HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE FRANK T. BARTON, JW.R.e.V.S. y^ ^^ Registered Telegraphic Address: «' ACCOTITRED, LONDON." Sporting Novels By the most POPULAR AUTHORS. In Boards, Illustrated by J. Sturgess, Cecil Alden, Stanley Wood, Harington Bird, Finch Mason, &c. 2/- ; also iii Cloth, 2/6- A Racecourse Trag^edy. By NAT GOULD. Warned Off. By NAT GOULD. Sportine: Sketches. By NAT GOULD. Settling: Day. By NAT GOULD. A Stable Mystery {EveretfsSixpe7i7tv Library). By NAT GOULD. Life's Web. By NAT GOULD. Outridden, zrd Edition. By FOX RUSSELL. A Judas of To-Day, By FOX RUSSELL. Tricked. By FOX RUSSELL. Snooker's Racing: Adventures. By G. G. On the Grass, By G. G. Horses I have known. (In the Press.) By G. G. Romances of the Road. By "THORMANBY.' Oaptain Mounsell in Love and War. {In the Press.) By "THORMANBY.' London s R. A. EVERETT & CO., 42 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, W.C. Are Racehorses Doped? NO ONE INTERESTED IN HORSES SHOULD BE WITHOUT A COPY OF "DOPES." Boa.t-ciSg Is. no-t-t. Olo-fch, Is. 6gI. NATHANIEL GUBBINS^ Slasher on the LAST STATE of the TURPI TN /^ OTh Q ♦ ^ Criticism of Ameri^ LJ \J 1 JZd O ♦ can Arts and English = Efforts By NATHANIEL OUBBINS (Capt. E. SPENCER), Author of "Cakes and Ale," "The Great Game," etc. PRESS OPINIONS. ' ' Remarkably lively reading. " — Glasgow Herald. "Distinguished for the brightness and style made familiar by the author." — St. James' Gazette. "The volume may be regarded as a text-book, and so far the best on the market. ' — Sportsman. " A very readable book, ably discussed from an English and American point of view." — County Gentleman, ' ' It deals in a thoughtful and fairly exhaustive manner with the present state of the English Turf generally, and with the 'American Invasion,' " — Westminster Gazette. " No one is more at home than Gubbins in the world of horses. This book will be read with amusement and instruction. Such a one will lay down the book with a sigh of satisfaction, whisper to himself 'Good old pink 'un ! ' and before the waiter leaves the room call for what he may desire." — Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News. London : R. A. EVERETT & CO., 42 Esses Street, Strand, W.C. EVE RETT S PRACTICAL GUIDE SERIES EDITED BY FRANK T. BARTON, .V.R.C.V.S. HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE By the same Author. Second Edition now ready. The Veterinary Manual for Horse^Owners By Frank T, Barton, M.R.CV.S. With about Sixty Illustrations from Original Drawings Crown 8vo, well printed and strongly bound, los. 6d. net. The object of this "Veterinary Manual" aims at supplying the intelligent horse-owner with a thoroughly reliable book upon the general management of the horse in health, and its treatment when suffering from accident or labouring under disease. Every care possible has been taken to make the work ' ' practical " in its teaching with an avoidance of technical terms, with- out sacrificing facts of importance. SOME PRESS OPINIONS "The teachirg of this book is up-to-date in its character, and it will certainly prove a boon to the farmer or owner when he happens Lo reside far from veterinary advice, and may require to act in an emergency. " — Glasgozv IJerald. "After careful perusal we consider the liook sound in its essen- tial facts and certainly much preferable to the older manuals." — Veterinarian. "There is no doubt that the horse-owner will find the manual very useful. "—/vV/rt'. " It is a manual which deserves a hearty welcome from those for whose use it has been designed, for it is a workmanlike, handy and comprehensive book." — Scotsman. "Mr. Barton has written a book which will be of use to not a few people. The book takes rather a wider scope than most books of this class, as the author has written not only for horse-owners but for veterinary students also. By no means the least useful chap- ter in the book is that on shoes and shoeing, and it is only just to the author to say that he gives more particulars than can be found in any one work with which we are acquainted." — Saturday Review. THE GROOM'S GUIDE, His Duties and How to Perform Them. Crown 8vo, Boards, Is. net. Cloth, 2s. How to Choose a Horse OR Selection before Purchase BY FRANK TOWNEND BARTON, M.R.C.V.S. AUTHOR OF " THE VETERINARY MANUAL," " OUR FRIEND THE HORSE, "eVERY-DAY AILMENTS AND ACCIDENTS OF THE DOG," " THE GROOM's GUIDE," "the HORSE OWNER's COMPANION," " UNSOUND HORSES, AND HOW TO KNOW THEM," " DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF CATTLE," " THE AGE OF THE HORSE, AND HOW TO TELL IT," "the dog OWNEr's CHART," "the dog owner's COMPANION," " diseases OF POULTRY," ETC., ETC, LONDON R. A. EVERETT & CO. 42 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, W.C. [A// Ri.^h(s Reserved] INl^RODUCTION How TO Choose a Horse ; or, Selection BEFORE Purchase, has been written as a guide to those who are compelled to pur- chase a Horse in the absence of skilled assistance, and for such also who are desirous of acquiring a rudimentary knowledge pre- vious to the employment of a qualified Veterinary Surgeon. If the reader will carefully study the following pages, he will learn sufficient to enable him to steer clear of the rocks and shoals upon which so many purchasers have come to grief through want of a little advice. The Author. LIST OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I BUYING PAGE Buying at the Public Market— At Horse Fairs— At Public Auction— Buying from the Dealer — Buying ihrough Advertisement - - 13 CHAPTER H SPECIAL PARTS AND THEIR DIS- EASES IN RELATION TO UN- SOUNDNESS The Mouth— The Nose— The Eyes— 1 he Poll- Glands under Jaw— The Neck and Mane— The Withers— The Shoulders— The Back— lO CONTENTS PAGE The Elbows— The Knees— The Fetlocks and Pasterns— The Coronets— The Hoof— Navicular Disease— The Stifle— The Hocks —Melanosis — Roaring — Broken Wind — Shivering and Stringhalt - - - - 27 CHAPTER HI POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS The Shire Horse— The Clydesdale— The Suffolk —The Vanner— Hunters— The Hackney or Harness Horse— The Cleveland Bay— The Yorkshire Coach Horse— The Thoroughbred —The Park Hack— The Saddle and Har- ness Cob— Zebroids— Mules— The Shetland Pony— The Iceland Pony— Welsh Ponies- Polo Ponies — Exmoor Ponies — Orkney Cobs ----_. , c CHAPTER IV HORSE SOCIETIES The Shire Horse Society— The Clydesdale Horse Society— The Hackney Horse Society, etc. - 85 CONTEXTS I I CHAPTER V THE AGE OF THE HORSE PAGE Temporary and Permanent Teeth— The Molar Teeth— The Teeth at Birth— At One Year- Two Years— Rising Three Years— Rising Four Years— Rising Five Years— Six Years, and Rising Six— Seven Years— Eight Years, 91 etc. -------- CHAPTER VI SOME OBJECTIONABLE HABITS Wind - Sucking- Crib - Biting— Weaving— Kick- 107 mg, etc. - - ' CHAPTER Vn A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL HORSE FAIRS AND APPROXIMATED DATES III HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE CHAPTER 1 BUYING. Buying: at the Public Market. In many places weekly or bi-weekly markets are held, in which, in addition to other live stock, horses are exposed for sale, large numbers being purchased through this source. The prices and quality of horses are regu- lated, to a large extent, by the season of the year, so much so that even old, worn-out horses are sometimes sold for money treble their value. 13 1 4 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE When choosino- a horse in a market, par- ticular care is necessary, because many of the vendors have patched-up animals to dispose of; and if they are successful in disposing of such, there is little prospect of seeing the individual again, much less are the chances of recovering the purchase price of an animal bought from a party of this class. The best plan is that of ascertainino- the names of, or receiving an introduction to,. a party who has a reputation for sellino- a oood class of horse in the market, and in whom there would be a reasonable chance of re- covering any money paid over should the animal not prove as represented or, it may be, warranted. Sellers (and buyers) of repute are usually present at most public markets, and although the transactions of these may not always be BUYING 15 of a satisfactory character, it is to their advantaoe to transact their business as squarely as possible. Under any circum- stances the purchaser should endeavour — in fact, not buy without such — to obtain a warranty to the effect that the animal is free from vice of every description both in and out of the stable, in harness, under the saddle, etc. ; that it is thoroughly broken, and believed to be sound and correct in every way, the age at the same time being stated in the warranty, likewise the markings upon the animal, for identification. A wTitten warranty is, of course, indis- putable, but a verbal one is all-sufficient, provided that the purchaser can substantiate it. This can be best attained by having a couple of friends present at the time of pur- chase, and who note the nature of the trans- 1 6 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE action, should any undesirable results be the outcome — which they only too frequently are — of the purchase. Pay particular attention to the age ; the eyes, shoulders, elbows, knees, and below here for evidence of splint, or a sprain ; the fetlock and pastern^ especi- ally in the fore limbs ; and the shape, size, and condition of the hoofs. Remember that cart horses are very fre- quently affected with side-bone, and commonly lame through this cause. Speedy cutting, brushing, and the possi- bility of the horse having been unnerved, must not be forgotten [see Chapter II.). The back (for evidence of old sores) and (if a gelding) the scrotal bag should be felt to see that there is not any swelling about it ; if so, have nothing to do with the animal, BUYING 1 7 no matter whatever explanation the owner may offer. The hocks, for capping, spavin, swelling, etc., must be noted. Stringhalt (Scotch clicked) and shivering (St. Vitus' dance) are frequent diseases in the horse, therefore the possibility of either being present ought not to be overlooked. The last-named is very often difficult to detect, in a market especially. Take care not to buy a horse having any- thing the matter w^ith its breathing apparatus {see " Broken Wind" and " Roaring"). At Horse Fairs, A vast number of horses change hands at the various annual fairs held throughout the country, the most important of these being r8 now to choose a horse well worth the attention of those who have much to do with the buying of horses. Many of the best horses are purchased at the Irish and Welsh fairs in an unbroken condition, and after the raw material has passed through the brakesman's hands it frequently emerges from the dealer with a warranty of being handsome, having the best of manners, style, and action. To those unacquainted with the handling of horses, we do not recommend the buyer to choose an unbroken animal, because it takes some time to make a horse thoroughly reli- able, even though it be placed in the hands of a professional horse-breaker. When choosing a horse at a fair for immediate work, more care is even neces- sary than In the case of selection at a public market. BUYING 19 To try an animal in harness at a fair is not at all usual, neither may it be con- venient, though the vendor might willingly sanction it. However, if for saddle and harness purposes, it can be tried with the former, its wind and action being easily tested, the first-named by a sharp gallop uphill, and the latter at the trot and canter. Of course, it is often possible to buy at a fair with a general warranty ; if so, so much the better. At Public Auction. By watching the papers for announce- ments referring to special sales of horses one may be amply repaid by waiting for such. In London, Tattersall's and Aldridge's are 20 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE two of the principal auction marts, and in the south of London the Repository at the Elephant and Castle. Horse auction marts exist in most of the principal cities and towns. Crewe, Wrexham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth, Aberdeen, etc., have marts doing- large horse businesses. Most of the horses for sale at public auctions are catalogued with a warranty, but it is necessary for one to be very careful as to the correct interpretation of such warranties, which are very often