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 THE 
 
 sportsman's dictionary 
 
 OR, THE 
 
 GENTLEMANs COMPANION: 
 
 F O R 
 
 TOWN AND COUNTRY. 
 
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Eycr. 
 
 ■ ^'Oifl' 
 
 The Fore Part 
 
 1 ■ T/u l''ore/n:ad . 
 
 d . tayifv a/ff'i-r X 
 4. . T/u: ,/<itv . 
 ^ . T/ir Z r'/f^r . 
 
 6 . The A'oj-fri /,i: 
 
 7 . TJu Zip o/' r/ii 
 3 . T/u- C/iln. 
 ^ . 77u- /Scar//. 
 
 10 . J/uJVte/y. 
 
 Jt . T/u Afai/u- . 
 
 It . T/u ror,- To/u. 
 
 22) . T/u' T/troa/ . 
 24 . T/u- IVuAfr.r . 
 
 IJ . jf'/ie S/u/u/i/^rj- . 
 
 T/ie C/ifj-r. 
 
 77 . T/u- E/60W. 
 
 z8 . T/u- Arm . 
 
 ig . 7'///- Pla/j; Tetn . 
 
 20 . T/u- C/u-j-nutt-. 
 
 22 . T/ii- Knee. 
 i>2 . T/u- X/umlc . 
 
 23 . T/u- At (1171 Tc/ide/ifj-. 
 04 . T/u- i'et/ocA: Jojvnt. 
 2fi . T/ie T'et^ocA- . 
 
 q6 . T/u- Taj- tern . 
 
 27 . T/w (orofiet. 
 
 id . T/ie Jfoo/'. 
 
 ig . T/ie Quar/i^r,i\ 
 
 ^O . T/u: Toe . 
 
 3P . T/ie /T,^/. 
 
 ' The Botlv. 
 
 32 . T/u Xeln.r. 
 
 33 . T/u- Fi/lcffjr. 
 ^4 . The S-idj-. 
 gfi . T/ie JBc//v. 
 3(5 . T/u- F/'afi/e.--. 
 
 The Hind Part . 
 
 37 . T/ie Ki//rip. 
 
 2,8 . The Taii . 
 
 3P . The JiiMveX-j-. 
 
 40 . The JTfi/ie/ie.)- . 
 
 4L . The Sf7/le . 
 
 4-2 . T/u T/i/(/h<r . 
 
 42, . The Hoe/c. 
 
 44 . T/u- JCerd. . 
 
 4^ . The pomt o/'\-' TfocA-. 
 
 Owfc tTdt^p- 
 
THE 
 
 SPORTSMAN'S DICTIONARY; 
 
 OR, THE 
 
 gentleman's COMPANION: 
 
 FOR 
 
 TOWN AND COUNTRY. 
 
 Containing full and particular Instructions for 
 
 « 
 
 RIDING, SETTING, FARRIERY, 
 
 HUNTING, FISHING, COCKING, 
 
 FOWLING, RACING, H A W K I N G, fe-f. 
 
 WITH 
 
 The various Methods to be obferved in Breeding and: Dieting of HORSES 
 both for the Road and Turf ; alfo, the Management of DOGS, GAME- 
 COCKS, DUNGHILL FOWLS, TURKEYS, GEESE, DUCKS, PIGEONS, 
 SINGING-BIRDS, Gfr. 
 
 And THE Manner of Curing their various Diseases and Accidents. 
 
 COLLECTED FROM THE BEST AUTHORS; 
 
 WITH VERY CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND I M PR O V E MEN TS, 
 
 BY EXEERIENCED GENTLEMEN. 
 
 illustrated 
 
 With COPPER -PLATES, reprefenting all the different Kinds of NETS, SNARES, 
 
 and TRAPS, that are now made Use of. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for FIELDING and WALKER, No. 20, Pater-noster-Row> 
 
 M.DCC.LXXYIir. 
 
THE 
 
 P R E F A C E. 
 
 TH E mind of man is incapable of a conftant ap- 
 plication, either to ftudy or bufmefs ; it is there- 
 fore highly neceflary to relieve it, at convenient fea- 
 fons, by fuch relaxations as may refreih its faculties, 
 and recruit the animal fpirits that have been diffipated 
 by laborious purfuits, or a length of ftri6l attention. 
 And when the amufements to which we have recourfe, 
 on fuch occafions, are friendly to health, delightful to 
 the fenfes, and perfectly confident with innocence, 
 they have all the recommendations we can paflibly 
 defire. 
 
 The diverfions that are the fubjecl of .thefe iheets, 
 are entirely of this nature, and are fo peculiarly 
 adapted to fcenes of rural life, that a juft knovv'ledge 
 
 of 
 
VI 
 
 R. E F A C E. 
 
 of them is confidered as a necefTary accompliihiileiit in 
 orentletiieif, \i^ll'6 tl'8Vbte their vacant hours to the 
 country. 
 
 It would be needlefs to enlarge on the fatisfa£tions 
 and advantages they are capable of affording us. No 
 profpe^l of nature can awake more pleafing ideas in the 
 imagination, than a landfkip, diftributed into verdant 
 vvoods, and opening lawns^ with the diverfity of ex- 
 tended plains, flowery meadows, and clear flreams : 
 the heart of a contemplative beholder melts into fecret 
 raptures at the inchanting view, and he is immediately 
 prompted to hail the Great Benefa6lor who (beds fuch 
 a profufion of beauties around him. But v/hen he 
 like wife regards them as fo many rich magazines, in- 
 tended for the accommodation of his table, as well as 
 for the improvement of his health, and the folace of 
 his mind, he begins to think it a reproach to him to 
 be unacquainted with the manner of acquiring thefe 
 enjoyments that were created for his ufe with fo much 
 liberality 5 and he is then convinced that Hunting, 
 Fowling, Filhing, and Riding, are more neceiiary to 
 his welfare than at firft he might imagine* 
 
 In 
 
PREFACE. vii 
 
 In order therefore to render thefe, and other rural 
 recreations, as intelligible and familiar as poflible, we 
 have carefully collected the beft obfervations that have 
 been made on each article j we have confulted all 
 authors on this occafion, and have feledted every par- 
 ticular from them, that we thought would contribute 
 to pleafure and improvement ; and, as we were de- 
 firous to render this work as compleat as poilible, we 
 have prevailed upon feveral gentlemen of diftinguilhed 
 abilities and experience, to favour us with a areat 
 number of interefting palTages, that we are perfuaded 
 will be very acceptable and inftru^live to thofe who 
 have an inclination to gain a competent knowledge of 
 thefe agreeable fubje6ls. 
 
 As our intention was to make this performance 
 equally perfpicuous and regular, we have digefted it 
 into the form of a Dictionary, in which we have been 
 careful to range under each head every particular pe- 
 culiar to it, fo as to illufl-rate the Articles in the moft 
 effectual manner 5 by which means we have rendered 
 the whole fo methodical and familiar, even to a com- 
 mon comprehenfion, that we flatter ourfelves we Ihall 
 not be taxed with obfcurity in any material circum- 
 
 ftance 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 ftance neceiTary to be underRood. We may likewile 
 venture to add, that the plan we have purfued, through 
 the whole courfe of thefe fheets, will eafe the curious 
 of the expence and trouble of confulting a number of 
 books written on thefe fubje6ls, lince, as we have 
 already intimated, all imaginable care has been taken 
 to extracl from the mofb approved authors, whatever 
 obfervations may be neceflary to give our readers a 
 clear and expeditious knowledge of all the different 
 branches of thefe pleafing recreations j as well as re- 
 ceipts from the different authors of eftablifhed reputa- 
 tion for the cure of moft complaints incident to Horfes, 
 Dogs, &c. with proper inftru6iions for the moft igno- 
 rant to prevent their being impofed on in purchafing 
 Horfes, by defigning Dealers in thofe valuable ani-- 
 mals. 
 
 THE 
 
THE UNIVERSAL 
 
 SPORTSMANs DICTIONARY. 
 
 A B S 
 
 ABATE; a horfe is faid to abate, or 
 take down, his curvets, when working 
 upon curvets, he puts his two hind legs to 
 the ground both at once, and obferves the 
 fame exaftnefs in all the times. See Curvet. 
 
 ABSCESS, proceeds from a blow, hurt, 
 or fome violence, incident to feveral ani- 
 mals, as horfes, fheep, poultry, &c. 
 
 In Horses, a cataplafm or pulcice of 
 lime, reduced to a fine powder, and mixt 
 with wine and oil in equal quantities, ought 
 to be applied to the part affedted ; or one of 
 wheat-flour, fleeped in vinegar, with half an 
 ounce of manna may be ufed in its Head. 
 
 In Sheep, the method is to open the tu- 
 mour, in what part foever it is found, and 
 after letting out the matter, to pour into the 
 wound fome melted pitch, and burnt fait 
 powdered. 
 
 In Poultry, they open the abfcefs with 
 3. pair of fciflars, prefling out the corruption 
 with their fingers ; and then give them let- 
 tuce chopped fmall, and mixed with bran 
 fteeped in water, and fweetened with honey, 
 to eat. 
 
 ABATURES, is foiling the fprigs or 
 grafs that a flag throws down in palling by. 
 
 AGO 
 
 ACCLOYED, fignifies pricked. Ahorfe's 
 foot when pricked in fhoeing is faid to be 
 accloyed. 
 
 ACHE, [in horfes'\ a pain in any part of 
 the body ; a difeafe that caufes numbnefs 
 in the joints, and proceeds from cold," ta- 
 ken upon hard and violent exercile or la- 
 bour ; for which there are feveral remedies: 
 
 ACOPUM, a fomentation to allay the 
 fenfe of wearinefs; alfo a medicine for horfes, 
 ufed for the fame purpofe, and prepared thus : 
 Take half an ounce of caftoreum, adraces two 
 ounces, of bdellium half an ounce and half 
 a quarter, opopanax an ounce, fox greale 
 half an ounce, pepper an ounce, laferpi- 
 tium three quarters of an ounce, ammoni- 
 acum two ounces, pidgeons dung as much, 
 half an ounce of galbanum, one ounce and 
 a quarter of nitre, three quarters of an 
 ounce of fpuma nitri, laudanum two oun- 
 ces, pyrethrum and bay-berries, of each 
 three quarters of an ounce, cardamum two 
 ounces, rue feed two ounces, feed of agnus 
 caftus one ounce, parfley feed half an ounce, 
 dried roots of flower-de-luce an ounce and 
 quarter and half, oil of bay as much, oil 
 of fpikenard three quarters of a pound, 
 B oleum 
 
A C U 
 
 AGE 
 
 oleum cyprinum fourteen ounces, the 6ig- 
 efl olive oil a pound and half, pitch fix 
 ounces, turpentine four ounces ; every one 
 of them that will diffolve, melt feparatcly 
 by rhemfelves, then mingle them together 
 with the reft of the ingredients, firft beating 
 to fine powder; after they have boiled a lit- 
 tle on the fire, take off the pan, and ftrain 
 the liquor into a clean gallipot, to be kept 
 forufe: in adminiftring this medicine, give 
 not above two fpoonfuis at a time, in a pint 
 of fack or mufcadine wine, and if by long 
 keeping it hardens, foften it v/ith a little 
 cyprefs oil. 
 
 It is both a medicine, and an ointment, 
 helping convulfions, ftring-halts, colds, 
 &c. in the firiews and mufcles, draws forth 
 all noifome humours, and being put up into 
 the noftrils of a horfe, by means of a long 
 goofe feather, anointed therewith, difour- 
 thens the head of all grief. 
 
 It dilTolves the liver, troubled with all 
 oppilations, or obftruftions, helps ficcity 
 and crudity in the body, banifhes all weari- 
 nefs J and, laftly, cures all forts of inward 
 difeafes, if given by way of drench, in wine, 
 beer, or ale. 
 
 ACTION OF THE Mouth, is the agitation 
 of the tongue, and the mandible of a horfe, 
 that by champing upon the bridle, keep his 
 mouth frefh. You may fee by the white ro- 
 py foam, that a horfe has the aftion of the 
 mouth, which is a fign of vigour, mettle, 
 and health. 
 
 ACULER, a French word, ufed in the 
 academies, importing that a horfe working 
 upon volts in the manage, does not go far 
 enough forwards at every time or motion, 
 fo that his ihoulders embrace, or take in, 
 too little ground, and his croupe comes too 
 hear the center of the volt. 
 
 This horfe has acule, becau'fe the horfe- 
 man did not turn his hand, and put him on 
 with the calf of the inner leg. 
 
 Horfes have a natural inclination to this 
 fault, in making demi-volts. See Volt. 
 
 When the Italians work a horfe upon the 
 demi-volts, called repolons, they affeft to 
 make them acule, or cut fhort. See En- 
 TABLERj and Repolon, 
 
 ADDER-STUNG, is faid of cattle when 
 ftung by adders, or bit by a hedge hog or 
 flirew, for which complaint ufe an ointrnent 
 made of dragon's blood, v/ith a little barley- 
 meal and the white of an egg. 
 
 ADVANCER, one of the ftarts or 
 branches of a buck's attire, betweeii the 
 back antler and the palm. 
 
 To AFFOREST, is to turn land into fo- 
 reft ; and, on the contrary, to DISAFFO- 
 REST, is to turn land from being foreft to 
 other ufes. 
 
 AGE OF AN Horse. To know how old a ^ 
 horfe is, there are feveral outward charafters; 
 I. his teeth, whereof he has in his head jull: 
 forty ; that is, fix great wong teeth above,, 
 and fix below on one fide, with as many on 
 the other, that make twenty four, called 
 grinders ; then fix above, and as many be- 
 low in the fore part of his mouth, termed 
 gatherers, and making thirty fix ; then four 
 tufiies on each fide, named hitt-teeth., which 
 make juft forty. As mares ufually have no- 
 tun<s, their teeth are only thirty-fix. 
 
