over a wall into 
 the public street, without giving warning to 
 those who may be passing, and without regard- 
 ing where it may fall ; if it light upon a per- 
 son's head, and knock out his brains, we would 
 punish the offender pretty severely ; but if it 
 fall upon the ground, and hurt nobody, we 
 would be offended with the same measure of 
 punishment, which, in the former event, we 
 would reckon just, and yet the demerit in both 
 cases is the same. Dr Smith gives no theory 
 to account for these differences of moral deter- 
 mination. Phrenology explains them. If the 
 stone falls upon an unhappy passenger, Benevo- 
 lence in the spectator is outraged ; — if the suf- 
 ferer had a wife and family, Philoprogenitive- 
 ness and Adhesiveness are offended, Self-Esteem 
 
COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 218 
 
 and Cautiousness also are excited, by the idea 
 that we might have shared the same fate ; all 
 these rouse Destructiveness^ and the whole to- 
 gether loudly demand a smart infliction on the 
 transgressor to appease them. In the other 
 event, when the stone falls to the ground, and 
 hurts nobody, the only faculties excited are 
 Intellect and Conscientiousness, and probably 
 Cautiousness, and these calmly look at the mo- 
 tive of the offender, which probably was mere 
 thoughtless levity, and enact a slight punish- 
 ment against him. The proper sentence, in 
 such a case, is that which would be pronounced 
 by Intellect, and the moral sentiments acting 
 in combination, uninfluenced by the lower pro- 
 pensities. 
 
 In like manner, when a person becomes judge 
 in his own cause, Self-Esteem, Acquisitiveness, 
 and probably Combativeness and Destructive- 
 ness, roused by the conduct of the opposite par- 
 ty i mingle their influence with that of Conscien- 
 tiousness, and the result is a determination 
 frequently the very opposite of justice. When 
 
214 COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 
 
 a neutral person is appointed as judge, Consci- 
 entiousness and Intellect alone are called into 
 activity, and absolute justice is the result of a 
 powerful sentiment of Conscientiousness, tho- 
 roughly enlightened by an acute and well-in- 
 formed understanding. In party politics, Ad- 
 hesiveness, Love of Approbation, and Benevo- 
 lence, not to mention Combativeness and De- 
 structiveness, are extremely apt to enter into 
 vivid activity, in surveying the conduct of an 
 individual who has distinguished himself by 
 zealous efforts upon our own side; and our 
 judgment of his conduct will, in consequence, 
 be the determination of Intellect and Conscien- 
 tiousness, disturbed and led astray by these in- 
 ferior feelings. 
 
 On Materialism. 
 
 The objection, that Phrenology leads to ma- 
 terialism, has been frequently urged against the 
 science ; but it appears singularly unphilosophi- 
 
MATERIALISM. 215 
 
 cal, even upon the most superficial considera- 
 tion. Phrenology, viewed as the assertion of 
 certain physical facts, cannot, if unfounded, lo- 
 gically lead to any result, except the disgrace 
 and mortification of its supporters. On such a 
 supposition, it cannot overturn religion, or any 
 other truth ; because, by the constitution of the 
 human intellect, error constantly tends to re- 
 solve itself into nothing, and to sink into obli- 
 vion ; while truth, having a real existence, re- 
 mains permanent and impregnable. In this 
 view, then, the objection, that Phrenology leads 
 to materialism, is absurd. If, on the other 
 hand, the science is held to be a true interpre- 
 tation of nature ', and if it is urged, that, never- 
 theless, it leads fairly and logically to material- 
 ism, then the folly of the objection is equally 
 glaring; for it resolves itself into this, — that 
 materialism is the constitution of nature, and 
 that Phrenology is dangerous, because it makes 
 this constitution known. 
 