cleverly worded, and may mislead an unsuspecting party. Take, for instance, a horse which is catalogued as '' having been ridden and driven by a lady." An innocent buyer, probably requiring a horse that can be made use of by a lady, naturally concludes that the BUYING 21 animal will be suitable for such purposes, little dreaming that the lady said to have both ridden and driven It may have done nothing more than taken the reins In her hands for a few paces only. A horse having a devil of a temper might, and has been, sold under a warranty of the aforesaid description. Many other such tricks might be mentioned, did space permit. The example given is merely for the pur- poses of showing that It is needful to look searchingly into the wording of warranties contained In catalogues and advertise- ments. When a horse has been bought at auction with a warranty, and It proves on trial not to conform to the terms of such warranty, the auctioneer should be notified Immedi- ately, and the animal returned to him, or 2 2 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE placed in the custody of an uninterested party until the dispute is settled. Buying: from the Dealer. Many dealers dispose of a number of their horses in the public markets, especially such animals as they will find it to their advantage to sell as speedily as possible, retaining the best for sale by private treaty. By visiting the stables of well-known dealers, it is not a very difficult matter to come across an animal answering the re- quirements of the intending purchaser, who, after satisfying himself as to its suitability in a general way, will find it advantageous to select a veterinary surgeon to examine the animal as to soundness. Apart from this, many dealers give written BUYING 23 warranties, or allow a week's trial before completion of the transaction. This is reasonable, and nothing fairer can be ex- pected. Dealers are also in the habit of advertising horses for sale '* under cover," such as : '' Handsome Bay Hunter (property of officer ordered abroad), etc., etc." It does not follow that there is any fault with the animal, but this is done simply because many gentlemen have a decided objection to have any transactions with a horse-dealer, and as the last-named knows that there is a stigma hovering around his trade as a whole, he finds it necessary at times to employ means of decoy. Commonly, one sees at the end of an 24 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE advertisement the following: -No dealers need apply." Therefore, when choosing a horse from the stables of a dealer, either take It on trial for a reasonable time, say a week, and if satisfactory, get it examined by [ qualified veterinary surgeon relative to its soundness or otherwise, and then complete the purchase by payment of the price ; or if the veterinary examination shows some defect, ask for a reduction in accordance with that stated. by the veterinary surgeon. As an alternative suggestion— the dealer being unwilling to allow his horse on trial- buy the animal yourself at the dealer's establishment under conditions as near akin to such as you will require from it, and ask for a warranty in addition, in which the seller specifies its suitability for your purposes; also have veterinary examination. By BUYING 25 following the course suggested, there need be little fear of disappointment. Buying^ throug^h Advertisement. This can be done either by answering the advertisements of some of the well-known breeders, or by advertising one's wants in either the local papers or those pertaining to agricultural or rural pursuits. Such papers as th.^ Field, Live Stock Jouj'nal, Farmer and Stock-Breeder, Irish Farming World, Cotmty Gentleman, etc., are all suitable media for this purpose. In the wordinof of an advertisement to purchase a horse, the age, sex, colour, mark- ings, breed, price, etc., and specific purposes for which it is required, should all be clearly st^ed. 2 6 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE When buying a horse without being able to see it before completion of the purchase, it is essential to ascertain the names of the best veterinary practitioners in the district, so that the animal may be examined, tried, and, if needful, its value reported upon. Many of the Live Stock Annuals contain the addresses of breeders making a speciality of the various breeds of horses, and high-class animals can be obtained in this manner. CHAPTER II SPECIAL PARTS AND THEIR DIS- EASES IN RELATION TO UN- SOUNDNESS. When choosing a horse, in order that undue advantage may not be taken of the intending purchaser, it is particularly necessary that the latter should take special notice of certain regions, in order to ascertain the presence or absence of those diseases which are acknow- ledged by horsemen either to interfere with the animal's utility or cause it to be of less marketable value than when free from one or more of the diseases hereafter enumerated. The plan adopted by the veterinarian is that 27 28 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE of systematic examination ; and it is only the professional that can conduct this methodical examination as to an animal's soundness or otherwise ; therefore the author strongly advises the buyer of high- class animals to consult with an M.R.C.V.S. before completing the purchase of a horse. How- ever, we shall now endeavour to point out briefly the general causes of unsoundness. The Mouth. Examine the teeth for age, evidence of " cribbing," decay of the back teeth, etc. The Nose. See whether the animal has any discharge from either side of the nasal openings, SPECIAL PARTS AND THEIR DISEASES 29 because sometimes there is disease in this region, either recent or chronic. The Eyes. Perfect sight is indispensable, therefore special attention should be paid to these organs. We have known a horse, practically blind, purchased with the blinkers on by an unsuspecting farmer, and not noticed as havino- defective sioht until some davs afterwards. An opaque (milkiness) colour over any portion of the transparent circular portion is frequently seen, and, of course, damaging. Cataract is difficult of detection by an amateur. It is a disease affecting the lens (in chief), and one which is really incurable. 30 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE Sometimes the cataract (commencing cataract) is so small that its presence may even defy detection by the expert, and, like certain other causes of visual defect, may be the means of making the horse '' shy " when passing certain or imaginary objects. The usual method of examining the eyes at markets, etc., is by holding a black object (hat) over the globe, so as to note whether the pupil of the eye responds (widens) to the shade temporarily afforded. Many dealers do this by force of habit, but it is very doubtful whether they gain any information in most cases, and probably have little idea of the object they wish to accomplish. The Poll. This is a space included between the ears, and it is not uncommonly bruised, or even SPECIAL PARTS AND THEIR DISEASES 3I the seat of disease known under the name of Poll Evil. Glands under Jaw. The glands beneath and at the sides of the jaw are sometimes enlarged, either temporarily or permanently. The Neck and Mane. A scar situated In the furrow towards the front of the neck may be the legacy of the animal havino- been bled for the amelioration of some disease, such as founder of the feet ; at any rate, a mark In this situation should lead to an examination of the feet, to see whether the sole Is flattened or "dropped," or whether the hoof Is deformed. 32 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE Of course, it may be merely accidental, but its presence in this situation should be explainable to the buyer's satisfaction. The Withers. Examine these for bruises, past or present. The Shoulders. Compare the right and left shoulders as to their equal fulness, because '' slipped shoulder" is not uncommon. Also look for bruising by the collar (collar galls). White hairs in this region — or, if a light horse, darker hairs — are likely to be the sign of past sores. This need not necessarily pre- vent one from choosino- a horse if the shoulders are well shaped, and not likely to SPECIAL PARTS AND THEIR DISEASES 1,^ become easily sore again. Some horses are most troublesome over this matter, and often off duty for a long time on this accounf. Therefore all we have to say is, in buying such an animal, satisfy yourself that the injury will not recur, provided the collar, etc., fits properly. The Back. To be examined for sores (old or recent) and stiffness or deformity of the loins. The Elbows. The only thing to look for is bruising at the points of the elbows, producing a swell- ing, ending in the formation of a tumour, and constituting ''capped elbow." 34 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE Sometimes an operation is performed in this region for the reHef of lameness, when other means of its removal have failed. The Knees. Feel these to see whether there is any stiffness about them, because a stiff-kneed horse is practically valueless. Blemishing and broken knee should always be looked for. The presence of white hairs, or else a small dark patch of hair, points to either one or the other of these having happened. If so, the owner may be able to give the buyer a satisfactory explanation. Bear in mind that sellers are usually very ready— sometimes too ready — to offer explanations. A "history of the seller" is frequendy of SPECIAL PARTS AND THEIR DISEASES 35 more value to the buyer than the "history afforded by the seller." The inner sides of the knees need very careful looking at for marks pointing to a speedy cutter. Look both above and below the knee. The Fetlocks and Pasterns. The fetlocks and pasterns belonging to both fore and hind limbs are worthy of being carefully looked at for marks of brushing or cutting, puffy swelling, or general enlarge- ment of the joint — fetlock joint. Repeated bruising in this region soon leads to enlarge- ment of the joint, consequently diminished power to free flexion of it. The pastern joint is frequendy the seat of bony growth (ring-bone, etc.). 36 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE The Coronets. The coronet Is the band runnuig around the top of the hoof, and Hable to be bruised through the other foot treading on It. This part Is also the place where one or more fistulous openings are liable to appear as the result of a punctured (etc.) foot. Sandcrack generally starts at the top of the hoof, so that the hair hanging over the coronet should be pushed back in order to see whether this disease of the hoof is absent. Press the coronet at the extreme back part ^just where it passes on to the border of the hoof— for evidence of side-bone. This part should be quite elastic when pressed with the thumb In side-bone It does not yield, but feels "rigid," which it really is through a deposit of lime salts into the SPECIAL PARTS AND TPIEIR DISEASES 2>7 gristle-like material composing the side plates (lateral cartilages) belonging to the wings of the pedal bones. As a rule, it is only needful to test the fore limbs, and, of course, at the inner and outer sides. One or all of the plates may be diseased in this manner. Although the lighter breeds have occa- sionally side-bone, it is chiefly confined to the heavy varieties — vanners and bussers, etc. The Hoof. Note whether free from sandcrack, con- traction at the heels, false quarter, and flatness of sole, thrush, etc. The fore-shoes ought to be taken off so as to get a good view of the sole, looking at 30 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE .the inner quarter for corn or bruises on other parts of it. A mealy condition of the horn, seedy-toe, dropped sole, and canker, may easily be hidden through the use of a leather sole, therefore bear these diseases in mind. Navicular Disease. An upright pastern, boxy hoof, contraction at the heels, a shoe worn at the toe, and a short, cat-like step on one or both feet, suggest the presence of this malady. It is confirmed by the animal being specially lame as soon as it leaves the stable, frequently disappearing after being freely exercised. It renders a horse valueless from a monetary point of view. SPECIAL PARTS AND THEIR DISEASES 39 The Stifle. Disease, apart from lameness, in this part can hardly exist, so that the stifle may be