 A colt is foaled vnthout teeth ; in a few- 
 days he puts out four, which are called pin- 
 cers, or nippers ; fooh after appear the four 
 feparaters, next to the pincers : it is fome- 
 times three or four months before the next, 
 called corner teeth, pufli forth. Thcfe 
 twelve colt's teeth, in the front of the 
 mouth, continue, without alteration, till 
 the colt is two years. Or two years and a half 
 old, which makes it difficult, without great 
 care, to avoid being impofed on during that 
 interval, if the feller finds it his- ititereft to 
 make the colt pafs for either youilger or 
 older than he really is : the only rule you 
 have then to judge by is his coat, and the 
 hairs of his mane and tail. A colt of one 
 year has a fupple, rough coat, refembling 
 that of a water fpaniel, and the hair of his 
 mane and tail feels like flax, and hangs like 
 a rope untwifted ; whereas a colt of two 
 years has a flat coat, and ftraight hairs, like 
 
 a srown horfe 
 
 At about tv/o years and a half old, fome- 
 times fooner, fometimes later, according as 
 he has been fed, a horfe begins to change 
 his teeth. The pincers, which come the 
 
 firft. 
 
AGE 
 
 (irft, are alfq the firft that fall ; fo that at 
 three years he has four horfe's, and eight 
 colt's teeth, which are eafily known apart, 
 the former being larger, flatter, and yel- 
 lower than the other, and fcreaked from the 
 end quite into the gums. 
 
 Thcfe four horfe pincers have, in the 
 middle of their extremities, a black hole, 
 very deep ; whereas thofe of the colt are 
 rpupd and white. "When the horfe is com- 
 ing four years old, he lofes his four fepara- 
 tCH-g, or middle teeth, and puts forth four 
 ptJiers, which follow the fame rule as the 
 pincers. He has now eight horfe's teeth, 
 and four colt's. At five years old he fheds 
 the four corner, which are his laft colt's 
 teeth, and is called a horfe. 
 
 Puring this year alfo, his four tufks 
 (which are chiefly peculiar to horfes) come 
 behind the others ; the lower ones often 
 four months before the uppers but what- 
 ever may be vulgarly thought, a horfe tliat 
 has the two lov/er tuflvs, if he has not the 
 upper, may be judged to be under five years 
 old, unlefs the other teeth fliew the con- 
 trary j for fome horfes that live to be very 
 old never have any upper tuflc^ at all. The 
 two lower tuflcs are one of the mofl certain 
 rules that a horfe is coming five years old, 
 notwithftanding his colt's teeth may not be 
 all gone. 
 
 Jockies and breeders, in order to make 
 their colts feem five years old when they are 
 but four, pull out their laft colt's teeth ; 
 but if all the colt's teeth are gone, and no 
 tufks appear, you may be certain this trick 
 has been played : another artifice they ufe, 
 is to beat the bars every day with a wooden 
 mallet, in the place where the tufl<s are to 
 appear, in order to make them ieem hard, 
 as if the tulks were juft ready to cut. 
 
 When a horfe is coming fix years old, 
 the two lower pincers fill up, and, rnftead 
 of the holes above-mentioned, Ihew only a 
 black fpot. Betwixt fix and feven the two 
 middle teeth fill up in the fame manner ; 
 and between feven and eight the corner 
 teeth do the like ; after which it is faid to 
 be impoffible to know certainly the age of 
 a horle, he having no longer any mark in 
 the mouth. 
 
 AGE 
 
 You can indeed only have recourfe to the 
 tufks, and the fituation of the teeth, of 
 which I fhall now fpeak. 
 
 For the tufks you muft with your finger 
 feel the infide of them from the point quite 
 to the gum. If the tuflc be pointed flat, 
 and has two little channels within fide, you 
 may be certain the horfe is not old, and at 
 the utmoft only coming ten. Between ele- 
 ven and twelve the two channels are reduced 
 to one, which after twelve is quite gone, 
 and the tufks are as round wifhin as they 
 are without ; you have no guide then but tlie 
 fituation of the teeth. The longefb teeth are 
 not always a fign of the greatefl: age, but 
 their hanging over and pufliing forward, as 
 their meeting perpendicularly, is a certain 
 token of youth. 
 
 Many perfons, whilft they fee certain lit- 
 tle holes in the middle of the teeth, ima- 
 gine, that fuch horfes are but in their fe- 
 venth year, without regard to the fituation 
 the teeth take as they grow old. 
 
 When horles are young, their teeth meet 
 perpendicularly, but grow longer, and pufli 
 forward with age ; befides the mouth of a 
 young horfe is very fiefliy within in the pa- 
 late, and his lips are firm and hard : on the 
 contrary, the infide of an old horfe's mouth 
 is lean both above and below, and feems to 
 have only the fkin upon the bones. The 
 lips are foft and eafy to turn up with the 
 hand. 
 
 All horfes are marked in the fame manner, 
 but fome naturally, and others artificially. 
 The natural mark is called Begue, and fome 
 ignorant perfons imagine fuch horfes are 
 marked all their lives, becaufe for many 
 years they find a little hole, or a kind of 
 void in the middle of the feparators and cor- 
 ner teeth ; but when the tufks are grown 
 round, as well within as without, and the 
 teeth point forward, there is room to con- 
 jeiflure in proportion as they advance from 
 year to year, what the horfe's age may be, 
 v/ithoiit regarding the cavity above-men- 
 tioned. 
 
 The artificial manner is made ufe of by 
 
 dealers and jockies, who niark their horfes, 
 
 after the age of being known^ to m.ake them 
 
 B 2 appear 
 
AGE 
 
 AGE 
 
 appear only fix or feven years old. They do 
 it in this manner : they throw down the horfe 
 to have liim more at command, and, with 
 a fteel graver, like what is ufed for ivory, 
 hollow the middle teeth a little, and the 
 corner ones fomewhat more ; then fill the 
 holes with a little rofin, pitch, fulphur, or 
 fome grains of wheat, which they burn in 
 with a bit of hot wire, made in proportion 
 to the hole. This operation they repeat 
 from time to time, till they give the hole 
 a lailing black, in imitation of nature ; 
 but in fpite of all they can do, the hot iron 
 makes a little yellowifli circle round thefe 
 holes, like what it would leave upon ivory ; 
 they have therefore another trick to prevent 
 deteftion, which is to make the horfe foam 
 from time to time, after having rubbed his 
 m_outh, lips, and gums with fait, and the 
 crumb of bread dried and powdered with 
 fait. This foam hides the circle made by 
 the iron. 
 
 Anothe:* thing they cannot do, is, to 
 counterfeit young tufks, it being out of 
 their power to make thofe two crannies 
 above-mentioned which are given by nature : 
 with files they may make them fharper or 
 flatter, but then they take away the fhining 
 natural enamel, fo that one may always 
 know, by thefe tuflcs, horfes that are paft 
 feven, till they come to twelve or thirteen. 
 
 2. See that the horfe be not too deep 
 burnt of the lampafs, and that his flelli lie 
 fmooth with his bars ; for if too deep burnt 
 his hay and provender will ftick herein, which 
 will be very troublefome to him. 
 
 3. Look to his hoofs, which if rugged, 
 and as it were feamed one feam over ano- 
 ther ; or if they be dry, full and crufty, or 
 crumbling, it is a fign of very old age ; on 
 the contrary, a fmooth, moifi, hollow, and 
 well founding hoof, betokens youthfulnefs 
 in him. 
 
 4. His eyes, which, if round, full flar- 
 ing, and ftarting from his head, if the pits 
 over them be filled, fmooth, and even with 
 the temples, and no wrinkles either, about 
 his brow, or under his eyes, then he is 
 young ; but, if otherwife, he has the con- 
 trary charafters, and it is a fign of old age. 
 
 5. His hair; for if a horfe that is of any 
 dark colour, grows grifley only about his 
 eye-brows, or underneath his mane, or any 
 horfe of a whitifh colour fhouldgrow mean- 
 nelled, with either black or red meannels, 
 all over his body, then both are figns of old 
 age. 
 
 6. Laftly, the bars in his mouth, which if 
 great, deep, and in the handling, rough and 
 hard, fliew he is old ; but if they be foft, 
 fliallow, and gentle in the handlings he is 
 young and in a good fcate of body ; but if 
 lie has two flefliy excrefences on the under 
 palate it will hinder him from drinking. 
 
 The following particular remarks about 
 their age, are taken out of M. de SolleyJeV's 
 Compleat Horjeman.- 
 
 1. When a horfe is two years and a half 
 old, he has twelve foal-teeth, in the forepart 
 of his mouth, and about that time, or foon 
 after, four of them do fall, vix. two above 
 and two below, in the very middle ; though 
 in fome horfes, they do not fall till three 
 yeai-s : in their ftead four others appear, 
 called nippers or gatherers, much llronger 
 and larger than the foal teeth ; and then he 
 is commonly two years and a half old, or 
 at moft but three. 
 
 2. At three and a half, and fometimes at 
 four years, he calls the next four foal-teeth, 
 viz. two above, and two below ; and in 
 their room come four teeth ciXXtdifeparaters. 
 
 There remain then but four foal-teeth in 
 the corners, which he commonly changes 
 at four years and a half : it is therefore ne- 
 ceflary to keep in memory, two and a half, 
 three and a half, and four and a half ; that 
 is to fay, when a horfe has cafl two teeth 
 above, and as many below, he is but two 
 years and a half old : when he has call four 
 teeth above, and as many below, he has at- 
 tained to the age of three years and a half; 
 and as foon as he has cafl fix above, and as 
 many below, which is to have them all 
 changed, he is then come to four years and 
 a half 
 
 3. It is to be obferved, that the corner 
 teeth in the upper gums, are call before 
 thofe in the nether ; on the contrary, the 
 under tulhes grow out before the upper ; 
 
 and 
 
AGE 
 
 AGE 
 
 and horfes are often fick when the tufties of 
 the upper gums cut, but are never fo, when 
 the others below come forth. 
 
 4. The tufhes are proceeded by no foal- 
 teeth, but. grow up when a horfe is about 
 three years and a half old, and generally 
 appear before the corner teeth are caft. 
 
 So foon as the gatherers znd/eparaters have 
 pierced and cut the gums, they make all 
 their growth in fifteen days, but the corner 
 teeth do not grow fo fuddenly : yet that 
 does not hinder, but at their very firft 
 appearing they are as thick and broad as 
 the others, but are no higher than the thick- 
 nefs of a crov/n-piece, and very fharp and 
 hollow. 
 
 5. When a horfe has no more foal-teeth, 
 and that his corner teeth begin to appear, 
 he is in his fifth year ; that is, he is about 
 four years and a half, and is going in his 
 fifth year. 
 
 When he firft puts out his corner teeth, 
 they are of equal height with the gums on 
 the outfide, and the infide of them is filled 
 with fiefh, till he be near five ; and when 
 he comes to be five years old, that flefh dif- 
 appears, and there will remain in the place 
 of ft a hollow ; that is, they are not fo high 
 on the infide as on the outfide, which they 
 will come to be, about a year after their 
 firft appearing. 
 
 So that when a horfe's corner teeth are fil- 
 led with flefti, you may confidently affirm 
 that he is not five. 
 
 6. From five to five and a half, the cor- 
 ner teeth remain hollow on the infide, and 
 that part which was filled with flefli is 
 empty. 
 
 7. From five and a half to fix, the hollow 
 on the infide fills up, and the teeth become 
 flat and equal at top, only a little cavity re- 
 mains in the middle, refembling the eye of 
 a dry bean, and then they fay the horfe is 
 entering fix. 
 
 And fo long as a horfe's corner teeth are 
 not fo high on the infide as the out, he is 
 ftill laid to be but five, tho' he be five and a 
 half, and fometimes fix. 
 
 8. You may alfo take notice, that at four 
 years and a half, when the corner teeth ap- 
 
 pear, and are filled on the infide with fiefii ; 
 the outfide of them will then be about the 
 thicknefs of a crown piece above the gums, 
 and will fo continue till five ; and from 
 thence to five and a half, the outward edge 
 will be about the thicknefs of two crown 
 pieces above the gums : at fix they will be 
 near the breadth of one's little finger above 
 the gums, and his tufties will be at their 
 full length. 
 
 At feven years, they will be about the 
 thicknefs of the fecond or ring finger above 
 the gums, and the hollow almoft quite worn 
 and gone. 
 
 9. At eight years old, the horfe will be 
 raz'd ; that is, none of his teeth will be hol- 
 low, but flat quite over, and near the thick- 
 nefs of the middle finger above the gums. 
 
 10. After a horfe is raz'd, one cannot 
 judge of his age, but by the length of his 
 fore-teeth, or by his tuflies. 
 
 As the gums through time grow lean, fo 
 they make the teeth appear long ; and it is 
 certain, that fo much the longer a horfe's 
 teeth are, he is fo much the older ; and as 
 he grows old, his teeth appear rough and 
 become yellow : not but that there are fome 
 old liorfes who have very fliort and white 
 teeth ; and people fay of fuch horfes, they 
 have a good mouth confideiing their age. 
 
 Some alfo have a black fpeck in their 
 teeth, refembling the true mark, a long 
 time after they have pafied eight or nine, 
 but then it is not hollow. 
 
 r I . The tufhes are the moft certain mark, 
 whereby to know a horfe's age. 
 
 If a horfe be but fix, the upper tuflies 
 will be a little channelled, or fomewhat hol- 
 lowed and grooved on the infide ; and when 
 he is above fix they fill up, and become a 
 little round on the infide. 
 
 This obfervation never or rarely fails. 
 
 If you feel the tuflies of his upper jaw 
 with your finger, and find them worn equal 
 with the palate, the horfe is then at leaft ten 
 years old : this remark feldom proves defi- 
 cient, unlefs the horfe when young has car- 
 ried a bigger mouthed bitt than was proper 
 for him. 
 
 Young horfes always have their under 
 
 tufhes 
 
AGE 
 
 AGE 
 
 tufli^s fliarp and pointed, pretty long, foi^ie- 
 ^^■ll.:lt edged on both iides, and without any 
 rult upon d\em ; but as tiiey .become agec{, 
 their tulhes grow big and blunt, round and 
 fcaly, and in very old horfcs, they are ex- 
 tremely thick, round and yellow. 
 
 12. A horfe is faid to be foell-toothed, 
 when he has long teeth, and yet black fpecks 
 in them, and this mark laits during life ; 
 it is eafiiy known, becaufe the I'ngrk appears 
 in the other fore teeth as well as in the cor- 
 ner teeth. 
 