 The charge assumes a still more awkward ap- 
 pearance in one shape, in which it is frequently 
 
£16 MATERIALISM. 
 
 brought forward. The objector admits that 
 the mind uses the body as an instrument of 
 communication with external nature, and main- 
 tains, that this fact does not necessarily lead to 
 materialism. In this I agree with him ; but I 
 cannot perceive how it should lead nearer to 
 this result, to hold that each faculty manifests 
 itself by a peculiar organ* than to believe that 
 the whole mind acts on external objects by 
 means of the whole body, or the whole brain. 
 In short, in whatever point of view the system 
 is regarded, whether as true or false, the objec- 
 tion of materialism is futile and unphilosophi- 
 cal ; and one must regret that it should have 
 been brought forward in the name of Religion, 
 because every imbecile and unfounded attack 
 against Philosophy, made in this sacred name, 
 tends to diminish the respect with which it ought 
 always to be invested. 
 
 The question of materialism itself* however* 
 as a point of abstract discussion, has of late ex- 
 cited considerable attention ; and I shall offer a 
 few remarks upon its general merits. In enter- 
 
MATERIALISM. 217 
 
 I ing on the subject, it is proper to take a view 
 '>f the nature and extent of the point in dispute, 
 and of the real effect of our decision upon it 
 The question then is, Whether the substance of 
 ^wTiich the thinking principle is composed be 
 matter or spirit ? And the effect of our deci- 
 sion, let it be observed, is not to alter the na- 
 ture of that substance, whatever it is, but mere- 
 ly to adopt an opinion consonant with, or ad- 
 verse to, a fact in nature over which we have 
 no controul. Mind, with all its faculties and 
 functions, has existed since the creation, and 
 
 , will exist till the human race becomes extinct, 
 and no opinion of man, concerning the cause of 
 its phenomena, can have the least influence over 
 that cause itself. The mind is invested, by na- 
 ture, with all its properties and essences, and 
 these it will possess, and manifest, and main- 
 tain, let men think, and speak, and write, what 
 they will, concerning its substance. If the Au- 
 thor of Nature has invested the mind with the 
 quality of endless existence, it will, to a cer- 
 tainty, flourish in immortal youth in spite of 
 
218 MATERIALISM. 
 
 every appearance of premature decay. If, on 
 the other hand, Nature has limited its exist- 
 ence to this passing scene, and decreed that it 
 shall perish for ever when the animating prin- 
 ciple passes from the body, then all our conjec- 
 tures, arguments, discussions, and assertions, 
 respecting its immortality, will not add one day 
 to its existence. The opinions of man, there- 
 fore, concerning the substance of the mind, can 
 have no influence whatever in changing or mo- 
 difying that substance itself ; and if so, as little 
 can these opinions undermine the constitution 
 of the mind, or its relations to time and eterni- 
 ty, on which, as their foundations, morality and 
 religion must, and do, rest as on an immuta- 
 ble basis. According to Phrenology, morality 
 and natural religion originate in, and emanate 
 from, the primitive constitution of the mental 
 powers themselves. Innumerable observations 
 have proved, that faculties and organs of Bene- 
 volence, Hope, Veneration, Justice, and Re- 
 flection exist. Now, our believing that the 
 mind will die with the body will not pluck 
 
MATERIALISM. 219 
 
 these sentiments and powers from the soul ; 
 nor will our believing the mind to be immortal 
 implant a single one more of them in our con- 
 stitution. They would ail remain the same in 
 functions and constitution, and render virtue 
 amiable and vice odious, although we should 
 believe the mind to be made of dust, just as 
 they would do were we to believe the mind to 
 be a more immediate emanation from the Deity 
 himself. 
 
 In short, therefore, this question of mate- 
 rialism is one of the most vain, trivial, and un- 
 interesting that ever engaged the human intel- 
 lect ; and nothing can be more unphilosophical, 
 and more truly detrimental to the interests of 
 morality and religion, than the unfounded cla- 
 mour, or cant shall I call it, which has been 
 poured forth from the periodical journals about 
 the dangers attending it. A manly intellect, 
 instead of bowing before prejudice, would dis- 
 sipate it, by shewing that the question is alto- 
 gether an illusion, and that, adopt what opinion 
 we will, concerning the substance of the mind, 
 
 k 2 
 
22G MATERIALISM. 
 
 every attribute belonging to it must remain un- 
 altered and unimpeached. 
 
