2' 3‘ v». , ''«*,wr4.* A‘. -+E?IJBIgI {¥‘A.'§7I(§NS o§*'rLm2 2333331; LAdE<3::%sTAT:’sT:c.s; [Ting puiaficatitnn 0? -the aniifualéaml spec.a’¢‘zlV Vrepor£$'ancE of the &iiVni>n.:':'hiy_;bu<'lei'i¥1 has 3399" 0 o ' ’ “ ‘I ~ v ' ‘ - ' 3- . V . ‘ ‘ I I dtsconlzrz:aed,‘and_sinceJuiy» 1j}93l2, a buuiletin has bea«:n.,V{r>u!_>€xsa'¢e4:fA:Vz:. z_rregu.larz.nfervais._ Rae 1 w.izhN_a.1o1, A V 0na.pplicati0KnV.] V~ tions pf the_ Bureau of L " aiée as follower‘ V - . , ’ V — . V. 2. ~. L ’1,"'sarei V— Vnumbgr scontczzns matter devoted to one via series 01 £o'?3?}f"€€l 3l¥”.!‘3‘—‘-35* -A T""‘98" (”"”Ptm - . . .. . . . ~— ; - ' .’ in numbered consecutwely zn“eachvser:es‘and also carrya «;z>n.secu.tz.z.ve 11, lmie number, begmn 9 "A ‘list of 1. he series of b..ulleTtina now published by. the Bureau is as .foll(uvs: - _ WhoIe'saie.- P«rice‘sV. V V . V ' Rétail I>xices‘1—and’ Cost of. Living.’ Wages] and _H.om.~sJo: Labor. " = Employment: and Unfémiplqyment. women; in Ixxdmsgtxfy;-Vv_‘ V: V Workmen’s,,Ii1sx;tan¢e ( and ; Comlians In'dustrial Accidents and Hygsiene- . ’ Conciliation Vanfl ¢ArhitraVtion tinbluciing Laboi‘ La,ws_“of5 the” United 8 ’ Fqfeign .LaborV Laws; » Vocatiofial. ‘Edt1¢atiV(>._x_1. rltiisceiluneuus Seriéa; gtiggl ‘(i’14\cTV1nci.ViVV1‘i.g?1-l’z;=v5qr‘a relating thereto), V §;ri_kés _and lock.outs.)>.. __ . . V taVt¢a (iticIx1clix;gV_»V:is<§nizi§Vih_the-';x1iii:c1i ri:k1%u§§try'iu'FJ;1ie isnitéa ) ‘fiieéting er the rnmf ‘ nation’a'I ’As.§s.ocia_tion for L,ab0r_‘Legis}ation: Industtial;poi's ‘ % ‘ ‘ 0113.‘ ~*Rep‘o‘rt of Ininois. C<>Vm,<1}iss:_sio11 o_nL0<:cupatioVna1 Diseases. ' ,*BulV. 95; my, ’1$)11v Indust:r1a1_ lead. ’ The white—1.ea(1 industry . oxide tndixsztt-'y._ I.)ea—~ths; fr:;mV industrial 1éa:d poisonin . , _ LaVws'«e11ac:ted (wring 1911_1:e‘quirIngvthe rep_9xrt of occupational diseagesf *IBu1- 96, Septenlber. 1911, Attitude otM % V, of t.heir',enm1oyees.. ” ‘ 19.1.1, (fm“1'difionsMo_£‘ en:1)Io‘yz1ie'nt ii; ’1;he_A~i,19A<>“11( zfixd s in‘ the Unitefd State‘s,«V withjan £V_1pp<:n<1ix on the lead» 9 . poisoning in Great Britain ’a,n_d wAes\‘te:rn" "* g in Néw '52'<§i-k‘%stVgte in 1909 %‘a%ndV19m. : 3aVsVsachtiSe£ts_ employemvtoward the heéithi V V . V V _ A V V V % :tk:él fi1d{;$try in thé‘ Utiiféd Stfianiég (3 D0CeV110;'V3_?«C1 CQ:;g.‘,a1St£VVsgss.-).fV91; 'I’fIV.. V” ‘ % ' ' ' "A ' ‘ _ . _ tit! °g‘i[a’{1e.Vol V¢:bV'_1§er. DEPOSITORY DOCUMENTS UNIVERSITY or Mcssoum LIBRARY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ROYAL ME EKE R, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES WHOLE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ' ' ' {NUMBER INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND HYGIENE SERIES: NO. 12 HYGIENE OF THE PRINTING TRADES ALICE HAMILTON, M. A., M. D. and CHARLES H. VERRILL APRIL. 1917 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 19 I 7 ADDITIONAL COPIES or nus PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED mom THE SUPERINTENDENT or DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING orvwm WASIKINGTON, D. C. AT 20 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS. Page. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - - - . . . - - - - . ~ - - - - - - - . . . . . .s . Q . . . ~ . . . . . . . 5, 6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . = . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6——10 Description of printing plants- . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..; ..... - .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-20 Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14 Separation of different processes... . . . .. . . .- .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15 Lighting ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15,16 Washing facilities,» drinking Water, and lunch rooms. . . . . .. . . ., . _ . - .. . .. .. . . .. . 16, 17 Methods of cleaning, ....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n . . . . . . . 17, 18 Spittoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . 18, 19 Standards of cleanliness .................. - . ,. . . . - , . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20 Composition of type metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . _. . .. . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21 Effectsef lead in iumes.... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21-24 Volatility tests of metals used at Government Printing Oflice.- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24~—-266 Presence of lead in dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . - . . . . - - - - .... - -. - - ~ . - - - - 23, 8 Tests for lead in dust- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . - - . . . . . . - - - - - ; .. . . - 27, 28 Effeciaofetherpoisons ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. An:t,i_mony._ ......... . .. . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . » . U » . . . . . . . 28-30 Type and roller cleaners. " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-32 Aerolein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33 Carbon monoxide gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 33, 34 The composing room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34——37 Linotype machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .. . . .. . , . t . . . . . . . . . . . , . IL 0 . . . . . . G . . . . . H . . . . . . . . . 37—44 Monotype casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ = n . . . . - . : - . - - - - .. . » - - - - - . - . - - - . . » - » . . 44-46 Stgreotyping _ _ , _ _ . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . » to V . . .2 .. .. n . . . . » « . , . . . . . . 46-48 Electrotyping . _ . . . . . . . . - , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ” . o . . . . . . - « - = . . . u . . . . 48--51 The pressroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . \ - . . . . . . . 51-53 Refining dross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 54 Type founding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » . . . . . . . . . 54-66 Boys in the printing trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 57-59 Women in the printing trades . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 60 Health of printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-98 England and Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Holland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 61, 62 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,63 Austria . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' 63 Italy . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 64 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64-72 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-82 Lead poisoning among printers ....... . . . . . . . . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-87 Symptoms of lead poisoning‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87-90 Other occupationa-1 diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90-93 Results of medical examination of 200 printers . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .. .. 93——101 Physical condition of men entering the industry ..................... . , . . . . . 101, 102 Health campaign of International Typographical Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102-105 Hygienic control of the printers’ trade in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3 g CONTENTS. Page. Appendix A.—-—Proposed scheme for the inspection of composing rooms in the District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107411 Appendix B.—~~Precauti.ons for printers~~Massachu.setts General Hospital. . . . 112 Appendix C.~—~Hygienic regulations for printing and type-casting estabhsh‘ 1nents——Departrnent of Labor of NGW JGTSGY - - - ~ - - - - ' ' ' ' ' ‘ ‘ 113’ 114 Plate No. 1.~—Mechanica1 exhaust system for removal of noxious fumes‘ from linotype machines. Plate N o. 2.-—Details of construction of exhaust system for linotype ma- ‘ chines. . Plate No. 3.~—--Details of construction of exhaust hood for linotype maCh1I1GS- Plate No. 4.~—Showing how to construct an exhaust hood for linotype ma- chines. , Plate No. 5.—~Showing installation of exhaust system for linotype machlnes. ~ Plate No. '6.——~Open type of exhaust hoods for melting kettles in stereotype room. _ Plate No. 7.——-Melting kettles in stereotype room completely inclosed With exhaust hood. . Plate No. 8e~—-Exhaust hood on melting kettle in stereotype room, showing slot for pump action. A Plate N o. 9.——ShoWing details of construction of hood for stereotype ma- chine. -Appendix D.~—Tim-ely hints No. 7-——for printers-—-Pennsylvania Department of Labor .; . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . - - - -' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' ° ° ' ' ‘ 115’ 116 ~Ap_pendix E.——-Regulations of the imperial chancellor of Germany concerning the erection and management of printing Works and WP9‘ founding Works . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' ‘ ' 11’ 7 118 BULLETIN OF THE U. s. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. W-HOLE N0; 209. a e WASHINGTON. APRIL, 1911. _ HYGIENE OF THE PRINTING TRADES. B1 ALICE IIAl\IILT0N;1:I'.1‘:.{.(,)'I:;:)l;fi‘I‘IARLES II. VERRILL. This study was made primarily to discover what influence, if any, the presence of lead and of other less important toxic substances has upon the men. engaged in the printing trade, and incidentally to observe all the features of the industry which might have an in- direct bearing on health. In order to do this it has been necessary to examine actual conditions in the printing trade in typical Ameri- can cities and to make a study of the actual physical condition of the present generation of printers. Seven cities 1 were selected which were regarded as having typical industrial conditions and a personal inspection was made of 130 plants in which all the processes used in printing, including type founding, were studied. As there are in this country no complete statistics of sickness and deaths among printers available it was decided to make an investigation of the phy- sical condition of groups of employed printers, taking so far as possible a typical cross section of the industry, in order to determine the effect of their occupation upon their health. One hundred print- ers in Chicago and 100 in Boston consented to submit to a thorough physical examination by physicians who had had special experience in detecting occupational disease. In addition to these examinations all possible information concerning causes of death among printers was collected from the records of the International Typographical Union. The special dangers to be considered in the printing trades, espe- cially in hand composition, linotype and monotype casting, stereo- typing, and electrotyping, are the exposure to lead and antimony 1 These cities are Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Chica$'0.i‘8!1'3i' St. Louis. i T V 5 g. 6 BULLETIN OF’ THE BUREAU OF‘ LABOR STATISTICS. dust and to possible fumes from molten lead; to various volatile poisons used in cleaning press rollers and old type; to irritating and toxic fumes from remelting ink—covered type metal, and to poisonous fumes from the gas burners under the various type-casting machines. The description which follows is based on visits to 130 establish.- ments—-——in Boston (including Cambridge), New York (including Garden*City, L. I.), Philadelphia, Baltimore, VVashington, Chicag0a and Louis. Thirty-four of these were newspaper oflices, 84 Were is book and job.p.ubl.ishing houses, and 12 did electrotyping only. Of the book and job printing oflices, 56 were large, employing more than 12 workpeople in the departments under investigation, and 26 were small, employing less than 12.: In 4 there were type foundry depart- ments. The departments studied were the composing room, includ- ing linotype operating and monotype casting, the stereotype foundry, the electrotype foundry, the pressroom,‘ and the department in which used type is remelted and cast and, in some cases, lead dross refined. Other departments, such as the bindery or those of the various ~ processes of photo-engraving and lithography, were not included. The points noted were: First, the construction of the building, in- cluding the height of the ceilings, the character of ventilation, natu- ,ra‘-land artificial, including special apparatus for carrying off fumes, the character of flooring and of furniture, the character of lighting, natural and artificial, a.nd the provision of washing facilities, of lunch rooms, of toilet rooms, and of drinking water. Second, the upkeep, the actual condition as regards cleanliness, temperature,"purity of air, and dust prevention; the method of cleaning floors and the time of day-selected for this cleaning; tl1e‘i11el’31Gd5 of cleaning the dust out roof tfype~?oases, and of cleaning in]: ofi old type and press rollers; the method of disposingsof lead scrap; the care of linotype lllflchines, and stliie actual‘ working of odevices installed to prevent dust and fumes. -‘their features noted were the separation of possibly dangerous ‘processes from safe‘ work, the character of work intrusted to boys ”and“to women, and the sanitary reforms’ t'ttdb7 1» ft themselves during recent years. ms 1 u e 3 he prm erg SUMMARY. 7 In all countries the printer’s trade has been considered an occupa- H011 llllhealthful beyond the average, and this belief is borne out by Statistics: which Sh0W an abnormally high sickness rate and death rate £01’ Printers as compared with all occupied males. ' Examination of all available sources of ninformation in the United States shows that in this country the printer’s trade is productive of more illness than would be expected in an industry where wages are high, hours usually not long, and where there is no gross contamina- HYGIENE on THE PRINTING‘ TRADES. 7 ion of the air nor exposure to excessiveheat or cold, nor overexertion. American printers suffer far more from tuberculosis than do occupied males in general. Statistics compiled from the records of the International Typo- graphical Union covering almost 12,000 deaths between 1893 and 1915, show a decided lowering of the death rate from tuberculosis and an increase in the -expectation of life. This improvement. is greater than that among men in the general population during these years} It is probably to be attributed to improvements in shop hygiene, less exposure to lead owing to the use of machines, the educational work of the International Typographical Union in re- gard to tuberculosis, the prompt. care of tuberculous printers since the establishment of the Printers’ Home in Colorado, and the shorter workday. It is probable that the gradual rise in the standard of living among printers has also tended to lower the death rate from tuberculosis. I l The unhealthful features of the industry are the following: It is an indoor occupation, often carried on in vitiated air; it requires little physical exertion, and in consequence the printer’s circulation is apt to be sluggish and he i_s oversensitive to cold; the nervous strain , is great; the printer is exposed to the effect of various poisonous substances, the most important of which is lead. The importance of lead in the production of disease among printers is emphasized especially by the Austrian, Dutch, and Italian authorities, while the Germans are more divided on the subject, and the British believe that the danger from lea.d is not great. Lead poisoning may be acquired by handling food or tobacco with hands which have become smeared with lead. It may also be ac- quired by breathing lead dust and fumes. c The sources of lead dust are: In the composing room, the dust from type cases; in the linotype room, the scraps of lead from the machine which fall on the floor and are ground up by the feet of passers-by and the dust from cleaning machine and plunger; in stereotyping and electrotyping, the scraps from trimmers and routers and saws, and the dross from the kettles. In addition most shops melt and recast used type and scrap, and this is another source of lead dust. Analyses of dusts collected from various surfaces in Wa»Sl1ll1gtOn printing plants showed the presence of lead, small in amount, but important because even very small quantities of lead in the air breathed for many years may cause chronic lead poisoning. Lead poisoning may also be acquired by exposure to the fumes aris- ing from molten lead. Analyses of the air surrounding molten lead 1 See page 77. 8 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU- OF LABOR S‘TATIS'l‘ICS. atthe temperatures usual in the Various processes of printing show a that the heat used is not greatenough to cause lead to be given off from these pots so long as the molten metal is at rest, but when it is agitated by stirring, or by skimming off dross, or by ladling and pouring, there is a contamination of the air by the discharge of the fine, light coating of oxide which always forms on the surface of molten. lead. In: stereotyping, electrotyping, and remelting and casting type, the agitation ofthe metal is enough, to cause lead contamination of the surrounding air. = In linotype andomonotype. casting the molten metal is little dis- turbedand there is no evidence of air contamination from this source. It is -highly probable that the symptoms of ill health complained of by «linotypists and monotype casters are in reality due to the. con-' tamination of the air. by carbon monoxide from the naked burners under the melting pots. ‘There should always 'be exhaust ventilation over such burners, or electric heating should be substituted for gas hea:ting. r A slowly developing form of lead poisoning may occur in lino- typists: as a result of. the dustincident to the Work as it is usually ca rried~ on. . 1»Lead poisoning, when it occurs in printers, is of a slow, chronic, insidious form, not easily recognized because not typical. The chief injury done by lead— is probably to be found, not in the pro- duction » of true plumbism, but in a lowering of the resistance to other diseases, especially to certain infections. .In this way is ex— plained the. high death rate. from tuberculosis.‘ Lead poisoning -and tuberculosis go hand in hand in this trade, both being highest e in the occupations with greatest exposure to lead and both falling as cleanlinessand good ventilation increase. Chronic lead poisoning. causes a general» hardening of the blood vessels and as a result of «this, certain organs, liver and kidneys especially, are starved for blood anddegenerate. As another result of this same change in the blood vessels there may be heart disease, for the heart is both_ poorly nourished and forced to greater effort to drive the blood through the rigid vessels. If there is a sudden rise in the blood pressure in the brain, one of the brittle vessels may break and an attack of apoplexy result, with paralysis. Bright’s disease, apoplexy and paralysis are all remote effects of chronic lead poisoning. a Foreign experts say that lead poisoning is unimportant as a cause of death among printers, but important as a cause of sickness. The same thing seems to be true of American printers. Anexamination of 200 working printers in Boston and Chicago ‘showed that 18, or HIYGIENE -OF THE PBINT'ING- TRADES. 9 9 per cent, were suffering from chronic lead poisoning. Only 93 men, or 46.5 per cent, were free from noteworthy symptoms of ill health; the remaining 107 had health more or less impaired. Foreign experts attribute the ill health of printers in large part to the fact that this industry is recruited from the weaker, less Well developed boys, who enter the trade believing it to be easy. VVh.ile« this seems to be far less true of the trade in this country, the staa tistics of the Prudential Insurance Co. show that printers average slightly lower in stature and weight than occupied males in general. In addition to lead, printers are exposed more or less to certain other poisons: Antimony in type metal; carbon monoxide from gas burners; volatile petroleum products or coal tar products used to clean type and press rollers; turpentine used for the same purpose; a.nilin oil and possibly wood alcohol and tetrachloride of carbon, used as roller cleaners; lye water, for washing type. and forms; acrolein fumes, which develop when old ink-covered type is heated for remelting. A study of conditions in 130 printing plants (including, type founding and electrotyping) in seven American cities showed that disease-producing conditions are to be found in many shops, although in general there has been a marked improvement in sanitation during recent years and several. model establishments are to be seen in these cities». Ventilation is often inadequate, for where ordinary window venti- lation is depended on the men usually refuse to permit the windows to be opened except in warm weather. Type cases with lead dust are commonly blown clean with a bel- lows, and this endangers the man who does it and sometimes others in the composing room. Dry sweeping of lead fragments a.nd dust and dry dusting and cleaning of type—casting machines are usual. Processes involving exposure to lead dust and fumes are often carried on in the same room with processes quite free from such danger, thus unnecessarily exposing many workmen. Boys are required to do work exposing them to lead dust, to the effects of which they are more susceptible than are adults. Vl.7ashing facilities are in the majority of printing shops very in- adequate, and men who bring their lunch to the shop often eat with hands only partly cleaned. Naked gas burners are used for type—casting machines and melting pots, and the gas is allowed to contaminate the air in many shops. Prevention of occupational disease among printers requires the following measures: Ample ventilation in all sorts, of Weather; electric heating of lead pots or exhaust ventilation to carry off gas fumes; scrupulous cleanliness of the premises; no dry sweeping or 10, BULLETIN or THE BUREAU on LABOR STATISTICS. dry dusting or blowing out of type cases, or dry cleaning of casting machines and plungers; proper lighting; separation of processes which produce lead dust or fumes from other processes; prevention of excessive heat, especially moist heat; ample washing facilities; no A excessive speeding up or excessively long hours; proliibition of boys’ i work in processes involving exposure to lead dust or fumes. DESCRIPTION OF PRINTING PLANTS.- There has been a very great improvement of late years in the con- struction of printing establishments, as can be seen when some of the old buildings in Boston or Philadelphia or even Chicago are compared with those constructed within the past 10 or 15 years. 1“or1nerly it was taken for granted that printing should be for the most part carried on in small, low, dark, crowded rooms, with dust-incrusted floors, dim windows never opened, and furniture covered with the accumulated dust of years. Now such a place is the exception, and in every one of the seven cities which were visited in the course ofthis inquiry more than one model establishment was found, large and clean and even beautiful. To be sure there remains still much room for im- provement in the average printing plant, and the very best establish- ments sometimes reveal a surprising piece of oversight or of neglect, so that employees who are enjoying the luxury of lunch rooms and of bubbling fountains with iced water may at the same time be running the risk of lead poisoning from quite preventable dust or fumes. The sanitation of this industry has not proceeded along logi- cal lines, doing away with the dangers in the order of their impor- tance and providing first for safety, second for comfort and beauty; rather it has proceedted capriciously, and the desirable has sometimes been given more attention than the really essential. ..+.\ttractively painted walls in the composing room are pleasant, but hot \va.te.r to enable the compositor to get the lead off his hands before he eats his lunch is decidedly more important. It is a. matter of surprise to find in an apparently model establishinent, one which is an evident source of pride to the proprietors, such a really insanitary feature as the placing of the melting pot for old met.a.l in the. composing room. The floor in American printing shops is almost always either of Wood or of cement or concrete. The latter is supposed to be more modern, more durable, and cleaner, but the men themselves usu- ally not at all enthusiastic over cement floors. To the assertion that cement is clean they reply that many of these ‘floors give olf a fine powder which is more objectionable than the dust from a wooden floor. They object also to the coldness and dampness of cement floors. They say that they are more slippery and men are more likely to have accidents from losing their footing’. but the most frequent complaint of all is that flat foot is likely to result from long standing on this 11 12 BULLETIN or THE BUREAU or LABOR STATISTICS. rigid, unyielding surface. To obviate this all sorts of devices are used. Some men stand on mats composed of Several layers of old carpet, others use wooden boxes or strips of cork, and the employer senietinies provides low wooden platforms, especially for the com- «positors. '1‘here~ are, however, printing plants with cement floors in Wl1.l.Cl'1 there is no complaint at all from the employees; on the con- trary, they say they prefer them to- wooden floors. - lUsually hand compositors in job Shops stand at their ca.ses, while those in newspaper work often sit. There seems no reason why all could not sit. The cases are not adjusted to the different statures of the men andstools would be much easier for men who are above or below the average 'l1Bl.gl’1l3. Their use would also help to prevent fl at foéit. VENTILATION. Most printing plants, the great majority in fact, depend on window ‘ventilation entirely. lVhere this is carefully planned, i.t may give fairly good ventilation, as when the top part of the window is made 'to open insuch a way as to deflect the air upward first, against the i ceiling, or when the lower sash is raised with a shield in front of it and the air passes up between the two sashes. Even then the men ‘working nearest to the window may object to the cold, and when the only way to admit fresh air is by throwing open a window, it may be taken for granted that no fresh air will be admittedvexcept in summer. VVork in the composing room involves verylittle muscu- lar effort; it is largely standing or sitting in one place and making movements which require the use of only the smaller muscles, and consequently the circulation of blood is sluggish and the compositor is oversensitive to chilling of the surface of the body. No matter how much the men at a distance from the windows may clamor for better -ventilation the men near the windows will insist on keeping them shut, except on the warmest days. In the pressroom, drafts must be avoided for the sake of the ink, but on the whole the air in press- rooms is usually better than in composing rooms, perhaps because there are more cubic feet of air space per man, perhaps because the ‘movement of the machinery, especially where there are belts, tends to keep the air stirring. Of late years the whole conception of what constitutes bad air has had to be revised, largely as a result of the researches of Haldane and H111 in England, Fliigge in Germany, and Benedict, F. S. Lee and C.