 13. In advanced age, the points of the 
 gatherers Hand outward a little ; and when 
 the horle is extreniely old, they point almoll 
 ftrait forward ; but while he is young, they 
 ftand almoft ftrait up, and are juft equal 
 with the outer edges of thofe above. 
 
 Sometimes tlae upper teeth point foi-wards 
 in this manner -, but for the moft part the 
 under do it. 
 
 14. After the mark is gone, recourfe may 
 be had to the horfe's legs, to know ^vhether 
 they be neat and good, to his flank if it be 
 well trulied, not too full or fwallowed up : 
 as alio to his feet and his appetite. 
 
 15. In young horfes, that part of the 
 nether-jaw-bone, which is three or four fin- 
 gers breadth abovethe beard, is always round, 
 but in old horfes fharp and edged ; fo that 
 a man who is accuftomed to it, will, before 
 he opens a horie's mouth, judge pretty near 
 of his age. This is a good remark. 
 
 16. Some pull the Ikin of the nether jaw- 
 bone or fhoulder a little to them, and if 
 the fkin continue long without returning to 
 it's place, it is a fign, they fay, the horfe is 
 not young, and tlie longer it is in returning, 
 the older he is : a man fhould not truft much 
 to this obfervation, becaufe the fkin of a 
 lean horfe, though young, will be longer 
 to it's place than the flcin of an old horfe 
 that is fat and plump. 
 
 17. You rnay alfo judge of a horfe's age, 
 by looking on his palate ; becaufe as he 
 grows old, the roof of his mouth becomes 
 leaner and drier towards the middle ; and 
 thoie ridges which in young liorfes are pret- 
 ty higii and plump, diminiih as they encreafe 
 in age ; fo that in very old horfes, the roof 
 
 of the mouth is -nothing but fkin and 
 bone. 
 
 This remark is good, efpecially iij mare?^ 
 that felcic)m have any tuilies to kno>v their 
 ^gc by. 
 
 18. Grey horfes become white as they 
 grow old, and when very aged white all 
 over J yet it is not to be inferred from thence 
 that no horfes are foaled white, though it 
 ha,ppens but very rai-ely : however thofe that 
 ar« foaled grey, aj-e known by their knees 
 and hams, v/hich, for the m.oft part, fliil 
 continue of that colour. 
 
 19. If you do not require exaflncfs, but 
 only to know v/hether the horfe be young 
 or old, lift up the upper lip ; and if his 
 upper t<;eth :be long^ yellow, ^.nd over-paf- 
 fing thofe below, it denotes age, as the con- 
 trary figJis, viz. fhort and white teeth, 
 and the teeth of the upper jaw not over-paf- 
 fing thofe below, betoken youth. 
 
 20. There are fome fort of horfes, whofe 
 teeth always continue white and Ikort, as 
 if they were but fix years old. 
 
 To prevent being cheated, obferve if there 
 be any fcratches on the outfide of the hol- 
 lows of the teeth, becaufe the graver fome- 
 times nips and fcratches the other parts of 
 the teeth ; for then you may conclude him 
 counter-m.arked ; and an artificial hollow, 
 is much blacker than a natural one : take 
 notice alfo of his upper tufnes ; the infide 
 of which fhould be grooved or hollow, till 
 the horfe be feven years old ; and farther, 
 obferve whether he has any figns of age, 
 fuch 9.S the upper teeth long, over-pafTing 
 thofe below, and yellow ; the lower part of 
 the nether-jaw-bone, fharp and edged ; the 
 under tufhes worn, big and Icaly ; if he 
 have thefe tokens, and yet appear marked, 
 it is very probable that he is counter-mark- 
 ed. For other particulars j fee Reeling, and 
 teeth of a horje. 
 
 As to a hunting, or race horfe, he ought 
 to be 5 years old, and well weigh'd before 
 you begin to hunt him. 
 ' For tho' it be a frequent cuftom among no- 
 ted horfemen to train their horfes up to hunt- 
 ing at 4 years old, and ibme fooner, yet at 
 that age his joifitsnot being full knit, nor he 
 
 come 
 
A I t) 
 
 AIR 
 
 v6fn€ to his beft ftfcrlgth and towage, he is 
 difabledfrorn performJng any matter of fpe^d 
 rfrtd totTghtit'fs J ami indeed p>it to' fore labour 
 and toil fo y6ung, he fuhS vety great hazard 
 dfJlfAins, and tVte^vit{itt^6i\t6lJ'flents,fpa- 
 vlns, curbs, arid Wind-galls •■, b^fide's the datint- 
 ifig of his fpirit, stnd abaftirtg his natural cou- 
 rage, infofrtuch that he will becoiti^ rnekn- 
 chol^', ftiff,. and rheumatic, and have all the 
 (hftempers of old age, when it m.ight be ex- 
 pe'Aed he fhotild be in \i\^'pH'mE. 
 
 AGE OF A Hart, isjttdgedby the furni- 
 tttfe of his head.-"— At a yeai" 6ld, there is 
 nothing to be feen but bunches.-^ At two 
 years bid, the horns appear more perfeftly, 
 but ftrait^r and fmaller. — At three they 
 grow into two fpars ; at four into th_ree ; 
 and fo iticreafe yearly in branches, till they 
 zit fix yeats Gld ; after which their age is 
 nbt with any certaiMy to be linowrt by their 
 head. 
 
 AGIST, property a bed, or refcing-place j 
 V/hence to agift, fignifies to take in and feed 
 the cattle of ftrangers in the king's foreft, 
 and to gather money due for the fame. It 
 is alfb extehded to the taking in of other 
 rtien's cattle into any man's ground, at a 
 certain rate fer week. 
 
 AGISTOR, an officer that takes in cattle 
 of ftrangers to feed in a foreft, and receives 
 for the king's ufe fuch tack-money as be- 
 comes due upon that account. 
 
 In EngliA they areotherwife called Gueft- 
 takefs, or Gift-takers, and made by letters- 
 latent to the number of 4, in every foreft 
 where his majefty has any pannage. 
 
 AID ; to aid, affift, or fuccour, a horfe 
 is to fuftain and help him to work true, and 
 mark his times or motions with a juft exaft- 
 nefs. Hence they fay. 
 
 Affift your horfe with the calves of your 
 legs, help him with a nice tender heel, aid 
 him with your tongue : it is not enough to 
 aid this horfe with the rod, he muft have 
 harftier aids. 
 
 Aids are the helps or affiftance that the 
 horfeman gives from the gentle and mode- 
 rate effefts of the bridle, thefpur, thecave- 
 fon, the poinfon, the rod, the aftion of the 
 legs, the motion of the thighs, and found 
 of the tongue. 
 
 We give thefe aids to prevent the correct 
 tion and chaftifement that is fometimes ne- 
 ceiTiiry in breaking and managing a horfe. 
 
 You will never fide well unlefs you be 
 very attenti'^'e and aKSltjve, without preeipi- 
 taricy, in not lofmg ot iriiffiHg your times, 
 and in giving the aid feafonably, for with- 
 out that you will accuftom your horfe to 
 dofe upon it. If your horfe does not obey 
 the aids of the calves of your legs, help him 
 with the fpur, and give hifn a prick or 
 tv/o. 
 
 This fbrrel horfe has his aids very nice ; 
 that is, he takes them with a great deal of 
 facility and vigour : — this gentleman gives 
 his aids very fine, that is, he imitates and 
 rouzcs up the hotfe feafonably, and helps 
 him at juft turns, in order to make him 
 rtiark his times dt motions juftly. — The 
 barb knoWs the aid; he obeys or anfwers 
 the aids, he takes them, finely. — You do not 
 give the aids of the cavefon with difcretion ; 
 you make a correction of them, which will 
 baulk your horfe. See Brouiller. 
 
 Inner Aids, Outer Aids. The inner 
 heel, inner leg, inner rein, &c. are called 
 as the oviter heel, outer leg, 
 &c. are called outer aids,. See 
 
 inner aids 
 
 outef reign. 
 Helps. 
 
 AIR, is a cadence and liberty of motion, 
 accommodated to the natural difpofition of 
 the horfe, which makes him work in the 
 manage, and rife with obedience, meafure, 
 and juftnefs of time. Some riding-inafters 
 take the word Air in a ftrift fenfe, as fig- 
 nifying the manage, that is higher, flower. 
 
 and inore artfid or defigned than the terra- 
 
 figni- 
 
 a terra ; but others give it a larger 
 fication, including under that fenle, a terra 
 a terra; for if a horfe manages well in a 
 terra a terra, they fay tlie horfeman has 
 happily hit the air of the horfe ; in gene- 
 ral the walk, trot, and gallop, are not ac- 
 counted airs, and yet fome very good rid- 
 ing-mafters would underftand by air, the 
 motion of the horfe's legs upon a gallop. 
 For inftance, they will fay fuch a horfe has 
 not the natural airj that is, he bends his 
 fore-legs too little; you fliould give or 
 form an air to your horie, for he has no 
 
 natur-a 
 
A I R 
 
 A I R 
 
 natural air, and fince his haunches are very • 
 good he is capable of the manage^ if you 
 do but learn him an air. 
 
 All your horfes have an air naturally j 
 tliat is, they have motion enough with their 
 fore-legs to take a cadence, if they are put 
 to work at terra a terra : — this horfe always 
 takes his leflbn with his own air : — fix or 
 confirm that horfe in the air he has taken : 
 — thisforrel takes the air of the curvets, but 
 that prefents himfelf with an air caprioles : 
 — this mare has no inclination nor difpolition 
 to theie airs : are terms ufed in the manage. 
 See Pesate. 
 
 High airs, or high manage, are the mo- 
 tions of a horfe that rifcs higher than terra 
 a terra, and works at curvets, balotades, 
 croupades, and caprioles. In regard that 
 horfe has the beginning or firft fteps of 
 raifed airs, and of himfelf affedts a high 
 manage, you ought to ufe this his difpofi- 
 tion difcreetly, that he may not be dif- 
 heartened or baulked; for your high airs 
 make a horfe angry when he is too much 
 put to it, and you ought to fupply his 
 Ihoulders very well before you put him to 
 leap. See Pesate and Leaping,. 
 
 AIRING OF Horses. Airing brings fe- 
 veral advantages to horfes. 
 
 Firfi, It purifies their blood, (if the air 
 be clean and pure) it purges the body from 
 many grofs and fuftocating humours, and 
 fo hardens and enfeams a horfe's fat, that it 
 is not near fo liable to be dilTolved by or- 
 dinary exercife. 
 
 Secondly, It teaches him how to let his 
 wind rake equally, and keep time with the 
 other aftions and motions of his body. 
 
 'Thirdly, It fliarpens the appetite^ and 
 provokes the ftomach, (which is of great 
 advantage both to Gallopers and Hunters, 
 which are apt to lofe their fcomach either 
 through excefs or want of exercife :) for the 
 iharpnefs of the air will drive the horfe's 
 natural heat from the outward to the inward 
 parts, which heat, by furthering concoc- 
 tion, creates an appetite. 
 
 Markham diredls, if a horfe be very fat, 
 to air him before fun-rife, and after fun- 
 Jet titig; and another author fays, tliat no- 
 
 thing is more wholefome than early and late 
 airings : others again do not approve of 
 this, and urge, that as all things that any 
 ways hinder the ftrength and vigour of na- 
 ture are to be avoided ; now that extremity 
 of cold, and being out early and late do 
 fo, is evidently feen by horfes that run a- 
 broad all winter, which however hardly 
 bred and kept with the beft care and fodder, 
 yet cannot by any means be advanced to fo 
 good cafe in winter, as an indifferent paf- 
 ture will raife them to in fummer : and as 
 this holds true of nofturnal colds, it mull 
 needs be verified in fome proportionate 
 meafure of the morning and evening dews, 
 and that piercing cold which is obferved to 
 be more intenfe at the opening and clofe of 
 the day, than any part of the night. 
 
 Befides that, the dews and moift rimes 
 do as much injury to a horfe as the fharpeit 
 colds or frofts, and if a horfe is any ways 
 inclinable to catarrhs, rheums, or any other 
 cold diftempers, he is apt to have the hu- 
 mours augmented, and the difeafe fenfibly 
 increafed by thefe early and late airings. 
 
 But if he be not had forth to air till the 
 fun be rifen, it will cheur his fpirits ; and 
 it is feen that all horfes love the fun's 
 warmth, as in thofe that lie out a-nights, 
 who will repair to thofe places where they 
 can have moft benefit of the beams of the 
 fun, after he is rifen, to relieve them from 
 the coldnefs of the preceding night 
 
 And befides the benefit of the fun, the 
 air will be more mild and temperate, as 
 that it will rather invigorate than prey upon 
 his fpirits, and more increafe his ftrength 
 than impair it. 
 
 And as for bringing down a horfe's fat, 
 we need not be at a lofs for that, and to 
 keep him from being purfive, and too high 
 in fiefh, to reduce him to cleannefs, and a 
 more moderate fcate of body : for it is but 
 keeping him out fo much longer at a time, 
 both morning and evening, and you will 
 undoubtedly obtain your end by fuch long 
 airing, join'd vv'ith true found heats j and it 
 is from the length of airings that you muft 
 exped to bring your horfe to a perfed v.ind 
 
 and true courage. 
 
 AIRY, 
 
II 
 
 AIRY, or AERY, a term ufeJ to cx- 
 pfels the reft of a hawk or eagle. 
 
 AMBLING ; a motion in a horfe -that is 
 much defired, very ufeful, but not eafily to 
 be obtained the right way, notwithftanding 
 the vain confidence of the various profeflbrs 
 of it, who, though they fo confidently ailert 
 the fuccefs, yet differ in their methods to 
 aAeft it : for fome will teach it in new 
 ploughed fields j others will teach a horle to 
 amble from the gallop ; many ufe no better 
 way for it than by weights. 
 
 Somie amble in hand, not ridden ; others 
 by the help of hinner flioes, made on pur- 
 pofe : many fold fine foft lifts about the 
 gambrels of the horfe ; fome amble by the 
 hand only, others ufe the tramel, which 
 indeed if rightly managed is good : bu. the 
 beft way of all is to try witli your hands, 
 by a gentle and deliberate racking and 
 thrufting of the horfe forward, by helping 
 him in the weak part of the mouth with 
 your fnaftie, which muft be frnooth, big, 
 and full ; and corredling him firft on one 
 fide, then on another, with the calves of 
 your legs, and fometimes with a fpur. 
 