 But not to stop in our investigation till we 
 have reached the goal, we may inquire, whe- 
 ther it be possible to discover the substance of 
 which the mind is composed, whether it be ma- 
 terial or immaterial ? Previous to doing so, 
 however, we ought to endeavour to ascertain 
 what means we possess of arriving at a know- 
 ledge of the essence of the mind. All our 
 knowledge must be derived either from con- 
 sciousness or observation. Now, by reflecting 
 on what we feel, we discover nothing concern- 
 ing the nature or essence of the thinking being. 
 We do not feel a spiritual substance stirring 
 about within us, and elaborating sentiment and 
 thought ; and neither do we feel a material 
 substance producing these effects. We are con- 
 scious only of feelings and emotions, of friend- 
 ships and attachments, of high conceptions and 
 glorious thoughts ; but whether these originate 
 from matter or spirit ; whether the first embryo 
 substance of reflection dwelt lowly in the dust, 
 
'materialism. 221 
 
 err soared a pure ethereal essence amid the re- 
 gions of boundless space, before it was constitu- 
 ted a part of us ; whether God, in creating man, 
 was pleased to invest his material organs with 
 the property of thought, or to infuse into him 
 a portion of immaterial fire ; — on all these 
 points consciousness gives us no information. 
 A great deal of popular delusion, indeed, has 
 been kept alive on this point, by the fact being 
 overlooked, that we are not conscious of the 
 operations of the brain. Men in general, be- 
 cause they are sensible only of thought and 
 feeling, and not of the movements of any mate- 
 rial organ performing these acts of the mind, 
 imagine that it is necessarily an immaterial 
 substance which is thinking and feeling within 
 them ; but they are equally unconscious of the 
 contraction and relaxation of the muscles, and 
 they might as well imagine that their arms and 
 legs are moved, not by material organs, but 
 by the direct impulse of spirit, as entertain the 
 supposition in question. In short, the truly phi- 
 losophical conclusion is, that, by means of con- 
 
MATERIALISM. 
 
 sciousness, we are unable to discover of what 
 substance the thinking principle is composed. 
 
 Does observation, then, throw a stronger and 
 steadier light upon this long-agitated question ? 
 The mental organs, while in health, and in the 
 natural state in which their functions are most 
 perfectly performed, are completely hid from 
 inspection. No eye can penetrate the integu- 
 ments of the head, and the tables of the skull, 
 and the dura mater, and the pia mater, to ob- 
 tain a view of the operations performed in the 
 brain, while the thoughts run high, and the 
 sentiments swell with emotion ; and when ex- 
 ternal injury or disease removes these coverings, 
 the mind does not then disport in all the vigour 
 of its healthy action. Besides, even when all 
 these external obstacles to inspection are re- 
 moved, still it is only the surface of the convo- 
 lutions which is perceived, and the soul may be 
 enthroned in the long fibres which extend from 
 the surface to the medulla oblongata, or thought 
 may be elaborated there, and still evade detec- 
 tion. It will be said, however, that death will 
 
) 
 
 MATERIALISM. 
 
 solve the question, and allow the whole secrets 
 of the soul to be disclosed ; but, alas ! when 
 the pulse has ceased to beat, and the lungs 
 no longer play, the brain presents nothing to 
 our contemplation, but an inert mass, of a soft 
 and fibrous texture, in which no thought can 
 be discerned, and no sentiment can be perceiv- 
 ed, and in which also no spirit or immaterial 
 substance can be traced ; so that from inspecting 
 it even imagination receives no food for conjec- 
 ture, as to the presence or absence of an imma- 
 terial guest, while life and health yet animated 
 its folds. 
 
