JOHNA.SEAVERNS 
 
TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
 
 nil Hill mil I 
 014 
 
 nil mil mil 
 550 764 
 
 WbMbt FarT% Library of Veterinary Medteto 
 
 Cummings School of Veterinary 
 
 Tufts University 
 
 200 Westboro Road 
 
 North Qfaflon. MA 01530 
 
HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE 
 
 A CONCISE TREATISE 
 
 AS TO ITS 
 
 QUALITIES AND SOUNDNESS 
 
 Including Bits and Bitting — Saddles and Saddling — Stable 
 
 Drainage — Driving One Horse, a Pair, Four-in-hand, 
 
 or Tandem ; and extracts from RAREY'S and 
 
 ROCKWELL'S Method of Training 
 
 Young and Obstinate Horses 
 
 BY 
 
 Captain F. W. BACH 
 
 WITH 30 ILIiUSTBATIONS 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 WILLIAM R. JENKINS 
 
 VETERINARY PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER 
 
 851 AND 853 Sixth Avenue 
 
^ 
 ^ 
 
 Copyright, 1893, By William R. Jenkins. 
 All IligMs Reserved, 
 
 Pbinted by the 
 
 Peess of William R. Jenkins 
 
 New Yobk 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Preface 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 The Skeleton 8 
 
 The column of the Vertebrae — The Spinal column 
 — The Neck — The function of the Hind legs — The 
 function of the Fore legs— Comparative value of the 
 different Bones and Joints. 
 
 The angular combinations of the Bones 10 
 
 The position of the Hind legs 13 
 
 The position of the Fore legs 19 
 
 The proportions of the Fore and Hind legs 24 
 
 The examination of the Horse from front anc" from behind 27 
 
 Suggestions to the purchaser of a Horse 54 
 
 Description of the most common Blemishes on the Legs . . 69 
 *' " " '* '• on the Fore Legs 69 
 
 " «' " *•' " on the Hind Legs 74 
 
 The Age of the Horse 78 
 
 Rarey's and Rockwell's Methods of Training Young 
 
 or Obstinate Horses 81 
 
 Introduction — False views of the habit of horses 
 to smell at unaccustomed objects —Funda- 
 mental Rules of Rarey's system — Application 
 of Rarey's principles for wild and shy Horses — 
 Rarey's method of training obstinate Horses — The 
 handling of untrained Horses — Putting the halter on 
 the Colt — To train the Colt to go at the side of a 
 trained horse— To tie the young horse without its 
 pulling at the halter — Bridle pulling — Putting on 
 the Bit— To get the Colt used to the bit— The Bitting 
 bridle — Bitting the Colt — Saddling the Horse — 
 Mounting the Horse — Riding the Horse, after Rarey 
 —Riding the Horse, after Rockwell— Breaking 
 
ii CONTENTS. 
 
 Rarey's and Rockwell's Methods, etc., Continued, 
 
 THE Horse to Harness — Harnessing the Horse — 
 Hitching up the Colt — Teaching the Colt to back — 
 Refusing to pull — To drive wild Horses, or such of 
 vicious habits — To teach the Horse to lie down — 
 Throwing the Horse — To teach the Horse to follow 
 his master —To cause the Horse to follow you — To 
 teach the Horse to stand still without tying— Bad to 
 bridle — Hard to back— Hard pullers — Shoeing the 
 Colt — Striking and kicking while shoeing. 
 
 Bits and Bitting 131 
 
 Three dimensions of the Horse's mouth. (1) The 
 transversal width of the mouth. (2) The width 
 of the tongue-channel. (3) The height of the bars. 
 The width of the Port— Length of upper and 
 lower branch of the bit — The bit stands stiff, or falls 
 through— Structure and size of the Horse's bars and 
 tongue— Movable mouthpieces— Tongue over the 
 bit— Grabbing at and holding the bit— Combination 
 bit. 
 
 Saddles and Saddling 158 
 
 The AVooden-tree Saddle— The Elastic Leather-tree 
 Saddle — Ladies' Saddles — Saddle Cloths— Girths — 
 Stirrups— How to saddle Horses properly — Construc- 
 tion of the Horse's shoulder, and its influence on 
 saddling — Where to place the Girths— Stirrups. 
 
 Stable Drainage 159 
 
 Driving 161 
 
 Driving one Horse or a pair — Guiding hand — 
 Assisting hand — Hints — Punishment (where to hit) 
 — Position of the coachman on the box — Starting — 
 Stopping — Backing — Turning. 
 
 Driving four in hand — How to arrange the reins 
 — To start correctly— Stopping— Backing— Turning 
 — Going down-liill — Going up-hill — Another way to 
 arrange the reins. 
 
 Tandem driving. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Frontispiece 
 
 FIG. PAGE. 
 
 \-a 29 
 
 1,2 35 
 
 3,4 38 
 
 5 39 
 
 6,7 41 
 
 8 43 
 
 9, 10 44 
 
 10-a 52 
 
 11 Blemishes of the fore legs. 70 
 
 12 Blemishes of the hind legs 75 
 
 13 Teeth of the Horse 78 
 
 14 Skeleton of the Horse 80 
 
 15 Pulling at the halter 94 
 
 16 Bitting bridle 97 
 
 17 Rockwell bit 99 
 
 18 Rockwell bridle 100 
 
 19 Strap with buckle and wooden gag bit 116 
 
 20, 20a, 21, 21a To teach a Horse' to lie down, (Rarey). . . 117 
 
 22 Throwing a Horse, (Rockwell) 120 
 
 23 (The right and the wrong way). Bitting the horse 135 
 
 24 Combination bit o 138 
 
 25a New adjustable saddle girth 148 
 
 25 About stable floors 157 
 
 26 Holding the lines in driving one horse or a pair 161 
 
 27 Position of the coachman on the box . . 164 
 
 28 Turning 107 
 
 29 Holding the Lines driving Four in hand . 173 
 
 30 Holding the Lines driving Four in Hand (another way) 178 
 
PEEF ACE. 
 
 Every purchaser of a horse knows by expe- 
 rience liow difficult it is to arrive at correct con- 
 clusions as to its soundness and qualities^ and if 
 he is dependent upon the opinions of others, 
 however good the horse may prove to be, his 
 pleasure is marred somewhat by the thought 
 that it was not he himself who selected the 
 horse. 
 
 Everybody loves a horse ; everybody ought 
 to study its conformation. To facilitate matters, 
 generally, it is the intention of the author of 
 this little treatise, to assist the intending pur- 
 chaser of a horse by laying down some rules 
 concerning the judging of horses. 
 
 Unlike many valuable books on the exterior 
 of the horse, this little treatise has the advantage 
 of great conciseness in pointing out, in few pages, 
 the most important guiding points for the judg- 
 ing of a horse, omitting a detailed description 
 of the different ailments and their treatment. 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 Some points on Rareifg and EochwelVs 
 methods of training young or obstinate horses 
 are added, as it may become necessary for the 
 owner of horses, especially if living in the 
 country, with nobody near capable of hand- 
 ling young or obstinate horses, to break-in his 
 young stock himself or correct those having 
 formed bad or dangerous habits. 
 
 A few remarks, concerning how to handle the 
 reins jDroperly for correct and stylish driving 
 one horse, a pair, a four-in-hand, and a tandem 
 may be of interest to some of the readers. Also 
 bits and bitting, saddles and saddling, and 
 stable drainage, will be considered. 
 
 The Authok. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Horse-breeding in the United States, having, 
 thanks to the efforts of public-spirited men, reached 
 such dimensions, and been raised to a high stand- 
 ard of excellence, our breeders can, most favorably, 
 compete with those of any other nation. Still, the 
 vast expanse of our country renders it in many cases 
 impossible for the buyer to purchase directly from 
 the breeder. He is, therefore, compelled to address 
 himself to the dealer, who, like every merchant, will 
 select his goods to secure quick sales, especially 
 because they are really an eating capital, and 
 perhaps, more than any other, exposed to damage. 
 The appearance of the damaged and the used-up, — 
 some visible defect, — is far more in the way of a 
 quick sale than inferior quality, and, therefore, is 
 studiously avoided by the dealer. He will take good 
 care to produce his goods to the best advantage to 
 himself. 
 
 The fine appearance of the horse, that is, the good 
 condition and the smooth hair, is brought about by 
 rich and soft feed, a warm stable, careful covering, 
 and goud grooming. The whip takes care of the 
 
6 INTRODUCTIOlt. 
 
 liveliness of tlie liorse and tlie appearance of courage 
 and strength. It makes the horse forget all stable 
 vices, as gripping, weaving, kicking and biting; 
 and in mustering, causes it to exert every nerve, and 
 oftentimes to step as it may never step again. 
 
 The dealer will take care that no blemishes are on 
 the bones by dealing only in young horses, having 
 done as yet no hard work, and where hereditary 
 inclinations have not been brought to light by 
 exertion, nor such defects developed which are a 
 necessary consequence of faulty conformation. It is, 
 therefore, very rare to find a good matured horse in a 
 dealer's stable. Whoever has one will take good 
 care to keep it, or else he will get a higher price for 
 it amongst his friends than from a dealer, who is 
 compelled to produce such horses on which even 
 the would-be connoisseur can find no fault. Only 
 large dealers, whose customers are real connoisseurs, 
 buy elderly horses for good prices and need not care 
 for harmless blemishes. The pretending connoisseur 
 knows nothing but to find blemishes, sees everywhere 
 spavins and galls, instead of judging the qualities of 
 a horse according to its whole framework. 
 
 How often can we see such people turning 
 in disgust from an eight-year Hercules and pay a 
 high price for a four-year old, clean-legged weak- 
 ling, which, after the first exacting use, may be 
 
INTEODUCTION. 7 
 
 covered with quite more serious defects than with 
 that little gall, which held them back from the pur- 
 chase of the other horse. 
 
 The desire, though unjustified, to buy only young 
 horses, may have its origin partly in that the age of 
 a horse by its teeth can only be judged with accuracy 
 up to its eighth year, and, therefore, the purchaser 
 is afraid to buy a Methusalah, and partly in the 
 mistaken belief that every step the horse has taken 
 in his life be a consummation to be subtracted from 
 its value. But, in reality, the properly conducted 
 work, instead of causing deterioration, is a necessity 
 for the development and strengthening of the horse's 
 powers. The whole appearance of the animal tells 
 better than its teeth whether it is in its decline, and 
 as in the human race there are young weaklings in 
 horses. 
 
 The judging of the abilities of the horse accord- 
 ing to its proportions and the position of its legs 
 shall form the nucleus of this treatise. 
 
CHAPTEE I. 
 
 THE SKELETON. 
 
 The horse is useful to man by its motion. The 
 faster, safer and lasting the same, and the less the 
 soundness of the legs is suffering from it, the more 
 perfect it will be. The motion of the horse varies 
 with the difference in the gait. In lualking it moves 
 forward with one hind leg assisted by the diagonal 
 fore leg, whilst the other hind and fore leg support 
 the body. This movement is executed in a slow 
 manner, in four beats, without free propulsion. 
 "When trotting, the motion is in two beats, spring- 
 like. Two diagonal legs support the body while 
 the other two move forward. A moment before they 
 foot, the first two leave the ground and move 
 forward and so on. In gallop, both hind legs throw 
 the body forward, almost simultaneously, and 
 move it in a rocking motion over the still 
 supporting fore legs. These latter are lifted the 
 next moment, so that the whole body floats in 
 the air for an instant. The hind legs reach the 
 
THE SKELETON. 9 
 
 ground first again, and support the body ; quickly, 
 follow the fore legs, and then the hind legs begin 
 anew their forward throwing activity. The gallop 
 is discernible to the ear by two or three beats. 
 
 If we consider the different parts participating in 
 the movements of the horse, we find that there are 
 the neck, the back, the hind legs, and the fore legs. 
 
 The column of the vertebrce extends from the head 
 to the tail. The part from the withers to the highest 
 point of the croup is destined to carry the whole 
 rump, and its power is augmented partly by elonga- 
 tions of the vertebrae in an upward direction, partly 
 by the ribs fastened to the vertebrae on both sides 
 and forming an arch-like vault under the spinal 
 column. 
 
 The spinal column consists of a uniform number of 
 vertebrae (See Skeleton Fig. 14) ; the closer they 
 stand together the shorter the column will be, 
 and accordingly more able to carry weight. 
 The otherwise horizontal line of the spinal 
 column sinks downward at its forward termi- 
 nation to connect with the vertebrae of the neck, 
 forming the so-called curve of the tuithers, and the 
 more pronounced this curve the greater the carrying 
 power. This carrying power is also dependent upon 
 the relative positions of the two end points, or in 
 other words upon the distance between the withers, 
 
10 HOW TO JUDGE A HOESE. 
 
 where the shoulders are fastened, and the highest 
 point of the croup, for the same reason that the 
 carrying power of a horizontal pole is greater the 
 shorter it is. The back must appear higher in its 
 fore part (at the withers) than in its hind part if the 
 weight of the rump shall be equally divided between 
 fore and hind legs, because the extensions of the 
 vertebrae are considerably larger over the withers, 
 not only so much as is necessary to that projection, 
 but also to balance the ^foresaid depression of the 
 spinal curve. The higher and longer the withers 
 the better. From the point where the latter con- 
 nects with the back, the upper line should proceed 
 horizontally. Under such conditions the passive 
 carrying power of the back is not only a great one, 
 but also the bulk of the muscles located on both 
 sides of the high projections of the spinal column 
 increase the power of gathering on the hind legs, or, 
 in other words, the active carrying power. 
 
 A deviation from this formation we find in the 
 overbuilt horse, where the line of the back mounts 
 upward from the end point of the low withers. In 
 this case the forward end of the spinal column rests 
 on supports lower than those of the rear end, the 
 weight being consequently thrown more on the fore 
 legs. This fault will be neutralised only when an 
 oblique shoulder and a high set-up neck facilitate 
 
THE SKELETON. 11 
 
 an increased freedom of action. As these latter 
 qualities are more frequently found with mares than 
 with horses, the disadvantage of the former beiug 
 generally overbuilt is of less consequence. 
 
 If, on the other side, the fore legs stand higher 
 than the hind legs, the horizontal line of the back 
 will be lost to the disadvantage of the hind legs. 
 
 The spinal column will curve upward in all cases 
 where both fore and hind legs are placed under the 
 body, whilst the farther the horse extends its fore 
 and hind legs, the deeper the back will sink down- 
 ward, therefore, a horse at full speed will at one 
 moment curve up its back and at the next moment 
 unbend it again. For this reason must every faulty 
 construction of the spinal column, deviating from the 
 horizontal — the supports being equally high — dimin- 
 ish the ability of the horse to curve up or bend 
 down its back. A back between equally high sup- 
 ports, but curved up by nature, is called a liuncli or 
 roach hack. It will not admit the bending down 
 under the horizontal line, therefore disabling horses 
 of this kind to cover much ground in sharp gaits. 
 But we must not mistake the hunch back for the 
 bent-up back. Horses of a powerful short back and 
 high swelling loins are oftentimes found to bend up 
 their back under the rider and to unbend it only 
 after prolonged work, -^" 
 
12 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 The contrary fault is the deep, and, in a higher de- 
 gree, the swayhack. Horses of this structure lack 
 the power of curving up the back. If a long back 
 is added to this deficiency, then it is an unmistak- 
 able sign of weakness, and the horse is not fit to 
 carry heavy weight. In such a back the deepest 
 point is generally in the centre. Horses of a short 
 but deep back have the lowest point frequently right 
 behind the shoulders, and sometimes above the loins. 
 As weak as such a back may appear, it is more an 
 eyesore, as such horses oftentimes show good quali- 
 ties, provided their hindquarters are powerful 
 enough to take up the increased weight thrown upon 
 them. Horses with very weak backs oftentimes 
 curve up the same spasmodically under heavy 
 weight, thereby deceiving the inexperienced. Light 
 riding, in free gaits and on soft ground, will show 
 very soon whether power or weakness is the reason 
 for the curving up. 
 
 The foremost part of the column of the vertebrae, 
 which is not destined to carry weight, namely, the 
 " Neck,'' is, through the kind of its connection with 
 the spinal column, of high importance for the free 
 action of the forehand. A high set-up neck is of 
 great value, not only through the relief it gives to 
 the forehand, but also through the favorable direc- 
 tion for the contraction of the muscles, lifting tho 
 
THE SKELETON. 13 
 
 shoiilder-joiut, and which take their issue from the 
 neck. But the neck must be set-up high through 
 the length of its vejiebrce, besides a well-formed curve 
 of the withers. 
 
 A high set-up neck, by a flat arch of the vertebrae 
 of the withers, gives the horse a good enough appear- 
 ance, but goes on cost of the bearing power of the 
 back. 
 
 FUNCTIONS OF THE HIND LEGS. 
 
 Considering the functions of the hind legs (see 
 Fig. 14), we find that their activity in the footing, 
 supporting and propelling of the burden, is best 
 compared with that of elastic springs. In motion 
 this burden inclines forward, the lower part of 
 the spriug, the hoof, is brought forward under the 
 body to support its centre of gravity. 
 
 In this first moment the leg performs a swing 
 forward around the hip-joint. 
 
 In the second moment the hoof foots on the 
 ground and the leg takes up the burden. 
 
 In the third moment the body moves forward over 
 the hoof resting on the ground ; the upper part of the 
 leg moves over and around the lower part of the leg. 
 The spring acts, pushing ; the more it gets relieved 
 of the burden the more powerful it pushes the same 
 forward, and the farther it is moved forward the 
 
14 HOW TO JUDGE A HOBSE. 
 
 more will the spring act horizontally and spaciously 
 on the same. 
 
 In the fourth moment the under end of the spring 
 (the hoof) leaves the ground, swinging itself off 
 elastically ; the farther back, the more powerful 
 pushing to forward; the farther under the burden, the 
 higher throwing the same upward. Then the whole 
 process begins anew. 
 
 Therefore, we distinguish the moments of the ex- 
 tending^ the footiRgy the supporting, and the propelling. 
 
 It is apparent that the ability of the hind legs to 
 cover much ground can only then be a considerable 
 one, if the combination of the bones, set angularly 
 to each other, is such as to admit not only of their 
 stepping far forward, as also of their holding out far 
 behind the perpendicular. The aspect presented by 
 a well-formed hind leg in performing such a move- 
 ment is composed of the following details : 
 
 (1) The leg should be raised with lightly and 
 equally bent joints, and be placed quick and far 
 under the body. 
 
 (2) In taking np the burden (footing) only the fet- 
 lock should bend moderately. 
 
 (3) The fetlock should rise up again light and 
 elastic under the weight moving forward and over it, 
 and the leg should hold out long behind the perpen- 
 dicular. 
 
THE SKELETON. lo 
 
 (4) Tlie propulsion, or the free swinging-off, must 
 be light but powerful, extending and springy, neither 
 jerk-like nor contractile, but the hoof should hold 
 out long in the air and show the shoe, without 
 turning over the fetlock. 
 
 All these movements should pass over into each 
 other with ease, without making the impression of 
 great exertion. 
 
 Let us now consider which proportions in the 
 framework most favor the action of the hind legs. 
 
 The sjmial column rests firm and immovable upon 
 the haunch bones, whose foremost parts are visible 
 in the projecting hip bones, and are ending in the 
 ischium bones, which form the posterior parts of the 
 haunches. Between the hip and the ischium bones, 
 but considerably nearer the latter, the haunch 
 bones have on either side a socket, in which the 
 head of the thigh bones are inserted. 
 
 This latter bone it is which moves the whole hind 
 leg attached to it, forward and backward. The 
 wider the circle described by the thigh bone around 
 its centre, the further can the hoof be placed for- 
 ward under or backward behind the body. The 
 most room for the placement of a long thigh bone 
 will be under a haunch lying nearly horizontal, but 
 its lower end, the stifle-joint, should not transgress 
 the vertical line from the hip to the ground. 
 
16 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 The length of the haunch hones, determiniDg tliat of 
 the croup, can never be too large, because with this 
 length increases not only the length of the thigh 
 bone, but also the distance of the hip joint from the 
 hip, and also from the point of the ischium. With 
 the largeness of these dimensions grows also the 
 space for the development of the most important 
 muscles for the extending and propelling power of 
 the hind leg ; besides developing a more favorable 
 condition for the contractile power of the muscles 
 between their two fastening points. The angle 
 formed between haunch and thigh bone varies 
 between 80 and 100 degrees. In the stifle-joint 
 the thigh bone is connected with the leg bone, 
 under an angle of about 120 degrees. Hip 
 and stifle-joint together are generally called the 
 "haunches," and the pliability of these two joints 
 is called *' the contractibility of the haunches." 
 
 The haunches, as well as the thigh hone, are, on 
 their surfaces, covered with so many powerful mus- 
 cles that their structure and connection can only 
 be judged by the formation and the length of the 
 croup and the position of the stifle-joint. The loca- 
 tion of the latter is of great importance, as it enables 
 us to draw a conclusion as to the length and oblique- 
 ness of the thigh bone. A well-formed stifle-joint 
 reaches with its forward point near to the perpen- 
 
THE SKELETON. 17 
 
 dicular line from tlie posterior point of the hip to 
 the ground, and looked at from behind, its position 
 must appear so far outward that the horse looks 
 broader there than in the hips (Fig. 10a). While 
 the haunch and thigh bones are enclosed by volumi- 
 nous muscles, and consequently their outlines can 
 be only indistinctly traced, the position of the lower 
 parts of the leg are easily discernible. 
 
 The leg hone is connected at its upper end with the 
 thigh bone through the stifle-joint, at its lower end 
 with the shank bone through the hock-joint. The 
 leg bone is, likewise, especially in its upper parts, 
 clothed with powerful muscles, which, in connection 
 with those of the thigh bone, are called "the hose." 
 Every bone of great length, and surrounded by mus- 
 cles, has the advantage of the muscles affixing them- 
 selves in larger quantities on the same, therefore 
 adding, through its greater length, to the energy of 
 the motions. The same is the case with the leg 
 bone. The favorable formation of a good thigh 
 bone will, therefore, be completed by a long leg 
 bone. Such a leg bone finds only room under a 
 stifle-joint placed far forward and outward, from 
 which it runs in an oblique direction from forward 
 and outward to backward and inward, to connect in 
 its lower end through the hock joint with the shank 
 bone. The limit to which the leg bone may extend 
 
18 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 downward and backward must be the result of the 
 conditions under wliicli the position and angular 
 conformation of the hock joint answers best the laws 
 of burdens. 
 
 The position of the hock joint should be such that its 
 posterior end, the hock lever-bone, shall just be met 
 by a lot from the ischium bone, and that this lot 
 should run down along the shank bone. Viewed 
 from behind, the hock joints should come closer 
 together than the stifle-joint. The joint, besides 
 showing sharp outlines, must make the impression 
 of massiveness; and not only the cross-section 
 should be considerable, but also the extension from 
 front to rear, as seen from the side. This latter 
 dimension depends principally upon the length of 
 the lever-bone, as representing the common lever 
 for the action of the muscles of the hose, and, there- 
 fore, for all the propulsive powers of the hind legs. 
 
 The shank hone should show a perpendicular posi- 
 tion and appear quite broad when looked at from 
 the side ; the cords on its backside must appear 
 sharply separated from the bone and from each 
 other. The shank bone, serving only as a support, 
 and not as a fastening place for the muscles, is only 
 then favorably formed, if it is as short as possible. 
 
 In i\iQ fetlock or upper pastern-joint the shank bone 
 should be connected with the fetlock under an angle 
 
THE SKELETON. 19 
 
 of 140 degrees. The small pastern and the coffin 
 bone follow in the direction of the fetlock bone, and 
 are connected by equally named joints. The lower 
 part of the small pastern bone, the coffin joint 
 and coffin bone, are encased in the hoof. 
 
 On the length of the fetlock hone depend consider- 
 ably the speed, elasticity and extent of the steps. 
 A long spring develops a more telling force than a 
 short one, whereas the latter can stand a greater 
 pressure. Likewise the long fetlock has the greater 
 elasticity, while the short one will carry a heavier 
 weight. The fetlock must be formed according to 
 the demands of either elasticity or carrying power, 
 but the elasticity must always be in proper relation 
 with the length of the former. The long elastic 
 fetlock of the race horse and the short, hard fetlock 
 of the draught horse are both good in their place. 
 The long, soft and relaxing fetlock is bad with any 
 animal ; it will succumb under the burden without 
 producing any elasticity. The short, straight 
 fetlock, bare of any springiness, ruins joints and 
 ligaments. 
 
 FUNCTIONS OF THE FOKE LEGS. 
 
 Let US now consider the functions of the fore legs, 
 and we find a repetition of the four moments we 
 had to distinguish in the hind legs, viz., the extend- 
 
20 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 ing, the footing, the supporting and the propelling; 
 but there is a decided difference between fore and 
 hind leg in the second and fourth moments, viz., the 
 footing and the propelling. The fore leg exerts its 
 greatest power in the moment of footing, a minor 
 one in the moment of propelling (or swinging-off), the 
 contrary being the case with the hind leg. 
 
 At the second moment the fore leg has to take up 
 almost the entire force of the concussion produced 
 by the weight in connection with the motion, to pre- 
 vent the body from turning a summersault ; but at 
 the fourth moment the fore leg cannot do much in the 
 vray of tossing the burden forward, because its 
 elasticity is not transferred to a firm basis of bones 
 of the rump, but is reduced to a minimum by being 
 connected with the side part of the chest by mus- 
 cles only. 
 
 The conditions under which the fore legs fulfil 
 their task best are easiest observed in the trot. 
 
 The general points for a fine action in the trot, are: 
 
 (1) Light, free and high raising of the leg from 
 the shoulder with well-bent knee ; far, light and 
 powerful extending from the shoulder; gradual 
 stretching forward of the parts underneath the knee, 
 so that the leg looks straight only when the hoof 
 touches the ground. 
 
 (2) Footing on the full hoof. 
 
THE SKELETON. 21 
 
 (3) Long holding out of tlie leg behind the per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 All these moments of the action should pass over 
 into each other with ease, and should not show any 
 Interruption ; they should be elastic, without making 
 the impression of exertion or convulsive strain of the 
 muscles. 
 
 Let us now examine the construction of the fore 
 leg. 
 
 The sTioulder-hlades encase and support the chest 
 in its forward part on both sides, and are only 
 fastened to it by muscles and the outer skin. Their 
 motions are upward and downward around a pivot, 
 located about four fingers below their upper edge ; 
 consequently the upper part of the shoulder, above 
 that pivot, will move backward and downward, when 
 the part below the pivot moves forward and up- 
 warcL This motion of the upper part of the shoulder 
 is interfered with, should the saddle be shifting 
 forrrard. High and sharp withers, preventing 
 suoh shifting of the saddle, are an indispensable 
 quality in a saddle-horse. Besides this movability 
 ot the shoulder forward and backward, it has a very 
 elight capability for sideward motions, though 
 limited. 
 
 The flexibility of the shoulder is the cause of the 
 horse's ability to lift his fore legs considerably with- 
 
22 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 out the spinal colamu abandoning its horizontal 
 position, or without molesting to any degree the 
 hind hand with the weight of the forehand thereby 
 reducing its propelling powers. 
 
 At its lower end, the shoulder-blade is connected 
 with the arm hone, through the shoulder joint, under 
 an angle of 80 to 100 degrees. 
 
 Shoulder blade and arm bone in their relation 
 have much similarity wilih the thigh and leg bone 
 of the hind leg. What is said about the position of 
 these two latter bones and their combination holds 
 good also for shoulder blade and arm bone. The 
 shoulder must be long and oblique, which is only 
 possible if its upper and rear edge reaches far back 
 at the side of the withers. The arm bone also must 
 distinguish itself by considerable length and an 
 oblique position. Under these conditions both bones 
 are jointed under a right angle. The shoulder joint 
 has then a large opening capacity, and, the length 
 of the bones being considerable, the faculty of ex- 
 tension of the leg is a great one. Furthermore, 
 between these two long bones the masses of muscles 
 can accumulate in larger proportions and receive 
 the most favorable direction for action. The main 
 stress in judging the upper part of the fore leg is 
 always to be laid on tlie oblique direction and length of 
 the arm hone. If these qualities are there, the leg is 
 
THE SKELETON. 23 
 
 capable of exteuding itself far forYv^ard and holding 
 out far backward behind the perpendicular, though 
 the shoulder may be a little longer or shorter. 
 
 A short shoulder by excellent length of the arm 
 bone we find in all animals, which by a high location 
 of the shoulder joint, distinguish themselves by supe- 
 rior swiftness — as greyhounds, deer, etc. The ex- 
 amination of horses, which by great freedom of 
 shoulder show extraordinary speed, proves that they 
 frequently have a very oblique— not a long-shoul- 
 der, but a very' long arm bone; whereas the defect 
 of a short arm bone cannot be counterbalanced by a 
 long and oblique shoulder; the long and far-reach- 
 ing steps out of the latter, consequently disappears, 
 and only the high action is left. A shoulder only 
 long, but without obliqueness, may become detrimen- 
 tal, the shoulder joint being placed too low down. 
 Furthermore, it must be taken in consideration that 
 the shoulder-blade forms the basis for the neck, 
 which will be set up higher, the more oblique 
 the shoulders are; but, on the other hand, will appear 
 broader and more projecting, the straighter the latter 
 are. The farther the head and neck are projecting, the 
 f:\rther is the leg compelled to step forward to sup- 
 port the weight; but, with a straight shoulder, this 
 is impossible, although very necessary. With the 
 length of the steep shoulder, the basis of the neck 
 
24 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 becomes broader, and tlie weight of the latter grows 
 larger. The fastest, and so very shoulder free race- 
 horses, have the thinnest necks. 
 
 The elhoio joint connects the arm bone with the 
 fore arm. This latter consists of the fore arm bone 
 and the elbow bone ; the latter, with its elongation, 
 called the lever of the elhoio, extending considerably 
 beyond the rear part of the elbow joint. On this 
 lever are fastened the extensor tendons, emanating 
 from the shoulder-blade, and acting on the 
 elbow bone when the leg is supporting or push- 
 ing the weight forward, like on a one-armed lever, 
 the prop resting on the ground, and the weight to 
 be lifted and moved on the elbow joint. The extend- 
 ing activity of the muscles on this lever comes espe- 
 cially into play, as the leg pushes the weight forward. 
 This activity becomes, then, of the same importance 
 for the fore arm, as the united activity of the muscle« 
 of the hose and the extensors of the hock joint for 
 the hind legs, namely, as a pushing and elastic 
 power. For this reason has a long projection of the 
 elbow the same advantages of a long lever, as the 
 lever bone of the hock joint. A long projection of 
 the elbow has the further advantage of granting the 
 necessary space for the full development of the mus- 
 cles of the fore arm, which rest partly on the former, 
 and, in which case, the upper part of the fore arm, 
 
THE SKELETON. 2§ 
 
 seen from the side, makes the impression of impos- 
 ing width. 
 
 Great length of the forearm, as a bone enveloped 
 by muscles, adds considerably to the execution of 
 powerful movements of the lower parts of the leg. 
 At least a short fore arm in a long leg is at all times 
 an unfavorable formation, brought about b}^ a too 
 great and injurious length of the cannon bone. For 
 the dimensions of the cannon bone, the fetlock, etc., 
 the same rules are decisive as on the hind legs. 
 