-E. A. VVinslow in this country. We know now that bad air is not necessarily air which has a lowered percentage of oxygen or an in- creased percentage of carbon dioxide or is contaminated with so- called animal emanations. Bad air. is stagnant, hot, and humid air. The feeling of discomfort, of flushed face, of dulled mentality, and of -HYGIENE or THE PRINTING -TBA-DES. 13 headache, which is ‘experienced. in a close room may be dispelled by simply stirring up the air even it no fresh air be admitted, for when air sta.gnu.tes, when there are no air currents, that which is in contact Witll the body becomes overcliargeil witli both heat and lininiiilityirom the body,‘ itself,’ which is, as it were, inclosed in a blanket of moist, hot air. This condition can be remedied only by making the a.ir move so that fresh, unsaturated portions take the place of the saturated. lV1en in the pressroom, moving about in air‘ stirred up by the movement of - the presses suffer far less from bad air than do linotypists sitting for hours at their machines or compositors stanclingat their cases. Con- sidering how large a proportion of printing plantsin this country are provided with electric lighting it is rather surprising that the very simple device of electric fans for improving the ventilation is not oftener used. If window ventilation must be depended on, the best Way to ventilate, according to these newer ideas of what constitutesigood and bad air, is to flush the whole room thoroughlyinow and then, by opening windows and‘ thus bringing about a complete ‘stir- ring up and change of air. It is not possible to do this ‘while the men are at Work, but" it can always be done either the‘ ‘last thing at night or the first thing in the morning, or better at“both -times, and then in the middle of the day, du-ringthe pause for ‘lunch. This last procedure is required by the regulations governingthe. industry in several European countries——-in Germany, in Switzer- land, in Norway, and in France. The compositors might object that it would make the room too cold for them to stay and eat their lunch, but lunching should not be permitted in workrooms. Artificial ventilation has been installed in some of the newer plants. A very excellent system was seen in a. large Chicago printing oflice, ~ which had been worked out by the foreman of the composing room. Even an old, poorly constructed plant may have a very good system of, artificial ventilation which really renders it more hygienic than many newer plants. For instance there is in New York a newspaper plant, built down in a crowded part of the city, with very inadequate ‘ window space, but with such ‘good artificial ventilation in composing room, stereotype foundry, and pressroom that it compares favorably, as far as good air is concerned, with the finest buildings in the coun- try. The same is true of an old newspaper plant in Chicago. Since humidity is one of ‘the factors in bad air it is a very poor plan to have hot, humid work carried on where many men are em- ployed. Many a composing room, otherwise good, is spoiled by hav- ing the steam tables for stereotype matrices placed there,unneces- ‘sarily, of course, for the work is not done by compositors and there is no reason why the tables should not be in a room apart where only 14 BSULLETIN‘ or BU-BEAU or LABOR STATISTICS. the men engaged in that work need suffer from the discomfort of the steam. The experiments made by experts in ventilation tend to Show that -stagnant air, especially when it is too warm and ov.erc‘harg.ed with moistiire, lessens a man’s capacity for work,‘ ~.b.o.th physical and intel- lectual. Especially is the inclination to work diminished in such an atmosphere. Alertness and interest are replaced by dullness and list- lossness, and the effort which must be made -to overcome this feeling is quite disproportionate -to the amount of work accomplished. Hot, moist, motionless air in a printing shop must result in a lowering of the efficiency of the men. SEPARATION OF DI-FFE-RENT PROCESSES. Closely connected with the ventilation problem is the proper separa— tion of certain processes involving the danger of lead poisoning from other comparatively safe processes. It is agreat mistaketo» place melt- ing pots and stereotype kettles in the composing room, for this intro- duces not only a source of heat but of air contamination from lead dust and possibly lead oxide, and there is no reason for it but economy of space. This is a very common fault in printing shops, even in some that are good in all other respects. There is a job shop in Bos- ton which has in one corner of the composing room the worst possible accumulation of lead scrap and sW.eepings and in another corner a pot for melting old linotype metal, with dross skimmings scattered all over the floor around it. This is a rather poorly built place and open to criticism in many ways, but in a Philadelphia job shop which is quite good in other respects the composing room is spoiled by hav- ing not only the pot for linotype metal but the stereotype kettle right in the center of the room, away from the windows. Both kettles have hoods, but that over the stereotype kettle must be lifted While WOI'k_ is going on. The floor near these kettles was covered with great heaps of old type and trimmings and lead scrap of all kinds. A Baltimore newspaper composing room also has the steam tables and the monotype casting machine, with its lead scrap and possible lead oxide to contaminate the air. S These are only a few instances which might be multiplied many times. In newspaper publishing houses it is the exception to find the composing room free from steam from the matrix tables or from lead dust from accumulations of scrap. In large book and job houses the processes are more likely to be kept separate and besides‘ there is‘ no stereotyping done in most of their work, but some of the smaller plants are very bad offenders in this respect. As contrasts, one might mention a St. Louis newspaper, one in Chicago, and one in Boston, all of which have all their remelting and casting of “biscuits” for the linotypes done in special rooms, shut oil? from the ~ JEIYGIENE on THE PR.INT'ING TRADES. 15 rest of the building. This is true also of a very large magazine publishing house in Philadelphia, and a small job house in the same city, of two large book and job shops in Boston, and of one in Chicago. 7 . The placing of linotype machines in the composing rooms is a detriment to the men doing handwork. There is no proof that lead fumes are given off from the linotype metal pots, rather the contrary, but there is'a contamination "of the air with particles of lead dust from the scraps thrown out by the machines, and there is a. further serious contamination with gases produced by the gas flames under these pots. (See pp. 33, 34, 40.) Another unnecessary source of contamination of air in many print- ing shops is the irritating smoke" which rises from the pots for remelting used type soon after the fire is started. This smoke comes from the ink on the used type, and contains a product of the decom- position of the oily constituents of the ink, acrolein, an irritating poison. (See pp. 32, 33.) T T a Loud noises. especially when accompanied by jarring, increase the fatigue from work of any kind. Compositors whose work is done in close proximity to a pressroom or a monotype casting machine will suffer from fatigue sooner than. they would if they were working in a quiet place. ‘ LIGHTING. Insuflicient light results in great eyestrain, especially to the far- sighted man, who is obliged to- bring his work closer to his eyes than their natural powers of accommodation require, and this causes muscu- lar fatigue. Only a few places, however, were found in this investi- gation where the light was deficient. This is the criticism often made of the printer’s trade, that it causes frequent eye trouble because of poor lighting. As a matter of fact the opposite extreme is much more likely to be found nowadays, glaring, naked lights, so placed as to shine into the man’s eyes, or if shades are provided, making small areas of brilliant illumination surrounded by the semidarkness of the rest of the room. This condition causes eyestrain, because each timea man looks up from the lighted to the darkened area his pupil must respond to the change by dilating, and then when he turns back to the brilliant light there is an instant of intense irritation to the retina before the reflex contraction of the pupil ca.n take place. A room lighted in such a way as to afford great contrasts of light and dark is as badly lighted room. This fact is coming to be recognized, and in the better establishments an effort is made to provide well- diffused lighting in addition to the individual lights. These last should be adjustable to suit the varying heights of the men, and it is needless to say that clear electric-light globes should not be used unless they are carefully shaded. 16 BULLETIN or THE BUREAU or LABOR STATISTICS.’ There is a great deal of disagreement as to the mercury light. It is seen chiefly in newspaper plants, and the men who have installed it are usually enthusiastic in its praise, but there are establishments I where it has been tried and given up because the men thought it was a strain to the eyes. The very best kind of artificial light involves of course some strain to the eye, and unfortunately there are few printing plants, especially among those situated in big cities, where the natural lighting is_at all adequate. Some of the largest of the ‘newer ‘printing plants are, however, built in the more sparsely set- -tled parts of the city and there the lighting may beexcellent. Overbright light is not only bad for the eyes, it is irritating to the nervous system. The sense of relief and soothing experienced ‘when one steps from a sunny street into a darkened church has a true physiological basis, and since the work of composition is, at the best, nerve straining, it is a fact of some importance that overligl1t- ing is so very common in our printing plants. While only 7 of the 130 plants studied in this investigation were found to have insufficient lighting, no less than 45 were noted as having glaring lights, and doubtless this number would have been increased if all the plants had been visited on dark da.ys when the artificial lights were in use. VVASHING FACILITIES, DRINKING WATER, AND LUNCH ROOMS. Considering the high class of labor employed in this trade, which requires a very fair degree of education, especially among hand com- positors, linotypists, and make-up men, the provisions for cleanliness and the toilet rooms in the majority of printing plants are surpris- ingly inadequate, sometimes really wretchedly neglected and dirty. Even when the plant is modern and in other respects very Well equipped there is often only cold water for washing and neither soap nor towels provided, or if towels are provided, they are the insanitary roller towels which are forbidden by law in several of these cities. The men can be required to provide their own towels and soap, but no one who has been handling metallic lead can thoroughly clean his hands without warm water. This is a point on which the health ecommittees of the union might well be m11ch more insistent than they have been so far. In this investigation the following condi- tions were found: Establislnnents providing-~ Number. Hot water, soap, and individual towels ________________ M ‘.20 Hot water, soap, and roller towels _____________________ "““' 1.1 Hot water only ' ______________ __,.__.._ 12 Cold water, soap, and individual towels _____ --, ........ __ 9 Cold water, soap, and roller towels ____________________ __ Cold water, and sometimes paper towels or roller tpwels, but usually neither, and no soap 53 k) 5 HYGIENE or PRINTING TRADES. 17 The larger establishments, especially in the Middle West, often have cold drinking water piped to bubbling fountains, and a few, in which coolers of water are provided, furnish individual paper drinking cups, but the usual printing shop has only a cooler with a Common cup or water from the tap with ,a common cup. . Lunch rooms are not needed in a. great many printing shops which are situated in downtown districts, for the men usually prefer to go out for their lunch. if there is a restaurant near. Still there is more lunching in rooms containing lead dust by men who have had only cold water to wash with than should be allowed. Perhaps the most striking instance of recklessness in this respect Was Seen in the largest book and job house in W’ashington, which was visited during the lunch hour. This plant has a very extensive metal mixing and remelting department, in which seven to nine men are employed. The room is full of piles of old type metal, of scraps and shavings and trimmings, and of dross. The men went out to buy their lunch and returned bringing sandwiches and pie, which they proceeded to lay on the edge of one of the great melting pots in Order to heat them. There is no European country in which any factory laws have been passed where such a dangerous -thing as this would be allowed. Such laws always contain the provision against keeping or eating food in rooms where lead is worked over. Three newspaper plants, one in New York, one in Boston, and one in Philadelphia provide lunch rooms where hot food is offered for sale. Restaurants are also found in five large book and job houses in Cambridge, Boston, Philadelphia, Garden City (near New York), and Chicago. METHODS OF CLEANING. More care is needed in cleaning a printing shop than a factory where there is no lead in the dust. Dry sweeping of lead scraps and shavings andof lead dross which has been thrown on the floor will cause a contamination of the air with tiny particles of lead and this means a danger to the sweeper and to everyone else in the room. Even. if the sweeping is done only after working hours it should never be done dry, for lead-laden dust may settle on the surfaces of the benches and cases, to be stirred up and blown about as soon as work starts up again. That the dust in a composing room is really mixed with quite appreciable quantities of lead may be seen in the report of Dr. Phelps on pp. 27, 28. Dry sweeping duringaworking‘hours is almost the rule in electro- itype foundries, in stereotype foundries, in the monotype casting room, and around melting pots wherever they are placed. Usually it 18 not permitted around linotypes, or in the composing room,the men s 1-s925°——-17-:-»Bu11.2o9—.——2 ' 18 BULLETIN or THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. rightly refusing to be exposed to the risk of this dust. Two well- managed book and job houses, one in Chicago and one in Cambridge, have no dry sweeping, all sweeping being done with wet‘ sawdust, while two Philadelphia shops use a specially prepared oily sawdust. In some plants the floor is treated with oil often enough to keep down the dust, this being the case in two Baltimore job oflices and a news- paper coniposing room, in a St. Louis job house, and in a ‘Washington newspaper office. A newspaper office in St. Louis has the floors mopped once a week; a large book and job printing shop in Chicago, with cement floors, has them mopped twice a week; and another large shop in Chicago has no sweeping at all, only Vacuum cleaning. , The largest printing plant in VVashington keeps the floors of the com- posing rooms in excellent condition by scrubbing every second day and sweeping every day with wet sawdust. The floor here is of wood over cement. Strangely enough, more care is taken with the sweeping in the com- posing room than in the stereotyping and electmtyping departments and around the linotypes and monotype casters, where lead dust is so much more of a danger. For instance, in the Washington printing shop just referred to, while every effort is made to prevent lead dust in the composing room proper, the part devoted to linotypes is scat- tered over with lead fragments which catch in the rough edges of the metal covering the floor, while the sweeping is done dry and is far from thorough. Much worse is the condition in the other departments, for the heaps of scrap around the routers and the monotype casters and the dross around the electrotype and stereotype pots are swept up from time to time all through the day, with no attempt to prevent dust. If there is any place where a. vacuum cleaner would be Valu- able it is in one of these foundries. ,. SPITTOONS. The problem of cleanliness includes the prevention of spitting on the floor. This is a feature to which the health committees of the unions have paid special attention, and with good results. Several printing offices were visited in which spittoons were not needed. The floors were kept in excellent condition, and the men were not given to chewing tobacco and had not the habit -of spitting, a habit which is often quite as unnecessary for men as for women. In other places spittoons were provided in large numbers and were well cared for, emptied daily, disinfected, and filled with some germicidal solution. These are, however, exceptional shops. More often spit- toons are neglected and filthy; and though it would be quite in- accurate to say that a dirty spittoon is a menace to health, still it is certainly true that dirty spittoons go with dirty floors and gen- eral neglect, and in such places the men‘ are likely to grow careless, HYGIENE on THE .'PRI1\TT‘I-NG TRADES. p 19 and spit on the floor or on the walls. The best way to prevent this is .to have walls and floor scrupulously clean, for 1nen of the class of ilizfe from which printers are drawn will not deliberately or even rcarelessl-y defile a clean floor by spitting on it. ‘ STANDARDS OF CLEANLINESS. Standards of cleanliness in American printi.ng oflices are certainly much higher than they were formerly. Not many badly neglected places were seen in the course ofthis investigation; by far the greater number were fairly clean, and a goodly number were beautifully clean in most of the departments. The standards are, of course, largely dependent on the character of the man in charge, and it is by no means always the small and cheap plants that are the most neglected. There is a building in Chicago in which the two extremes of neglect and care may be seen on two successive stories. Both are one-room shops, the first a dark, crowded, dirty place, with rolls of black dust in corners, windows blac-kened with dirt and all tightly shut, ceiling and walls blackened, lights few and unshaded, a dirty sink with cold Water, one much used roller towel, and no spittoons. The type cases are blown free from dust right in the room itself. In the next story is the second shop. This one is light, because walls and ceilings are white and the windows are clean. Floor and cases are free from dust, the ‘latter being cleaned with a vacuum cleaner. ‘The ventila- tion is not sufficient, but is helped ‘by the belts of the presses. There is a clean sink, with individual towels, and there was no sign of spit- ting on the floor. Many foreign countries require a certain standard. of cleanliness in printing establishments and specify how often they must be cleaned and even painted or whitewashed. Thus in Holland floors must be wet—cleaned, either with mop or scrubbing brush, at ‘least once a week unless a dust-binding oil is used. The walls must be washed or whitened once in 15 months. -In Switzerland floors and furniture ‘ must be wiped daily with a wet cloth, walls whitened or washed once a year. The floor under frames and racks must also be washed. The German law specifies that the floor must be of some impervious material which can be wet—cleaned, the ceilings and walls covered with oil paint which will permit of their being washed -down once a Year, or else they are to be whitewashed once a «year. The racks and frames ‘in the composing room must either be built flush with the floor or high enough to permit of being swept under. The floor must lbs washed or mopped once a day, and all furniture must be thor- ‘fmghly cleaned twice a year. Among the foreign regulations govern- ing the management of printing offices we have selected the Norwegian L375 perhaps the best. i 2O BULIJJTITIN or Tl-.:IE nUn1=:Ac or LABOR STATISTICS. Norwayis regulations, briefly stated, are as follows: ,9 1. The floor must be Washed weekly with warm water and soft, soap an.d all furniture and other surfaces (this includes stoves) wiped‘ oil‘ with a wet cloth. The floor must be smooth and must either be. painted or finished with an oil that is not sticky. The cases, ca.binets,i etc., must be so placed that there are no spaces between them which can not be reached for cleaning. 9 2. Daily, after work is over, the floor must be wiped with a wet, cloth. No person under 18 years may do the cleaning. 3. \Vindows and window sills must be washed once a month. 4. Twice a year there 1n_ust be a house cleaning, all the ‘furniture; thoroughly cleaned, type cases removed and made dust free, walls a.nd ceilings Washed or co\"e1'ed witli whitewash. I There must be one spittoon for each \\'ork11'1a11, filled with ‘water, and emptied and cleaned daily. 6. Type cases must be cleaned at least every three months by dlli‘ adult workman. outside the workroom in the open air. He must pro- tect his nose and mouth while he does it. 7. In the composing room there must be enough water, soap, aning and in ele«~ti'ot:._\']_'>i11;: t.e1rrpe1'attires liiglier than the above are sometimes ‘l’oun«.l. The following tests were 1.11zl(.le to deter- mine, the miztzxiiiiiizitieii of the air with lead during an zig‘it2iti(>11 of the metail at tlie;+e l1l§,{'l1t‘1' te.n1;)emti1res sueh as would result '1’ro1n stir- 1'i11g it. or lzulling. 'p1ii11pin{1'. or sl:i1iuni11g' in. the mlirse of or(linm_'_V work. Test. No. 9 was inzule witli stei'e«.)1‘;\'pe nietzil zit tenrpe1'at1i1'es 1':1'xig:i1i;;,_" l’:rm,n l—J,(;)~’ to .737l=_”"‘ (T. (8.2% to Sl.‘;'l“‘ .l*‘.‘). Tliirt.\'—si:\' liters (2.197 enbie inehes) of air were drawn tliroiigli this crucible, the metal being fre- queiitly agitatled i.l.)‘V SiLl.l‘1'l.l1§;,"2 (f),()2{l iiiilligxniii (0.0()0.3 grain) of lead and. no antiinony were foimd on zinzilyssis of this ‘.'()l1ll11€ of air. Test No. 1.0 was 1mier:itm'e ru11,2:in.g;' tron: 44.3” to 5'20“ (‘. (833‘’ to 9(l_'r8" ]*‘.,). Tl1i1't._\7'~si.\' ‘liters (\:.’.,.‘1.‘$_>”i' eubie i_m-liesi) of air 'were d1'awn over the e1'11eible COlltz'li1]_il‘lg' this metal and the results of the a1’1z1lysis gzire 0.04 1nilligra.1n (0.()()(N'S grain) of lead and no ant.imon‘\f. PRESENCE OF LEAD IN DUST. “7l1:1.te\'e1.' doubt there 11121.3’ be as to the presence of lead in the finmes from melting‘ pots. tliere is no doubt that the air of the print- ing shop 111:1): l>eeon1e eontzuninzited with lead dust in several Ways. Cases in which type is kept. contain dust with ]")z.t1'tlCleS of lead in it :in(.l some of’ this eseaipe,s into the air when the type is slmken to ,<_>‘e.t at the lower letters and espe,c.iulel‘V when the eases are cleaned by l>l_owing‘ out the dust. This genera.ll_V recognized as :1 dang:er and some 1‘)l'(¥(fzl11t’l()fI1S are almost 2l»lVV‘.J._YS tul~:e11, such as c:11°1'3*i11g* the ease \Vl]'lCl1 is to be blown out over to the window, or even on to the fire eseaipe. or into the corridor. Around the liiiotypes and the machines for t1'in11ning. slmviiig. and routing stereotype plates and elect1e'otype plates, there are quaiitities of lead scraps and filgingzs which lie on the floor and :1.re tracked about by the men passing to and fro. The same thing is true around the melting pots for used type. Eveii dns-tier is the dross that is skimmed from the Various melting pots and Very often thrown on the floor. Then at the end of the dny’s work the linotype mz-ichiiies are cleaned of leacl scraps, sometimes by Wiping, but niuch more often by brnsliing or blowing. In all of these ways particles of lead find their ‘way into the air of ihe eoiiilxisiiig; rooms and the stereotype and ele(,'trot)'pe "foundries. Seoverall zzimlyses of (‘lusts collected in Various printing shops ha been imidé and we have selected :1 few t;Vpi(¢:il ones. The one most often quoted is Froiiiinis, reported in 1898.1 He made his tests partly in the ro_v:1l _1)1'i11ti11g1' sliops in Vienna and g‘i‘.‘es the following resurlts: Two tests of dust from type cases showed 38.77 per cent and 17.27 per cent, respectivel_v, of lead. s Three tests of dust from floors and surfaces of rooms showed. re— spectively, 2.11 per cent, 1.83 per cent, and 2.433 per cent of lead.’ 1 Fromm, in lilygiein Rundseluui. 1898. vol. 8, p. 465, HYGIENE OF THE «PRINTING TRADES.” Fromm says that Pannwitz and VVeg111a11n found the air in printing shops lead free, but he himself filtered it and found a small but appreciable percentage of lead in the dust -thus gathered. Carozzi 1 examined the dust of a printing shop in Milan and found twotype cases to contain, respectively, 16.4: per cent and 28.8 per cent of lead; that from tlie surface of a -type case 5.6 per cent; that from the floor of a composing room, 0.37 per cent; and -that from the top of a stove, 0.24 per cent. The dust which had accumulated in a ven- ,tilator~during;twc months’ time contained ‘2.5_ per cent of lead. ‘Legge and -Goadby 2 say that the dust removed from »a composing ‘box by «a. vaci111n1.cleaner was found in the -‘Government laboratory to Contain 9.8 per cent of Jnetallic leaol, until that collected 'fro1n;tl1e;t0p Ofthe magazine of a lintoype machine 8.18 percent. , Fabre made analyses in the royal printingestahlishrnent in Berlin in 1897 .3 He estimated first the dust in the air and -fou11d.tl1at»during the 300 »Wor.ki..11.g days :of the year a man would breaithe about 186 .:m.illi:gra,ms (2.86 grains) of dust, but ‘his analysis Showed that there Was only about 1.6 per cent of «lead in this dust, which would make a little less than 3 milligrams (0.046 grain) of lead in a year’s time. This ‘he thinks too small a quantity to cause illness in an 'Ql1l1eI‘W_lSB heal-th~y 'I118."I1. I . . None of the analyses show a large proportion of lead in the dust frQm.any source except the type cases, and this does not often find its Way into the air of the rooms. Even :in ‘printing shops wliere «type is fused over and over again it is ra.-re to fincl a ;place —:wl.iere a type case ’ has to be blown out even as often as once a Week. ‘Nevertheless, :the ‘Very small quantities of lead wl1ich;a.re found in the dust from floors and other surfaces become of importance when one considers that the sprinters are breatliing this air day a.fte.r day, that lead is .a slowly, cu1nulati.ve :po.ison,.~and rthat it may show itself in a lowered resistaiice :to.1n.fe.ctions even when it is .-not shown by any symptoms of »typ.ic.a.l pO1SOI11Ilg. TESTS ‘FOR LEAD IN DUST. Analyses of dust from different, sources and from several printing shops in VVashington were made by Dr. Earle B. Phelps, of the Public Health Service. As would be expected, the largest proportion of lead was found in that collected in type cases. The specimens were examined in accordance with a procedure Which involved the extraction of the sample by shaking forone hour fat common temperature with 1,000 times the sample Weight of Siilnchiesta igienicoesanitaria nc1l"indust-ria poligraflca in Italia. Pubbllcazione delta. ?P:%:it0n<£i.1fa1..do11’ Associazione internaz. ._pcr,l_a protozicne .lcga1e dei lavoratori. 1008. e . - ':‘Lead Poisoning and Lead A-bsorptlon. London, 1912. ‘ Fabre, in Deutsche medlcinische Wochenschrift. 1897, vol. 23, p. 568. 8‘ 28 BTFLLETTZT fit‘ THE Eiffifisif fit? ihfififia ST£tTTSTTSSa seeeees hyéeeehiesie seid $®t}.té~3.-'i."i1.it1g $.35 per eeet et HCL The reseits see eeeeiiiee is eereeetsge st iesti hy Weight is eseh esseg sise? s qesiitstiive test "see ehtsieee tee setiieeeyfi see s eistieet <;_eeiits.tii?'e test “erss ehtsieeti fez‘ seseeie is the esse et steeple hie. ii. Ssefipies et ciest meehereti 13 23 see 3 were tsiiee time three eeers» pspet etietieg efihees is Wsshieee see €3‘€3‘§1fla=T.E1%{-T? eeeeeetiveiyfi $.51? see? she; E89 see eeet et iesi Ssiepies eemhered; 4 see 53 which were teem tee eemieeteisi mizitieg efieesg sheweeg respeetivelyg we see 5&8 est eem et lead. Ssiepies eeeihered S te H3 E.§‘1fiE.‘§..fiE:T.“§‘;r$V3 were sii tsitee teeth the GG“‘%’ei‘§1._ET§‘;183’.‘B.t Psietie Gites? smi the etigiesi dteeetiptiee et seerees hes heee retsieeai is the teiieerieg gisesgtsphs: Ne S. est teem epee tyee eases Ceetsieefi see her eeet et iesti. Ne. ‘ii Dest tree: empty ease? st s ievei et E feet teem flees. E‘iz1e fieeeeieeti i7§i.8ti.iii§" etgseie {tests Ceetsieed QM est eeet et Eesfi. hie. 8, Dest ties": s “hes 3? es eeeipsrteieet is s ieerer ease? meee-— type, This (test eeetsiee ieieeeseeeie psttieies et iesfifi es fie eii eases ieitereie emeetjgee mfechezts ms ‘t ism.” These esrtieles et iesd; see tee hesigr te he sit heteefi eseept whee tsseeessieeeliy es» em°s) the esse is sgitsteéi, Fiegers see seiieei by such dsest, see eiieteees et tehseee eiiiy‘ eeeeey seeh eietsi--eeetsieiestezi. fiegers te the ieeeth. Ceetsieeci 5.12 eee eeet et me. tie. S, This fleet esiee teeth s “ gsiiey” eseitg eeeeeeti st tsp eeti eseesee eeiy st the tteet. This seek is sheet t test high The ziest eseiie tree); the tee tep sheiifesi This is tsitij; eepeeseetstiee et the siimheree fiests is s eieeeize eeiepesieg mess The eshieet hsti heee ereii eieseefi. sheet M ieeeths preirieesi Ceetsieee me per eeet et iesi Thtti... 1&9 Dest teem sh efl type esse (iitteti teem the esse sefi set shshee thereteeie) st sheet 4 test teeth the fieeix This test ciees set eeetsie the iiflfittifii“ hits et less esesiij; teeee is tyee esses eeéeir the hsmi systemi Oeetsieesi $.82 per eeet et teed New 11% teem eshieet tees? st es sheet 5 er 5 test teem fleet: Seeh dust rises teem sereeeieg see is set the ieseit ef shrssiee et mete}. Ceetsieefi em est eeet et ieséi, §NT; Nest te iesti the meet impertset sehstseee esed ie the ptietieg ii;-t”a;§%St es iéegsres the tisegee et eeiseeieggfi is setimeejm Type ieetsi eeesists et iesé with the setiitiee et vsryieg eesetities et setieieiajg sect s siesii pteeettiee et tie. see seiestiiees eeepei: shy sethers eeesitiee this sfiéitiee et setieieey es fieeieeéiy ieetessieg the sexiest HYGIENE or THE PRINTING) TRADES. . ’29 of poisoning. Sominerfeldl says that he and other experienced ob- servers find melted lead and antimony much .more dangerous than lead alone, as such alloys generate harmful fumes at a comparatively low temperature, so that in the production and handling of type metal speteial caution is necessary even. when no Very high teinperature is used. VVhether antimony itself is more dangerous than lead, or wlietlicr it only favors the vaporizing of the l_atter, is not stated. Legge and Goa.dby2 make the sta.te1nent~ that lead melts at 325° C. (017° F.) and antimony at 080° C. (1,10G° F.), but the addition of antimony to lead up to 14 per cent brings dowii the melting point to 247° (L (4770 P\),afunf\vhhd1t%uther addufion ranmstduiinehing })<)i11t. Lewin also believes that the addition of other metals to lead results in ‘volatilization at a lower temperature.'