 Observation, therefore, reveals as little in 
 regard to the substance of the mind as does 
 reflection on consciousness; and as no other 
 modes of arriving at certain knowledge are open 
 to man, the solution of the question appears to 
 be placed completely beyond his reach. In 
 short, to use an observation of Dr Spurzheim, 
 Nature has given man faculties fitted to ob- 
 serve phenomena as they at present exist, and 
 the relations subsisting between them, but has 
 
224 MATERIALISM. 
 
 denied to him powers fitted to discover, as a 
 matter of direct perception, either the beginning 
 or the end, or the essence, of any thing under 
 the sun ; and we may amuse our imaginations 
 with conjectures, but will never arrive at truth, 
 when we stray into these interdicted regions. 
 
 The solution of this question, therefore, is 
 not only unimportant, but it is impossible ; and 
 this leads me to observe, that no idea can be 
 more erroneous than that which supposes the 
 dignity and future destiny of man as an immor- 
 tal being, to depend, of necessity, on the sub- 
 stance of which he is made. 
 
 Let us allow to the materialist, for the sake 
 of argument, that the brain is the mind, and 
 that medullary matter thinks, — what then ? If in 
 fact it does so, it must be the best possible sub- 
 stance for thinking, just because the Creator 
 selected it for the purpose, and endowed it with 
 this property. In this argument the religious 
 constantly forget that the same omnipotent 
 hand made the brain that created the mind 
 and the universe itself, and that, in the dedica- 
 
MATERIALISM. 
 
 lion of every cerebral convolution to its objects, 
 be they thinking or any other process, the Di- 
 vine Wisdom is as certainly exercised, as in im- 
 pressing motion on the planets, or infusing light 
 and heat into the sun. If, therefore, de facto, 
 God has made the brain to think, we may rest 
 assured that it is exquisitely and perfectly 
 adapted for this purpose, and that His objects 
 in creating man will not be defeated on account 
 of His having chosen a tvrong substance out of 
 which to constitute the thinking principle. But 
 what are His objects in creating man ? This 
 brings us to the jet of the question at once. 
 Mr Lawrence, it is said, founds no moral 
 doctrine on his opinions regarding the essence 
 of the mind ; but other materialists, who make 
 these opinions the foundation of atheism, wish 
 us to believe that the best evidence of the Di- 
 vine intention in creating the human soul, is to 
 be found in discovering the substance of which 
 it is made ; and they insinuate, that if it is con- 
 stituted of a very refined and dignified ma- 
 terial, the conclusion necessarily follows, that 
 
 k5 
 
£26 MATERIALISM. 
 
 it is intended for magnificent destinies, while, if 
 it is composed of a rude and vulgar stuff, it 
 must be intended only to crawl on this filthy 
 world. Here, however, sense and logic equally 
 fail them ; for no principle in Philosophy is 
 more certain than that we cannot infer from a 
 knowledge of the mere substance of any thing 
 for what ends it is fitted. Exhibit to a human 
 being every variety of imaginable essence, and 
 if you allow him to know no more of its proper- 
 ties than he can discover from examining its 
 constituent parts, he will be utterly incapable 
 of telling whether it is calculated to endure 
 for a day, or last to eternity. The materialist, 
 therefore, is not entitled, even from the suppos- 
 ed admission that medullary matter thinks, to 
 conclude that the human being is not immortal 
 and responsible. The true way of discovering 
 for what end man has been created, is to look to 
 the qualities with which he has been endowed, 
 trusting that the substance of which he is com- 
 posed is perfectly suited to the objects of his 
 creation. Now, when we inquire into the qua- 
 
MATERIALISM. L lWl 
 
 lities, we find the thinking principle in him 
 to differ, not only in degree^ but in kind, 
 from that of the lower animals. The latter 
 have no faculty of Justice, to indicate to them 
 that the unrestrained manifestation of Destruc- 
 tiveness or Acquisitiveness is wrong; they have 
 no sentiment of Veneration to prompt them to 
 seek a Gob whom they may adore ; they have 
 no faculty of Hope, pointing out futurity as an 
 object of ceaseless anxiety and contemplation, 
 and leading them to desire a life beyond the 
 grave ; and, indeed, the convolutions of the 
 brain, which in man form the organs of these 
 sentiments, do not exist in the lower animals. 
 Those organs also, which in man serve to ma- 
 nifest the faculties of Reflection, are, in the 
 lower animals, eminently deficient, and their 
 understanding, in exact correspondence with 
 this fact, is so limited as to be satisfied with 
 little knowledge, and to be insensible to the 
 comprehensive design and glories of creation. 
 Man, then, being endowed with qualities which 
 are denied to the lower creatures, we are enti- 
 