 Comparative value of the different hones and joints. 
 (See Fig. 14) 
 
 If I said that the importance of the shoulder 
 blade and arm bone for the movements of the fore 
 leg be equal to that of the thigh bone and leg bone 
 of the hind leg, I find myself seemingly in contradic- 
 tion with the usual opinions, viz : that the shoulder 
 is as the haunch bone of the fore leg ; that the arm 
 bone corresponds with the thigh bone, and the fore 
 arm with the leg bone ; and that, therefore, the elbow 
 joint has a similar relation to the stifle joint, and 
 the elbow to the stifle. From an anatomical stand- 
 point, these views may be correct; but viewing the 
 different bones and joints from the standpoint of 
 the movements and performances executed by them, 
 we will come to a different opinion. For instance^ 
 the movements of the arm bone are not the same 
 
26 HOW TO JUDGE A HOJlSE. 
 
 as those of the thigh Lone; the elbow joint is not 
 in the same relation for the forward movement of 
 the fore leg as is the stifle joint for the hind leg, its 
 chief activity comiug into play during the act of 
 pushing forward. 
 
 If we look at the different bones and joints of the 
 haunches, we find that the thigh bone corresponds 
 with the shoulder-blade of the fore leg, the leg bone 
 with the arm bone, etc. 
 
 The shoulder-blade lies parallel with the thigh bone 
 (Fig 1% page 29, a and a), and their motions, in ex- 
 tending the legs forward and in pushing forward, are 
 precisely in the same direction, though the shoulder- 
 blade is less movable, different in form, and, at its 
 upper end, fastened only to muscles and not to a 
 socket like the thigh bone. But these are modifica- 
 tions brought about and justified through its cramped 
 but otherwise safe position at the vault of the chest. 
 The very movable shoulder can never be compared 
 with the totally unmovable haunch bones. These 
 latter enclose the internal and posterior cavity of the 
 rump in the shape of a firm bony ring, similar to 
 the ribs, enclosi'jg the organs of the chest, a task 
 which the shoulder-blade has nothing to do with. 
 This firm ring of bone could go in close connection 
 with the thigh bone ; the movable and less resisting 
 ribs could form a union with the uppermost bone of 
 
THE SKELETON. ^7 
 
 tlie leg (tlie shoulder-blade) only on a broader basis 
 and in an elastic manner; a flat bone of the sliape 
 of the shoulder-blade only being fit for that pur- 
 pose. 
 
 Beticeen arm hone and leg hone (Fig. l"", b and h'), 
 running likewise in the same direction, the similarity, 
 also in regard to shape, is a larger one. At the 
 upper end of the arm bone the cartilaginous roller 
 for the flexor tendon of the fore arm represents the 
 stifle of the hind leg. The lower end cf the arm 
 bone forms a joint, on the backside of which the 
 lever of the elbow presents exactly the same lever 
 as on the hock joint (c and c'). 
 
 The two bones connected by the knee joint, the 
 fore arm and shin hone, run both in the same perpen- 
 dicular direction as the slianh hone of the hind leg 
 and represent together (taken as supporting bones) 
 the shank bone of the hind leg (d and d'). lu every 
 position— forward or backward — which the fore leg 
 assumes in supporting, both these bones always 
 represent a straight line, one supporting column, in 
 which function the joint in the knee may be con- 
 sidered as not existing. The knee joint should not 
 be movable if under weight, and it also shows no 
 lever projections on which muscles could pro- 
 duce powerful actions. The joint must, therefore, 
 be considered simply as a ruption of the straight 
 
2s HOW TO JUDGE A HOESE. 
 
 column^ existing onij for tlie purpose of facilitating 
 a contraction of the leg while bringing the same for- 
 ward. If this contraction, between fore arm and shin 
 bone were not possible, if both w^oiild present one 
 uninterrupted piece of bone from the elbow down to 
 the fetlock joint, the foot in moving forward would 
 continually strike against obstacles on the ground. 
 For this reason the knee joint is indispensable. 
 It has no other essential task, but to facilitate a 
 reduction of the whole length of the leg. It 
 is perfectly justifiable to consider the shank bone 
 of the hind leg, during the period of supporting, 
 equal to the whole column from the elbow down 
 to the fetlock. 
 
 If we consider, in this manner, the forearm as an 
 upward extension of the shin bone, then the elbow 
 joint corresponds with the hock joint, the shoulder 
 joint with the stifle-joint. 
 
 The principal points, in comparing the different 
 bones and joints, should always be the similarity of 
 their movements. The shoulder joint and elbow 
 joint control all the extensible movements of the 
 fore leg, in the same manner, as the stifle joint and 
 hock joint govern those of the hind leg. Particulai'ly 
 pronounced is the similarity of the actions, if we 
 observe the effect of the muscles on the levers 
 during the supporting and propelling activity of 
 
THE SKELETON. 
 
 29 
 
 both legs. The same effect which the muscles of the 
 hose, in connection with the Achill-chord, perform on 
 the iever of the hock, the extensor tendons will 
 perform on the lever of the elbow. The muscles of 
 the hose draw the lever of the hock toward the thigh 
 bone, and, the thigh bone being simultaneously 
 moved backward by the muscles of the croup, all the 
 upper joints will be opened. 
 
 Fig. la. 
 
 This sudden extension of the leg represents the 
 propelling activity of the hind leg, the hock joint 
 forming the near and the ground the more remote ful- 
 crum. The same is the case with the fore leg. The 
 extensors acting on the elbow, at the same time the 
 shoulder joint being opened at the front side by the 
 long flexor of the fore arm, the same sudden elonga- 
 
so HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 tion of the whole column takes place, and, with it, a 
 tossing, elastic action, though, on account of the 
 shortness of the angularly connected bones, with 
 less force than that produced on the hind leg. 
 
 The elbow joint must, therefore, be considered as 
 the hock joint, that is, the spring joint of the fore leg. 
 With the stifle-joint it has nothing else in common 
 except being in position of nearly equal height on 
 the rump, the necessity for which there are other 
 reasons. The knee cannot be compared with the 
 hock, because a spring-like action can never be 
 produced by a joint, which, while the leg is in 
 the moment of supporting, permits no consider- 
 able angular variations between the connecting 
 bones. For the better understanding of these 
 facts, the drawing (Fig. 1^) is added. The cor- 
 responding joints : shoulder and stifle joints, elbow 
 and hock joints, and the two fetlock joints are 
 connected by dotted lines, while the various bones 
 of equal value are marked by letters : a and a', etc. 
 Especially observe the two lever projections of 
 the elbow and the hock (c and c) so as to become 
 convinced that it is from there that the propelling 
 and the tossing ]Dower of the muscles for fore and 
 hind leg is developed in exactly the same manner; 
 and that the comparison of the respective parts of 
 the legs is correct. 
 
THE SKELETON. 31 
 
 THE ANGULAR COMBINATION OF THE BONES. 
 
 Thus far, we Lave considered those qualities of the 
 skeleton of the horse, bearing relation to the exten- 
 sion and safety of its movements. Now let us discuss 
 those qualities necessary for the preservation of the 
 limbs. 
 
 The limbs are exposed to the most violent shocks. 
 Not only the weight of the horse's own body, but also 
 that of the rider, falls on them at every step, and 
 with an increased force in sharp gaits and in jump- 
 ing. The starting point of these shocks is the 
 ground. From there the rebound meets first the 
 hoof, and passes upward, diminishing in force, over 
 the whole column. The bones, joints, and sinews 
 nearest the ground suffer most, as is proved by the 
 overwhelming number of lamenesses occuring on the 
 lower leg. Furthermore, the rebound is the more 
 destructive, as our hard roads make shoeing an im- 
 perative necessity, thereby diminishing the expansive 
 power of the hoof. The force of these jerks and 
 shocks is broken by the angles under which the 
 different bones are jointed together. The majority 
 of the joints transmit the rebound only partly to the 
 higher bones. The ligaments and sinews transmit 
 a large portion of the shock to farther removed 
 points of the column. On the upper part of the 
 
32 HOW TO JUDGE A HOESE. 
 
 limbs, we find the longest bones ; the angles formed 
 by them the narrowest, and the connectiDg joints the 
 strongest. Where the connections are the straight- 
 est, as in the lower parts, which are most exposed 
 to the concussions, there we find, for the purpose of 
 diminishing the concussions, three joints in the 
 distance of a span of the hand, viz.: the upper and 
 lower pastern and the coffin joint. 
 
 With the advantages of a narrow angular forma- 
 tion, grow also the extending ability of the limbs, 
 and the space for the development of powerful 
 muscles, as we have seen above, thereby making the 
 mechanical proportions the most favorable. We 
 find very favorable angular formations principally in 
 the exquisite structure of the race-horse : the long 
 fetlock, the oblique thigh and armbone, etc., enabling 
 the horse to cover much ground, and to exhibit ex- 
 traordinary staying power, and at the same time 
 protecting it against hard concussions. The low 
 bred horse, on the contrary, is characterized by the 
 straight formation of its limbs, short and unelastic 
 action, and by showing the effects of great exertions, 
 oftentimes by inflammation of the joints. 
 
 On the other side, the oblique position of the long 
 bones has also its limit in the reduction of the carry- 
 ing power. The more favorable the angular forma- 
 tions, the greater the demand on the ability, espe- 
 
THE SKELETON. 33 
 
 ciallj on the firmness of sinews and ligaments, 
 therefore the acuteness of the angles should not 
 transgress certain limits. A disproportion is 
 oftentimes found in the half-breeds, where the 
 long bones, an inheritance of one parent, do not 
 receive the necessary support from the loose fibres 
 from the other parent, producing crippled limbs 
 within a short time. 
 
 Riders, without judgment, often taking the 
 increased carrying power and hard inelasticity of 
 the straight formations for signs of strength, attack 
 and ruin the joints quickly; sometimes they consider 
 the elasticity of the favorable formations as weakness 
 and are afraid to touch the animal. 
 
 If we find a deviation from the normal, one joint 
 too straight, another too oblique, the latter will have 
 to bear the concussion intended for both. In a 
 horse standing straight in his hocks, the fetlock 
 joints will receive, in an increased proportion, the 
 shock from the bur J en. Also, a horse, straight in 
 the haunches (hip- and stifle-joints), but very oblique 
 in the hock joints, will suffer in the latter. 
 
 The fore leg, the angles of which, between shoulder 
 blade and arm boDe, and between arm bone and fore 
 arm, are summarily narrower (as on the hind leg the 
 angles between thigh bone and leg bone, and between 
 leg bone and shank bone), receives, through the mus- 
 
34 HOTV TO JUDGE A HOESE. 
 
 cular connection between shoulder blade and chest, 
 the benefit of greater elasticity against the effects of 
 the rebound. But, nevertheless, the latter has a 
 stronger and more destructive effect on the fore leg, 
 being nearer the centre of gravity and eventually 
 burdened with the weight of the rider. Horseman- 
 ship is eagerly bent on attaining a greater develop- 
 ment of the muscles of the back, an increased 
 employment of the hind legs, for the purpose of 
 reducing the weight of the fore hand. 
 
 It is an important part of the examination to see 
 whether the limbs are correctly jointed ; and, by de- 
 viations from the normal formation, whether those 
 joints, being more severely taxed, are built sufficiently 
 strong to offer increased resistance. 
 
 Just as the above-mentioned irregularities may 
 act destructively upon the neighboring joint, so it is 
 with all irregularities of the structure. Perfectly 
 built animals do not exist. It is interesting to 
 observe how irregularities are multiplied by other 
 irregularities, or again counter-balanced. The com- 
 binations in this way are innumerable. Let us now 
 consider some of them. 
 
 THE POSITION or THE HIND LEGS. 
 
 The rump of the horse is supported by four pil- 
 lars, whose portability is fixed by mechanical laws 
 
THE SKELETON. 
 
 35 
 
 The most favorable support is established by placing 
 the basis under the weight in the direction of its 
 gravity. In other words, the basis of the hoof, 
 on the ground, falls perpendicularly under the hip 
 joint. No exception is made by this pillar, being 
 angularly composed, not straight. The location of 
 the hip joint, being pretty well hidden, at least only 
 definable by the aid of anatomical knowledge, this 
 point is not available for common use to form a cor- 
 rect idea of the perpendicular position of the leg 
 over the basis of the hoof. We select, therefore, the 
 posterior end of the haunches, the point of the 
 ischium bone, and drop a line to the ground. If this 
 perpendicular just touches the point of the hock, 
 and from there is running down the back of the 
 Bhank bone, then the hip joint will be nearly per- 
 FiG. 1. Fig. 2. 
 
 Normal Position. 
 Crood Angular Formation. 
 
 Normal Position. 
 Bad Angular Formation 
 
36 HOW TO JUDGE A HOESE. 
 
 penclicular over the toe of the hoof. This position 
 of the hind leg is called the normal. 
 
 From this normal position, there are deviations in 
 two directions. In many cases the hock joint falls 
 forward of this perpendicular, but, more frequently, 
 it falls behind the same. The first irregularity we 
 mny call the under-standing, the second, the hack- 
 sta7iding position. 
 
 It is apparent, that, with this change of basis, 
 there must be connected a variation in the 
 weighting of the joints, and that the column is not 
 supported in itself. The perpendicular weighting 
 creates, under these circumstances, a pressure on the 
 whole column in a direction, causing the same to 
 fall over — in the under-standing position to back- 
 ward, and in the hack-standing position to forward. 
 The balance can only be preserved, if the leg, through 
 its muscles, employs such forces of traction and 
 pressure as to counteract the intention of gravity to 
 overturn the column. 
 
 In the under-standing position of the hind leg, the 
 uppermost point of the column, viz.: the femural 
 head of the thigh bone, has a tendency of fallinc^ 
 backward (Fig. 3) ; therefore, an opposing power 
 must be employed to enable the leg in this position 
 to fulfil its task as a supporter. For this task, the 
 whole group of muscles of the hose is qualified as 
 
THE SKELETON. 37 
 
 being also in close connection with the flexors run- 
 ning downward on the rear side of the hock and 
 fetlock joints. An increased traction of the muscles, 
 and, consequently, an increased tension of the above- 
 mentioned flexors, has to neutralize the deviation in 
 the position. On the other hand, such permanent and 
 increased tension of the sinews will make itself felt 
 in its consequences, and in the course of time by a 
 straight position of the fetlock. It is apparent that 
 an increased and continual activity of the flexors 
 must take place, not only at rest, but also in motion, 
 because, during the latter, the leg is constantly placed 
 farther forward under the body, than in the case of 
 the leg being jointed normally. 
 
 For this latter reason, horses of this build perform 
 the very gathered paces and short stops with ease, 
 but the holding out of the leg behind the perpen- 
 dicular will suffer, viz.: the propelling and the spring- 
 ing power — the extensibility will not be equal to the 
 carrying capability. Such horses will never be 
 prominent, neither in a fast trot nor in running, and 
 will bring little pressure into the harness. The 
 direct cause, of this position of the leg, is the abnor- 
 mal angular formation of some joint in connection 
 with an abnormal length of the bones enclosing that 
 joint. All the different combinations cannot be ex- 
 haustively discussed on account of their magnitude, 
 
m 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 because eacli bone, taken for itself, or in connection 
 with another, may be the cause. But, it is of great 
 importance, for the judging, to distinguish two forms 
 of the under-standing position, accordiiig to the 
 bones of the upper or the lower leg being the cause. 
 In the first case, the disadvantages are not great ; in 
 the second, quite considerable. 
 
 If, through the extra length of the thigh bone, the 
 stifle-joint is placed far forward, but the leg bone 
 is short, and. the hock joint straight, then we get the 
 understanding position, as in Fig 3. But here the 
 adversity of the straight and unelastic hock joint is 
 nearly compensated by the favorable length and the 
 the considerable elasticity of the thigh bone. Such 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Under-standing Position 
 
 by Excellent Thigh Bone, but 
 
 Straight Hock Joint. 
 
 Under-standing Position 
 
 Caused by ttie Stifle-joint Being 
 
 Placed Far Forward, 
 
THE SKELETON. 
 
 39 
 
 horses are quite able, tliougL a little hard in their 
 motions. 
 
 Also the case, in Fig. 4, where the exquisite length 
 and obliqueness of the thigh bone of itself alone pro- 
 duce the under-standing position, while the other 
 joints are normal, is to be judged favorably. 
 
 But, if the thigh bone is short aud the stifle joint 
 stands straight, the ableness of the leg will under 
 all circumstances be inconsider- ^^^- 5. 
 
 able. The insignificant flexi- 
 bility of the upper joints throws 
 the weight, in an increased pro- 
 portion, upon the lower joints. 
 In the case, represented in Fig. 5, 
 the oblique direction of the 
 shank bone will increase the 
 under-standing position still 
 more, at the same time narrow- 
 ing the angle of the hock joint, 
 to the injury of the latter. Only 
 the short radius of motion, permitted by the straight 
 and short thigh bone, can save the hock joint from 
 too frequent injuries. 
 
 The hack-standing position of the hind leg is per- 
 ceptible in that the line from the ischium bone does 
 not meet the posterior line of the hock and the 
 shank bone, but is running down in front of the same, 
 
 Under-standing Posi- 
 tion Caused by a 
 Short Leg Bone and 
 Defective Direction 
 of the Shanli Bone. 
 
40 H0T7 TO JUDGE A HOLSE. 
 
 In this case, the leg is also not balanced in itself, but 
 has to employ active miibcnlar powers to establish 
 equilibrium. But different muscles and cords, 
 acting in a directly opposite direction from those in 
 the under-standing position, must be brought into 
 requisition ; therefore, the extensors will be strained 
 permanently and to a high degree. This must also 
 take place in motion, leading, finally, to a reduced 
 capability of the extensor tendons for the movements 
 of the leg forward. The legs cannot be placed 
 sufficiently under the weight, and will, therefore, not 
 be able to give the horse the necessary support in 
 short paces and stops. 
 
 The direct cause for the back-standing position 
 may be traced to a defective position, or unpro- 
 portioned length, of some bone. Which bone or 
 joint at fault is very essential, for the criticism of 
 the defect. It maybe set down, as a geneal rule, that 
 the defect is most serious if brought about by in- 
 sufficient length and steepness of the thigh bone, as 
 in Fig. 6. 
 
 If the thigh bone is long and oblique, while the 
 main defect exists in a too great length and oblique- 
 ness of the leg bone, as in Fig. 7, then the formation 
 is only unsightly, but the leg is well able for exertions 
 especially in sharp paces. The whole column 
 is yerj extensible, the leg can be stretched far back- 
 
THE SKELETON. 
 
 41 
 
 ward and tlie muscles of the haunclies furnisli a 
 great propelling power, as can be observed by so- 
 called bow-legged liorses ; but tlie weight affects the 
 two pastern joints, which frequently collapse down- 
 ward and backward. 
 
 In judging the different positions, it will be ob- 
 served that the normal shape is not at all decisive 
 for the working ability of the leg; because, the cor- 
 rect position can exist, even in a very badly formed 
 and unable leg. Fig. 2 shows how, in a leg composed 
 only of short and straight angled bones, and with- 
 out any ability for extension, the perpendicular posi- 
 tion may be found. 
 
 Fig. 6. Fig. 7 
 
 >i^ 
 
 Back-standing Position, Caused 
 
 by Bad Location of the 
 
 Stifle. 
 
 Back - standing Position, 
 
 Caused by Great Length 
 
 of the Leg Bone. 
 
 THE POSITION OF THE FORE LEGS. 
 
 The Uppermost part of the fore leg not being 
 inserted in a firm bone like the thigh bone, but 
 
42 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 offering, with the whole inside surface of the shoulder, 
 as far down as the elbow, fastening points for the con- 
 necting muscles, the position of the highest point of 
 the column to the basis of the hoof, is not of so much 
 concern as in the hind leg. It will be pretty near 
 correct, to consider the elbow joint as the chief sup- 
 porting point for the rump, and its position as decid- 
 ing. In the normal position, the elbow joint stands 
 perpendicularly over the fetlock joint, and generally 
 a line from the shoulder joint will meet the toe of the 
 hoof. If we examine the deviations from this rule, 
 we will find them to be in two directions. In the 
 fore-standing or stretched position, the fetlock joint 
 falls forward of the line from the elbow joint ; in the 
 under-standing, behind the same. In the first case, 
 the foot stands too far forward ; in the latter, too far 
 under the body. 
 
 In judging the fore-standing position, we will find 
 that all muscles and sinews, located on the rear side 
 of the leg, not only including the flexors of the 
 lower leg from the knee down, but, also, the extensors 
 acting on the elbow lever, have to work and carry 
 weight in an increased proportion; the conse- 
 quence being that horses, with this formation, fre- 
 quently strain their sinews, especially if the fetlock 
 is very long. This defect will be augmented, if the 
 leg is calf-hieed — that means, if the knee stands be- 
 
THE SKELETON. 
 
 43 
 
 Fia. 8. 
 
 hind the line. At all events, the fore-standing position 
 
 is by far more injurious in the 
 
 fore leg than the understanding 
 
 in the hind leg. In all the 
 
 different gaits, the fore leg has 
 
 to exert its greatest activity, 
 
 and is most imperiled, while 
 
 being stretched forward and in 
 
 taking up the burden. But, it 
 
 is apparent, that this position 
 
 must increase the force of the 
 
 weight and the danger of over- „ 
 
 ° ^ ^ ^ Fore-standing, Con- 
 
 burdening the sinews. nected With Calf-Knee. 
 
 The under-standing position is, under circum- 
 stances, a defect without consequences — more of an 
 eye-sore— but may become a serious blemish. The 
 consequence of this position is, generally, a pro- 
 truding crooked knee, less visible in young horses, 
 but more developed in older horses, even to huck-knees. 
 If, with the huck-knee is connected a long and elastic 
 fetlock, and a long arm bone (Fig. 10), then such 
 horses are quite fit for any service, and go safe. 
 
 If we only find a crooked knee, while the fetlock 
 IM short and straight, as in Fig. 9, then they go very 
 uiigafe and are not fit for saddle use. 
 
 THE PROPORTIONS OF FORE AND HIND LEGS. 
 
 To facilitate a regular movement of the fore and 
 
u 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE A HOKSE. 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 Under-standing Position, Accom- 
 panied by Short Fetlock and 
 Arm Bone. 
 
 Under-sta.nding Position, 
 Accompanied by a Long 
 Fetlock and Arm Bone. 
 
 hind legs, and to regulate the reciprocal effects of 
 the forces, it is necessary that their ability for ex- 
 tending, propelling, and tossing-off should be equally 
 great. Only harmony in the movements can secure 
 endurance. lb is better that fore and hind legs 
 possess equal qualities in motion, if ever so little, 
 rather than have no harmony. Not for every pur- 
 pose, do we need fast horses, or horses of great 
 strength. Agricultural purposes, for instance, require 
 a horse with enduring qualities, with very moderate 
 speed and medium strength — an animal whose frame 
 warrants limited motion, but endurance. Impru- 
 dent experiments to improve the race, have often 
 been the cause of disturbing the harmonious build 
 
THE SKELETON. 45 
 
 of the farm horse. Experience in breeding shows 
 that the foal inherits parts of its form and con- 
 stitution from the sire, and parts from the dam, 
 but there is no possibility of predicting the pro- 
 portions. It can happen that the product of a 
 high bred sire and a common mare possesses a free 
 and elastic action in the fore hand, while the hind 
 hand is weak and trailing, leaving the former unsup- 
 ported — in front as a lion, behind as a cow. Likewise 
 may the nobler of the parents transmit the long and 
 oblique shoulders upon the foal, and, the common 
 one, the flabbiness of the fibres of the muscles and 
 sinews. The noble part of the inheritance can 
 only be propelled by powerfully contractible muscles, 
 and supported only by firmly organized chords and 
 ligaments ; but the flabby ligaments are not able to 
 protect the angular joint connections. In such cross-* 
 products, we have an opportunity to observe, that, 
 while they may show a wide step, they lack energy 
 in the propulsion. Also, we may observe how liga- 
 ments and chords of the narrow angled joints suffer 
 under the increased pressure, and how, after light 
 exertions, all sorts of blemishes appear on the 
 bones. Even, if the energy of the nobler part has 
 been transmitted unimpaired, we see the other 
 inheritance, the bad foundation, succumb under the 
 too great demands of the former. 
 
46 HOW TO JUDGE A HOKSE. 
 
 If there exists iu tlie formations a disproportion 
 between fore and liiud hand, the question arises, 
 what kind of service will be required of the horse? 
 For the carriage horse, a small superior roominess 
 of the action of the hind legs will do no harm as 
 it favors propulsion. For saddle use, such a horse 
 is unfit, as, in this case, the fore hand is naturally 
 overburdened, and will be quickly ruined. Only in 
 exceptional cases, where powerful loins permit a 
 transmission of the burden upon the stronger hind 
 hand, the condition of the fore legs may be pre- 
 served by careful riding. Otherwise, it is better to 
 select for saddle use, a horse with less speed, but 
 whose fore and hind hand are in perfect balance. 
 
 The incorrect positions of the fore and hind legs, 
 as we have seen before, combine in their relations as 
 follows : 
 
 (1) If both fore and hind legs are placed back- 
 ward, the animal will easily lose its balance for- 
 ward, will produce much pressure forward, but will 
 be unsafe. It is only fit for draught, and will ruin its 
 fore legs. 
 
 (2) If fore and hind legs are placed forward, there 
 will be but little propulsion. It will be a moderate 
 carriage and a slow saddle horse. 
 
 (3) If the fore legs are placed backward and the 
 hind legs forward, that is, if all four legs are under 
 
THE SKELETON. 4? 
 
 tlie body (produced by faulty formation of the angles 
 but also occurring with hunchbacked horses), then 
 the animal is unsafe as a saddle horse, has not the 
 necessary propelling capability for a harness horse, 
 and will " forge." 
 
 (4) If the fore legs are placed forward and the 
 hind legs backward (produced by bad formation of 
 the angles, but also by considerable swayback), 
 then the animal, whose fore and hind legs seem to 
 act separately, is entirely unfit for saddle use and 
 is only a very poor harness horse. 
 
 THE EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE FROM THE FRONT 
 AND FROM BEHIND. 
 
 Thus far, we have examined the horse from the 
 side. Let us scan it now from the front and from 
 behind. As difficult as it is to express in numbers 
 the proportions of a horse's body, so difficult is it to 
 say how broad a horse should be from shoulder point 
 to shoulder point, and from hip to hip. The limits 
 for greater width lie in the growing weight of the 
 rump, and in the disadvantages for the movements, 
 as we will see later on. The limits of the narrow 
 formation are fixed by the insufficient space for the 
 chest and the vital organs enclosed therein, destined 
 for respiration and circulation, as also by the insuffi- 
 cient width from hip to hip, thereby offering 
 
48 HOW TO JUDGE A HOESE. 
 
 insufficient play-room for the muscles of the hind- 
 quarters to the special disadvantage of the motive 
 power. 
 
 Under all circumstances, a horse should be equally 
 broad in front and behind, and the front and hind 
 hoofs should stand equally apart. In motion the 
 legs of the same side should cover each other, and 
 move parallel and at equall distances from an 
 imaginary plane laid vertically through the spine. 
 
 In all paces there is a more or less swaying motion 
 of the body from side to side, as the different legs 
 take their turn in supportiug the weight. It is con- 
 ceivable that, in slow gaits, especially in the walk, 
 these swaying motions will take place in an increased 
 way, and also, that the farther the legs are set 
 apart, the farther sideward they have to push the 
 burden, so that by great width of the frame, the 
 motion of the animal must become swaying from 
 side to side. But, through these swayings, time is 
 lost for the forward movement, therefore speed must 
 suffer by great width of frame. On the other side, 
 the broad formation causes a safe basis, and the 
 body will not easily lose its balance sideways. It 
 affords safety in the turns and makes it easy for the 
 animal to balance its own and the rider's weight in 
 the stops and in gallop. 
 
 In the narrow frame these deviations to the right 
 
^HE SKELETON. 49 
 
 and left are diminished, but tlie roominess of tlie 
 motion is increased. Narrow built horses are easily 
 thrown off their balance, and, therefore, offer less 
 safety in turning; but they carry the turns out 
 shorter and easier with the assistance of the dis- 
 placement of the weight of the rider. It is very 
 difficult for such horses to balance tho weight 
 in gallop and in stopping. 
 
 Deviations from the normal width between fore 
 and hind hand occur in the following combinations: 
 
 (1) Brooder behind than in front. If the difference is 
 not too great, it has the advantage that, in the gallop 
 and in stopping, the burden is supported on a broad 
 basis, and that, in running, the hind legs pass by 
 easily on the outside of the fore legs ; but, the chest 
 being narrower, the saddle will slip forward on such 
 horses, and the fore legs suffer frequently by 
 their not balancing the weight properly, especially 
 in the trot. 
 
 (2) Broader in front than behind. Here we find, 
 besides the already mentioned disadvantages of the 
 narrow formation, the very serious defect that the 
 hind legs cannot pass by the fore legs, and that, in 
 sharp gaits, injuries to the latter are unavoidable. 
 These horses are not fit for saddle use. 
 
 Sometimes we find horses, though proportionately 
 \>m\i in this respect, that do not follow with their 
 
50 HOW TO JUDGE! A SORSfi. 
 
 hind legs in the direction of the fore legs, but swerve 
 with both hind legs to one side. They travel like a 
 dog, placing the axis of their motion diagonally to the 
 line of travel. The cause is either great weakness 
 or pain in the back. But, let there be no misappre- 
 hension, many horses, from pain in the jaws, do 
 the same thing, when under the saddle, but, when 
 led by hand, go straight. 
 
 The position of the limbs, seen from front or from 
 behind, should be perpendicular throughout, so that 
 the hip joint of the hind leg stands perpendicular 
 over the basis of the hind hoof, and, the elbow joint 
 of the fore leg, over that of the front hoof. The 
 position of the bones of the fore leg, under normal 
 conditions, must form a straight line through its 
 entire length. 
 
 The bones of a well-formed hind leg, looked at 
 from behind, show, on the contrary, an angular 
 course interrupted by the joints. The thigh bone 
 takes in its course downward and forward, an 
 outward direction, so that the stifle joint falls 
 sideways and outward of the perpendicular from the 
 hip joint, and the horse appears broader in the stifle 
 than in the hip. From the stifle joint, the leg bone 
 runs in an oblique direction downward and inward, 
 and connects through the hock joint with the shank 
 bone. This latter stands again perpendicular, and, 
 
THE SKELETON. 51 
 
 connecting with it, the pasterns. It is apparent that 
 such combination of the bones is advantageous for 
 the extending ability of the limb, as well as for the 
 development of powerful muscles. 
 