 If you can make him of himfelf fall into 
 an amble, tho' fliufHing diforderly, there 
 will be much labour laved ; for that aptnefs 
 to amble will make him, with more eafe 
 and lefs danger in the ule of the tramel, 
 find the motion without ftumblingor amaze- 
 ment : but if you find he will by no means 
 either apprehend the motions or intentions, 
 then ftruggle not with the animal, but fall 
 to the ufe of the tramel, which fee for that 
 purpofe under Tramel. See Rules for 
 Buying Horfes. 
 
 AMPHIBIOUS Animals, are fuch as 
 live partly on the land and partly in the 
 water, as badgers, otters, ducks, 6rc. 
 
 ANBURY, or AMBURYj a kind of 
 wen, or fpungy wart, growing upon any 
 part of a horfe's body, full of blood j the 
 manner of curing of which is to tie it about 
 hard with a thread, or rather with a horfe- 
 hair, and in eight days it will fall off, then 
 ftrew upon it the powder of verdigreafe to 
 kill it at the root, and heal it up again with 
 green ointment j but if it be fo Hat that 
 
 A N G 
 
 nothing can be bound about it, then take 
 it away with an incifion-knife clofe to the 
 fliin, or elfe burn it with a iharp hot iron, 
 cutting it round about fo deep as to leave 
 none of the root behind; and, after havino- 
 applied turpentine and hog's lard melted 
 together, heal it up as before: but if this 
 wart grows in a finewy part, where a hot 
 iron is improper, eat out the core with oil 
 of vitriol, or white fublimate, then ftop the 
 hole with flax dipt in ciie white of an e<^-o-, 
 for a day or two, and at laft dry it up with 
 unfiaked lime and honey. 
 
 Or, for thefe warts put 3 ounces of pow- 
 der of copperas in a crucible, with i ounce 
 of arfenic powdered, place the crucible in 
 the middle of a charcoal fire, ftirring the 
 fubftance, but carefully avoid the ma- 
 lignant fteams : when the matter apoears 
 fomewhat reddifh, take the crucible olf the 
 fire, and after it is cool, break and beat the 
 matter into a very fine powder, incorporate 
 4 ounces of this powder, 5 ounces of album 
 rafis, and make an ointment to be applied 
 cold to warts, anointing them lightly every 
 day, and they v/ill fall off like kernels of 
 nuts, without caufing any fwellings in the 
 legs, if the application be ordered fo as 
 only the warts be anointed, and the horfe 
 be not worked or ridden during the cure j 
 and after the warts fall off, drefs the fore 
 with the Countefs's ointment; which fee 
 defcribed under its proper head. 
 
 ANGLING, is an art, which as it pleads 
 great antiquity, fo the knowledge thereof 
 is with much difficulty to be obtained ; but 
 fome obfervations concerning it will not be 
 amifs. And firft, die angler muft remem- 
 ber by no means to fiih in light and dazzling 
 apparel, but his cloauiing muft be of a dark 
 (Ivy colour ; and at the places where he ufes 
 to angle, he fhould once in four or five days 
 caft in corn boiled foft, if for cai-p or tench, 
 oftner : he may aifo caft in garbage, beafts 
 livers, wonns chopt in pieces, or grains 
 fteeped in blood and dried, which will at- 
 tract the fifli thither : and in fifliing, to keep 
 them together, throw in half a handful of 
 grains of ground malt, which muft be done 
 in Itill water i but in a ftream you muft caft- 
 C your 
 
A N-G 
 
 yoii: grains above your hook, and not about 
 it, for as they float from the hook, fo will 
 they draw the f.fii after them. Now if you 
 would bait a ftrcanj, get fome tin boxes 
 made full of holes, no bigger than ju ft fit 
 for a worm to creep through^ which fill 
 therewith, and ha-ving fattened a plummet 
 to fink them, place them into the ftream, 
 with a ftring fattened thereto, that they may 
 be drawn out at pleafure ; by the fmallnefs 
 of the holes aforefaid, the worms can crawl 
 out but very leifurely, and as they crawl 
 the filh vvill refort about them. 
 
 Now if in a ftream you would bait for 
 falmon, trout, umber, or the like, take 
 fome blood, ajid therewith incorporate fine 
 clay, barley and malt, ground, adding fome 
 water, all which make into a pafte with ivy 
 gum, then form it into cakes and caft them 
 into the ftream : if you find your bait take 
 no effeft in attrafting of the fifh, you may 
 conclude fome pike or perch lurk there to 
 feize his prey, for fear of which the fifli 
 dare not venture thc^reabout ; feke therefore 
 your troll, and let your bait be either 
 brandlings or lob-worms,^ or you may ufe 
 gentles or minows, which they will greedi- 
 ly fnap at. 
 
 As for your rod, it mutt be kept neither 
 too dry nor too moift, left the one make it 
 brittle, and the other rotten ; and if it be 
 fultry dry weather, wet your rod a little 
 before you angle, and having ftruck a good 
 fifti, keep your rod bent, and that will hin- 
 der him from running to the end of the 
 line, v/hereby he will either break his hold 
 or hook : and if you would know what bait 
 the fifh loves beft, at the time of your fifli- 
 ing, when you have taken one, flit the gill, 
 and open and take out the ftomach, opening 
 it without bruifing, and there you'll find 
 v/hat he fed on laft, and had a fancy to, 
 whereby you may bait your hook accord- 
 ingly. 
 
 When you filli, fhelter yourfelf under 
 fome bufli or tree, fo far from the brink of 
 the river, that you can only dilcern your 
 floai: ; for fifh are timorous, and very eafy 
 to be affrighted : and you will experimen- 
 tally find the beft way of angling with a 
 
 A N G 
 
 fly, Ts down the river, and not ifp ; neither 
 need you ever to make above fix triah in a 
 place, either with fly or ground-bait, when 
 you angle for trout, for by that time he will 
 either otter or take, or refufe the bait, and 
 not ftir at all ; but if you would have fifh 
 bite eagerlv, and without fufpicion,. you ■ 
 mayprefent them with fuch baits as they are 
 naturally inclined to, and in fuch manner as . 
 they are accuftomed to receive them ; and 
 if you ufe paftes for baits, you muft add 
 flax or wool, with which mix a little butter, 
 to preferve it fi'om wafhing off^ the hook : 
 and laftly, obferve. 
 
 That the eyes of fuch fifhes as. you kill,, 
 are mott excellent baits on the hook for 
 almoft all forts of fifh. 
 
 The tackle neceiTary for an angler is va- 
 rious, according to what branch of the art 
 he applies himfelf to. He muft be provi- 
 ded with variety of hooks, and a compe- 
 tent quantity of every fort ; he muft not be 
 without wax, filk, and a pair of fciflTars or 
 penknife; a bafket or bag, and landing net; 
 plummets, fhot, and fl.oats of every kind ; 
 needles, and thread; lines, hair, Indian 
 grofs, variety of feathers, more particular- 
 ly thofe taken from the neck of a m-allard,. 
 the wing of a partridge, a capon's neck,., 
 the top of a plover, or the hackle of a red 
 cock. He muft likewife be furnittied with, 
 twift, and bedding for dubbing his artificial 
 flies ; he muft have a landing-hook, reels 
 for his fillc lines, a panch or book for his 
 hair lines, and a convenient place wherein 
 to put his fmall craft, fuch as his flies, 
 hooks, wax, fhot, filk, &c. a bag for his 
 worms, and a tin box for his gentles. 
 
 Cautions to be ohjerved in ANG L ING, cs to 
 the Jeajons of the weather y the time of the 
 day and year, &c. 
 
 In angling you ought fo to place vour- 
 felf, that your fliadow do not at any time 
 lie upon the water, if fhallov/ ; but in deep 
 waters that is not fo necefTary to be ob- 
 ferved, yet that you may be exaft, you 
 fliould make ufe of all the advantages that 
 the place will afford.. 
 
 la 
 
AN G 
 
 In a pond It is beft to angle near the ford 
 v/here the cattle go to drink, and in rivers 
 in fuch places where fuch fort of fifli you 
 intend to angle for, do ufually frequent; as 
 for breams, in the deepeft and quieteft part 
 of the river; for eels under over-hanging 
 banks; for chub, in deep fliaded holes ; for 
 perch, in fcowcrs ; for roach, in the fame 
 places as percli ; for trouts, in quiclc ilreams 
 and with a fly upon the ftream on the top 
 of the water. 
 
 And if you fifh in fuch places where you 
 can difcern the gravelly bottom, then be 
 fure that you conceal yourfelf as much as is 
 poffible. 
 
 In fuch waters as are peftered with weeds, 
 roots of trees, and flich like, fifli lie clofe 
 and warm, and thty refort thither in great 
 fhoals, and there they will bite freely ; but 
 take great care how you call in the hook, 
 and how you ftrike a bite, for the leaft 
 raflmefs lofes hook and line. 
 
 And if the hook happens to be entangled, 
 you fhould be provided with a ring of lead, 
 about fix inches round, faftened to a fmall 
 pack-thread, and tlu-uft the ring over the 
 rod, letting it go into the water, holding 
 fall by the other end of the pack-thread, 
 andv/orkit gently up and down, anditv/ill 
 ibon difengage the hook. 
 
 It is good angling in whirlpools, under 
 bridges, at the falls of mills, and in any 
 place where the water is deep and clear, and 
 not difturbed with wind or weather. 
 
 .The beft times are from April to Oliober, 
 for in cold, ftormy and windy weather, the 
 ■fifh will not bite ; and the beft times in the 
 -day are from three till nine in the morning, 
 and from three in the afternoon till fun-fet. 
 If the wind be eafterly, it will be in vain 
 to go to angle; but you may angle well 
 ■enough if it blov/ from any other pointj 
 provided it do not blow hard ; but it is belt 
 in a foutherly wind, and a clofe, louering, 
 w^arm day, with a gentle wind, and after 
 a fudden fhower to difturb the water, at 
 ■which time they will beft rife at the fly, and 
 bite eagerly ; and the cooler the weather is 
 in the hotteft months, the better it is. 
 In winter, all weathers and all times 
 
 A N G 
 
 are much alike, only the warmeft are the 
 beft. 
 
 It is very good angling a little before the 
 fiih fpawn, for then their bellies being full 
 they frequent fandy fords, to rub and loofen 
 their bellies, at which time they will bite 
 freely. 
 
 It is alfo very good angling in a dull, 
 cloudy day, after a clear,^ moon-fhiny night, 
 for in fuch nights they are fearful to ftir to 
 get food, lying clofe, fo that being hungry 
 the next day, they will bite boldly and 
 eagerly. 
 
 At the opening of fluices and mill-dams, 
 if you go with the courfe of the water, you 
 can hardly mils of fifli that fwim up the 
 ftream to feek for what food the water brings 
 down v.'ith it. 
 
 It is good angling at the ebb, in waters 
 that ebb and flow ; but yet the flood is to 
 be preferred, if the tide is not ftrong. For 
 fly fifliing, fee APRIL, AUGUST, i^c. for 
 proper direftions. See Article Fishing. 
 
 BireSiiotis and Cautions to be ohjerved in 
 ANGLING. 
 
 To know at any time what baits fifti are 
 willing to take open the belly of the firft 
 you catch, and take his ftomach very ten- 
 derly ; open it with a ftiarp penknife, and 
 you will difcover what he then feeds on. 
 The procuring proper baits is not the leaft 
 part of the angler's fl<;ill. 
 
 The ants fly is to be met with from June 
 to September, and may be kept in a bottle 
 with fome earth and the roots of grafs from 
 the ant-hills where they are bred. They 
 are excellent bait for roach, dace, and chub, 
 if you angle Mith them under the water about 
 a hand's breadth from the bottom. 
 
 It is ufual for every angler to have his pe- 
 culiar haunt. Now for the attrafting and 
 drawing together the fiih into fuch a place, 
 it will be proper once in four or five days to 
 caft in fome corn boiled foft, or garbage, 
 or worms chopt to pieces, or grains fteeped 
 in blood and dried ; but for carp and tench, 
 ground malt is the moft proper to keep them 
 together. 
 
 C 2 If 
 
A N G 
 
 If you filh in a ftream, it will be beft to 
 cafl in the grain above the hook, down the 
 ftream. 
 
 Tlie beft way of angling with the fly is 
 ilown the river, not up, and in order to 
 make them bite freely, be fure to ufe fuch 
 baits as you know they are naturally inclined 
 to, and in fuch manner as they are a^cuf- 
 tomed to receive them. 
 
 If your baits be of pafte, for the keep- 
 ing them on your hook, add a little flax, 
 or wool. 
 
 The eyes of filb are good baits for all 
 filh. 
 
 Wear not light coloured- or gay clothes 
 when you are fifliing, but rather black or 
 dark coloured ; and if poffible, flieltf r 
 yourfelf under fome bulli or tree, or ftand 
 fo far from the bank-fide that you can but 
 difcern the float ; for fifli are timorous, and 
 fearful of every thing they fee. 
 
 The next thing to be obferved is the 
 floating for fcale-fifh, in pond or river. 
 Firft, take notice that the ieed brings the 
 fifh together; and there is no better in all 
 angling than blood and grains, though palle 
 is good, but inferior to thefe. 
 
 Remember to plumb your ground ang- 
 ling with fine tackle, as fingle hair for half 
 the line next the hook, round and fmall 
 plumbed, according to the float. 
 
 Other fpecial baits are thefe ; brandlings, 
 gentles, pafte, dock-worms or caddis, 
 (otherwife called cock-bait) they lie in 
 gravelly huflc, under the ftones in the 
 river. 
 
 The natural fly is a fure way of angling 
 to augment the angler's diverfion : with the 
 palmer, may-fly, and oak-fly the angler 
 muft ufe fuch a rod as to angle with the 
 ground-bait J the line muft not be fo long 
 as the rod. 
 