°‘ Roth calls attention to another danger in the use of antimony and that is that commercial antimony a,lm<:st always contains arsenic, sometimes a large pro- portion.“‘ This is also true of American antimony, according to a smelting expert, who says that practically all the antimony used in type metal in the United States contains some arsenic. A few Writers have tried to make the antimony in type metal rc~ sponsible for a We1l—marked and characteristic form of poisoning among printers. The article of Schrumpf and Zabel 5 is often quoted in this connection. They beliere that there is Very little lead poison- ing among printers, but that there is a clearly defined malady which is very common and which they consider an early stage of anti; inony Ixnsoning. 7Phey beheve that no has than 20 1xm’cent of printers suffer from this and that it is especially common among young apprentices. The symptoms they (lescribe are such as might be attributed to severe nervous strain, bad air, and lackof exercise, and are improved byexercise in the open air. . i A. Dublin physician, Mc\Valters,“ p'ublished in 1910 an article on print.er‘s palsy which he attributed not to lead but to chronic anti- monial poisoning. He claimed to have seen cases of neuritis very like those which follow arsenical poisoning and which he believed were caused by antimony. He also quoted a report of the British chief inspector of factories for 1900 in.vvhich.are described.cases of antimonial poisoning in the extraction of the metal which were similar to McWalters’s cases in printers. « lfiiommerfeld, in I.o.vmann’s I’.ekitmpfun_::; (1. B1ei:.:efa.hr in d. Industric. Jena, .1‘.)0:~':, p. 220. ‘-‘Lead Poisoning and Load .<\bsorpiio:1. London, 19.12. 3Lewin, in Z(‘lTS(’.l)l'lft fiir I-Iygxienc mid Infoktionskrankheiten. 1912. Vol. LXXII, mi. 154. 161. 4 Roth: Kompendium der Gewerbekranklieiten. Berlin, 1000, p. 70. 5 Schrumpf and Zabel, in Archiv filr experimentalische l’athliolo;.:ie und Pl2arnmkolo::1o. 1.910, vol. 63, p. 242. on "r °Mc\Valters, in Medical 1’:-ess and Circular. London, 1010, n. s., Vol. X0, 1). 160. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABORSTATISTICS. The truth is that the symptoms of poisoning from arsenic, anti- mony, and lead a.re <;i1nila.r in many respects, and when all three metals are in use together it is almost impossible to decide which one is wholly or chiefly responsible in any given ca.se of poisoning. Skin affections from arsenic or antimony are spoken of in the foreign literature, but they are not common a1n.ong printers in the United *-States. Only two severe cases of eczema of the hands and forearms were seen in the course of this inquiry, both in men who were working with molten metal. In the examinations of printers made by Dr. Palmer and Dr. Ellis (p. 91), only a few cases of skin a.f'fec— tions were found, none of them severe. Carozzi found very little skin disease among his 600 printers, and believes that antimonial poisonin g is of no practical importance in thls trade. ' TYPE AND ROLLER CLEANERS. The substances used in cleaning type'———be11zixie, kerosene. and lye—- often give rise to rather distressing inflammation of the skin- Turpentine is rarely used for this purpose in our country, eXCf3Pt sometimes for badly “ gummed ” forms, because it is too expenswea but in Germany, .where an impure variety is 'larg'ely used, a. good deal of trouble has been caused. In Berlin in 1913 there was a suddell increase in the number of a.ppli.ca.tions to the printers’ sickness .1l'1- surance -olfice by men who were suffering from a severe .deI’l11at1t13 of hands and forearms. The condition was very like that caused by ‘burning or -scalding, a. tense, reddened, hot skin with blisters and later sealing and a. condition like eczema. In one shop 5 out of the 12 men who ‘had been cleaning type had ‘had this form of skin disease. Investigation showed that they were using an impure turpentlne adulterated with beenzol. Two physicians, Zellner and VVolfi’,‘“ c0l~ lected 37 samples of the type-cleaning fluids used in Berlin and fouiid that‘32 contained some substance harmful to the skin. Among these “"="‘er‘-"' benzlnea 9-SPeCi8«1'1y the lighter forms, benzol, which is more irritating than benzine, and pine oils, which are still more so. In America-T1 printinga great deal of petroleum————'coal oil, naphtha, benzine——is used in cleaning press -rollers and type forms. Some men are sensitive to the local effect of these substances on the skincand also to the fumes, which cause dizziness and headaclie. Benzine and naphtha are more volatile than "keroselie. but the latter is said to be more likely to cause acne. One large oflice in "Philadelphia gave up the use of coal oil as a wash because of its effect on the skin. Lye, which is almost invariably used for thoroug_h cleaning of old type and forms, is Very caustic and irritating to the skin a_nd has a disadvantage not found in ben-zine ‘because as -it dries. it leaves 1 7.(=.llnrz-1' and Wolfi, in Zeitsclirift fiir Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten. -1913, Vol. LXXV, p. 69. ‘ HYGIENE“ on THE PRINTING‘ ’:rnADn‘s;’ 31 on the type a thin coating of potash unless it has been very t-hor? oughly washed oil, and this irritates the skin of the ‘typesetters, caus- ing cracking of the skin on the ends of the fingers, and the powder may irritate the eyes and nose. j Printers differ very much in their susceptibility to these so~call-ed trade eczemas. Some of them can not stand contact with even mild irritants, while others do not suffer at all. That skin diseases are, onrt-he whole, more common in the trade in Grermany than among oc- cupied males in general is shown by the statistics for Berlin. T Pieraccini and Casagli 1 report from Italian printing shops an affection of the index finger and thumb, which is probably purely mechanical, an ulceration, torpid and slow to heal, caused originally by many tiny injuries to the skin made by the edges of the type. These injuries result in fissures, which become infected and supp:u- rate. The authors even suggest that the process may be regarded as -a local form of -lead poisoning from tiny spicules of lead entering the skin. . ~ A rare but serious form of poisoning in the printing trade is anilinism. This has only quite recently come intonotice, and no men- tion of it is to be found’ in the foreign literature. So far as we know, a the first report of aniline poisoning in the printing trade was made by Dr. G. L. Apfelbach, in the bulletin of the State of Illinois Depart- ment of Factory Inspection, in 1913. The man was a press feeder, _ ‘Who had been using a new sort of roller wash to remove the ink from the press rollers. It was a black, oily fluid, which Dr. Apfelbach found on analysis to contain aniline oil. On the day when he was 39911 by the factory inspector he had cleaned more rollers than usual, and both his fellow workmen and the inspector noticed that his £309: lips, and tongue were a deep blue. He said that he had noticed a curious pallor on former occasions when he usedthis black fluid, but that it had never been as bad as at this time.» The only symp- toms he complained of were headache, chiefly at the back of the head, dizziness, pain in the stomach, dryness in the throat, and dificulty in swallowing, but none of them severe enough to -alarm l1i~1I1'-all? all. It was the startling change in color that sent him to seek n':edic‘al~ advice. " ‘ . s More serious cases than this were found by Dr. E. R. Hayhurst in the course of a survey‘ of occupational diseases in Ohio, made for the State board of health.” His inspectorswere told of several instances in which men using‘ roller washes, ‘rich in aniline oil, had lost con- sciousness and were with difficulty revived after several hours. They also were deeply cy-anosed. '1 Pleraccini and Casagli, in II Ramazzlni. 1910, vol. 4, p. 608. . T V ‘Ohio State Board of Health. Industrial health ltazards and occupational diseases in Ohio. by E. R. Hayhurst, A. M.. M. 1)., director, division or .occupa.n‘oaa1 dlseases,'Gl1ie State Board of Health. Columbus, Ohio, February, 1915,'pp._ 189.. .208...'B:u_),. :_. 32 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU QF LABOR STATISTICS. In thesecases the first symptom is usually a sudden flushing of the face, which later turns deep blue in color. The man feels hot, his head is full, he feels confused and dizzy, a severe headache usually comes on, and a sense of weakness and apprehension; he may also feel nausea. If he goes out in the open air these symptoms may disappear, but on the other hand, in almost all the instances in which loss of con- sciousness is recorded, this came on some time after the man had left his work. Examination. shows that there are changes in the blood due to the formation of methaamoglobin which, in contrast to oxy- hacmoglobin, forms a firm combination with oxygen and does not-re- lease it to the tissues. This means that there a condition of starva- tion for oxygen, a condition usua.lly described as “internal suffoca- tion,” for it is really just as if the man were being slowly strangled. The oxygen is present in the blood in sufficient quantity, but the tissues can not avail themselves of it because it is bound to the methaemoglobin. The blood shows the effect of compensating efforts made by the blood-building organs, for there is an increase in the red-blood corpuscles and immature forms are seen. The urine con- tains products of the breakdown of rcd—blood corpuscles and also methaemoglobin and the odor of aniline may sometimes be noticed. In chronic cases, anemia sets in. Other substances said to enter into the composition of roller ,washes are wood alcohol and carbon tetrachloride or tetrachlor- methane. This last isa. noninflammable solvent for fats and is said to be the active constituent of some of the noninflammable washes xrhich are advertised. It is closely allied tochloro-form and has much the same effcict on human beings, only that it is more irritating to the throat and eyes and the effect on the nervous system comes on more slowly and passes off more slowly. It is ‘not probable that in the quantity used in roller wizshing a man would absorb enough to cause loss of consciousness, but the milder symptoms of headache, dizziness, dullness of mentality, loss of appetite, and nausea would be quite possible. _ . Wood alcohol or methyl alcohol is always a dangerous compound to work with, for not only are its effects those of a narcotic poison but it has a selective action on the optic nerve, and many cases of blindness, partial or complete, have-resulted from its use in industry. It is used also in electrotype foundries to clean plates. ACROLEINJ In the discussion of the character of the fumes from melting pots, it was stated that the thick, choking clouds that come roll- ing out when -used type and old ~1inotype»-metal and monotype metal 1 Acrolein is an unsaturated aldehydefacrylic ‘aldehyde, with the formula CH2 2 C'H.CHO. It is produced when fats are heated to the decomposition point and has a peculiarly pungent, suffocating odor. ~ A HYGIENE or THE PRINTING TRADES. _ 33 and stereotype plates are being melted down, are not clouds of lead fume, but cliiefly acrolein, a. fat-decomposition product from the oil in the dried ink.‘ It would be a mistake, however, to conclude that because thesefumes are free from lead, they are therefore harm- . less. 011 the contrary, acrolein is decidedly poisonous. Cases are not unknown in this country of workmen becoming seriously affected by these fumes. In the largest printing shop in VVashington there are four melting pots in a room which opens by a. wide doorway into the stereotype room. The windows are -opposite this ‘door and whenever -it is left open, the fumes which rise when used type is being melted .d0Wn can pour into the stereotype room. Sometimes when the fumes are unusually thick and the wind is on that side, the air in the ‘ latter room has become so poisonous as to overcome the men working near the door_ and they have had to be helped to the fire escape to get Over the effects. Lewin,2 who experimented with acrolein vapors on‘ himself, re- ported that he experienced an iriiitation of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat, that he could breathe without difficulty if the fumes were weak, but as soon as they were at all concentrated. he had the instinctive desire to hold his breath for fear of filling“ his lungs with them. After a while he grew dizzy and confused, with a. Sense of pressure in his head, and if he remained longer in»tl1isatmo.S- Phere, a distressing catarrh of the throat came on, extending to the larynx and bronchial tubes, also a feeling of oppression in the Stomach, with slight pain and diarrhea. it e Iwanofl’ 3 experimented with animals and found acrolein very poi- Sonous, even small doses (1.5 milligrams for a cat) causing death With oedema and hemorrhage of the l_ungs. CARBON MONOXIDE GAS. Whereve1° illuminating gas is used for the purpose of producing heat there is danger that the air around may become contaminated Y gases given off when combustion is not complete. The important One of these gases is carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless, extremely‘ poisonous body. The presence of five—tenths part of carbon monoxide 111 1,000 parts of atmospheric air marks the beginning of danger, and 9 OI: 3 parts per 1,000 are perilous to life.“ 0 Many cases o-f acute industrial, poisoning from this gas are re- corded, as, for instance, in the annual report o-f the chief inspector 9f factories and workshops in Great Britain for the y.ea.r 1907, when ' ‘Leege and Goadby: Lead. Poisoning and Load Absorption. I.ondon. 1912, p. 253. psilberstein, in Wcyl’s Handbuch der Arbeiterkrankheiten. Jena, 1908, p. 353. * :Lewin: Arehlhv fiir experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1900. ilwanofl’, in Archiv fiir Hygiene. 1911, vol. 73, _p. 307. .. 3. Rambousek: Gewerbliclie‘Vergiftungen. Leipzig, 1911, p. 251. 18925°-«-17-——Bu11. 209-———.3 , Ken‘-.: State, Depository Document Cape Girurdoau, 6370.1 34 BULLETIN or THE B’UR'l£1AU or LABOR srA'r1sr1cs._ 81 cases, with 10 deaths, occurred. It is, however, the slow, chronic form of poisoning which interests us. that which results from long- continued exposure to lninute quantities. The poisonousness of car- bon monoxide consists in the fact that it has a great affinity for the -coloringmatter of the blood, two hundred times as strong an aflinity as has oxygen, so that very small quantities in the air will be taken’ by the.l1ae1no-gl.obi_I1 of the blood. -Carbon inonoxide thus replaces the oxygen in the blood, and as a result the tissues are more or less starved for -oxygen. Anemia, with its attendant lowered nutrition and loss of strength, sets in. There is also a direct effect on the ner- vous system, shown by headaches, distaste for food, dizziness, mental d.ullnes~s and lassitude, sleepiness, and pa.1pitation of the heart. This form-of poisoning has been described by Epstein,1 as found in bakers, Working over gas-heated ovens, and still more frequently in tailors, both the pressers who use gas flames to heat their irons and the men and women who work in the sanie room with them. Factory inspectors in Berlin found tailor shops in which the air contained dangerous quantities of carbon monoxide, 0.19 and 0.29 per cent. Epstein describes the symptoms of chronic exposure as headache and dulling of the intellectual powers. The headaclie may recur when- ever the gas-‘vitiated atmosphere is encountered and may promptly disappear in the open air. Provision of fresh air in the Workshops does away with this trouble. , Carbon monoxide gas is probably present in all departments of a printing shop Where gas is used to melt lead-~—-in the l-inctype cast- ing, mono-type casting, remelting of old metal, stereotype reaming, and electrotyping, unless over the gas burners a good draft has been pro- vided to carry off these fumes. THE :COMP.0S'ING ROOM. The dangers in the work of the typesetter should be limited to the handling of lead type. That risk is inherent in the trade and can not be eliminated. But if this were the only risk, then it would be possible to protect the compositor fully from all danger 0f the ‘ efiects, subtle and slew, of chronic Lead absorption, simply by P1-.0- ' viding him With ample Washing facilities. If then he still showed signs of lead absorption, we could assume that 'he was eating his lunch with unwashed hands or conveying lead to his month by handling his chewing tobacco with unwashed l1a.n_.(is a,n(1 that he hyagi only himself to blame. The case is, however, not nearly so simple as that. The typesetter may be a man of scrupulously cleanly habits and he may yet be subject to poisoning from minuité quantities of lead in the course of his work, because there is lead dust in t-he mom 1 Epstein, in Wcy1‘s Handbuch der Arbeiterkrankheiten. Jena, 1908, pp. 418, 502’. HYGIENE or THE PRINTING TRADES. 35 where he works or because he has to blow out old type cases or work near a melting pot or a pile of lead dross which is blown about by drafts of air. Pannwitz 1 says that the chief evils in the typesetter’s trade are all preventable. They are the lack of space, overcrowding, insuffi- cient cleanliness of the work; place, insufficient ventilation, and abun- dant production of dust. If the composing room is kept clean and Well aired and if nothing is carried on there but hand composition-——— conditions Which are not imaginary but are found in many of the best Shops——--then there should be no more risk to health for the typesetter of good personal habits than for any other worker at an indoor aml mentally exacting trade. | Cleaning dust out of the type cases is recognized by experienced printers as a source of lead poisoning and almost never will the men allow’ it to be done in the composing room unless the case is at least carried to a window. More often it is taken to a fire escape or out On the roof or on the stairway. In newspaper offices very li.ttle of this work has to be done and in many job shops less and less. is done every year. Usually the compositors do the Work themselves, but p sometimes they give it to the apprentices. The amount of lead con-y tained in this dust can be seen in the results of Dr. Phelps’s analyses 011 pages 27 and 28. The usual method is to use a bellows, but some- times a current of compressed air, which is essentially the same, is used. This is dusty and dangerous work, so regarded in every country, and the only way to prevent the danger is to use a vacuum cleaner. Four shops in Chicago, two in St. Louis, and one each in Philadelphia, Cambridge, and VVashington use this method. Many f0I~‘emen when asked about the possibility of vacuum cleaning answer that it would not work because the suction would draw in the type, but Where the suction is strong enough to do. this a Wire screen may laid over the type and in most places a Weaker suctionis used. A Wmbined brush and suction pipe was seen in use in‘ the royal printing f"mce in Holland, and from the literature it seems that a similarone ls “Sed in France. This consists of a flat brush with stiff bristles, ffistened to-the pipe of the vacuum cleaner in such a Way that the °1’9niI1g of the pipe is in the center of the brush. The operator Presses this brush down on the type in the case and rubs it to and fro, Stirring up? the dust and brushing ofl’ the type, and the suction in the ‘ Pipe carries the dust away. _ A bad feature, already mentioned, in many shops is bringing other ipmcesses, productive of lead dust and lead oxide from molten metal, "N39 the composing room, and exposing the typesetters to dangers Whlch are quite unnecessary. -It is very common, especially in news- paper offices, to find the linotypes in the composing room. One of . 1 _ V K V Panxrwitz», in Arbeiten aus dem kalserltchen Gesundheitsamt, 1896, Vol. XII, p. 686. 86 BL’],l.,l:‘.',l‘1N OF Tl5.lil:‘; i3L'i«:ia:i:iU OI? i_i.A:Boiii STA.'i'1S’"i‘ICS. the best 1iewspapei' oflices ‘visited in l_’hila(.,l.elphia has a eoiiiposiii;_g’ rooiii which is (;‘,X(',(~‘.l.leI1t iii e\“ei'y respect except this one. ilfiveii thougli no lead fuiiies arise fi'oii'i the linotype pots there is eertaiiilv eoiitaiiiinatioii of the air by gas from the maeliiiies, unless these aiie well protected, and by the lead scrap \\'hieh is contiiiuallvv (]y,f-Opping 011‘ the floor and beiiig tracked over it. i Saws, with qiiaiitities of lead scrap on the {lie-»ei;_'.yt '”’{“.'{-}l'e fouml in the eoniposing i'oon'is of two laifge Bostoii pi'ii'iting sliops. iI*l\‘ei'i worse ;is the iiieltiiip: pot for old linotype iiietal, wliieli soiiietiiiies ‘the. one. thing that spoils an ()tl'iQ]‘Wl.Se eleaii and safe (‘()1)"1}')()Sing' room. A large New York 11€WS1’)zl1)E‘1' aii_d d1’1()tl’](‘.1" in l’liiladelpliia have plaeedtlieii‘ 1iieltii‘ig pots in the (‘01]fl1)(‘.Sll‘lg' rooiii, and allow piles of used type and of sweepiiigs fifoiii uiider the iiiaeliiiies to lie on the tlooif near the kettle. In the l’hiladel‘pliia ‘plant two boys were "\\—’()l"l{l1lg at this kettle, one g‘i1t‘.l).(¥1‘l1’1g up and tlllihplllg’ the used type and s'ei'ap, the other slio\'eliiig it into the kettle tlii'ougli a feed door 18 inches s:q'ii;_ii'e, and as tliere was only a iia.tui'al di‘at't iii the hood o\*e1' the pot, ‘l’iii‘iies could be seen eseapiiig froiii this door. No iutellig‘ent com; positoi* should be wililiiiig to piit up with siieli an ’l1.lil11(i(‘fess.a]‘y iris]; as tliat. In two Baltiiiiore. iie.wspape1' (‘()1'l’lp0.‘"»‘lI1g i_'ooiiis i‘enieltiii_g' and vastiiig are ea1"i‘ied on, but stroiig :’-71l(‘t.l()11 fans have been installed in the valls near the pots, and the fumes do not spread into the rest of the rooiii. Puttiiig the steam tables for the iiiakiiig of 1112lt1.‘lC€S in the e.omposi_iig rooin does not add to the d;an.gei', but adds a good deal to the diseoinfo1't, and is iiiifortiiiiately Very often seen. The heat and humidity caused by this work are great. eiiougli to reqiiii"e that it_ be done in a separate room. The frames or wooden stands, in c:(>ni1)osi1ig rooiiis, at ‘wiliielii the eompositors work have sloping tops on which cases of type are J placed. The fraines ‘may be fitted with racks on wliieh the SL031; cases or the galleys of type can slide, and may either be open or closed. Cabinets are now miieli used instead of fmmesa and the cases are the (l.1"d\VG1'S of the cabinet. Soiiietiiiies, iii the iI]e\vp1- qmps this i’ui'nitui'e is of metal, but usually it of wood. (,,‘lose,d cageg; are pi'efei°ab1e to the open, because the type is kept free from dust and tliey do not need blowiiig out. A featuife to he I1()t(id it; the possibility of cleaning easily around or under cabinets and 1'1..m1eS Ei zli *1‘ he «' should be built flusli with ~ T . 7 . T T 1 C t V) T V ‘Elle H091 So that no dust can collect uiider t.l‘iei:ii O1.‘ tliey should be raised high e1]()‘n(y11 to “now of o 0 ‘ i (V “ beiiig swept. under. The usual lieiglit, about 3 or 4: iii.(.1wf_3_ its 1._»,ad) for it iiieaiis that no s\\'eepiiig' is done under the cabinet or that the boy n'i_ust go (l(}‘\\'11 on his hands and knees and use a hrusli S‘(')1"n(‘tl'1iIl‘0' L 3 3 7 a z . -_ 1' io bx done tn ii'intiii0‘ .S‘ll()’ ‘ V . » i ill“ 41”“-d 1 1 «‘~ - I as 1% “ 11010 the dust may eon- taiii lead. 4: It .1i.1u:5l; he l‘Q1l1(}]‘1ll)Q1‘0(l that the \\'()1‘l{ of setting KVIK,’ find that Of; ,I~IYGIEl\'uE OF THE .PPuIN’IlI\T(.}- TRADES. theother processes connected with it, is rather exacting in itself and should be carried on in surroundings as'fa\'orable as possible. At the best, the typesetter is working at an occupation which requires much standing in one position, a. position which cramps his chest and . favors an unequal. development of the two sides of his body; he has far too little muscular exercise and a disproportionate amount of nervous tension and eyestrain.1 For these reasons a meticulous atten- tion to sanitary details is justified in printi1«1g shops. There are some ideal composing rooms in the seven cities visited, rooms. which their owners . regard with a justifiable pride, but the majority are open to criticism in Various features either of construc- tion or upkeep. LINOTYPE MACHINES. The linotype is a machine which casts a solid line. of type known as a “ slug.” ‘The operator presses the keys on the keyboard and one brass matrix after another passes through a. channel from a portable magazine to an assembler where space bands mechanically Wedge the line tightly. The molten lead is then forced in a jet from the pot by a plunger, and fills the characters which are countersunk in the sides Of the brass matrices. The lead eh-ardens almost immediately and a line oftype has been cast. . Then the space bands separate, themat- rices are automatically distributed to their proper receptacles, and ‘the finished slug is deposited on a specially provided galley. For our purpose the important features connected with the linotype arethe melting pot with its heating apparatus and the lead scrap Which falls from the machine While it is in use. The method of cleaning theimachine and of cleaning the plunger is important also. Then it is a matter of great interest to know whether any device is in- Stalled to carry off fumes generated in heating the melting pots and, If there is such a device, whether it is reallyeflicient. Dr. Phelps’s experiments show that no lead fumes are given off from molten lead at temperatures such as are found in the various processes of printing unless the lead is rigorously agitated. In lino-typemachine operation nosuch agitation takes place. The pot tips slightly and the plunger drops, but that is all. Except when dross is skimmed and dropped on the floor it is highly improbable that any detachinent of lead oxide occurs in linotype work which could cause any appreciable contaminattion of the air. T To prove that there are no lead fumes from linotype pots is not 150 ‘prove that work on these machines is without risk to health nor ‘Some idea of the complexity of linotype Work may be gained when one considers That the newer~ machines have from four to eight faces of type and that the standard °f Work in a ncw:.