 In the hind legs we find the following deviations 
 from these rules : 
 
 (1) The points of the hock joint are placed 
 narrowly together, and from here the shanks run 
 down in an oblique and outward direction, so that the 
 hock, as also the pastern (fetlock) joints, are not 
 perpendicular over the basis of the hoof. The cause 
 for this position is generally a turn of the whole leg 
 around its longitudinal axis, the toe of the hoof 
 being turned outward. The angle of the hock joint 
 is, in this case, generally narrow, and the formation 
 of the leg is called coiv-legged. As a consequence of 
 the great extending ability of the bones, we 
 observe in this formation, generally, a very roomy 
 stride, though accompanied by an unsightly mowing 
 motion of the leg. The motive power is likewise 
 not sufficient, and, if the blemish is very pronounced, 
 the hock joints are exposed to sprains of the 
 ligaments. 
 
 (2) The hind hoofs stand closer together than the 
 hock joints — the so-called hotv-legged position. The 
 toes are mostly turned inward, undergoiug at every 
 step of the leg, a still greater turn inward, at the 
 
g2 
 
 fiOW TO JUDGE A HOBSii. 
 
 Fig. 10a. 
 
^fiH SKELETON. 53 
 
 same time throwing tlie Lock joints outward. Tliis 
 formation indicates weakness of the limb, is very 
 unsightly and unsafe, and the horse will interfer 
 considerably. 
 
 At the /ore legs, we notice the following deviations 
 from the perdendicular. 
 
 (1) The hoofs are farther apart than the upper 
 portions of the leg. The deviation, from the perpen- 
 dicular, may begin at the elbow joint, or, lower down, 
 at the knee or the fetlock joint. If, at the same time, 
 a turn of the whole leg, around its axis, is connected 
 with the deviations, and the toe of the hoof is turned 
 outward, then it is called the dancingmaster position. 
 Horses, with either of these deviations, show an 
 irregular flourishing motion in bringing the leg 
 forward, becoming in many instances the cause of 
 interfering at the fetlock joints, especially if the 
 shoeing is not properly executed. Light-built and 
 narrow-chested blood horses frequently show this 
 position, but without any disadvantages. In this 
 case, the leg must show the deviation from the 
 perpendicular, only from the fetlock joint down, and 
 to a small degree. 
 
 (2) The hoofs stand closer together than the width 
 of the chest. If, at the sanie time, the toe of the 
 hoof, or the whole longitudinal axis of the leg, is 
 turned inward, the danger of striking is greater than 
 
64 EOW TO JUDGE A rORSE. 
 
 in tliG former formations, and tlie disposition to 
 sprdins and lameness in tlie lower joints is aug- 
 mented. 
 
 HINTS TO THE PURCHASER OF A HORSE. 
 
 Having examined tliose qualities of the horse, 
 constituting his propelliiig.powers, let us acquaint 
 ourselves now with some advantages and resources 
 for the jadging of the whole framework. 
 
 One of the first rules, in judging horses, is to place 
 the horse on level ground. If the horse is placed on 
 an incline, with legs stretched, it appears higher in 
 front, the shoulders appear more oblique, the fore 
 legs, even if already slightly knee-sprung and 
 shaggy, look straight and safe; the back and the 
 croup of the horse appear horizontal, the space 
 between belly and ground gets smaller, and the 
 distance between hind and front hoofs larger. A 
 general comparison of the pro^Dortions must be the 
 first step. A perfectly, regularly built horse should 
 not make the impression of being remarkably tall 
 nor remarkably small, else, there are in both cases, 
 certain disproportions. A horse, appearing very 
 tall, is generally long-legged and narrow-chested, 
 while a horse, looking ^ery small, is generally too 
 long-bodied. 
 
 The shape and size of the head is in itself very 
 
THE SKELETON. 65 
 
 immaterial, and only of importance for the recogni- 
 tion of the breed, or the character of the animal, 
 but, on the other hand, fancy, or the reigning style, 
 is entirely decisive, viz : considering at times a 
 very small head, at other times a big head and a 
 Eoman nose as the prettiest. A big head is certainly 
 not beautiful, but does by no means diminish the 
 usefulness of the horse. If supported by a well 
 set-up neck and powerful neck muscles, it will not 
 fall so heavy upon the hand, as is generally believed. 
 
 With the neck it is different ; set-up low on a 
 straight shoulder, it will be carried low and flabby, 
 and together with the head will overburden the 
 fore hand. Especially, for the saddle-horse, is the 
 formation and connection of the neck of deciding 
 importance, and many an honest horse has been 
 ruined by ignorant horse-breakers on account of 
 insurmountable difficulties of the neck. 
 
 An old custom, to draw conclusions on the quali- 
 ties of a horse from the sharpness and firmness of 
 the crest, may be mentioned here. The thickness 
 of the fat layer, on which the sharpness of the crest 
 principally depends, justifies a conclusion on the 
 more or less firm texture of the other formations of 
 the body. Firm textures is the inheritance of 
 the nobler breeds. They also possess the dry, 
 firm crest, the thin skin exhibiting the veins and 
 
56 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 stretching itself tight over the extremities, and the 
 thin, soft hair of the mane and tail. Spongy 
 and flabby forms, and an exuberant and heavy 
 growth of hair are signs of the common breeds, 
 which horse dealers try to cover defects by 
 shearhing the fetlocks and throat, by pulling the 
 mane and tail, by clipping, etc. 
 
 Another custom, having also some justification, is 
 that of lifting the tail. An energetic horse dislikes 
 all experimenting about his body, and, therefore, a 
 strong resistance from the horse against the lifting 
 of his tail may be conclusive of the power of the back. 
 
 For the judging of the chief proportions we will 
 be materially assisted by some lines. (See Fig. 14, 
 Skeleton of the Horse.) 
 
 (1) Draw a horizontal line through the withers 
 over the highest point of the croup ; 
 
 (2) A line from the upper part of the elbow to the 
 lower part of the stifle ; 
 
 (3) Drop a line from the shoulder point to the 
 ground, and extend the same upward to line 1 ; 
 
 (4) Drop a line from the point of the ischium 
 bone and extend upward to line 1. 
 
 Line 1 serves to judge whether fore and hind hand 
 are equal in height ; line 3 shows whether the fore 
 legs, and line 4 shows whether the hind legs are cor- 
 rectly placed under the body. 
 
THE SKELETON. 
 
 &r 
 
 Lines 1, 3, 4 and the ground form a square, divid- 
 ed by line 2 in two almost equally liigli rectangles. 
 The upper, somewhat smaller one, containing the 
 rump, the lower one the extremities. 
 
 The depth of the rump, from the spinal column to 
 the breastbone, decides the dimensions of the chest. 
 This depth corresponds with the arch of the human 
 chest, and, like that arch, being far more im- 
 portant for the free expansion of the lungs, 
 than the width from shoulder to shoulder, so also 
 has the depth of the chest of the horse more 
 influence on the expansibility of the lungs, than the 
 width of the chest looked at from the front. For 
 the saddle-horse, in particular, does great depth of 
 the chest warrant a good position for the saddle. 
 The height of the upper rectangle finally decides the 
 longitudinal proportions of shoulder and armbone, 
 haunch and thigh bone, recognized so very important 
 for free actions. 
 
 The lower rectangle decides the relation of the 
 length of the legs to their distance from each other. 
 We have seen how important it is that the legs 
 should cover much ground in motion. To accom- 
 plish this, they need sufficient room, and, they can 
 only find this, if the length of the rectangle is nearly 
 twice that of its height. The more this figure re- 
 sembles a square, the less will the animal be enabled 
 
58 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 to place its hind legs under tlie body, or to hold out 
 long backward with its fore legs, without the legs 
 being in the way of each other. Horses, of this 
 build, are called long-legged, and, are neither fast 
 nor enduring. 
 
 To judge the obliqueness and horizontal exten- 
 sion of the croup and shoulder, and their relation 
 to each other, especially to the back, we drop : 
 
 5, a line from the posterior edge of the shoulder 
 and 
 
 6, a line from the hip to the ground. 
 
 That divides line 1 in three parts. The first part 
 shows the length of the shoulder, the middle 
 part that of the back, and the third part that of the 
 group. The first and third part can never be too long, 
 and the second part never be too short. By good 
 proportions, these three parts in their succession, 
 from front to rear, will be in the ratio of 7, 8, 9. The 
 space between fore and hind legs cannot be too large, 
 and the horse cannot be too long, providing the 
 positions of the legs are correct, and the length of 
 the horse is not brought about by a long back, but 
 by the length of the shoulderpiece and that of 
 the croup. "Short back and long horse" is the 
 demand. 
 
 After having examined the horse from the side, 
 inspect it also from the front and rear, paying atten- 
 
THE SKELETON. ^§ 
 
 tion to the proportion of its width in the hips and 
 the shoulders, to the perpendicular position of the 
 limbs, and to any deviations mentioned before. 
 After this examination has been satisfactory, then 
 examine the horse also in motion. Whips must 
 disappear, exciting calls and noise must cease, and 
 the man leading the horse be warned from jerking 
 the horse under the chin. If we notice, that by such 
 practices, the regularity of the paces, especially that 
 of the trot, is frequently and purposely interrupted, 
 then we have to look out for hidden lamenesses. 
 Light, easy and measured action, are signs of 
 harmonious strength, cannot be valued enough, and 
 should not be sacrificed for the prominent action of 
 one siugle part. The roominess of the paces is 
 discerned by observing the hind legs, the safety, 
 by the action of the fore legs. The carrying 
 power of the back, and the elasticity of the hock and 
 pastern joints, are better judged under the rider, 
 as, in general, we obtain a far better and correct 
 judgment of the power and elasticity of the muscles 
 and sinews, by mounting the horse ourselves. 
 
 While riding the horse, we have an opportunity to 
 examine the condition of its lungs or the ivind as it 
 is generally called. The wind is subject to many 
 modifications. As it is a poiut of great impor- 
 tance, in regard to usefulness, any horse, with the 
 
60 HOW TO JUDGE A HORgg. 
 
 slightest imperfection of his lungs, should be at 
 once rejected. There are several degrees of damaged 
 lungs, viz : tliiclc ivind, roaring, ivJieezing and ivMstlingf 
 all of which degenerate finally into broken wind 
 and arise from disease or obstruction of some of the 
 air passages of the lungs, the windpipe, bronchial 
 tubes or nostrils. Such diseased horses cannot be 
 cured, on the contrary they grow worse day by day, 
 even by moderate work, until the horse is totally 
 wind-broken and useless. 
 
 Thick luind arises from insufficient space for the 
 expansion of the lungs, or, for the expiration of the 
 air through the bronchial tubes, owing to the thick- 
 ening of the mucous lining in consequence of former 
 inflammation. It is detected by the laborious 
 breathing which often extends almost to suffocation 
 and generally ends in broken wind. 
 
 Roaring is a minor degree of thick wind, originat- 
 ing from thickening of a portion of the mucous 
 membrane within the windpipe, producing a con- 
 traction of the same, thereby preventing the freo 
 expiration of the breath. It is detected by the 
 exertion which causes the horse to expel the air 
 producing a loud puffing or roaring sound — the in- 
 spiration is noisless. It shows itself during excite- 
 ment or sudden motion. 
 
 Wheezing is a modification of roaring, differ- 
 
THE SKELETON. 61 
 
 ing from the latter, in that it can be noticed even 
 if the animal is completely at rest and in the 
 stable, it originates from the lodgment of mucous 
 matter in the bronchical tubes. 
 
 Whistling is also a modification of roaring and 
 differs from the same in that it does not appear 
 after excitement or sudden motion, only after 
 lasting motion, and the noise it produces is more 
 shrill. It originates from contraction of the larynx. 
 
 Broken Wind originates from rapture of some of 
 the aircells of the lungs, the inspiration being ef- 
 fected readily by a single effort as usual, but the 
 expiration requiring a double, and in very bad 
 cases, even several efforts to expel the breath. 
 "When the horse is at work, this disease cannot be 
 mistaken. A loud sobbing breath and the labor- 
 ious heaving and jerking collapse of the flanks in- 
 dicate this defect. It is accompanied by a hard and 
 husky cough. This disease can never be cured. 
 
 Horses, having any of these diseases become 
 speedily exhausted by work and are absolutely un- 
 sound. There are various ways to detect these 
 defects. The usual way is to grasp the horse's 
 throat from the front near the mouth of the larynx, 
 compress the same forcibly so as to cause him 
 to cough. A sound horse will cough but once and 
 recover his breath with a clear deep inhalation 
 
62 now TO juDGi: a hobse. 
 
 and exlialatioD, wliile, in a diseased liorse, we liear 
 a broken rattling cough, the wind being recovered 
 bj a long laborious and wheezing effort. This 
 sign is decisive and the degree of labor will show 
 the more or less advanced degree of the disease. 
 
 A roarer can easily be detected in the stable, as 
 well as on the road, by the distressing sound he 
 produces. Step into the stall of a roarer and ad- 
 minister an unexpected sharp blow on the belly. 
 A loud grunt will explain his condition. Under 
 the saddle give him a long sharp galloj), pull him 
 tip suddenly and listen while you incline forward 
 and downward, bringing your ear close to the 
 windpipe, or dismount quickly and put your ear 
 close to the neck near the head. You will hear 
 the whistling sound for some seconds and even 
 minutes. In this way you may detect the disease 
 in its smallest and most incipient stage. 
 
 The examination of the eyes is most difficult 
 and should better not be undertaken by the pur- 
 chaser, but by an experienced veterinary surgeon. 
 
 A very important — in fact a deciding point — in 
 regard to the usefulness of a saddle or carriage 
 horse, is the conformation of Ms jaivs, which should 
 never be neglected in examining a horse. Every- 
 thing satisfactory, but this part, the horse should 
 be rejected as unfit for the purpose. The jaws 
 
THE SKELETON. 63 
 
 should be diverging so as to make room for the 
 throat. 
 
 We all wish our horse to look as stylish as pos- 
 sible, the same time we want him to be light in 
 hand. This can only be the case if the horse is able 
 to arch his neck ; consequently there must be the 
 necessary space for the throat to slip in between 
 the jaws. 
 
 A horse with ixirallel or converging jaws, will never 
 be able, in spite of all bitting bridles, to give in his 
 nose, as, in trying to do so, the edges of the jawbones 
 press against the neck, squeezing in the glands 
 and causiDg the horse intolerable pain. These 
 glands are situated just under and inside of those 
 edges, and, if cramped in, the free circulation of the 
 blood is stopped, and, as they are also in connection 
 with the eyes, such pressure frequently causes a 
 rush of blood to the eyes or to the brain, followed 
 by the horse running away, rearing, plungiug, boriug 
 on the hand, etc. Many an accident could be traced 
 back to such malformation. Thoroughbreds show 
 this conformation very frequently, but, as in run- 
 ning, they are allowed to stretch their neck, it does 
 not matter. 
 
 Adding to this malformation, a tight buckled 
 throatlash, as we almost invariably find with 
 saddle, as well as with carriage horses, it is simply 
 
64 HOW TO JU1)G£ A flOBSS!. 
 
 astonishing that no more accidents happen. It is 
 the utmost cruelty to the poor animal, to force his 
 head by means of the reins into a position, which 
 nature or a tight throatlash renders impossible to 
 assume. Many of those artists, calling themselves 
 saddle-horse trainers are in blissful ignorance of 
 this fact. They kick and jerk the horse in all 
 directions without the coveted result, — that is, secur- 
 ing the nose and thereby the lightness in hand. 
 
 In almost every private stable we can see a horse 
 in a boxstall with a bitting rig on, and the poor 
 creature vainly torturing itself, tryiiig to put its 
 neck, under the circumstances, in an impossible 
 position. This speaks volumes of the utter ignorance 
 of many of those in charge of horses. They should 
 tie out the horse, first only lightly on one side, 
 buckling the other rein just so much looser for 
 the purpose of keeping the neck straight, thereby 
 giving the horse a chance to flex this side gradually 
 and, then, after fifteen minutes change sides. 
 One hour's exercise at a time is sufficient. 
 Continue this until the glands, which come out 
 strong, disappear gradually under the jaw. In this 
 manner, the horse would, after a time, be able to 
 flex both jaws together ; but we generally see both 
 reins tied as short as possible from beginning, no 
 matter what agonies the horse suffers. If, under 
 
THE SKELETON. 65 
 
 this pain, the horse gets restless, rears up and 
 throws himself over, these individuals are utterly 
 astonished and even quite indignant at the vicious- 
 ness of that beast, and many are the blows he 
 receives in the bargain. As long as horse- owners 
 do not take more interest in their horses it is to be 
 feared that such contemptible practices will not be 
 stopped. 
 
 The best way is, never to buy, for saddle or 
 harness use, a horse whose jaws are not diverging, 
 
 A few words about the ^'flying step,'' formerly so 
 much favored. If, at a sharp trot, the fore leg is 
 extended fully, the hoof pauses for a moment 
 entirely, floating in the air, as it were, so that, 
 observed from front, the sole of the hoof can be 
 seen. The pausing of the hoof marks the moment 
 when the propelling power of the hind leg comes to 
 a premature end, being no longer able to throw 
 the body to that place, where the hoof points. It 
 forces the animal instead of carrying out the step to 
 its full length, to draw the leg back. The flying 
 step is, therefore, a useless waste of power, affecting 
 muscles and sinews in a high degree. Experience 
 shows that these horses cover very little ground. 
 
 Just as ruinous is the " Jiigh knee action^' so much 
 in favor at present, and almost the sole considera- 
 tion for the valuation of a carriage-horse. It is the 
 
66 
 
 HOW TO .UDGE A HOESE. 
 
 same useless waste of power, affecting, not only 
 muscles and sinews, but also attacking tlie joints 
 considerably. Such horses also cover very little 
 ground. The high knee action originates from too 
 great length of the cannonbone in comparison to 
 the length of the fore arm, and has nothing in 
 common with the really beautiful high step-out of 
 the shoulder, which, being supported by an 
 energetic motis^e power of the hindquarters, will 
 do its best for the safety and roominess of the 
 action. 
 
 Finally, we have to view the movements from 
 front and from behind and to observe, whether the 
 legs cover each other and are brought forward in a 
 straight direction. 
 
 The examination of the hoof is of the utmost 
 importance, but it is beyond the limit of this little 
 treatise to go into details. Bo it said only that it is 
 the more important to look for a sound hoof, if the 
 horse is to be used on hard pavement. A brittle, a 
 flat or a contracted hoof, in this case, disqualifies 
 an otherwise good and serviceable horse. 
 
 It is likewise impossible to discuss the numerous 
 blemishes on the joints, bones, etc. If in 
 consequence of irregularities in the structure, 
 defects on the limbs have made their appearance, 
 and in such places, which apparently in consequence 
 
THE SKELETON. 6T 
 
 of those irregularities, liave to sustain increased 
 strain and are therefore most exposed to ruin, then 
 there is a disposition to that defect. In this case, 
 we may call it a necessary defect. On the other side, 
 blemishes not resulting from the structure, but 
 brought about by casual injury, by overburdening 
 or false distribution of the weight on the part of 
 the rider, we may designate as casual defects. 
 
 If a horse, whose weak fore legs succumbed un- 
 der the throng of a superior hindhand, shows en- 
 largement of the tendons, galls, or crooked knees, 
 then such blemishes will be necessary ones. If we 
 find the same blemishes on a favorably built fore- 
 hand, and which is perhaps superior to the hind- 
 hand, we may consider them as the results of casual 
 events or brought about by a bad rider. They 
 may not reappear in future. We see how differently 
 we have to judge the same blemish on two different 
 horses, how erroneous it is to regard every defect 
 as serious and to ipsist on buying only a horse free 
 of any blemish. 
 
 The greatest skill, in judging horses, consists in 
 letting pass a blemish at the right time. Never 
 scruple about casual defects, not rendering the 
 animal unserviceable, but take good care never to 
 buy a horse affected with a necessary defect, even if 
 ever so little developed. Examine carefully the 
 
68 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 weak parts for thickening of the skin, white hairs 
 or a scar, indicating blistering or the hot iron. 
 Finding the least thing, the proof is established that 
 the respective part has succumbed under the exer- 
 tion, and that the next exertion will result in the 
 reappearance of the cured blemish. 
 
 The great advantage to the dealer, in selling 
 green and young horses, is that work has not 
 marked as yet the defective and weak parts with 
 blemishes on the bones. 
 
 When the number of connoisseurs has so much 
 increased that a four-year-old, clean-legged horse 
 of faulty structure, would bring a far inferior price 
 than an eight-year-old of good formation, even if 
 affected with some casual blemishes, (a natural 
 result of work); only then, when the breeder would 
 find it impossible to dispose of those worthless 
 creatures which are ruined after a two years use, 
 and, if this sort would no longer pay the cost of 
 rearing them, then such mares would no longer be 
 used for breeding purposes, which being cripples 
 themselves can bear nothing but cripples, and no 
 stallions would be employed whose faulty and com- 
 mon structure must spoil the following generations. 
 
DESCKIPTION OF THE MOST COMMON 
 BLEMISHES ON THE LEGS. 
 
 BLEMISHES ON THE FOKE LEGS. Fig. 11. 
 
 Sj)Unts (a) are bony tumors found on the inner 
 splintbone, running down on the inner side of the 
 cannonbone and are occasioned by violent blows or 
 other injuries, sometimes causing lameness, if so 
 close to the knee as to interfere with the action of 
 that joint, or, so far back as to touch the back 
 sinews. If located on the middle of the bone they 
 are of no consequence. They will generally yield to 
 blistering or puncturing. The tendency to splint is 
 greatly increased by the practice of some black- 
 smiths of raising the outer heel of the shoe con- 
 siderably, thereby throwing the weight of the horse 
 more on the inner splintbone. 
 
 Tied in helow the knee (h) is a serious defect, inter- 
 fering with endurance and speed. Such horses 
 are not fit for fast or long work as the result would 
 be a serious sprain of the back sinews. The leg is 
 insufficient in depth right under the knee. 
 
 Sprain of the Back Sineics (c) is an iDflammation of 
 the sheath of the back sinews, the result of wrench 
 
70 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE A HOKSE. 
 
 or spraiD, overwork or sudden and violent exertions. 
 If the inflammation is very great, tlie liorse suffers 
 considerable pain and will be very lame. Back 
 sinews, that have once yielded, can never again ho 
 depended upon. They are a serious defect and a 
 sufficient obstacle against buying. 
 
 Sea^VoF Cov-r^5 
 
 Cov\frActec\ F<?er 
 
 FIG. 11. 
 WindgaUs (d) occur on both fore and hind legs 
 and are puffy enlargements near the fetlock, caused 
 
THE SKELETON. 71 
 
 bj contiuued liarcl work, especially under tlie sad- 
 dle, or by violent actions and straining of the sinews. 
 They are not serious defects as they seldom produce 
 lameness. 
 
 Sidehones (e) are bony tumors on both sides of the 
 lower pastern bone, ju>.t above the hoof, producing 
 lameness, and are incurable. They are easily detect- 
 ed by passing the hand carefully over the part. 
 They generally spread rapidly around the foot, form- 
 ing a complete ring, and are then called ringbones. 
 They cause serious lameness and are signs of 
 positive unsoundDess. 
 
 Mdllenders (/) are scurfy eruptions in the bent of 
 the knees. A discharge proceeds from them which 
 must be taken care of at the start, as it is afterward 
 very difficult to stop. They seldom produce lame- 
 ness, but indicate bad stable management. 
 
 Quarter crack (g) is a separation cf the hornwall 
 of the hoof from the coronet down to the sole and 
 occurs on the inner side of the front hoof only. It 
 is produced sometimes by violent actions on hard 
 roads, especially if the nails are driven too tight, or 
 the shoe is left too long on the hoof, in both cases 
 preventing the expansion of the hoof. A burst 
 of the wall must occur on the top of the hoof, or, 
 it may occur in hot weather when the hoof becomes 
 dry and hard and stopping the feet is neglected, 
 
72 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 which ought to be clone twice or three times every 
 week, but should be carefully removed before the 
 horse goes to work, or, if the horn is naturally 
 brittle. If the crack is only partial, it generally 
 produces no lameness, but, if it extends all the way 
 down to the sole, the cise becomes serious. It 
 takes a long time to grow down again, and the 
 animal should not be used on hard ground. The 
 horse should be shod in such a way that the injured 
 part does not rest on the shoe so as to prevent 
 pressure. 
 
 Corns are found on the sole of the front hoofs, 
 in the inner angle formed by the crust of the hoof 
 and the bar, and are caused by contracted feet, or 
 by x^ressure of the shoe, or by gravel lodged under 
 the shoe. They are signs of neglect either from 
 not removing the gravel or stone as soon as the 
 horse returns to the stable, or from bad shoeing. 
 They produce sometimes considerable lameness. 
 Such horses are unsafe and should be rejected. 
 
 Flat Hoofs. The sole, instead of forming an arch 
 ■upward, as in a sound hoof, is perfectly level with 
 the ground. If the sole is strong, the horse may 
 perform his work well enough on smooth ground, 
 but, on uneven, stony roads, they suffer great pain 
 and are absolutely unsafe. They frequently degen- 
 erate into full liorf. The sole descends below the 
 
^m SKELETOIT. ?3 
 
 walls of the hoof. Sucli horses are unfit for any- 
 work, as the sole becomes very thin, causing the 
 animal great pain at step. Such poor sufferers 
 ought to be shot for mercy's sake. 
 
 Contracted Feet. While the sole of the sound 
 front hoof has a somewhat round shape, the con- 
 tracted hoof has shrunken, presenting an irregular 
 oval shape narrowed in at the heels, the inner wall 
 of the hoof looking as if crushed in. It is produced 
 by inflammation, arising from various causes, but, in 
 most cases, by bad shoeing. The frog becomes nar- 
 row and hard and has an unhealthy appearance. 
 Contracted feet produce corns and frequently con- 
 siderable lameness. 
 
BLEMISHES ON THE HIND LEGS. 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 TJiorough 2)in (a) is an escape of the synovial fluid 
 in the form of a swelling between the bones of the 
 hock joint, above or below the hock, running across, 
 and in front of the joint from side to side, but is 
 seldom attended by lameness. It resembles hog and 
 hloodspavin (e), which are located at the lower and 
 anterior part of the hock joint. Thej are frequently 
 found together, seldom causing lameness, but chiefly 
 weakness and stiffness of the hock joint. The horse 
 is able to perform ordinary work, bub is unfit for 
 hard and fast work, as the joint itself is affected. 
 
 Capped Hock (b) is a swelling of the point of the 
 hock in the form of a soft fluctuant tumor, and is 
 produced through bruises by blows, or kicking in 
 harness, or in the stall, or, by lying on a thin bed or 
 on the bare floor. It is seldom accompanied by 
 lameness, is very unsightly though easily removed. 
 
 Curh id) is an enlargement at the posterior side 
 of the hock, about four fingers below its point, 
 and is produced by sudden and violent action of the 
 limb. For instance, after an extraordinary leap, a 
 sharp gallop over heavy ground, or a severe and sud- 
 
THE SKELETON. 
 
 75 
 
 den check from a gallop, cow-liocked horses are 
 particularly liable to it. Aiter tlieir first appearance, 
 they generally produce considerable lameness. 
 
 Cuz-i^ ,^^S 
 
 FIG. 12. 
 
 CoW'Jiocked means, if the hocks stand narrower 
 together than the hoofs, the lower legs and the toes 
 are turned outward. A slight inclination to this 
 
76 now TO JUEGE A IIOESfi. 
 
 shape, in an otL.erwi-e powerfully bnilt horse, is not 
 objectionable ; but, in a horse decidedly cow-hocked, 
 the weight is thrown too much on the inside of the 
 hock, producing curb, spavin, and enlargement of the 
 hock, generally attended by great lameness. 
 
 Bone-spavin (c) is a bony tumor on the lower and 
 anterior inner part of the hockjoint, and is discern- 
 ible by looking, from front, backward. It may pro- 
 duce total lameness, or only a severe lameness, at first 
 starting, which may in time subside or disappear, 
 according to the degree in which the bony excres- 
 cence interferes with the motion of the joint. Many 
 a spavined hunter stands his work without lameness. 
 Other horses, again, merely show a stiffness at first 
 starting, which disappears as soon as the horse gets 
 warmed up, while others, with, perhaps, a very small 
 bony tumor, are so desperately lame as to destroy 
 their usefulness. Spavined horses are not fit for 
 fast or regular work, as this lameness, producing 
 great pain in rising, prevents many horses from 
 lying down ; and a horse that cannot rest, cannot 
 work. Blacksmiths frequently increase the tendency 
 to spavin by raising the outer heel higher than the 
 inner, with the object of preventing interference. 
 
 Sallenders are a similar eruption as Mallenders^ 
 and are located at the anterior bend of the hock or 
 a little below it. 
 
THE SKELETOII. ft 
 
 Scratches first appear as a dry and scaly state of 
 the skin of the heels, combined with redness, heat 
 and itching, and should be attended to as soon as 
 they make their appearance, because, if neglected, 
 the heels begin to swell and crack open, emitting a 
 thin glairy and very offensive discharge. They are a 
 sign of bad stable management, through leaving the 
 feet and heels wet after work on muddy roads and 
 exposed to a cold draft. Sometimes they are caused 
 by impure blood after sickness. 
 
THE AGE OF THE HOESE. 
 Fig. 13. 
 
 To cover every case, it is almost impossible to put 
 down invariable rules for telling the age of a 
 horse. There are exceptions, as for instance : a 
 crih-liter will wear his teeth off faster than by the 
 natural course, which is about i to i of an inch per 
 year ; or of a thorough-bred horse, the strong struct- 
 ure generally makes the teeth also stronger than 
 those of a horse of a common breed of the same 
 age, causing the horse to appear younger than he 
 actually is. 
 
 Horses change their first set of teeth, called the 
 milk teethy between the second and fifth year, for the 
 second set, called the permane7it teeth. During the 
 first period of its life, up to five years old, the animal 
 is called a colt. The second period comprises the time 
 from five years upward, when the animal has its 
 permanent set of teeth. From this age it is called 
 a ho7'se. 
 
 The milk teeth are different in shape from the 
 permanent teeth, showing a well set-off body and 
 neck, and, on their front surfaces, grooves which dis- 
 appear from the centre nippers at the age of one 
 
THE AGE OF THE HORSE. 79 
 
 year, from the next pair at the age of two years, and 
 from the corner nippers at the age of three years. 
 The milk-teeth are replaced by the permanent teeth 
 in the following order : 
 
 (1) One to two weeks after birth the first two teeth 
 (centre nippers) of the set of milk teeth appear in 
 lower and upper jaw, (Fig. 13-1) which, at the age of 
 two years, become loose and fall out, and in their 
 places appear permanent teeth (No. 4) with deep 
 cavities or marks and sharp edges. 
 
 (2) About six weeks after birth, appear the next 
 pair of milk teeth in both jaws, (No. 2), which fall 
 out with three years old, and permanent teeth grow 
 up in their place, (No. 5). 
 
 (3) About eight months old, the last milk teeth, 
 the corner nippers appear, (No. 3) wliich fall out at 
 the age of four years, and the last permanent teeth 
 make their appearance, (No. 6) so that with five 
 years old, the teeth are all in line and the horse has 
 his permanent set of teeth. 
 
 The teeth grow every year from i to i\ of aninch^ 
 but are worn away at the same ratio by use, so that 
 with — 
 
 Six years old the black cavities or marks have 
 disappeared from the centre nippers. (Fig. 7). 
 
 Seven years old the black cavities or marks have 
 disappeared from the next pair. (Fig. 8). 
 