 Let the angler withdraw his fly as he fhall 
 find it rffoft convenient and advantageous in 
 his angling : when he comes to deep water, 
 whole motion is flow, let him make his line 
 about two yards long, and drop his fly 
 behind a bufli, and he will find excellent 
 fport. For Paste and Worms /ee their 
 »wn articles. 
 
 A K G 
 
 ANGLING hyhand. 
 
 Is of three forts. 
 
 The firft is performed with a line aboilt. 
 half the length of the rod, a good weighty 
 plummet, and three hairs next the hook,. 
 which is called a running line, and with one 
 large brandling, or a dev/ worm of a mo- 
 derate fize, or two fmaU ones of the firft,, 
 or any other fort proper for a trout, or in- 
 deed almoft any worm whatfoever; for if a 
 trout be in humour to- bite, he will bite at 
 any worm, and if you fifli with two, bait 
 your hook thus. 
 
 Firft, run the point of your Hook in at 
 the very head of your firft worm, and lb- 
 down through his body, till it be paft the 
 knot, and then let it out, and ftrip the worm 
 above the arming, (that you may not bruife 
 it with your fingers) till you have put on the 
 other, by running the point of your hook 
 in below the knot, and upwards through 
 his body, towards his head, till it be juft- 
 covered with the head, which being done, 
 you are then to flip the firft worm down, 
 over the arming again, till the knot of both: 
 worms meet together. 
 
 The fecond way of angling in hand, and 
 with a running line, is with a line fome- 
 thing longer than the former, and with-, 
 tackle made after the following manner. 
 
 At the utmoft extremity of your line, 
 where the hook is always placed in all other 
 ways of angling, you are to have a large 
 piftol or carbine bullet, into which the end 
 of your line is to be faftencd, with a peg or 
 pin even and clofe with the bullet, and 
 about half a foot above that, a branch of 
 line of two or three handfuls long, or more 
 for a fvvift ftream, with, a hook at the end 
 thereof, baited with fome of the fore.- 
 mentioned worms ; and another half a foot 
 above that armed and baited after the fame 
 manner, but with another fort of worm, 
 without any lead at all above; by which 
 means you will always certainly find the true 
 bottom in all depths, which with the plum- 
 mets upon your line above you can never 
 do ; but that your bait muft always drag, 
 while you are founding, (which in this way 
 
 of 
 
A N C- 
 
 of" angling muft be continually) by whicli 
 mean»-5vyou are like to have more trouble, 
 ■ and perhaps lefs fuccefs. And both thefe 
 ways of angling at the bottom, are mofl 
 proper for a dark and muddy water, by rea- 
 fon that in fuch a condition of the ftream, 
 a man may Hand as near as lie will, and 
 neither his own fliadow, nor the nearnefs of 
 the tackle will hinder his fport. 
 
 The third way of angling by hand with a 
 ground bait, and much the beft of all 
 other, is with a line full as long or a yard 
 longer than your rod, with no more than 
 ■ one hair next the hook, and for two or three 
 lengths above it, and no more than one 
 fmall pellet of fliot for a plummet, your 
 hook little, your worm of the fmalleft 
 brandlings, very well fcoured, and only one 
 upon your hook at a time, which is thus to 
 be baited ; the point of your hook is to be 
 put in at the tag of his tail, vid run up his 
 body quite over all the arming:; and ftill 
 ftript on an inch, at leaft, upon the hair, 
 the head, and remaining part hanging down- 
 wards, and with this line and hook thus 
 baited, you are ever more to angle in the 
 ftreams, always in a clear rather than a 
 troubled water, and always up t!ie river, 
 ftill calling out your worm before you, with 
 a clean light, one handed rod, like an 
 artificial fly, where it will be taken fome- 
 times at the top, or within a very little of 
 the fuperficies of the water, and almoft al- 
 ways before that light plumb can fink it to 
 the bottom, both by reafon of the ftream, 
 and alio that you muft always keep your 
 worm in motion, by drawing ftill back to- 
 wards you, as if you were angling with a 
 fly. 
 
 And indeed whoever fhall try this way, 
 will find it the beft of all others, to angle 
 with a worm in a bright water efpecially ; 
 but then his rod muft be very light and 
 pliant, and very true and finely made, and 
 with a fkilful hand it will fucceed beyond 
 expedlation : and in a clear ftream, is un- 
 doubtedly the beft angling for a trout or 
 grayling with a worm, by many degrees, 
 that any man can make choice of, and the 
 xnoft eafy and pleafant to the angler. 
 
 A N G 
 
 And if the angler be of a conftitution that 
 will fufter him to wade, and will flip into 
 the tail of a fhallow ftream to the calf of the 
 leg, or knee, and fo keep oft' the bank he 
 fhall take almoft what fifh he pleafes. 
 
 The fecond way of angling at the bottom 
 is with a cork, or float, and that is alfo of 
 two- forts. 
 
 With a worm j or, with grub, or caddis. 
 
 With a worm, you are to have your line 
 within a foot or a foot and a half as long as 
 your rod, in a dark water with two, or, if 
 you will, with three -, but in a clear water, 
 never with above one hair next the hook, 
 and two, or three, or four, or five lengths 
 above it, and a worm of what fize you 
 pleafe ; your plumbs fitted to your cork, 
 and your cork to the condition of the river, 
 (that is to the fwiftnefs or fiownefs of the 
 ftream) and both when the water is very 
 clear, as fine as you can, and then you are 
 never to bait with more than one of the lef- 
 fer fort of brandlings : or if they be veiy lit- 
 tle ones indeed, you may then bait with two 
 after the manner before direfted. 
 
 When you angle for a trout, you are to 
 do It as deep, that is as near to the bottom, 
 as you can, provided your bait do not dracr,- 
 or if it do, a trout will fometimes take it in 
 that pofture : if for a grayling, you are then 
 to filli further from tlie bottom, he beino- 
 a fifli that ufually fwims nearer to-the mid- 
 dle of the water, and lies always loofe; or 
 hoAvever is more apt to rife than a trout, 
 and more inclined to rife than to defcerul 
 even to a groundling. With a grub or cad- 
 dis, you are to angle with the fame length 
 of line; or if it be all out as long as your 
 rod, it is not the worfe, with never above one 
 hair for two or three lengths next the hook, 
 and with the fmalleft cork, or float, and 
 the leaft weight of plumb you can, that will 
 but fink, and that the fwiftnefs- of your 
 ftream will allow ; which alfo you may 
 help, and avoid the violence of the current, 
 by angling in the returns of a ftream, or 
 the eddies betwixt two ftreams, which alfo 
 are the moft likely places, wherein to kill 
 a fifh in a ftream, either at the top or bot- 
 tom. 
 
 Of 
 
A N G 
 
 or grubs for a griyling } the afli giiib 
 whjcli is plump, milk white, bent round 
 from head to tail, and exceeding tender, 
 with a red head ; or the dock-worm ; or the 
 grub of a pale yellow, longer, lanker, and 
 rougher than the other, with rows of feet 
 all dov/n his belly, and a red head, alfo are 
 the bcil:, /. e. for a grayling ; becaufe though 
 a trout will take both thefe, (the afli grub 
 efpecially) yet he does not do it fo freely as 
 the other; and a certain author fays, he 
 has ufually taken two graylings, for one 
 trout with that bait ; but if he happened to 
 take a trout -with itj it was commonly a 
 very good one. 
 
 Thefe baits are ufually kept in bran, in 
 v/hich an afh grub commonly grows tough- 
 er, . and will better endure baiting ; though 
 he is ftill fo tender, that it will be neceflary 
 to warp in a piece of ftiff hair with your arm- 
 ino", leaving it ftanding out about a ftraw's 
 breadth at the head of your hook, fo as to 
 keep the grub either from (lipping totally 
 off when baited, or at leaft down to the 
 point of the hook, by which means your 
 arming will be left naked and bare, which is 
 neither fo fightiy, nor fo likely to be taken, 
 thouo-h to help that (which will often how- 
 ever fall out) you may arm the hook defign- 
 ed for this bait, with the whiteft horfe hair 
 that you can get, which itfelf will refemble 
 and ftine like that bait, and confequently 
 will do more good, or lefs harm, than arm- 
 ing of any other colour. 
 
 Thefe grubs are to be baited thus ; the 
 hook is to be put in, under the head, or the 
 .chaps of the bait, and guided down the 
 middle of the belly, without fuffering it to 
 peep out by the way, for then (the afli grub 
 efpecially) will iffue out water and rnilk, 
 till nothing but the flcin fliall remain, and 
 the bend of the hook will appear black 
 through it, till the point of your hook come 
 fo low ; that the heart of your bait may reft, 
 and Itick upon the hair that ftands out to 
 hold it, by which means it can neither flip 
 of itfelf, neither will the force of the itream 
 nor quick pulling out, upon any miftake, 
 ftripoff. 
 
 Now the caddis or cod bait (which is a 
 
 A N G 
 
 fure killing bait, and for the moft partfurer 
 than any of the other) may be put upon 
 the hook two or three together, and -is fome- 
 times (to very great effeft) joined to a 
 worm, and fometimes to an artificial fly, 
 to cover the point of the hook ; but is al- 
 ways to be angled with at bottom (when 
 by itfelf efpecially) with the fineft tackle ; 
 and is for all times in the year, the m.oft 
 holding baiiof all other whatfoever both for 
 trout and grayling- See Snap-Angling, 
 Float-Angling, Trimmer-Angling, and 
 Fly-Angling, Rock-Fishing, Bladder- 
 Angling, Maggot-Fishing. 
 
 To allure Fish to bite. 
 
 Take gum-ivy, and put a good quantity 
 of it into a box made of oak, like thofe the 
 apothecaries ufe of white wood for their 
 pills. Rub the infide of the box with this 
 gum, and v/hen you angle, put three or four 
 worms therein^ letting them reinain but a 
 fliort time ; for if long, it kills them : then 
 take them out, and ufe them., putting more 
 in their ftead, out of the worm-bag and 
 mofs ; and continue to do this all day. 
 
 Gum-ivy is a tear which drops from the 
 body of the larger ivy, being wounded. 
 It is of a yellowifli red colour, of a ftrong 
 fcent, and fliarp tafte. That which is fold 
 in the fhops is often counterfeit and adul- 
 terate : tlierefore to get true gum-ivy, at 
 Michaelmas or fpring, drive feveral great 
 nails into large ivy-ftalks, and having 
 wriggled them till they become very loofe, 
 let them remain, and a gum will ifllre out 
 of the hole. Or you may flit feveral great 
 ivy-ftalks, and vifit them once a month, 
 or oftener, to fee what gum flows from the 
 wounded part. This gum is excellent for 
 the angler's ufe ; perhaps nothing more fo 
 under the form of an unguent, Alfo, 
 
 Take affa-foetida, half an ounce j cam- 
 phire, two drachms ; bruiie them well to- 
 gether with fome drops of oil of olive, and 
 put it into a pewter-box, to ufe, as the re- 
 ceipt from Monfieur Charras. Some, in- 
 ftead of oil of olive, ufe the chemical oil of 
 lavender and camomile ; and fome add the 
 quantity of a nutmeg of Venice turpentine 
 to it. But for a trout in a muddy water, 
 
 and 
 
A N G 
 
 and for gudgeons in a clear water ; the beft 
 unguents are thus compounded, viz. 
 
 Take afla-foetida, three drachms ; cam- 
 phire one drachm -,■ Venice turpentine, one 
 drachm, beat all together with fome drops 
 of the chemical oils of lavender and camo- 
 mile, of each an equal quantity ; and ufe 
 it as in the firft direction. 
 
 Take Venice turpentine, the befh hive-ho- 
 ney, and oil of polypody of the oak, drawn 
 by retort ; mix all together, and ufe it as 
 the firft ointment. 
 
 Take oil of ivy-berries, made by expref- 
 fibn or infufion, and put fome in a box, and 
 ufe it to fcent a few worms juft before you 
 ufe them.. 
 
 Diflblve gum-ivy in the oil of fpike, and 
 anoint the bait with it, for a pike. 
 
 Put camphire in the mofs wherein are 
 your worm.s, the day you angle. 
 
 Diflblve two ounces of gum-ivy in a gjll 
 of fpring-water ; mix them together v^ith 
 the like quantity of the oil of fweet almonds ; 
 then take v/hat quantity of worms you intend 
 to ufe that day, being firft well fcoured in 
 mofs, and put them in linnen thrums (the 
 ends of the weaver's warp when he has 
 finiflied his piece) well wafhcd in fpring- 
 water, and fqueezed : then wet the thrums 
 in this compofition, and put them and the 
 worms into a linen bag out of which ufe 
 them. 
 
 Take affa-foetida, three drachms ; fpike- 
 Bard of Spain-y one draclnn : put them in a 
 pint of fpring-water, and let them ftand in 
 a fhady place fourteen days in the ground ; 
 then take the foiution out, and having 
 drained it through a linnen cloth, put to 
 the liquor one drachm of fpermaceti, and 
 keep it clofe in a ftrong glafs bottle. When 
 you go to angle, take v/hat quantity of 
 worms you intend to ufe that day, (they be- 
 ing firft well fcoured in mofs) put them up- 
 on a china faucer, and pour a little of this 
 water upon them ; then put them in the 
 mofs again, and ufe them. 
 
 Take juice of camomile, halfafpoon- 
 ful ; chemical oil of fpike, one drachm ; 
 oil of comfrey by infufion, one drachm 
 and a half ^ goofe-greafcj two drachms : 
 
 A N G 
 
 Thefe being well difTolved over the fire, 
 let them ftand till they are cold ; then put 
 them into a ftrong glafs bottle, which keep 
 unttopped three or four days ; ftop it af- 
 terwards very well, and when you angle, 
 anoint the bait with this compofition. 
 
 Some add to it three drachms of the fpi- 
 rit of vitriol, . and call it the univerfal and 
 infallible bait. 
 
 Take a handful of houfeleek, and half 
 a handful of inner green bark of the ivy- 
 ftalk : pound thefe well together, and prefs 
 out the juice, and wet your mofs thercr 
 with. When you angle, put fix or eight 
 worms therein out of the other bag. 
 
 Some ufe the juice of nettles and houfe- 
 leek, as the laft receipt, and fome only the 
 juice of houfeleek. 
 