=p“aper oifice is 3,500 ems an hour. A bonus is paid for every 500 ems , in excess of this. 38 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. even that there is no risk from lead poisoning. There are many sources of possible lead poisoning in machine composition as it is usually carried on, and it is not hard to find justification for the dis- appointment that was experienced when it was found that the intro- duction of mechanical typesetting and the displacement of handwork had not resulted in the abolition of lead poisoning‘ as had been claimed‘; There are ma.ny sources of lead dust in this work. \Vhile work is going on lead in the form of cuttings and powder keeps falling to the floor and accumulates in a heap under the machines. Usually it lies there till the day’s work or the night’s work is o‘\\_‘::‘ and then it is swept up and taken to the melting pot, but sometimes sweeping goes on while the operator is working. In any case men are con- tinually passing to and fro grinding this lead into dust and track- ing it over the floor, and the finer parts are lifted by drafts of air and can easily be wiped from the surfaces of the magazine. In the royal printing establishment at The Hague there are 12 linotypes in one room, all provided with hoods and with artificial suction, but the best feature is a metal pan which is so shaped as to fit accurately around the standard of the machine so that it can catch all the fragments of lead. The floor is of yellow tiles and the bits of lead would show quite clearly on it, but at the time a Visit was made the pans were well filled and no fragments. of lead had fallen on the tiles. At the end of the day it is a very simple thing to lift these pans and carry them off to be emptied. In a few of the printing shops in this country metal pans have been placed under the machines. One of the New York newspapers has some that are fairly good; so have two Philadelphia papers and one in Boston; but only part of the scraps are caught, for the pans are not fitted to the standards of the machines, simply placed where they can catch some of the falling lead and they do not help much to solve the dust problem. Indeed, the standards of many American machines are so complicated that it would seem impossible to make a pan which would fit into the irregularities. In other places there is a low wooden ledge nailed to the floor around the bottom of the machine, or perhaps the floor here is sunk an inch or more below the surrounding level, to catch the lead scrap and keep it from scattering. Apparently such an arrange ment is not really effective and it certainly adds to the dustiness of the work of sweeping and gathering up the scrap which always collects. along the edges. This is not the only source of lead dust in the linotype room. A feature that was spoken of in the descrip- 'tion of the composing room as adding to the danger quite unneces- sarily is found also in connection with the linotypes, and that is the placing of the melting pot for remelting linotype metal and casting the “biscuits” of lead in the same room with the machines, some- IIYGIENEIIF THE PRINT'ING— TRADES. tinies quite close to them. This may mean clontamination of the air with lead oxide if t_he melting is done during working hours, and even if it is not, it means that great piles of lead scrap are allowed to lie on the floor and add to the danger from dust. In a Boston job printing shop the kettle boy opens the melting pot every 20 minutes to skim off the dross and shove] in more lead scrap, letting dust escape each time, for the draft in the hood is far from strong. Still worse is the arrangement in a newspaper composing room, also in Boston, where a linotypist works within a few feet of the chute for lead scrap which comes down from the floor above. Not only the melting pot for linotype metal is here but a small furnace for re- fining dross, and once a week this is in use and as the temperature must be at least 900° 14‘. andithe hood must be raised from time to time to remove the scum and to feed in the very dusty charges of dross, it is easy to see the risk of lead poisoning to which this opera— tor is exposed, a risk with which his actual work has absolutely nothing to do. In a Philadelphia job shop conditions were found which might lead to lead poisoning. The room in which the linotypes are placed ii» dirty and the floor, of rough wood, is full of scraps of lead. There is no artificial ventilation and the only windows, at one end Of the room, open on an air shaft. In this place the melting pot has 110 hood at all, only a lid which can not be put on till the piled-up lead scraps in the pot have melted down to below the level of the edge, and after that the lid must be raised from time to time to skim Off dross and to shovel in m.ore lead. According to the men employed here there is always some “ smoke ” escaping. Another Philadelphia. j0l0 shop has 30 persons, 5 of them women, employed in one room Which has not only piles of dusty lead scrap but a melting pot and Stereotype kettle, the latter provided only with a hood, placed too high, a small pipe and a broken fan. In a. VVashington job shop the Inelting pot within 5 feet of a make—up man and within 8 feet of a lznotype operator. It is not necessarily dangerous to have remelting done in the same 1'00m with linotype work, provided proper precautions are taken. In a St. Louis newspaper plant the pot is placed over in a corner beside a window; thehood is excellent, and when once lowered is not Ijclised while melting is going on, for the lead runs out to covered molds. The scrap, instead of lying in heaps on the floor, is kept on trucks till needed. In other places where arrangements are not so 800d the meltingis done outside of working hours, so that the oper- ators are not exposed to dust and to possible fumes. . Other sources of possible lead poisoning for the linotype operator Or for the machinist are found in the cleaning of the machine and-of the plunger in the melting pot. In places where there are many ma- 40 BULLETIN or THE BUREAU or LABOR STATISTICS. chines a inachinist has charge of keeping them in order and the operator has nothing to do except perhaps to feed in the lead “ bis- cuits,” but if there are only two or three or even four machines each operator takes entire charge of his own machine and is therefore ex- posed to a good deal of lead dust. To clean out the scraps of lead which scatter through the difl’erent parts of the m.achine some men use compressed air, others blow them out with a pair of bellows, but in any case there must be some brushing with a softbrush or wiping with cloths. Then there is the cleaning ofthe plunger, which is much dustier, for the plunge.r is covered, not with scraps of metallic lead, but with a fine deposit of lead oxide, which can easily be seen in the form of a gray powder coming off in clouds when it is brushed. If one considers allthese sources of pos- sible contamination of the air by lead in the form. of metallic dust, or still worse, oxide dust, it is easy to see that lead poisoning may still be a danger in linotype work even if there be no fumes from the molten metal in the pot. In addition to the danger of lead poisoning the operator is exposed in many instances to the effects of carbon monoxide from the gas burners under the melting pots. The presence of even small quanti- ties of this poisonousgas in the air of working places, such as tailor shops especially, has been recognized as causing a gradual deteriora- tion of health in those long exposed to it. (See pp. 33, 34.). To summarize briefly, the symptoms of slow, chronic, carbon mon- oxide poisoning consist in anemia and in subjective symptoms such as headache, feeling of lassitude or languor, slowing of mental powers, breathlessness on exertion, sleepiness while at Work, and obstinate insomnia. That it is the gas which causes these symptoms is readily seen by disappearance of the headache when in the open air and by the rapid improvement experienced by the men when proper meas- ures are installed for carrying off the fumes from the burners. For instance, in a Chicago newspaper composing room there are 30 ma- chines. The building is low and the window ventilation not very extensive, but the air is ‘excellent because over each machine is a pipe with a strong updraft caused by a fan in the chimney to which the pipes run. The foreman in this room said that the men had felt at once an improvement in their health and in their, capacity for work when this system was installed and that each time the fan had got out of order they had begun to complain of bad air within an hour’s time. Now the effects of lead fumes, in the quantity that could be given off from small linotype pots, would come on very slowly and would not be perceived by "the men for Weeks, or more probably months, and the relief from such fumes after the installation of an exhaust system could not possibly be felt with such promptness and certainty as was true in this case and as was true in several other HYGIENE or TJI—1'E PRINTING TRADES. c u a 4L instances related to the author. \Vhat the linotype operator is con- scious of is the effect of the gas from the burner, not of lead fumes. Hahn,1 who refuses to believe. that there are fumes of lead from linotype pots, still insists that the gases from the heating apparatus must be carried off and therefore that these machines must always be furnished with pipes and an exhaust. Roth 2 also speaks of the danger of poisonous gases from heating the lead with illuminating gas, as do Legge and Groadby. It follows, then, that all machines should be provided with an exhaust system to carry off these gas fumes, for they are a menace to the health of the operator?‘ This has been demanded by the men themselves in many instances, but not as often as one would expect; Many a composing room is devoid of any protection of this kind, V though every operator in it is a member of the union. Apparently the health committees of the different locals vary a_good deal in their activity in thisrespect. St. Louis is the only one of the seven cities visited where at the time of this investigation all the linotypes were Provided with pipes to carry off the gas. A great Variety of devices for this purpose may be found in the’ fiiiferent plants, but the one essential feature is an adequate draft {n the pipes. a If the draft is strongenough nothing else is of much lmportance, and if it is not, the system is a failure no matter how elaborate it is. Pipes leading into a chimney do not give a sufficient draft to be of any use. A forced draft produced by a fan isthe most effective way of removing the hot and impure air f1‘O1T1‘""§13l1B Inelting pots. . . .. A very poor system may be seen in some newspaper plants, notably in a large one in Chicago. The pipes lead up from the pots for a’ distance of 6 or 8 feet and then end free, and the fumes are ex- pected to pass on up to the "ceiling and out through ventilators in the roof, but these openings are not directly over the pipes and there isno artificial draft. VVhen this particular plant was visited’ at 10 o’clock at night, for it publishes a morning paper, the air was ‘ already oppressive and the odor of gas quite perceptible. Though it it Was a warm spring night all the windows were closed and the forty- i Odd linotypists were Working in an atmosphere iwhich must neces- 1 Sarlly have had a dulling influence on their mental powers, to say nothing of the sense of discomfort. éxgarge newspaper composing room in Baltimore has 31 machines a . - - - . 11 .- monotype caster s, none of them with pipes to carry off fumes. 1 I 4 ' \ ‘ ' 3 v ' ‘ ' - v - . .' w ‘x mu iahn, M.. Die.Gtsundheitsvclhinltnesse 1m pol_\g1apb1schen (1G\\'Gl'be Dcutschlands, at esonderer P>0I‘1lCl{Sl(3l1tlg‘l1l1g der Bleivergiftuug. Bericht an die Internationale Ver- gigllng fur gesetzliche A1-beiterschutz. 1908. V 8Ueber Bleistaub, und Bleidtimpfc. Zurich, 1905. “.I_f‘"_n9WSIJa1)e1' omces gas may burn under the linotype machines for the whole 24 Hours. 42 BULLETIN or 'rn‘a BUREAIU or LABOR srariisrics. This room has "wind~mNtrINe . T’RADES.~ . 4.9. out, the trimming and routing of the plate ‘and, in some instances, the use of wood alcohol to clean the plates and favor the deposit of the copper. A The lead for the backing of plates is melted in an open pot and poured out on heated metal pans. Since it is a simple thing to cool . the lead down to just the right temperature in these pans, it does not matter if the lead in the pot is allowed to run up to a fairly high temperature. Usually about 650° to 700° F. is the point aimed ,at, but foremen admit that it is not closely watched, that 850° F. is not Unusual and that it may even go up to “A fuming point.” r The copper shell is washed oil’ with soldering fluid, then covered On the reverse side with thin lead foil, laid face down on the surface Of the lead on the backing pan, the heat of which melts the foil, the Plate is removed to a cooling table and a ladle of molten lead poured Over it to back it. It is cooled, sawed or shaved to the proper height, hammered to the right level, the edges are beveled and the super- fluous metal removed by routing. A routing machine has a. tiny fihisel which cuts away the lead from the parts of the plate where it {S not wanted, sending the fragments flying far and wide. The chisel 18 grooved in such a way as to give the lead chips a downward. direc- tion on the whole, so that they are notlikely to fly into the operator’s Eyes. The possibility of this is however great enough to make the use Of goggles very desirable. I There are two chief dangers in an electrotype foundry-lead dust and lead oxide from the pot and the backing tables. As is true of all such ‘work in printing, oldelectrotype plates are remelted and the metal used a second time, and when these ink-covered plates are -melted down there is the same evolution of acrolein fumes as is found in linotype melting pots and stereotype pots. The same question also arises as to the presence of lead from these pots._‘ Ac- cording to Dr. Phelps’s experiments it seems plain that when the _t§111perature reaches 450° to 520° C. (842° to 968° F.) and the lead 13 stirred or skimmed or ladled, or new lead is added, there is an fivolution of oxide which rises into the air immediately surrounding ( the pot. This means that some method should always be adopted t0, Carry off. fumes, either by installing a hood with a strong up- draft or placing a fan in the outer wall close to the kettle. As a usual thing there~is no hood over the pot, and when there is, it is rarely adequate toserve its purpose. . Often it is adjustable and is‘ V‘ 0Wered only when the metal is being melted down, to prevent the Escape of the disagreeable smoke, but is raised again just at the time When the danger from lead begins. If the hood is stationar , it is plikely to be placed too high to be of much use, especially when the pvent is narrow and the air exhaust weak. In a Philadelphia foundry -18925°-——17———Bul1. 209+;-4 50 BULLETIN or THE BUREAU or LABOR-‘STATISTICS. the pot is 1-iglit in the middle of the room and them is a small hood in the ceiling, with no artificial exhaust. In this place both pot and backing table were giving off visible fumes of oxide at the time the investigation was made. This danger, not only from the pot but also from the backing table, isrecognized in all the better-class plants. The superintendent of an excellent foundry said that the men often let the backing pans get hot enough to give off fumes. A large book and job printing plant in Cambridge has a Very good foundry, clean and airy, and the pot and backing table are placed in a corner of the room near the win- dows, with a Window in the ceiling also. The hood is l feet above the edge of the pot. so that ivork is not interfered With, and the suc— tion is very strong. The largest foundry in Philadelphia has placed hoods over both backing table and pot. The hood for the latter adjustable and is lowered during melting down. I Even Without a hood much can be done with fans to carry off fumes from a foundry. In the electrotype department of one of the Phila» delphia newspapers is a ventilator With a good fan in the ceiling di- rectly over pot and table. In the largest job house in St. Louis the foundry is low ceiled and old fashioned in many Ways, but it is well aired by a skylight opening just over the pot, the natural draft “being apparently strong enough to work very well, though doubtless there are times when smoke and fumes are driven down instead of being carried up. The largest printing establishment in VVa.shington de- pends entirely on window and fan ventilation, but it is not successful. The unhooded pans and pot stand near the window and there is a fan in the Wall, but at the time the inspection was made it was easy to see the bluish fumes of lead oxide rising from the molten surfaces, and only part was sucked out by the fan; the rest blew into the room because the wind was in that direction. There are 130 men employed in this foundry. » I _ In addition to the fumes there is more or less lead scrap in an I electrotype foundry, sometimes large quantities. This collects around the routing machines, even when they are inelosed in Walls of wire net. The smaller fragments make their Way through the net, though one Chicago superintendent has doubled his netting with the result that very little lead escapes. There are also shavings from sawing and beveling the plates, and there is a good deal of lead splashed on the floor when the men are backing plates, and often dross also if it is not droppedinto a special receptacle. All this scattering of lead is quite unnecessary. There are foundries, notably a model one in Chicago and a beautifully clean one in St. Louis, where no lead is permitted to fall on the floor and remain there, but these are except tions; usually no care at all is taken. The large VVashington foundry referred to above is surprisingly neglected in this respect. Two of HYGIENE. on THE 1>a.IstrI1\*o '.[.‘I’.ADES. 51 the routers are deroi-.l of protecting nets an-;,l, :13‘-:3: §3‘c;l'l'0l1.33(i€5Ll by piles of so ‘€1.13; there is great carelessness as :r'eg:u.'d_s sphisliiipg leml, aml sweeping goes on continualfly during working hoixrs, Another source of lead fumes the solder ’\\'l1i(‘lL is _used to fasten together parts of plates which have had to be saxxrd apart to make corre(gt,ions. This is ordinary solder used in the ordinary way with £1 gas 1'i.ame. In very large foundries the sticks of solder are made on the premises by ladling the nietal into molds. A certain amount of hand finishing may also be done in connection with electrotyping, Such scraping leads and “ niortising,” i. e., fili.i1g. Black loading is d:i1'ty work. The black lead is "very light and dies all over, darkening Walls and ceilings, and settling on the ‘windows. This may be one reason ‘axliy e'le3<:t1*oty1,)ei founélries are so often dirty, neglected places. The efiiort to keep them clean is too great, appar- ently, and they are surren.dered te the Clirt- that is looked upon as Inevitable. Still there are in every one of the seven cities foundries Which are a source of pride to tlieir owners, where walls are painted White, and the graphite kept under cover, where floors are smooth and are kept clean, places really pleasalit to work in. As a usual thing the heat is great enough to be Very (lisag1.‘eeablc, and in many Places a blast of steam is used to clean" plates, adding greatly to the discomfort of the workmen. It was impossible to discover the extent to which wood alcohol is used in electrotyping, for questions on this point are not always answered frankly, but it may be taken for granted that its use is always attended with some risk, since the fumes of wood alcohol are llotoriously dangerous, and there is also a. possibility of absorbing it through the skin. a w Dr. Hayhurst, of the Illinois conimission, examined 12 electrotypers, illld found .1 of them with signs of “leading.” ‘Among 21 cases of Bad poisoning 111 the typographical trades In Chicago a were electro- typers. They had worked more than 10 years each, and 4 of the 5 had loss of power in the wrists. THE PRESSROOM. The work in the pressroom has many elements of discomfort, but has “Oi the risk of lead poisoning. I)]:‘6SS'1‘0OI1"1-S, like stereotype foundries, {tare often placed in basements, although, in the case of the foun- d‘1'i8S, some of the basement pressroon1s‘are better Ventilated than are H1086 built above the ground. The air in pressroonis is often heavy, and the excuse given for the lack of better ventilation is that a current Of air would be bad. for the ink, although apparently in other places ‘the ink is not injured by currents of fresh air blowing in all the time. (1118 objection to basement pressrooms is that all the work must be ‘W6 by artificial light, and almost invariably this is provided by ‘I ” ilxiiverait? 2., is :1: ; Document Cape Girardoau, ,Missouri 63701 52 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. glaring, unprotected electric bulbs, which make little islands of brilliant illumination surrounded by semidarkness. Pressrooms are not usually scrupulously clean, but the dirt is of tlw. 'nm:—:t1)m.', <irig l"l(’«l‘6 has none of the undesirable features that it has in the composing room or in the foundry. The presence of lead dust ‘and lead fumes is excep- tional liore,, for tlmugli steroot.yping is sometimes carried on in the pressroom, it is not commonly done. ([)f course, in small shops there , is often only one room for all the work, and the pressmen are ex- 17)¢‘>su(l to w'.hatever (lust a.n<:l fiimies are prodnc-,ed in all the processes. Certain book and job houses have really model pi.'ess1'ooms, as, for instance, one in Cambridge, where the walls are covered with white enamel paint, the floor is of hardwood in perfect condition, the natmfal leigliting is e'xc:ellen.t, and n1'ti:ficial. light pnfovitletl. ,1’or by clouded white globes. The ventilation is very good. Instances of equally good conditions were found in New York, in Philadelphia, and in Chicago. The worst pressrooms were in newspaper plants, where steam tables or foundry kettles added greatly to the discom- fort of the men and in some cases were a source of air pollution from acrolein smoke and lead fumes. If the routing machines are in the prcssroonii, as somet.imes true, lead dust is scattered over the floor. An important feature of work in the pressroom is the composition of the ink, and another is the method of cleaning ink off press rollers. The essential constituents of printer’s ink are linseedoil, Varnish (resin and boiled linseed oil), and pigment. The linseed oil may be adeulterated with cottonseed oil, fish oil, benzine, or turpentine. The varnish may have litharge (one of the oxides of lead) or lead nitrate or lead linoleate or manganese dioxide added as a drier. Black is, of course, the most common pigment, and consists of car— bon in a fine state of division obtained from burning oil or natural gas. The former is called lampblack, the latter carbon black. The next most common color is red, and this is always a coal-tar red. Yellow may be lead chromate or ocher or one of the cadmium colors, while green often chrome yellow with an admixture of blue. For white, both zinc and lead whites are used and both have their advo- cates. This does not complete the list of colors used in printing, but the others are of no hygienic importance. The lead salts are the only ones that can be considered harmful, though certain of the coal-tar reds are capable of producing dermatitis in men with delicate skin. Press rollers are made by boi.ling together glue and glycerin. They are cleaned in a great many different ways, but usually the'sol- vent employed to soften the ink is one of the petroleum distillates, sometimes mixed with other solvents, sometimes used alone. “ Coal oil,” or kerosene, is common, so is benzine. Turpentine, an impure HYGIENE OF' THE PRINTING TRADES. variety of which seems to be in frequent use in Europe, is not found in pressrooms in this country. The complaint made by men who have to use benzine is that the fuitnes l1.'rln. the hamils and .lQI‘ed.»'l.‘lTlS in some cases. 'lVIuch more serious, however, is the risk involved in handling roller ‘waslies which contain wood alcohol or anilin oil. In one pressroom the foreman said that he made up a mixture of glycerin and wood alcohol. Another gave as his formula anilin oil and oleic acid, one ‘part each, to two parts of benzine. He admitted that the men dis- liked to use it unless all the windows were open. . There is a great variety of roller Washes on the market, some of which are known to contain enough anil in oil to set up serious symp- toms in men exposed to the fumes in ill.-ventilated rooms. (See pp. 81, 32.) Ben’/.0]. used to be a. constituent of the sti.-<:>n,g'er washes, but is said to be too expensive since the war. According to a makerof roller washes all the strong ones, those that “ cut the ink,” contain a.nilin oil or wood alcohol or both, except the noninflammable ones, which probably contain carbon tetrachloride (tetrachlormethane), a narcotic poison with an effect very like that of chloroform, only slower. REFINING DROSS. There is an increasing tendency, now that the price of lead has risen very decidedly, for newspaper plants and large job houses to recover the lead from dross skimmings instead of selling it to junk dealers. Sometimes the dross is simply remelted and a small part of the lead recovered, the oxide being sold, but in several plants -.1 cupel- ing furnace has been installed for the actual reduction of the oxide. This introduces a quite new danger into the printing industry, for in such a department are carried on processes usually confined to lead refineries. The fumes which escape from a. cupeling furnace during feeding and tapping are lead-laden beyond question, and the risk is greater because the work is not by any means always intrusted to an experienced man nor is the furnace placed so as not to contami- nate the air of the rest of the shop. Even when dross is only re- melted the furnace may be allowed to get red hot and fuming, as is the case in several plants in St. Louis. in one in lVashington, and in one in New York. . It is very desirable to have this work done in a separate room and this has been provided for in three newspaper plants in Boston, in one in Chicago, and in one in New York. The Chicago house. has by far the best arrangement, a small iron shed on the roof. The others have placed these furnaces in basements, in some of which the venti- lation is very poor. The plant in Boston has its furnace in a tiny, un- 54 BULLETIN or THE BUREAU or LABOR ~S'I"AC[‘ISTICS. ventilated subbasernent, with not even a windovv. Piles of dusty dross lie on the floor and the lead runs out into an open kettle from which it must be ladled into molds. The foreman admitted that he had much difliculty in getting men to do the Work, as it “ knocked them out in a few days.” One of the Chicago morning papers has placed the dressing fur- nace in the stereotype foundry, a procedure one would consider ob- jectionable on the face of it, but in this case it works very well, be- cause theifurnace has been set up beside a narrow air shaft the opening of which just on the level of the tapping door of the furnace. The suction up through this shaft is strong enough to carry up a large piece of paper and quite disposes of any fumes which rise ‘when the hot lead runs out. This furnace raises the temperature of the lead to 1,200” F. - . _ It is a pity that this work of lead refining should be introduced into the printing industry. TYPE FOUN DIN G. According to German, and even more to Austrian, factory in- spection reports, the founding of type is carried on in connection with printing in those countries amgtl the numbers of l.ea:11's of age. 111 eoiitrast with these figures it iiiziy he jiioted tljizit in the United E4,t:‘:tes in the Inter- n:1ti<>1.1:il r.li‘_}7]")(){;/"i.'él1/‘)lll('E!l "Union in 19125 to flf)-15 (ml); 3.33 per cent of the (le21tl.is were 1ii1;r:7:i. fli(e)ll(‘)‘x\"C(l 1'01’ tmj) jve:‘.’i‘s the liistm'.i(ss of (‘»<’’)(’) It,:ilim"1 'pri11te1.“s mid i'0i:i11.i'mally high 111m'hii*s. The high morbitlity rate is (':u1se('l ehiefly by: digestive troubles, second liiy 1'espi1'at01-y diseases. l§)isti:irh211ices of; metabolism and neu1':1st;l1e,11i:1 are <-oiiimeli. GERMANY. SeV"e1'al valuable studies of the printing trade in Ge1i'1i1an_xr lmvel been published. All the ea1'l.ie1‘ :iutl1o1'ities on in(lust1'i:1l diseases in? (lei-iiiziiiy :u1(l_ a few of the later mies mziintziin that pi'iI1ti_1:1g is all deci<'le(l.ly §i'(l2{l11(.liSI l*‘i1'st aiml most l1’1’l1)()]“t:11'1t is (lust, he,c2u.1se in :1 1)1‘l1'lti1]gi slmp the (lust niziy coiitziin lezid. In iiihlition, it is an 0(_'cupatio1i that 1'equi1‘es co;i1ti1‘i1i2il. Si’zX1'](ll'l']g and this mezins poor eireulzition, chilli- ness, imwilliiigness to liave the wilitluws open. In‘ nm1i_V p:1i'ts of the pifinting shop the tempe1‘21tu1‘e is always too high, :1l'1(l heat nialie-S the llizill <)\i'e1‘:5QIi1.Sitl\“C to L‘Xp(xs11ye, ]’;1nnwjt'/,2 iiiade 3111 e,xhaustiVe stiuly oil’ this in(l.ust1'y, and as :1 result of his report. on conditions in the t1‘§1(il€» in (}e1'1‘na11_V the regnlatiions of 1897 were ]‘)2‘lf~.S(‘(il to remedy ’ Slll)(‘l‘.\‘f.(‘ll‘l, in \\'(\_\‘l‘s ll2ll'1(ll)l1(?ll (sh-1' .\rlwitv1'l<1'a111<]1<~it«-11. Jena. ‘[9053, p. 251. ‘~’1’annwilz, in .\1-heiteu mus deui kai:~:er1it-hen (}cs11n(ll10its:1mt, 18‘.Ni, Vol. X11, 1). G86- HYGIENE OF THE PRINTINGA TRADES. unhealthful conditions in printing shops} Pannwitz lays great stress on the poor physical development of those who enter the trade, and believes that the fact that narrow-cl'1ested boys, predisposed to tuber- culosis, are especially apt to select» this industry is one e.\:pl.ana,ti.o11 for its high morbidity rate. People liave the niistaken idea that the work is liglit, whereas really it is Very strenmius, requiring hoth physica.l and nervous endurance. The hours of standing at a frame, not a_l\va.ys adapted to the man’s height, are more e:x'hausting than work whicli involves walking and making larger muscular move- ments. The lack of Inovenient causes shallow 1*espi1.°ation and this results in gradual weakening of the lungs. Tliere are in addition niany common. though quite preventzible evils in the industry, such as poor \*entilatiri‘esponding improvement in the sickness and death records of this industry especiallry in some of the large cities. Tlius I~la.hn5 whose carefrul study of this trade was pub- lished in 1908 shows that xvhile the printers’ union in Germany With 54,000 members had a higher sickness rate than the average for all trades in the German sick funds for 1891 to 1904-416.10 per 100 .printers, 87.58 per 100 inembers of the sick iiisurance funds-—-—i.n three. Cities the sickness rate for printers had fallen below the average, and the death rate also was lower. h—... ‘For present German regiilzitions, see Appendix E, 1). 