80 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 Eiglit years old the black cavities or marks have 
 disappeared from the corner teeth. (Fig. 9). 
 
 With eight years the upper and lower corner teeth 
 just meet. 
 
 At nine years old the marks disappear from the 
 upper centre nippers, and also each of the upper 
 corner teeth shows a sharp protrusion at the extreme 
 outer corner. 
 
 At ten years old the marks disappear from the 
 next pair of the upper jaw. 
 
 At eleven years old the marks disappear from the 
 corner teeth of the upper jaw. 
 
 The teeth, which up to this age have an oval shape, 
 become broader and rounder, and change, between 
 the 12th and 16th year, to a triangular shape. From 
 the 16th year, they lose all regular shape, and the 
 age can only be guessed. 
 
 The tushes or tusks in male horses are cut be- 
 ween the 3d and 4th year of age, are conical in shape, 
 somewhat curved and sharp pointed, but are worn 
 down^ with the advancing age of the horse, to a more 
 and more rounded form, and finally lose all regular 
 shape. 
 
 Mares generally have no tusks at all, or only 
 faintly visible tushes. 
 
EAKEY'S AND EOCKWELL'S METHODS OF 
 
 TRAINING YOUNG AND OBSTINATE 
 
 HORSES. 
 
 (1) INTEODUCTION. 
 
 Rarey's and Rockwell's methods, being decidedly 
 superior to other methods, are based on an exact 
 knowledge of the individuality and the peculiar 
 nature of the horse. Therefore, and because they 
 are the result of many experiments, and because of 
 a close scrutiny of the different methods heretofore 
 in use, they deserve to be pronounced the best. 
 
 Before proceeding any further, it will be necessary 
 to make the reader aware of a wide-spread mistake 
 in the taming of wild and vicious horses, viz ; 
 
 (2) FALSE VIEWS OF THE HABIT OF HORSES TO SMELL 
 AT UNACCUSTOMED OBJECTS. 
 
 There exists a prevalent opinion amongst horse- 
 men, that the scent is the leading sense of the horse. 
 Based on this opinion. Toucher and other horse- 
 tamers, have recommended that strong smelling oils 
 and other substances be blown into horses, nostrils 
 for the purpose of training them. Other ways are, to 
 blow in the breath, or to moisten the hand with the 
 perspiration from under the arm and to hold it 
 
82 HOW TO JUDGE A HOKSE. 
 
 under the horse's nose. All these means have, so 
 far as the scent is concerned, no effect whatever 
 upon the taming of the horse or the possibility of 
 making it do a certain thing. 
 
 Earey, whose opinion we consider decisive, 
 because consonant with nature, says: 
 
 " As the horse has a habit of touching with its 
 nose everything new to him, one might believe that 
 it smells at it, but, I believe, that the horse 
 uses its nose as we use our hands, for the purpose 
 of touching the object, because the nose is the only 
 organ, that enables it, to touch with an acute feeling, 
 any object. I believe, that the horse uses the 
 four senses : seeing, hearing, smelling and feeling — 
 the sense of feeling being, perhaps, the most import- 
 ant — in all his examinations, and, that the slow* 
 approach of the horse, and the final touching of the 
 object with the nose, is frequently done for feeling's 
 sake — the sense of smelling being so well developed 
 as not to necessitate the touching with the nose, to 
 find out the peculiar smell of an object." 
 
 As we cannot give any reason then, why a horse 
 should comprehend, by the sense of smelling, what 
 we want of him, therefore, the use of strong smells 
 is useless for the training of the untamed horse. 
 Only by words and sounds are we able to influence 
 it, to submit to our demands, of its own free will 
 
BAEEY AND ROCKWELL' S TEAININO METHODS. 83 
 
 without using force. Through the smells aloue, we 
 can never teach a horse anything ; the actions alone, 
 accompanying such means, as : touching, caressing, 
 speaking, must bring about the desired result, 
 erroneously ascribed to such narcotics. The habit 
 of the horse to touch objects is simply an emanation 
 of its peculiar instinct to examine everything. 
 
 Rarey's method is applicable, not only to horses 
 afraid of man, but also, to such that are vicious and 
 obstinate, and therefore, being more in need of 
 training than wild horses. 
 
 Earey, who claims to have tamed horses often- 
 times at less than one hour's time, bases his success 
 on his skill to inspire the animal with /ear, love and 
 obedience. 
 
 (3) FUNDAMENTAL RULES OF RAREY's THEORY. 
 
 First Principle : The horse is naturally obedient 
 and offers no resistance to any demand, if put to him 
 in a manner appropriate to his nature and compre- 
 hension. 
 
 This principle is based upon the fact, that the 
 horse, though possessed of a strength far superior 
 to that of man, is docile, because it has neither 
 reason nor power of judging, therefore, no concep- 
 tion of right or wrong, or of acts based on a free will. 
 If it had the faculty of reasoning, it would come to 
 
84 HOW TO JUDGE A HOBSE. 
 
 conclusions, making it entirely unfit for the service 
 of man. 
 
 Second Principle : The horse has no perception of 
 its own strength, therefore it is submissive without 
 opposition to our will, as can be seen daily. 
 
 Third Principle : As the horse, according to its 
 nature, examines everything new to him, it will per- 
 mit to be placed, before, over, or on it, any object 
 ever so frightful, without creating any fear, provided 
 it causes him no pain. 
 
 A white stone, the stem of a tree on the road-side, 
 looks strange and suspicious, and he refuses to pass 
 by. If we guide him up to the object, permitting 
 him to stop a minute and examine the same with 
 his nose, the terror will pass away and he will 
 become reconciled. Examples are military horses, 
 which are not afraid of the noise of arms, drum, 
 music, or even firing. 
 
 The above mentioned principles, based on a nat- 
 ural perception of the individuality of the horse, 
 may look insufficient and inappropriate only to 
 those who shut their eyes to nature which governs 
 the instinct of animals. Such persons strive in vain 
 to reach by circuitous ways, what they could accom- 
 plish by careful observation of the peculiarities 
 of all creatures and by taking advantage of their 
 weaknesses. Wherein consists the superiority of 
 
RAHEY AND tlOCKWELL^S TRAINING METHODS. 8S 
 
 man over the beasts, and what are the means to 
 subjugate powerful animals ? Neither the dexterity 
 of man nor his strength, nor the power of his eye, 
 would alone be sufficient to subdue them, if besides 
 these agents, there were no other means at his 
 disposition. But these means are not the fire-arms, 
 the chain, or the cage. They are of a spiritual 
 nature, founded on the ability to penetrate into the 
 character, into the whole nature of the animals and 
 their wants, to find out their inclinations and to 
 gain their love. But, this latter must be coupled 
 with fear. It is undeniable, that by kind treatment, 
 speaking, and dainties, we are able to pacify the 
 liveliest horse for a time, but, on the other hand, 
 there are also moments, when only whip and spur 
 can subdue a refractory horse and make him feel 
 the superiority of man — means which, of course, 
 should only be employed as a last resort. If not 
 applied at the proper moment, or in a well 
 measured degree, they will render the horse 
 obstinate and, under circumstances, entirely un- 
 serviceable. 
 
 As none of all the secret means, recommended in 
 books for the taming of horses, is in correspondence 
 with their nature and not lastingly effective, there is 
 no other way to educate the horse, according to his 
 nature, than that guided by the above principles, in 
 
86 now TO JUDGE A HOKSfi. 
 
 connection with the manipulations described further 
 on. 
 
 In the simpleness of the system, based on the 
 most rational principles, rests the guarantee for the 
 practical execution and the success. Under all cir- 
 cumstances, in handling a horse, preserve your 
 temper, no matter how provoking, for, if you lose 
 control of yourself, you will be sure to lose control 
 of your charge. The horse must be governed by 
 kindness and determination, not by abuse and 
 tyranny. 
 
 4— APPLICATION OF RAEEY's PRINCIPLES FOR WILD AND 
 SHY HORSES. 
 
 For the application of the principles laid down in 
 the preceding chapters, Rarey says : 
 
 " Provided with a long whip, topped by a silk 
 snap, so as to crack loud, step into the enclosure 
 where the horse is, stand still, allowing it to look at 
 you a few minutes. If it stands still, move up to it 
 slowly, the right arm holding the whip stretched 
 down at your side, while the left, bent in the elbow 
 with the hand stretched forward, is held out toward 
 the horse. In this position approach the horse 
 slowly, but not too directly, toward its head or back, 
 so as to prevent its moving forward or backward ; 
 but, in case that should happen, step carefully a 
 
EAREY AND ROCKWELL* S TRAINING METHODS. 87 
 
 little aside, so as to cause it to stay where it is. 
 The nearer you approach, the more move toward 
 its shoulder, and then stand still a few seconds. As 
 soon as you come near enough, the horse will 
 turn its head and smell at the extended hand, not 
 because it has a special liking for that hand, but 
 because that part of its master's body is nearest 
 to it. As soon as that occurs, or the horse is 
 touching any other part of your Ifody, caress it 
 by stroking it in the direction of the hair, in a 
 tender and soft way, moving your hand as light as 
 possible along the neck and the side of the head. 
 Every attempt of the horse to touch you with its 
 nose is to be favored, every touching of your body 
 to be rewarded by tender caresses, kind looks, and 
 gentle words. 
 
 Iq speaking to the horse, always use the same 
 tone of voice, because it learns very soon to distin- 
 guish, by the expression of the face and the tone of 
 the voice, what feelings govern its master. 
 
 5— rakey's method or training obstinate horses. 
 
 In taming wild horses it becomes necessary to 
 gain their lacking confidence, while with horses 
 being only stubborn and restive, turning around and 
 kicking at any attempt to approach them, the neces- 
 sary respect and fear must be established. There- 
 
83 tow TO SVMt A SOfiSfi. 
 
 fore, it is expedient, so as to facilitate the handling, 
 to give it a few sharp cuts with the whip around 
 the legs close up to the body. The cut, applied there, 
 has more effect than two or three cuts over the back, 
 the skin on the inside of the leg being thinner and 
 more sensitive than on the back. If punishment be- 
 comes necessary, for the purpose of inspiring the 
 horse with fear and of breaking his obstinacy, not for 
 the purpose ftf inflicting pain, we must take care 
 not to administer only one cut, as that would only 
 produce anger instead of fear, thereby increasing 
 the vice. As soon as the horse shows fear enough, 
 causing him to stand still and to pay attention to 
 you, approach him again and flatter him more than 
 you before whipped him, thereby awakening in him 
 the two chief factors to his submission : fear and love, 
 and he will willingly do what you demand of him. 
 
 6— THE HANDLING OF UNTRAINED HORSES. 
 
 Before making the reader acquainted with the 
 special rules and manipulations, necessary for the 
 handling of untrained horses, it is important to im- 
 press upon him the following rules, experience 
 proving that success can only be attained by adher- 
 ing to them. 
 
 To remove the terrors, of which the horse is 
 possessed by coming in contact with man, and 
 to create love and confidence to the latter, it 
 
RAREY AND ROCKWELL's TRAINING METHODS. 89 
 
 becomes imperative to converse with the animal 
 during the exercises, by speaking, coaxing, etc., and 
 by increasing these caresses, if the horse permits. It 
 is absolutely necessary, at first, to be alone with 
 him, in some enclosed space, taking care that no 
 object of any kind diverts his attention from his mas- 
 ter, or frightens him or makes him shy. Every at- 
 tempt of the horse, to touch you with his nose, or to 
 smell at you, is to be humored, and great care must 
 be taken, not to change the tone of the voice or the 
 expression of the face, at moments of displeasure, 
 the horse understanding quite well, w^hether anger 
 or love for him govern you, the former alarming and 
 estranging him from you. 
 
 Never be hasty in the exercises and never proceed 
 to anything new, before the horse has perfectly un- 
 derstood the present lesson, and he fully understands 
 those exercises and full confidence is established be- 
 tween him and his master. Never tire the horse out, 
 never ride him warm. As soon as you notice one 
 or the other, caress him aud give him rest. By such 
 proceedings, you can avert the horse from getting 
 vicious and obstinate, and render him a very will- 
 ing and intelligent pupil. 
 
 7— PUTTING THE HALTER ON THE COLT. 
 
 Place yourself on the left side of the colt ,near the 
 shoulder, put both arms around its neck, and hold 
 
90 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 the head of the animal toward you. Taking into 
 your right hand, first, only that part going over its 
 head, slip the halter, with your left hand, gently over 
 the nose of the colt, taking care that he does not 
 start back, if the hand is placed over the same. As 
 soon as the halter is put on, fasten to it a long strap 
 or rope, and make the colt walk around the enclo- 
 sure, without pulling at him. As soon as he feels the 
 hand on the halter, having full play on the line to 
 stride forward, he will never pull, tug, rear, nor throw 
 himself down, which he would be sure to do, if held 
 by force at one place. The animal, not aware of his 
 strength, does not know that he could easily break 
 the halter, and he will never make use of his strength, 
 if not provoked by tugging and jerking. 
 
 If the colt submits to being held by a short line, 
 and, without shying, permits you to approach, 
 proceed to make him tractable. For this pur- 
 pose, do not stop in front of the animal, trying to 
 pull it after you, but try to guide it to one side. 
 It will follow a gradual pull on the halter to that 
 side, not being able to offer much resistance with its 
 neck. As soon as it has made a few steps sideward, 
 caress and repeat the manoeuvre, until you can 
 guide it in any direction. 
 
 By repeated practising, and by the increasing love 
 to its master, gained through gentle intercourse, it 
 
RAREY AND ROCKWELL's TRAINING METHODS. 91 
 
 will soon understand that it has to follow him, and 
 that the more so, as it does not know, that on ac- 
 count of its strength, it need not follow. Before 
 leading the horse out of the enclosure, lead it first 
 around for a little while and then, opening the door, 
 lead it past the same a few times, finally guiding it 
 slowly through the door, by taking hold of the hal- 
 ter with your left hand close to the mouth, while 
 the right hand, resting on the neck, grasps the mane. 
 After a short time, you may gently guide it, as you 
 please. It will always willingly come up to you. 
 Care must be taken, that no objects are near that 
 may cause it to shy, and that no other person be 
 present; to divert its attention. 
 
 8 — TO TRAIN THE COLT TO GO AT THE SIDE OF 
 A TRAINED HORSE. 
 
 For this purpose, take a trained horse into the 
 stable, and put the colt at his right side. Fasten a 
 second strap to the halter of the young horse, pull 
 that across the breast of the old horse, which should 
 be mounted first, and take the end into your left 
 hand. If you then take the other strap into your 
 hand, the latter strap will prevent the stepping too 
 far forward, the former, the hanging back. In this 
 manner, guide the horses around in the stable a few 
 times and then go out of doors. In case of the 
 
92 HOW TO JUDGE A HOESE. 
 
 stable door being too narrow for both horses to pass 
 through, at the same time, guide the old horse out 
 first, turn it around so as to face the door, then, bring 
 the colt near the door, take hold of the straps as de- 
 scribed before, let somebody urge the colt out gently, 
 turn the old horse to the left and everything is again 
 in good order. The above straps are sufficient to 
 keep the head of the young horse turned toward the 
 old one, so as to control it. Should it become ob- 
 stinate, refusing to go on, turn the old horse toward 
 the right, that is, against the neck of the colt, com- 
 pelling it to turn a few times, when it will be willing 
 to stride forward again. 
 
 After having taught the young horse to be guided, 
 take it back to the stable and tie it so that it cannot 
 tug on the halter. If the young horse refuses to 
 follow the old one, which has been taken in the sta- 
 ble first, take hold of the halter with your left hand 
 near the head, place your right hand, armed with a 
 whip, over the back of the colt, direct its head 
 toward the stable door and administer a light cut 
 with the whip as far back as possible. The cut 
 coming from behind and from the other side, the 
 colt will move forward and to that side where his 
 master is. All the master has then to do, is to give 
 with his left hand, the proper direction, and it will 
 go into the stable without further trouble. 
 
BAEEY AND ROCKWXLL's TRAINING METHODS. 93 
 
 Should it not be possible in this way to get the 
 colt into the stable, lead it around in all directions, 
 stopping occasionally at the door, and it will not 
 take ten minutes before it will enter. Never try to 
 pull a young horse into the stable by force, as it 
 would learn to regard the stable as a dangerous 
 place. 
 
 9— TO TIE THE YOUNG HORSE, WITHOUT ITS PULLING 
 AT THE HALTER. 
 
 The young horse should be fastened in a stall, 
 rather wide, but not too long, so that, on account of 
 a movable crossbeam, fastened at a short distance 
 behind the colt, it is not able to step back enough 
 to tug at the halter in a straight direction backward. 
 If the animal is then tied in the middle of the stall, 
 the halter will prevent its turning far to the right or 
 left, and, compelled to stand quiet, it will, even if 
 tied by a light strap, never try to break it. 
 
 Rockwell's method to cure horses from pulling at 
 the halter, is first, to place a common halter on him ; 
 then put on a common girth. Take a half-inch rope, 
 about twenty feet long, pass the centre of this rope 
 under the tail in place of a crouper, twist the rope 
 over a couple of times, pass the ends of the rope 
 under the girth, bringing one end up on each side of 
 the neck and pass the ends under the girth and 
 
u 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 througli the nose-piece of the head stall, under 
 the cheek pieces, and tie to a stout post, leaving 
 about three feet play of rope. As soon as the 
 horse pulls back, he, being tied by the tail to the 
 post, pulls upon his tail, Fig. 15, and the hurt 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
 coming from there, instead of the head, where 
 he expected it, he will start forward, it being natural 
 to go from the hurt. There is no danger accom- 
 panying this, and if he is in the habit of pulling 
 at night, this arrangement may be left on, without 
 fear of the horse getting tangled in the rope. Com- 
 mon sense will show you, that, as there is no pull 
 upon the head, and consequently no hurt there, he 
 will soon cease pulling and lose the habit. To make 
 the lessons still more effective, you may cause him 
 to pull, by using such exciting means as are apt to 
 alarm him. 
 
RAREY AND ROCKWELL' S TRAINING METHODS. 9o 
 
 10— BRIDLE PULLING— (rOCKWELL) . 
 Pat a rope under the tail in the same manner as in 
 halter pulling, except that you pass the ends through 
 the rings of the bridle, and tie him to a post where 
 he is in the habit of pulling — unhitching the wagon, 
 if one was attached. Step away and frighten him by 
 whatever is apt to cause him to pull. As he pulls, 
 the pressure coming upon the tail, he will step up to 
 the post. Take hold of the rope between the j^ost 
 and his head and give it a few pulls back and forth. 
 By these means, he will learn to step forward rather 
 than to step backward. After a few lessons, he may 
 be tied by a common tie-strap, the end, however, 
 passing through the ring of the bridle bit and being 
 tied to the back strap. Do this until you are satis- 
 fied you have effected a cure. 
 
 11— PUTTING ON THE BIT, (aFTER RAREY). 
 
 A smooth but thick joint-bit, with bars on either 
 side, is the most proper for a young horse. This bit 
 must be buckled into the head stall of the bridle at 
 first without reins, checks and blinkers, and the 
 horse be allowed to walk around free, in a large 
 space, until he gets used to it, so as to make no 
 attempt to free himself of the bit. These proceed- 
 ings are to be repeated a few times, before going any 
 further. Put, also, a halter over the bridle, as the 
 
96 HOW TO JUDGE A HOESE. 
 
 young torse will be more willing to be guided by the 
 halter strap than by the bit, which it is not accus- 
 tomed to as yet. 
 
 12— TO GET THE COLT USED TO THE BIT, (AFTER 
 ROCKWELL). 
 
 Place on the colt an ordinary head stall with a 
 joint bit without any check strap or reins. Leave 
 him in the stable, or yard, for a short time, then re- 
 move the bit. Frequently replace it and allow it to 
 remain on for a short time. By this means, which is 
 a great improvement on the old way of putting on 
 the bitting bridle at once, his mouth becomes used 
 to the bit. After a few times doing this, the colt 
 will be ready for 
 
 13 — THE BITTING BRIDLE, (rOCKWELL). Fig. 16. 
 
 For this, first prepare a well-padded leather girth, 
 with a large ring firmly riveted on to the centre of 
 the girth, over the back and three buckles, six inches 
 apart from each other and the ring. Put on a 
 common riding bridle or head stall without blinds, 
 and, under all circumstances, use a joint bit, gag 
 runners (loops) being well placed up towards the ears, 
 and the throat lash made large and to buckle very 
 loose under the gag runner. The side-straps to be 
 about six feet long with a snap at one end and holes 
 for the buckle tongue at the other. Fasten the strap, 
 
KAKEY AND EOCKWELL's TBAINING METHODS. 97" 
 
 with the snap, to the ring in the centre of the girth 
 pass the other end of the strap through the gag run- 
 ner on the near side of the horse, passing it from 
 toward the nostrils back through the ring of the bit. 
 Draw it tolerably light and fasten in the buckle. 
 Do the same on the offside. You will see that by 
 
 Fig 16. 
 fastening the strap well up toward the ring in the 
 centre, it will compel him to hold his head high 
 and throw the nose out. By fastening them well 
 down on the side, it will lower the head and curve 
 
98 How TO JUDGE A HORSil. 
 
 tlie neck, at the same time giving liim tlie power to 
 move the head up and down with perfect ease. 
 In cases, where bitting is required only for the 
 purpose of suppling and developing the muscles 
 of the neck, this bridle should be used, as no horse 
 being geared in this bridle will be injured, in case 
 of falling backward. 
 
 14 — BITTING THE COLT, (eOCKWELL). 
 
 In placing the bitting bridle upon the colt, great 
 care should be taken not to buckle the straps tight 
 at first, as you might give pain, and alarm the ani- 
 mal. Be particular to have the throat-lash quite 
 loose, so that it will not choke him. Many horses 
 have been ruined by carelessness in this particular. 
 In gearing him up, care should be taken, that the 
 check is not too tight at first, lest he should, in rear- 
 ing, go over backward and fall on the top of his head. 
 Another reason is, that he will yield more readily to 
 the side reins. The checking up should be governed 
 by the length and form of the neck and shoulders. As 
 soon as the colt shows a disposition to yield, the bridle 
 should be removed or the straps loosened. This 
 should be done within at least five minutes from the 
 time it is put on. The oftener it is taken off and re 
 placed for the first three days, the better. Do not 
 however remove it while the colt is sulky and refus- 
 ing to move his head. A lesson here to be taught 
 
BAEEY AND ROCKWELl's TEAINING METHODS. 99 
 
 him, is, tliat lie cannot be loosened from the restraint, 
 loMle he is resisting it. This will prove useful in all 
 future dealings with the animal. Should he prove un- 
 usually stubborn and refuse to yield, you may make 
 use of what we denominate the " Yankee Bridle.'''' It 
 consists of a common bridle head stall and a jointed 
 bit with double rings, Eig. 17. Fasten the cheek 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 pieces of the head stall to the loose rings on either 
 side and the reins or rope to the rings of the bit. 
 
 In using this bit on a refractory horse, take a rope 
 about ten feet long, tie one end to the near side ring 
 of the bit, pass the other end, under the jaw, through 
 the offside ring of the bit, then bring the rope over 
 the neck from the off side to the near side, placing 
 it about where the collar usually comes. Then pass 
 it down the near side, and through and over that 
 portion of the rope which is between the two bit 
 rings under the jaw. Now as you tighten upon the 
 rope, see Fig. 18, you will perceive that the tendency 
 of the two rings, attached to the cheek pieces, is to 
 play loosely upon the bit and to move toward the 
 
100 HOW TO JUDGfi A HORSE. 
 
 centre or joint of the bit, and that they will conse- 
 quently press tightly upon the cheeks. The sensation 
 which this pressure occasions, you may illustrate, by 
 pressing inwardly upon your own cheeks with your 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 mouth partially opened. The effect upon a horse is 
 instantaneous and irresistible. It cannot injure 
 and is a safe and reliable controlling power. 
 
 15 — SADDLING THE HORSE, (rAREY). 
 
 In putting on the saddle, take care that the stir- 
 rups do not hang down so as to touch the 
 horse, thereby irritating and frightening him. 
 
'eabey and Rockwell's training methods. 101 
 
 Sling a knot in the stirrup straps, put the saddle 
 flaps together, take the saddle under your right arm, 
 and walk slowly up to the horse. As soon as you 
 are near enough, lift the saddle up gradually, and 
 while caressing the animal, let him touch and look 
 at it. Then open the saddle flaps and stroke the 
 horse with the saddle gently, along the neck, to make 
 him accustomed to the noise made by the pushing 
 to and fro of the saddle. By and by, do the same 
 with the saddle farther back, until you may finally 
 put it over his shoulders and gently down on his 
 back. Shake the saddle flaps and keep busy about 
 the saddle, take it off again, put it right on again^ 
 and the horse will no longer offer any resistance. 
 
 Before these manipulations, examine the padding 
 of the saddle so as to protect the horse's back from 
 becoming galled by the saddle, then fasten it 
 by means of the girths, quite loosely, just enough 
 to hold it in place. To avoid frightening the horse, 
 by fastening the girths, it is absolutely necessary to 
 remove everything disturbing, for instance : loose 
 tangling straps, etc. Put the straps, as gently as 
 possible, around the horse, not pulling them tight, 
 and lead the horse about. 
 
 After he gets a little used to the saddle on his 
 back, tighten the girths slowly, as much as necessary, 
 without irritating the animal. Take a whip in your 
 
m 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 right hand, put your right arm over the saddle, and 
 taking up the reins on both sides of the neck, with 
 the right and left hands, walk the horse around until 
 he gets sufficiently used to the reins and that you may 
 turn and stop him by gently pulling the reins. As soon 
 as he stands still, loosen the reins slightly. Always 
 bear in mind to execute all these preparations with 
 no other person present, but in a large stable, 
 or some other enclosed space, where there is no 
 danger of getting hurt in mounting the horse after- 
 ward. It is essential that you should talk to and 
 caress the horse during and after every exercise. In 
 this way you will accomplish more in hours than 
 otherwise in months. 
 
 16 — MOUNTING THE HORSE, (RAREY). 
 
 Having adjusted bit, reins, and saddle, the horse 
 is ready to be mounted. Before you actually mount 
 him, prepare him properly by caressing and stroking 
 him on both sides of the saddle and over the whole 
 body, and then gently and gradually make him ac- 
 customed to a pressure upon his back and to receive 
 the weight of his master. This end you will not 
 reach untill all fear is removed, and the animal has 
 learned to stand still without being held, and not to 
 get alarmed at the sight of the rider wherever he 
 jnay be. The best way, to accustom the horse to 
 
EAEEY AND ROCKWELL's TRAINING METHODS. 103 
 
 the weight of the rider, is to mount from a block of 
 one to one-and-a-half feet high. As the horse is 
 watching every change in the position of his master 
 and is very apt to get alarmed by his suddenly 
 jumping on the block, get on the block very slowly, 
 allowing the horse to see you in the position of first 
 having only one foot on the block, being the same 
 position as when mounting the horse. If the horse 
 does not show any fear, let the stirrups down gently, 
 put the left foot in the stirrup, taking care not to 
 touch the horse with the toes under the shoulder. 
 The knee should be close to the saddle, the left hand 
 taking hold of a lock of the mane, the right hand 
 placed on the cantle of the saddle. Lifting yourself 
 up a little from the block, let the horse gradually 
 feel the whole weight of your body, first on the stir- 
 rup, then in the saddle. Be very careful in doing 
 that, for it is the critical moment, and if done too 
 rashly, it may spoil the animal for a long time. Re- 
 peat this exercise several times, each time liftiag 
 yourself a little higher. 
 
 The reason, for mounting from a block, is that the 
 horse will not feel the weight of the rider at once, 
 but gradually, and, besides, the rider is not com- 
 pelled to spring, to get into the saddle, and lastly, 
 the horse will gradually become accustomed to the 
 high position, in which he will afterward see his rider. 
 
104 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 17 — RIDING THE HORSE, (rAREY). 
 
 As the fear of the horse is not entirely allayed yet, 
 and it being easily alarmed and irritated by new im- 
 pressions and unwonted handling, it is apparent that, 
 to cause it to move on, the rider should not attempt 
 to urge it forward by kicking it in the sides with 
 his heels. Better caress and speak to him, and if 
 he does not go forward then, turn him a little to the 
 left, until he begins to move, permitting him to 
 jnove slowly and with loose reins. Continue in this 
 manner until the horse has walked around the en- 
 closure for a few times and got used to the bit and 
 reins, permitting you to guide and stop him at your 
 pleasure. This exercise should not last longer than 
 half an hour so as not to annoy him. Eepeat the 
 same twice a day for a few days. In dismounting, 
 and taking off the saddle and bridle, use the same 
 precaution, not to alarm the horse. "Withdraw 
 your right foot slowly from the stirrup, with the 
 left hand take hold of the mane and reins, lift your 
 leg slowly over the croup, being careful not to touch 
 the horse with the boot, and let yourself slowly 
 down to the block or ground, all this time speaking 
 to the horse. Eepeat mounting and dismounting 
 several times during each lesson. 
 
 After a few days the horse will be quiet, and it 
 will then be time to take him outdoors. There it will 
 
EAREY AND ROCKWELL' S TRAINING METHODS. l6§ 
 
 naturally be inclined to gallop, to jump, and to shy, 
 and care should be taken to remove every object apt 
 to excite the animal. 
 
 In mounting the horse outdoors, take the left rein, 
 short, so as to enable you to hold him and to draw 
 his head toward you in case he should shy or step 
 sidewards. 
 
 If the horse entirely refuses to move on, after the 
 rider is in the saddle, turn his head to one side 
 and thus the horse several times around in a circle. 
 If then let loose, he will without using the whip, 
 be glad to move forward. 
 
 It is quite improper to use a martingale at the first 
 lessons of the horse under saddle, as the animal 
 will more willingly submit to the guidance of the 
 hand, if the pull of the rein comes in a straight line, 
 as if that direction were broken by the martingale. 
 The use of a martingale ma}'' only then be justified, 
 if the horse carries his head too high, or stretches 
 his nose too far out. 
 
 18— RIDING THE HORSE, (ROCKWELL). 
 