 Some anoint their baits with the marrow 
 got out of a heron's thigh-bone j and fome 
 ufe the fat and greafe of a heron. 
 
 Oil of anife, fpikenard of Spain, fperma- 
 ceti, powdered cummin-feed, galbanum, 
 are all highly commended, and may be tried 
 fingly or compounded ; either mixed up in 
 a pafte, or uled as unguents. 
 
 iVIake up a pafte with mulberry juice^ 
 hed2;e-hoo;'s fat, oil of water lilies, and a 
 few drops of oil of penny-royal. Some 
 highly commend this. 
 
 Oil of amber, rofemary, and myrrh, alike 
 of each, mixed with the worm_s, or in pafte, 
 is faid to make the bait fo powerful, that 
 no fifli will refift it. 
 
 Sea-gull's fat, mixed with eringo juice, 
 is an attractive unguent. 
 
 Unpickled famphire bruifed, made up in 
 balls for ground-bait with walnut oil, is 
 excellent for carp, bream, or tench. Alfo 
 bean-flour, with a little honey, wetted 
 with reftifled fpirits of wine and a little oil 
 of turpentine, made up in fmall pellets, 
 and thrown in over night, will make the fifli 
 very eager, and keep them at the places 
 where you will be fure to find them next 
 morning. 
 
 Take the oils of camomile, lavender, 
 annifeed, each a quarter of an ounce, he- 
 ron's greafe, and the beft of afla-fcetida, 
 each two drachms, two fcruples of cummin- 
 feed. 
 
A N 
 
 feed, finely beaten to pov/der, t'eni(^ tuiv. 
 pentine, camphire, and galbanumj bf each 
 a drachm j add two grains of civet, and 
 make them into an unguent ; thiy mufl be 
 kept cloie in a glazed earthen pot, or it 
 lofes much of its virtue ; anoint your line 
 vith it as before, and your cxpeftation 
 will be anfwered. See Paste. 
 
 ANGLING in the middle, for trout 
 or grayling. 
 
 Is of two forts ; I. with a pink, or min- 
 now, for a trout. 
 
 2. With a worm, grub or caddis, for a 
 grayling. 
 
 As for the firft it is with a minnow, half 
 a foot, or a foot, within the furface of 
 the water ; feme indeed ufe minnows kept 
 in fait ; but others difapprove of them, un- 
 lefs where living ones are not poffible to be 
 had J nor are artificial ones to be ufed, 
 where the natural ones are to be had : but 
 a bull head with his gill-fins cut off is by 
 fome recommended as a better bait for a 
 trout, (at fome times of the yearefpecially) 
 rhan a minnow, and a loach much better 
 than that. 
 
 The lecond way of angling in the middle 
 is with the worm, grub, caddi?, or any 
 other ground bait for a grayling ; he taking 
 it much better there than at the bottom, as 
 has been laid before ; and this is always in 
 a clear water, and with the fineft tackle. 
 
 To which may be added alfo, and with 
 very good reafon, a third way of angling by 
 hand with a ground bait, as a third way of 
 fiiliing in the middle, which is common to 
 both trout and grayling, and the beft way 
 of angling with a worm of all other. 
 
 the times for ANGLING, feaf enable and 
 unfeafonable. 
 
 Calm and clear weather is very good to 
 angle in ; but cool cloudy weather in furn- 
 mer is beft ; provided it be not fo boifte- 
 roudy windy, as that you cannot guide your 
 tackle. 
 
 The cooler the weather is in the hottell 
 monthsj the better it is : and if a fudden 
 
 A N G 
 
 violent fliower hath difeurbed and mvddieij 
 the river, then is the tim.e for angling in the 
 ilream at the ground with a red v/orm. 
 
 In like manner it is a very good time for 
 angling before the fifh fpav/n ; for then their 
 bellies being full, they come into fandy 
 fords, and their rub there bellies to loofen 
 them, at which time they will bite very 
 fi-eely. 
 
 If you would fifh for carp and tench, you 
 muil begin early in the m-orning, fifliing 
 from fun rifing till eight of the clock, and 
 from four in the afternoon till night, and 
 in hot months till it is very late. 
 
 In the heat of the iummer, carps will fhcw 
 themfeives on the very top of the water, 
 at which time, if you fifh with a lob worm, 
 as you do with a natural fly, you have ex- 
 cellent fport, efpecially if it be among 
 reeds. 
 
 In March, April, September, and all the 
 winter (in which feafon filli fwim very deep 
 near the ground) it is beft fifliing in a ferene 
 warm day, for then they will bite fafter: 
 but all the fummer time mornings, even- 
 ings, and cool, cloudy weather, are the 
 beft times for angling. 
 
 Here take notice, that you will find that 
 fifli rife beft at the fly after a fliower of rain, 
 that has only beaten the gnats and flies into 
 the river, without mudding it. 
 
 The proper months and times of the day 
 for the fly, are March, April, May, and the 
 beginning of June ; in which months, fifli 
 in the morning about nine of the clock ; 
 and in the afternoon between three and four. 
 A warm evening is alfo very feafonable, if 
 the gnats play much. 
 
 It is alfo a very good time for angling af- 
 ter a clear moon fliiny night, if the fuc- 
 ceeding day prove cloudy ; for the fifli 
 having abftained from food all night, (for 
 in bright nights they will not ftir for fear) 
 the next.day they are hungry and eager, and 
 the gloominefs of the day will make them 
 bite boldly. 
 
 It is a good time for angling, when you 
 perceive the trouts to leap pleafantly at the 
 flies above water ; or the pikes to purfue 
 other filli. 
 
 In 
 
A N G 
 
 In aword, an experienced angler, ob- 
 fei-ves the times, feafons, and places ; other- 
 wife, though his baits are ever fo good, 
 they will have but little efFect. 
 
 If you go along with the courfe of the 
 water, at the opening of duices or mills, 
 you will find that trouts, and other fifli will 
 th;n come out to feek for what food the 
 water brings down with it. 
 
 And firft, in the extremity of heat, when 
 the earth is parched with a drought, there 
 is but little fport-to be had, efpecially in 
 either muddy, or clear Ihallow rivers. 
 
 Secondly, in the winter, or fpring time, 
 when any hoary froft happens, the fifli will 
 not bite kindly all that day, except it be in 
 the evening, and that proves ferene and 
 pleafant. But it is not proper to fifh at any 
 time, when the wind blows fo high that you 
 cannot manage your tackle to advantage. 
 
 Thirdly, it is not good fifhing in the time 
 of fheep-fhearing, for then the fifh glut 
 themfelves with what is wafhed off the fheep, 
 and will fcarce bite till that feafon be over. 
 
 Alfo the fliarp eafh and northerly winds 
 do very much obftruft the recreation of 
 anglers : nor is it good to fifli immediately 
 after fpawning time : for at that time their 
 appetite is much palled. 
 
 It is very fbrange to be obferved, what a 
 natural inflinft there is in fifh, in foreknow- 
 ing the approach of a fhower of rain, for 
 upon the approach of a cloud that threatens 
 a fhower, they will not bite ; and the ob- 
 fervation of this has faved feveral anglers 
 from being wet to the fkin. 
 
 Laftly, if the preceding night prove dark 
 and cloudy, the fucceeding day, .will be no 
 good day to angle in, unlefs it be for fmall 
 fifh ; for at fuch time the larger prey abroad 
 for the lefTer; who by inftinft knowing the 
 danger, hide themfelves till the morning ; 
 and having fafled all night, become then 
 very hungry, while the larger having gorged 
 themfelves, lie abfconded all the day. For 
 direftions for Artificial Fly-Fishing, 
 fee the Article Fish. 
 
 ANGLING LINE J to make this line, 
 the hair fliould be round and twifled even, 
 for that ftrengthens it, and fliould alio be as 
 ^ear as may be of equal bignels i then lay 
 
 A N G 
 
 them in water for a quarter of an hour, 
 whereby you will find, which of them 
 fhrink, then twift them over again, and in 
 the twifling, fome intermingle filk, which 
 is not good, but a line of all filk is not amifs ; 
 alio a line made of the ftronffeft luteflrins 
 IS veiy good, but that will foon rot with 
 the water : now the befl colour for lines, is 
 forrel, white, and grey ; the two lafl colours 
 for clear waters, and the firft for muddy 
 rivers, neither is tlie pale watry green de- 
 fpifeable, which colour may be made thus ; 
 put a pint of ftrong allum, half a pound of 
 foot, a Imall quantity of juice of walnut 
 leaves, with the like of allum into a pipkin, 
 boil them about half an hour together, then 
 take it oft^ the fire ; when it is cool, fleep 
 your hair in it j or elfe thus, boil in a bottle 
 of allum water, fomewhat more than a 
 handful of marigold flowers, till a yellow 
 fcum arife ; then take half a pound of green 
 copperas, with as much verdegreale, and 
 beat them together to a fine powder ; and 
 with the hair, put them into the allum 
 water, and let it lie ten hours, or more : 
 take the hair out, and let it dry. See Lines 
 FOR Fishing. 
 
 ANGLING ROD. The time to provide 
 ftocks is in the winter folftice, when the 
 trees have fhed their leaves, and the fap is 
 in the roots, for after January it afcends 
 again into the trunk and branches, at which 
 rime it is improper to gather ftocks, or 
 tops J as for the flocks they fhould be lov/er 
 grown, and the tops the beft rufli ground 
 fhoots as can be got, not knotty, but pro- 
 portionable and flender, for otherwife they 
 will neither caft or flrike well, and the 
 line, by reafon of their unpliablenefs, muft 
 be much endangered ; now when both frock 
 and top are gathered in one feafon, and as 
 ilrait as may be, bathe them (except the 
 tops) over a gentle fire, and ufe them not 
 till fully fealbned, which is a year and four 
 months; but they aie better if kept two 
 years ; and for the preferving, both from 
 rotting, or worm, eating, rub them over 
 thrice a year with fallet, or linleed oil ; 
 fweet butter will ferve if never faked; and 
 with any of thefe you muft chafe your rods 
 well ; if bored, pour in either of the oils, 
 
 D and 
 
A N G 
 
 and let them foak therein twenty-tour hours, 
 then pour it out again ; this will prefcrve 
 the tops and ftocks from injuring. See 
 Line, Hook, Float, and Rod, ^c. 
 
 Night ANGLING, and Grw«/^/ ANGLING. 
 
 Great fifh (but chiefly trouts) are fliy, 
 and fearful of enfnarements j and ob- 
 ferve the mofl fecure feafon to feek their 
 food, and that is a-nights. 
 
 For night-angling you mull provide large 
 garden-worms ; or inftead of them, black 
 fnails : and having baited your hook with 
 them, caft them off at a diftance, and then 
 draw your line to you again upon the lur- 
 face of the water, not fuffering the bait to 
 fmkj with which ufe not a leaden plum- 
 met, but only a float ; but in ground-ang- 
 ling you mufl: ufe a plummet without a 
 float: and this method of ground-angling 
 is very good in cold weather, for then the 
 fifli lie low. 
 
 You may eafily hear the fifh rife, and 
 therefore give him time to fwallow the bait ; 
 and then gently give him a twitch to fecure 
 him. 
 
 If you find that the fifli does not freely 
 take the bait at the top of the water, 
 put fome lead to it, and fink your bait, and 
 proceed as in day-angling. 
 
 It has been obferved, that the beft trouts 
 bite in the night, and do moft commonly 
 rife in the ftill deeps, feldom in the quick 
 ftreams. See Bladder Angling, Drab- 
 ling, i^c. 
 
 ANTICOR, (or advant coeur,) is an in- 
 flammation in a horfe between his fore-legs, 
 the fame with the quinzy in mankind. Moll 
 writers are agreed, that this diforder pro- 
 ceeds from hard-riding, expofing a horfe to 
 the cold, and giving him cold water to 
 drink when he is hot, full feeding, and 
 ■whatever elfe may caufe a fudden flagnation 
 of the blood. Some will have it to pro- 
 ceed from fatnefs and rank feeding. 
 
 When you touch a fwelling of this kind, 
 the im-prelTion of the fingers remain for fome 
 time, as if you had made them in a bit of 
 pufi^ palle, filling up again by degrees, as 
 
 A P O 
 
 the pafte would rife. This fv/elling con- 
 tains bloody water, that infinuates between 
 the fiefh and the fi-cin, and proves that all 
 the blood in the veins is corrupted. 
 
 The cure fhould firil be atteippted by 
 large and repeated bleedings, to r.bate tlie 
 inflammation -, and Mr. Gib/on approves of 
 ftriking one or other of the veins of "Aiq 
 hind parts to make a revulfion. Next to • 
 bleeding, if the horfe be coilive or bound ■ 
 in his body, clyfters are of ufe ; and Dr. 
 Bracken direfts the following as a general 
 one. Take leaves of mallows and pellitory 
 of the wall, of each three handfuls ; camo- 
 mile flowers, one handful ; annifeed and 
 fweet fennel-feed, each half an ounce; lin- 
 feed, one ounce ; boil thefe in three quarts 
 of water to two ; then ftrain and prefs out 
 the liquor llrongly, and add of caryocofti- 
 num electuary one ounce, common fait 
 two ounces, and common plaifter oil three 
 ounces mixt. Thefe fliould be iniecfced "^ 
 through a very long pipe for the purpofe, and 
 as warm as a man can bear his cheek to the 
 fide of the bladder it is tied up in, and it- 
 fliould be repeated every two or tiiree days, 
 as occafion offers. 
 
 ANTLER, a ftart or branch of a deer's 
 attire. 
 
 Bes Antler, the flart or branch next 
 above the brow-antler. 
 
 ^ris-ix;- Antler, the ftart or branch next 
 the head. 
 
 APOPLEXY, or Falling Evil, a dif- 
 eafe that feizes the heads of hawks, com- 
 monly by reafon of too much greafe and 
 ftore of blood ; or becaufe they have been 
 too lonp in the heat of the fun, or have 
 made too long a flight in the heat of the 
 day •.' and as it is very cuflomary with tliem to 
 be full oi greafe in the mew: it is very good 
 when they are empty to give them a little 
 lard, or fweet butter, foaked in rofe-water, 
 fweetened with a little fugar-candy pound- 
 ed; but the beft thing of all is to draw 
 their meat through black cherry-water. 
 