passed over ; but whilst here, look at the inner side of the thio-hs for evidence of an attack, or attacks, of '' weed," leaving some thickening. Also note whether the animal has been properly castrated. There should be two scars (seams where the wounds were made), one on each side of the scrotal sac ; also feel for absence of sw^ellin^r of the cord. Rigs are not at all uncommon, and the author also remembers a person who sold a hermaphrodite filly to a buyer who was anxious to spend some of his money. Both classes are usually vicious and objection- able, the last-named condition being beyond surgical aid. 40 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE The Hocks. These should be carefully looked at, also handled. At the back of the hock or hocks, thoropin may perhaps be found, or one or both hocks " capped." When curb Is present, it is denoted by a small swelling about three inches below the point of the hock, and on a line with it. Is best seen in side view. When the whole joint is much enlarged it is spoken of as '' sprung hock." Bone spavin may possibly be present on either one or both hocks ; if so, It is denoted by an enlargement on the inner and lower part of the hock — ^just where it joins the cannon bone. The spavin varies in size from that of a hazel-nut to that of a duck's egg or thereabout. .SPECIAL PARTS AND THEIR DISEASES 4 1 In a horse required for slow work, it is not necessarily a serious drawback, but its presence, of course, should call for a reduc- tion of the market value of the horse. A bog spavin may be a puffy condition of the hock joint. Melanosis. This disease is denoted by the formation of pigmented tumours in various parts of the body, either internally or externally. Evidence of such is frequently found beneath the tail. Roaringf. This is a very common symptom of disease in connection with the respiratory organs. 42 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE It is denoted by a " roaring" sound during the intake of air. A modification of it is known as whisking. The causes of it are variable, consequently it is sometimes curable, though not in the majority of instances. " Roarers " will often "grunt" when a threat is made to strike them. At auctions, sellers often object to have their animals " tested for soundness of wind." This does not necessarily indicate un- soundness in this respect. Broken Wind. Broken-winded horses are common enough — too common, in fact. They have no market value. There is a characteristic cough SPECIAL PARTS AND THEIR DISEASES 43 and a double-like action when the chest is falling to compress out the air, producing a '* furrow " along the wall of the chest, or a double expiration. Shivering: and String-halt. These are diseases connected with the nervous system, and incurable. The first is often not easily brought to light, whereas in other instances it is more or less always present. It is denoted by a quivering of certain groups of muscles, particularly those of the tail, so that this should be looked at in the stable, because it is most likely to show itself here by a slight elevation and quivering movement. Stringhalt affects one or both hind limbs, 44 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE and may not be difficult of detection. The leg is jerked up suddenly. Both these diseases constitute the worst forms of unsoundness. CHAPTER III POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS. The Shire Horse. When choosing a horse for carting heavy loads, there is nothing to surpass the Shire, selecting by preference a gelding at six years of age, or thereabout. The colour is more a matter of individual taste, but we like dark brown, black, bay, and roan the best, and these colours look exceedingly showy when the animal is harnessed up. First of all, look at the general build of the body. The chest should be broad and 45 46 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE deep, thus allowing- the lungs and heart to have full play when great strain is thrown upon them. Horsemen sometimes speak of such an animal as being '' well-hearted." Neck thick and broad below, joining shoulders covered with deep muscles, which should lead on to a long and strong forearm. Pay particular attention to the legs and feet. Broad knees and short legs are typical of the well-bred Shire. When handled below the knees one should feel little beyond skin, sinews, and bone, known amongst horsemen as " clean legs." Plenty of fine silky hair below is"' a sign of good breeding. Broad loins and long quarters are most essential. The hocks should be clean, broad below, and free from spavin. POINTS OF TVPICAT. BREEDS 47 Too much attention cannot be paid to the feet, because if these are not good the weight of the body and work will soon tell their tale upon these structures, and once the '' patching-up process " begins there is no knowing whether it will ever end to a really useful purpose, unless in the case of a ^ mare. The feet ought to be broad and deep, and well open at the heels and quarters, yet quite free from any tendency towards flatness. Small feet, or those which appear brittle, should prevent one from buying. As to action, this should be observed at the walk, also during trotting. It should be full and round. Like any other class of horse, the Shire is equally liable to become the subject of disease, but, of course, it is quite impossible to enter into a description of 48 now TO CHOOSE A HORSE these beyond that of pointing out those likely to prove the most detrimental, or such as ought to be specially looked for when choosing a Shire. These are : Side-bone, sanclcrack, ring-bone, spavin, thoropin, false quarter, slipped shoulder, broken wind, roaring, wind galls, greasy legs, defective vision, shivering, and collar galls. For a full description of these diseases, readers should consult Barton's " Veterinary Manual." The Clydesdale. With many this breed of horse is a great favourite, but it is somewhat lighter in body than the variety last mentioned. If required for immediate work, select a Clydesdale from five to eight years of age, and either brown or POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 49 black in colour, with a ratch (white marking) on the face — the last-named being a "beauty spot" — and betw^een i6 and 17 hands in height. A typical Clydesdale should have broad jaws and width of forehead, with a docile countenance. Great breadth of chest, roundness of ribs, a short, thick neck, and oblique shoulders, are a sine qtta non. A long back is regarded as a defect. It must be strong, and of medium length. The shoulders, arm, and forearm should be well covered with muscles, and the last- named long ; knees broad ; pasterns broad ; and cannon-bones " clean," with an abund- ance of silky hairs springing from the region of the fetlocks. Inroad quarters, with a fair length of leg, P 50 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE and clean, well-shaped hocks, should be looked for when buying a horse of this variety. Freedom from such diseases as side-bone, contracted heel, sandcrack, flatness of the feet, ring-bone, spavin, thickened sinews, etc., are necessary ; though, provided the animal be of the age indicated, and sound at the trot, a bone-spavin may not be detrimental to utility. What has been said with reference to the feet of the Shire is equally applicable to the Clydesdale, and the same regarding the diseases to be specially looked for when choosing. The Suffolk Horse. For the general work of a farm, it would indeed be difficult to find a more suitable POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 5 I variety than the Suffolk. The same may be said of its utIHty for such purposes as that of the brewer, removal of furniture, etc., or whenever moderate loads have to be carried w^ith more speed than could be reasonably demanded from either the Shire or Clydes- dale. Suffolks possess immense power, aris- ing through having low-set shoulders, thus enabling them to take the best possible advantaoes of the collar durino- traction. The breed is very easy of recognition, even though it be crossed with some other variety of horse. Select a Suffolk about i^]4 or i6 hands, either of a light or dark chestnut, deep and round in the chest, short on the legs, and broad and clean-jointed. A laro^e head, full flanks, broad and strong quarters, well-sprung ribs, and the action is 52 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE bound to be good. The feet should be proportionate, and the pasterns of moderate obliquity. As this class of horse often works at a moderate pace, such diseases as splint and curb are more likely to be found than with the Shire, Clydesdale, or others performing slow work. The same causes of unsoundness frequent In the last-named are also liable to occur In the Suffolk {see "Shire"), but, we believe, exist to a much less extent. In order to obtain some of the best speci- mens of this breed, It Is advisable to visit some of the well-known studs, many of w^hich exist In the county of — and those in juxtaposition to — Suffolk. POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 53 The Vanner. Van, 'bus, and tramway horses are all much of the same stamp, and the product of a cross between a heavy draught horse and one of a lighter make. No doubt a large proportion of them are also bred from parents practically identical in size and build, so that these animals are to some extent distinctive. Now that electric traction Is supplanting the use of horses amono^st the various tramway and 'bus companies, the demand must be greatly on the decline. Both the van and 'bus horse must be broad and deep-chested, have a short, stout body, and well set on muscular limbs. The quarters should be long and the loins strong, the forearm short, and the neck deep. 54 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE As to height, select one about i6^ hands, bay, grey, or brown in colour, and about six years of age. Large numbers of Canadian horses are brought over to this country to be sold for van and 'bus work, etc., and many of them are really first-class animals. Amongst this class of horse, splint, curb, side-bone, spavin, thickened tendons, and flat feet are frequent, and should always be looked specially for when choosing. Hunters. It Is impossible to exercise too much care over the selection of a hunter, more particu- larly so where the animal is likely to be used several times a week throughout the season. The head should be small and the neck POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 55 long, but not arched ; in fact, what is known as an inchnation towards ewe-neck is rather favourable than otherwise. Chest broad, body compact, but quarters should be long ; loins broad, and thighs and buttocks muscular to a degree. A high forehand and oblique shoulders, with perfect shoulder and knee action, are indispensable qualifications in a typical hunter. All joints — but the knees and hocks especially — should be broad, and free from disease of any kind. The slightest stiffness in these regions is quite sufficient to "warn off" a would-be purchaser. Mere blemishes are, of course, unimpor- tant, so long as they exist apart from other injury. 