228 CLASSIFICATION 
 
 tied, by a legitimate exercise of reflection, the 
 subject being beyond the region of the external 
 senses, to conclude, on principles truly philoso- 
 phic, that he is designed for another and a 
 higher destiny than is to be allotted to them, 
 whatever be the essence of his mind. 
 
 On different Classifications and Nume- 
 rations of the Organs. 
 
 The organs are arranged and numbered in 
 this work, according to the order adopted in 
 Dr Spurzheim's new physiognomical system, 
 published in 1815. The principle of that ar- 
 rangement was, as far as possible, philosophical. 
 The organs common to man and the lower ani- 
 mals came first, beginning with the lowest, and 
 ascending. The organs of the moral sentiments 
 were next treated of; and, lastly, the organs of 
 intellect. The abrupt transition from the or- 
 gan of Cautiousness to that of Benevolence, arises 
 from the latter being found in the brains of the 
 
OF ORGANS. 229 
 
 lower animals, and belonging to the class com- 
 mon to them and man; whereas the convolutions 
 which constitute the whole intermediate organs, 
 or those of the sentiments proper to man^ viz. 
 Veneration, Hope, Ideality, and Conscientious- 
 ness, are not found in the brutes. This ar- 
 rangement, however, is not represented as per- 
 fect; and Dr Spurzheim, in his French works, 
 has altered it, as he thinks, for the better. I 
 have preserved the old numeration, not on ac- 
 count of its being preferable in itself, but be- 
 cause it will be impossible to arrive at a perfect 
 classification, until the primitive faculty, or ul- 
 timate function of all the organs, is definitely as- 
 certained. This is not at present the case; and, 
 in consequence, every interim arrangement is in 
 danger of being overturned by subsequent dis- 
 coveries. 
 
 In the new physiognomical system, for ex- 
 ample, Dr Spurzheim places Wit and Imita- 
 tion among the intellectual organs; while, in his 
 French works, he considers these faculties as 
 sentiments, and arranges them accordingly. If, 
 
CLASSIFICATION 
 
 however, Mr Scott's analysis of the functions 
 of Wit, stated on pages 130, 181, 132, of this 
 work, be correct, which appears highly pro- 
 bable, this organ will fall ultimately to be 
 placed among the reflecting powers, and then Dr 
 Spurzheim's new arrangement will be more in- 
 correct than the old one. By adhering, till the 
 science is farther advanced, to a particular or- 
 der, and intimating that it is only temporary, 
 the evil of such alterations is avoided, and when 
 a change is at last made, it will be permanent. 
 There is no difference of opinion among Phre- 
 nologists in regard to the kind of manifestations 
 which accompany the faculties and organs set 
 down as established ; their differences touch 
 only the result of the metaphysical analysis of 
 the feelings and intellectual powers. 
 
 Dr Gall appears not to adopt any philosophi- 
 cal principle in his arrangement of the organs ; 
 but it is proper that his order should be known; 
 and it is given below. Mr De Ville of Lon- 
 don numbers the organs in the Phrenological 
 busts sold by him according to Dr Spurzheim's 
 
OF ORGANS. 2S1 
 
 new classification, and I shall add it also. Mr 
 O'Neil of Edinburgh has just published a set 
 of Phrenological busts (five in number) intend- 
 ed to elucidate the appearance of the head in 
 different ages and sexes, and in individuals of 
 opposite natural dispositions. One of them is 
 a cast from the head of a girl of twelve years of 
 age ; another from the head of a boy of ten ; a 
 third from the head of a lady ; a fourth from 
 the head of a gentleman ; and the fifth is a cast 
 of John Pallet, executed for the murder of 
 James Mumford, and it is given as a speci- 
 men of the cerebral development of the lower 
 class of criminals. In all of these, the organs 
 are numbered according to the classification of 
 the present work, and their relative sizes are 
 marked. 
 