 This should not be done before the horse is well 
 bridle broken. Begin the lesson in the barn or yard. 
 Place on him a common riding bridle without girth 
 or martingale. Tie the bridle reins together on top 
 of the neck, tight enough to check him just a little. 
 
i06 ' HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 Stand on iLe near side, near the shoulder, throw 
 strap across the withers, near where the reins 
 lie. Quietly r.ach down in front and caress the 
 fore legs, and as soon as the horse is sufficiently 
 calmed, tie the strap to the off leg, just below 
 the fetlock. If he is restive and prevents you from 
 tying it, or shows signs of striking or kicking, take 
 him by the head and tail, the left hand well up to 
 the head, and whirl him around two or three times, 
 and while he is disconcerted by this movement, 
 stoop and tie the strap. Then take hold of the near 
 rein, within about four inches of the head, and with 
 the right hand draw up the strap so as to pull the 
 foot clean from the ground, at the same time, pulling 
 on the rein toward you, quite firmly, until he has 
 made two or three hops on three legs. The points, 
 to be gained by this, are : first, you teach the colt 
 that he is not to be hurt and that he cannot get 
 away. This tends to prevent his plunging when you 
 afterward attempt to ride him. Second, by putting 
 the strap across the back, it accustoms him to bear 
 a weight upon his back. Third, it prevents him from 
 throwing himself over backward. Fourth, it accom- 
 plishes your desire in a safer and quicker way than 
 any other known. Now take a shorter hold on the 
 strap, with the foot held up, passing your right arm 
 well over his back, with the left hand take hold of 
 
EAREY AND ROCKWELL's TRAINING METHODS. 107 
 
 the reins and mane near the withers, and then make 
 the motion of mounting. Do this a few times until 
 the colt gets accustomed to the new positions and 
 movements. Then gently mount him, the foot being 
 still held up. Now let down the foot and start him 
 along. If he shows signs of being restive, or at- 
 tempting to throw you, pull up the foot and caress 
 him. He will not fall down while the foot is up, as 
 it might be supposed he would. Keep well hold of 
 the foot strap, untie the knot in the reins and letting 
 down the foot, commence turning him from side to 
 side and urging him forward. If he is unwilling to 
 start, take a whip into the same hand, with which 
 you hold the foot strap, and gently touch him with 
 it on the off hind leg, just back of the stifle, gradually 
 increasing the blows until he starts, at the same 
 time loosening the reins. In turning him, use cau- 
 tion, and do not pull upon but one rein at a time, for 
 the reason, that, if you pull on both, the colt will be 
 apt to run backward, sideways, or otherwise act awk- 
 wardly. Do not ride him very far the first time. 
 This lesson with the foot strap should be repeated 
 three or four times, until the colt is accustomed to 
 your presence upon his back, and to your legs against 
 his side. Having never been thrown from a colt, 
 since I adopted this plan, I firmly believe that no 
 better method of training the colt to ride, is known, 
 
BEEAKING THE HOKSE TO HABNESS. 
 
 19 — HARNESSING THE HORSE, (rOCKWELL). 
 
 The same precautions should be used as in sad- 
 dling the horse. After the harness is put on care- 
 fully, put on a bridle without blinds, and walk him 
 around the yard, or allow him to remain in the stable 
 for about half an hour, to become accustomed to the 
 rattling of the straps and the feeling of the harness 
 in these unwonted positions, then remove the har- 
 ness. After a while, put the harness on again for a 
 short time, and again remove it a few minutes 
 after. The third time you harness the horse, pass 
 the traces through the rings of the breeches and tie 
 them, drawing the traces and the breast collar pretty 
 snugly together against the body. After a little 
 while, you may commence to drive him with the 
 reins, turning him in different directions and gently 
 urging him forward, impressing upon him the fact, 
 that you control him, thus teaching him to obey the 
 reins and to go without leading. Be careful each time 
 to repeat the word ** ivhoa " at the same moment you 
 pull on the reins to stop him. This exercise usually 
 
 .108 
 
BREAKING TfiU HOUSE TO HAHNESS. 109 
 
 occupies three days' time. As soon as lie appears 
 handy with the reins, you are then ready for 
 
 20— HITCHIXa UP THE COLT, (ROCKWELL). 
 
 If possible avoid hitching him up, single. If it is 
 necessary, to do so, be particular to place him in the 
 shafts as quietly as possible. As there is no danger 
 attached to this transaction, we have no established 
 rule, leaving the operator to be governed by circum- 
 stances and his own judgment. Before hitching him 
 to a wagon, rattle the shafts, shako the wagon, walk 
 him out and in between the shafts, lead him in to- 
 ward the wagon, uncheck him and allow him to 
 examine in his own way the object, so new and 
 terrifying to him. You must accustom him to the 
 wagon, or there is danger. If he continues frightened, 
 in spite of these efforts, it will be well to let him go 
 for a while. Then try again, until he gets quiet. You 
 may then hitch him to the wagon, and drive him very 
 carefully on level ground for a few minutes, for the 
 first few times avoiding backing and turning, if pos- 
 sible, being careful for a few days to give only short 
 drives. Three miles and back, afterwards, will do no 
 harm, gradually toughening the colt to do your work. 
 
 Our method, however, and the only one that can 
 be safely used, is to hitch the colt up alongside of a 
 broken horse, putting him on the offside. There are 
 
llO HOW TO JUDGE A HOESE. 
 
 several reasons for hitcliing on the offside. It is 
 usual to jump from a wagon on the nearside ; and in 
 this act, if ajij accident shall happen, such as your- 
 self falling down, or any other movement, likely to 
 alarm the horse, he may start, and, if he were on the 
 nearside, he would wheel around from you, and per- 
 haps do damage, before you got within reach ; while, 
 if he was on the offside, he would, if frightened, 
 wheel towards you, the broken horse being likely to 
 remain steady. Another reason is, that the opera- 
 tions with the colt have, thus far, mainly been on the 
 nearside, and it will not seem quite so strange to 
 him, to have a horse on that side. 
 
 The harness, being on both horses (quite loosely 
 on the colt), with long inside reins, you will buckle 
 a strap around the near fore foot of the colt, just below 
 the fetlock, with an inch ring slipped on the strap. 
 Tie a long line to the ring, pass it under the girth of 
 the colt, bring it up on the outside of his trace, 
 and hold it in your right hand. The driving lines 
 hold in your left hand. You will then drive the 
 team about. As you start them, promptly and deci- 
 dedly, use such word as you choose, never varying 
 from the same word, frequently pull up the lines 
 and say: ^^ lulioa^' at the same time, draw upon 
 the line, attached to the foot, until the foot is lifted 
 from the ground and held there, leaving the colt 
 
feREAKIKG THE HOESE TO HAR^'ESS. 111 
 
 standing on three legs, in spite of his struggles. 
 After a few times cloiug this, you may unharness 
 him, as this is sufficient for the lesson. When ready 
 to hitch up, which you may do now at your leisure, 
 you will do as before, and after a little driving, hitch 
 the team to a wagon and get in. You may now start 
 off slowly, stopping the team once or twice, while on 
 a walk, saying, ** ivlioa " as before, and pulling up 
 the foot strap. You will now readily perceive, that 
 you have perfect control over the colt's movements, 
 whether on a walk pr trot, without any danger to the 
 colt. The colt will not stumble, strange as it may 
 appear, it being almost impossible for him to fall by 
 this means while in motion. A long experience 
 warrants this statement. Short and lively drives 
 are what you now want, until the colt becomes broken 
 and obeys the rein and word, ^'whoa.'" You may 
 then change sides with him, to teach the other side of 
 him, of course, changing the foot strap to the inside, 
 each time. When he has by these means become 
 accustomed, to being handled freely, you may hitch 
 him up, feingle or double, as you choose, for he is 
 now ready to drive. 
 
 21 — TEACHING THE COLT TO BACK, (rOCKWELL). 
 
 This should not be attempted, until the colt has 
 been driven at least eight or ten days, nor until the 
 
il2 HOW TO JUDGE A kOilM, 
 
 habit of readily stopping, starting, driving and obey- 
 ing the reins has been formed. If you adopt this 
 rule, no colt will balk, throw himself down in harness, 
 run into a fence, or refuse to stand while the driver 
 is getting into the carriage. "When sufficient time 
 has elapsed to warrant you in undertaking to teach 
 him to back, take a common bridle — a bitting 
 bridle is best — and begin by taking hold of the 
 side reins, standing in front of the colt, gently push- 
 ing backward, saying, " Backj^ at the same time he 
 steps back. This you will repeat, until he readily 
 takes two or three steps backward, when you will 
 release him for the present. At the next trial, you 
 may put on the reins and take your position behind 
 him, passing the reins through the side rings of the 
 strap, or, if obliged to use a harness, passing the reins 
 through the shaft straps, holding the reins well down 
 by his side, to prevent him from turning round and 
 facing you. Have him loosely checked. As you step 
 behind him, pull gently on the reins, and as he steps 
 backward, say, " Bach,'' and immediately slacken the 
 reinSo A half an hour's exercise is usually sufficient 
 at a time, repeating the operation until he backs 
 readily. It is well, to give him one or two sharp 
 steady pulls, for eight or ten feet backward, just be- 
 fore leaving him each time. He is now ready to be 
 hitched up, as you usually hitch up your horses^, and 
 
BREAKING THE HOESE TO HARNESS. Il3 
 
 ready to form the habit of backing to wagon at the 
 word. Be careful for the first few times not to ask 
 him to back with a load, each time having the wagon 
 in a favorable position, as descending ground, when 
 the attempt is made. By using this precaution, 
 the colt will soon learn to be handy, and practice 
 will perfect him. 
 
 22 — REFUSING TO PULL, (rAREY.) 
 
 Any faults, on the side of the horse, are generally 
 the consequence of false treatment, and the best 
 proof for this assertion is the refusal of the horse to 
 pull. This opposition is not founded in the nature 
 of the horse, but only occurs in a certain state of the 
 same, as : excitement, perplexion, etc., brought 
 about by irrational treatment. It often happens, 
 that a lively horse, hearing the voice of his driver, 
 will jump in the harness, thereby not moving the load, 
 but receiving a jerk on his shoulders, which throws 
 him backward, and which at the same time will 
 stop the other horse. The driver generally continues 
 to urge the horses on. Before the quiet horse begins 
 to pull, the lively one has made another plunge and is 
 again thrown backward. The quiet horse, not being 
 able to pull the load alone, will also become per- 
 plexed and will stand still, not knowing what to do. 
 Oftentimes, then, they have to suffer from the stu- 
 
114 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 pidity of tlie driver, who whips them in his blind rage. 
 But this makes matters worse, the horse gets obsti- 
 nate and the next time he will be sure not to pull at 
 aU. 
 
 If a horse refuses to pull, be kind to him, caress 
 him, allay his excitement by speaking and stroking 
 his neck, and leave the team alone, for ten or fifteen 
 minutes. Then urge them on again, turning the 
 horses a little to the right and left, so as to get them 
 in motion, before they feel the pressure of the load 
 behind them. Drive about twenty paces and stop 
 again, before the balky horse stops on his own ac- 
 count. Then caress and start again. 
 
 In correcting such a horse, it is a good plan to 
 first hitch him with a quiet horse to an empty wagon, 
 tie the traces of the quiet horse a little shorter, so as 
 to cause him to take the load alone at first starting 
 By this means, the excitable horse will become ac- 
 customed to walk by the side of the other horse. 
 You may then hitch both horses equally long, drive 
 up some hill, first with the empty wagon, then with 
 a load on, and you will surely get the horse to pull. 
 
 23 — TO DRIVE WILD HORSES; OR, SUCH OF VICIOUS 
 HABITS, (rAREY.) 
 
 The manipulations are similar to Eockwell's 
 method, described in ^^ Hitching up the colt." Rarey 
 
BREAKING THE HORSE TO HARNESS. Uo 
 
 says : It is only necessary to tie up one fore-leg, so 
 that the hoof points upward, nearly touching the 
 body. The horse, then standing on three legs only, 
 is not able to kick, but you may do with him, what 
 you please. Should he begin to jump or get wild, he 
 will soon quiet down, seeing the futility of his at- 
 tempts to free himself. As soon as he gets quiet, 
 untie him again, stroke his leg, caress him, give him 
 a little rest, and tie the leg up again. 
 
 The next step is to lead the horse about until he 
 has learned to walk on three legs only. Then hitch 
 him to a small, light wagon, and let him walk at lei- 
 sure. Being unable to kick or run away, you have 
 nothing to fear. You may safely give him the reins, 
 and even use the whip. He will soon tire out and stop 
 on his own account, even if he were the wildest horse 
 that ever had a harness on. 
 
 The horse, being first alarmed, with such treat- 
 ment, as soon as he perceives that no harm is done 
 to him, will quiet down and pay no farther attention 
 to the harness. This is the best cure for the vice 
 of kicking. 
 
 24 — TO TEACH A HORSE TO LIE DOWN, (RAREY.) 
 
 Bend the left fore foot in the knee, put a strap 
 Fig. 19, around the fore arm and fetlock, so that he 
 cannot sat his foot down on the ground. (Fig. 20). 
 
llfi 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 
 Fig. 19a 
 
 Place a girth around the horse's 
 body, fasten a strap with an inch 
 ring attached around the horse's 
 right fetlock, tie a strap or rope 
 into this ring, and draw the strap 
 through the girth under the belly, 
 Fig. 20. Standing on the left 
 side, take firm hold on the bridle 
 rein with your left hand, near the 
 bit, and while pulling the strap 
 with your right hand, press 
 against the shoulder of the horse, 
 until he moves. As soon as this 
 happens, lift up the right leg by 
 a strong pull on the strap, and he 
 will sink down on his knees. As 
 the horse may begin to struggle, 
 take a firm hold on the strap, so 
 as to prevent him from regaining 
 his feet. If he rears up, turn 
 his head toward you. Fig. 21, 
 and he will soon get tired and 
 sink down on his knees again. 
 Crowd with your shoulder gradu- 
 ally, not violently, against his 
 side, and after, perhaps, ten 
 minutes, he will turn over on 
 
RAKEY AND EOCKWELl's TRAINING METHODS. 117 
 
 his right side away from you, and you can do with 
 him what you please, Fig. 21a. Another way is, 
 after the horse is on his knees, to pull his head 
 sharply to the right, until he gets tired, loses his 
 balance and will fall over to the left or toward you. 
 Fig. 20a. Unfasten the straps, stretch out his legs, 
 caress and stroke his neck, speak to him gently, and 
 after about fifteen minutes, allow him to get up 
 
 Fig. 20. 
 
118 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 again, using tlie words : " Get up.'' Kepeat three 
 or four times in one lesson, and give two lessons a 
 day. After four lessons, the horse will surely lie 
 down without these resources, by simply lifting up 
 one leg and touching the other at the knee, with 
 a whip. 
 
 Fig. 20a. 
 25— THROWING A HORSE, (ROCKWELL). 
 
 The easiest and most effectual method of throwing 
 a horse, is to strap up the near fore foot, put 
 on a surringle with a ring fastened to the top of it ; 
 tie a half-inch rope around his neck in the same 
 manner you would hitch him by the neck ; place it 
 
Fig. 21a. 
 
120 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE A HOKSE. 
 
 up near the throat lash with the knot on the near 
 side ; pass the rope through the mouth and bring it 
 along his neck on the off side, and pass it through 
 the ring on the back, standing back on the near side 
 about six or eight feet from the horse opposite his 
 near side hind leg, drawing the rope sufficiently tight, 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 to keep it in the mouth. Pull carefully until he 
 yields his head a little to the off side ; then give a 
 sharp, strong pull, and keeping your hold, pull 
 sharply, until he is down, Fig. 22, which will occupy 
 from one to five seconds. As he goes down, lying 
 upon the near side, you keep the rope tightened 
 and he cannot get up. By repeating this, you will 
 soon make him quite a trick horse, as he will learn 
 to lie down, by simply pulling on the off bridle rein. 
 Throwing is often necessary in surgical operations, 
 and, as the horse may be thrown on either side and 
 
EAREt ANi) KOCKWELl's TRAINING METHODS. 121 
 
 with perfect safety, by tliis plan, it is preferable to 
 the old way of throwing by main strength. 
 
 26 — to teach a horse to follow his master, 
 (rarey). 
 
 Take, the horse into a large stable or barn, step 
 up to him, take hold of the halter, and touching him 
 with a long whip gently over the loins, turn his head 
 toward you. Then lead him on the halter strap, 
 through the stable, caressing and speaking to him, 
 using the words : " Come here, Sir !'' and, as often 
 as you turn around, touch him with the whip to 
 cause him to step up close. Should he stop and turn 
 around, administer a few sharp cuts with the whip 
 around his hind quarters, causing him to turn his 
 head quickly toward his master. After each touching 
 with the whip, caress again. To avoid the touch of 
 the whip, the horse will soon come up on his own 
 account to be caressed, without being pulled by the 
 halter. After a lesson of half an hour, it will follow 
 his master through the whole stable. 
 
 After the stable lessons have been repeated three 
 or four times, he must be taken out of doors and 
 the lessons repeated until he is safe. 
 
 27— TO CAUSE THE HORSE TO FOLLOW YOU, (ROCKWELL). 
 
 To cause him to follow you while his head is con- 
 fined with a bridle or halter, put on the " Yankee 
 
122 HOW TO JUDGE A HORS£. 
 
 Bridled See Fig. 18. Take liold of tlie rope about 
 two feet from tlie head, give liim a few sliort, quick 
 side pulls to the right and left, then, taking quickly 
 hold of the rope farther towards the end, as you step 
 back, say decidedly : " Come here, Sir." If he comes 
 forward, caress him ; if he does not come, give him 
 a pull with a sideways tendency, and repeat the 
 attempt to have him come forward, until he does 
 come ; then start off either to the right or left, 
 with the rope slackened ; if he does not follow 3^ou, 
 give him more pulls sideways and try him again. 
 With an ordinary horse you can teach the lesson in 
 ten minutes, so as to be followed by him when you 
 are near the head. Step partially behind him, 
 laying the rope along his back, and say : " Come 
 here. Sir." He will not be likely to do it, because 
 he h:is only been taught to go forward at the words. 
 To teach him to follow you in this direction, you will 
 then chirrup to start him, repeating the words. If 
 he comes, caress him ; if he does not come, or 
 moves in the wrong direction, pull upon the bridle, 
 caressing him as he obeys. The same rule will apply 
 to any direction in which you wish him to follow 
 you. It is quite necessary to teach the horse this 
 habit, as it is the foundation of many others, and is 
 one of the most valuable which the horse can 
 possess. 
 
BAEEY AND ROCKWELL'S TRAINING METHODS. 123 
 
 To teach him for your amusement to follow you 
 when entirely loose, put on the near fore foot, a long 
 foot strap, and place on him a girth ; and holding 
 the end in your hand, step away from him ; then step 
 toward him and if, he attempts to step away from 
 you, pull up on the strap and say : "Whoa." If he 
 stops, step up and caress him ; repeat until he will 
 allow you to step up to him without moving away. 
 Now take a short, blunt whip in your right hand, 
 and the strap in your left, standing by his side, pass 
 your right arm over the withers and gently touch 
 him on the offside of the head ; if he starts to move 
 off, pull up on the strap, and say : "Whoa." When 
 he turns his head, caress him gradually with the 
 whip, forcing him to turn his head around toward 
 you. When he will do this, every time you put the 
 whip over, you may remove the foot strap and prac- 
 tise him in the lesson, until he will come to you, 
 every time you lay the whip across his neck ; then 
 put on the foot strap again, put your whip in the 
 same position and hit him in the same place quite 
 hard, at the same time, saying : " Come liere, Sir.'' 
 After a little, he will be very prompt ; then place him 
 in a corner and step off at a distance of eight or ten 
 feet, and say : " Come here, Sir.'' If he comes, ca- 
 ress him ; if he does not come, hit him gently on the 
 breast with a long whip. He will, perhaps, struggle 
 
124 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 to get away, and if lie attempts to get out of the cor- 
 ner, pull up on the strap. "When he faces you, step 
 up to him and caress him, placing him back in the 
 corner and repeat. If he finally shows a disposition 
 to follow, step back coaxingly, and when he stops, 
 caress him ; at each further repetition use the words: 
 " Come herey Sir^^ at each motion of the whip. In 
 this way he will soon learn to follow you at the word, 
 if you have a whip in your hand. Don't take him 
 out of doors to practise until he is quite perfect, and 
 then begin in a small yard and alone. 
 
 28 — TO TEACH THE HORSE TO STAND STILL WITHOUT 
 TYING, (RAREY). 
 
 After the horse has learned to follow his master, 
 make him stand in the middle of the stable, caress 
 him at the head and neck, and gradually farther and 
 farther back. As soon as he moves or walks away, 
 give him a sharp cut and take him back to the place 
 where he first stood. If he stands quiet, caress him 
 by moving all around him. Each time he moves, 
 administer a cut and begin again. He will soon 
 stand still ; walk faster around him, touching him 
 only now and then ; move around him in wider cir- 
 cles, and if he stands still, step up to him and caress 
 him, and continue the circling. Don't leave the 
 horse too long on the same spot, but walk him for a 
 
EAUEt AND Rockwell's tbaIkikg methods. 1^5 
 
 change througli the stable, and repeat the lesson on 
 another spot. The lesson should not last longer 
 than half an hour. 
 
 29 — BAD TO BRIDLE, (rOCKWELL). 
 
 With the *' Yankee Bridle," Fig. 18, pull his head 
 down and gently handle his ears. When he will al- 
 low you to do so without trying to get his head up, 
 loosen up and allow him to lift it. If he is inclined 
 to strike with the fore legs, put on the halter and tie 
 him to a post, then apply the " Yankee Bridle " 
 sharply, keeping at a distance ; then approach him, 
 keeping the halter pulled tight by means of the rope 
 in your hand, and pulling his head down, handle his 
 ears gently. When he allows it quietly, caress him. 
 If he is inclined to back, back him into a stall 
 and repeat. In half an hour he will allow you to 
 handle his ears to your liking. Kepeat whenever he 
 shows signs of returning to his old habit. 
 
 If you have no time to break him, in putting on 
 the bridle, pass your right hand under the neck, take 
 hold of the nose from the opposite side ; with your 
 left hand pass the bits into his mouth ; take your 
 hand from the nose, and with it carefully put on the 
 headstall, while your left hand is in the mouth work- 
 ing at the bit, shaking and fumbling it to keep his 
 attention, until the headstall is properly placed. 
 
126 HOW TO JUDGE A HOESE. 
 
 If hard to put the bit in the mouth, pass your right 
 hand around under the neck, and take hold of the 
 nose. With the left hand press the lips against the 
 bridle teeth, before the bit touches the teeth. This 
 will cause him to open the mouth. To break up the 
 habit, use the Yankee Bridle while bitting, passing 
 the bit in and out, hitting the teeth each time. This 
 will cure him. 
 
 30— BAD TO BACK, (kOCKWELL). 
 
 Use the Yankee Bridle, and tie the horse to a ring 
 in the wall with a long halter strap. Lead him past the 
 wall with a long halter strap. Lead him past the 
 ring as far as the halter will allow, and from the op- 
 posite side from the halter, pull back upon the 
 Yankee Bridle. Do not use at this time any 
 words. Continue this until he backs readily at the 
 pull, then begin using the word, "Back," and re- 
 peat until he understands the meaning of the word 
 and will back upon being told to. Do this next in 
 harness, and if necessary after he is hitched to wagon. 
 There is no difficulty in soon fixing the lesson upon 
 his attention, so that he will never forget it. 
 
 31 — HARD PULLEES, (eOCKWELL). 
 
 Give a horse which pulls upon the bit, all 
 the road he wants, and let him go. If he goes too 
 fast; jerk upon one line and then the other, slackeu 
 
EAREY AND ROCKWELL^S TRAINING METHODS. 127 
 
 Up and let him go again. If this does not answer, 
 drive him with the Yankee Bridle, without the rope, 
 attaching the lines to its bit without martingale. 
 
 32— SHOEING THE COLT, (ROCKWELL). 
 
 To prepare a colt for shoeing the first time, tie a 
 long strap around his neck, pass it along the near 
 side, between the hind legs, and bringing it around 
 the near hind leg, close up to the body, pass it under 
 the strap around the neck ; then draw upon the strap, 
 holding him meanwhile by the bridle. The colt will 
 probably be nervous at the pull, and you will loosen 
 it and caress him over the face and neck, gradually 
 tightening at each successive pull, using no words 
 but gentle ones, and not saying, " Whoa." When 
 he has become accustomed to that, lower the strap 
 to a point just above the hock, and gradually pull 
 upon the strap until you lift the leg, at the same time 
 pulling upon the bridle with a side or back pull, to 
 prevent his stepping forward. 
 
 When you have thus succeeded in easily lifting 
 the leg pretty well up, you will find that you can 
 take it up with your hand and hold it. The same 
 process must of course be gone through with on the 
 other leg, and after about ten lessons, your colt is 
 ready to go to the blacksmith. The rule has usually 
 been to take the colt to the blacksmith first, but he 
 
12S fiOW TO JTtOaE A HOUSE. 
 
 is more than apt to get bad habits by being forced 
 into position to be shod and probably gets wounded 
 lo his injury, if the blacksmith's stock of patience is 
 not very large. Shoeing should always be done as 
 the feet grow tender, and if quite young, shoe very 
 often. 
 
 If a liorse does not submit quietly to he shod in case he 
 is nervous, no good will come of the blacksmith deal- 
 ing roughly with him, beating and otherwise mal- 
 treating him. 
 
 Another simple and effective way to overcome the 
 difficulty without resorting to violence, may be found 
 in the following : 
 
 Tie a light, but strong rope or strap on the lower 
 jaw, keeping the tongue above. Fasten a riug in the 
 tail, and another near the month, in the rope ; then 
 pass the rope through the ring in the tail and back 
 through the ring near the mouth. Then pass the 
 rope back of the horse and draw his head to one side, 
 while you shoe his feet on the other side. Eeverse 
 the rope to shoe the other side. 
 
 In shoeing horses for corns, care must be taken that 
 the ■ corn be well cut out and a little butter of anti- 
 mony or muriatic acid, applied to the part affected. 
 The hoof from the corn backward must be cut away, 
 so that no part of the heel strikes the shoe, avoiding 
 pressure, and relieving the part from unnecessary 
 
RAREY AND ROCKWELL's TRAINING kETfiODS. 12^ 
 
 concussion. A horse thus shod, no matter how bad 
 his corns may be, will travel sound and with perfect 
 ease, that otherwise shod would be decidedly- 
 lame. 
 
 in slioeingfor quarter-cracks care and judgment is 
 required. The horse should be shod precisely on 
 the same principles as for corns ; a bar-shoe often 
 recommended, is unnecessary. 
 
 Properly shod, there will be but little trouble in 
 growing out a sound hoof. The least pressure upon 
 the heel of the shoe will be sufficient to prevent the 
 hoof from growing down, and thus defeat any efforts 
 which may be made toward remedying the injury. 
 So soon as three-eighths or half an inch of new horn 
 has grown down, the roof should be burned with a 
 red-hot iron just above the crack, at right angles 
 with it, which will prevent its breaking up anew. A 
 little tar or hoof ointment should be kept upon the 
 part, which will protect it from dirt and assist in 
 hastening the growth of the new horn, usually re- 
 quiring six to nine months for the crack to grow 
 out. 
 
 33 — STRIKING AND KICKING WHILE SHOEING, 
 (ROCKWELL). 
 
 Some horses, especially stallions, are in the habit 
 of striking with the fore legs, if the attempt is made 
 
13d HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 to shoe them. Tie up tlie left front leg, stand on the 
 other side of him and pull his head toward you. In 
 this way he cannot strike, and the blacksmith will 
 meanwhile shoe the leg tied-up. Do the same with 
 the right fore leg. 
 
 For kickers take a long rope, tie it around the 
 neck with a slip-noose knot (placing it well down on 
 the neck) pass it between the fore legs, bring 
 it around the near hind leg just above the hock and 
 pass it through the portion around the neck which 
 gives you a means of holding the hind leg. This 
 will convince the horse that he is over-matched. 
 Pull up the hind leg with one hand, and on the 
 Yankee Bridle with the other. If time is important 
 you will find it advisable to shoe him while thus 
 held, which can be done wdth a little inconvenience, 
 changing the straps as you chaDge legs. Every 
 time you do this without hurting him goes to help 
 cure him. The same rules will apply to mules, 
 though mules are controlled easier. 
 
BITS AND BITTING. 
 
 The art of bitting a horse properly is so little un- 
 derstood, that it would seem that some hints about 
 the conformation of a horse's mouth and the place 
 where to locate the bit, might be appreciated by those 
 who take a lively interest in the well-being of our 
 dumb, patient friends ; the same time reaping for 
 themselves the benefits derived from proper bitting: 
 
 The many complaints we so frequently hear: 
 "I dont know what makes my horse pull so hard"; 
 or, " what makes him poke out his nose "; or, "he does 
 not come up to the bit", etc., would very soon cease 
 to be heard. L- nf ortunately, the bitting of horses is 
 generally left to persons who have not the faintest 
 knowledge of the anatomy of a horse's mouth, and 
 whose faculty of reasoning does not go a great way. 
 They conclude a bit is a bit, and toss the same up as 
 high as possible into the *' critter's mouth," but, be- 
 yond that, they don't bother their poor brains. 
 "Whether the master rides or drives comfortably or 
 not, an accident happens or not, they don't care 
 much. At any rate, it is never their fault — *' the boss 
 is no good anyhow." When will the time come that 
 gentlemen take a personal interest in these matters 
 
 131 ! 
 
l32 HOW TO JUDGE A HOtlsfi. 
 
 by studying the yery simple laws of nature, thereby 
 making themselves independent from their grooms, 
 and the stories they tell them about their horses. 
 
 There is nothing more awkward and difficult to 
 manage, than a horse with a bit not perfectly adapted 
 to his mouth, ^nd to his whole frame or one that has 
 been ill placed. Many an otherwise excellent horse 
 has been put down as a worthless brute and sold, 
 and all on account of improper bitting. 
 
 There are three dimensions of the interior of the 
 horses mouthy which must be accurately ascertained 
 before attempting to fit him with a proper bit. 
 
 The first is the transversal width of the mouth, 
 from side to side, measured at a point directly oppo- 
 site the chin groove. 
 
 The second dimension is the distance of the bars or 
 the width of the channel in which the tongue lies, 
 and which determines how much of the mouthpiece 
 may be allowed for the port. 
 
 The third dimension is the height of the bars, or, 
 the distance between their upper surface and the 
 bottom of the chin groove. 
 
 The mouthpiece ought to be just so wide as to fit 
 the horse's mouth snugly. If wider, it will 
 slip from side to side, and the edges of the port if 
 there are any — press upon the very sensitive bars, 
 causing the horse intolerable pain ; to avoid which, 
 
BITS AND BITTING. 183 
 
 lie will eitlier poke out liis nose or creep back behind 
 tlie bit, sometimes with very serious consequences 
 as : rearing, bolting, plunging, etc. If the mouth- 
 piece is too narrow it compresses and chafes the 
 lips, and by displacing them so that the folds 
 cover the bars, the direct action of the bit on the 
 lattc-r is neutralized, and the horse becomes numb 
 in the mouth. 
 
 The width of the 2^0Ttj which in most bits we see 
 is from one-half to one inch too wide, must corre- 
 spond exactly with the width of the tongue-channel 
 at the point opposite the chin groove, and which is 
 exactly one and a third inches. This being the 
 proper place where the mouthpiece should rest in 
 the horse's mouth, the width of the port, therefore, 
 should be the same, viz : one and one-third inches, 
 or, even slightly less, say : one and one-quarter in- 
 ches, to avoid bruising the bars as mentioned above. 
 The sole purpose of the port beiug to make room 
 for the tongue, its height should not exceed five- 
 eighths of an inch, as being sufficient for any horse. 
 The higher the port, the greater the danger of 
 injuring the roof of the mouth when pressure is 
 brought upon the reins, and of making the horse 
 restive. 
 