56 HOW TO CHOUSE A HORSt Short pasterns — of moderate slope — and toes free from any incline inwards are needful. A sound heart, sound eyes, and freedom from vice are the first essentials to look for when selectino- a hunter. As to age, much will depend upon the individual for whom the animal is required. For instance, many prefer a five-year-old ; others a six-year, and plenty one at ten or twelve years of age. From seven to ten years is a suitable age, provided that the animal has had several seasons' work under a good master and in a good country. For boys and girls old hunters are prefer- able, provided that they have the reputation of being " canny jumpers." A great many hunters are bought and sold POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 5/ at Tattersall's (London) sales, but we recom- mend the intending buyer to advertise his wants in the County Gentleman or Fields etc. In this way he may be able to satisfy himself as to the animal's performances in the huntino- held. Horses attending regularly at the hunt soon acquire a reputation for good or for evil. Either trial, warranty, or both, are desir- able before purchase, and, under any circum- stances, submit the animal for examination to an M.R.C.V.S. The Hackney or Harness Horse. The Hackney Horse Society has done much towards the improvement of this variety, consequently there are many magni- 58 now TO CHOOSE A HORSE ficent specimens of the breed in various parts of the country. Any agricultural show of standing- has one or more classes for Hackneys. The Hackney is essentially a harness horse, but it is also largely used for saddle purposes in addition. The breed has directly descended from the Darley Arabian, a sire imported by Mr. Darley about the year 1706. This horse was the sire of " Flying Childers," who sired " Blaze," the last-named making Norfolk famous for this breed of horse. When selecting a Hackney, try and find one not above 15^ to 16 hands,^ having a short body, well sprung ribs, and strong loins, from four to seven years of age. 1 Barouche horses from i6i- to 17 hands. POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEfJS 59 Look at the chest. It should be wide and deep ; the shoulders long, and fairly oblique. The neck should be short, muscular, thick, and neatly arched, supporting a head of proportionate size, with eyes giving the face an expression of " courage." Forearm ought to be long, yet strong, and the bone (cannon) below the knee short ; pasterns short, neither too upright nor over- slanting. Broad joints, free from disease, giving a fair range of movement, are typical of quality. Many Hackneys have " extravagant " action, and we have noted over and over again how exceedingly lightly the feet are placed on the ground by many of these animals, diminishing concussion. Moderate, all-round action is the best, so far as utility for general purposes goes. 6o HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE Cleanness of leg — which means freedom (so far as possible) from excess of tissue between skin and bone — is desirable. Amongst the most frequent causes of unsoundness in the Hackney, mention must be made of: splint, bone-spavin, curb, de- fective vision, ring-bone, roaring, navicular disease, contracted feet, flat sole, wind sucking, corn, capped hock, etc. The Cleveland Bay. This variety of horse constitutes a link between the heavy breeds and Hackneys. In height the Cleveland bay is about i6 hands, of a bay colour, with black points, but the most characteristic feature of these animals is found in the beauty of their POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 6 1 hindquarters, and the manner in which the tail is so gracefully attached. The neck should be well arched, and end in deep muscular shoulders. Forearms short, because this is favourable to " good lifting of the feet." A straight back, clean legs, and good feet, are essential qualifications of the Cleve- land, whose chief use is for light van work, etc. ; but this variety is very much like the Yorkshire coach horse, and can be used for similar purposes. The Yorkshire Coach Horse. For coaching purposes these animals need to be about i6}4 or 17 hands in height, and should have stoutly-built bodies, strong 62 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE legs — of moderate length — short but muscular forearms, and powerful loins and quarters. The coach horse — the breeding of which is encouraged by the Coach Horse Associa- tion — has necessarily diminished in num- bers, -his sphere of utility having become narrowed, especially within the last twenty years, through the introduction of light rail- ways, cycles, etc., and there does not appear any chances in the future of the services of this once useful breed beino- reinstated. This, of course, is no reason why the coach horse should not still be bred, because it is a stamp of horse that can be used for many other purposes, such as for char-a-banc work, etc., giving a turn-out of this class a very handsome appearance, more especially when compared with some of the inferior POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 63 animals one so often sees releo-ated to do this sort of work during holidays, etc. The Thoroug^hbred, In a small work of this character it is quite impossible to enter into anything more than the most simple outline of the thorouorhbred, or racino- horse. The breeding and training of racers is one of the most expensive hobbies that can be indulged in, and the number of those who have bred and dealt in these animals "to profit" is certainly not equal to that of those who have been out of pocket by it. Some of the more important points of the racer are : A straio-ht forehead and a lono- head, with small, pointed ears ; height from 64 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE 15 to 16 hands; neck long and narrow; shoulders deep ; chest deep, and back ribs short. All thoroughbreds should have a long forearm and long pasterns, fine, firm tendons, and thin skin over all. As to action. It Is the first essential, if the animal is to become a successful racer. It should be as free as a bird — elastic to a degree. A large number of thoroughbreds, though very promising when they are young, turn out " failures" so far as standing any chance of occupying a prominent place on the turf, consequently these animals are frequently found performing much more menial work than their original owner anticipated. Most racers — no matter however success- ful their career at the races — ^have not a long POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 65 period of glory on the course, owing to the tremendous exertion they are called upon to execute during a race. The Park Hack. One of the first essentials of a saddle horse is that it should have the best of manners, both in and out of the stable, yet be full of energy and spirit. When choosing a saddle horse, the height of it must be regulated by that of the rider, but from 14^ hands up to 16 hands will be found to meet the wants of the generality of horsemen : build of body in proportion. Bay, chestnut, black, and brown are the most suit- able^, colours to select, all being showy. Do E 66 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE not select one havincr '' hi^h " action, but a hack with rather low, yet stylish, knee and hock movements. Slioht fl itness at sides is an advantao-e, and the thighs and buttocks should be round ; neck of medium length ; chest wide, and body on the short, cobby side ; head lioht, and carried neither high nor low {medium carriage). A sweet temper is indispensable, more particularly so if for a lady, aged, or nervous rider. With reference to age, we should not advise selecting one under five years, preferably six or seven. Before purchasing, you should ride the animal in traffic, because it is necessary that a park hack should pass road tractions, motor cars, electric cars, and be free from POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 67 nervousness In the presence of various and suddenly developed sounds. When selecting, try and avoid buying- an animal having the slightest Inclination towards upright pasterns, because this gives a stilty gait, consequently a very unpleasant sensation to the rider. Moderate slope of pastern Is the best. Chief amongst the defects to be looked for In the park hack are : spavin, flatness of soles, navicular disease, broken wind, roaring or whistling, defective vision, thoropin, saddle galls (old ones being indi- cated by white hairs on the saddle-bed), splint (if on the outside or near to knee), old scars at the angles of the mouth (indi- cative of a puller), curb, capped hock, thickened tendons, and lastly, corn (^see these diseases dealt with elsewhere). 68 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE When the vendor of a hack brings an animal from a distance to show the intend- ing buyer, have the saddle removed, the feet washed, and the horse then placed for about an hour in the stable, so that when it is brought out for inspection any signs of lameness, etc., will probably be observed. The Saddle and Harness Cob. Those who are desirous of selecting a cob equally suitable for saddle and harness use cannot do better than advertise their wants in the columns of the Field or County Gentle- 7nan, because a really first-class animal of this sort is not very easily obtained in the sale ring. Try and purchase a cob five years of age a gelding by preference, from 14^ to 14*3 POINTS (3F TYPICAL BREEDS 69 hands, preferably of a bay, brown, chestnut, or black colour. Try the animal both in saddle and harness, and where there is traffic, if possible. Good manners are indispensable. Head free from heaviness — many cobs are very ugly in this region — and well carried. Neck short and muscular, ending in shoulders having a moderate degree of slope. The chest should be broad, and the ribs not over-round, as this is objectionable in a saddle horse. Flanks short. Pay particular attention to the legs and feet. Clean legs are what is required. Good, broad joints, well shaped and free from all swelHngs of any kind, stiffness, etc. Do not buy a cob for work of this kind that has high action, but one having good and stvlish all-round liftinof. Avoid purchasing one that turns its toes 70 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE outwards or inwards ; that brushes or speedy cuts. As to the feet, these should be proportion- ate, and free from flatness of sole, contracted heels, sandcrack, brittleness, corn and thrush, all of which (excepting two) constitute unsoundness. A slight splinty deposit, if well placed on the cannon bone, is immaterial, but have nothing to do with an animal required for fast work having a bone-spavin, curb, or corns. Thickened tendons, puffy joints, and saddle-sores should be sufficient to prevent buying. Like any other class of horse, the cob is liable to have defects in connection with its respiratory apparatus, the chief of which are roaring and broken wind. POINTS OF TVPICAI. BREEDS 7 1 To test the animal for the first-named, give it a good smart gallop uphill under the saddle. For evidence of the latter, use gentle pressure* with the fingers upon the upper part of the throat. If broken-winded, it will provoke a soft cough characteristic of this disease. Zebroids. A typical animal of this breed is shown in our frontispiece illustration, which is the produce of a zebra and a mare. The species of zebra considered the best for crossing with the mare is that known as Burchell's, which is common in certain parts of Africa, and is altogether of stouter build than the mountain species of zebra. In accordance with the variety of dam selected will vary the build and pace of the 72 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE animal. For instance, a Clydesdale or Shire mare put to zebra sire will produce much heavier progeny than when a thoroughbred or Hackney mare has been employed. At several of the large agricultural shows classes have become established for zebroids, which may largely, in course of time, supplant the mule. The colours vary, but they are such as : Brown bay, striped black, bay with brown stripes, grey with black stripes, etc. These animals are said to be immune to Cape horse-sickness — a recommendation. Mules. These animals are chiefly used abroad for transport work, and are, like the zebrold, immune from certain maladies. POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 73 In general their height is 14 to 15 hands, and colour brown. Freedom from vice, and good legs and feet, are to be looked for when choosing. These hybrids are produced by an ass for a sire and a mare as dam. The terms jennet or hinny are applicable if the sire is a horse, and the mother of the donkey tribe. The constitution of the mule is usually very robust, and these animals can live well where many a horse would fmd that it had been put on starvation rations. The Shetland Pony. This breed of pony is particularly suitable for children's use, provided that the animals be properly broken. 