232 
 
 CLASSIFICATION 
 
 Names and Order of the Organs adopted by 
 Dr Gall. 
 
 No. 
 
 French. 
 
 Instinct de la ge- 
 neration. 
 
 Amour de la pro- 
 geniture. 
 
 Attachement, 
 amitie. 
 
 Instinct de la de- 
 fense de soi- 
 meme et de sa 
 propriete. 
 
 Instinct carnas- 
 sier. 
 
 Ruse, finesse, sa- 
 voir-faire. 
 
 Sentiment de la 
 propriete. 
 
 Orgueil, fierte, 
 hauteur. 
 
 Vanite, ambition, 
 amour de la 
 eloire. 
 
 German. 
 
 Zeugungstrieb. 
 
 Jungenliebe, 
 Kinderliebe. 
 
 Muth, Raufsinn. 
 
 Wurgsinn. 
 
 List, Schlauheit, 
 Klugheit. 
 
 Eigenthumsinn. 
 
 Stolz, Hoch- 
 muth, Hersch- 
 sucht. 
 
 Eitelkeit, Ruhm- 
 sucht, Ehrgeitz. 
 
 English Names 
 
 given by 
 Dr Spurzheim. 
 
 Amativeness. 
 
 Philoprogenitive, 
 ness. 
 
 Adhesiveness. 
 
 Combativeness. 
 
 Destructiveness. 
 Secretiveness. 
 Acquisitiveness. 
 Self-Esteem. 
 
 Love of Approba^ 
 tion. 
 
OF ORGANS. 
 
 233 
 
 No. 
 
 10. 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 
 13. 
 
 14. 
 
 15. 
 
 16. 
 
 17- 
 
 French. 
 
 Circonspection, 
 prevoyance. 
 
 Memoire des 
 choses, memoire 
 des faits, sens 
 des chose, edu- 
 cabilite, perfec- 
 tibilite. 
 
 Sens des localites, 
 sens des rap- 
 ports de I'e- 
 space. 
 
 Memoire des per- 
 sonnes, sens des 
 person nes. 
 
 Sens des mots, 
 sens des noms, 
 memoire des 
 mots, memoire 
 verbale. 
 
 Sens de langage 
 de parole, ta- 
 lent de la phi- 
 lologie, &c. 
 
 Sens des rapports 
 des couleurs, ta- 
 lent de la pein- 
 ture. 
 
 Sens des rapports 
 des tons, talent 
 de la musique. 
 
 German. 
 
 Behutsamkeit, 
 Vorsicht, Vor- 
 sichtigkeit. 
 
 Sachgedoechtniss, 
 Erziehungs-Fce- 
 higkeit. 
 
 Ortsinn, Raum- 
 sinn. 
 
 Personen-sinn. 
 
 Wort-Gedoech- 
 niss. 
 
 Sprach-For- 
 schungs-sinn. 
 
 Farben-sinn. 
 
 Ton-sin n. 
 
 English Names 
 
 given by 
 Dr Spurzheim. 
 
 Cautiousness. 
 
 Individuality. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Language. 
 
 Held by Dr 
 Spurzheim to 
 be included in 
 the last organ. 
 
 Colouring. 
 
 Tune. 
 
CLASSIFICATION 
 
 JVb. 
 
 18. 
 19. 
 
 20. 
 21. 
 
 22. 
 
 23. 
 24. 
 
 25. 
 2G. 
 
 27- 
 
 French. 
 
 Sens des rapports 
 des nombres. . 
 
 Sens de mecha- 
 nique, sen? de 
 construction, 
 talent de l'ar- 
 chitecture. 
 