 Horses' mouths are very different in formation 
 and size, but the heighth of a horse's bars is nearly 
 
134 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSi!. 
 
 constantly one and three -fourth inches, therefore, 
 the length of the upper branch of the bit should be 
 exactly the same, meaning the distance from where 
 the curb hook rests, in the upper ring, to the centre- 
 line of the mouthpiece where that is riveted to the 
 side branches. 
 
 Thus, we get a right-angled triangle, formed by the 
 upper branch of the bit, an imaginary line drawn 
 from the mouthpiece to the chin groove (both being 
 one and three-fourth inches long), and the curb chain. 
 Only under these conditions can the chain rest in 
 its proper place, that is, in the chin groove, and act 
 as a fulcrum to the leverage of the bit. The chain 
 thus remaining stationary, causes the horse no pain, 
 and it will yield readily to the pressure of the 
 mouthpiece on his jaws. 
 
 The upper branch of the bit being one and three- 
 fourth inches, the lower one should be three and one- 
 half inches, to be in the ratio of 1 and 2— with very 
 big horses three and three-fourth inches — giving the 
 rider all the necessary lever power for controlling 
 the horse. 
 
 The bit put into the horse's mouth, the mouthpiece 
 should be placed right opposite the chin groove, the 
 curb chain twisted so as to be perfectly smooth and 
 hooked in, so that there is room for the first three 
 fingers of the hand, when put between chain and 
 
Mts and BiniNd. 
 
 ISS 
 
 chin-groove. 
 
 If the reins 
 
 are then 
 
 pulled, the 
 
 side branches of the 
 
 bit will form an angle 
 
 of about 20 degrees 
 
 with the mouth. 
 
 If the upper branch 
 is too long, the curb- 
 chain will mount iqj- 
 ivard and press upon 
 the sensitive outer 
 parts of the jaw. RIGHT WAY 
 Moreover, there will be no 
 lever action, and the horse 
 will, therefore, bore in the 
 rider's hand — the bit stands 
 stiff. On the other hand, 
 if the upper branch is too 
 short, the hit falls through^ 
 the curb will, no doubt, 
 remain in the chin-groove, 
 but, forming a very acute 
 angle with the branches of 
 the bit itself, will have no 
 
 moNGf my 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
136 How TO JUDGfi A HOBSE. 
 
 value as a prop, but tlie lever action will be too 
 great. It will be now easily understood how it 
 comes tliat people, in order to prevent a bit with 
 very short upper branches, from falling through, 
 are driven to use a very tight curb, the result being 
 that the whole action of the bit is transferred from 
 the interior of the mouth to the chin. In order to 
 prevent a bit, with very long upper branches, from 
 standing stiff, they use a very loose curb, which has 
 the effect of making the bit fall through ; or, what 
 is very common, a bit, with very long upper 
 branches, is pulled up as high as it will go into the 
 horse's mouth, and then, either a loose curb is 
 attached, in which case this great piece of iron- 
 mongery, of course, falls through, and has not the 
 expected effect; or, they put the curb- chain very 
 tight, in which case the chain rests above the chin- 
 groove, hurting the horse considerably with the 
 result that it will bore in the rider's hand, and 
 try to run away. Whereas, a much smaller and 
 lighter bit, if adapted to the mouth, would be much 
 more efficient. 
 
 The structure and size of the horse's bars and 
 tongue must also be considered, as those factors de- 
 termine the thickness of the mouthpiece. A horse, 
 with fleshy bars and a thick tongue, needs what is 
 called a sliarp hit, viz : a thin mouthpiece, one-half 
 
BITS AND BITTING. 137 
 
 incli in diameter. A horse with high, sharp bars, 
 and a fine tongue (the characteristic of well-bred 
 horses), requires a very light mouthpiece, yiz : three- 
 quarters of an inch in diameter. Thus the thicker 
 the mouthpiece, the lighter the bit. 
 
 Sometimes we meet with the erroneous idea that 
 it is the actual weight of the bit in pounds and 
 ounces which constitutes a light or a sharp bit, and 
 that the lighter ones are : " Ladies' bits." A light 
 bit, under these suppositions, in a lady's hand, might 
 prove the cause of serious misunderstandings be- 
 tween the fair rider and her horse. It is the horse 
 and not the rider, that carries the bit, and a few 
 ounces more or less, do not make the slightest 
 difference. Nothing but the conformation of the 
 horse's mouth should guide us in selecting a bit. 
 
 Some bits have movable mouthpieces, which to a 
 certain extent, make horses light in hand, as they 
 play with the. mouthpiece, but the mouthpieces 
 cannot prevent the horse from putting his tongue 
 over the bit, and through the constant friction, the 
 mouthpiece soon becomes loose at the sides where 
 it is inserted in the side branches, and the horse's 
 lips grow sore from being pinched and chafed. 
 
 Some horses acquire the bad habit ^ placing the 
 tongue over the hit and lolly ing it out in front, or to 
 one side. It generally originates from bad and se- 
 
Fig. 24. 
 
BITS AND BITTING. 130 
 
 vere biting in connectiou with a fleshy tongue, in 
 which case the mouthpiece cuts the latter, thereby 
 stopping the circulation of the blood, and causing 
 severe pain, to escape which the horse draws his 
 tongue back and ]3laces it over the mouthpiece. This 
 makes matters still worse, as then the edges of the 
 port, which as before stated are generally too wide, 
 press into and bruise the sensitive bars. The horse 
 will then either pull hard against or shrink back 
 from the rider's hand, rendering him often quite 
 unmanageable. With carriage horses this lolling 
 out of the tongue is generally the result of the 
 bearing reins being too short. 
 
 Other horses again form the dangerous habit of 
 grabbing at andholding the loicer branch of the bit with 
 their lips and teeth, on one side or the other, ren- 
 dering them perfectly unmanageable. This habit 
 arises either from too sharp, or from too broad a 
 curb- chain, or one that mounts up out of the chin- 
 groove to the sensitive ends of the jawbones. This 
 habit, if once acquired, is a very dangerous one, as 
 such horses are very apt to run away. They need a 
 bit with the lower branches in the shape of a re- 
 versed capital S. Lip-straps are sometimes used, 
 but with doubtful effect. 
 
 To overcome these difficulties I constructed, a few 
 years ago, a combination bit, according to the given 
 
140 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE, 
 
 dimensions of mouthpiece and side branches, and 
 had attached to it on the upper part of the port a 
 short movable spoon of four inches long, and one and 
 one-fourth inches wide, fitting exactly the tongue- 
 channel. This bit has been tried by several 
 authorities in riding, especially on fractious horses, 
 and found to work admirably. Fig. 24. 
 
 In fact all saddle and single carriage horses ought 
 to have that spoon attached to their bits, as they 
 like to play with their tongue at the same, thus 
 rendering them light in hand, and, therefore, at all 
 times under control, at the same time preventing 
 their putting the tongue over the bit. The upper 
 branches are bent outward, so as to fit any shape 
 of head. In cases, where it is desirable to allow 
 the horse a firmer leaning on the bit, than is 
 necessary for road-riding, as, for instance, for 
 hunting, a shorter bit may be used, which we may 
 call dumpy hit. The upper branch to be exactly of 
 the described dimension, viz : one and three-fourth 
 inches, but the lower branch, instead of being double 
 the length, only to be two and three-fourths to three 
 inches long. 
 
 For small horses of 15 hands and less, and for 
 ponies, the dimensions of one and three-fourths and 
 three and one-half for the upper and lower branches 
 must be reduced to one and one-half inches for up- 
 
BITS AND BITTING. 141 
 
 per, and three inches for lower branch, the other 
 equally important dimension, the transversal width 
 of mouth, must be ascertained by measurement. 
 
 For pairs, mouthpieces with ports are only then 
 advisable, if the bits fit the width of the horses' 
 mouths perfectly ; because, if the coupling reins are 
 short, as is often the case, the bit is displaced 
 in the mouth by force and the edges of the port 
 would invariably cut holes into the bars of the 
 mouth. With long coupling reins, reaching 
 back almost to the hand of the driver, as it 
 ought to be, this evil is lessened, the same time 
 enabling the driver to adjust the reins, if necessary, 
 from the box without dismounting — the port, with or 
 without spoon, is perfectly admissable. Any bit- 
 maker will furnish said bits if dimensions are given. 
 
 It is to call the attention of those who love and 
 esteem a horse to the unpardonable injuries done 
 our dumb friends, that I beg to submit these my ob- 
 servations and views on the subject. I sincerly hope 
 they may accomplish their object — that of alleviating 
 the suffering of some of them, and, thereby render- 
 ing them more serviceable to their owners. 
 
SADDLES AND SADDLING. 
 
 It is not the intention to discuss all the different 
 kinds of saddles in use, as the English or park 
 saddle, the army, the school, the racing, or the 
 cowboy saddle. They all have their advantages, 
 according to their different purposes. The object 
 is to compare the two different kinds of park riding 
 saddles, which we see in daily use . They do not 
 differ much in outward appearances. It is the 
 skeleton, or the tree, that decides their merits, viz : 
 the ivooden, or the leathei^ tree, making all the 
 difference in the world, not only to the rider, but, 
 also, to the horse. 
 
 " The ivooden tree saddle," as may be inferred from 
 its name, is entirely unelastic, and, as long as that 
 uuyielding piece of horse furniture happens to fit the 
 horse's back, it may work tolerably well. But the 
 horse may change in condition, losing flesh for 
 instance. This wooden unyielding tree cannot 
 adapt itself to the altered circumstances, and the 
 so-much dreaded catastrophe is at hand. There is 
 a hole in the steed's back, and both horse and 
 rider get an involuntary vacation. The saddle then 
 goes to the saddlemaker for repairs, but no amount 
 
 142 
 
SADDLES AND SADDLING. 143 
 
 of re-stuffing can make an elastic saddle out of it. 
 One may say : " We cannot afford to keep two or 
 three saddles for each liorse. It is the business 
 of the groom to see to it that it fits. He knows 
 all about it." Well, he may or he may not. 
 
 Now, let us investigate the second kind of saddle 
 with " the elastic leather tree."' This kind of saddle 
 fits any horse's back, and is made so solid as to last 
 three generations, and thousands of horsemen 
 testify to-day to their unsurpassed qualities. This 
 kind of saddle answers its purpose in every way. 
 The yielding and elastic leather tree accommodates 
 itself at all times to the shape of the horse's back. 
 It fits by its elasticity and is not liable to produce 
 sores. The rider in the saddle, the whole under 
 surface bears equally upon the back, and, therefore, 
 for long rides, or, for those riding in English 
 style, these saddles do not have their equal — 
 not only saving the horse's back from harm, but 
 also, giving comfort to the rider, as they afford 
 a softer feeling for the seat than the wooden tree 
 ever can. As to the upper surface of both kinds of 
 saddles, it is plain that we ride more comfortably on 
 an elastic than on an un-elastic surface, the more so, 
 as the seat of the leather-tree saddle is lightly 
 stuffed, breaking the rebound considerably in favor 
 of the rider. 
 
144 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 As to the absolute weight and size of the saddles, 
 the lighter it is, the better for the horse, though there 
 are certain limits, depending entirely on the build of 
 the rider. Heavy weight needs a large under sur- 
 face, and thereby the saddle becomes heavier. 
 Ladies saddles are generally heavier than gentlemen's 
 saddles, on account of the fair rider's side-seat, re- 
 quiring a larger under surface. As a rule, our ladies' 
 saddles are altogether too massive. Every ounce of 
 unnecessary weight ought to be avoided, as it will 
 tell on the horse, which oftentimes is of very light 
 build. 
 
 The jockey rides a saddle as small and light as 
 possible, knowing quite well that every ounce of 
 overweight will influence the speed of his horse, 
 short as the trial is. Why should this not also hold 
 good for ladies' saddles ? 
 
 The importance of this seems to be now fully 
 understood, for some manufacturers are at present 
 constructing a decidedly lighter ladies' saddle, with 
 a large opening over the withers, so as to avoid all 
 possibility of bruisiug. The difference in weight be- 
 tween the old and the new kind of saddles is from 
 eight to twelve pounds. On this saddle, the equestri- 
 enne sits close to her horse's back, and her bridle hand 
 is^ therefore, lower down, permitting a pull on the 
 reins straight back in n. direction parallel to the 
 
SADDLES AND SADDLING. 145 
 
 horse's spine, which alone will reach the haunches 
 of the horse. With the old saddle she sits too high 
 above her horse, which produces a feeling of in- 
 security, and the pull on the reins does not reach the 
 horse's hind quarters, but goes upward into the air, 
 one reason for the helplessness of a woman when her 
 horse gets fractious. 
 
 Nothing can be said about the shape of the upper 
 surface of gentlemen's saddles, as that depends 
 wholly upon the size of the rider ; the same is the 
 case with the covering — buckskin or hogskin — 
 kneepuffs, or none, these things being mere matters 
 of taste, though buckskin, on account of its rough 
 surface, affords the rider a firmer hold on the saddle, 
 and for riding green or fractious horses, it may be 
 of advantage. 
 
 Saddle cloths are now very seldom in use, though 
 wrongly. The reason may be that those in present 
 use never gave, nor could they give any satisfaction. 
 The object of the saddle cloth is, to protect the stuff- 
 ing of the saddle from becoming hard and lumpy 
 from the perspiration of the horse, and, to save the 
 iron parts inside the saddle from rusting and break- 
 ing. They are usually made of felt or leather. The 
 felt cloth, as long as it is new, fills its purpose pretty 
 well, as it forms a soft layer between the horse's 
 back and the saddle, but, as soon as it gets soaked 
 
146 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 with perspiration, it becomes hard, irritating the 
 horse's back, and producing sores, and then it is 
 worse than no cloth. The leather cloth has the dis- 
 advantage of not absorbing the sweat, which, finding 
 no escape, w^ill, and must accumulate as a slimy 
 mass upon the back, irritating the back, and, very- 
 likely, producing sores and pimples. 
 
 The only saddle doth of real merit is the "Excel- 
 sior," the upper surface of which, is of fine yellow 
 felt, of the color of the saddle. The under sur- 
 face, coming in contact with the horse's back, 
 consists of the finest knitted wool, with ridges 
 w^oven in it, running from front to rear, thereby ad- 
 mitting a free circulation of air. Where there is air, 
 there is no friction. Another feature is, that this 
 fine w^ool fastens itself in the hair of the horse's 
 back, thereby preventing the saddle from slipping 
 forward. This latter fact is quite important for 
 hunting men, and all those, whose horses are inclined 
 to curve up their back after mounting, often- 
 times the result of too tight girthing, or sensitive- 
 ness of the back, thereby shifting the saddle and 
 rider forward upon the withers. So, also, with horses 
 of low withers and with plungers. With this saddle 
 cloth, slipping will never happen, and, when the sad- 
 dle is taken off, after a hard ride in warm weather, 
 the horse's back will be found nearly dry, on account 
 
SADDLES AND SADDLING. 147 
 
 of these ridges. With these saddle cloths on, there 
 is no need of severe girthing, as the saddle cannot 
 slip. These saddle cloths are cut exactly in the 
 shape of the saddle, and having the same color, 
 look very neat, besides saving the saddle and the 
 horse's back. 
 
 Girths are made of all kinds of material, such as 
 leather, hemp, hair, etc., all answering their respective 
 purposes quite well, so far as the first saddling of the 
 horse is concerned. But the trouble begins, after 
 the horse has been in motion for some time, when, 
 by natural causes, the girths become loose, permit- 
 ting the saddle to slip forward, or to turn side- 
 ways. This is especially the case with ladies' saddles 
 on horses with low withers, or flat and light barrels, 
 and we have either to take the risk of having our 
 horse's back bruised somewhere, and our safe seat 
 endangered, or, are obliged to dismount on the road 
 to readjust the saddle. 
 
 A really practical saddle girth is " Neiu adjustahle 
 saddle girth,'' which is plain, simple, and fits any 
 saddle. Fig. 25. The whole arrangement is on the 
 double pulley principle, and consists of only one broad 
 girth in two sections, overlapping each other, and con- 
 nected by a pulley.' About six inches from these over- 
 lapping ends are the pulleys in the shape of a square 
 double buckle, laced together by a strap. The outer 
 
148 Sow TO JUDGE A SOESE. 
 
 ends of the girth, provided with buckles like any 
 other girth, are fastened to the saddle straps, on 
 either side, and the tightening of the saddle is ac- 
 complished by drawing the overlapping ends over 
 each other by the pulley strap, located on the right- 
 hand side of the saddle. This arrangement is simi- 
 lar to that of the army saddle, but looking very 
 neat, and without the big ring at the side, which at 
 the best, must pinch the horse. This girth fits any 
 horse, big or small, quite unlike the common girths, 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 which sometimes happen to be too long, or too short. 
 The end of this pulley strap being provided with a 
 buckle, is fastened to strap on the right side of the 
 saddle. It can be tightened or eased by the rider 
 without dismounting or even loosening his or her 
 seat in the saddle, however troublesome the horse 
 may be. It makes the most obstinate horse as easy 
 as the most tractable to girth up properly, and any 
 ■woman or child can easily adjust it. It is equally 
 
SADDLES AND SADDLINC^. 149 
 
 desirable for all riding saddles, hunting, polo, park, 
 military, ladies', or cliildren's. For ladies, particu- 
 larly in the hunting field, as also for horses having 
 to turn out shortly after feeding, it is simply invalu- 
 able, quite especially for cavalry, doing away 
 with the necessity of very tight girthing at the start, 
 sometimes so dangerous for rider and horse. There 
 is another kind of girth made of braided cord, which 
 is very durable, and prevents the slipping of the sad- 
 dle, as it fastens itself in the hair. 
 
 In stirrups, there is a great variety in shape and 
 weight. Leaving shape as a matter of taste out of 
 consideration, we find three kinds of gentlemen's 
 stirrups, the light, the heavy, and the safety stirrup. 
 The light stirrup should only be used for racing 
 purposes, or by boys ; for gentlemen it is a rather 
 dangerous stirrup, as, on account of its lightness, it 
 is very apt to slip back on the foot, and in case of 
 the rider losing his balance in the saddle, it is very 
 difficult to disengage the foot quick enough, and a 
 serious accident may be the result. Or, the rider 
 holding the stirrup with the ball of the foot, they 
 slip off in front very easily, flying around in all 
 directions, and it is very difficult to re-catch them 
 again. 
 
 Not so the heavy stirrup, which, by its weight, offers 
 ■^ore stability and safety for the foot. It is easily 
 
150 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 caught when lost, and is not so apt to slip back as 
 the former. 
 
 The safety stirrup seems to be the best, for being 
 heavy and opening on one side, it may become a 
 life preserver in case of an accident. 
 
 In ladies' stirrups there are also different kinds — 
 the slipper, which is perfectly safe, though easily 
 lost, and a clumsy affair ; the Victoria, about the 
 worst and most dangerous stirrup in existence, as, 
 through its being padded all around, it becomes 
 too narrow, even for the smallest foot. If button 
 boots are worn, the buttons are caught by the 
 padding, and, in case of a fall, the rider may not 
 be able to disengage her foot quickly enough. There 
 are several kinds of safety stirrups, of which the 
 " Reliance " seems to be the best, as it is really re- 
 liable. It is a double stirrup, a small one inside a 
 larger one. The foot is placed in the inner stirrup, 
 and in case of a fall, this inner stirruj) turns around 
 thereby opening the foot-blade and the foot drops 
 out. 
 
 In saddling a horse, the first question arising is, 
 where is the proper place for the saddle ? The con- 
 struction of the horse's shoulder is our only and 
 unalterable guide, and we cannot, with impunity, go 
 back on that, as the result would be, sooner or later, 
 weak-kneed horses, or broken collar-bones. 
 
SADDLES AND SADDLING. 151 
 
 We all know how desirable, and necessary it is, for 
 the comfort and safety of the rider, that the horse 
 should have a well-shaped and oblique shoulder 
 and high withers. This, combined with moderately 
 long and oblique pasterns, will secure an elastic 
 and free action. 
 
 Now let us examine how the shoulder-blades are 
 attached to the body. They are fastened to the 
 chest by powerful muscles and the skin, moving 
 in an up and down direction, around an axis 
 situated about four fingers below the top of the 
 shoulder, so that, if the horse lifts his fore leg, 
 the short part above that axis moves back and down- 
 ward, whilst the part below that axis moves forward 
 and upward, as we can easily feel by putting our 
 hand to the upper end of the shoulder-blade. 
 The reverse takes place if the horse puts his foot 
 down, and shifts the burden forward. That shows 
 us, that, if we place the saddle right close behind the 
 shoulders (the horse standing still), and the girths 
 are tightened, the saddle must interfere with the 
 free action of the muscles when the horse is in mo- 
 tion. The result being short, stiff, and unsafe steps 
 to the ruin of the horse's fore legs, and the safety of 
 the rider. Therefore, tlte saddle should he ^j?ace(^ 
 about the width of two fingers behind the rear end 
 of shoulder-blade, so as to secure a free and safe 
 
152 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 action of the horse. Of course, a horse with a 
 naturally straight shoulder, is per se, not fit for sad- 
 dle use, and no amount of proper saddling can 
 prevent, sooner or latter, a salto mortale, horse, rider, 
 and all. 
 
 It is really amazing how little most of those in 
 charge of saddle horses understand these facts, of 
 which we can daily convince ourselves. * 
 
 The girths should be placed directly under the 
 middle of the saddle so as to make the whole un- 
 der surface bear equally all over the back. There 
 are generally three girth straps, two under the mid- 
 dle of the saddle, and one, more in front as a re- 
 serve strap. If the girths are fastened to the two 
 front straps, the pommel of the saddle will be 
 pressed down upon the shoulders, interfering with 
 their free action, very likely, galling the withers, and 
 the cantle of the saddle will be in the air. The rider 
 will slip forward, or, if he sits back by force, the 
 girths must either break or take the wind out of the 
 horse. The girths come too near the fore legs, if 
 fastened in this manner, and the respiration of the 
 horse is seriously interfered with. Whereas, if the 
 girths are fastened to the two backstraps, under the 
 middle of the saddle, the horse will suffer no incon- 
 yenience. That is easily explained by comparison. Let 
 ft person fasten a strap very tight around his chest, 
 
SADDLES AND SADDLING. 153 
 
 and lie will soon find tliat unbearable. All acrobats 
 and runners, put a strap around their waist, because it 
 assists them in their efforts. The main portion of 
 the lungs are enclosed by the chest (or by the true 
 ribs in the horse), while the small ends or the loops 
 of the lungs do not need so much room for expan- 
 sion. Why should that not be the same with the 
 horse ? 
 
 Furthermore, if the rider sits then in the middle 
 of the saddle, the equilibrium between horse and 
 rider will be established. Or, if the rider sits very 
 far back on the loins of the horse — which loins, by the 
 way, are not intended by nature to carry the weight 
 directly, a thing we see practised very often by 
 thoughtless riders, causing considerable pain to the 
 horse, as the kidneys are located right underneath 
 the loins — the saddle will tilt up in front, and shift 
 forward, the result, possibly, being a sore back. 
 Horses, with ticklish backs, may resent such displace- 
 ment of the weight by kicking vigorously, such 
 movement sometimes followed by a graceful imitation 
 of the catapult on the part of the rider. 
 
 The fastening of the girths is seldom properly 
 performed. Many people throw the saddle rudely 
 down upon the horse, as if the latter were a log of 
 wood, thereby irritating many horses, especially 
 jnares, to such a degree, as to make them jump in the 
 
154 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 corner of the stall. Then they take up the first girth, 
 strapping it to suffocation, then up the second 
 girth in the same way. Others, again, instead of 
 pulling the girths upward, pull them against the 
 horse, throwing the animal entirely off his feet. 
 Many a horse has been spoiled for lifetime by such 
 practices, being taught to kick, or bite, or swell 
 themselves up so as to protect themselves against 
 over-girthing, the stupid groom, standing by, 
 wondering at the viciousness of that beast. 
 
 The proper way, is to put the saddle down easily 
 upon the back, take up one girth after the other, 
 fastening them loosely, and then tighten them grad- 
 ually, hole by hole, until they are just snug enough 
 to hold the saddle in its proper place. After that, 
 put on the bridle, turn the horse around, back him 
 into his stall, and tie him loosely on both sides, 
 until he is wanted. In this way the horse suffers no 
 pain, and his temper is not disturbed. Finishing 
 of the girthing is done before the rider mounts. 
 Horses should not be saddled before one hour and 
 a-half after feeding, as they need that time for di- 
 gestion ; but, in case they have to turn out sooner, 
 the girths should not be drawn very tight, as the re- 
 sult might be, especially with high-tempered horses, 
 a rush of blood to the brain, under circumstances, 
 endangering the life of the rider. 
 
SADDLES AND SADDLING. 155 
 
 The stirrups should be hung just under the seat 
 of the rider, as in this position only, the rider gets a 
 firm footing upon them and a protection against slip- 
 ping off. As a rule, we find them attached too far 
 forward, giving the thigh an oblique direction for- 
 ward, and the footing upon the stirrup will be in a 
 diagonal direction to the seat. To establish his bal- 
 ance, the rider is then compelled to lean forward, 
 sometimes twisting his body in the most wonderful 
 curvatures, to the detriment of the horse's knees. 
 And in case of the horse shying, kicking, stopping 
 short, or wheeling sharply around, etc , it may pos- 
 sibly be accompanied by a voyage of the rider over 
 the horse's ears, or by a fall to the side, all because 
 the position of the foot is in an oblique direction. 
 
 He who wishes to ride safely, and comfortably, 
 should make it a habit to examine, before mounting, 
 whether saddle and bridle are in proper position. 
 
ABOUT STABLE DRAINAGE. 
 
 In the interest of horse owners, and to promote 
 the health and well-being of our most useful and 
 willing servants— our horses— also to keep away 
 sickness from stables, the following suggestions for 
 the laying of stable floors are submitted : 
 
 For a stall 5 feet wide and 9J feet long, the flooring 
 would be as in cut. Fig. 25, showing the whole 
 arrangement, and the laths, and iron drains, as 
 they are joined together. 
 
 Give S}^ feet for the front boards, laid cross- 
 ways, then put down a board 2 inches thick on either 
 side of the stall, 6 feet long, 16 in. wide, overreaching 
 the gutter behind the stall by about one inch, the 
 rest in the middle is for the laths and drains. 
 
 The laths ought to be of hard wood, (beechwood 
 is best), and rabbetted 3-16 of an inch, so that the 
 iron drains fit exactly under the laths, thereby an 
 escape of urine is made impossible. These laths 
 are 6 feet long, 3 1-2 in. wide, and 2 1-2 in. deep, and 
 rabbetted from the bottom up 1 1-4 in. They are 
 fastened down to the under-flooring by long screws, 
 for the sake of easy removal, if necessary. The 
 
 156 
 
ABOUT STABLE DHAINAGE. 
 
 157 
 
 head of screws should be sunk down to avoid hurting 
 the horse. 
 
 The incline of the floor from head to gutter, should 
 
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156 HOW TO Junai: a house. 
 
 in no case be more than 3 inches, for, if steeper, it 
 affects the joints and loins of the horse. 
 
 The iron drains are 1 1-4 in. high, 1 in. wide inside, 
 about one-eighth inch thick, and 6 feet long, and 
 closed at the head end. 
 
 The urine flows off through the iron drains into 
 the gutter behind the stalls, and from there through 
 the conducts to the sewer. 
 
 This method of laying stable floors is not uncom- 
 mon in Europe, and has, of late, been introduced in 
 the new stables, built by the Lion Brewery, Ninth 
 avenue and One Hundred and Eighth street, New 
 York City, where it gives complete satisfaction, and 
 the cost is very little. 
 
 It is a fact that, perhaps two-thirds of our horses 
 are, after a day's hard work, not only badly cared for, 
 but condemned to seek rest and recuperation in 
 stables unfit for any living creature, badly lighted, 
 haidlj ventilated, and worst of all, entirely inadequately 
 drained. 
 
 The poor creatures are condemned to inhale, dur- 
 ing the whole night, the health-destroying vapors of 
 a rotten floor, and bedding saturated with ammonia 
 and all this because the present way of flooring 
 stables is altogether wrong. This nuisance could be 
 easily removed by simply breaking the old custom. 
 
 An improvement in this direction would be an act 
 
ABOUT STABLE DRAINAGE. 159 
 
 of mercy and justice to our faithful servants, a sav- 
 ing to tlieir owners by preserving tlieir horses' health 
 and usefulness, a saving in straw and harness, and a 
 benefit to the inhabitants living near stables. 
 
 May this appeal to the sense of justice of horse- 
 owners, not go unheeded for the sake of the ill- 
 judged saving of a few dollars. Every horse-owner 
 can afford that small outlay. 
 
 Iron drains can be had at any iron foundry at a 
 cost of about fifty cents a piece. Hard w^ood laths 
 about ten cents a piece. 
 
ABOUT DKIVING. 
 
 ONE HORSE OR A PAIR — FOUR-IN-HAND OR TANDEM. 
 
 Driying a Pair. 
 
 The horses should be properly matched, in every 
 point, properly bitted and harnessed. They should 
 be of the same height and disposition, have the same 
 action, and carry their heads alike. 
 
 Keins and whip are the means whereby the driver 
 communicates with his horses. Short sounds and 
 words complete the correspondence between them. 
 The right hand may properly be called the assisting 
 hand ; first, because it holds the whip, and gives the 
 summons to start ; second, because of its assisting 
 the left hand in stopping and turning the horses, in 
 shortening and lengthening the reins held in the 
 left hand. Fig. 26- 
 
 The left, or guiding hand, holding the left line be- 
 tween thumb and first finger, the right line between 
 second and third fingers, should be rounded off 
 somewhat inward, and be carried with the under arm 
 at right angles with the upper arm. As in riding, the 
 wrist should be kept loose, not rigid, the hand stand- 
 
 J60 ^ 
 
ABOUT DRIVING. 
 
 161 
 
 ing quiet and being closed, so as to prevent the reins 
 from slipping through the hand. 
 
 The manipulations of turning, stepping back 
 and stopping, (more fully explained further on), 
 are accomplished by the right (assisting) hand 
 grasping easily into the reins in front of the left 
 hand. The shortening of the reins, whenever neces- 
 sary, is carried out by drawing them back from be- 
 
 FiG. 26. 
 
 hind the left hand ; the lengthening^ by letting them 
 slip through the slightly opened fingers forward. 
 
 The ^ohip^ or the instrument whereby the horses 
 should be animated to step forward, similar to the 
 pressure of the legs, or the application of the spurs 
 in riding, should not be used only for punishment, 
 but, particularly, as a meaos to regulate the paces 
 
162 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 to equalize the differences in the temper of the 
 horses, and to assist in the correctness of the 
 turns. 
 
 The driver should be eagerly bent on handling his 
 team in an elegant manner, so pleasing the eye of 
 even the uninitiated. 
 
 The hints loith the ivhipy also the lighter cuts, and 
 lastly the punishing cuts, must be executed with a 
 flexible wrist, hitting the horse from below to upward, 
 and, if necessary, be repeated with increased force. 
 The further forward of the hindquarters the whip is 
 applied, the better, for, if administered far behind, it 
 might provoke some horses to strike out, or kick 
 over the traces. Sometimes the whip has to be 
 used also on the inside, for instance, with a horse 
 leaning against the pole, and carrying its head too 
 far outward when going up hill or over heavy 
 ground. 
 