74 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE Large quantities of these ponies are brought over from Shetland and landed in Aberdeen, In which city they can often be bought very cheaply ; and it is usually a simple enough matter to break them to both saddle and harness. Numbers of them are left "entire," and can be used satisfactorily in this condition, though we advise that, for very young children at any rate, a purchaser should have the same castrated, as it renders them very much more docile. Breeding of the Shetland pony is largely carried on in this country ; in fact, the most typical specimens are probably all home-bred. There is, however, a disposition, under these circumstances, for the Shetland to increase In size, thus losing its one desir- able feature, viz., smallness ; and It is not an easy matter to find them under 9 or lo POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 75 hands, 8 being rather the exception than otherwise. Black, brown, and bay are the usual colours, but iron grey, etc., are not unfrequently met with. The head, wide at the nose, should be set on a short, thick neck ; the back short, and round, cobby quarters ; chest deep, and ribs well sprung ; flanks short. The legs should be strongly built, but quite free from coarseness ; the tendons wiry and fine ; feet small, but not con- tracted at the heels or " boxy " in front ; knee and hock joints broad below, but not coarse. Many Shetlands hav^e very poor move- ment, so that when buying, if the animal has really good action, other faults (unless really damaging) might be forgiven. 76 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE As to age, try and get one at three or four years, and, with kindness, it is wonder- ful how soon these miniature horses can be taught to do what children can reasonably expect from them. If bought as ''foals" (yearlings), and trained amongst bairns, their fondness for these is naturally increased. The Iceland Pony. Large quantities of these ponies are brought into this country from Iceland. They are remarkably hardy, and quite suitable for children's use, work in coal-pits, etc. In colour they vary greatly, but light chestnut, bay, and duns are the commonest colours. POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS // Hardy and good thrivers on poor pas- turage are their chief recommendations, but some of them have very good action, and can be trimmed up to look "thoroughly respectable." Icelanders make admirable ponies for greengrocers, etc., and their selling prices are such as to be within the reach of those who are in any way ambitious "to keep a pony," or, as is often the case, a pony may be the means of keeping its owner. Welsh Ponies. Many of these ponies are really high-class and it is a breed that we have every confi- dence in recommending to those who are quite willing to give but a moderate price, and who wish an elegant animal. 78 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE These ponies are hardy, good moun- taineers, and frequently stylish and fast. Try and buy a four-year-old, brown in colour, and from i i to i^ hands (or for a cob, 14 hands), preferably one that has been broken and driven in town. The best method of getting really good specimens is to make application to some of the breeders in Wales, or by advertise- ment in a Welsh daily paper, taking the precaution, of course, not to buy without seeing or appointing some qualified veterinary surgeon to go and inspect the pony, and, if he thinks it likely to suit, to excuiiine it as to soundness. The addresses of any veterinary practi- tioners in the locality can be had through the seller, etc. POINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 79 Polo Ponies. When selecting a pony for polo, try and get one with a long back and short loins, low withers, long muscular shoulders, and neck inclined to be carried upright. All the joints should be strong and free from any disease that will interfere with their full play. Blemishes are unimportant ; the same may be said of colour and aoe, but the height ought not to be above 14 hands. The Arab cross is an advantage, but many polo ponies are bred without any real idea as to their suitability for this special work. Fabulous prices are frequently paid for ponies which have earned a reputation on such srrounds as Hurlinoham and Ranelah. 8o HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE Exmoor Ponies. These ponies are from 1 1 to 13^ hands (or thereabout) in height, and generally bay, chestnut, dun, or black in colour, and have short muscular bodies, good limbs, and, as a rule, very good feet. Within recent years the breed has been very much improved, and numerous high- class studs exist. It is a hardy variety of pony, and when trained, useful for both saddle and harness purposes. To obtain good specimens, it is desirable to advertise one's wants in one of the local papers of the district from which these ponies come. Dartmoor and New Forest ponies can best be obtained in the same manner. rOINTS OF TYPICAL BREEDS 8 1 Orkney Cobs. A considerable number of these animals find their way into the northern fairs and markets, especially in and around Aberdeen- shire. They are stoutly built, hardy, but lacking in qualities indicative of well-bred Southern cobs. They are very hardy, their prices are not usually high, and are suitable for rouo-h work on small holdino-s, drivino- to market, etc. A LIST OF HORSE SOCIETIES CHAPTER IV HORSE SOCIETIES, The following- are the names and addresses of the principal organisations for the im- provement of the various breeds of horses. For full particulars regarding stud animals, pedigrees, etc., application should be made to the various Secretaries. Shire Horse Society. Hon. Secretary : Mr. J. Sloughgrove, 12 Hanover Square, London, W. 85 86 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE Clydesdale Horse Society, Mr. A. MacNeilage, 93 Hope Street, Glasgow. Suffolk Horse Society. Mr. F. Smith, Woodbridge, Suffolk. The Yorkshire Coach Horse Society. Hon. Secretary : Mr. J. White, Appleton, Roebuck, Yorkshire. The Cleveland Bay Horse Society. Hon. Secretary : Mr. F. W. HORSFALL, Potto Grange, Northallerton, Yorks. A LIST OF HORSE SOCIETIES 87 The Hunters' Improvement Society, Hon. Secretary : Mr. A. B. Charlton, 12 Hanover Square, London. Trotting Union of Great Britain and Ireland. Mr. Cathcart, 7 Trinity Square, Brixton, London, S.W. The Hackney Horse Society. Hon. Secretary : Mr. H. EuREN, 12 Hanover Square, London, W. Also same address (F. Eurln) for London Coach Horse Parade Society. SS HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE The Polo Pony Society. Secretary : Mr. F. R. Hill, Felhampton Court, '^ Church Stretton. Shetland Pony Society. Secretary : Mr. R. R. Ross, 35 Market Street, Aberdeen. New Forest Pony Society. Secretary : ' Mr. St. Barbe, Lymington. Hampshire. A LIST OF HORSE SOCIETIES 89 General Stud Book (for Racers). Hon. Secretary : Mr. Weatherbv, Newmarket. CHAPTER V AGE OF THE HORSE. When purchasing a horse, it is necessary to exercise particular care with reference to its age, because its utiHty and pecuniary value is to a large extent regulated by the latter. Moreover, the seller of an old horse com- monly makes a practice of representing the animal to be " seven " — certainly not beyond eight — all the time knowing that the animal is probably from sixteen to twenty years of age. Deception as to age is certainly one of the most prevalent tricks the horse vendor 91 92 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE indulges in, applying it without fear of being accused of dishonesty, because he pleads ignorance if he happens to fall under the thumb of an expert. In other instances the possessor of a young horse may find it de- sirable to state that it is considerably older than it actually is. Quite recently the writer went to examine a horse " said " to be four years, but with teeth indicative of a two -year -old. The general appearances of an animal — apart from the examination of its teeth — are at times of a truly deceptive nature, so that the amateur should endeavour to gain sufficient knowledge by an inspection of the teeth, thus preventing advantage being taken when he meets with an unscrupulous vendor. After carefully studying our remarks upon the ao^e, the beoinner should make it a rule THE AGE OF THE HORSE 93 to examine the teeth of every horse affording hhn an opportunity of so doing. In this way one may soon become very expert. The age of the horse is judged by the followino- conditions, so far as some of these are applicable : ■ 1. Whether the teeth are temporary or permanent. 2. Amount of ivear upon their nipping and grinding su rfaces . 3. Season of the year zvhen the ''tem- porary'' teeth are ''cut,'' or "replaced'' by " permanent'' ones. 4. Appearance of the lower corner teeth zvhen the mouth is open and when it is closed. The number of temporary teeth is 24, and in the mare there are 36 permanent 94 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE ones, with 4 tusks (not usually present in the last-named) in the horse, making a total of 40 teeth, arranged in the following order : 6 molars in each side of the upper and lower jaws, - - - 24 6 incisors or nipping teeth, above and below, - - - - 12 Tusks (if present), 2 above and 2 below, - - - - - 4 40 The 4th, 5th, and 6th molar teeth in each jaw are always permanent, the 4th one not making its appearance until about 9 months to T year, followed by the 5th at 18 months or thereabout, becoming level with the rest of the molars by the time the animal reaches two years. THE AGE OF THE HORSE 95 It is not until about 3^4 years that one fin:^s the sixth molar in the mouth. The I St, 2nd, and 3rd molar teeth are all temporary ones, and, of course, replaced by " permanents," which takes place at or about 2^ years for the ist and 2nd, but not until four years for the 3rd one. The incisor or nipping teeth are all temporary, but the tusks or canines are permanent from the date of their appearance, which is usually about the fourth yean By far the most general way of ascertain- ing the horse's age is by reference to the incisor teeth only, being the most convenient ; reference to the molars, as a rule, is only necessary should there be any doubt as to the correct age. The chief differences between temporary and permanent incisor teeth are as follows ; ) HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE Temporary incisors. (a) There is little or no groove down the front of the tooth. (d) The neck or constricted portion, i.e., where the tooth joins the gum, is very plain. (c) Teeth small and narrow, very white and short. Permanen Incisors. (a) Vertical groove well marked. (d) Practically absent. (c) Comparatively large, broad, and deeply embedded into the gum. The best method of learning to recognise a temporary from a permanent incisor tooth THE AGE OF THE HORSE 97 is by self-observation upon the mouth of a colt between 2^ and 3 or 4 years, when both forms of teeth will be observable for comparison. The incisor teeth are spoken of as Centrals, Laterals, and Corners, in accord- ance with the positions they occupy in the mouth, the terms being sufficiently explanatory to indicate this. Shortly after birth the foal has a couple of " central " teeth in each jaw, followed by the appearance of the laterals within the next six or eight weeks. From this time up to about eight months the only change taking place comprises the development of the centrals and laterals, but at or about eight months the corner incisor teeth appear, all, of course, "paired " in both jaws, the difference in appearance as to time 98 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE of corresponding teeth being insignificant and quite useless when forming an estimate oi the animal's ao-e. The young animal has now a complete set of temporary incisor teeth, and these remain in its mouth until it has turned two years, the jaw meanwhile expanding, and the teeth becoming worn on their nipping surfaces. It is very important to be able to distin- guish a "yearling" from a ''two-year old." In both there is a complete set of temporary incisors. This can be settled up at once. Refer to the molars. It is i^ years before the Fifth Molar shows itself, and it is not level with the THE AGE OF THE HORSE 99 Other four until the animal is practically a couple of years old. Hence one has a ready means of clearing away any doubt upon the point. At 2 years and 3 months or thereabouts, 3 years and 3 months, and 4 years and 3 months, there will be signs (though not, as a rule, in horses bred in the North of Scot- land) of casting of the centrals, laterals, and corners respectively at the aforementioned dates; at any rate, in the animal of 2^ years, 3^ years, 4^ years, the centrals, laterals, and corners will be half-way up, leaving spaces between the opposing teeth, when viewed with the mouth closed. Three months later the centrals have grown in length, so that their edges now meet. The same statement applies to the laterals lOO HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE and corners, therefore at 2^ years, 3^ years, and 4^ years, the teeth, cut three months before, will touch the edges of the corresponding teeth in the upper row. At 3 years the front edges of the centrals (lower are usually referred to only) will be slightly worn. How shall we know whether such-and- such a horse is rising '' 3 " (2 years and 9 months), or 3 off (3 years and 3 months) ? If the cutting surfaces — tables, as they are called — are worn both on the front and back edges, the animal may be judged 3 off, confirmed by evidence that the laterals will soon be cast off. A four-year-old is readily told by the lateral incisors being worn on their front edges, but it is, as in the case of the "three-year-old," needful to be able to THE AGE OF THE HORSE lOl judge whether the animal is rising 4 or 4 off. The same statement is appHcable, viz., if the hinder edge of the laterals shows a very moderate degree of wear, and the ''corners'' are about to appear, then it is the best positive evidence of 4 years ''off." If the wear is chiefly confined to the front edge of the laterals, and there is no sinking or redness around the gum at the corners, it is pretty safe to say that the horse is "rising" 4 years. A five-year old "rising" or "off" is told in precisely the same manner, excepting, of course, that there are no more incisor teeth to be shed. A horse which is 5 "off" shows very little wear on the front edges of the " corner incisors," whereas if it is "rising" 5 there I02 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE is no wear on them, because these teeth do not generally touch the edges of the corresponding upper ones until the fifth birthday. A very important matter is that of being- able to distinguish between a horse "rising" 6 years and one 6 "off," a task certainly not easy for an amateur. The best evidence of this is afforded by referring to the shape of the tables of the central and lateral incisors, and the amount of wear that the edges of the corner incisors have undergone. If the "central" mark (Infundibulum) of the corner teeth has the front and hinder edge evenly worn around it, and the mark in the "centrals" is almost gone, one may conclude the age as 6 "off." THE AGE OF THE HORSE IO3 The differences between a six and seven- year-old Inorse is equally important. We shall endeavour to give a summary of the chief distinctive features at these ao-es : — Sixth Birthday. {a) Central ''mark'' of corner incisors long and deep. (b) Central incisors are somewhat flattened. Seventh Birthday. {a) Central " mark " very shallow, and well worn on hinder edge of tooth. (b) Distinctly triangular. (c) Laterals broader. The differences between a horse at 7 I04 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE years and one at 8 are pretty distinct if the teeth are carefully noted. In a horse at 7 the "mark" in the centrals and laterals is elong^ated, whereas in one at 8 years the "mark" is more or less distinctly triangular. When a horse reaches its 8th birth- day, it is usual to speak of the animal as "aged," and, so far as Its marketable value is concerned, it is on the decline. We do not wish to Imply that because a horse happens to be 9 or 10 years of age that It may not be quite as valuable for work as one, say, at 6 or 7 years. However this may be, dealers make it a point to represent — whenever desirable for them to do so — as "not exceeding 8," knowing the popular idea that a horse falls In value after It reaches 8 years. THE AGE OF THE HORSE IO5 From 8 to 1 2 a horse may be considered as "aged " ; after this date as '' old." Many horses will keep their condition and perform work in the best of style up to 30 years of age, and in exceptional instances considerably beyond this. Mr. Galvayne, many years ago, showed that when a horse reaches 10 years a small groove begins to show itself at the top part of the upper corner incisor. In the course of another 5 or 6 years it extends about half-way down the tooth, reaching the bottom within the next 5 years or so. The author — and doubtless thousands of other observers — has found this to be the case, but in many instances it is inappli- cable, certain horses havino- the whole of lo6 HOW TO CHOOSE A HOkSE their teeth grooved all the way down, though perhaps only lo or 15 years of age. Thoroughbred horses arrive at maturity earlier than others, and the date of their birth is reckoned from ist January ; others from May. In the North of Scotland mares mostly foal about the middle of May. CHAPTER VI SOME OBJECTIONABLE HABITS. The following are popularly known as ''vices," and, their presence being known to an Intending buyer, should, we think, deter him from purchasing ; or, In the event of a ''general" warranty having been given by the seller, and the buyer Is In a position to prove the presence of such at the time of purchase, there Is sufficient reason for returning the animal to the vendor, with legal action subsequently if needful. 107 108 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE Wind-Sucking:. This is a very objectionable practice, and many wind-suckers also bite the stable fittings, especially if wooden ones. Once acquired, the habit continues, and leads to digestive complaints, consequently such animals are generally not the most thrifty. Wind-sucking is denoted by a "gulping" sound, heard at frequent, but irregular, intervals. To mitigate this evil habit, a strap is commonly worn around the upper part of the throat. Crib-Biting:. Constandy biting the fittings leads to wear of the fronts of the incisor teeth. SOME OBTECTIOXABLE HABITS lOQ A wooden manger and the halter rope are favourite articles for the crib-biters' operations. We notice that idleness predisposes to crib-biting, especially if the animal has not an unlimited supply of hay or straw to grind away at when left in the stable for several days together. It is a most annoying habit, and the best way to prevent it is to have the fittings bound with iron or zinc sheeting, or do away with all such parts as can be seized by the crib-biter ; but these animals will almost seize hold of anything within their reach. Weaving:- The head and forecjuarters are more or 1 lO HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE less constantly in motion, interfering with the animal's rest. It is not usually difficult to detect animals in the stable having this peculiarity. Other Vices. Kicking in or out of harness, backing, etc., are all highly objectionable, and even dangerous. Many horsemen are able to speedily spot a vicious horse In a stable. Animals of this class frequently ''swish" their tails, throw back their ears, and Indicate malicious Intent through the expression of their eyes. The only advice the wTlter can give regarding animals of this description is to try and stand clear, no matter whatever good qualities their owner may see in them. CHAPTER VII A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL HORSE FAIRS AND APPROXIMATED DATES. Banbridge, Co. Down, Ireland, -January 12 Banbury — three days before the first Thursday after the i8th of the month. Cockermouth, - - February 17 and 18 Wigton, - - „ 19 Kendal, - - ' ,, 22 Beverley, - - ,, 23 Downham, - - March i, 2, and 3 Durham — Last Friday of this month. Apperley — Second Wednesday, and two days before - - June Banbridge, - - - ,, 10 Cahirme, - - July 12 Topcliffe, - - n 17 ^nd 18 Munster, - - ,,29 112 HOW TO CHOOSE A HORSE Mullingar {see August), July 4 Kells, ^ n 13 Ripley, August 26 Mullingar, 29 Barnet (near London), - Sept. 4, 5, 6 The first Monday of this month Athione Fair is held. Borough Hill (Westmoreland). Very good, as a rule, and well attended, Sept. 30 Banagher, - vSept. 15 :, 16, 17, 18. Ballinasloe (Ireland) — This is held on the first Tuesday of October, and is one of the best fairs held in Ireland. Peterboro', October 6 Kells, - - - - ., 16 Munster, „ 28 Newcastle is held on the last Monday of this month. Printed b^ Cowan 6f Co., Ltd., Perth. Catalogue of Books. J . . . Catalogue of Books Published by Messrs. R. A. EVERETT & Co., Ltd., 42 Essex Street, Strand, LONDON, IV.C. Telegrams & Cables: Telephone "ACCOUTRED, LONDON." 4719 GERRARD. Everett's New THREE SHILLLING & SIXPENNY Novels by Popular Authors. Grown 8vo. Gloth Extra. A Roumanian Vendetta. By " CARMEN SYLVA " (Queen of Roumania), A Son of Mars : A new and powerful Military Novel. By MAJOR ARTHUR GRIFFITHS. " A brisk military' tale of Herbert Larkins's life as a private soldier, officer, and at last, in rightful possession of his true name, as Sir Herbert Farrington, Bart." — Times. The Gentlemen from Goodwood : A new Sporting Novel. By EDWARD H. COOPER, author of "Mr. Blake of Newmarket," eic. A Sportswoman's Love Letters. Fourth Edition. By FOX RUSSELL, author of "Colonel Botcherby, M.F.H.," " Outridden," etc. The Strang"e Adventures of a Magistrate. By T. R. THRELFALL, J. P., author of " The Sword of Allah," etc. Tne Extraordinary Islanders. By ASTON FOREST. A Frontier Officer : Tale of the Punjab. By H. CALDWELL LIPSETT, author of " Lord Curzon in India," etc. The Ghost. By Mrs. CAMPBELL PRAED. My Japanese Wife. By CLIVE HOLLAND. A new and Revised Edition, with Coloured Illustrations. A Sporting Adventurer. By FOX RUSSELL, author of " Outridden," etc. In Royal Colours : A Story of the Coronation Derby. By NAT GOULD. The King's Yard : A Story of Portsmouth Dockyard. By WALTER JEFFERY, author of "A Century of Our Sea Story," etc. The Man Who Died. By G. B. BURGIN. Dacobra; or, The White Priests of Ahriman. By HARRIS BURLAND. The story of Stories for Children. Translated from the Neapolitan by J. E. TAYLOR, with Six Illustrations by George Cruikshank. A Reprint of the scarce Original Edition. " A translation by J. E. Taylor of Giafiibattiste Basile's Fairy Tales which will be eagerly read by the children. The wonderful doings of the little people of fairy- land are rehearsed in an entrancing manner, both amusing and instructive to the young mind. The book is beautifully illustrated, the pictures bearing a look of quaintness which belongs only to the elfin world." — Dundee Courier. A Scourge of the Sea. By HERBERT COMPTON, author of "The Inimitable Mrs. Mas^ingham," etc., with Full-page Illustrations by A. H. Fullwood. Barcali, The Mutineer : A Tale of the Great Pacific. By C. DUDLEY LAMPEN. Illustrated by H. Piffard. 4 Everett's New SIX SHILLING Works by Popular Authors. Crown 8uo, Cloth Extra. Richard Brice : Adventurer. A thrilling and original Novel of Adventure in out-of-the-way parts of the v^orld. By CHARLES JUNOR, author of " Dead Men's Tales," etc. "And so we are in this case doubly glad to feel that we can bestow our meed of praise on Mr. Junor's last sheaf of tales. Fresh, bright, and lively stories of adventure they are." — Pa/l JSIall Gazette. The Daughters of Job. By " DARLEY DALE," author of "The Village Blacksmith," etc. "They were the Rector's daughters, Jemima, Kezia, and Kerenhappuch, all beautiful, and all bent on going out into the world. Their respective careers as a lady journalist, a secretary, and a cook resolve themselves, needless to say, into love stories readable enough." — Times. The Viking- Strain : A Realistic Novel. By A. G. HALES, War Correspondent, author of "Campaign Pictures," "Camp Fire Sketches," etc. Illustrated by Stanley L. Wood. " We should like best to see Mr. Hales make use of his experiences of hard and active life in the new countries of the world, and, if he pleases, of the healthy open- air sports of the Old Country. But even as it is, there is so much breezy good humour in 'The Viking Strain ' and the story, in spite of much that is disagreeable, is so well constructed, that there is a good deal of pleasure to be derived from its perusal." — Daily News. Thomas Assheton Smith ; or, The Reminiscences of a Famous Fox Hunter. By Sir J. E. EARDLEY-WILMOT, Bart. A New Edition with an introduction by Sir Herbert IMaxwell, M.P. Illustrated with Numerous Engravings. "Sent out by Messrs. Everett & Co., London, with a portrait and a charmingly written introduction from the pen of Sir Herbert Maxwell, the book should secure a new le.ise of popularity among lovers of sports and ■i^oxX.sxt^.