117 et seq. 9 Stumpf, in .\1'chi\’ (lcr Ileilkunde, 1875, vol. 16, p. 465. “Albrecht, in Schn1o11er’s Jahi-})‘uch fiir Gesetzgebuilg 1801, livft 2, p. 21 3; {Ilsa (]11ot(‘d 111 W€Y1’s Ilandbuch dcr Arbeiterkrankheiten. '1 ena, 1908, p. 254. ‘ Wegmann, in Archiv fiir Ilygriene, 1894, vol. 21, p. 359. 5 Hahn, M. : Die Gcsundheitsverhiiltnisse im 1>olyg'1'aphischon (ivwurhv ]'.)cx1ts<~hlands, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der B1eivergiftung._ Bericht an die Internationale Vereini- filing ml‘ gesetzliche Arbeiterschutz, 1908. 18925°—-17———Bull. 209~————5 BEFLLETIE fifi“ THE B§RE.§fi§ $3“ $T$T‘ESTEG§¢ ’£‘.$.BE.,E &--~§§l7.&’.E‘fi R.&”£‘ES PER 15% Ffifi ”.E‘§E ?E§EI‘T’§.“§E\7€} "E‘Rfia,EES .§s..NB FGR fifixia ’.E“R.&EE$ EN ’.E“§RE§3 GERE.fi,N CETEES, £893. ’£‘$ ?;§¥3§. ggauraa: fiie fla$un&he§isvarh§1:nisse im gaiygrayhisehm Gewerba Eeuigcfsiapnfis, 3;%8, :3. 3.§.§ . M} P?‘ t’ Elfin trafias, trélfigig Bariigx .......................... .. . 12. fi 9. 2 Efizmmh ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , . S, Q 5. *3 firemen ........................ .. . 8, 4 fi.. ?’ ifiates far Eerlin ineimie mafia beak grintera «zzmly; thase far Munickz ana Breaam imciueie 3.13 printing trafiea, bath sexea... As we shafl $83 Eamr, Eimmveyf, grimars wag; ix: fiwm aities havg an Mcessive death mm fimm ‘mbezmfifisis, The falmwiaag MMQ, Easefi ms ‘the exmriazme fif tha Leiwig (Gaza many} Lmai Siek E?1m§,v188? ti; NS5, sfimm am mm rates ém m ail games Md 5% mriaixx salmmfi mamas by Swami mszmaéisizs in the §ri:1%§.z:§ ixzzzstsy Md fax“ ether Seieetefi semmiémzs, rixaéam aid {lsafiuizsixag gcazmaééfixag} am mxzgmazzszxg fm higfix miss mm fmm afl smses mfl fmm fizmarcizmsis, Uzxfmimmésiy, me axperiema E Ease: yams is Emfi siimm swaraigiy, axfl we damages whidi may Eaaw fiscmmé ix’: the mfieg mtweegx the eadier 3.-Xlfi miezf ymm Sf this big mrmé am: 3% M fietarmixaafi fmm may mfmm:;2,$§3er« and ether 3%, fiamw §‘a§§‘,s1i‘&- 9211333 $1‘ exiernai “ " wry all kmfis. infiuw mgafifia wees. , § MKLES 25 Pm; M mans 9? &GE., { '1 Campeaimrs ....................................... .. .. 8, $8 ":1 $5 3.. §é 4. 5% Q, 24 Tgpa Eaanfiers, ate ................................ .. . Q, 1% 5.. éfi . Q3; 3. 2% ,,,,,,,, _ ,, Efimkbinziaxs ...................................... .. .. 3, 685 4. $8 . 81 2, % ,,,,,,,, .. . Fainmrs ........................................... .. , %, 385 5. 39 1.. 13; 2, 3% .. :32 Ehmmakers wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww .. .. 3, 9&3 £6, £1 , ?5 Q, 3% , ‘T35 Qarpeniers, mefars, ate ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .. . 8, 3.33 é, 5.5 $3 3,. fifi .. $8 « ~ w » ~ n w » ~ « xgw « ~ ~ w w w a » ~ wafmgwwwwnga » ~ » » ~ -awéhravw-»«+ 3 avg? &?% €t 9:: aways, was zers, eayyas S, 5 nagmp am, __ éraftsamem, 9&3 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , .. £5, %, $3 1, % Q... 61 .. 16 Shep emplayees, gaiesmea, eiarks, eta »»»»»»»»»»»»»» .. , é, $31 e§.. 6 Lfi 3.9? ........ .. .. Exaiaefers £22 agriauittzm, garéefling, ate ............. .. .. 3,582 dé. ,3fi E. 3% . 2% mafia 35 $0 5% ‘?2m33 9? &§E. Sampasitm-3 ....................................... .. . ?, 12% 1%, 2% E, 33 %, QE ., 14 Typa fmmfiars, ate ................................. .. .. 2, $3 39. $8 3. §’? Q, £3 ........ - .. Bmkbindars ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .. .. 2, ?SR 5. %? 1, $8 3.. 52 .. 36 ‘?a§n$ar'3 ........................................... .. .. 4, 16% 13, %§ Q... 8% 3.. 12 L 2% Si: ezamaimm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .. .. 1, $65 1%.. ?6 3;, $2 é, Q? 1.. 92 Qarpentarg, raaiera, em ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , .. §, $3 8., 83 Q. $1, Q. 81 ,. % Eainers ....................... -, ................... ., , :3, 33? 1%., 53% 1.. %§ 3. 82 .. 3? Bmkkwperg, aashiers, copyssés, Sizenagmphers, (imitsmeea, ate ................................... .. .. £3, 85? 3.1.. 33 2.. 2% 2. 8% . 1% Sfmzp ampiayw, saiwmen, ciarks, eta ............. . - 1, 218 3.3. 32 3. 33. $.13 ........ . . Emmrera in agricuétme, gardaning, 6:3 ............. ,. . 4, m 1%. 8% 5. 3? 4. 9? 1. £33 EYGEEEE %§‘ EEEETTEEG §ES, Eeeee Ft.-==--~EE,h";1‘§$ §EJ'E {$9 $111.: €.£”a,t,‘5’SE$ .£§N§ ”§$ S1"’§-*3{31E3“1E§§} $113838 1333 1,®t}§ hifihtfihififi IN C§13E’1‘.t§E‘§ fi€C”€3'E“A’§_‘EfiR”% fit‘ THE} BLEEEEPSEQ» Ehfifieia SECE Fiflttfi, 3188? T35 1§%5---~tZ‘e'11e]:11t1et1. Eeeths, pet 1,8118 pereeee, tremw Pezfieee . an at Bieeeeee tefuriee Q3m§}a$mfi* flfbgerm” ei the Tuber» enst ether tum $33 ‘Mi reeeirew eeieeis ef extemei §'%m°~ ”*’~"~1“‘“‘$° mi:-y eeezees, iefitt- ergeee, emcee. eee.e1..ee 25 T0 at Yeeee ee eee. trietezje’ heleere .................................. .. 1,42? e. 81 1 e 5.61 e ’?e Eeehhzztéete ._ , . , , . , , ,._ ............................ .. .. 2,§35 6. 81 , e. e ........ ., ., Eezmflreeeee, eeeers, ete ...... , , ................... . ., 1, 212 2, 48 ............................ .. , Beehkeepers, eeehaezt, eepgrlete, eteeegrephete, fireftsezemee, etc ................................ .. , 2, 883 2.. 85 «««««««« , .. , ?1 . . , . , _ . . .. . She empteywe, eeieewemee, eieres, etc ........... ,. ., 1, ee «1. ee , 39 1.11 ........ , , {tee eeieg, egrieelture, eee fereetry ............... .. 2,515 5.5? ,e ..ee ........ .. eeezetee 35 T9 ee teeee ee eee. Prietetje’ heieere , , , , , . , . , , , , . . , . , . . . . . , . . . . . . , . , . . - . e38 9. 29 3. $2 1. $1‘; ,,,,,,,, .. . Eeehhtefiere ,“ , . . . . , , . , . , . , , , , , , . , , . , , . . , . , . , . , , . . . , . 1, see 8, ~16 E, 5% 3.. ee . . . . . . . . . , Leeeereesw, treeers, etc , . , . . .. , . . . , , . . . . . , . , . , . . , . . . 1, “fee 6, 86 , 5'? 2. e ........ .. .. Beehkeeeere, eeshiere, eeeyzets, steeegreehere, iireiteeremee, etc . . . . . . . . . . . , . . ._ . . » . . . » » , » . , » » V . . » . ?35 5» ét 3. 3% 3.. 3% _ . . . — » . . .. -. hhep exepteyeee, eeteeeremen, etertts, etc: . , . , . . . . , , . , 83.2 5. 48 1.1% 1. 1e ........ - . tteraienmg, egrzeeéture, end; fe2“eSt1“'y' . . . . . . » . . . » . . N . . .» e, 3539 53. 5% 1..2%1 L 2% .. 22 The eefeeeieeee et the Leieeig Leeet Siett Feeé eiee §e1“§11§,tS ee1e«~ eefieeee ef the eteetaet ef eietmeee eteeeg 1f3t“311’1§%S1tfit‘S, type tmméeife, eefi ether eeeepetieee, The CG111§{B$§.t€}1‘S eheer etetehty high ehfimeee retee fmm tethereeieeie eed teem fiieeeeee ef the eeweue system... Tee ether %Ct‘;11§3.,-t§%11S fie. whieh eeeeeme te lead fie eveh greater thee in the eeee ef eeemeeitere, eeteely, tyee fmméete eeet peieteee, ehee? eetee fee fiieeeeee ef the eewette eyetem eeeeiéeremgt heme these ef eempeeiteee. Dteeeeee ef the e.eee“ez_1e eyetem ere meet eeeiette emehg elerieet eeci ehep eetpiejeeee, Teeth ewmeeeem, emre ee eteeeeee eee wee eeeeeee ee ’1‘*E{§: eeteete 1,e%€.E1I., SEQK FENE eeeeeee EN t:‘Efi’1“..:t.§h’ ®CCt.TE‘.2t..TE%1%tS, BY €‘,‘A'EIShlS, 188? TG EQQ5, {eeureez ”.'t‘e'enty~1e12rth .e.zmue1 Repeat ef the tfetted States {E-emmissieeer ef Leber, ye. 13e2-13e?.j Eqemher, pee wee pereene, efm ?m.SmS\ Bays et eietzeeee (tee tem- under . ehserw . , . , . {}W11§3$w3~ ggtim tfeees fiege 323» me» Em- 3313-» mg“ 1313» Bie- mm _e1 be _ eeeee ".1“eher- eeeee eases eases £35563 eeeee eeeee Fem, ezejka 51%. em ef the eufiew ei the ei the e1; the Q, mg ef the e? the eees. hes», reset» ele eez'- eiteuw chgeem gxmrw ergeee e§;e(m« reteey et eti trees Eatery titre ma, fir” eiiem ezue,-» er» hedge, eye» eye» eye-w am eezeew iegie- gees, tem. tem... tem. g "‘ tiee. getiee}, MALES 25 ‘TO 3% '1"’1.43ARS ee eee. tempeeitere , . . . . . . .. 8,508 318 11,852 2,419 1,453 8&3 431 1,323 $38 T33 123 Type feueeers, ete-.- 2,19% 481 e,:'et es 885 tee 248 1,612 318 “F5? ee 1;%ee1;“ea.z1eere,,,......,.. 3,585 3°34 6,93% 1,248 89? A124 1% 1,eee 28% ‘$312 113 %"eim‘eI'S~_ ~~~~~~~~~~ U 6,395 43? 9, ?6? 1, Be 935 2533 ex ere 418? 3;, 14:; ee E-sh.eeze.e1:ere-....._,. 3, S192 2113 6,831 1,38% 9?: 3&3 31% $2’? 54% 563 191 flerpentere, reefers, $30 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ H 8, 133 3% Efiée 1,189 36? 293 12:? ete 422 egg eg temee ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ N we 34? we we 52% se 23? ea tee tee see 58 E 3113311.? 21‘ L;1E»§R ST11T'1ST1§S1 “E1212 §1«m2.Z11'I111§211 §,,2Y$ $2‘ S1f€K§ESS PER 1,222 21E21BEES fl? T112} 11E1P§‘31G- 1121111.; SESK EUNB ENG2G§11§ 12? 8227171111111’ §$€UP,1'1‘1§N8, 31' 81113232, 1821 ‘E9 12231---$22c1:3.§22.. Number, yer 1,%2 3311:1211, 1'1»-M ?em0m 11211 0111121113 2111i1=—- 1111112 ‘ .2wé2111w1» §:§f§§'fl 1:111 :>1§vs 211 1111 211». 1113» W,” T1711:-sw 111,. ,,,-,1 11 R1 11311 T1112?» 11.111 11311 11111 éaflfeg eases 11.311 3,93,», :-3101:- 11119» 21121 1212» 212111 211111 111121 9, me 211111 911111 22:18.. 11222. raspy» 111 21% 11:12» 211,113» g.,,m,.,_ 02111113 eyeizzza 2“1'121“§r 21111 ‘mus 111011 1111 n;‘,, 0,, 21 121 211111» 01w 111123.. 2372» sy3~« sggsw gang 11112212 11115121» gaas. 1111:, 11111. 11111. * 1122. 1111115}, :»:',11,11 15 10 31 1111111 22 122M122, B~im111122p21‘2, 11.111» 1915;, 1211111111, 5313» 1221111111211, 111111» 111111, 111., . . . . . . , .., 25, 222 1.25 1,122 222 522 221 222 522 122 222 22 Shag; 1211219171315, saiegmen, 211121, - etc ............... .. 1,211 125 3,222 222 112 521 221 211 115 122 1% Labarers in agricuiw ‘£z1re,ga1*1112.1'z3.g, 112, 2,522 221 5,222 225 212 112 22 251 522 122 122 E12132 212 10 21 22122 01‘ 2,22. ifnmgmsitars ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ .. 1,122 212 11,122 2,121 1,222 1,222 211 1,%1 522 1,211 222 17191 1211111111, 11-cm. 2, 223 222 1:’1,%1 2,222 252 1,212 252 1,122 521 1, 25:1 112 1120112122121 ....... ..- 2,121 225 2,212 1,122 1,222 1,111 121 1,122 222 1,222 212 P11111111 ........... .. 1,121 122 11.2% 322% 1,222 1,212 312 1,111 222 1,212 122 21112222111311. _ - 1,221 222 2,212 2,212 2 122 221 £122 221 2:11 1.21rp£3:1i,121“3, 1221113, 11:: ............... .- 2,213 111 12,221 1,221 322 221. 211 1, 222 22 10112115.», ............. -. 12,321?’ 222 2,522 1,122 212 132 212 1,129 221 1, 1:12 1:12 1122111122p21‘2, 11.112» 1311, 12' 311115, 111» 110111}; 1111, drafisw mezz,e’w ......... -. 13,251 221 2,13?’ 1,122 211 1,212 222 2551 222 112 212 S112 emgsieyaes, 11. 11111111, 211121, 1'11 ............... .. 1, 212 211 2,332 222 211 1,112 225 621 122 113 12?’ 1112121111 in 1.g2°11111~» 1111"e,ga1r1en1I1g,111. 1, 112 225 12,222 2,221 212 225 125 1,251 1,121 1,122 22 12;11.1z,22 2.1 '11} 31 113.122 22 .1122. 1221121111’ 1111pe1°s....-.., 1,121 512 11,211 2,121 1,221 122 222 2,121 121 121 121 E1e213in1ez‘3.....-.-.... 2, 232 5% 13,212 2, 211 251 122 31 1,222 222 222 22 1.122111€1ras11s,1m1111‘.1, 1113 ...... .; ....... ,. 1,212 221 2,%2 1,322 % 212 112 1,522 212 122 3% Bmkliaapers, £311,113.» 11211, 02231315, 111»: xwgm-p1111s, 111111- 11"13111211,212 ...... ,- 2,223 211 2,122 1,111 282 212 $2 222 112 321 22 2111,} empifiyees, sa12sw2m211, , 1112123, e12,,....,.. 1,122 212 1,252 1,128 2% 521 221 1,221 212 212 21 fiardening, agri13111-» , 1.'11r121n2121°1s1ry... 2, .512 522 12,212 1,112 252 322 121 2, 1:12 131 1,122 235 2221.22.21 3.1-": '11} 51 111.1111 131' 112. 1’ri111,111’11e1p1rs.,,,, 222 212 121% 1,222 .122 1,111 221 2,552 112 1,222 22 229kb1z2211°s..,,.,........ 1,21% 111 12,312 2,522 1,115 212 222 2,122 1,121 1,112 12 12222113311, 1111115, 1-11 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .- 1,152 122 11,222 1,232 5% 111 122 1,112 1,221 352% 21 211112112111, 11112» ' 1113, 11211311, 111- 112;,-,”1“1'§11111‘s, 211111 _’ _ W1m17::,e1s . . . _ _ _ .- 13.3 231 1,212 1,112 512 1,121 182 112 152 222 . . . . , .. Shep empiuyees, 11113111212112, 1112115, 111 ........ .. 212 122 2,122 221 221 1,112 223 322 212 2.11 222 %11'(1211i.12g, 2g1'1a3z11-~ , 11111 1.1111 12111113., 1,222 .122 11,151 2, 22:1 221 1:11 511 2,262 1,111 2,111 221 5% YG§EE°E' §F TEE ‘ ’§‘he German etetietiee “ehieh give eileethe eeeezdleg te eege eerlecle fie eet eheer the eeeeeeite etertellity le the eerly gretme that we here eeee let the Deteh reeertle er etee ht the ltellee. the ereeleyeleet et ehlleree ie the letleetry le eet ee eetemee he Ger» exeey es fie these eeeetrleeg Etihereatleele is the eeemy ef the erleterl hereter hie fieeth rete hes heee feefed te he high the eeeee hee heee feeeé le er.‘ {lieu m*e§ertlteaetel§ lerge eeelher et fieethe tree: eelteeeery mhereeleejle. This fie teeed le the reeerde et ell eeeetrieea The tehle telleetleg eltetre fer Eegleetl eetl lwelee the eeeapere-— tire mertellty retee frem tehereeleele erd free: ell eeeeee, Creme eeretite figures ere gitee fer ell melee? fer eeeepsieé melee} eetl fer méetereg the gxer eeet ef sieethe (lee tel tehemeleele heating hem cem- petetl fer each ef these eleeeee. The table ehewe thet mhereeleele wee the reuse ef 31 eer eeet ef the tleethe ereeeg winters? eefi thet eel}? 18$ per eeet el the fieethe eteeeg ell eefi 183? per cent emeeg eeetmiefi melee were free; the eeeee. Teettt: 9w-»~€§§E?;tEte’l.‘lVE hl®RTrtl;l’l‘Y fill‘ EALES AGE§ 35 T9 85 “reeee, Ffifiltfi eet tfirtlfhfih ARE eeee ’§‘UBER$l§ll®Sl$: FRENTERS Sftfilihfififi WETE €}£_‘1£.‘J"€J't’lElB eemte eee WETE .fi.I.3E.o5 eetee Rt eeeeeee fiitlfi tteeee, 39% ‘PG we teeeree: Supplement te Sietgrwfsfth eeeeel Reeert ef Regietrer Geeeret ef Births, Beethe, eee tterriegee ie Eegieed eeé Weieey Pert XE. Leeéee, 1%8, pg}. elriti, 9l._3{‘t*ll. "’£‘he eemher ef deaths emeeg ell melee trem ett eeesee ES esee ee e beets fer eemeetteee eee eeeeieeree. ee 33%.} Per eeet ’ ei eeethe Sleee. ee eeeeee. Tuomir” due te 93119533” i tt1het”‘Ct3.-= E legals. ee melee ........................................................ . _ 1, eee lee 18., e l:?£3t’,'l'tp3&d melee . ~ A . . . . . . . . . . , _ . . . . . . . . , . _ _ . . . . _ * . . . . . , . . . , . _ . . _ _ . _ 925 1'35 3 12%. 9 rreztee ......................................................... e35 gee 1 ate ? I le the eeet tehle the mertellty retee fer erietere .l?rete tehereeleele éttttl trem ether efleeeeee ef the reegllretery eyetem ere €@E}’3§ttt‘fi€;l eflth theee ef ell eeeepletl melee? hy ege gaerleée. The death retee trete teheteeleeie ere higher fer the prietere E337 {rem Me te ill wee thee fer the melee et ell ${?¢{?eE.1.®§.ét§.{}E1S§ the fllfiereeee heieg meet eterlrezi 3.31 the ege greee 35 te M yeerea her ether éleeeeee et the reeptretery syetem the rate fer primers is ellghtly exeeeeive at egee eetler ee eee eeemeretlrely high et egee he eecl ever? het le l3el.eev the evemge at ages ee fie M3 immeive, W 55 3353 3135331: 55 325555 smmsstss. 55353.5 5.5-~«~.E@5.’t’.5LI-’i‘"§? F555 $G§5U555’;51®i?%” 5.55% 5555 @5555. 55555555 G5‘ ‘$355 5555555555? 555555 5.55G?.55 Z5RiN"i‘555, 555555555 55553 T35’? Q5‘ 55.5 $865?» 555% 55555 55? 553555555 .5153 555555. T5 55“ .555 {iRGUP5. $555255: ’i"‘hs 25515555 fists samsiimptiem in 55st’? tisdss. h 555553355 1.. 355mm. i5 55335555 N5. 55. 5?. 5. 52355523 55 555E 5t5tistiss mmpiisd item 55t5 is 5§§i5ms5t is Sixty-fifih Aammi E55535 55 Rsgistrat 5555553 sf 5213555. fisat .555 55355555 £5, 555355 555 555355, 5555 ii. 5.55555, 1&5} 5553551153’ itsm snnssmgitiazi. Esrtsiity item 5th5r ziissasss 5: 5:5 353» 5555555 systsm. $5555. 3555 E52? p1”i55st°5. Essth r5ts E53 51555535. 533 3% @535. 5555 555: rats 555 $355353’ rsts 553 fiizsatst 1fi5$f5t it -4- ){ 55} 53?? t5 ififififi £55 fit + }{ 55} Raétig t5 5 5555» 555 ~«- 1'5 5 5:‘ 5 55511» 553 W 373. 5 5: E555 Rfiégw th522 rats 55 55515 5555 , Efer than rsxts 55 55525 msiss. 3‘ “ £51“ 55 pisé. msiss. my 55 p555. 5555 1253 5535. 55523 $55 255153. 355 53. m 55. 35 t5 3:5 55.55.. . . .. . . . 5. 55 i. 55 +5. 55 151 5. 55 5. 55 +5. 35 155 5 t5 55 55523 ....... .. . i. 55 5. 51 +3.. 55 . 55 . 5? «--~ . :3; ‘’;’‘§’ 55 ts 54 55535 ,,,,,,, . . 5. 55 5.. 55 +1. 55 . ?? . 55 ---» . 55 ’?i 55 ts 55 55525 ,,,,,,, . . 5. ?5 5. 55 ~55. it 1?"? 3. 55 t. 55 ~--« . 55 ’?5 55 55 55 325553 ....... . . 5. 55 5. 5? v-t-vi. 55 155 5. 55 5. 3.’? mi. 55 55 55 t5 55 55533 ....... - . 2. £5 5. 52 ~35. % 355 5. 55 5. 15 «W3. 55 ’?5 55 55553 555. 555:... .. 1. ii 3;. 55 vi-7 .. 35 355 3?. ?? 55. 55 +5. 55 ii? Eh 51153.15. Ymys ssisctsai ssrtais tmdss Em mmgarisata with ths mristsrs 5515 his ms. whish 5.55 givsti is $115 t5h3;s fsE55it}g. shew ziiitsismhshly hsw high 5 cissth rats thsrs is tshsmttlssis §3éig1tst*s. ssmsiaiiy is ths ssfly yssrs 5f lifs. ’.i".35L5 55..--~EE5’i“E5 PER EEUE Tfi ”.i“iFBEE5Si§LfiSiS EN §{}Z..L.5.N§: PRINTERS Cfifia PAREE WiT§i 5“$UR GTEER S5'§i..EC’i‘E§ §8Si'}’?.5’i‘iG3;‘§$ 555$ WETE ALL Gfi$iFE’£EE fi..5.I.:ES, BY AGE GR@i.;Ti”5. 3:555 T0 555%. 55513555: 35 V555.-*5, Bstisht fiber Bisivsrgittimgi 555 §5i§?’g2“5§hi5si1sIi Gswsrbsn in 555 t»Ii555tE55555. 5.. 3555. 5.. 3 3 5t 5535 33 333 .3 33 51t 3 ?s?3~?5m3 flmfifiafiflfi’ 13r5:ei‘§.g 1355933. §s5fli“s. §*'55§i“s:fl ;55€‘:;E..G 335;? iésgrs. gig Tami“ E’3f’imt5i°5 . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 5. 55 5. 25 5. 53 3. 5? 3. % E. 53 5. 55 5. ‘i3 3. ‘$5 5hs5ms55rs... ............. -. .53; 5.55 5.5? 5.55 5.55 3.5? 3.55 3.55 5.55 55552555 ................... .. .3‘? 5. 55 3. it 3. 3;? 5. 55 3. 5? 3. 53 . ss 3. 5* Ssrpsntsrs . . .............. .. . 55 3. st 3. 53 5. 5 3. 53 3. st 5. 5 3. 55 5. 33 aarssmsrs ................ .. .53; i. 55 1.55 1.35 3.53; .55 .33; 555 1.35 .533 scszipisfi msiss. .. .. . . 55 5. 55 5. 55 5. 25 5. 55 5.55 5. % 1.55 5. :5 Eves ths 53.25255 sis zmt E1555 3.5 the sixtist ysas is 3333555. srtiilsh. £5 his stsfiy 5f 1851. 51:35 y mfsrrs ts. that is E‘3:5,ms 53:15. it: S5itzst=15.t1§ tzihsmhmsis was 553*}? §:*s33.E5ht its this ihmistty. Swiss mmtsrs h5d twigs 3.5 high. 5. 555th rats fmm timstmissis is awry gmim 5.5 ths §5§ai13..ti5h 35 5 whsis. 53:55 is esimamiaig Swiss §E*'.i§“15iZ1 t3;*siuivTii\*eri3Ani3s. '73 11% occupied the attention of the more intelligent class of printers 01' a long time, because it was evident to them that their trade had fin undue amount of sickness and early breakdown. Nevertheless "1 this same report it is shown from the union’s own books that a Very notable improvement in the health and longevity of the meiii- TS has taken place from decade to decade. Thus they show from eir union statistics that the average duration of life for a com- l-"0Sitor was only 28 years in 1850, while 18 years later, in 1868, It had risen to years, and in 1893 to- 38.78. The average age at eath of printers in New York City during the five years ending. With. 1905 was 46.48, and for the five years ending with 1910 it was 49‘-44. For those who died from tuberculosis the average of 37.36 yea1‘S at death in the first five—year period had risen to '-1‘2.4:2.1l1 ‘hi? Second five-year period. During the first period 97 of the 508 printers who died had passed their sixtieth birthday, a proportion °f19.1 per cent, but during the later period 141 out of 583, or 21.2 1"-*1‘ cent, were over 60 years of age. he report also gives an account of the medical examination of I W 3 members of the union under the supervision of Dr. James Alex- allder Miller. Tliirty-oiie per cent of them were found to be abso- ‘illliely normal, 15 per cent (31) had evidence of tuberculosis, although ‘V8.18 active in only 16. The 16 per cent who had pleurisy were also pl-’3S1bly tuberculous. The only other complaints which affected large numbers were catarrh (27 .5 per cent) and constipation (10.8 per cent)- On the whole, with the exception of tuberculosis, the showing 0 this group of men is excellent. ' pf he Illinois Commission on Occupational Diseases‘ took up the glfltiiig trade as one of the industries in which lead is handled. 1‘€_‘»port, published i.n 1911, not only considers the use of lead fistprllltlllg, but it also states that the conditions found in printing . abhshments in Illinois were often very bad, and, though the olrk is not inherently dangerous, it may be made actually very ealthful because of dirty, neglected premises, vitiated air, unnec- 1 Ssary dust and fumes, and lack of proper washing facilities. 7 pub11}e New York State Factory Investigating Commission in 1913 perslshed a report concerning H348 printing.plants‘~employing 9,047 joritons. These plants were chiefly in l\ew ‘York City. ‘In the ina- morgrb of cases the sanitary .COI1(l1t1OIlS were chai°a.cterized as de. ti»... 16, the main defects being improper location, inadequate and vififtzper lighting,‘ lack of ventilating devices, sometimes very badly egg (1 air, excessively high teinperature, gecneral neglect of cleanli- usaflnd inadequate washing facilities, In addition to these possible e3 0f disease among printers the investigators mention the lack I e " 3‘ '1 - ‘, ' X31 use and the mental strain of the work. saith issaefi e reeert ee ix: %h£$3 eregearefi hirtywfeer §E‘i§‘iii§g estahiishmehtsg ere» eleyizig E315 eersehsg were risited The eemelaiets made hy the werizzeee themseives hafl’ fie as sea eeer reetiiatiehg flames? asst; arm the eeeeseity ef weritieg with mee. they heiieveai fie he fie» ieereeiees, Fiiifi ieyestigaters aetaaliy eraiy 5 mm at the 3% ggiams ix: mead eeeéitiexzg fir: the ether E8 the air was mere er iess bafiiy Vitiateég espeeiaily ix: these Where gas was ease, The erietmg trees in Ohm? as everywhere? has mere that: its share ef mfimexiary mbsreeiesisg Vital statistics fer gem MEL am‘ E312 shew that eat at are éeaths ef eempesiters am mesemee 5%; er 21.25 yer semi? erere frem teeereeiesisg ehiie E11 these same years the §t”§§$i‘ti$§i ef rieaéiis frem this fiisease ameeg eeeepieei maies iii gemrai ix: Obie was 13.3 mt‘ seat as amerzg men is ieiiiterai iife emy 113 yer east} it is mterestmg te eemeare ayhersfs etatisties ef the ages ef erimers with these hy Veeysg fer eilaea, The age greims fie eat {mite eerreseeeag hat the éifiereeee m grezmmg is eet great eeeagh te make eemearisee imeessime. met as is iii the eariy age greepsfi there heirig a Eerge yregaertiee ef yeethfzfi ezerhers iii Heiiami ass a email §E‘%§$i‘i;i$Ei in Ohie. Tases fiifiw-~}”E§i {3Ehi’3i‘ $3‘ PREETERS IS Eihiiii ahtirfi GRGEFE’ ifs? fifiiti aee IN Efiiiiiafihifii fihiefi Eeiisea. ?er met at Fer met at ‘itgfi gmug’ each age ‘gkge gran?“ each age. "Ueaer as years iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Q .. 4.. 3 is te 3;? years... ...................... . . as. ‘?i as ‘re as years iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 3 -3- 82. ‘E is teas years, ...................... . . re. re Seer as years iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii .. a. 13.3; a% te 35 years ....................... .. 01 se. is as ease years ....................... .. - is. is 53 tea as years ....................... - . 5. is fiver as years ....................... ,.,_ 3.13. The eeath remade ef the Umerz are araiiahie fer the yeriefi i8§3-«E15? am the eeariy 129% éeaths fereish the iargeet heéy ef sate, anywhere eaistieg 3:1 regard is the causes ef eeaths ef mfixiters. ef the materiai here meseritea is takee free: the §am3;ary§ 1§1?§ iseee ef the smear er the Umtezi States Bmreaa ef igaher Statistiea The mertaiiity ea§eriez3.ee ef the hiterriatieeai Tyeegraehieai Uriieri shews seeh tearirefi im- gyreremexit “within this eerieé as te saggest that eeesihiy Eereeeae riata reiatirig te $X§$E‘.‘i$Ei€‘>$ prier te wee may riet he fairly irflieatire ef eexflitiees £31 WM. he seeelemeet te the Tygmrephieai Seamai 3 Eayhersty ep. eiti, fie ?3g eiserieitzt ‘iieer Bieirergifteeg in eem eeiygraehiehee Geeereee is ear: Efieeeriaeaee, sees, as. 8. 3 Eayherst, ea. eita ea--188. HYGIENE or THE PH.-INTING TRADES. 75 for August, 1915 (p. 64), shows the 1‘nemb»ersh.ip, number of deaths, the deaths per 1,000 members, the per cent of deaths due to tuber— csulosis, and the average age at death for each year, 1900 to 1915, inclusive. During this period the membership increased from 32,105 in 1900 to 59,571 in 1915. During this same period the per cent of deaths due to tuberculosis decreased fr-oni 31:2 to 19.1, a slight de- crease occurred in the death rate, and the average age at death showed an increase of over 9% years. These facts are Shown in detail in the following table: TABLE 16.--DEATHS PER 1,000 MEMBERS, AVERAGE AGE AT I)EA'.1‘1-I, AND PER CENT OF DEATHS DUE TO TUBERCULOSIS OF‘ THE LUNGS A.MON(]‘-~ l\IEMl3F.RS OF THE INTER. NATIONAL TYPOGRAPHICAI. UNION, 1900 TO 1915. 31..) Per cent of Average "W Member N§é’$i?§§.°f 1.133’ at”? $513.?“ ggggf _ culosxs. .. .................................. .. 32,105 ' 419 13.00 31. 2 41. as «.1991 ...................................... . . 34,943 406 11. 60 32. 9 41.94 1902 ..................................... . . I 33, 364 474 12.35 31. 2 42. 94 1993 ..................................... . . 42, 436 476‘ 11. 21 24. 7 42. 62 1904 ..................................... . . 2 46,165 573 _ 12. 52 19. 8 45. 50 190.5 ..................................... . . 46, 731 567 12. 13 25. 7 45. 26 1906 ..................................... .. 44, 93:0 512 11.40 25. 2 44. 02 1907 ........................ - . - .......... . - 42, 357 561 13. 20 24. 2 46. 07 1908 ..................................... - . 43, 740 533 12. 30 23. 3 45.05 - ..................................... -. 44, 921 509 11. 50 22. 3 4509 1910 ..................................... . . 47, 348 - 574 12. on 22.5 46.07 3911 ..................................... . . 51,095 639 12.50 18. 7 49. 12 21912 ..................................... . . 53, 307 655 12. 50 21. 3 48. as 1913 ..................................... . . 55, 614 687 12. 30 19. 1 49. 24 1914. . . .. ................................. .. 5.3, 537 713 12. 18 15. 9 48. 70 1915 ..................................... . . 59, 571 696 11. 70 19. 1 50. 84 1 Including; stereotypers and electrotypcrs, 7 months. 9 Including photoengravors, 7 months. It is evident from this table that some important improvement in working conditions within this period is the cause of this marked ‘improvement in the mortality experience among members of the International Typog'a.pl1ical Union. The increase in membership Within the period, accompanying a. large expansion in the printing and publishing industry, l1-as resulted in the entrance into the indus~ try of niacny new workers, probably with a lowering of the average ageof membership. A. lowering of the average age of membership, however, would tend, temporarily at least, to reduce the death rate and the average age at death. The supplement to the Typographical Journal, from which the figures are quoted, presents as an explana- tion of this improvement the introduction of a shorter Workday and improved sanitary conditions in the shops, due in large part to the activity of the health colnmittees of the organization. It is probable also that the introduction of machine composition and the consequent reduction of lead poisoning has contributed in bringing about this improvement, since the indirect effects of lead poisoning among Kent Lib. SEMO State Univeraity Depository Document Cape Girerdeau, Missouri 63701» ’?§ }3ULLE’1".EN SF TEE E§..}TE.EAU GE‘ §_,.AB§E ST.e‘if‘IST}TflSg mfinteee ere fee were eerimie than he éireei eihaet ee :1 primary eeeee ef efieethw The tehle ‘whieh feflmee gieee the member hf deethe (me te efi eeueee, éhe memher ef eeeths flee fie mhereeiesie, erfi the pemenfiage ef mtai fieefihe éee te mhereeleeie, hy age gmupeg fee the eerizfl 1893 ie M15. The figures ere fee fiveyeer peeiefie except fer M13 ta M159 its. eréer fie eiimete she ir1*ege1m*i€iee Of ieéifideeei yeerea The tetei hemher hf fieethe cheered hy the eehie is 113 $5.. ’1“em,§;: §’:.m.eUeeee ee heeeee hee: TS ALL eeeeee ewe ieeeeee Able eee eeee mm are imemeeeheeie eeezm zeeleeeee he mTEeNM‘1:0e_e_L TY?OGR.ePHI€E.&h EEREGN, ee eee eeevee, aeee Fee 1e25, Eeethe due he eh zeeeee. Ferieé. 15 £0 24 25 fie 34 35 fie 44 45 fie 54 55 he ee 85: years .‘ T g; E years. years. years, years, years, and ever. 0 ‘*1’ "' $93 ie 189’? ................... _ w 228 flee 512 333 ' 21.8 we 2, eee wee ta 3902. ., .; ................ . . ml 61?’ 543 334 254 222 2, en N83 tee EEK)?’ . . _ . _ . . _ ., .' , . . . . _ . . . . ., He 5% ‘E22 55? 898 333 2} {See E88 ‘$3 Eel? , . . _ . . . . _ . , . . . . , . . . . . 121 ese 333% 658 43? 485 2, ghfi 3913 $0 3315 ................... - - SQ 2&1 4?}. 511 $39 317% _ Efiéje Totefi ................... y . 613 23 eee 23 eee ex eee 3, eee 3, 574 11, :ee Eeethe em: he ‘mbercnfieeis, zeee ie 139? ................... - . we 348 we ee ee e we 38% he 3902 . , m ¢ * * W ¢ * . . . . w . . . . * .. . 4? §= 38% ear; 6% 19 3.5 fihfi 3903 an zen? ................... . - 3? 3 2:55 235 ee 23 2e 645 £998 he W12 , . , . , , . , . . , , , , * » . , _ -- 4? 3 193 22? 112 32 8 eze 3&3 to Efiifi ................... H 22 1 95 13?’ 81 2? ? gee Tate} * * , « * » , & » . . , * . e * . « * . - 259 Z, 3%} 9'58 425 13}. ee 33 {he Per eeni, ef iota: fieaihe, due fie Eeherztemeie, 1893 te 189? , . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . «$8. 6 53. E? 3%. 2 28. 4 11.. 5 4-. 9 36. 3 1898 he 196-2 . . . . . _ _ . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . 48. 