 Sagacite compara- 
 tive. 
 
 Esprit metaphy- 
 sique, profon- 
 deur d'esprit. 
 
 Esprit caustique, 
 esprit de saillie. 
 
 Talent poetique. 
 
 Bonte, bienveil- 
 lance, douceur, 
 compassion, &c 
 
 Faculte d'imiter 
 mimique. 
 
 Sentiment religi- 
 eux. 
 
 Fermete con- 
 stance, perseve- 
 rance. 
 
 German. 
 
 Kunst-sinn, Bau- 
 sinn. 
 
 Vergleichender • 
 scharfsinn. 
 
 Metaphysischer- 
 Tiefsinn. 
 
 Witz. 
 
 Dichter-Geist. 
 
 Gutmoethigkeit, 
 Mitleiden, &c. 
 
 English Names 
 
 given by 
 Dr Spurzheim. 
 
 Number. 
 Constructiveness, 
 
 Comparison. 
 Causality. 
 
 Wit. 
 
 Ideality. 
 Benevolence. 
 
 Imitation. 
 
 Veneration. 
 
 Firmness. 
 
 ted 
 
 Dr Gall marks as unascertained several organs admit- 
 by other Phrenologists. 
 
OF OKGAXS. 
 
 235 
 
 Names and Orders of the Organs according to 
 Dr Spurzheim's Classification in his i( Ob- 
 " servations sur la Phrcznologie? 
 
 Order I.—FEELINGS. 
 
 Genus I. — Propensities. 
 
 1. Amativeness. 
 
 2. Philoprogenitiveness. 
 
 3. Inhabitiveness. 
 
 4. Adhesiveness. 
 
 5. Combativeness. 
 
 6. Destructiveness. 
 
 7. Constructiveness. 
 
 8. Acquisitiveness. 
 
 9. Secretiveness. 
 
 Genus II — Sentiments. 
 
 10. Self-Esteem. 
 
 16. Conscientiousness. 
 
 11. Love of Approbation. 
 
 17- Hope. 
 
 12. Cautiousness. 
 
 1 8. Surnaturalite ( Wonder.) 
 
 13. Benevolence. 
 
 19. Wit. 
 
 14. Veneration. 
 
 20. Ideality. 
 
 15. Firmness. 
 
 21. Imitation. 
 
 Order II.— INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 
 
 Genus I — Ext: 
 
 ernal Senses. 
 
 Touch. 
 
 Hearing. 
 
 Taste. 
 
 Sight. 
 
 Smell. 
 
 
236 
 
 CLASSIFICATION 
 
 Genus II — Perceptive Faculties. 
 
 22. Individuality (Lower 
 
 Individuality). 
 
 23. Form. 
 
 24. Size. 
 
 25. Weight. 
 
 26. Colouring. 
 27- Locality. 
 
 28. Number. 
 
 29. Order. 
 
 30. Phenomenes (Upper In- 
 
 dividuality). 
 
 31. Time. 
 
 32. Tune. 
 
 33. Language. 
 
 Genus III. — Reflective Faculties. 
 34. Comparison. 35. Causality. 
 
 Arrangement contained in Dr Spurzheim's 
 " Essai Philosophique? (He omits the 
 numbers in this work ; I add them in the or- 
 der in which the Organs stand). 
 
 Order I — FEELINGS, (Facultesaffectives). 
 
 Genus 1 — Feelings common to the lower Animals 
 and Man. 
 
 1. Amativeness. 
 
 2. Philoprogenitiveness. 
 
 3. Inhabitiveness. 
 
 4. Adhesiveness. 
 
 5. Combativeness. 
 
 6. Destructiveness. 
 
 7« Constructiveness. 
 
 8. Acquisitiveness. 
 
 9. Secretiveness. 
 
 10. Cautiousness. 
 
 11. Love of Approbation. 
 
 12. Self-Esteem. 
 
OF ORGANS. 237 
 
 Genus II — Feelings proper to Man. 
 