^w." —Scotsjuen. Sporting Sketches. By NAT GOULD. Recollections and Reflections on a variety of subjects connected with Sport, Horses, and Horsemen never before published. Large Crown 8vo, handsomely bound, cloth gilt. Illustrated by Harington Bird. "We are inclined to regard this work the best he, Mr, Gould, has yet done." — The Field. Boxers and their Battles : Anecdotal Sketches and Personal Recollections of Famous Pugilists. By "THORMANBY," author of "Kings of the Hunting Field," "Kings of the Turf," etc., etc. Illustrated from scarce Portraits. "Lovers of The Noble Art' will derive considerable pleasure from a perusal of this work." — Daily Telegraph. 5 *'NAT GOULD is the Mawley Smart of Australia."— Vid6 Press. Sporting Novels By ths MOST POPULAR AUTHORS. In Boards, Illustrated by J. STURGESS, 2s. ; also in Cloth, 2s. 66.. SPORTING SKETCHES. A RACE-COURSE TRAGEDY WARNED OFF. LIFE'S WEB. SETTLING DAY. KING OF THE RANGES. IN ROYAL COLOURS. A RACING SINNER. BROKEN DOWN. THE SILKEN REIN. THE THREE WAGERS. RAYMOND'S RIDE. THE VIKING STRAIN. OUTRIDDEN. A JUDAS OF TO-DAY. TRICKED. By POX RUSSELL. SNOOKER'S RACING ADVENTURES. By "G.G." (H. G. Harper). "ON THE GRASS." By "G.G." (H. G. Harper). ROMANCES OF THE ROAD. By "THORZVIANBY." By NAT GOULD. By NAT GOULD. By NAT GOULD. By NAT GOULD. By NAT GOULD. By NAT GOULD. By NAT GOULD. By NAT GOULD. By NAT GOULD. By NAT GOULD. By NAT GOULD. By NAT GOULD. By A. G. HALES. By POX RUSSELL. By POX RUSSELL. BveretVs SHILLING Library of Popular Authors, Well Printed and Bound in Attractive Covers, Is-, and in Cloth, Is. 6d. Camp Fire Sketches. By A. G. HALES, War Correspondent, author of " Campaign Pictures," etc. '"Camp Fire Sketches' consists of a number of stirring little stories of danger and courage in South Africa. Mr. Hales's experience as war correspondent tia. supplied him with material for these sketches, and he has made good use ot it. Literary World. On the Promenade Deck. By TORIX BLAIR, author of "Belinda," "Epaulettes," etc. " Just the thing to while away the tedium of a railway journey.--r^-/?.ij'. •'Why I Don't r' A Series of Humorous Sketches. By WELLES LEY PAIN (brother of Barry Pain). Two Fools. By G. B. BURGIX. The New Comic BncyclopEedia. Written and Illustrated by ARCHIBALD CHASEMORE. 'Varsity Types. By FRANK RUTTER. Illustrated. A Girl in London: A New and Original Novel. By JOHN STRANGE WINTER The Malefactors : A Novel of Prison Life and Intrigue. By CHAS. R. BLAIR, author of "The Adventures on the Houseboat." The TwiUford Mystery. By G. FIRTH SCOTT, author of " The Last Lemurian," etc. Free Pardon. By REGINALD BARNETT. O Duchess ! A Trivial Narrative. By W. R. H. TROWBRIDGE, author of "The Grandmother's Advice to Elizabeth," etc. Round the World with a Milhonaire By BASIL TOZER. 7 EvereWs SIXPENNY Novels, 1903. Medium 8vo 01 x 6) with Special New Cover Designs in Colours. Tom Ossing-ton's Ghost. By RICHARD MARSH The Woman with One Hand. By RICHARD MARSH A Woman's Story. By FLORENCE WARDEN. The House by the Lock. By Mrs. C. N. WILLIAMSON Kate Coventry. By o. j. WHYTE-MELVILLE Dig-by Grand. By G. J. WHYTE-MELVILLE. General Bounce. By G. J. WHYTE-MELVILLE The Interpreter. By G. j. WHYTE-MELVILLE. Sporting- Sketches. By NAT GOULD A S^^^l^^Mystery • Hi^ L^^^^^ Chased by A Tj -t^> JNAi GOULD. 3 Complete Stories in i Volume. A Itace-course Tragedy. By NAT GOULD. ^^ XT °^f °^ ^^^^ Enderby. By ADELINE SERGEANT. ^^ ^THOR^lkl^^'' ^°^""" ^^^ ^^^^ B^^^l^^' ^y ''''' ^tfe^Bfo^Jiue^ftf ^^ ^'^'^^^' -'''- ^' "^^- ^^^P Mr. Blake of Newmarket. By E. H. COOPER Snooker's Racing Adventures. By -g.g." (H. g. Harper) MOtI^'dlxon''^ Captain Mounsell. By w. WIL- The Second Series of the Adventures of CaDtain Mounsell. By w. WILMOTT DIXON ^aptam By Order of the Cross. Powerful and Original Detective Stories. By JOHN DUOS. ^ J^etective Outridden. By FOX RUSSELL. ^^^ CHESNFV ''^^R^^'''. c?T^J*°?- ^y "WEATHERBY A ^ ^W/^^EY, author of "John Topp, Pirate," etc. -"lAR^R^vTVntv'wI^" '"^ S"^^'""^^ ^P^^^i^g Novel. By _ LARRY L\ NX (Sportmg Editor of T/ie People). ^ Racmg. By W. C. A. BLEW, M.A: An entirely ?tew and novel work on Billiards, for Be^inner^ and Moderate Players. "^ ^'g^nners Fcap. 8vo, 134 pp. 6d. net. Cue Tips : Hints on Billiards or loo Up-pers and Owners of Bijou Fd^/'^'h ^l ^Z\ ^"TCHELL (B.A. Champion, 18927) Edited by F. M. HOtine. Illustrated with 61 Diagrams Il7i$cellanedu$ Books. Lightning" Tours ; Flights by Day and Night by Boat and Rail, each mostly within 24 hours. By PERCY FITZGERALD, M.A., F.S.A., author of "The Recreations of a Literaiy Man," etc. Cloth, 2s. 6d. Age and Old Age. A Handbook on Health and Disease. By DAVID WALSH, M.D., author of "The Rontgen Rays in Medical Work," " Diseases of the Hair," etc. Cloth, 2s. 6d. "Practical as well as inttresling."—Ad£rdeeu Free Press. Henry JVarre/i's ew Book on the Methods of Banking. A Bee among the Bankers ; or, How to increase your Deposit Rate and reduce your Banker's Charges. By HENRY WARREN, author of " How to Deal with your Bankers," etc. Cloth, 3s. 6d. "Should prove profitable reading to persons who have money to invest." — Scotsvian. Lord Curzon in India, 1898-1903. By CALDWELL LIPSETT, author of " Where the Atlantic meets the Sea," etc. With Portraits and Illustrations. Cloth, 2s. 6d. " jMr. Lipsett has contrived to pack a great deal of information into a very few pages." — Daily Chronicle. Sharpshooting for Sport and War. By w. W. GREENER, author of "The Gun and its Development." Sewed, is. ; Cloth, is. 6d. net. Second Edition. Completing 20th Thousand. 200 pp.., 100 Illustrations. "In so far as the art of shooting with the rifle can be taught by words, Mr. Greener has essayed to make all who read his treatise proficient sharpshooters, and his remarks, both on sporting and military weapons, are eminently practical. "-r- The Field. 9 Shots from a Lawyer's Gun. CHARACTERS INTRODUCED. Barristers ,J.P. A Sporting Lawyer Articled Clerl< to Mr. Six-and-Eight A leading Junior A rising Junior A young Junior A very young Junior A Solicitor (ex-Lawyer's Clerk) The Solicitor to whom Mr. Six-and-Eight was articled Of Deepdale Village Of Deepdale Manor . . Head Keeper to Squire Broadacres Game Watchers under Mr. Sharpsight Mr. Six-and-Eight Mr. Legallixg Mr. Spouter Mr. Buster Mr. Newcald Mr. Softsap Mr. Gimblett Mr. Erudite P. C. Iroxgrip Squire Broadacres, Mr. Sharps cght Peter Hawk ) William Falcon i Jack Fuxnybone Nephew to Squire Broadacres, a Medical Student of Barts Sir John RocKETTER; Bart., J.P Of Sedgemere Hall Patrick O'Leary . , . . . . . . Sir John Rocketter's Irish Gamekeeper Lord Seaview .. .. .. .. .. Lord of the Manor of Saltwold Mr. Spider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lord Seaview s Watcher Mr. Uppertox, J.P. An egotistical " Know All " Mr. Carrots . . . . . . . . A retired Greengrocer and Landowner Mr. Stingiman .. .. .. .. .. Tenant Farmer under Mr. Carrots Mr. Skinflint . . Of the Priory ; Proprietor of the Home and Church Farms Mr. Cunningman . . Lessee of Mr. Skinflint's Farms, and a believer in " Every [man his own Lawyer" Mr. Stubbles ., .. .. .. .. .. .. A Tenant Farmer Tom Stubbles Eldest Son of Mr. Stubbles Charlie Stubbles . . . . . . . . Youngest Son of Mr. Stubbles . . An unfortunate Agriculturist . . A cantankerous Agriculturist . .An experimental Agriculturist A Poaching Farmer . . An economical Farmer A Town Sportsman and a Pot-hunter . . Of Firthorpe, a Pheasant Farm Proprietor An Inland Revenue Officer . . A Poacher of Deadem Green Wife of Robert Pickemup NGS . . . . . . Mr. Pickemup's Mother-in-Law .. An Irish Loafer of Deepdale Mr. Strawless Mr. Cross .. Mr. Fieldjian ^ .. Mr. Steelum Mr. Closephist .. Mr. Prowler Joseph Cockley .. Samuel Spottem .. Bob Pickemup Mrs. Pickemup Mrs. Sarah Ann Mulli Mike Kelly Wandering Will j James Green ) Mr. Hardup Joe Swishem Timothy Tattler "Shooting Joe" .. . Poachers and Ne'er-do-weels A Sporting Publican .Ostler of the " Dog and Gun " Ratcatcher and Poacher . . An Owner of Lurchers 10 Shots from a Lawyer's Gun. PRESS OPINIONS. " We have read this book from end to end with great pleasure. Mr. Everitt's style is well calculated to lure any sportsman into reading his lectures to the end. Even the professional poacher may be grateful to the writer. The pages are full of chatty and amusing anecdotes. We may disinterestedly commend Mr. Everitt's book, from which readers will obtain both sound instruction and more amuseiiient than they would find in the average sensation novel." — The Field. "This book is a veritable triumph. Every point of law in connection with game preservation is most ably dealt with, and the interest never flags throughout. This work on the Game Laws is peculiarly one for gamekeepers, and, indeed, we feel convinced that the author had their requirements in view when penning it. With the aid of a collection of characters, more or less fictitious, but wonderfully human, every contingency likely to occur as regards poaching is reviewed as if on the stage, and the whole thing is enlivened by the most amusing and original anecdotes. We strongly advise our readers to get this book.'' — The Gamekeeper. " An instructive and, at the same time, an amusing little manual on this interesting subject, a good deal of it being given dramatically in the form of dialogue between solicitor and client." — The Staiidard. " ' Shots from a Lawyer's Gun ' will prove a welcome surprise to those who imagine that the study of the law must necessarily be a dry and laborious pursuit. Besides being bright and entertaining, the book is of real and lasting value as a hand- book of the law particularly appertaining to the sportsman and his servants.'' — 77/^ Globe, II PRESS OPlNlONS-^onfznued. " The book is the work of a lawyer who hesitates not to com- bine his capacity for entertaining with amusing tales lucid exposition of laws to anyone interested in the points with which he deals, whether he be the Squire of the Hall, the gamekeeper, or the poacher." — T/ie Scotsinan. "A comprehensive survey of all matters likely to interest sportsmen. It is interesting and amusing to note the number of popular fallacies which Mr. Everitt explodes. Here hunting men will find that fox-hunting is a trespass in spite of a contrary popular belief ; landowners will discern that the popular four- feet rule in connection with ditches is fallacious ; shooting lawyers will find how easily they may be ' cornered ' by difficult questions of game ownership. The author's easy, famiHar, and yet instructive style will be recognised. The book is really an amusing dissertation in the form of articles and interviews on a subject of interest to all who live in the country. We can pro- mise all buyers their full money's worth in both instruction and amusement." — Laiv Notes. " Mr. Nicholas Everitt's new book, with its striking title and somewhat impressive ' get up,' should certainly win him a large measure of appreciation. To sportsmen and lawyers it will be the very marrow of useful and interesting ma- terial, and if poachers were given to studying legal litera- ture, they would find here a rich storehouse of facts and opinions calculated to help them at a pinch. Mr. Everitt's twenty-two chapters brim over with legal learning and exceed- ingly useful ' tips.' The book is of sterling value, and will have a wide appeal." — Eastern Daily Press. " VVe commend Mr. Everitt's book to all who have to do with dog or gun. The book is nicely printed and bound, the droll design on the cover thereof being highly appropriate to the contents." — Norfolk Daily Standard. AN IMPORTANT NEW WORK ON THE CONGO. THIRD IMPRESSION. The Curse of Central Africa; Or, THE BELaiAN ADMINISTRATION OF THE CONGO ''FREE" STATE. By CAPTAIN QUY BURROWS, Late District Commissioner for the Ariuvimi District of the Congo ; Chevalier de TOrclre du Lion ; and author of " The Land of the Pigmies,"' etc. Royal 8vo, 21s. net. Illustrated with about 200 full-page and smaller Illustrations from Photographs taken by the Author and others. " ' The Curse of Central Africa' is a vehement, uncompromising indictment of the whole system of administration by which the Congo Free State is governed. It confirms, with a definite array of facts, names, and dates, the rumours which have continually come to England during the last few years, but which have not unnaturally been regarded as extravagant and incredible." — Daily Ncivs. \_See next page. The success of the First Edition of this book has led the Author to prepare a new Edition^ Illustrated, with Tables of Statutes^ Cases stated^ revised^ and brought up to date. Shots from a Lawyer's Gun. By NICHOLAS EVERITT, author of " Broadland Sport," etc. {See pp. lo-ii. "Mr. Everitt has made many a good shot in this book, which mixes the useful with the agreeable. Mr. Everitt is a safe guide. He knows his subject uncommonly well." — The Athenceiiin. Dedicated to The Right Hon. Richard Seddon, Premier of New Zealand. Full Cry. By FRED CO'l TON. With a frontispiece in colours and other full-page Illustrations by Harington Biid. 4to. Half-leather, gilt top (limited to 350 copies), ;^i is. net. " A splendid hunting novel." — Daily Neivs. "'Full Cry' gives an insight into the sporting proclivities of our Colonial brethren, and is very handsomely got up." — Pall Mall Gazette. "A manly and cheery spirit pervades the book, and young people and old do their best to enamour the reader with New Zealand and the New Zealand'^rs. The volume contains a number of admirable illustrations by Harington Bird." — Scoismau. 