5 48. h 3?. 6 E 2?}. 8 Z’. {E 6. 8 3E. e 19% ?;e 190? _ . . . ¢ . . . . . V . _ . . . . . . . - 32. 5 4e. 3 32. 5 3%. 4 ‘F. 2 3.. Q 524. e 19% he 3&2 _ _ . . . _ m . . . . . . . . , . . . , . 42. 3 42. Q 32. 5 ff. G ?. 3 E. ? :23. 6 1923 $0 ifilh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’ 33. 9 35. ai 29. 1 E5. 9 ?. 1 E. £3 1?. Q Tate; ................... .. 42.. 3 45. ? 3:5. e 23. e ’a’’.. e 2 2 es e A eteéy ef the heme ehm-we fihet fer all age gmeme eemhmed the percentage ef fieeethe fiee is mheeeeieeie hes éeeimee fmm 3%}.-3 ie the fievewyear gaeeimk 1833 $0 183?? fie 1’? .8 in éhe threemyeer peeisei, 1313 is W15, efliefi reéazctierze are e§§am:1t £33. every age gmep. A eeemperieeh ef the her cent hf éeethe daze fie teheeezfleeie emmag memheee ef the Eeteeheiéehei Typegrephégeei Uhien ehé eeeeeg meiee ii‘; the regieteratimz eree ef the ihitee States eheeie a large exeeee emehg éhe winters. The fieelme ix: reeeet yeeeefi Ewweeee, hee heen meeh eeher fie ehe Ieieeheiiehei Typegmphieei Ueieh thee hi: éihe eetmiry es e. Whale, This ie hmeghi; eat fie. Table 18, . I HYGIENE or THE PRINTING TRADES. 77 TABLE 18.—~—I’ER CENT OF TOTAL DEATHS DUE TO TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LUN(‘u : COMPARISON OF M.\LES IN REGISTRATION AREA OF THE UNITED S’I‘A'I"l-IS VVITH MEMBERS OF INTERNATIONAL TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION. l Males _in registration l Members International area , United States. « '1‘ ypographical Union. Are ;‘_ro1Ip. _ 1900 1912 to 1914 1898 to 1902 1913 to 1915 15 to 24. years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28. 3 25. 7 46. 5 31. 9 25 to 34 vears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. 0 29. 1 48. 6 36. 4 35 to 44 vears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 23. 5 23.0 37. 6 29. 1 45 to 54 yeaxs . . . . . . . — - — . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 15 2 14.1 19. 8 15. 9 55to 64 years . . . . . — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. 8.6 7.5 7.5 7.1 65 years and ovcl‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 1 2. 3 6.8 1:9 Total ........................................... - 1%. 2 12 7 31. 4 17. 9 It will be of interest to compare the per cent of total deaths due to tuberculosis of the lungs among the members of the International Typog1'apl1.ieal Union with similar figures for white males 15 years of age and over in the registration area of the United States and for printers in the industrial membership tf the l\/Iet.ropolitan and Prudential insurance companies. The result of such comparison is shown in Table 19. In making tlfis comparison it is important to note that the average age at death of inembers of the International Typographical Union in 1915 was 50.8 years, the high point, follow- ing a fairly steady increase since 1900. The Metropolitan experience for 1911 to 1913 shows for printers an average age at death of 40.2 years. ‘ TABLE 19.~——-PER CENT O14‘ TOTAT. DEATHS l)1,'.l¢} TO ’1‘l_?l3l-}l{(‘.‘L'~l‘.()SI.S‘ Ola‘ ’.I7'I—IE LUNGS. 1512024 251-034 35 to 44 45to54 to64 55a3;§§"S 15 years ;Ve‘c1l‘S . years . years. years . years‘ . ove r International Typograplxical Union, 1913-1915. 31. 9 36. 4 29. 1 15.9 7. 1 1. 9 17.9 Printers, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co, __._ 1911-1913 . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - . — . - - 45. 2 g 49. 8 39. 1 23. 9 15. 84 3. 1 34. 1 Printers, Prudential I_nsurance Co., 1907-1910. 49. 8 49: 5 , 2f. 9 4. 7 38.4 :Re_;'istra,tion area, United States, 1909 (white , I ‘ , A ‘ . o o ~ ~ - ' ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ ' ' ‘ ’ ' ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' - 29- 0 31- 0 I 23- 6 14- '1 I 7: 5 2- 8 15: 2 I The explanation of the great d‘iflerences in age at death. and per- centage of deaths due to tuberculosis between the industrially insured printers and the members of the International Typograpliical Union is not known. In Table 20 is shown the per cent of total deaths due to each specified cause among members of the International T ypographical Union for the same period, 1893 to 1915. p The percentages are given in a form similar to that used in Table 17. One of the difliculties ‘of the percentage method of presenting mortality statistics must 78 em.1.e:m~1 ee @113 emaem ee Lmee smegemee. ma beeee 111 111f§11d 111 efieeyieg fihie fieefie. The 1‘e§11efi?E.e11 ef fihe eee eeefi ef fiefie]; fiieefihe eee fie fie3ee1*ee1eeis {rem 363.3 fie 13% in fihe periee eevesfefifi fieeeee fihe fieeeefer ef 18.4. Eye? eeefi ef fihe {fieefihe {rem this eeeee fie efihefi eeeeee eE1e1e11 111 me fieble. Teie ie em-v*’§.e11e free: fihe very fieefi fihefi me fiefiei efi efi éeefihe exeeeeeezfi ee me pee eeefi fie fie.E1e:1 ee 3; Eeeeie fer eii fihe eeemefietieee. ’Ree1.e 3@.--~1v’}E2 R €f‘iE§.3.‘N”£‘ GE‘ ’E‘@"'E..§1L eeeeee BEER Ti} S?E§ZE‘IEE eeeeee. eeeee E1§'EE§E§ERS GE‘ EN’.fi‘ER1*§e.’fi‘fi{}N.e_L ”};‘YE’°fifi‘%Efi.§1fi"§1§C.§1E'..— '{.3"NEGN,, BY AGE GR<”}ET.}E’°S. 1893 ‘E58 1e1e. Per eeefi ef fiefiei eeefihe <§1;ze fiew Ferimi. ”.E‘11‘ee1‘e21iesie ef the ieege. 12$ fie 2% 25 fie 31 35 fie fie <15 fie 1e 55 fie 64 ee yeerre Tam} years. yeere. yeere. yeere. yeere. eee ever. ‘ fieee fie 189?’ ................... . . e8. 5 e 3%. 2 33. 4 11. 5 e. e 3%. 3 zeee fie 111112 ................... - . ee. e 48. e 3?. e 19. 8 ?. £5 6. 8 .31. 41 ieee fie 19%’? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 32. 5 44. 3 33. 5 14-. 4 2’. 2 :3. e 24. 13 zeee fie 1912 ................... - . 42. 3 42. e 31.. 5 1?“. e ?. 3 1. ? 21. e 19:33 fie 191:3. - .N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. 9 38. 4 29. 1; 3.5. e ?.3; 1.e 1?. 9 Tefiefi ................... .. 42. 3 $6. "3 33. 8 111. e ?’. 3 3. E 2.5. 8 eeeemeeie. 3893 fie 3.89’? ................... . - ?. 8 5. 3. 8. e e. e 9. 2 9. 1 ‘E. e 3.898 fie 1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. 9 '1} 8. ? 9. 9 11. 8 5. e 8. 5 1903 fie iee? ................... . - 11. 4 e. «1 9. 11 18.6 1e. 3 8. ?’ e. e 1933 fie me ................... .. 5. 4 ?. 8 8. e ‘?. e 1e. e e. e 8.. e Eefiefiefieifi . . . . . . . _ . . . . . 2.9 5.1% 3.3 8.15 ee 11.}. 8% Tefiei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . Y. 8 '3‘. 3. 8. ‘E e. 1 e. 5 Q. i} 8. 5 {Ether reeeirefiefiy eieeeeee. zeee fie 189’? ................... - - 1. 42 3. 8 4. 3 2. e 3;. 8 “E. 1. e. e zeee fie 19% . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. e 3. E 2. 8 3. e 8. 3 :3. e 4. £1 19%} fie gee-"5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 2. e 2. 3 2. 2 3. e 4. 1 4. 8 3. 1} ieee fie me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . 9 . 9 2. 9 2. e 3. e 41.? 2. 3 3.9113 fie 3.e15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 2. 9 3. 5 . 4 2. 8 2. e 2. ? 2. e Tefiefi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 2. e 2 3 2. 5 2. ‘E’ 3. 9 11. 6 3. e Efieerfi eieeeee. wee fie me? ................... . . e. 3 2. e 41. e" .5. e e. e e. ? 4. e 18% fie 3.9%? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . 3.. e 3. 3’ e. 3 e. 3 1}. 3 e. 8 5. 9 1&3 fie 19:1? ................... . . 3. 5 3. 8 5. 1 8. 3 13. 3 3.1.. e ?. 8 eee fie $12 ................... - . 3. e e. e *3. 5 .11. ? 1%. e 1?. 3 1e. e 1913 fie 1915 ................... . . 5.. 8 5. ‘E “E. e 1e. 2 34. 2 13. 8 1e. 3 Tefifi ................... . .. 2. e e. 1 5. 9 e. 1 13. 2 13. e B. e eyepfiexy eee; eemfiyeis. ieeiifieifig’? ............. ee 1.? 5.: ee zee eee ee zeee fie fieee ................... .. . g Q 1,, e 3, e 13” 1 11. 3 13, 9 e. e 29% fie 19%? ................... . » . e 2. 3 5. e e. 3 14.1 15. 3 V1.5 3.9% “E0 1913 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - .. e 2. Q 4. ? 5. ? 3.1. e 12. e E’. 2 £913 fie 1915 ................... . . 5. g 3, 1 e, 5 1:3, e 13, 5 1?, e 1e. 3 Tefiei ................ . . -» . . e. 1 2. 2 5. e e. 3 1:1. 1 3e. e *3. e HYGIENE or THE PRINTING TRADES. 179 TABLE 20.—-—PER CENT 0.1-‘ TOTAL DEATILIS DUE TO SPECIFIEI) CAUSES, AMONG MEM-- BERS OF INTERNATIONAL TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION, RY AGE GROUPS, 1893 ’I‘() V l:9~15—-Concluded. Per cent of total deaths due to-— P91'i0d- Bright's d1'sea.se and nephritis. 15 to 24 . 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 34 53 to 64 65 years years. years. years. , years. years. ‘and over. Total. 1893126 1897 ................... ._ 1.4 1.4 5.5 5.0 10.1 i 7.9 4.4 1898 to 1902 . . . - . — - . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4. 0 4. 5 6.1 I 8. 4 12. 2 1 10.. 8 7.51 1903 to 1907 .................... .. 4. 4 3.1 6. 4 11.1 10. 6 , 14. 4 5. 2 01912 ................... ., ,9 3,3 7.1 | 9.6 14.2 , 12.3 3.9 1913 to 1915 ................... .. - 2.9 3,3 7.6 1 10.4 10.0 1 10.5 3.5 Total ................... .. 2.7 ' 3.2 6.4 i 9.4 11.6 11.8 7.6 Diseases of digestive system. 1893 to 1897 ................... .. 4. 2 6. 2 5. 3 5.0 6. 0 6. 7 i 5. 7 1898 to 1902 ................... .- 7. 0 3. 6 4. 3 7. 5 5. 9 5. 9 5. 3 1903 to 1907 ................... . 7. 0 s 6. 3 9. 5 6. 9 4. 8 6. 4 1908 to 1912 ................... . .1 7. 2 5. 3 6. 3 10. 2 6. 7 5. 6 7.0 1913 to 1915 ................... _. 7. 2 6. 3 9.1 8. 2 6.1 5.1 7.3 Total ................... .. 6. 5 5. 6 6. 4 8. 5 6. 4 5. 5 6. 4 (‘aneeiu 1893to1897 ............................. ._ 0,2 2.1 3.6% 23 2,4 1,6 l898tol902 .............................. .. .8 1.71 3.3: 28 3.6 1.9 19B3to19-07 ............................. .. .5 1.8‘, 3.6; 41 3.9 2.4 tol9l2 ................... .. 1.8 .9 1.9% 5.0,. 69 7.4 4.2 1913to1915 ................... .. 1.4» .4 2.3; 3.7, 71 4.3 3.6 Total ................... ..g .5 .5 2.0 4.0 5.1 4.9 I 2.3 1 Accident. l893to1897 ................... 3.3 7,3 7.0, 6.6! 4.6 1.2 6,5 1898 to 1902 ................... ..s 0 5. 0 0. 3 6. 6 3. 9 2. 7 5.3 1993 to 1907 ................... ..§ 5.3 7 5, 6.6} 6.4 1.3 6.6 19.08 to 1912 .................... .; .10. 3 7, 3 7. 4. 1 4.1 5 2. 5 2. 5 5. 2 1913 to 1915 ................... ..[ 14.5 0.2 1 9 , ; 3. 7 3.8 5.2 Total ................... 3.5 7.3 6.7 1 5.4 4.2 2.5 5.7 I _________ _ 1 1 All other catlses. 1 1 5 J ‘ 1893 to 1897 ............. .... 23.9 13. 3 22. 7 1 26.1 323 ‘ 31. 0 23. 7 189810 1962 ................... 19.3 21.6 23. 6 . 21,1 24.9 ’ ; 23.8 1993 to 1907 ............... 32. 6 21, 3 24,6 1 24.9 22. s 25.8 1 24. 5 190916 1912 ................... 26.1 22.3 22.0 25.1 21.3 1 26.4 1 23.6 1913 to 1915 ................... "i 24.6 27.7 24.6 ; 26.3 , 28.8 : 29.7 ; 27.1 Total ................... 25 2 21.6 23.3 , 25.0 I 25.3 ; 29.1 24.4 _.........--._- -1- - - - A _,2,,.__1 ._ Froln a study of this table there is indicated no change in the percentage of deaths due to accident and to pneumonia., but a. marked deeline in the deaths due to other respiratory diseases, and an appar- entincrease in the percentage of deaths due to heart disease, ape- piexy and paralysis, Bright’s disease and nephritis, diseases of the digestive system, and cancer. 8% BtTIt.t.E’Htt er Btjfififiht §F $3. ST£t.’E§'S§‘tC$. A earefet eetnpartsee ef the easses et {teeth is the earlier ahé Eater years ef the eeried eeverect in the abere tame shears that what has aeteafiy haeeehed is reeeet years is that as as ieereasmg ere» eertieh ef the erinters have reaehee em age they have in tsereaste eesxbers heeema ezzbjeet ts sari have eiefl sf diseases sf agemheart disease. aeeplesy amt peraiysis. sad rightfis eisease arid eeehrittsw hat as irgereasirzg prepertiee ef the fieaths which are fies ta these ritseaees have eeeerrefi at afiraheeé ages. This will he sees. qaigte dearly is. the table Wttitdl feliees. ’§he.s. in the periee 1833 te 18%. «$8.4 per seat ef the deaths due te heart éisease were fieaths sf erixttters mzster eh years st age. amt eely 32.? per eeet eeeurrert at 55 years er ever. ht M13 te 1915. the last periezt sheets. heweaver. 0:113 $6 gees: eem. ef the deaths free‘; heart eteease were setter £5 years. aed 43.3.5 gjter seat were is the gretm he years she ever. A similar shiftieg et the deaths tram eidwage eaeees free: the yetmger M the ems}? age greeps is sheath is the table. "i“‘.«é...et'.t.<3 fi".t.-~P§ZB. CENT GE‘ "t‘§’t‘.etI.. §Ert’TE-1% 315$? Tfi $?h‘ACtE‘tEB eases Wlttfitt QCCEERED Eh? SPEEECEFEED AGE GROQFS, E893 ”tT‘$ 3.93%. 3.653% 1:”: ta 2% at ts at 35 te ee 45 te 54 55 te es as years ° yams. tears. years. years. years. amt ever. ‘tutyereuissis et the Image: 18% te tee? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3:4. 3 4%. 5 23. t it. 5 3. 3 3.}; I898 te taflit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’?. 3 t6. 1 3}‘... 3 ti}. 1 2. Q :3. 3 1&3 te 33%? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 5. ‘E’ 39. 5 35. t 332. t t. 3 E. 5 tests 3:912... ..................... as SL2 35.? 28.1 _5.3 3.3 $13 fie 3:915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. U 25. ’? 3?. t $2. h ‘P’. 3 1. e Eeatt disease: 18% ‘Le 18$? . . . . . - .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 5.3 18. 9 24. 2 13$ Et. 3; 1}... e tees te reee ......................... . . .3 ts. 8 21.3 tee see 1e.t tees it; set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3..§ 18.5 t‘’.?.‘? 32.9 24.9 23.9 1968 te tetft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L3 3.’? t'?.4 2&8 28$ 2?’.fl 3.913 te te§5..--.l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.9 it Fifi 2&5 2.5.5 i2»t.t .9. e fie as are ysts: § §8§3x§e 1897?; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ._ 3.6 as the 19.? 22.6 3’ S tees te tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. tut 8.5 1&8 26.3; 2t.t .28 2 gm te tee? ......................... ACE .e a t 17. 8 ea 3 at 2 £5. 2 1968 te Est‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6. 3 ts. 6 31.5 25. t 29. 8 rate te zest ......................... ..1 as 3. 8 14.? see 24. 2 see Brighfs éieease and eershritis: 1 test is 18 .. ....................... .. 3.3 tee 31.3. 1%.? eat 34.4 tees ta tees .......................... . . 3. ‘E 18. e 22. s is. e E. e 163. 3 tam te tee‘? ......................... - . 2. 2 8.1 39.8 as. 3 ass at. *2’ 1968 te let? . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. .4 e.6 t9.9 Eat 24.2 2&2 1913 te 1915 ......................... . . 3.1 5. 2’ 3.8. 9 38. 3 21. ? 22. 3 fiteeaees et eteeettte system: test te tee? ......................... . . as 33. s 25.4 12. if its a. 3 tees ta tees ......................... . . 72.3 see 3. e 22. s 13.8 11. e gees ta tee? ......................... - . 5.2 12. T? 26. e 36. 6 t5. 6 9. 2 19093 te 1&2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. (1 3.1.9 22. Q 33.. 3 ta. t 3.3. t },e13te1e:s_,,, ................... ._ 3.3 gas 28.? see 15.3 22.?’ The sheet st Ieafi he eaxttstsg deaths frets. heart fitseese. apeptesy em yaralyeis. amt Brights disease we eeehrttie has tees the ssh» geet ef seme eehtreversy. Te three light tt§§§"t this eeeettiee. seme e-empar:Esees have «bees matte ef the esperieeee ef the memhe.reht§ ef the Eetereatiehal Tyeegraehteal Ur1§.ez1 am}. ef the eeaths amesg whim melee fig; registrattee. area st the Unites States. These tatter ateaths treelfl seem to femish a reaeenshie basis fer cereearisee. HYGIENE or TI-IE PRINTING TRADES. 81 representing as they do all occupied and unoccupied white males 15 years of age and over. There has also been included in the compari- son the experience of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company cov- ering white males in all occupations 15 years of age and over. It is ~ probably to be expected that the experience in this last group, limited as it is to industrial policy holders, will be somewhat less favo able than that of the white males of the registration area. The results of ‘the comparisons are sho-wn in Table '22. TABLE 22. PER CENT O14‘ TO'1‘AL DEATHS DUE TO SPECIFIED CAUSE WIIICII OCCURRED UNDER 45 YEARS AND PER CENT WIIICH OCCIIRREI.) AT 55 YEARS AND OVER—--1NTERNATIONAL '1"YI’0GRAI"l-IICAL UNION CO)-Il’ARED VVITI-I WHITE MALES 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN REGIS'1‘RATION AREA OF THE UNITED STATES AND WI-IITE MALE INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE, METRO- POLITAN LIFE INSURANCE (30. Per cent of total deaths due to specified causes ’Wl’l1(‘l] were in age groups- Undcr -15 55 years years. and over. Heart disease: _ _ ' Aunited States regxstratloll area, 1909 ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18. 6 64. 8 I Metropolitan L116 l1Ls111‘a1_1ce C9.,_a11occupat1ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22. 2 61. 4 A I1iterna,tigna1§1VI;9g!'aph1Ca1 bn1on(1913-1915) ............................ .. 26.0 49. 6 pofi exy an par y_1s: _ - nitea States reglstratlon area. 1909 ....................................... . . 9. 1 76. 6 ‘ _Metropo1itan Life InsuraI_1ce Co.,_ all occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9. 6 75, 5 International 'J.‘ypogra-1_)1ncal Umon (1913-1915) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. 20. 4 51.1 Bri ht ’s disease and nephritis: _ nitgd States registration area, 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20. 6 :39. 5 Men-opn1ita.x1 Life Insurance Co. ,_ all occupations ........................... -- 57. 0 International ’l‘_vpograph:ca.l U mon (1913-1916) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 2.» '1 44. 0 The method of comparison, it will be noticed, is to ascertain what per cent of the total deaths due to each of the selected causes occur under 45 years of age and what per cent occur at 55 years or later. The theory, of course, is that we may assume in the case of these diseases, all of which are old—age diseases, that, where a person died before 45 years of age, the death from such a cause is evidence of premature aging. Forty-five years was taken as sufiiciently con- Servative to put the assumption beyond controversy. On the other hand, a high per cent dying at 55 years and over appears to be a favorable indication. Examining then the figures of the table, we find that, while among White males in the registration area 18.6 per cent. of all the deaths from heart disease occurred under -15 years, among members of the International Typographical Union, in 1913 to 191.5, '26 per cent of the deaths from heart disease were in that early age group. Among the deaths from apoplexy and paralysis a nmch greater excess appears, _9.1 per cent of the deaths from these causes occurring 18925°—17-—-Bull. 209 6 82 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. under 45 years among males in the registration area and 20.4: per- cent among meinbers of the International T ypographical Union. The excess in deaths from Bright’s disease and nephritis appears to be comparatively small, 20.6 per cent of the deaths from this cause occurring‘ under 45 _Vears among males in the i.'egist1"z1t.i()11 area and per cent among members of the International T ypographi- cal Union. If, lu)we\'er, we examine the next 10—year group, l5 to‘ 54. years, we find the percentage for males in the registration area to be 19.9, while for inembers of the International T ypographical ._ Union it is 3().8. Apparently then the excess of Bright’s disease‘ and nepliritis developed somewhat later than that of heart disease, and apoplexy and paralysis, but if the record is followed up to 54: years, we find an excess which it would seem to be proper to refer to an occupational cause. It will be noted that, when the figures for the Metropolitan Life Insurance (‘.o1npany a.re studied, the percentage of deaths due to the specified ca uses which occur under 45 years is excessive as com~ pared with males of the registra.tion area, but that the excess is not so great as in the case of members of the International Typo- graphical llnion. It is probable that the explanation of this dif: ference is to be found in the Very high percentage of deaths due to tuberculosis of the lungs among the industrial membership of the Metropolitan Company. These comparisons seem to inclicate that something in the printing trades tends to produce an excess of early deaths from heart disease, apoplexy and paralysis, and Bright’s disease and nephritis. But. Table 21 shows that this excess has diminished in the last 20 years. LEAD POISONING AMONG PRINTERS. It is impossible to understand clearly the discussions concerning what are and what are not occupational diseases of printers without? a careful consideration of the part played by lead in the causation ofs disease. The question of lead poisoning in the printing trades musfi}'_? be taken up as a separate problem, for there is a Wide diversity of»; opinion concerning the importance of the presence of lead in this; industry. some authorities believing it to be the most important fa.ct0I‘*= in the causation of disease, even of tuberculosis, while others, though they consider printing a distinctly unhealthful trade, do not believe that the lead is responsible. No one claims that acute lead poisoning is common among printers, Lead colic, lead convulsions, even the lead line, are admitted by all to be very rare and when they do occur it is usually in a young man naturally oversusceptible to lea.d. As far back as 1858 Van Holsbeekf of Brussels, in a. report on the printing ‘Van Holsbeek, in Journal de Medicine de Bruxelles, 1858, vol. 27, p. 30. HYGIENE or THE PRINTING TRADES. 83 trade said that he found printer’s colic much less common then than it used to be because of greater cleanliness among printers who no longer held type in their months as they forinerljv did. Only occa- sionally was there a case of lead poisoning in a young printer and then it was usually not severe. The disagreement concerns the degree to which printers are ex- posed to lead poisoning, the prevalence among printers of the ob- scurer forms of chronic lead poisoning, and the part played by lead absorption in the development of other diseases, especially tuberou- losis. It is agreed that there is still a decided danger of lead poison- ing in type founding and finishing, much greater than in composing or in the other branches of the trade. Stumpf 1‘ found that of the men treated for lead poisoning in the Leipsig clinic in 1872 there were twice as many founders as compositors. Hirt” puts the proportion as one compositor to five founders. The danger is practical_ly limited to these two classes if we include stereotypers among the founders. Hahn says that from 60 to 90 per cent of all cases of lead poisoning in the printing trade. are among these two classes of men. There was only 1 case of lead poisoning in 600 cases of illness in a group of Bava1'i.a.I1 plioto-engravers, lithographers, and copper-pla.te workers. WheI'e type founders are not included the rate of lead poisoning clearly recognize(’l_ as sucli is certainley not high. Silberstein found in Berlin in 1903, among 8,699 men compositors and pressmen, 65- cases, a rate of 0.75 per cent; among 4,039 male helpers, 12 cases, or less than 0.3 per cent; and ainong 5.081 women, only at cases. According to Sommerfield"’ lead poisoning accounted for only 1.7 per cent of the sickness among male printers in 1903 and only 0.8 per cent of the sickness among apprentices. In spite of this excellent showing, l1ow- ever, Kaup.“ one of the most experienced (iermans in the field of in- dustrial hygiene, says that he considers tliat compositors are subject to a decided danger of poisoning from lead. He even puts printing fourth in the list of dangerous lead trades, the first of which is mak- ing white lead, and red lead, the second smelting lead and zinc, and the third painting. Kaup says, moreover, that more than half the cases of severe lead poisoning in this industry are among the type setters. Roth 5 also believes there is a decided danger from lead, and ' points out the fa.ct that with the introduction of linotype and mono- type machines the dangers formerly confined to type founders have been introduced into the composing rooms. Albrecht says that lead is insignificant as a cause of death among printers but important as a cause of sickness. Sommerfeld believes that, next to painters, the 1 Stumpf, in Archiv der Heilkunde, 1875. Vol. 16, p. 471. 21-Iirt, quoted by Silberstein. “In VVeyl‘s Handbuch der Arbeiterkrankenheiten. Jena, 1908, p. 257. 4Kaup, in Archiv fiir Sozial Hygiene, 1911, Vol. V1, p. 1. ‘Roth, in Kompendium der Gewerbekrankheiten. Berlin, 1909, p. 79. 8% hhzharxh ea mm aaaaah ea Laaah eaaarraazaa. prihtara ahaer mast fresh ehrahie am paiaahihgi erhhhaeiaea the aahger at ieaa aaat frarh the Eeaa athieh is aflarrea ta faii ah the fiaar. Eh the reheat af the Aaetriah Gererhmeht alreaay aaatea the tyaa gE.”'i-iE}i1i_$E"ii traae Ea aiaeea arhahg these “arhieh exgaaee the ararhera ta a {_'3€3§”};St3,=E1t aahger fmrh am aaiaahihgz Nat ahiy ah leaci aaieahihg am turherealaeia ga haha ii} mm its. this ihahatryg hat the ieaa ia apaarehfly reepahaihlefi at ieaet ih hart? far the iarge amahht at hart» raathehia ahiahgaarhpaaitaraf Statiatiea at yhihihiehi hi this ihaaa try eah always ha ahly tahtativer aihee rhahy aaaea faii ta he ear- reetiy aiaghaaeag ehrahie paiaahihg heihg he rariea ih its mahifeeta-=- tiaha. Haa'ever§ ih a prihtere’ ahiah ih Viehha rrhieh had ah average hf mm meihhera there aha ah ahhaai average af 155 eiear eaeea at ieaa paiaahihg ahriag a gieriaa af eia yearea The “aarheh fahhary heipera am mheh the highest rate? aha ih a eihpiayea; the male type fa‘§.1h§.at°S3 aha ii: 19:; the eerhaaeitara aha Eh 3a; §.E‘aSS§'i@3’t aha meahahiaag ahe ih ah; rhaie heiherag aha ih S8; atarhah hat ih the ffitiiififyg aha ih 2551 ‘Eire tahia faflawihg ehawa the aver ahhaai hzhhher at eases at aiehheea per me hiehihere it: this ihaaatry ih aaetria ammg the eia years lee: ta was axhehg ahaht awe warhere aha the cases at am paiaahihg per ma rherhhera: ’;t‘ahL.‘:t a:am.a‘eah.aaa Eaiifiiiafifl Qt?‘ aaeae QF ereaahea area Qt?‘ ."t;‘E.i‘.-hit} E“@EaGNING PER tee htfifififitta FER YEAR EN aPE5t§‘§Ei3 0$CUP.a"t‘it}NS, twt TQ iaea. taaarae: arheitaetattatiaahat amt Bieivergiftahgeh ta hii_tteamaa.a1?aeheh aha gewarhiiehea ifietrieheh. Eafia, Vat. ‘Vii, y. average ahhaai hmaher at eases her tee memhera. item. W Press» atereaw Eifiémfag Cam» meat tyheta. {Q hesitate, aiehheaa at hit hihaa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 4 . . . . r . . . . . . r . . ~ . . r . i . . ah‘ at aa 55 ea. 92 53¢ 33 Kieaa paiaahihg . . . _ . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . « . . . - ., 2‘ a’? a. at it}. at 2.. 33 Praaahiah are eaaaeea ta ma ahiy ihhahahhg atereatyfpe aiatea er eaiarea fifikgfi azhieh may aahtaih white ieaa er ieaa ehrarhate er the aaiaea Campaaitara get am ah their hahaa eamg their hath aha they shay hreathe ma: frath the tyhe eaaaar eehaeiaiiy if they ehahe them ta get at the iarver lettera er ta Maar eat the that with heilaae. Stareatypare aha fahhaera get Eeaa ah their hahaa am may aiea hreatha am aaat frarh the trihhhihge am hiihga There ie a great aeai af Eeaa §fiiSfi§iiti§ arhahg the rearaeh aha fi.E1fiSg3 aartg ma paeh type, Teiahyf af hfifirfiiiitta thirties that white tyhieai ieaa jhaiaahihg ia rare? ahaehre farrha hf aigeetiae ai.atarh—- “‘ tfahipare hagea 8’? aha 9}... 3’_'E“eiiet1 . 25 I 14 SYMPTOMS OF LEAD POISONING. The diagnosis of lead poisoning is especially difficult in this in- dustry, because only in rare instances are thesymptoms typical. The lead line is usually absent, especially if the teeth are well cared for. There may be no symptom of lead poisoning except anemia or granular changes in the red-blood corpuscles--the so-called stip- 5_pling——and the principal help in diagnosis is, according to Oliver, the patient’s occupation. Oliver does not find the changes in the red-blood corpuscles often enough in lead poisoning to be of much help in diagnosis; he depends more upon the general symptoms and iipon the record of occupation. This means that disturbances of health occurring in a printer, as in any other lead worker, must be regarded somewhat differently from similar symptoms in a man who does not 88 B'L’L1‘...E’l‘IN or '1‘IlfE BUREAU OFLABOR STATISTICS. come in contact with lead. It would be a fair comparison to say‘ that just as a fever occurring in a man who has been living in 9. malarial region would have a somewhat different significance to the physician from a similar fever occurring in a. man who had not been exposed to malaria, so the physician who examines a printer will pay more attention to certain symptoms often regarded as unimportant because he must always bear in mind the possibility of lead poison-. ing in such a case. The symptoms of a typical case of chronic industrial lead poison- ing are pallor; sallowness; metallic taste or foul taste, especially in the morning; disinclination for food, especially for breakfast; more or less obstinate constipation, sometimes alternating with diarrhea;,_‘ and gastric or intestinal discomfort, sense of oppression, or even pain. There is often a loss of strength, shown by fatigue out of proportion to the amount of energy expended. Some men suffer more from; headache, insomnia, and nervous irritability than from gastric; syinptoins and the irritability may be followed by extreme listless-I‘ ness. In the co11rse of this ill-defined, slowly progressing loss of health, a typical attack of acute poisoning may occur, rendering th8_—_; diagnosis much easier. Such an attack is characterized by consti-6* pation lasting several. days and then severe abdominal pain, head-E ache, and perhaps pains in the joints or painful cramp of the muscles‘. The so-called “lead triad” consigszts in abdominal pain, constipation, and headache and is distinguished from an attack of appendicitis by the absence of fever and of that increase in the white-blood corpuscles which always accompanies acute appendicitis. Suchat- tacks of acute poisoningimay recur at long intervals and between; them the man may return to work but almost always with symptoms, of chronic poisoning, either referable to the digestive system or til} the neuromuscular system. In some cases the effect of the slow absorption of leadis shown} especially in the neuromuscular system. Such cases suffer from; headaches, pains in the joints, muscular cramps, nervous twitchingsi or tremors, insomnia, even depression and weakening of the meinoryg The typical form of lead palsy, loss of power in the muscles which extend the wrists and fingers, is not common among printers, though it does occur, but a weakening of wrists and fingers is fairly com- mon. Rarely in this occupation is the brain affected, with a resulting. lead psycliosis. This condition is much more frequently found-in! industries which expose the worker to danger of rapid absorption Of‘; large quantities of lead, especially of the soluble compounds, thal} in the printers’ trade, where absorption of lead by the worker 18": very slow. The effect of lead on the brain of printers is more likely? to be that of degeneration which follows a hardening of the arteries, either softening of the brain or a stroke of apoplexy. This is because. HYGIENE or TI-IE PRINTING TRADES. 