 13. Benevolence. 18. Feeling of the Marvellous. 
 
 14. Veneration. 16. Ideality. 
 
 15. Firmness. 20. Sense of the Ludicrous. 
 
 16. Conscientiousness. 21. Imitation. 
 17- Hope. 
 
 Order II.— INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 
 Genus I — External Senses. 
 
 Touch. Hearing. 
 
 Taste. Sight. 
 
 Smell. 
 
 Genus II. — Internal Senses, which give a Know- 
 ledge of External Objects, and their Qua- 
 lities. 
 
 22. Individuality. 25. Consistence and Weight, 
 
 23. Size. (probable). 
 
 24. Form. 26. Colour. 
 
 Genus III — Internal Senses, which give a Know- 
 ledge of the Relations of Objects. 
 
 27. Locality. 31. Time. 
 
 28. Number. 32. Tune. 
 
 29. Order. 33. Language. 
 
 30. Phenomena, (Higher 
 
 Individuality). 
 
 Genus IV. — Reflecting Faculties. 
 34. Comparison. 35. Causality. 
 
238 DESCRIPTION 
 
 Description of Craniometer. 
 
 Figure 1st represents a pair of Callipers. 
 The numerals on the scale indicate the width 
 from point to point, when they are open. They 
 are useful for ascertaining the general size of 
 the head as mentioned on p. 162. The legs are 
 sometimes made to unscrew at A A, and fitted with 
 hinges at BB, and the instrument can then be 
 put into a small case, and carried in the pocket. 
 The ball C is for inserting into the orifice of the 
 ear, in taking measurements from it to different 
 points of the head. 
 
 Figure 2d, represents a Craniometer invent- 
 ed by Mr Robert Ellis and Mr William 
 Gray, and approved of, in its present form, by 
 the Phrenological Society. The object of it is 
 to measure the length from the medulla oblon- 
 gata, or top of the spinal marrow, where each 
 organ originates, to the point where it reaches 
 the surface of the brain. The rods BB are 
 
OF CBANIOMETER. 239 
 
 moveable, and the balls (made of ivory or brass,) 
 on the inner ends of them, go into the external 
 opening of the ear. The point A is the middle 
 of the axis which would be formed by the pro- 
 longation of these rods ; and it coincides, not 
 exactly, but pretty nearly, with the middle of 
 the medulla oblongata. The rods must be in- 
 serted to equal depths into the ears, otherwise 
 the centre A would not coincide with the mid- 
 dle of the axis in the head. The rods are gra- 
 duated, to secure accuracy in this respect. C, 
 C, C, is an exact semicircle, (made of steel, or 
 double plates of tin) of which A is the centre. 
 DE is an index, intended to measure distances 
 from A. To construct it accurately, make the 
 end D touch A, and the other end coincide with 
 every part of the circumference of the semicir- 
 cle. When drawn out, the end E rises as far 
 above the circumference as the end D recedes 
 from the point A. The index is graduated, 
 beginning at the top, and the lengths are read 
 off as they appear on the projecting part. 
 Figure 3d, represents the craniometer appli- 
 
240 DESCRIPTION OF CRANIOMETER. 
 
 ed. The semicircle moves backwards and for- 
 wards on the axis B, B, and the index may be 
 moved from right to left along the circumfer- 
 ence. To keep the index always pointing to A, 
 it is made to slide in a piece of wood F, Fi- 
 gure 4., the sides of the groove of which form 
 a segment of a circle, coinciding with, and ap- 
 plied to, the circumference of the semicircle. 
 
 This instrument measures only the length of 
 the organs. Their breadth is judged of by 
 their expansion at the surface ; and the two di- 
 mensions give their absolute size. 
 
 Mr Henry Thompson has favoured me with 
 a drawing and relative explanation, calculated 
 to represent the effects of a number of the most 
 frequent combinations in size in a tabular form; 
 but the limits of this work prevent me laying it 
 before the Public. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 P. Neill, Printer. 
 
\ ^ 
 
 
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