13 Press Opinions on The Curse of Central Africa, " It would be affectation to deny that the appearance of the present volume has not been awaited with considerable interest and curiosity by the increasing numbers of people in this country who have become painfully sensitive on the subject of our national responsibility for the existence, and consequently for the actions of the Congo Free State. For some years past, charges more or less definite have been made against the officials of the local administration in Africa, involving not merely an utter disregard of the rights of property of the natives, but the most callous and inhuman contempt for life. The higher officials, both on the Congo and in Brussels, have been charged with complicity in the crimes of their subordinates, partly by reason of their neglect to detect and punish the atrocities committed by their agents, and partly because these crimes are, it is alleged, the direct and necessary result of the, policy adopted and sanctioned by the State for the exploitation of the natural products of the country. To these charges the official answer has been a general denial of their accuracy, with a plea that it is impossible altogether to avoid misconduct on the part of agents serving under peculiarly trying conditions, remote from the central authority, and therefore difficult to control ; but that wherever specific acts of misconduct have been brought home to any particular officer, steps have at once been taken to bring him to trial, and that when he has been found guilty he has been punished with the utmost severity. It has further been the custom of the Free State and its apologists to weaken the effect of the charges brought against it by suggesting that when made by former officials they are advanced for interested motives. The volume published to-day is the joint work of a former officer in the British Army who was, for two periods of three years each, in the service of the Free State, and of an American citizen who was also at one time in the service of the State, and subse-. quently revisited the Congo as an agent of one of the com- mercial companies in which the State authorities hold half the share capital. We gather, however, from a long introduction signed by Mr. J. G. Leigh, that the writer of the introduction has had a considerable share in the production of the volume, which, unfortunately, bears signs of its composite authorship. On a cursory examination, at least, we have not found it always easy to distinguish whether it is Captain Burrows or Mr. Canisius who is the narrator, due, probably, to defective 14 Press Opinions on the "Curse of Central Africa "—r^;//^. arrangement of the material. It is also much to be regretted that the photographs should have been so very badly repro- duced that they are in several instances quite useless for the purpose which they are avowedly intended to serve. But these matters, though by no means unimportant in what is intended as a formal indictment of the methods employed by the Congo State Administration, are defects of form rather than of sub- stance, and it is in the material parts of the indictment that the real interest of the volume will be found. It has been suggested that the statements made in the book may probably form the subject of investigation before a court of law. We do not know how far this suggestion is likely to be realised, but in any case, we do not propose to anticipate the result of such an inquiry, should it be held, by discussing in detail the evidence which is adduced by the authors in this volume. Without committing ourselves to the opinion that an English court of law, with its very rigid rules of evidence, is tl:;e best tribunal for conducting an inquiry which must necessarily, if it is to be at all exhaustive, cover a very wide field, we may point out that we have always strongly urged the imperative necessity that an inquiry should be held into the appalling charges made against the Congo Administration. That view has been further strengthened by an examination of the volume now under review. Som.e of the charges here made, with a particularity of names and dates which enables their accuracy to be put to the test, are of so atrocious and appalling a character that the mind instinctively revolts at the idea that a civilised country can have produced monsters capable of the deeds alleged to have been committed. It is simply impossible that these charges can remain without investigation. The Sovereign of the Congo Free State cannot ignore them ; nor can the Governments responsible for the creation of the Congo Free State decline to recognise their responsibility in this matter. Moreover, it is not sufficient to attempt to discredit the authors because they both appear to have been willing to re-enter the service of the State for a further term. In the introduction Mr. Leigh quotes some correspondence which passed between Captain Burrows and the Congo Administration, and between Mr. Canisius and the Administration. We frankly confess that we do not like the idea that, with the knowledge they had of its methods. Captain Burrows and Mr. Canisius should have been willing to re-engage themselves in the service of the Free State ; but, as we have said, that circumstance in no way detracts from the necessity for a full, public, and impartial inquiry into the charges now publicly made against the Congo Administration, for if those charges are well-founded, thev Press Opinions on the "Curse of Central MvicsL^^—contd. constitute not merely an outrage on the conscience of the civilised world, but a menace to the future work of every European Power which has taken on itself the responsibility for the good government of any portion of Equatorial Africa." -^Morning Post. " Messrs. R. A. Everett & Co. publish ' The Curse of Central Africa,' by Capt. Guy Burrows, with which is incorporated * A Campaign amongst Cannibals,' by Edgar Canisius, the volume being marked ' Second Impression,' for reasons which are not completely explained in the introduction from the pen of Mr. John George Leigh. It it stated in the introduction that legal proceedings have been threatened on behalf of the Congo State by Sir Hugh Gilzean Reid, whose name is twice misspelt. We may say at once that the introduction and also the portion of the book which is from the pen of Mr. Canisius, an American, contain detailed statements with regard to a well-known Belgian officer, Major Lothaire, which might be made the basis of legal proceedings in our courts. Many of the Belgian officers who are named in the volume are beyond all doubt men whose shameful and shocking proceedings could not possibly be defended before an English jury. But the case of Major Lothaire is different. He is not without friends and admirers, even in this country, and although he became unpopular here after he shot Stokes, yet Stokes was not above reproach, and there is a Belgian side to that transaction. If it is to be estab- lished that the statements in the volume before us are in any degree exaggerations, it is by Major Lothaire, we think, that such proof can possibly be offered. The true case against the Congo State is made by Mr. Fox-Bourne in an admirable book which we recently reviewed, and it is doubtful how far it is strengthened by the more detailed and much more sensational statements put forward in the present volume upon evidence which may or may not be sufficient. The book is an odd one in its construction. Capt. Guy Burrows begins, as it were, in the middle of his story, for he merely states in his first para- graph that ' at the expiration of a year's leave ... I left Antwerp on the 6th of June, 1898, to resume my duties as Commissioner.' His contribution to the volume is followed by that of Mr. Canisius, but it is not clear at what point this second section ends, nor who is the author of the last part — which is political, and follows Mr. Fox- Bourne, Mr. E. D. Morel, and the Belgian writers who have published accounts of the Congolese administration. The book may be lightened for Uie general public, and especially for those of them who are fond of horrors, by the photographs, some of which have 16 Press Opinions on the ** Curse of Central Africa "—^wz/^. already appeared elsewhere, though all are not of a nature to create confidence. The first photographs, after the portraits of Capt. Burrows and the Sovereign of the Congo State, are two which face each other, but one is merely an enlargement^ of the other, apparently inserted for some purpose of verification which is not clear. This photograph bears signs of having been touched, and therefore strikes a note which is unfortunate. It is also an unhappy fact that the authors will set against them a good deal of opinion which ought to have been on their side, on account of the statement, in the Burrows part of the book, that many of the missionaries are men who have resorted to the Congo State ' with a desire to escape unpleasant consequences resulting from some form of indiscretion or other.' Many of the missionaries in the Congo State are men of the highest repute in their religious bodies. To some of them we owe the most complete and the most trustworthy exposure of the horrors of Congolese administration which has been made. It is the case that much has been said against the missionaries for having given countenance to the proceedings of the King of the Belgians. Those who, like Mr. Thomas Bayley, M.P., in a recent speech to a Baptist gathering at Nottingham, have felt it their plain duty to censure the conduct of missionaries of their own denomination, will find their hands weakened by the unjust and unfair charge here made by Capt. Burrows. What can be truly said is bad enough. In reply to Mr. Bayley, a gentleman was sent down, apparently from the headquarters of the Baptist missions in London, to state that the Baptists could not but be grateful to the King of the Belgians, who had reduced by fifty per cent, the taxation upon their missionary property, and that the recent deputation to Brussels to express confidence in the humanity of the King was justified by this reduction. A more terrible admission we have never known. The contribu- tion of Mr. Canisius to the volume is thoroughly deserving of attention, and, as he is evidently a serious observer, we note the inaccuracy of his statement that ' the African, as a general rule, is not suitable material for the making of a good soldier.' This is supported by a reference to ' the scandalous conduct of some of the negro regiments of the United States.' The last allusion is to circumstances unknown to us. We had always heard and believed that the Government of the United States had had reason to congratulate itself upon its black troops, both in the Civil War and in the recent war with Spain. Un- doubtedly, however, African regiments, recruited with care, have produced admirable results, and the French Senegalese levies are among the best troops in the world, as are the Egyptian Soudanese. The index is feeble, and we note the 17 Press Opinions on the "Curse of Central Africa "—f D o tfi S. & H. HARRIS'S VlfATERPROOF ^^ §» AND For Cleaning Metals and Glass. SADDB.E PASTE. BRITISH PO LISHING PASTE HARNESS B.IQUID. SADDLE SOAP, ^°^ ^^TcJSI Hfr^e\% B6ots>c. JET BLACK OIL FOR HARNESS, PLATE POWDER, Black, White, or Pink. BREECHES POWDER AND PASTE. BLACK DYE FOR STAINING HARNESS AND ALL KINDS OF LEATHER. EBONITE WATERPROOF HARNESS LIQUID. A T R O L I N E, A BLACK OIL AND DYE FOR HARNESS. SEALI N E, A SUPERIOR BROWN HARNESS OIL. HOOF O ■ L.- Sold by a.11 Sa-ddlei-s. SEE THAT YOU GET HARRIS'S. ;^