 APOPLEXY, (inHorfes.) ^^^ PALSY. 
 
 APOSTHUME, (in Hatvks) a difeafe in 
 the head, attended with fwellings therein ; 
 occafioned by divers ill humours, and the 
 
 heat 
 
AP P 
 
 heat of the head : it may be dircovered by 
 the fwelling of the eyes, by the moifliire 
 that comes from their ears, and by their 
 flothfulnefs. 
 
 For cure, give them a pill of butter, as 
 big as a nut, well wafhed in rofc-water, 
 and mixed with honey of rofes and fine 
 fugar, for three or four mornings, when 
 they have meat : they muft be held on the 
 fid till they have made one or two rnev/ts, 
 then take four drams of the feed of rue, 
 two drams of hepatic aloes, and one fcru- 
 ple of fafFron j reduce all to fine^ powder, 
 and mix them v/ith honey of rofes, and 
 make a pill, and give them : it will purge 
 and fcour their heads ; then about two-hours 
 after give them fome good hot meat. 
 
 When the nares of a hawk are fluffed up 
 with filth ; after a convenient fcouring, take 
 pepper and muftard-feed, beaten to a fine 
 powder, put it into a linen cloth, and fteep 
 it for fome time in ftrong white wine 
 vinegar ; of which put fome drops upon her 
 nares, that they may pierce in, and they will 
 foon fcour her head. 
 
 •APPROACHING, in Fowling, is a 
 particular device to approach or come near 
 thofe birds that are fhy, and frequent 
 marfhy and watry places, without being 
 feen by them. 
 
 This is performed by a fort of machine, 
 of three hoops tied together, all at proper 
 diftances, according to the height of the 
 nian that is to ufe it, and having boughs 
 tied all round it, and with cords to bear on 
 his ihoulders ; fo that a man getting in it is 
 concealed by the boughs, and can approach 
 near them unfufpefled till he comes within 
 reach of Ihot. 
 
 As for herons, wild geefe, duck, teal, &c. 
 -they are apt to keep the waters in the day- 
 time, and on the meadows near the brinks 
 of the rivers, and as far as they can from 
 hedges and trees, for fear of being fur- 
 prized ; and wiien the water is 2 or 300 
 paces diftant from trees, they v/ill leave the 
 middle of the ftream, and muddle along 
 the fides of the river where the water is 
 fhallow ; but when they perceive any body 
 near, even a bcaft to pafs along, they will 
 
 A P P 
 
 quit the fides and withdraw to the middle 
 
 again. 
 
 Geefe, ducks and teals quit the water in 
 the evening, and pafs the night in the fields, 
 but in the morning return to the water: 
 however you may eafiiy approach them by 
 the means of a machine, as reprefented in 
 the following figure, carried by a man, 
 where he is concealed; and they may be 
 fhot whenever he is within a due diftance 
 from them. See Plate II. 
 
 To make this machine take three fmall 
 hoops, v/hich you are to tie with a cord in 
 this manner ; take a cord D, E, M, N, tie 
 two ends together, and doing the fame by 
 the other two, divide the whole into four 
 parts, and yet nothing mull be cut ; and 
 fallen to every quarter D, E, M, N, another 
 cord, five or fix feet long, pafs the head of 
 it through the middle, ib that two of the 
 cords remain before and the otlier behind; 
 or elfe fix a piece of wood in the ground, 
 the height of the man that is to carry the 
 machine, put this cord upon it, and take a 
 hoop F, C, L, O, which you muft tie to 
 tlie four quarters with the four cords, ex- 
 adlly to the height of the cinfture ; take 
 another Ijoop and tie it likewife to the four 
 cords, G, B, K, P, againft the middle of 
 the thighs, and the third in the like manner 
 to the fame cords, high as the ancles, and 
 then place fome very light branches of trees 
 quite round thefe hoops, and tie them to 
 three hoops, ordering them fo that the birds 
 may not fee the perfon within the machine 
 with his gun : but in cafe he finds that the 
 birds feem to difcern him, he m.ull advance 
 very gently towards them. 
 
 The birds, which keep moving conti- 
 nually, feeing him come near, will fancy it 
 is themfelves that drav/ near the tree, and 
 not the tree near them, by which means he 
 may come near enough to fire upon them. 
 
 The beft time to make ufe of this ma- 
 chine is in the morning, when the birds are 
 returning out of the fields ; for he may fire 
 upon tlicm as they pafs, becaufe they will 
 not pafs ail together but in feveral flocks. 
 
 APPUI, or ftay upon the hand, is the 
 reciprocal fenfe between the horfe's mouth 
 
 D 2 and 
 
A P P 
 
 and the bridle-hand, or the fenfe of the 
 adion of the bridle in the horfcman's 
 hand. 
 
 The true and right appid of the hand, is 
 the nice bearing or ftay of the bridle ; fo 
 that the horfe, awed by the fenfibility and 
 tendernefs of the j.arts of his mouth, dare 
 not reft much upon the bitt mouth, nor 
 chack or beat upon the hand to withftand 
 it. 
 
 Such a horfe has a dull, deaf, appui -, that 
 is, he has a good mouth, but his tongue is 
 fo thick that the bitt can't work or bear 
 upon the bars ; for the tongue being not 
 fenfible, or tender as the bars, is benumbed 
 or hardened by the bitt ; fo the appui is not 
 good. This and the following are terms 
 ufed of an appui. 
 
 The bitt does not prefs the bars in the 
 quick, by reafon of the groiTnefs of the 
 tongue, or elfe of the lips. 
 
 Your horfe has a reft or ftay that forces 
 the hand, which fliews that he has a bad 
 mouth. 
 
 This horfe has no appui, no reft upon the 
 hand ; that is, he dreads the bitt mouth, he 
 is apprehenfive of the hand, and he cannot 
 fuffer the bitt to prefs, or bear, though ne- 
 ver fo little, upon the parts of his mouth ; 
 and thus it comes to pafs he does not eafily 
 obey the bridle. 
 
 A horfe that is taught a good appui, if 
 you mean to give that horfe a good reft 
 upon the hand, it behoves you to gallop 
 him and put him often back ; a long ftretch 
 gallop is very proper for the fame end, for 
 in galloping he gives the horfeman an op- 
 portunity of bearing upon the hand. 
 
 Such a horfe has too much appui, he 
 throws himfelf too much upon the bitt; a 
 horfe that has a fine ftay or reft upon the 
 hand, i. e. equal, firm, and light, or one 
 that obeys the bridle. See Hand. 
 
 A full appui upon the hand, is a firm ftay, 
 without refting very heavy, and v/ithout 
 bearing upon the hand. 
 
 Horfes for the army ought to have a full 
 appui upon the hand. 
 
 A more than full reft or appui upon the 
 hand, is faid of a horfe that is ftopped with 
 
 APR 
 
 feme force ; but ftill fo that he does not 
 force the hand. This appui is good for fuch 
 riders as depend upon the bridle, inftead of 
 their thighs. 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 Of Fly-fijhing in the month of April ; or thi 
 flies taken for fijhing in that month ; or the 
 'making of artificial flies. 
 
 All the fame tackles and flies that were 
 taken in the month of March, will be taken 
 in this month alfo ; (fee March) with this 
 diftinftion only, concerning the flies, that 
 all the browns be lapped with red filk, and 
 the duns with yellow. 
 
 1. To thefe, a fmall bright brown, made 
 of fpaniel's fur, with a light grey wing, in 
 a bright day and a clear water, is ver}- well 
 taken. 
 
 2. There is alfo a little dark brown, the 
 dubbing of that colour, and fome violet 
 camlet mixt ; and the wing of the grey 
 feather of a mallard. 
 
 3. From the 6th of this month to the 
 loth, there is a fly, called, the violet fly, 
 made of a dark violet ftuff, with the wings 
 of the grey feather of a mallard. 
 
 4. About the 12th of this month comes 
 in the fly, called the whirling-dun ; which 
 is taken every day, about the mid-time of 
 the day, all this month through ; and by 
 fits, from thence to the end of June; and 
 is commonly made of the down of a fox's 
 cub, which is of an afli colour at the roots 
 next the fldn, and ribb'd about with yellow 
 filk, the wings of the pale grey feather of 
 the mallard. 
 
 5. There is alio a yellow dun; the dub- 
 bing of camel's hair, and yellow camlet, 
 and wool mixt, and a white grey wing. 
 
 6. There is alfo this month another little 
 brown, befides that mentioned before, 
 made with a very flender body, tlie dubbing 
 of dark brown and violet camlet mixt, and 
 a grey wing ; which though the direction 
 for making be near the other, is yet another 
 fly, and will take when the other will not, 
 efpecially in a bright day and clear water. 
 
 7. About the 20th of tliis month comes 
 
 in 
 
ARC 
 
 in a fly, called the horfe-flefh flyj the dub- 
 bing of which is a blue mohair, with pink- 
 coloured and red , tammy mixt, a light co- 
 loured wing, and a dark brown head. This 
 fly is taken beft in the evening ; and kills 
 from two hours before fun-fet till twilight, 
 and is taken the month through. 
 
 AQUATIC, that lives, breeds, or grows, 
 in or about the water ; as aquatic animals, 
 plants, ^c. 
 
 ARABIAN HORSE. Gentlemen and 
 merchants who have travelled thofe parts, 
 report, that the right Arabian horfes are 
 valued at an incredible and intolerable 
 price ; being valued at 500, and as others 
 fay, at i, 2, and 3000/. an horfe. That 
 the Arabs are as careful of keeping the ge- 
 nealogies of their horfes, as princes in 
 keeping their pedigrees : that they keep 
 them with medals ; and that each fon's por- 
 tion is ufually two fuits of arms, and one 
 of their horfes. 
 
 The Arabs boafl:, that they will ride four- 
 fcore miles without drawing bit; but this 
 has been performed by fome of our Englijh 
 horfes : and much more was done by a 
 highwayman's horfe, who having committed 
 a robbery, on the fame day rode from 
 London to I'ork, being 150 miles. 
 
 Notwithfi:anding their great value, and 
 the difficulty of bringing them from Scan- 
 daroon to Englatid by fea, yet by the care, 
 and at the charge of fome breeders in the 
 north of England, the Arabian horfe has 
 been no ftranger to thofe parts ; and per- 
 haps at this day fome of the race may be 
 feen there, if not the true Arabian fliallion. 
 See Stallion. 
 
 ARCHED LEGS ; a horfe is faid to have 
 arched legs when his knees are bended arch- 
 wife. 
 
 This exprefTion relates to fore-quarters, 
 and the infirmity here fignified, happens to 
 fuch horfes as have their legs Ipoiled with 
 travelling. 
 
 The horfes called BraflTicourts, have like- 
 wife their knees bended arch-wife ; but this 
 deformity is natural to them. 
 
 ARM OF A Horse. S^e Fore Thigh. 
 
 ATT 
 
 To ARM. A horfe is faid to arm him- 
 felf when he prefles down his head, as if he 
 would check, and bends his neck fo as to 
 reft the brandies of his bridle upon his coun- 
 ter, in order to difobey the bitt mouth, 
 and guard his bars and his mouth, which 
 are relieved by over-bending his neck. 
 
 Since your horfe arms himfelf, give him 
 a knee'd branch that will raife him, and 
 make him carry his head well. See, to 
 
 CARRY LOW. 
 
 ARM WITH THE LIPS. 
 
 A horfe is faid to arm himfelf with the 
 lips, v/hen he covers his bars with his lips, 
 and makes theprcflure of the bitt too deaf and 
 firni ; this is commonly done by thick-lip- 
 ped horfes. You muft order your bitt-ma- 
 ker to forge you a bitt-mouth, with a can- 
 non, or fcratch-mouth, that is broader near 
 the bankets than at the place of it's preflfure, 
 or reft upon the bars ; and this will hinder 
 your horfe from arming himfelf with his 
 lips. 
 
 Sometimes we fay, the lips arm the bar ; 
 i. e. cover, or fcreen it. See Disarm. 
 
 ARMAN, a confeftion of wonderful ef- 
 ficacy to prevent a total lofs of appetite in 
 horfes. See Drench. 
 
 ARRESTS, are mangy humours upon 
 the finews of the hinder legs of a horfe, be- 
 tween the ham and the paftern. They fel- 
 dom appear upon the fliank finew. 
 
 Their names are taken from their likenefs 
 to the arrefts or the fmall bones of a fifh. 
 •S"^^ Rat-tail. 
 
 ARZEL, a horfe is faid to be arzel, that 
 has a white mark upon his far foot behind. 
 
 Your fuperftitious cavaliers perfuade 
 themfelves, that by an unavoidable fatality, 
 fuch horfes are unfortunate in battle : and 
 fuch is the ftrength of this prejudice that 
 they do not care to ufe them. 
 
 ASSART, an offence committed in a fo- 
 reft, by plucking up thofe woods by the 
 roots that are thiclcets or coverts to the fo- 
 reft. 
 
 Court OF- ATTACHMENTS, a court 
 belonging to the ioiefc, wherein the officers 
 do nothing' but receive the attachments of 
 
 the 
 
ATT 
 
 t1\e forefters, and inroll them In the v^r- 
 durer's rolls, that they may be in readinefs 
 againll the time that the court of Swain- 
 Diote is kept ; for that this court cannot de- 
 termine any offence or trefpafs, if the value 
 thereof be above four-pence ; for all above 
 that value muft be inroli'd in the verderer's 
 rolls, and fent from thence to the court of 
 Szc-aiimote, to be tried there according to 
 the l*ws of the foreft. 
 
 For notwithftanding the greateft part of 
 all the preientments do firft begin in this 
 court, yet this court cannot proceed farther 
 therein: neither is a prefentment in this 
 court any conviftion againft the offender 
 in thofe offences, becaufe he may traverfe 
 the fame, until it hath paffed the court of 
 Swainmote ; to which, all trcfpaffes prefent- 
 ed at the court of attachments, muft necef- 
 farily come, before the offenders can be 
 puniffied, or ftand convicfled, as guilty in 
 law of their offences. 
 