 If it becomes necessary to punish, begin with light 
 cuts administered far forward. The driver should 
 be moderate in this and never hit a horse at the 
 wrong time, nor show the ruffian by thrashing the 
 horse. To abuse high-bred, spirited horses, Dieans 
 pouring oil into the fire, and to show off one's force 
 in thrashing a lazy or low-spirited horse, is a con- 
 temptible act, making at all times a very bad impres- 
 sion. High-bred horses, punished at the wrong time, 
 
ABOUT DRIVING. 1^3 
 
 will be sure to bring the imprudent driver in 
 trouble, sooner or later, if not endanger the carriage 
 and its occupants. 
 
 The gradually increasing effect of the whip upon 
 the horses removes their fear and saves the occu- 
 pants of the carriage unpleasant jolts and jerks, 
 brought about by injudicious and rude handling of 
 the whip. It is not desirable, that horses be too 
 much afraid of the whip — jumping at the least 
 touch of it. Cajole them with it, thereby, you 
 will make them accustomed to it and allay their 
 fear. An intelligent driver knows how to teach his 
 horses the difference between hints, punishment, and 
 cajoling. If there are occupants in the carriage 
 punishment should only be resorted to as the last 
 thing, and even then, very moderately. 
 
 The correcting of the horses should be done 
 during the time of training, or exercising them, and 
 if possible, unobserved, to avoid bad impressions. 
 
 It should be mentioned here, that many coachmen 
 have the very bad habit of continually using the 
 whip, thereby either irritating their horses, or 
 rendering them entirely unfeeling and unable to 
 distinguish between hints and punishment. 
 
 The best appearance the driver on the box always 
 presents is, if he remains perfectly quiet and straight, 
 though not rigid, during the many manipulations, 
 
164 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 giving the hints to his horses as little perceivablj as 
 possible. 
 
 THE POSITION OF THE COACHMAN ON THE BOX. 
 
 Fig. 27. 
 
 The position of the coachman on the box, should 
 be unconstrained but straight, the legs stretched out 
 as far as possible, to establish a firm support for thQ 
 
ABOUT DRIVING. 165 
 
 handling and stopping of tlie horse's toes and knees 
 close together, the upper arms held down perpen- 
 dicularly, and close to the body, forming at the elbow 
 a right angle with the under arms ; the hands 
 straight with the under arm and placed before the 
 middle of the body with the wrists slightly rounded 
 off. 
 
 The reins are held in the left hand ; the left rein 
 on top, between thumb and first finger ; the right rein 
 between second and thhd fingers. 
 
 Both reins should be equal in length and just 
 tight enough to feel the horses' mouths, but not too 
 tight. The whip should be held in the right hand 
 in an oblique direction, pointing to the left and for- 
 ward toward the ear of the near horse ; the lower, 
 thicker end of the whip, according to its length, ex- 
 tending downward for a length of about four inclies 
 below the hand. The whip-hand should be placed 
 near the left hand, on the same height, or slightly 
 forward. 
 
 The well-trained coachman, seated on the box, 
 shouhl, in waiting before the house, sit perfectly still 
 and straight, avoiding all twisting and turning of his 
 body. 
 
 STARTING. 
 
 The driver, holding the rein-hand (left) perfectly 
 quiet, should give the hint to his horses for starting 
 
166 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 in a low hissing tone, or by the word " come," at the 
 same time lowering his hand so as to give them rein 
 enough to come up to the collar, then regulate the 
 pace by laying on, or touching with the whip. First 
 start at a walk, and after a few steps go over into a 
 trot. If one, or both horses, especially young ones, 
 do not start well, turn them first a little sideways, 
 thereby loosening the carriage from the spot, and 
 from this sideways motion they will easier find the 
 start. 
 
 The trot ought to be an even one for both horses, 
 so that neither of them may be overtaxed ; the lazy 
 horse must be brought up to the bit, as otherwise 
 he would be favored at cost of the other horse. It 
 is quite essential for economy and appearance 
 sake that both horses should be of the same temper. 
 
 On straight roads, and with light vehicles, it is 
 customary to drive with one hand, the left only ; 
 but, under special circumstances, as, for instance, in 
 narrow roads, in crowded thoroughfares, or with 
 elegant carriages, where style comes into play, it is 
 advisable to use both hands ; that means, hold both 
 reins in the left hand ; the right in front, or near the 
 left, so as to be always prepared for a sudden turn- 
 ing out or a stop. At all times keep your horses 
 well up to the reins, for if one of them goes behind 
 the rein, the pace must become uneven. 
 
ABOUT DEIYING. 167 
 
 STOPPING. 
 
 The passing over from a trot to a walk, or to a 
 halt, should, if circumstances do not demand a short 
 stop, be made gradually, so as to prevent the horses 
 from slipping — especially on pavement — as also to 
 protect the occupants of the carriage from getting 
 jolted. In driving with one hand, turn your left 
 hand inward and upward, the little finger mounting 
 upward toward the body, thereby effectuating a pull 
 on the lines. A stylish driver will never be seen 
 lifting his arms up, or taking them back, or turning 
 out his elbows. Throwing back the body is only 
 admissible as a support in case of an unexpected 
 sharp stop becoming necessary. In that case it 
 is preferable to grasp with the right hand into the 
 reins in front of the left ; the right hand beiug 
 generally the stronger, by drawing back the lines, a 
 stop will be effectuated. The whip must be in readi- 
 ness, so that, in case the hands having acted too 
 sharp, a touch of the whip will bring the horses 
 up to the bit again. 
 
 BACKING. 
 
 Both horses should step back alike, on a straight 
 line, assisted by familar pulls on the lines, placing 
 the carriage in an oblique position thereby being 
 avoided. The horses should not be permitted to 
 
168 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 hurry backward, but step for step. Lines and wMp 
 must assist eacli other. If one horse gets fixed, and 
 refuses to back— frequently the case with young or 
 not sufficiently trained horses — the coachman must 
 loosen it first by light touches of the whip^ 
 then, as soon as one or two legs begin to move, the 
 horse will yield immediately to the renewed pulls 
 on the reins. Backing in a small space, or in nar- 
 row passages, for the purpose of giving the carriage 
 some other direction, must be done, very carefully, 
 by turning the horses on the spot toward that side 
 where the hindpart of the carriage is intended to be 
 placed. 
 
 For instance, you are compelled to drive up to a 
 house-door upon your left hand side, the street be- 
 ing blocked up by other carriages, and you see no 
 other chance but to back your carriage in to the door. 
 Turn your horses to the left, as far as there is room 
 to do so, let them then step back so far until your 
 left hind wheel reaches the spot where you 
 intend to place the carriage ; then, swing your 
 horses slowly to the right, the same as you turned 
 them before to the left ; let them back slowly, which 
 will bring the left fore wheel to the desired spot in 
 front of the hind wheel, and finally turn your horses 
 straight before the carriage, and you are at the in- 
 tended place. 
 
ABOtJT DRmNG. 169 
 
 To execute a sliort turn about on the sjDot is still 
 more difficult. At the first turn sideways, swing your 
 horses around carefully and so sharp, that they 
 come to stand at nearly right angles to the carriage, 
 taking care not to move the hind wheels from the 
 spot; then back and, at the same time, turn your 
 horses in the opposite direction, thereby bringing the 
 carriage into the new or opposite direction. All 
 changes of direction of this kind, should be executed 
 with great calmness and carefulness, and never by 
 jerking and rude whipping, as then the purpose 
 could never be reached, and the carriage might be- 
 come damaged. 
 
 In winter time, if the horses are sharpened, it is 
 better to avoid, if possible, all similar sharp turns, 
 as the horses are very apt to hurt themselves seri- 
 ously. 
 
 TURNING. 
 
 In breaking in young horses, or, in driving in 
 crowded thoroughfares, it is advisable to drive with 
 two hands, that is: take in each hand, the correspond- 
 ing rein, or else, the left hand holdiug both reins, 
 must be assisted by the right. To all turns the im- 
 pulse is given by the right hand, and as this is also 
 holding the whip, it has to animate one or the other 
 horse, so as to support the pull on the reins, and to 
 
m 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 keep up the pace. While the left hand is holding 
 the reins in the described position, the right hand, 
 before beginning any change of direction, will grasp 
 into both lines over and in front of the left, and, by- 
 gathering the horses, prepares them for the turn ; and 
 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 then, taking hold of the inner rein with the first and 
 second, or second and third fingers, gives the impulse 
 for turning. Fig. 28. With well broken horses, a 
 light pressure upon the rein being sufficient, the 
 same must be increased, with not sufficiently trained, 
 or sluggish or spoiled horses, until it takes effect. 
 First give the hint to the inside horse, which has to 
 b gin the turning, and finish the same by alternate, 
 UK.ie (^r le s, strong and repeated pulls, at the same 
 
ABOUT DEIYING. Hi 
 
 time, shifting tlie left hand slightly forward, so as to 
 give more rein to the other horse; both horses assisted 
 bj the whip. There is for instance, a stronger effect 
 necessary on the outside horse, after the turn is 
 finished, to bring both horses up to the bit, and 
 into the new direction. It is a well-known fact, 
 that broken horses are inclined to go too quick and 
 too short into the turns ; the whip has, therefore, 
 first to drive the i aside horse easy into the reins, 
 and to watch over it, that the traces of the inside 
 horse first brmg the wagon. The outside horse, 
 having the longest distance to travel, must in case of 
 his hanging back (oftentimes caused by the driver 
 omitting to give the outside horse sufficient rein by 
 shifting the left hand a little forward), be brought 
 up to the bit, by touching him on the inside. In 
 short, with lines and whip, an experienced coachman 
 will execute a correct turn. 
 
 TO TUEN TO THE LEFT. 
 
 Put the right hand over the left, take hold of the 
 left rein and pull it backward, lift the thumb of the 
 left hand, and close it down upon the loop formed 
 by the rein, and after the turn is made, let the loop 
 slip forward again through the hand. The left hand 
 alone should make all turns, so as to leave the 
 
172 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 right hand free for the use of the whip. As soon 
 as the near horse has received the impulse for the 
 turn bj the line, it must be animated into the turn 
 with the whip, so as to bring the carriage, that is to 
 pull the same by the traces into the new direction. 
 
 Inexperienced drivers generally give the impulse 
 for the turn to the left, by pulling the left rein, 
 closely followed by an animation of the off horse. 
 The consequence is that the off horse throws 
 himself against the pole, and the pole against the 
 near horse, compelling the latter to fall out with 
 shoulder and body, thereby preventing him from 
 pulling. The rules for driving one horse or a pair 
 are generally the same. 
 
 In turning to the rights place the right hand full 
 upon the rein. 
 
 DRIVING FOUR-IN-HAND. 
 
 The first requirement is an exact knowledge of how 
 to handle the lines, and calmly to guard and regu- 
 late the paces of the horses. 
 
 There are several ivays of holding the reins in the 
 left hand, the first being : Take up the lines of the 
 wheelers into your right hand, the left line between 
 first and second fingers, the right, between second 
 and third fingers, and equal them out. Then take 
 the lines of your leaders into your left hand, and 
 
ABOUT DRIVING. 
 
 173 
 
 equal them out ; then shift them over into your 
 right hand, so that the line of the nearside 
 leader rests between thumb and first finger, and the 
 line of the off-side leader, between first and second 
 fingers and on top of the rein of the near-side wheeler. 
 
 Fig. 29 
 
 Mount the box with the assistance of your left hand, 
 and when seated, transfer all four reins over to the 
 left hand, in the same order as you held them in 
 your right hand, equalize them, take the whip into 
 your right hand, and you are ready to start. 
 
 The right hand, so as to be ready for any emer- 
 gency, should be placed a little forward of the left 
 
174 HOW TO JUDGE A HOESE. 
 
 hand, leaning against the lines, and acting from there 
 on all four lines. 
 
 Close the left hand fully, so as to prevent any- 
 lengthening out or entanglement of the lines, be- 
 cause you have four horses before you, and one 
 pull on the wron^ line may throw the whole team in 
 confusion. The whip should be held as in driving a 
 pair. Should it become necessary to shorten the 
 lines, grasp the ends of the reins hanging down from 
 the left, with the right hand, either slipping the 
 left hand a little forward, or pulling the lines down- 
 ward through the left hand. Keep in mind, that 
 those lines which become too long, must be pulled 
 through the hand backward, while those which be- 
 come too short, must be allowed to slip through 
 forward. 
 
 If, during driving, you have to lengthen out, or to 
 shorten one or the other line, grasp the same with 
 two fingers of the right hand ; for lengthening out in 
 front of the left hand, and for shortening behind the 
 same, pull them forward or backward. 
 
 To start correctly with four horses, it is essential, 
 that all four should stand straight in the lines, and 
 the leaders start a moment before the wheelers. A 
 rushing forward of the wheelers must be carefully 
 prevented, to avoid their running into the leaders, 
 possibly followed by kicking and entanglement in 
 
ABOUT DRIVING. 175 
 
 the traces, and by general disorder. In all paces, 
 turns or short stops, the wheelers should be held a 
 little shortened by the right hand, to prevent col- 
 lision with the leaders. 
 
 In general, the wheelers are the real draught 
 horses of a four-in-hand ; the leaders, commonly of 
 lighter build, are more of an appendage, their pull- 
 ing amounting to little. Driving four-in-hand must 
 be classed under the luxuries, and, performed by a 
 stylish driver, presents a most beautiful aspect. 
 The equalness of the tension of the traces and lines 
 is a prime factor. If, unintentionally, the team 
 should deviate from the straight line, the oblique 
 direction must be corrected principally by the 
 wheelers. 
 
 Before stopping a four-in-hand, the coachman has 
 to examine if all four lines are in equal tension, 
 and then begin reining in the wheelers first, imme- 
 diately followed by that of the leaders. 
 
 In hacking^ first let the leaders step back a little, 
 and as soon as they begin the motion, pull back the 
 wheelers ; if reversed, the wheelers would find re- 
 sistance from the leaders. 
 
 Turns are executed in a similar way as in driving 
 a pair, but with the difference that the fore lines 
 have to act first. 
 
 Never turn the leaders too sharp, or too sudden — a 
 
176 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 mistake generally made by beginners — considering 
 that by doing so, the leaders coming into an an- 
 gular position to the wheelers, the direction must 
 become a broken one. The leaders should only re- 
 ceive a slight hint for a change of direction, and step 
 only gradually into the new line of travel, so as to 
 enable the wheelers and the coach to follow in their 
 tracks. For this reason, begin all turns in good 
 time, and gradually, especially in narrow streets, 
 etc. 
 
 Turning to the right. Take hold of the right fore 
 line with your right hand, and give the offside leader 
 the hint to turn gradually, at the same moment, the 
 right hand grasps the line of the nearside wheeler, 
 causing him to step diagonally to the left, so as to 
 follow in the tracks of the leaders just swinging over 
 to the right ; the right hand wheeler, whose part it 
 is to bring the vehicle, must be animated into the 
 turn by the whip. Move your left hand slightly 
 forward, to enable the left leader to follow the right 
 hand leader. As soon as the leaders are in the new 
 direction, the pull on the right fore line must cease, 
 and only the wheelers, but, merely by hint, must be 
 led into the new direction. After all four horses are 
 in the new line of travel, the pull on the different 
 lines ceases, and the latter are equalled out to keep 
 the horses in a straight direction. Turning to the 
 
ABOUT DRIVING. 177 
 
 left is accomplished in the contrary way ; the circular 
 and short turns are executed in the same way, always 
 bearing in mind that the wheelers have to follow in 
 the tracks of the leaders, and should never be jerked 
 at the same time iuto the intended directions. 
 
 In putting together a four - in - hand, always 
 see to it, that the wheelers are the heavier 
 horses, and at the same time, quieter in temper. 
 The left leader should be an active, intelligent horse 
 and well -broken. This is of special advantage and 
 value in driving from the box. Yery properly this 
 horse is called the leader of the four-in-hand. 
 
 Before putting the four horses together, it is ad- 
 visable to exercise them first in pairs, so as to take 
 out all friskiness and unevenness in the paces. 
 
 In going doiun Mil, the wheelers alone, have to hold 
 back the coach, but care should be taken to pre- 
 vent the leaders from hurrying forward, or from 
 hanging back, as in the latter case, the pole, or the 
 leadbars, might touch them, and the traces become 
 too loose. 
 
 In going up hill, let the leaders do their share in 
 pulling. 
 
 The handling of a four - in - hand is very diffi- 
 cult, and needs much practising. The whip, on 
 account of its length, is sometimes very much in the 
 way, and after each use, the lash should be caught 
 
178 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE A HOESE. 
 
 up by the hand. The wheelers are to be animated 
 by the gathered whip ; the leaders by the lash. 
 To do the latter properly, that is, to hit the desired 
 spot, or even the respective horse, is not an easy 
 matter. 
 
 'fy'' 
 
 Fig 30. 
 
 Another way to arrange the four lines in the left 
 hand, is as follows : 
 
 (a.) The line of the left leader between thumb 
 
 and first finger. 
 (6.) The line of the left wheeler between first 
 
 and second fingers." 
 (c.) The line of the right leader between second 
 
 and third fingers. 
 (d) The fine of the right wheeler between third 
 
 and little or fourth fingers. 
 
ABOUT DRIVING. 170 
 
 lu this way there is a line between each two fin- 
 gers ; the lines of the left side (near) horses being the 
 two upper ones, and the lines of the right side (off) 
 horses, the two lower ones. 
 
 For breaking-in young horses this way of arrang- 
 ing the reins may be of advantage, as in case of 
 emergency the reins of the rightside horses are 
 easily transferred over to the right hand. 
 
 TANDEM DRIVING. 
 
 Tandem driving requires as much, if not more, 
 dexterity as driving four-in-hand. Select for this 
 purpose, safe, lively but never excitable horses, the 
 leader to be a horse that does not shy, so as not to 
 disturb the driving direction by starting sideways. 
 Horses used to go single are the best for the pur- 
 pose. 
 
 Manipulations and holding the lines are the same 
 as in driving four-in-hand. 
 
 Concerning the hitching, let the traces of the 
 leader be a little longer, as in four-in-hand. These 
 latter are either fastened to the shafts, or to the 
 traces of the shaft horse, and held up by two 
 straps, attached to the collar of the shaffc 
 horse. The shaft horse should be hitched firm and 
 short, and should be checked up. The leader may 
 go unchecked. 
 
180 HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE. 
 
 Rules for driving, especially for turning, stopping, 
 etc., are the same as for four-in-liand driving. The 
 driver must take care that both horses travel on a 
 straight line, and are well up to the bit, and in 
 the traces. 
 
 THE END. 
 
WILLIAM R. JENKINS' 
 
 GBTflLOIlUE OF VETEBIIIIIBY BOOKS 
 
 1903 
 
 (*) Single asterisk designates New Books. 
 {**) Double asterisk designates Recent Publications. 
 
 ANDERSON, "Vice in tlie Horse" and olher papers 
 on Horses and Riding. By E. L. Anderson. Demy, 
 8vo, cloth .' 2 00 
 
 — " How to Ride and Scliool a Horse." Witti a System 
 of Horse Gymnastics. By Edward L. Anderson. 
 Cr. 8vo 1 00 
 
 ABJISTEAD. "Tlie Artistic Anatomy of tlie Horse." 
 
 A brief description of the various Anatomical Struc- 
 tures which may be distinguished during Life through 
 the Skin, By Hugh W. Armstead, M.D., F.R.C.S. 
 With illustrations from drawings by the author. 
 Cloth oblong, 12^ x 10 3 75 
 
 BACH, "How to Judge a Horse." A concise treatise 
 as to its Qualities and Soundness ; Including Bits and 
 Bitting, Saddles and Saddling, Stable Drainage, Driv- 
 ing One Horse, a Pair, Four-in-hand, or Tandem, etc. 
 By Captain F.W. Bach. 
 X2mo, cloth, fully illustrated. X 00 
 
Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 {**)BANJIAM, "Anatomical and Physiological Model of 
 the Horse." Half life size. Composed of super- 
 posed plates, colored to nature, showing internal 
 organs, muscles, skeleton, etc., mounted on strong 
 boards, with explanatory text. By George A. 
 Banham, F.R.C.V.S. Size of Model 38x41 in.... 7 50 
 
 (*•)_ <i Tables of Veterinary Posology and Therapeutics," 
 
 with weights, measures, etc. By Geo. A. Banham, 
 F.R.C.V.S. New edition. 12mo, cloth 1 00 
 
 BAUCHEB, "Method of Horsemanship." Including 
 the Breaking and Training of Horses 1 OO 
 
 i*)BELL, ''The Veterinarian's Call Book (Perpetual)," 
 
 By Koscoe E. Bell, D.V.S., editor of the American 
 Veterinary Review. Revised for 1903, 
 
 A visiting list, that can be commenced at any time 
 and used until full, c(>ntaining much useful informa- 
 tion for the student and the busy practitioner. 
 Among contents are items concerning: Veterinary 
 Drugs ; Poisons; Solubility of Drugs; Composition of 
 Milk, Bile-, Blood, Gastric Juice, Urine, Saliva; Respi- 
 ration; Dentition; Temperature, etc., etc. Bound in 
 flexible leather, with flap and pocket 1 25 
 
 BMADLEY. ** Outlines of Veterinary Anatomy." 
 
 By O. Charnock Bradley, Member of the Royal Col- 
 lege of Veterinary Surgeons ; Professor of Anatomy 
 in the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. 
 
 The author presents the most important facts of 
 veterinary anatomy in as condensed a form as possible, 
 consistent with lucidity. 12mo. 
 
 Complete in three parts. 
 
 Paet I. : The Limba (cloth) 1 25 
 
 Part II. : The Trunk (paper) , 1 25 
 
 Part III. : T?ie Head and Neck (paper) 1 25 
 
 The Set complete 3 50 
 
851-853 Sia;th Avenue {cor. i8th St.), New York. 
 
 CADIOT, "Roarin- in Horses." Its Pathology and 
 Treatment . This work represents the latest develop- 
 ment in operative methods for the alleviation 
 of roaring. Each step. is most clearly defined by 
 excellent full-page illustrations. By P. J. Cadiot, 
 Professor at the Veterinary School, Alfort. Trans. 
 Thos J. Watt Dollar. M.Il.C.V.S., etc. Cloth 75 
 
 — " Exercises in Equine Siir§rery." By P. J. Cadiot. 
 Translated by Prof. A. W. Bitting, M.D.,V.S. ; edited 
 by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D.V.S. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated 2 50 
 
 (•)—*' A Treatise on Surgical Therapentics of tlie Domestic 
 Animals." By P.J. Cadiot and J. Almy. Translated 
 by Prof. A. Liautard, M,D.,V.S. 2 Parts ready. 
 
 Part I, Vol. I, 8vo, 93 pages, 45 illustrations 1 00 
 
 Part II, Vol., I, 8vo, 96 pages 1 00 
 
 Part III, Vol., I, 8vo, 134 pages, 33 illustrations. .1 00 
 Part IV, in preparation, to he ready in 1903. 
 
 (*)— "Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Surgery." By P. J. 
 
 Cadiot. Translated, edited, and supplemented with 
 49 new articles and 34 illustrations by Jno. A. W. 
 Dollar, M.R.C.V.S. Royal 8vo, 619 pages, 94 black 
 
 and white illustrations 5 25 
 
 See also ''Dollar." 
 
 {**)CHAP3IAN, "Manual of the Pathological Treatment 
 of Lameness in the Horse," treated solely by 
 mechanical means. By George T. Chapman. 8vo, 
 cloth, 124 pages 2 00 
 
 CHAUVEAU. "Tlie Comparative Anatomy of the 
 Domesticated Animals." By A. Chauveau. New 
 edition, translated, enlarged and entirely revised by 
 Qeo. Fleming, F.E.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, 585 illus...6 25 
 
Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 CLARKE, "Cbart of the Feet and Teetli of Fossil 
 Horses." By W. H. Claike 25 
 
 CLEAVELAND. " Proiiounciug Medical Lexicon." 
 
 Pocket edition. Cloth 75 
 
 CLEMENT, *< Veterinary Post Mortem Examina- 
 tions." By A. W. Clement, V.5S. Records of 
 autopsies, to be of any value, should accurately 
 represent the appearances of the tissues and organs 
 so that a diagnosis might be made by the reader were 
 not the examiners' conclusions stated. To make the 
 pathological conditions clear to the reader, some 
 definite system of dissection is necessary. The 
 absence in the English language, of any guide in 
 making autopsies upon the lower animals, induced 
 Dr. Clement to write this book, trusting that it 
 would prove of practical value to th« profession. 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated -^5 
 
 (*) COUB TEN A Y, ' ' xMauual of the Practice of Veterinary 
 Medicine." By Edward Courtenay, V. S. Revised by 
 Frederick T. G. Hobday, F.R.C.V.8. Second edition. 
 Crown, 8vo, cloth 2 75 
 
 COX. •' Horses : In Accident and Disease." The 
 
 sketches introduced embrace various attitudes which 
 have been observed, such as in choking; the disorders 
 and accidents occurring to the stomach and intestines ; 
 affection of the brain ; and some special forms of lame- 
 ness, etc. By J. Roalfe Cox, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, 
 fully illustrated 1 50 
 
 CURTIS, "Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine." The 
 
 origin, history, improvement, description.characteris- 
 tics, merits, objections, etc. By Geo. W. Curtis, 
 M.S. A. Superbly illustrated. Cloth, $2 00; half 
 pheep, $2,75 ; h^lf morocco 3 60 
 
8^1-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. ^h St.), New York. 
 
 {*')DALBTMPLE, "Veterinary Obstetrics." A compen- 
 dium for the use of advanced students and Practi- 
 tioners. By W. H. Dalrymple, M. K. C. V. S., 
 principal of the Department of Veterinary Science in 
 the Louisiana State University and A. & M. College; 
 Veterinarian to the Louisiana State Bureau of 
 Agriculture, and Agricultural Experiment Stations; 
 Member of the United States Veterinary Medical 
 Associations, etc. 8vo, cloth, illus 2 50 
 
 DALZIEL, •* The Fox Terrier." Illustrated. (Monographs 
 on British Dogs) . By Hugh Dalziel 1 00 
 
 — •' The St. Bernard." Illustrated 1 00 
 
 — "The Diseases of Dog's." Their Pathology, Diagnosis 
 
 and Treatment, with a dictionary of Canine Materia 
 Medica. By Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth 80 
 
 — "Diseases of Horses." 12mo, cloth 1 00 
 
 — "Brealiing and Training Dogs." Being concise 
 
 directions for the proper education of dogs, both 
 for the field and for companions. Second edi- 
 tion, revised and enlarged. Part I, by Pathfinder; 
 Part II, by Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth, illus.... 2 60 
 
 — "The Collie." Its History, Points, and Breeding. By 
 
 Hugh Dalziel. Illustrated, Svo, cloth 1 00 
 
 — "The Greyhound." Svo, cloth, illus 100 
 
 DANA, "Tables in Comparative Physiology." By Prof. 
 C. L. Dana, M.D 26 
 
 DANCE, "Veterinary Tablet." Folded in cloth case. 
 The tablet of A. A. Dance is a synopsis of the diseases 
 of horses, cattle and dogs, showing at a glance the 
 causes, symptoms and cures 76 
 
Veterinary Catalogue of William ti. Jenkins 
 
 (*)DE BR UIN, " Bovine Obstetrics." By M. G. De Bruin, 
 
 Instructor of Obotetrics at the State Veterinary 
 School in Utrecht. Translated by W. E. A. Wyman, 
 formerly Professor of Veterinary Science at Clemson 
 A. & M. College, and Veterinarian to the South 
 Carolina Experiment Station. 
 8vo, cloth, 382 pages, 77 illustrations 5 00 
 
 Synopsis of the Essential Features of the Work 
 
 I. Authorized translation. 
 
 i. The only obstetrical work whicli is up to date. 
 
 3. Written by Europe's leading authority on the subject. 
 
 4. Written by a man who has practiced the art a lifetime. 
 
 5. Written by a man who, on account of bis eminence as 
 bovine practitioner and teacher of obstetrics, was selected 
 by Prof. Dr. Frohner and Prof. Dr. Bayer (Berlin and 
 Vienna), to discuss bovine obstetrics, both practically and 
 scientifically. 
 
 0. The only work containing a thorough differential diag- 
 nosis of ante and post partum diseases. 
 
 7. The only work doing justice to modern obstetrical 
 siirgery and therapeutics. 
 
 8. Written by a man whose practical suggestions revolu- 
 tionized the teaching of veterinary obstetrics even in the 
 gi-eat schools of Europe. 
 
 9. The only work dealing fully with the now no longer 
 obscure contagious and infectious diseases of calves. 
 
 10. Absolutely original and no compilation. 
 
 II. The only work dealing fully with" the difficult problem 
 of teaching obstetrics in the colleges. 
 
 12. The only work where the practical part is not over- 
 shadowed by theory. 
 
 ... A veterinarian, particularly if his location brings him in 
 contact with obstetrical practice, who makes any pretence toward 
 being scientific and in possession of modern knowledge upon this 
 subject, will not be without this excellent work, as it is really a very 
 valuable treatise. It contains nearly 400 pages, numerous illustrations, 
 and is put together in Jenkins' best style. — Pro/. Boscoe R. Bell, in the 
 American Veterinary Review. 
 
 In translating into English Professor De Bruin's excellent text- 
 book on Bovine Obstetrics, Dr. Wyman has laid British and American 
 veterinary surgeons and students under a debt of gratitude. The 
 work represents the happy medium between the booklets which are 
 adapted for cramming purposes by the student, and the ponderous 
 tomes which, although useful to the teacher, are not exactly suited 
 to the requirements of the everyday practitioner . . . It contains 
 seventy-seven excellent illusti-ations . . . Both translator and pu- 
 blisher have done their work in a way that deserves praise, and we 
 can strongly recommend the work to veterinary students and practi- 
 tioners.— T/fe Journal of Comparative Pathology and TJierapeutics. 
 
 This grand volume, written by Europe's leading authority on the 
 subject, who has practiced the art for a lifetime, is the most recent and 
 up-to-date ob-^tetrical work. It discusses bovine obstetrics, both prac- 
 tically and scientifically, and contains thorough difterential diagnoses 
 of ante and post mortem diseases. It deals fully with the now no 
 longer obscure contagious and infectious diseases of calves, and is the 
 only work of the kind in which the practical part is not overshadowed 
 Ijy theory.— American AyriculturM, Aug., 1903. 
 
 *See ateo ** TTj/wan," 
 
851-853 i^ixth Avenue (cor. iSth St), New York, 
 
 ODOLLAB, "Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Sur- 
 gery," By V. J. Cadiot. Translated, edited, and 
 supplemented with 49 new articles and 34 illustra- 
 tions by Jno. A. SV. Dollar, M.R.C.V.S. Eoyal 8vo, 
 619 pages, 94 black and white illustrations 5 25 
 
 . . . This work, containlner as It does the ripe exper- 
 ience of the author, who may be considered one of the 
 foremost surgeons and clinicians of the day. contains a 
 vast amount of exact scientific information of the utmost 
 value to the busy workaday practitioner, while for the 
 student of either human or compa»ative medicine, no 
 better book could be placed in their hands, that will give 
 th«ra a clear insight into the many intricate problems 
 • wjtli which they are daily confronted. . . .—Amei'ican 
 Veterinary Beview. 
 