89 a- gradual absorption of lead continued over long periods results in a form of arteriosclerosis, and this means a slow starvation of such Organs as the brain, the kidneys, the liver, and heart through a gradual shutting off of their blood supply. Softening of the brain may result from this loss of blood or if a sudden strain is put upon the brittle arterial wall, as when the blood pressure is suddenly raised, the wall may give way and an apoplectic stroke be the result. Cardiovascu- lar disease and apoplexy are said by most authorities to be more common among printers than among occupied males in general. a Von J aksch says lead always selects the weakest organ for its at- tack. In a man with damaged kidneys lead manifests itself by setting up nephritis. In one with a predisposition to nervous disease it may give rise to epilepsy. The changes in the red-blood cells, known as stippling or basophilic granulation, are thought by Silberstein to be very characteristic of the lead poisoning among printers, while Hahn and Oliver dissent absolutely from this opinion. Carozzi takes a middle ground. He finds basophilic granular cells in the blood of printers with chronic plumbism but not as frequently as in men who have been exposed to the soluble saltsof lead, for this change in the blood is always in direct relation to the rapidity of the difl%’usion of the poison, and in typesetting the absorption of poison is of the slowest. Carozzi finds polychromatophilia (a method of staining which indicates newly ‘formed cells) more common in printers than granular cells. His record of blood examinations is as follows: Among 135 printers examined he found 23, or 17 .04 per cent, with ‘basophilic granular cells; 35, or 25.92 per cent, showed polychro- matophilia; and in 77, or 57.04 per cent. there were no abnormal cells} Carozzi also quotes Cosolo’s examination of 111 printers, in which [quite different results were obtained, as shown in the table following: '..!TA3LE 26.——CONDITIONS FOUND IN BLOOD EXAMINATIONS or PRINTERS AND or MEN IN o'r1:11«1n 'rR.\m«:s IN rrmnsrn. I -fifiouiwez Publication -of International Association for Labor Legislation, Italian section, new series, No. 6, Pt. IV, p. 39.] , .‘.\Tun1l)er ha\‘ing—-— mass. l\'urr_1be1‘ W A _, \ 1 _' emmlned‘ Granul;u~ (,h‘:_‘0ll-I’1fl_ Normal cells. , Ophm‘a_ blood. Printers with known plumbisrn .............................. . _ 35 13 2 20 1‘rlnters with suspected plumbism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .; _ . . _ . . _ . _ 27 10 2 15 gréxters Without plumbxsm . - ............................... . . -I9 19 5 25 . in other trades .......................................... __g 2 11 1 15 1Publication of International Association for Labor Le::islat'ion, Italian section, new fieries, No. ,6, Pt. IV, p. 40. 90 BULLETIN or THE BUREAU or LABOR STATISTIC-S. Here the proportion of men with granular cells is really large!‘ among the men in other trades than even a1nong,the printers known to have lead poisoning. It is evident from these records that the diagnosis of lead poisoning can not be absolutely decided by the blood examination, although it may be greatly assisted. All this shows the difficulty of inaking a positive statement as to the amount of lead poisoning in the printer’s trade. Probably no two medical men would interpret in the same way the symptoms 01‘ signs of disease presented by any given group of printers, for one of them would look with suspicion upon any digestive or nervous or arthritic disorder as possibly plumbic in origin, while the ()l;ll6I', would attribute it to errors in hygiene or to a fatiguing indoor occu- pation or to alcoholism. Therefore in summarizing the results of a physical examination of 200 printers made for the Bureau of Label‘ Statistics by physicians in Boston and Chicago, we have endeavored: to treat the question of lead poisoning with caution and not to exag“ gerate its importance. as a cause of disease among these men. (See page 91.) OTHER OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. Printers are said to suffer from other occupational diseases: besidefl tuberculcsis—--from digestive d.isturl)a11c.es, from urinary, nervouér and skin diseases. No two students of the industry ever come ta exactly the same conclusion as to the relative frequency of these di9‘ turbances, or as to the question whether they are all to be regarded 35 occupa.tion-al. in character. Even the morbidity statistics of the differ‘ ent authors are not really comparable, because the classification Of diseases difl”e1~s so much between different countries=or even betweefl two authors in the same country. Silbersteinl believes that the occupational diseases of printers M9 tuberculosis, lead poisoning, varicose veins, leg ulcers, flat foot, and neurasthenia. Printers also suffer more from skin diseases than do workmen in general. For instance, in the years 1904 and 1905 there‘ were 20 cases of skin disease per 1,000 Berlin printers, while fol‘ each 1,000 members of the sickness insurance fund of Berlin there were only 9.3 cases in 1904 and 4.4 cases in 1905. This was largely an occupational eczema of the hands and arms causediby printe1"9 ink, turpentine, lye, and other chemicals. llnder the head of nell’ rasthenia, including also the 1'1eu1'algias. he gives the following fig’ ures for Berlin: . ___..z"' “Silberstein, in We_vl‘s Handbuch der Arbeiterkrankheiten, Jena, 1908, p. 251. HYGIENE or THE PRINTING TRADES. 91 TABLE 2’7.---PER CENT OF MEMBERS OF PRINTERS’ LOCAL SICK FUND AND'O!3‘_ MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL SICK FUND OF BERLIN AFFECTED WITH NEU-. RASTHENIA, 1904 AND 1905. [Source: Weyl’s Handbuch der Arbeiterkrankheiten, Jena, 1908, p. 259.] .4‘ I5er cent affected with neurasthenia. Male members. Female members. . Year. Printers’ General Printers’ Genera fun . fund. fu d. fund. I 23.. 1904 __________________________________________________________ __ 3.73 1.56 2.43 2 ‘ 4.09 1.25 2.66 2. o - - - o - n - - . . . . . . — . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . - . . . . - . - - o . - . . . . . - - - - . - . . . . .- ._.._g I The contrast here between male printers and all occupied males is striking, and it is also shown that there is a nervous strain among men printers to which women in the industry are not subject, for their sickness rate from neurasthenia averages about the same as that of women in other industries. Silberstein also finds bronchial and throat catarrh, as well as gas- tric catarrh, rheumatism, and gout, frequent among printers, but he can not show that they are more frequent in this trade than in others. He considers it a mistake to look on the work as not strenuous, for the ‘speed is great, and the work itself is nerve-exhausting. Especially‘ is there a high degree of exhausting speed and worry and anxiety in newspaper work. A nine-hour day, even broken by three rest pee riods, is too long for such work. The characteristic. nervous dis- turbances in printers consist of exhaustion, sense of depression, sleep- Iessness, palpitation of the heart, pains that have no anatomical cause, and loss of appetite. Weariness prevents the man from taking out-door exercise after his Work is over. ’ 'I-Iahn says that many cases of obscure lead poisoning are prob- ably diagnosed as constipation, colic, anemia, nephritis, or gastric or intestinal catarrh. He too finds a very decided excess of nervous diseases among male printers, but not among the females, as can be seen from the following table: ' TABLE 28.---PER CENT OF SICKNESS DUE TO NERVOUS DISEASES AMONG PRINTER AND AMONG MEMBERS OF GENERAL LOCAL SICK FUNDS OF SPECIFIED CITIES. [Sour6e: Die Gesundheitsverhaltnisse im polygraphischen Gewerbe Deutschlands, p. 24.] mm Per cent of sickness due to ‘ nervous diseases. ~ City and class of workers, -_- .-. . ...-.._..-.._....-. __.-.._.—. ‘ Males. Females. l N Munich (1907). W S " “A ; Members of general sick fund ' ‘ ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , _ , . , , , 4. 1 5. 2 4. 5 P"“"°’s --- °-'-. ......................................................... . . 7. 6 4. 4 6.0 Dresden (1907). p greimbers of general sick fund ........... . . . ............. . . 5 7 3 9 6 2 I1 sou‘. - o a - o - - - 009 ~ - o u o o - o cocoon o o - u c o - ¢ o p o o - o o c - o - o - o I CQIIOCIIOQIOIOO 1008 608 92 BULLETIN or THE BUREAU or LABOR STAT'ISTICS. 'rAm.1.: 28.——PER. CENT or SICKNESS DUE TO NERVOUS l)ISEASl<‘.S AMONG jPRIN'1‘ER.S AND AMONG MEMBERS or GENERAL LOCAL SICK FUNDS or SPECIFIED CI’1‘IES—Con. ._.:— -1.. ‘-*~ , _,..‘_.__—_— .._ ,,. . . ., .., _,, ,_,<_, _ _ ___ ,___4 ,_ ,_,,,, - ,... —— ~ » ‘Per cent of sickness due to nervous diseases. City a.nd class of workers. ‘ ‘ ‘ ” ‘ " h Males. Females. S1(3,;(t,8_ Stuttgart (1906). Members of general sick fund . _ . _ _ . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 4- 3 3': ]’rint.e)-s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ , _ , _ _ _ , _ , _ _ _ _ _ , 0 0 4. 7 5' " Berlin (1907). Menibers of §{G‘.1e1‘al sick fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . 7. 2 7- 9 ' 7': Printers .............................. . . _ ............................... _ . 11. 4 8.0 10- However, Hahn does not believe that this excess of nervous diseases, though distinctly occupational, is caused by the lead, bee: ise it is the compositors who suffer most. If the lead were responsible, the greatest amount of nervous diseases would be found among the type founders, not the typesetters. The prevalence of nervous diseases’ seems to depend upon the nervous strain in the work, and while lead, poisoning is diminishing, this class of diseases is increasing. Short: ening the working-day, as has been done in recent years, has made the speed greater and the nervous strain more intense. Nor does Hahlig find 311)’ Connection between digestive disturbances in printers and their exposure to lead, for there is less trouble of this kind among_I_E type founders than among the Women in the trade who never toucl,1;iii lead. He concludes that the real occupational disea.s>s of printers aI'3.i‘ lead poisoning, tuberculosis, and nervous diseases, the last depending ~ upon the character of the work, the other two being interdependent, for wlicre the rate for one is high the rate for the other also high» Tliere are available from four German cities statistics of diseases among printers, classified under general heads, as respiratory, C15“ gestive, nervous, arthritic, and saturnine, and these are compared- with like figures for the whole insured population. It is easy to S99 from the table following that the printers have a higher rate for all of these groups except the arthritic-—gout and rlieumatism. Diseases of the kidneys are, singularly enough, not included in the list. Hahn finds them more common among printers than among occupied males in general. HYGIENE or THE PRINTING TRADES. 93 cTABLE 29.-—-—I’ER CENT OF 1\IE.\IBI<}RS OF GENERAL SICK Ii‘I"1\’l‘)S AND 011‘ MICH- BERS OF I-’RIN’l‘ERS’ Fl?l\'DS WHO \Vl4lRIC .\‘I(‘.K I')I7RING 1.907, HY CITIES, AND BY NA'l‘l'RI<} (')l~‘ .\‘l(‘.I{‘.\'ESS. [Sourcez Die ('1csu11(l11citsverliiiltnisse ini pol_\'graphisrhen (’;evvo1'-be I)(‘1lf.\(‘hl:lI1(I.\‘, pp. 52, 53.] Per cent ill during ye.n'. . l)isea.ses of l)ise‘Ls(>.s‘ of . l{e“) ,tt ,r '1. 1. .1 . \ .C; 1 All diseases. dsi£(,‘;:e;)I 3 d1f.!,0St1\'e nervous (‘,ity_ ' " organs. system. Lead poisoning. (-Rout and rlieuniatisin. ‘ i p z , _. ,_-._ +4.7 ,.._~.__ . .5 _. Gen— Print- Gen- ‘Prmt- Ge11- E'r1nt- Gen- 'Print- Gen- lPrint- Gen- ;P1'int- eral ers’ eral ers’ ‘eral ers’ eral ers’ eral I ers’ er-al l ers’ funds. funds. funds.-funds. lunds. funds. fundsifunds. f11nds.ifunds. funds..|funds. Dresden ______ .. 36.6 33.4 5.2 5.4 6.7 6.8 6.2 8. 6 7.9 3 5.5 9.5 I 2.9 Munich ______ __ 47.1 44. 3 6. 6 10.1 7.1 7. 3 4. 5 6. 0 7. 8 1 .3 1. 3 Berlin ________ __ 43. 9 45. 17. 5 17. 5 7. 6 9. 2 7. 6 10. 4 9. 0 9. 4 .1 .7 1 (1) 6.8 10.1 13.1 17.2 4.9 5.0 14.3 11.9 .3 I 1.1 Stuttgart-.. - . . . 52- 1 Not reported. In all these statistics that have been given there are sources of error in the fact that difl"ere.nt groups of workmen are included under the same heading. Bookbinders do not do the same sort of work as compositors; pressmen are not exposed to the same dangers as stereotypers, but all four classes are often included under the same head, as, for instance, in the German reports. The Italian fig- ures usually include compositors and pressmen, and the Dutch and English. see1n_ to cover the whole industry. RESULTS OF MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF 200 PRINTERS. Medical examinations were made of 100 printers in Boston and 100 printers in _Chicago for use in this report. The method used by the two physicians was practically the same, but they worked inde- pendently. In_ Boston the examining physician was Dr. \Valter IV. Palmer, resident physician of the Massacliusetts (~}eneral Hospital, with which is connected the oldest clinic for occupational diseases in the United States. In Chicago it was Dr. John 1). Ellis, who was at the time .in charge of the occupational disease clinic of Rush Medical College. The results obtained by these two men were sur- prisingly similar; {-5 of the 100 Boston men were found to be quite free from disease and 48 of the Chicago men; the remaining 107 Suffered from various fo-rms of ill liealtli which will be detailed farther on. Following is a. brief 1'és1111ié of the most essential. facts concerning these 290 men: -411/v 3/roup. Nl1llll)l‘l'. Under 20 yea1's_-_..---..-._.--.__.-_--_. .__,. __..__,_,,-________________________ 5 20 to 29 yea1's...-___-.-.i_--..-.._._-_-..-___.-_-___,___._-_-,_______,___,__- 54 30 to 89 years ____________________________________________ __ (51 94-. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. ' Number. 40 to 49 years _________________________________ _._. _________ __ 50 to 59 years ________________________________________________ __ 32 60 to 69 ye:11'.~' ............... _.- _________________________________ -[______ 7 Over 70 _\je:u's ________ ___ ______________ _-_.-L ..................... __ 1 J1I.a.r-i.ta.I. z-omIit1',on.. Marrie__._.__,-_,._____._.__-___ 25 A1-teriosclerosis and pI'emature senility _____________________ ._ 2 Ari-estetl tube1°c11los‘is. g2‘1stl.'ic .~4yn11‘)to1ns, a](=.olm1isn1-__._.---___.-_ 1 Aneniia and poor nutrition (boys under 20 years) ___________ __ 2 Probalile renal s1'm1o.-.__.___-... -_ ____________________________u...__._,.,_. 1 'Of these 79 men there were 19 whose svmptoms were slight and fairly negligible. On the other hand, there were 9, belonging to the group with neuromuscular and intestinal symptoms, whose histories and symptoms at the time of the examination showed decided de- rangement of health and were at least suggestive of chronic lead poiso-nino’. It is impossible to say ‘whether or not work at the printers’ trade had any influence on the ill health of these 9 men or of the 79 in this group. It may be that 200 men taken from any indoor occupation which involves great nervous strain and continual standing without much muscular work, and in whichinightwork is ~ fairly common and meals are taken more or less irregularly and hur- riedly, might show as large a number of digestive and nervous de- rangements as were found among the 200 printers. On the other hand, We know that long-continued absorption of minute quantities of lead does cause symptoms of just this character. The most striking thing in this examination is the absence of lesions in the lungs. As we have seen, the Occupational disease of printers is always held to be pulmonary tuberculosis and the statistics Of all countries show the prevalence of this disease in the industry. Both of the physicians who made the examination fully expected *0 find a fairly large proportion of men silffering from some form of this complaint. That only one arrested case was found among 100 Chicago men and no case at all among the Boston men is hard to understand unless the reason be found in the method used in secur~ ing the cases for examination. The men were practically all volunteers. Those in Boston were requested by the Boston Typograpliical Union to present themselves for examination. In Chicago, the men who were examined were in part secured through the union and in part through BULLETIN OF THE il%'Ll.RV.:\U 01*‘ LABOR S'.I.‘.».\TlSTICS. .visits to the plants in wliich they were employed. But in the latter -case as well as in tlie former the men’s consent had to be obtained and both pliysicians were convinced that the men who suspected that they h_ad tuberculosis shrank from bein_g examined. This means that although every elfort was made to secure groups of iuen in both cities who would i'epresent a typical cross section of the printers’ trade it was practically impossible to do this, and a certain selective action was exerted by the men theinselves wliich resiflted in a better showing than was probably actually true. I-flowever, even allowing for this, the entire absence of even the early stages of pulmonary tuberculosis is surprising. Dr. Palmer speaks as follows as to this part of his exaniination: None of the men showed anydefinite lung pathology. In several instances there was a marked degree of physiological dullness and broncho-vesicular res )lI'2ltl.()Il at the ri0'ht a iex. T here were no sub- Jects with syinptoms or pliysical evidence of tuberculosis. .I)r. Ellis writes: In one case, who told me he had been in the Printers’ Home in, Colorado for tuberculosis, I found marked dullness ‘and bronchial: breathing over the upper right lobe, posteriorly, but there were not rales. There was clironic geiieralized bronchitisin one case. None? of the other men showed any definite lung changes in the percussion: note or width of the apical isthmus on percussion or breath sounds? over the apices. ‘When the ages of the 200 men are considered, it can be seen that ai larger proportion of health y men than of diseased Inen belong to the earlier age groups. This would naturally be expected. Of the healthy men 40 per cent are under 30 years of age, while only 21.5 per cent of those with some form of ill health are in this age group; As we go up in the scale of years the difference becomes less inarked—-~ 68 per cent of the healthy men are under 40 years, and 54 per cent of the unhealthy; in the ages under 50 years are 83.8 per cent of the healthy, and 77.5 per cent of the diseased. T It is impossible to say to what extent these differences are caused by the unhealthl’ulness of the industry and to what extent by advanc- ing years. If, liowever, the men are grouped _according to the number of years they have spent in the printing trade, it is impossible to escape the conviction that the work itself has an unfavorable effect upon the men’s health, for the. difi’erences here are greater than those in the percentages based upon aetua.l age. Alniost half of the? healthy men (49.4 per cent) have worked less than 15 years; less than} one-third of the diseased (30 per cent) have worked so short a time; as that. Only 29 per cent of the healthy have worked as long as years, while 35.6 per cent of the unliealthy ha.ve been at the tl‘ad_9i for years or more. i HYGIENE or THE PRINTING TRADES-. a 101 It seems probable that the differences here are attributable to the influence of occupation, though the figures upon which the percent- ages are based (only 20() men) are too small to be used as a basis for any positive conclusions. .iiI,>HYsIcAL CONDITION or MEN ENTERING THE INDUSTRY. The statement is very frequently made by foreign writers that one reason why the printing trade has an undue ‘amount of illness, especially of tuberculosis, is that it naturally attracts boys who are undersized, narrow chested, deficient in muscular development, and therefore predisposed to tuberculous infection. Pannwitz,1 who Imade a thorough study of the printing trade in Germany, lays great stress on this feature and is able to show by figures that the trade in that country is really recruited largely from among the less vig- 1 orous. Germany’s system of compulsory military seI'vice for all ‘physically fit men involves physical examination of all, and it is from the records of the examining medical oflicers that Pannwitzdraws his conclusions. He finds a startlingly small percentage of the men in the typographical trades fit for military service. For instance, in one newspaper plant there were only 8 fit men out of 92, only 72 compositors out of 20. The average number of men acceptedifor ' service out of 55 districts during three years, 1889, 1890, and 1891, was 427 .3 out of 1,000 employed in all trades, but for the print_ing trades it was only 238.1. Taking one of the three years, 1891, he finds that out of 1,000 printers an average of 205.4: were found fit for regular service, 183 for second—class service, 526.8 for pnonactive Service (Landsturm), and 84.8 absolutely unfit. The pressmen were the lowest in the scale, the founders next, the compositors highest. In these same three years the pressmen had an average of only 17 3.4 fit men out of 1,000, the founders had 211.5, and the compositors 213.3. Rejections were based chiefly on the ground of weak physical constitution, poor development of skele- ton and muscles, “which does not permit the expectation that his :strength would suffice for service in the field or in the reserve.” Weakness of vision also is a frequent cause of rejection. Pannwitz concludes_that not only are there unusual numbers of weaklings in this industry but the sanitary conditions under which they work are ‘more productive of illness than the work itself warrants. This is said by Layetz to be true of the industry in France also, and the Austrian governmental report makes the same statement for Austria. .No one casually observing American printers would gain the im- pression that this is an industry attracting weaklings chiefly. 1_PannWitz, in Arheiton ans dmn l-ZFllS(‘1'll('h(‘n Gesuiidheitsaxnt, Berlin, 1896, Vol. XII, D. 686. 9 Hygiene dos Professions et des In(1us~triQs,rj!.3ar§s,, 18‘;-,'n~:veI~8itv . . i?*7f'.:l €}3.i;“mcIea.u, ivii:asetu*1 b.;l1Ul 102 BULLETIN or THE BUREAU or LABOR STATISTICS. A Their general appearance is that of Well-developed men in aver- age health. Yet the figures of one of the large life insurance com- panies for 589 industrial policyholders show that in the United States the men who enter this trade are somewhat lower in height and weight than the general average for all otheI- occupations. These records of weights and heights are given by T*‘l‘QCl£¥t‘ilCl{ L. Hoffman, statistician of the Priirlential Insurance Co. TABLE 30..-—AVERAGE AND RELATIVE WEIGHT AND AVERAGE HEIGIIT or MALE PRINTERS AND OF MALES IN ALL OTHER O(‘(TUPA.’l‘ION.‘3, ‘BY A GE GROUPS, 1886 TO 1914. [Source: Records of the Prudential Insurance Co. Average weight at R:l1i1li;Ii'}V’e A"'e1'3»¥?9 height at Number entry (pounds). per inch)_ entry (Inches). Age at entry. at each ,_ _ by I _,__~__~__ _, age. All other All other All other Printers. occupa- Printers. occup-a— Printers. occupa- tions. tions. tions. 15 to 24 years ................. .- 126 140 145 2. 05 2.12 68.2 68.1 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . 230 149 155 2. 20 2. 26 67.6 68. 3 35 to 44 years . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . .. 150 154 160 2. 28 2.35 67.7 68.1 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . _ . . _ . . . . . . . . 51 159 163 2.37 2. 40 67. 0 67. 9 55m 64 years . . _ _ . . . _ . . . _ . _ . . . . . 31 154 163 , 2. 29 2. 40 ‘67. 4 67. 8 5 years and over . . _ . _ . _ . . . . . . - . 1 195 162 I 2. 91 2.38 67. 0 67. 9 Total .................... .. 589 149 1 157 i 2. 21 2. 30 I 67. 7 ‘ea. 1 l * 3 _ HEALTH CAMPAIGN or INTERNATIONAL TYPO- GRAPHICAL UNION. In 1892 the International Typographical Union opened a home for invalid, aged, or infirm union printers in Colorado Springs, and it became clear very soon after that a large number of the printers who were incapacitated from illness and applying for entrance to the home were suffering from tuberculosis. This knowledge spread gradually among the members of the union, was discussed at the an- nual meetings, and interest in the sanitation of Working places and in the prevention of disease, especially of tuberculosis, grew steadily. Finally, in 1907 a permanent committee on health and sanitation was formed primarily to deal with the danger of tuberculosis—-—“ to es: tablish healthful conditions in printing shops and to arrange for the best treatment of Inembers of this union suffering from tuberculosis.” Each local has now a sanitation committee and all chairmen of chapels-tl.Ier union printers in each shop constitute a chapel———-—are in-. structed to report insanitary conditions to this committee. Naturally, the development of this movement has followed dif‘-. ferent lines in the seven cities Visited. Some committees are much more aggIr.*essive and full of initiative than.others. Those of Baltimore and VVashington have struck out on original lines and have made personal inspections of the shops and newspaper plants in thosfi HYGIENE or THE PRINTING TRADES. . 103 cities and brought specific suggestions before the employers. They have also secured the best available expert advice on these sug- gestions before pushing them. Chicago, also, has a vigorous sani- tary policy and employs one printer to devote his time to this work. On the other hand, Philadelphia depends on complaints from the chapels, though the men say that this does not work well and that it is far easier for a.n outsider to come in and criticize than it is for an -employee to run the risk of making himself disliked by his'em- Ployer and by his fellow workmen. St. Louis also depends on fol- lowing up complaints made by the chapel chairmen. There is not, however, so much room for complaint in St. Louis as in the other cities, since one great source of trouble, the piping of linotype pots, iS provided for by a State law. The New York union, in addition to the usual sanitary activities, makes provision for sick members by maintaining beds in four hos- pitals. The union cooperates closely with the division of occupa- tional diseases of the health department, and the two have recently formulated a series of recommendations for the conduct of printing establishments and for individual hygiene which is excellent. In Boston the local union cooperates with theoccupational disease clinic Of the Massachusetts General Hospital and distributes the leaflet on ~“ Precautions for Printers ” which was prepared by the latter. Very good publicity work is carried on by the local sanitation committees and by the central body in Indianapolis. A little pam- phlet recently issued by the latter discusses in clear language the llature of tuberculosis and all the factors in its production which are 130 be found in the printing trade. The Baltimore local has carried on a very intelligent educational work of this kind in its monthly -«bulletin. - The effects of this activity on the part of the union are very evi- dent. Such evils as spitting on the floor and sweeping floors during. Working hours are more easily controlled by the men themselves than by factory inspectors. The importance of good ventilation is in- creasingly insisted on by the men, and this also is a matter largely Within their own control. It is certainly only fair to ascribe a great deal of the recent improvement in conditions prevailing in this indus- to the efforts made by‘the union. That much remains to be done i8 also true. Some of the dirtiest, worst ventilated, worst lighted shops Visited were not only union shops, but label shops. Union men put up with roller towels, even in cities where they are forbidden by law, With noisome toilets, and with utterly inadequate washing provi- rifiitrbns. There must also be a much livelier sense on the part of the trade itself that lead dust, even in minute quantities, is dangerous, "before the union can say that it is safeguarding the health of its i.,membe'rs. 1047 BULLETIN or THE BUREAU or LABOR STATISTICS. The UnionPrinters’ I{lome in Colorado Springs is a very remark‘— able instance of self-help on the part of an industry. The move“- ment to provide for the aged and infirm was given impetus in 1886 by a gift of $10,000 from A. J. Drexel and George WT.iiiChildSi. The international union and the locals added enough to this to erect, on land donated for the purpose, a building costing $62,700. In 1898 a hospital building was added and it became necessary to open a tent colony for the tuberculous. In 1907 there were ‘.20 tents and a. central building for these patients, the latter built in the form of a solarium.