 See also •* Cadiot " 
 
 (*)— ** Operative Technique. " For veterinary surgeons. 
 Being the first volume of a new work on the practice 
 of veterinary surgery. By Jno. A. W. Dollar, 
 M.E C.V.S. 8vo, cloth 3.75 
 
 (*•)— "A Hand-book of Horse-Shoeing," with introductory 
 chapters on the anatomy and physiology of the 
 horse's foot. By Jno. A. W. Dollar, M.R.C.V.S., 
 translator and editor of Moller's " Veterinary Sur- 
 gery," "An Atlas of Veterinary Surgical Operations," 
 etc. ; with the collaboration of Albert Wheatley, 
 F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, 433 pp., 4C6 illustrations . .4.75 
 
 "Roaring in Horses." By Prof . P. J. Cadiot. Translated 
 by Dr. Dollar. Cloth, illustrated 75 
 
 See also " Cadiot" 
 
 '* Operative Veterinary Surgery." By Prof. Dr. H. MoUer. 
 Translated by Dr. Dollar. 
 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated 5 25 
 
 See also " MoUer." 
 
Veterinary Catalogue of iViUiam it. Jenkins 
 
 DUN. ".Veterinary Medicines, their Actions and Uses," 
 
 By Finlay Dun, V.S., late lecturer on Materia 
 
 Medica and Dietetics at the Edinburgh Veterinary 
 
 College, and Examiner in Chemistry to the Koyal 
 
 College of Veterinary Surgeons. New (tenth) revised 
 
 an<l enlarged English edition. 8vo, cloth 3 75 
 
 The new volume has been carefully revised, adapted to 
 the official British Pharmacopceia, 1898, and brought up to 
 date by Prot. James Macqueen, F.R.C.V.S., Royal Veterin- 
 ary College, London. Clinical experiments and therapeutic 
 observations— which form the basis of the rational treat- 
 ment of disease— directions for using mallein, tuberculin, 
 and Black-quartet- vaccine, and all the more important 
 recently introduced medicines have been added. An index 
 of diseases and remedies, supplemented by a copious index 
 of medicines, will enhance the usefulness of the book to 
 students and practitioners. 
 
 DWTEB. '« Seats and Saddles." Bits and Bitting, 
 Di aught and Harness and the Prevention and Cure of 
 Rt'Stiveness in Horses. By Francis Dwyer. Illus- 
 trated. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, gilt 1 50 
 
 FLEMING, "Veterinary Obstetrics." Including the 
 Accidents and Diseases incident to Pregnancy, Parturi- 
 tion, and the Early Age in Domesticated Animals. 
 By Geo. Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. Illustrated 6 25 
 
 — "Operative Veterinary Surgery." Part I, by Dr. Geo. 
 Fleming, M.R.C.V.S. This valuable work, one of the 
 most practical treatises yet issued on the subject in 
 the English language, is devoted to the common opera- 
 tions of Veterinary Surgery ; and the concise descrip- 
 tions and directions of the text are illustrated with 
 numerous wood engravings. 
 8v), cloth 2 76 
 
 (•) Part II, containing nearly 500 pages and 400 illus- 
 trations, edited and passed through the press by 
 Principal W. Owen Williams, F.R.C.V.S. 
 8vo, cloth 3 25 
 
8M-863 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSth St.), New ^orle. 
 
 FLEMING, ** Tuberculosis." From a Sanitary and Patho- 
 logical Poiut of View. By Geo. Fleming, F.R.C. 
 V,S 25 
 
 — "The Contagious Diseases of Animals." Their influence on 
 
 the wealth and health of nations. 12mo, paper 25 
 
 — "Tlie Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals." 
 
 By A. Chaveau. Translated by Dr. Fleming. 
 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated 6 25 
 
 See also '* Chaveau." 
 
 — •• Human and Animal Variolae." A Study in Comparative 
 
 Pathology, Paper 25 
 
 — "Animal Plagues." Their History, Nature, and 
 
 Prevention. By George Fleming, F. R. C. V. S., etc. 
 
 First Series. 8vo, cloth 6 00 
 
 Second Series. 8vo, cloth 3 00 
 
 — " Roaring in Horses." By Dr. George Fleming, 
 
 F.R.C.V.S. A treatise on this peculiar disorder 
 of the Horse, indicating its method of treatment 
 and curability. 8vo, cloth, with col. plates 1 50 
 
 FLEMING- NEUMANN, "Parasites and Parasitic 
 Diseases of the Domesticated Animals." A work 
 to which the students of human or veterinary medi- 
 cine, the sanitarian, agriculturist or breeder or rearer 
 of animals, may refer for full information regarding 
 the external and internal Parasites— vegetable and 
 animal — which attack various species of Domestic 
 Animals. A Treatise by L. G. Neumann, Professor 
 at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. 
 Translated and edited by George Fleming, C. B., L.L. 
 P.,F.R.C.V,S. 873 pages, 365 illustraUons, cloth.7 60 
 
iO Veterinary (Catalogue of William tt. Jenkins 
 
 QUESSWELL, '* Diseases and Disorders of the Horse." 
 
 By Albert, James B. and George Gresswell. 
 
 Crown, 8vo, illustrated, cloth 1 76 
 
 — Manual of "Tlie Tlieory and Practice of Equine Medicine," 
 
 By James B. Gresswell, F.R.C.V.S., and Albert 
 Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S., second edition, enlarged, 
 8vo, cloth 2 75 
 
 — " Veterinary Pliarmacologry and Tlierapeutics." By 
 
 James B. Gresswell, F.R.C.V.S. 16mo, cloth . . .1 50 
 
 — •* Tlie Bovine Prescriber." For the use of Veterina- 
 
 rians and Veterinary Students. By James B. and 
 Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S Cloth 75 
 
 — "Tlie Equine Hospital Prescriber." For the use of Veter- 
 
 inary Practitioners and Students. By Drs. James 
 B. and Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S. Cloth 75 
 
 — "Veterinary Pharmacopeia, Materia Medica and 
 
 Therapeutics . " By George and Charles Gresswell, 
 with descriptions and physiological actions of medi- 
 cines. By Albert Gresswell. 
 Crown, 8vo, cloth 2 75 
 
 GOTTUEIL. "A Manual of General Histology." 
 
 By Wm. S. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in 
 the American Veterinary College, New York; etc., etc. 
 Histology is the basis of the physician's art, as 
 Anatomy is the foundation of the surgeon's science. 
 Only by knowing the processes of life can we under- 
 stand the changes of disease and the action of 
 remedies; as the architect must know his building 
 materials, so must the practitioner of medicine know 
 the intimate structure of the body. To present this 
 knowledge in an accessible and simple form has 
 been the author's task. 
 8vo., clolh, U8 pages, fully illustrated . = 1 00 
 
851-863 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSth St.), New York. 11 
 
 HASSLOCH. " A Compend of Yeterinary Materia Medica 
 and Therapeutics." By Dr. A. C. Hasslocli, V.S., 
 Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and 
 Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at the New York 
 College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa- 
 rative Medicine, N. Y. 12nio, cloth, 225 pages . .1 50 
 
 HEATLEY. " Tlie Stock Owner's Guide." A handy Medi- 
 cal Treatise for every man who owns an ox or cow. 
 By George S. Heatley, M.R.C.V. 12mo, cloth.. .1 25 
 
 — "The Horse Owner's Safeguard." A handy Medical 
 
 Guide for every Horse Owner. 12mo, cloth 1 50 
 
 — "Practical Veterinary Remedies." 12mo, cloth 1 00 
 
 HILI^. "The Management and Diseases of the Bog." 
 
 Containing full instructions for Breeding, Rearing and 
 Kenneling Dogs. Their Different Diseases. How to 
 detect and how to cure them. Their Medicines, and 
 the doses in which they can be safely administered. 
 By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth, extra 
 fully illustrated 2 00 
 
 (*)HI2jL, " The Diseases of the Cat." By J. Woodroffe 
 
 Hill, F.R.C. V.S. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 1 25 
 
 Written from the experience of many years' prac- 
 tice and close pathological research into the maladies 
 to which our domesticated feline friends are liable — a 
 subject which it must be admitted has not found not 
 prominence in veterinary literature to which it is 
 undoubtedly entitled. 
 
 HINEBAUCH, "Veterinary Dental Surgery." For the 
 
 use of Students, Practitioners and Stockmen. 
 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated 2 00 
 
 Sheep , a 76 
 
12 Veterinary Catalogue of William tt. Jenkins 
 
 no ARE. "A Manual of Veterinary Therapeutics and 
 Pharmacology." By E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S. 
 12mo, cloth, 560 pages 2 75 
 
 "Deserves a good place in the libraries of all veterina- 
 rians. * * * Cannot help but be of the greatest assist- 
 ance to the young veterinarian and the every day busy 
 practitioner."— ^w^'ican Vetei'inary Review. 
 
 {*)HOBDAY, " Canine and Feline Surgery." By Frederick 
 T. G. Hobday, F.R.C.V.S., Professor in Charge of the 
 Free Out-Patients' Clinique at the Royal Veterinary 
 College, London, The work contains 76 illustrations 
 in the text. Demy 8vo, 152 pp., full-bound cloth .2 00 
 
 {*') HUNTING. The Art of Horse-shoeing. A manual 
 for Farriers. By William Hunting, F.R.C.V.S., ex- 
 president of the Royal College of Veterinary Sur- 
 geons. One of the most up-to-date, concise books of 
 its kind in the English language. 8vo, cloth, with 
 nearly 100 illustrations 1 00 
 
 {**)JENKINS, " Model of the Horse." 7 50 
 
 See also *' Banham.'' 
 
 {") ROBERT, "Practical Toxicology for Physicians and 
 
 Students," By Professor Dr. Rudolph Robert, 
 Medical Director of Dr. Brehmer's Sanitarium for 
 Pulmonary Diseases at Goerbersderf in Silesia (Prus- 
 sia), late Director of the Pharmacological Institute, 
 Dorpat, Russia. Translated and edited by L. H. 
 Friedburg, Ph.D. Authorized Edition. 8vo, cloth.2 50 
 
 KOCH, "lltiology of Tuberculosis." By Dr. R. Koch. 
 Translated by T. Saure. 8vo, cloth 1 00 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. mh St.), New York. 13 
 
 KEATING, "A New Unabridged Pronoimrin^ Diction- 
 ary of Medicine." By John M. Keating, M.D., LL.D., 
 Henry Hamilton and others. A voluminous and 
 exhaustive hand-book of Medical and scientific 
 terminology with Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentu- 
 ation, Etymology, etc. With an appendix containing 
 important tables of Bacilli, Microcci Leucomaines, 
 Ptomaines ; Drugs and Materials used in Antiseptic 
 Surgery ; Poisons and their antidotes ; Weights and 
 Measures ; Themometer Scales ; New Officinal and 
 Unofficinal Drugs, etc., etc. Svo, 818 pages 5 00 
 
 LAMBBBT. "The Uerm Theory of Disease." 
 
 Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and the 
 domesticated animals. By James Lambert, F.R.C.V.S. 
 8vo. paper 25 
 
 LAW, "Farmers' Veterinary Adyiser." A Guide to the 
 Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Domestic 
 Animals. By Prof. James Law. Illus., 8vo, cloth. 8 00 
 
 {**)LEGGE. "Cattle Tuberculosis." A Practical Guide 
 to the Farmer, Butcher and Meat Inspector. By T.M, 
 Legge, M.A., M.D., D.P.H., Secretary of the Royal 
 Commission on Tuberculosis, 1896-98; autlior of 
 " Public Health in European Capitals," and " Harold 
 Sessions, F.R.C.V.S." Cloth 1 00 
 
 OLIAUTABD, "A Treatise on Surgical Therapeutics 
 of the Domestic Animals." By Prof. Dr. P. J . Cadiot 
 and J. Almy. Translated bj' Prof. Liautard. 
 
 Parti, Volume 1 1 00 
 
 Part II, *' 1 00 
 
 Part III, " ICO 
 
 (Part IV in preparation.) 
 See also *' Cadiot," 
 
14 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 LIAUTARD, "Median Neurotomy in the Treatment of 
 Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock." 
 
 By C. Pellerin, late Repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to 
 Llie Alfort Veterinary School. Translated with addi- 
 tional facts relating to it, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., 
 V.M. 
 
 Having rendered good results when performed by 
 himself, the author believes the operation, which 
 consists in dividing the cubito-plantar nerve and in 
 excising a portion of the peripherical end, the means 
 of improving the conditions, and consequently the 
 values of many apparently doomed animals. Agricul- 
 ture in particular will be benefited. 
 
 The work is divided into two parts. The first covers 
 the study of Median Neurotomy itself ; the second, 
 the exact relations of the facts as observed by the 
 author. 8vo. , boards 1 00 
 
 — "Manual of Operative Veterinary Surgery" By A. 
 
 Liautard, M.D., V.M., Principal and Professor 
 of Anatomy, Surgery, Sanitary Medicine and Juris- 
 prudence in the American Veterinary College; 
 Chevalier du Merite Agricole de France, Honorary 
 Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons 
 (London), etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 786 pages and nearly 
 600 illustrations 6 00 
 
 (*) — "Animal Castration." A concise and practical Treatise 
 
 on the Castration of the Domestic Animals. The 
 
 only work on the subject in the English language. 
 
 Illustrated with 52 cuts, having a fine portrait of the 
 
 author. A new revised and enlarged edition, 1902. 
 
 12mo, cloth 2 00 
 
 . . . The most complete and comprehensive work on the 
 subject in English veterinary litei-ature.— ^mcz-^ican. Agri- 
 cuUurisU July 19th, 1903. 
 
 — ** Exercises in Equine Surgery," By Prof. Dr. P. J. Cadiot. 
 
 Translated by Prof. Bitting and edited by Dr. Liau- 
 tard. 8vo, cloth, illustrated 2 50 
 
 See alsQ *' (Jadiot." 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 48f/i St.), New York. 15 
 
 LIAUTABD, "On the Lameness of Horses." By A. 
 
 Liautard, M.D.,V.S . .2 6U 
 
 — " How to Tell the Age of the Domestic Animal." By 
 
 Dr. A. Liautard, M.D., V.S. Profusely illustrated. 
 12mo, cloth 50 
 
 — "Vade Mecum of Equine Anatomy." By A. Liautard, 
 
 M.D.V.S. Dean of the American Veterinary College, 
 12rno. cloth. New edition, with illustrations 2 00 
 
 — " Translation of Zundel on the Horse's Foot." Cloth.. 2 00 
 
 LONG, "Book of the Pig." Its selection, Breeding, 
 Feeding and Management. 8vo, cloth 4 26 
 
 {**)LOWE. ^'Breeding Racehorses by the Figure 
 System." Compiled by the late C. Bruce Lowe. 
 Edited by William Allison, " The Special Commis- 
 sioner," London Sportsman, Hon. Secretary Sporting 
 League, and Manager of the International Horse 
 Agency and Exchange. With numerous fine illustra- 
 tions of celebi-ated horses. Quarto, cloth 7 50 
 
 {*)LUDLOW, "Science in the Stable"; or How a Horse 
 can be Kept in Perfect Health and be Used Without 
 Shoes, in Harness or under the Saddle. With the 
 Reason Why. Second American Edition. Enlarged 
 and Exemplified. By Jacob R. Ludlow, M.D. Late 
 Staff Surgeon, U. S, Army. Paper, 166 pages 50 
 
 LUPTON, "Horses: Sound and Unsound," with 
 Law relating to Sales and Warranty. By J. Irvine 
 Lupton, F. R. C. V.S . 8vo, cloth, illustrated 1 25 
 
 — ** The Horse." As he Was, as he Is, and as he Ought to Be. 
 By J. I. Lupton, F.R,C.V,S. Illus., Crown, 8vo. .1 40 
 
16 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 MAGNER. " Facts for Horse Owners." By D. Magner. 
 Upwards of 1,000 pages, illustrated with 900 engrav- 
 ings. 8vo, leather binding 7 &^ 
 
 MAYHEW, "The Illustrated Horse Doctor." An 
 
 accurate and detailed account of the Various Diseases 
 to which the Equine Race is subject ; together with the 
 latest mode of Treatment, and all the Requisite Pre- 
 scriptions written in plain English. By E. Edward 
 Mayhew, M.R.C.V.S. Illustrated. 
 8vo, cloth. • 2 75 
 
 McBRIDE. "Anatomical Outlines of the Horse." 
 
 12mo, cloth. Reduced to 1 50 
 
 BIcCOMBIE. "Cattle and Cattle Breeders." Cloth 1 00 
 
 nM*FADYEAN. "Anatomy of the Horse." Second 
 edition completely revised. A Dissection Guide. 
 By John M'Fadyean, M.B., B.Sc, F.R.S.E., Principal 
 of the Royal Veterinary College, London. 
 
 8vo, cloth ^^® 
 
 This book is intended for Veterinary students, and 
 offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates 
 54 illustrations and excellent text, the most valuable 
 and practical aid in the study of Veterinary Anatomy, 
 especially in the dissecting room. 
 
 - " Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals." 
 
 By J. M'Fadyean. Profusely illustrated, and to be 
 issued in two parts. 
 
 Part I-Osteology, ready. Paper, 2.50; cloth . . . .2.75 
 (Part II in preparation.) 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. iSth St.), New York. 17 
 
 MILLS, *'How to Keep a Dog in the City.'^ By 
 
 Wesley Mills, M.D., V.S. It tells how to choose, 
 manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to keep him 
 clean and teach him cleanliness. Paper 25 
 
 MOLLEB, "Operative Veterinary Snrgery." By Profes- 
 sor Dr. H. Moller, Berlin. Translated and edited 
 from the 2nd edition, enlarged and improved, by 
 John A. W. Dollar. M.K.C.S. 
 
 Prof. MoUer's work presents the most recent and 
 complete exposition of the Principles and Practice of 
 Veterinary Surgery, and is the standard text-hook on the 
 subject throughout Germany. 
 
 Many subjects ignored in previous treatises on 
 Veterinary Surgery here receive full consideration, 
 while the better known are presented under new and 
 suggestive aspects. 
 
 As Prof. Moller's work represents not only his 
 own opinions and practice, but those of the best 
 Veterinary Surgeons of various countries, the trans- 
 lation cannot fail to be of signal service to American 
 and British Veterinarians and to Students of Veter- 
 inary and Comparative Surgery. 
 1 vol., Bvo. 722 pages, 142 illustrations 5 25 
 
 MOBETON, '' On Horse-brekking." i2rao, cloth 
 
 50 
 
 MOSSELMAN-LIEXAUX. '' Veterinary Microbio- 
 logy." By Professors Mosselman and Lienaux, 
 Nat. Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium. Trans 
 lated and edited by K. K. Dinwiddle, Professor of 
 Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Arkansas 
 State University. 12mo, cloth, 342 pages 2 00 
 
18 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 NO CARD, •' The Animal Tuberculoses, and their Relation 
 to Human Tuberculosis." By Ed. Nocard, Prof, of the 
 Alfort Veterinary College. Translated by H. Scurfield, 
 M.D. Ed., Ph. Camb. ]2mo, cloth, 143 pages. . . .1 00 
 Perhaps the chief interest to doctors of human 
 medicine in Professor Nocard's book lies in the 
 demonstration of the small part played by heredity, 
 and the great part played by contagion in the propa- 
 gation of bovine tuberculosis. It seems not unreason- 
 able to suppose that the same is the case for human 
 tuberculosis, and that, if the children of tuberculosis 
 parents were protected from infection by cohabitation 
 or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cau«e of 
 the disease, or even of the predisposition to it, would 
 dwindle away into insignificance. 
 
 PEGLEB. "The Book of the Goat/' 12mo, cloth 1 75 
 
 PELJLEBIN. "Median Neurotomy in the Treatment 
 of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock." 
 
 By C. Pellerin, late repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to 
 the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated, with Addi- 
 tional Facts Relating to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., 
 V.M. 8vo, boards, illustrated 100 
 
 See also " Liautard." 
 
 PETERS. " A Tuberculous Herd— Test Tfith Tuber- 
 culin." By Austin Peters, M. R. C. V. S., Chief 
 Inspector of Cattle for the New York State Board of 
 Health during the winter of 1892-93. Pamphlet. ... 25 
 
 REYNOLD, "Breeding and Management of Draught 
 Horses," 8vo, cloth 1 40 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. iWi St.), New York. 19 
 
 ROBEBGE, *< The Foot of the Horse," or Lameness 
 and all Diseases of the Feet traced to an Unbalanced 
 Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the foot. 
 By David Koberge. Svo, cloth 5 00 
 
 SEWELL. "The Examination of Horses as to Sound- 
 ness and Selection as to Purchase." By Edward 
 SeweU, M.R.C.V.S. Svo, paper 1 50 
 
 It is a great advantage to the business man to 
 
 know something of the elements of law, and nobody 
 ought either to buy or own a horse who does not know 
 something about the animal. That something this book 
 
 gives, and gives in a thoroughly excellent way 
 
 — Our Animal Friends. 
 
 SMITH. **A Manual of Yeterinary Physiology." By 
 
 Veterinary Captain F. Smith, M.R.C.V.S. Author of 
 " A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." 
 
 Throughout this manual the object has been to con- 
 dense the information as much as possible. The 
 broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render 
 them of use to the student and practitioner. In this 
 second edition — rewritten — the whole of the Nervous 
 System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with 
 the Development of the Ovum has been added together 
 with many additional facts and illustrations. About 
 one hundred additional pages are given. Second 
 edition, revised and enlarged, with additional illus- 
 trations 3 75 
 
 — "Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." 2nd edition, revised. 
 Crown, 8vo, cloth 3 25 
 
 {**)STIiANGEWAT, "Veterinary Anatomy." Edited by 
 I. Vaughan, F.L.S., M.R.C.V.S. New edition revised, 
 with several hundred illustrations. Svo, cloth 5 00 
 
SiO Veterinary Catalogiie of William R. Jenkins 
 
 SUSSDORF. "Large Colored Wall Diagrams." By 
 
 Prof. Sussdorf, M.D. (of Gottingen). Text translated 
 by Prof. W. Owen Williams, of the New Veterinary 
 College, Edinburgh. Size, 44 inches by 30 inches. 
 
 1.— Horse. 4.— Ox. 
 
 2.— Mare. 5.— Boar and Sow. 
 
 3.-C0W. 6.— Dog and Bitch. 
 
 Showing the position of the viscera in the large 
 cavities of the body. 
 
 Price, unmounted 1 75 each 
 
 '« mounted on linen, with roller 3 50 ** 
 
 {*)THOMPSON, ** Elementary Lectures on Yeterinary 
 Science." For agricultural students, farmers and 
 stock keepers. By Henry Thompson, M.R.C.V.S., 
 lecturer on Veterinary Science at the Aspatria Agri- 
 cultural College, England. 
 
 8vo, cloth, 397 pages, 51 illustrations 3 75 
 
 It is complete yet concise and just the up-to-date 
 book for a beginner. 
 
 VAN MATER. "A Text Book of Veterinary Oph- 
 thalmology." By George G. Van Mater, M.D., 
 D.V.S., Professor of Ophthalmology in the American 
 Veterinary College ; Oculist and Aurist to St. Martha's 
 Sanitarium and Dispensary ; Consulting Eye and Ear 
 Surgeon to the Twenty-sixth Ward Dispensary ; Eye 
 and Ear Surgeon, Brooklyn Eastern District Dispen- 
 sary, etc. Illustrated by one chromo lithograph plate 
 and seventy-one engravings. 
 8vo cloth 3 GO 
 
 . . . We intend to adopt this valuable work as a text 
 book.— i;. J. Creelij, D.V.S., Dean of the San Francisco 
 Veterinary CoUege. May 16th, 19Ct>. 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. mh'^^St.), New York 21 
 
 VETEBINABY DIAGRAMS in Tabular Form. 
 Size, 28^ in. x 22 inches. Price per set of five. . . 4 75 
 
 No. 1. "The External Form and Elementary Ana- 
 tomy of the Horse." Eight colored illustrations — 
 1. External regions ; 2. Skeleton ; 3. Muscles (Superior 
 Layer) ; 4. Muscles (Deep Layer) ; 5. Respiratory Ap- 
 paratus; 6. Digestive Apparatus ; 7. Circulatory Ap- 
 paratus ; 8. Nerve Apparatus ; with letter-press descrip- 
 tion 1 25 
 
 No. 2. "The Age of Domestic Animals." Forty-two 
 figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicat- 
 ing the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with 
 full description 75 
 
 No. 3. " The Unsoundness and Defects of the Horse." 
 
 Fifty figures illustrating— 1. The Defects of Confor- 
 mation ; 2. Defects of Position ; 3. Infirmities or Signs 
 of Disease ; 4. Unsoundnesses ; 5. Defects of the Foot ; 
 with full description 75 
 
 No. 4. "The Shoeing of the Horse, Mule and Ox." 
 
 Fifty figures descriptive of the Anatomy and Physio- 
 logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing 75 
 
 No. 5. "The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and But- 
 cher's Joints of the Ox." Ten colored illustrations 
 — 1. Skeleton; 2. Nervous System; 3. Digestive 
 System (Right Side) ; 4. Respiratory System ; 5. Points 
 of a Fat Ox ; 6. Muscular System ; 7. Vascular System ; 
 8. Digestive System (Left Side) ; 9. Butcher's Sections 
 of a Calf ; 10. Butcher's Sections of an Ox ; with full 
 description . . 1 25 
 
 WALLET, "Four Boyine Scourges." (Pleuro-Pneumonia, 
 Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague and 
 Tubercle.) With an Appendix on the Inspection 
 of Live Animals and Meat. 
 Illustrated, 4to, cloth 6 40 
 
22 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 (*) WALLET, "A Practical Guide to Meat Inspection." By 
 
 Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S., formerly principal of 
 the Edinburgh Royal (Dick) Veterinary College ; Pro- 
 fessor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, etc. 
 Fourth Edition, thoroughly revised and enlarged 
 by Stewart Stockman, M.E.C.V.S., Professor of 
 Pathology, Lecturer on Hygiene and Meat Inspection 
 at Dick Veterinary College, Edinburgh. 
 12mo, cloth, with 45 colored illus., 295 pages 3 00 
 
 An experience of over 30 years in his profession 
 and a long oflBcial connection (some sixteen years) 
 with Edinburgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to 
 gather a large store of information on the subject, 
 which he has embodied in his book. Dr. Walley's opi- 
 nions are regarded as the highest authority on Meat 
 Inspection. 
 
 This fourth is an entirely re-written and enlarged 
 edition, and while Dr. Stockman is indeed indebted 
 to the old for much useful information, tJiis up-to- 
 date work will hardly be recognized as the old 
 " Walley's Meat Inspection." It will be found the 
 most valuable work on the subject in the English 
 language, has many illustrations, many of which are 
 colored, and a complete index. 
 
 WILLIAMS, "Principles and Practice of Veterinary 
 Medicine." Author's edition, entirely revised and 
 illustrated with numerous plain and colored plates. 
 By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 
 8vo. , cloth 6 00 
 
 — " Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery," 
 
 Author's edition, entirely revised and illustrated 
 with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. 
 Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 
 8vo, eloth 6 00 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 4.8th St.), New York ■ 23 
 
 THE MOST COMPLETE, PROGRESSIVE AND 
 SCIENTIFIC BOOK ON THE SUBJECT IN 
 THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 
 
 (*) WINSL O W, ^'Veterinary Materia Medica and Tlierapen- 
 tics." By Kenelm Winslow, B.A.S., M.D.V., M.D., 
 
 (Harv.) ; formerly Assistant Professor of Therapeutics 
 in the Veterinary School of Harvard University; 
 Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical Society ; Surgeon 
 to the Newton Hospital, etc. 
 
 Second Edition Revised. 
 
 8vo, cloth, 750 pages 6 00 
 
 Your letter received and I am pleased to know that we are to 
 have an American Materia Medica.— J". H. Wattles, St., M.D., D.V.S., 
 The Western Veterinary College, Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 . . . Am delighted with it. It is remarkably correct, complete 
 and up to date and is bound to supersede any other work on the 
 same subject heretofore before the {profession. 
 
 No practitioner's library is complete without it and it will be 
 indispensable tor students, as it does away with the necessity of their 
 having a number of collateral books' on the subject. 
 
 It will be adopted as the text booklin the Chicago Veterinary 
 College. — Dr. E. L. Qidtman, Chicago Veterinary College. 
 
 . . . The book is of admirable merit and full of valuable informa- 
 tion from beginning to end, very explicit, rich and interesting, and 
 should be in the hands of every student as well as^practitioner of the 
 art of Veterinary Medicine. — r^Mrsto?i Miller, M.D., Professor of 
 Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Chemistry, San Francisco Veteri- 
 nary College. 
 
 ... I have found^ tlie book very satisfactory as a reference 
 book to be used in connection with lectures. \ .—Dr. W.A. Landacre, 
 College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University. 
 
 I consider it the only work on materia medica and therapeutics 
 suitable to the American veterinary practitioner. It deserves a wide 
 distribution among veterinarians. Ij have recommended it to my 
 Students.— cro7i7i J. Repp, V.M.D., Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. 
 
24 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins. 
 
 i**)WYMAN, "The Clinical Diagnosis of Lameness 
 in the Horse." F-y W. E. A. Wyman, V.S., formerly 
 Professor of Veterinary Science, Clemson A. & M. 
 College, and Veterinarian to the South Carolina 
 Experiment Station. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. ... .2 50 
 
 (*)— "Bovine Obstetrics." By M. G. De Bruin, Instructor 
 of Obstetrics at the State Veterinary School in 
 Utrecht. Translated by W. E. A. Wyman, M.D.V., 
 V.S., formerly Professor of Veterinary Science, 
 Clemson A. & M. College, and Veterinarian to the 
 South Carolina Experiment Station. 
 
 8vo, cloth, 382 pages, 77 illustrations 5 00 
 
 See also '' De Bruin." 
 
 (*)— " Tibio-peroneal Neurectomy for the Relief of Spavin 
 
 Lameness." By W. E. A. Wyman, M.D.V., V.S. 
 
 8vo, boards, 30 pages 50 
 
 Anyone wanting to perform tliis operation should procure 
 this little treatise ; he will find it of considerable help. — The 
 Veterinary Journal, Sept., 1903. 
 
 ZUNDEL, "The Horse's Foot and Its Diseases." By 
 
 A. Zundel, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine. 
 Translated by Dr. A. Liautard, V.S. 12mo, cloth 
 illustrated 2 00 
 
 ZUILL, "Typhoid Fever; or Contagious Influenza 
 in the Horse." By Prof. W. L. Zuill, M.D.,D.V.S. 
 Pamphlet 25 
 
 Our Books (ire for sale by all booksellers, 
 or will be sent prepaid for the i)vices here quoted^ 
 
 WILLIAn R. JENKINS, 
 
 851 and 853 Sixth Avenue, NEW YORK 
 
^flbbsler Family Library cf Veterfnaiy Medlcte 
 
 Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine <£ 
 
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