“ The home has a library of almost 10,000 volumes and 228 periodicals. Between July, 1892, and May, 1911, 1,198 printers were admitted to the home, which is open to any one who has been a member of the International Typographical Union for ten continuous years. Mem- bers who are suffering from tuberculosis may be admitted to the sanatorium at any time. The average number of residents durin0‘, 1911 was 127, and the per capita cost of their maintenance was, $45.10 a— month, in addition to which each man receives at least 50 cents a week -for his personal expenses. This little pension is usually paid by his local~—-the New York local gives each of its members in the home a dollar a week———or if the local does not provide it, the sum is paid. by lieadqiiarters at Indianapolis. 9 The union has also indirectly improved health conditions in the industry by shortening the working-day. In 1869 the international, union reported instances of a 12-hour, a 15-hour, and even an 18—hou1‘~ day. Newspaper men often had to spend several hours in the after- noon distributing type and then go to work on composition at 7 in the evening and keep on till morning. VVith the introduction of the; linotype machine the hours came to be defined and there was a gen- eral movement for a shorter day. At present the dayiiin newspaper oflices does not exceed 8 hours, but in book and job shops it may-‘ -still be from 9 to 10 hours. The union allows overtime work at time and a half pay from 5 in the afternoon till 10 in the evening, at double pay after 10 o’clock and on Sundays, and also on Saturdays if the 48-hour week has“ already been made up. On the advertising part of a newspaper the men sometimes work 15 or 16 hours with only a half hour off for lunch, but overtime is not usual now; it is too expensive. Newspaper oflices may work 7 days in the week but each man works only 6. The day of the linotypist is fixed by international agreement at 8 hours oninewspapers. Operators in job shops are not included. There is general testimony to the fact that with this shorter da)’ and lessening of overtime work has come a great improvement in the habits of the printer and consequently in his health. Men who drink to excess can not keep up as linotypists as a usual thing. The old‘ time “tourist” compositor also has largely disappeared. He was HYGIENE or THE PRINTING» TRADES. 105 notoriously a heavy worker and a heavy drinker, alternating periods — of excessive overtime work with periods of drink and idleness. The last 10 years are said to have wrought great changes in this respect in the trade. a The International‘ Typographical Union includes all employed in the.cOn1pOSlI1g room, and proof readers, monotype casters, and oper- ators on the monotype keyboards. Stereot-ypers and electrotypers be- long to the Allied Priming Trades, but have separate unions. They have not as high a standard of education for apprentices as has the V typograpliical union. HYGIENIC CONTROL or THE PRINTERS’ TRADE IN NEW JERSEY. ‘In 1914 the department oflabor of the State: of New Jersey began‘ to put in force throughout that State measures for removing from printing establishments the dangers to health resulting from lead which is melted and maintained in molten form by means of gas or other heat. The rules formulated by the department are Very car‘e- ful and detailed, leaving no possibility for misunderstanding or eva- sion. They apply to the melting pots for linotype and monotype and the kettles for stereotype metal and for remelting scrap and old type. All melting pots must be provided with hoods and exhaust pipes, the precise dimensions of which a.re prescribed, and the strength of the exhaust is also prescribed. Equally clear directions are given as to the removal of fumes from stereotyping and remelt- ing kettles. It is also specified that the fumes passing through these exhaust fans must be discharged outside the workroom at a point Where they can not return through openings in the building. In addition, there is provision for the general sanitation of the Workshop; for suitable toilet installations; for Washing facilities, including hot water, a very unusual requirement in this industry but an excellent one; and for sanitary steel lockers of prescribed size. The floors of all rooms in which lead is handled must have smooth, ,%Ven surfaces, so as to permit of thorough cleaning. Floors that are cleaned with a broom must be thoroughly moistened before cleaning. All floors must be cleaned with a vacuum system where it is impossi- ble to clean with a broom Without raising dust. The evil of lead dust is further prevented by requiring that dross Skimmings from lead pots must be poured into a container provided for this purpose, not thrown on the floor. Cleaning of linotype Dhingers must be done either under an exhaust hood or else in a. Cleaning box. In the. same line is the regulation against the usual methods of blowing out type. "Escape of gas, a common source of vitiated air in printing shops, must be prevented by a dailyexamination of all gas—pipe. joints con-_ BULLETIN OF THE ’.B?UB.EAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. nected with the linotype n,1a(:hines.i All type metal must be cleaned under an exliaust hood or by a vaeuuni system. These regulations have been applied. to all printing establishinents, evento those with only one linotype lnachine. The men engaged in prignting are said to apprec:iate keenly-the resulting improveinent in their workiiiig c.()n(.liti.o11s and to be prompt in reporting to the authorities any case of failure to follow the State code or of break- down of fans and exhausts, for they notice at once the effect of a. return to the old conditions of ivitiated air in the Workrooins. The New Jersey regulations are given in full in Appendix C, and. following them will. be found a series of illustrations showing the exhaust ap‘paratus required and giving diagrams, dimensions, and eonst.ruvtion of the several kinds of aippa.ratus.' These illustrations were furnished by the department of labor of New Jersey. T APPENDIX A.———PROPOSED SCHEME FOR THE INSPECTION OF COM- POSING ROOMS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. [HEALTH l)EI'ART1‘ME.\lT 014* THE DISTRICT OF‘ COLU1\.[Bl'A.] INs'1‘RI*(""I,‘I(>.\'S To '1‘I—1‘}«‘. IN.<‘.PE(>'1‘01c. The inspector will devote so mucli time to the filling in of this schedule as the circtiriistances of the ('a.:l’:1ci:o1'ily make up for xleiicieiivios of imtural. ligliting? .... _--. ____________________________________________________ __. _____ _.._.‘K To what extent is nightwork (lone? ________________________________ _.... ]‘{omarl{s ________________________________________________________ -_. _______ _. .—_..__——.....-__._..._..........._......._._....._.._......_._..._._...._._...._.._....._._._.—.__._...._._._........_._......__._._....._......_...._....._____.._.__—-——..—Q, ‘HYGIENE 01:‘ THE PR-INCl.f‘IN.G TRADES. ¢;109 11. COMPOSING R0O.\-i——(‘.0l1C‘1lIded. Ilcaiting : Hot air _______ __; hot water _______ __-; steam _______ .__; direct _______ __; indirect _______________________ __ ; combined ________________________ _ . Are facilities for heating adequate? __________________________ _; ____ __ Are facilities for carrying off surplus heat from machines,-etc., adequate? _._.._.._._._._.._.__...._...-...__.._._.___..__.__......._.._..._..._.._____....._......._..._....___.__—.__._....._.... ..__..o....__.._._._.__.._._.._.._. Are thermometers in use for re:2:111ating' temperature?_p _____ _._ ________ __ Is automatic heat regulation in use? _____________________________________ __ Ikemarks ............................................... _,_-_ _,.__.—_..._.._—._.....—._.._._....__..___..__.._.__.........._......_.-..____._..._....._..._.._.___......._...._._._._-.-._.___-._.._._._._..._..._.._._.__....__..._._._¢ II I‘. ICQ [T Il’R1EN'l‘. Piped to carry oil‘ heat and gases. i . F ‘ N M ’ O A- Not piped. Total. Number Number f satisfactory. : unsatisfactory. I Linotype machines... . .’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. . . . Honotype mac11in.0S_,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .% .... . . Rem1i1ig' fountains--- _______ .__; number’ __________ -_ Ice coolei-s___. _________ __; number _________ __..-_; kind _________ __.... How cleaned _____________________________ _. How frequently cleaned ____________________________ __ Common drinking cups _______ __; number ________ __; kind _. _____ ,___ How cleaned? ________________________ .... How frequently cleaned __. ___________________________________ __- ' Individual drinking cups ____________ __ Remarks _. __________________ -_ HYGIENE OF THE PRINTING TRADES. E 111 IV. SA1\'I'l‘ARY I’R0\'ISI()NS FOR E~.\AII’I.0YEl~ZS-~-C()1l(,'llllled. Is washing‘ of hands compulsory? ______________ __; of face? ______________ -_ Are rules posted for sanitary guidance of employees? ____________________________ __ If so, how enforced? ______________________________ __ ‘ If not, are recommendations posted? _________________________________ __ Obtain a copy of any such regulations 01' reonmnlendutinns. if practicable. Are medical examinations of e1np1o;\kees required? __________________________ __ If so, how are they provided for? ________________ __fi_ _________ _._ ______ _»___ Is there 21 my professium11 supervision over sanitary condit:im1s of the establish- ment? .,.-__.-_-.--_.-__-._-___.-.__..-_______E If so, what? ___________________________ ._s ____ __ Remu rks _________________________________________________________________________ __ V. EM1>r.oYEEs. E .' ' - i andtfiff‘ D081 * Machu11§0(;’1°mp°Si Other work. Q ’.l‘0t;al. _...4__--__.. _, _5 E _ _ ;_ Number of males ----- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... . , Number offema10s.-...j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . _ _ _ . . _ _ _ . . , . , . , _ . _ , _ , _ _ . , . _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ , , _ _ _ _ _ ,_ Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . _ _ . _ . . . _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ . . . . . . _ _ . _ . . _ _ _ _ , , _ _ ,_ State per employee——— Floor space, ________ __ sq. ft:.; air space, ________ __ cu. ft. Wind0W area, ____________ _. sq. ft; lockers. ____________ __; drinking cups, ________ __; towels ________ __ Water-c1osets' for males, per male employee ........ __; urinals, per male employee _____________ __ ; Water-closets for females, per female em.- ployee _____________ -_ Number of tuberculous employees, kumvn to the nmnz-ager as such ......... .__ Precautions taken against the spread of the disease ______________________ __..__ Remarks ______________________________________________________________ __ u—.—-—_ _..........._...._..__._......_._....__.._.._.__ .._—._._........_._.._...._.._...—.__._...__.._.__.._.__..__._.._......._._._ __.____....._.._._.--.._._._..._—._. VI. RECOMMENDATIONS. NOTE.——~—EInb0d.V each recommendation in a separate paragraph and number the para- graphs serially. , Sa-niiary Inspector. APPENDIX B.——PREC./XUTIONS FOR PRINTERS. [VM.\SS.\(‘Ill‘Sli'l"J'S 1.?|'Z.\'lCil.\l, II()Sl’l'l‘.~\l..] I. Remember pig lead used in li11ot,vpin,<.-; is softer than lead of type. Handle it as little as possible. II. Drop pig‘ lead caret'ull_v into melting pot. Sijilzisliiijlgs of molten lead dry and become lead. dust. . III. Do not slxake crucible in order to blend molten lead better. It will blend of itself. IV. Plungers on linotype machines should never be cleaned in the work- room. Clean them in boxes in the open air. V. Avoid lead dust. as much as possible. when trinnning and mitering, or when sawing and routing. \Vear a respirator when routing. 7 VI. Graphite used for lubric.-ating is not poisonous, but all dust is irritating" to the lungs. ' VII; Lead dust in type cases should be removed in the open air, or by means of a vacuum cleaner. ' "VIII. Ll-leir/.ine and lye are skin irritants. Wear gloves when cleaning type ' with them. and carefully wash the bcnzine and lye from the type. IX. Novel‘ put type in the month. or inoisten the iin_J,ers to get better hold of type. X. Insist upon having gooil ventilation in the oflice or factory. and insist that floors should not be swept during working hours. XI. Silggesiz to _vmn° ernployeer that walls and ceilings of workroom, it not of smooth washable surface, should he limewashed once a year; that close-fitting floors which can be cleaned by moist methods are desirable; and that type cases should fit closely on the floor, or have legs high enough to brush under.’ XII. Eat a good breakfast before beginning work. Food in the stomach helps to prevent lead poisoning. XIII. Do not eat food, or use tobacco, while working, because of the danger of getting lead into the mouth. XIV. Wash hands tlio1'oug:l1l,\,' with warm water and soap, and rinse the mouth and clean the. finger nails before eating. XV. Have your own towel and cake of soap. XVI. Eat your lunch outside the workroom. XVII. Do not wear working clothes too long without (-.han::,e. XVIII. I-lung street clothe.-: apart from the dust of the workroom. XIX. Bathe frequently and brush the teeth each night. XX. Avoid alcohol. It increases the danger of lead poisoning. XXI. Have a good bowel movement each day. XXII. Exercise in the fresh air as much as possible. XXIII. Be oxzunined by a doctor occasionally, and do preventive work by keeping in good health. 1f2 APPENDIX C-.—--HYGIENIC REGULATIONS FOR PRINTING AND TYPE- CA STING ESTABLISHMENTS. [These are the regulations req uired by the Departm.en.t of Labor of New Jersey. The accompan.yin.g illustrations are furnished by that Department] Suitable toilet aceommollations shall consist of separate toilet rooms for the sexes, properly heated, vent,ilate<'l either by natural or inecllanical means, and prm-'iuwmmu >32 “.0 momgj no pzmsfimaimo ux» >m omIm_zm3..; .mmz:._o<_2 mn_>.»oz_._ _>_Omn_ $.23“. m:o_xoz n_O ._<>os_mE mI.r KO“. _2.nEm>m +m:<_._xm ._.._.OZ_.»_ mo“. _2m.5>m +m:<_._xm ...._O zo_.8:m._.mzo.o no m.:<._.mn_ oz_>>o:m wz:,>.._.OZ_4 mOn_ OOOI S3<.Ixm Z< +o:E.mzoo O... >>OI _OZ_>>OIm .oz_>>>OO W. OOOI Z...wI>>..G mm 0... OOOI k0 L.Z.On_ .rWU>>oJ OF Fol no no... ..20.n.u UUZ(FW.O .nu.U.rU<40.2uZ( I.r.>) uo(<¢ U0 0.». ._umm.F .222 (mu .._...uuu 000. no Unto. I.uZ<.&0 Id>oIW .w< um O.r WOOOI .un.>.._.o2O>o1m .m( M0 0.... W000... mn_>.r0Z_J K_U.r.m.2<.o Z_.:..V U0 0.... WDOOI 0.? flunfiu I.uZ.W to 02m D24 F4 F030 2722 no (UK< ...mwmm.. >>m2 n_O mom<._ u.O ._.zus.._.mm om:w.zm..E_ .mmz__._o<_2 mn_>._.OZ_._ mo“. _>_m._.m>m .$:<_._xm u_O zo:.<._._<.5z_ _oz:,>oIml.... .02 m._.<.._n__ &..7W¢.UW1 ;Uz U0 K0041; BO Ptflcarfllfiwfl WI? 7” Owiwatfifluw .2oom markowmwkm Z. mwgkkmx .0Z:.Jw<4 KO» woooz kmnmxxm LO mark Zw&O.|.o .OZ w.E.E —.>mwmm_. >>m2 uo mom<.. no »zms.Em om:w_zm:u_ doom wzajm < u_O mzm omz_> n_mmo._oz_ >.mFm.E_>_oo zoom mn_>.5mmm._rm Z. mm.:Lmx .0Z_._.._wS_Iu.~. .02 mbjm flrwmawa 202 HO K00‘) BO rzm.zkm>OIm ._2oom mmtommmkm Z_ mgtmx 0Z_._.:.w_>_ ZO QOOI .5:mmmm.. >>mz ....o mom.) no »zms_.Em om...m.zm:u_ .wZ_IU<_>_ mE>Fomm.n:.m KO... QOOI mo“. zofionmhmzoo n_O m.:<+mo oz_>>o_._m oz_>>_.l.m .OZ m._.<.._n_ .o. H _ 1 H _.J:__ _ _ I “J. 4. L _ _. .. . _ 1IL _rrC Q _n._ 3 LC. « 3.1....” .n‘L _ . _ _ _ _ w H _ W _ _ _ _ . . _ _ H _ _ H _ _ fl . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 _ _ _ ~ _ /Aw _ v M A H . _ . . _ _ _ _ . . _ . _ , _ . . _ _ _ fl T O . w P _ _ .. .. 4 I ‘ I ‘ ‘ ..|||_.|||l._ ul.||.l...l.||lm.. u .n.|.I|.|+I.!.:-.||l||II.|nII|.| II. \\ . /./ .3. O; / / / // 3 // _ / / \ n / / _ // \ \ /// I \ j I — . - Lu - I . . _ QNLCVE V T..ni QOQ§ KO QGK Dcxlotn \\ mo . A: _ __ \\ - av. 2* m , . - 87. w .. 1 \: .. «W ,,.. 9 I Qoot KO totom ohxhotn \__ oJl Q ..m totuuw ..-.. Mum /. TL u.m H : d 9 000. Molw /, kotoxxon 0, .9 , 1 uuuxuows // cg ”o&.n\ H923 um xx // APPENDIX D.—.-'l‘IMELY HINTS N0. 7. [PENNSYLVANIA mnon DEP.\R'.l‘MFlN'l‘.} I4‘on PRIN'1-‘ERS. LIINGTHEN. YOUR LIFE BY GUARDING YOUR HEALTH. LEARN 'l"!II DANG!R8 0!‘ YOUR TRADE. AND _ THEN AVOID THEM. POISONS IN PRINTING. Lead, the main constituent of type metal, is absorbed into the system ch-iefly from the stomach and in small. part from the lungs and possibly from the skin. The dust of the workroom always- contains lead in very finely divided form. . Unless very great precautions are taken this settles on the floor, the hands, or the: lips, and is in this way carried to the stomach. Taken into. the body, it produces: Colic. Constipation. Paralysis. Disease of the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys. Insanity. " Death. Protect yourself from it. in every way: Do not splash metal from your melting pots; it dries, becomes dust, and ‘you inhale the lead. Never hold type in your mouth. Do not permit dry sweeping of your workroom or dusting of the fonts white you are present. The only safe way of cleaning during working hours is vacuum cleaning. Do not keep your lunch exposed to the dust of the workroom. Never touch food or place your fingers in your mouth without first washing your hands thoroughly. A nail file or other instrument for cleaning the nails, a brush, hot water, and soap are necessary if the lead is _to be removed thor- oughly. Benzine is often used to clean the ink from the rolls of the printing presses. Poisoning from this substance produces: Faintness. Dizziness. Headache. Vomiting. This material should be used only in places that are well ventilated. Anilin oil oil forms a part of some of the mixtures used in cleaning rolls. It is more poisonous than benzine, and, in addition to the symptoms given under benzine, may, in severe cases, cause: a Convulsions. Death. - . Find out whether or not the cleaning mixture contains anilin oil. If it does, use it only in well—ventilated rooms. Do not splash any of it on your body, your clothes, or the floor. You may be poisoned by absorbing it through the skin or by breathing the fumes as the liquid evaporates. 115 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. Poisonous gases are given off by all fires. In addition, most gas fires do not burn up all the gas but allow some of it to escape into the room. See that all fires have flues in good working order leading to the outside air,‘ in orde_r to carry away any gases that might injure your health. TUBERCULOSIS. Of every 1,000 deaths among printers 292 are caused by tuberculosis. To have this disease you "must take the germ into your body. You may get it from the common drinking cup, the common towel, or from your coughing neighbor who spits on the floor. If your "employer does not provide individual cups and towels, provide your own. Your health is worth it. Plenty oftcus- pidors conveniently placed and in a clean shop ought to prevent everybody from spitting on the floor. I NACTIVITY. Long sitting or standing in one position, especially in rooms wlthoutplenty of ‘fresh air, causes poor circulation of the blood.. Overcome this by plenty of exercise in the open air after working hours. ‘ ’ LIGHT. If you can’t have daylight for your work, endeavor to have all artificial lights properly placed and shaded so as to keep the glare from your eyes. You need the best light possible to do your work quickly and well. A printer with eye- sight ruined is a printer out of a job. , Death from tuberculosis or lead poisoning is absolutely unnecessary. It you contract either of these diseases, see your physician at once. Both are curable -if treatment is begun early and carefully carried out. APPENDIX E.—REGULATIONS OF THE IMPERIAL CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY OF JULY 31, 1897, CONCERNING THE ERECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF PRINTING WORKS AND TYPE-FOUNDING WORKS, AMENDED BY THE REGULATIONS OF JULY 5, 1907, AND THOSE OF DECEMBER 22, 1908. ‘ On the basis of paragraph 120(e) of the Factory Act the Bundesrath has decided upon the following regulations: 1. The following regulations are t.o be in force for workrooms in which per- sons are employed in setting up type or in stereotyping: (1) The floor of the workroom must not be more than half a meter [1.64 feet] below the roadway. Exceptions may be permitted if, with satisfactory isolation of the site and provision for suflicient light and air, health require- ments are otherwise observed. Rooms underneath a roof can only be made use of as workrooms if the roof is lined with wood or plaster. (2) In workrooms wherein type-or stereotype plates are made the air space must be such that each employee shall have at least 15 cubic meters [529.7 cubic feet]. In rooms in which persons are employed in other processes at least 12 cubic meters [~_t23.8 cubic feet] of air space must be provided» In Cases Of temporary 9XCeDti0Ila1 exigency the higher administrative au- thorities may on request of the undertaker permit during a maxlmumperiod’ of 30 days, the air space of the workrooms to be utilized in a Inoref mtenslva manner, requiring, however, at least 10 cubic meters ‘-[353.1 cubié'~feet:-]j_..(:o;eaich' em lo -'ee. ‘ - (I€)’») 3The workrooms must be at least 2.6 meters [8.53 feet] high when 15 cubic meters [529.7 cubic feet] of air space are allowed to each person; in all other instances they must be 3 meters [9.84 feet] in height. The rooms must be provided with windows in sufiicient numbers and size to obtain the maximum of light in all places where work is carried on. The windows must be so constructed as to allow of being opened for the purpose of ventilation. Workrooms with a slanting ceiling must have an average height, as mentioned in the first part of this paragraph. (4) The workrooms must be provided with hard and nonporous floors, so as to permit moistening for the ready removal of dust. they must be well planed and nonabsorbent. Where the Walls and Ceilings are 11013 paneled or painted _with oil they must be whitewashed at least once a year. Paneled and oil-painted walls must be washed at least once it year; Oil-painted walls_ if varnished must be revarnished at least once in every 10 Ye%1I'S. and if not varnished must be repainted every 5 years. If the floors are of wood The typesetters’ stands and the shelves for the cases which hold the type must either be so fixed to the floor that no dust can accumulate below them, or they must be provided with Such hlgh feet that the floor _beneath them can be easily cleaned. * (5) Workrooms must be thoroughly ventilated at least once -a day. Care I must also be taken that a. sufficient change of air is obtained during the working hours. (6) The melting pots for type and stereotype metal must be provided with proper exhausts and hoods. ' ‘ 117 118 BULLETIN 013‘ THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. '1‘he fusion of mixed type metals and the remelting of scums must be carried on in special workrooms. If these do not exist, employees not concerned in this work must be excluded while it is being done. (7.) The worlmooms and all furnishings, but especially walls, shelves, and window sills, must be thoroughly cleaned at lwst: twice a" year. The floors must be thoroughly cleaned once a day, either by washing or by mopping, so as to keep them free from dust. In the case of Wooden floors or where there is linoleum treated with an absorbing oil (a nondrying mineral oil), Washing may bedispensed with, but a daily sweeping will be necessary. The treatment with oil’ must be renewed in the case of wooden floors at least; every eight weeks and in the case of linoleum- covered floors at least every two weeks. (8) Type cases must‘ be cleaned before being used and as long as they are being‘ used must be cleaned at least twice a year. The dustingof these cases must be done in the open air by means of bellows, and must not be attempted by young persons. (9) Spitting on the floor is forbidden. Spittoons containing water must’ be provided in the ratio of one for every five men. (10) For typesetters as Well as for type founders, polishers, and grinders there must be provided either in the workrooms or in suitable rooms close at ‘ hand suiiicient washing conveniences, including soap and one clean towel, for each person. at least once a week. If there» is‘ no running. water, there must be one washstand for at least every five workmen. The water must be of snificient quantity-, and there must he means of emptying it. Employers‘ must exercise strict vigilance that no food is taken into the fac- tory, and they must see that no man leaves without first having had a wash. (11) Wearing apparel which is not worn during working hours must be kept outside of the workrooms. The keeping of such apparel within the workroom: is permitted only in lockers or in cupboards protected from dust by tightly fit»- ting curtains. During working hours these lockers and cupboards must. be kept closed. (12) All lighting arrangements which give rise to considerable heat must be provided with necessary exhausts. (13) Employers must draw up regulations for the carrying out of para- graphs 8, 9, 10, and 11. In any factory where there are 20 or more workmen employed the above rules must be incorporated with the regulations of the factory. II. In every workroom there shall be hung. a notice signed by the local. authority, stating: (a) The length, breadth, and height of the workroom. (b) The cubic capacity of the room. (c) The number of men allowed to work in the room. In every workroom there must be, in addition, a notice printed in large type giving the regulations under No. I. III. Exemptions from the regulations under No. I may be granted by the administrativeauthorittes when there are not more than five workmen employed. IV.'The above regulations come into force immediately for all new factories. For all factories which are in existence at the time of the announcement paragraphs 5, 7, and 9:01? No. I come immediately into force and». the remainder a year after the publication of the regulation. 0 (€"fon£inu;ed from secérzd page of céver.) *1,91()~e2£E312,) Report on cm;1<3E;{:i0n VofLw<)m:1;n4 and chim Wa,¢. Uxzitesi L Sitatm-: {E-‘s. LiL.3()(3. ficifi, 815?, Cong, 2d s_§esS.)V: Vol. I, ‘(foti:.<9. V b h V01. XIV, (Tm1.<:es.:- of Ad(-!atl1 Lan1’ung.3;. wonmn and child (tcstton~1niI1 opvria tivegs; V01;XVII,1'I.o01:W01*m dis(::‘i$<‘> ’a.mS. L L(VBul.A 104:.) I ‘ - L L L L L No.12. I.IygieI1‘1e‘ofT the painters’ trade. (B111. 120.) H A No. 3: Daxxgcgrs to workers fro1ud1’1stg and fumes, and methods of p1'o’té‘ction.-“ (B111. 127.)’ V ‘ _ % » No. 4. Lead p‘ois0niiI1g in .tl1€1ifi011'-3 _ L V L V L \ ‘ L V LI No. 10. A-nt;I1ra.x as an 'oc*<:up‘a”ti'.ona1”disease;, I(BuI. .205.) No.’ 1f1.~Ca1*;ses of dc-nth by occuJpat:ion_s.L L(B§fl. 207.} % »T1_wL roezoibing mgizezsns, pubzishea since" ‘July 1,7m’z; biut not £nCl¥‘dLed;_\;nL ffLze“a;eries (Indus. trial Accidents and ~1Iuaiene;” alsavconfain importarit nxptgriatrelating".to>tlid~sabject fat’ in- _ Ldust;-i¢;l‘hH9ie(2e: _L 15111. 1(L)L1~,‘Ju1y; 1912,’ Care_LofVtuberc111ot1s wage earners in GeLr:L1'i§u]1yA. L V T _ LL I£nL'122, May, 1913,, LEinp1oy1‘x1ent of 'vvon1enLinL'pVower 1aundries——;§i1':Miiwa11kee; 7 , B111. 142, Ft§_bru'ary,‘1914,AAt1ministratIon‘:af labor laws «andf.f‘a.<:t< >ryv ,inspe;et_ion m- ‘ ' ‘<:ez'ta‘i_n; Eurs:L>pe:i.n‘ counm«;s.TL L V ‘ L L L L ’ ‘ ‘indusz‘fry ntjfiew Yorkflity. * B111. 15?, Ihiarch, 19,15, ILnflust:;ia1.;£1,§:§:§.t§en1;;;staf:isVti