 ATTAINT, is a blow, or wound, re- 
 ceived by a horfe in his inner feet, from 
 another horfe that follows him too clofe ; or 
 from an over-reach in frofty weather, when 
 a horfe being rough ffiod, or having flioes 
 with long calkers, ftrikes his hinder feet 
 
 This word is 
 to lignity a blow that the 
 horfe's foot receives from the fore, or hind- 
 er, oppofite foot ; or a blow given by one 
 of the hinder feet ftriking againft the cronet 
 of the fore foot. Hence they fay. 
 
 Your horfe could not have given himfelf 
 a ruder attaint : for I find with the probe, 
 that it penetrates between the hoof and the 
 cofBn bone, which give reafon to lufpeft 
 that the tendon is affefted, and that the at- 
 taint reaches to the cronet. 
 
 Upper attaint, is a violent blow given 
 with the two hind feet, upon the finew of 
 the fore legs. 
 
 ATTIRE OF A Deer. Of a ftag, if per- 
 feft, is called the burr: the pearls, (the little 
 knobs on it) the beam ; the gutters, the 
 antler ; the fur-antler royal, fur-royal j and 
 all at top the croches. 
 
 Of a Buck ; the burr, the beam ; the 
 brow-antler, the fur-antler; the advancer, 
 palm, and fpcllers. 
 
 AUG 
 
 againft- his fore legs, or leg. 
 
 likewife ufed to fignify a blow that 
 
 If the CTfoches grow in the form of a man's 
 hand, it is then called, -a palmed head. 
 Heads, bearing not above three or four, the 
 croches being placed aloft, all of one height, 
 are called, crowned heads: heads having 
 doubling croches, are called forked heads; 
 becaufe the croches are planted on the top 
 of the beam, like forks. 
 
 If you are aflied what a ftag bears, you 
 are only to reckon croches he bears, and ne- 
 ver to exprefs an odd number: as, if he 
 hath four croches on his near horn, and five 
 on his far; you muft fay, he bears ten, a 
 falfe right on his near horn, (for all that the 
 beam bears are called rights :) but if four 
 on the near horn, you may fay he bears 
 twelve, a double falfe right on the near 
 horn: for you muft not only make the 
 number even, but alfo the horns even with 
 that diftinftion. 
 
 AVANCERS, the fame as Advancers. 
 
 AUBIN is a broken going, or pace, of 
 a horfe between an amble and a gallop ; 
 v/hich is not efteem.ed. 
 
 AVERTI, a French word ufed in the 
 manage, as applied to the pace or motion 
 of a horfe : fignifying a motion that is in- 
 joined, regulated, and required in the 
 leflbns. 
 
 Pas ecoute, and Pas d'ecole, (i. e. liften- 
 ing paces, or fchool paces) fignify the 
 fame thing 
 
 AUGUST, the flies of this month are the 
 fame as ufed in July ; which fee. 
 
 1. Then another art-fly, the dubbing of 
 the black brown hair of a cow, fome red 
 warpt in for the tag of his tail, and a dark 
 wing : a killing fly. 
 
 2. Next, a fly called the fern-fly; the 
 dubbing, of the fur of a hare's neck ; and 
 that is of the colour of fern, or brackin ; 
 with a darkifla grey wing of a mallard's 
 feather. A killer too. 
 
 3. Befides thefe, there is a white hackle; 
 the body of white mohair, and wrapped 
 about with a white hackle feather ; and this 
 is affuredly taken for thiftle-down. 
 
 4. We have alfo this month a hairy long- 
 legs ; the body made of bear's dun, and 
 blue wool, mixt, and a brown hackle fea- 
 
 ' ther over all, 5. And 
 
B A C 
 
 5.. And laftlyj in this month, -all the 
 •browns and duns are taken that wexe taken 
 in May. 
 
 AA'^IARY, a place {^t apart for feeding 
 and propagating birds, ft fhould be fo 
 large as to give the birds fome freedom of 
 flight, and turfed to avoid the appearance 
 of foulnefs on the floor. 
 
 AYRY, or AERY, a neft or company 
 of hawks or eagles, fo called from the old 
 French word aire. See Hawk. 
 
 BABBLING, is faid of hounds which are 
 too bufy after they have found a good 
 fcent.. 
 
 BACK. To back a horfe, or mount a 
 horfe, adoSf is to mount him bare-backed, 
 or without a faddle. A weak-backed horfe 
 is apt to ftumble : fuch a horfe defends 
 himfelf with his back, is when he leaps and 
 plays with his fillets, and doubles his reins 
 to incommode his rider. 
 
 BACKING A Colt, after he has been 
 exercifed fome time morning and evening, 
 .and you find him obedient, as direfted un- 
 der the head of colt ; and when jom have 
 made him trot a good pace about in your 
 hand, fee whether your tackling be firm and 
 good, and every thing in it's true and pro- 
 per place ; when having one to ftay his 
 head, and govern the chafing rein, you may 
 take his back, yet not fuddenly but by- de- 
 grees, with divers heavings and half-rifings, 
 which if he endure patiently, then fettle 
 yourfelf; but if heftirink and diflike it, then 
 forbear to mount, and chafe him about 
 again, and then offer to mount, and do this 
 till he be willing to receive you. 
 
 After you are fettled, receive your ftir- 
 rups, and cherilh him, put your toes for- 
 ward, let him that ftays his head lead him 
 forwards half a dozen paces, then cherifh 
 him again, fhake and move yourfelf on the 
 faddle, then let the ftayer of his head, re- 
 move his hand a little from the cavefon,, as 
 you thruft your toes forwards, let him move 
 iiim forward with his rein, till you have 
 made him apprehend your own motion of 
 the body, and foot, which muft go equally 
 together, and with fpirit^ alfo that he will 
 
 B A C 
 
 go forward without the other's afTiftance, 
 and ftay upon the reftraint of your own 
 hands ; then cherifla him, and give grafs, 
 and bread to eat, alight from his back, 
 mount and unmount twice, or thrice to- 
 gether? ever mixing them with cherifhings, 
 thus exercife him, till he be made perfed: in 
 going forwards, and ftanding ftill at plea- 
 fure ; this being done, the long rein may 
 be laid afide, and the band about the neck, 
 and only ufe the trenches and cavefon with 
 tlie martingal, and let the groom lead the 
 way before, or another horfe going only 
 ftrait forwards, and make him ftand ftill 
 when you pleafe, which will foon be effeft- 
 ed by trotting after another horfe, fometimes 
 equally with him, fometimes before, fo 
 that he fix upon no certainty but your own 
 pleafure, and be fure to have regard to the 
 well carriage of his neck and head, and as ■ 
 the martingal flackens, fo ftraighten it from, 
 time to tirhe. 
 
 BACK WORM, or filander; a difeafe 
 incident to hawks. 
 
 Thefe worms are about half a yard long, 
 trouble the birds very much, and in time 
 will kill them ; they lie warpt up in a thin 
 fl<in about the reins, and proceed from, 
 grofs and vifcous humours in the bowels, 
 occafioned through ill digeftion and want 
 of np.tural heat. 
 
 This diftemper is eafily difcerned by 
 thefe fymptoms, viz. by the hawks ftinking 
 breath, cafting her gorge, croaking in the 
 night, trembling, ruffling, and writhing 
 her tail ; by the muting, which is fmall and 
 unclean ; and alfo by keeping at a ftay in 
 a low Rate of health. 
 
 The back-worm is rarely quite killed, 
 but a careful falconer giving her cloves of 
 garlic, fteeped in wormwood once a month, 
 and once a fortnight, againft his putting her 
 into the mew, which will qualify the worm 5 
 without this earefhe will befuddenly fpoiled. 
 
 But to be more particular, there are three 
 ■ways of curing this diftemper. 
 
 Firft, take a preffure made of a lamb that 
 was fiinked, and make thereof two or three 
 pieces, which put into the gut of a dove or 
 the like fowl ; feed your hawk therewith at 
 
 fuch 
 
BAD 
 
 fuch times as flie ii^ empty, and keep her 
 falling above two hr^urs after. 
 
 Secondly, provide a glafs full of juice of 
 wormwood, when it is green, and in its 
 greateli ftrength, and put therein twenty or 
 thirty cloves of garlic, as many as the juice 
 will cover, being firft cleaned, peeled and 
 pierced through ; keep tlicm clofe ftopped, 
 and when you have ufe for any, give her one 
 at a time, for three or four days at night 
 for her fupper : roll up two or three bits of 
 meat in muftard-feed unbruifed, and let her 
 cat it i her calling at this fnould be plum- 
 age. 
 
 Thirdly, your hawk may be cured by 
 a fcouring of wafhed aloes hepatic, multard- 
 - feed, agaric, of each an equal quantity, 
 and you need not fear with thefe medicines 
 to deftroy them at any time ; and if flie 
 voids worms, take fine filings of iron, ftrew 
 them upon her meat for two or three days, 
 and it will cure her. 
 
 There is another fort of filander, which 
 lies in the gut orpannel, being long, fmall, 
 white, and red worms — for cure take aloes 
 hepatic, filings of iron, nutmeg, and as 
 much honey as will ferve to make them in- 
 to a pill, which give her in the morning as 
 foon as fhe has caft; and after fhe has muted 
 it clean away, then give her good hot meat. 
 See Worms. 
 
 BADGER, of this animal there are two 
 kinds ; the dog badger fo called, on ac- 
 count of refembling a dog in his feet ; and 
 a hog badger, as refembling a hog in his 
 cloven feet. 
 
 The latter are different from the former, 
 being whiter and larger, and having thick- 
 er heads and fnouts ; they do alfo differ in 
 their food, the one eating flelh and carrion 
 like a dog ; and the other roots and fruits 
 like a' hog : and thefe kinds of badgers, 
 where they have their earths ufe to caft their 
 fiants, or dung, in a fmall hole, and cover 
 it; whereas the dog badgers make their 
 fiants at a good diftance from their burrows, 
 which are deep with a variety of chambers, 
 holes, and angles. 
 
 The hog badger being fat and lazy, earths 
 in open, eafy and light grounds, whereas 
 
 BAD 
 
 the other fort frequent thickets, rocks, and 
 mountainous places, making their retreats 
 deeper and narrower. 
 
 A badger is known by feveral other 
 names, as a gray, a brock, a borefon, or a 
 baufon : the young ones are called pigs, 
 the male is called the boar, and the female 
 the fow. 
 
 The badger is naturally a very fleepy 
 creature, and feldom ftirs out but in the 
 night fcpfon to feek his prey; and, above all 
 other food, hog's flefh is moft grateful to 
 his palate ; infomuch, that if you take a 
 piece of pork, and trail it over the badger's 
 burrow, he will foon make his approach 
 out. 
 
 They live to a great age, and when their 
 fight fails them by reafon of old age, they 
 keep to their burrows, and receive their 
 food from ,the younger. 
 
 They are of a very chilly and cold nature, 
 
 and therefore will not go out when it fnows. 
 
 Their flefli is of afweet rankifh tafte, but is 
 
 eaten in many countries. 
 
 The beft feafon to take them is inSeptember. 
 
 They have very fharp and venemous 
 teeth ; their legs are longer on their right 
 fide than on their left, lb that when they 
 run, they chufe the fide of an hill, bank, 
 furrow or cart-rout. 
 
 The dog badger's ears, fnout, and throat 
 are yellowifii, and they are longer legged 
 than the hog badger: they accompany not 
 together, yet they both prey on all manner 
 of fowl, young pigs, rabbets, and the like 
 food ; doing great hurt in warrens. 
 
 They are ftout and hardy in defending 
 themfelves, and will endure fevere blows ; 
 yet their nofe and fnout is fo tender, that 
 a little blow thereon will kill them. 
 
 Although the badger and the fox are 
 much alike in feveral qualities, yet they of- 
 ten fight with one another, efpecially on the 
 account of food, fo that it is good fport to 
 fee the conteft between them. 
 
 The hunting and purfuing them however, 
 is much as one towaid; the conclufion : but 
 the badger runs to his earth or burrow, 
 much fooner than the fox, and being earth- 
 ed, makes good and defends liis caftlc much 
 
 longer ; 
 
BAD 
 
 longer ; and to fay the truth, the plcafure 
 of the chace does chiefly confift in the un- 
 kennelling and unearthing of them, which 
 requires {kill and labour. 
 
 You are to take notice, that although all 
 hounds, will eagerly purfue, and hunt both 
 the fox and the badger, yet there is not one 
 of them that will endure to feed on their 
 fiefh ; and there are Ibme dogs more pro- 
 per for this chafe than others ; thofe are 
 the terriers, fpoken of in fox-hunting, which 
 fee. 
 
 The labour and ingenuity of badgers in 
 making their burrows, is worth obferva- 
 tion. When they earth, after they have en- 
 tered a good depth for the clearing the earth 
 out, one lieth on his back and another layeth 
 earth on his belly ; and fo taking his hind- 
 er feet in his mouth, draweth him out of his 
 burrow: and he having unladen himfelfof 
 earth goeth to the fame work again, and 
 this they do till their chambers, or places 
 of retreat, are finiflaed. 
 
 Then they proceed to gather in their 
 furniture, that is the materials for their 
 couch, or lodging, as ftraw, leaves, mofs, 
 and the like, which with their feet and head 
 they wrap up fo clofe together, that they 
 will get to their burrows a pretty good bun- 
 dle. Some burrows have (even or eight 
 diliinft chambers. 
 
 Ofhiititing the BADGER. 
 
 In doing this, you muft feek the earths, 
 and burrows where he lies, and in a clear 
 moonlhine night go and Hop all the bur- 
 rows, except one or two, and therein place 
 fome facks, faftened with drawing firings, 
 which may fliut him in as foon as he Itrain- 
 eth the bag. 
 
 Some ufe no more than to fct a hoop in 
 the mouth of the fack, and fo put it into 
 the hole ; and as foon as the badger is in 
 the fack and ftraineth it, the fack llippeth 
 off the hoop and fecures him in it, where 
 he lies trembling till he is taken. 
 
 Thefe facks or bags being thus fet, caft 
 off the hounds, beating about all the woods, 
 coppices, hedges and tufts, round about. 
 
 BAD 
 
 for the compafs of a mile or two, and what 
 badgers arc abroad, being alarmed by the 
 hounds, will foon betake themfelves to 
 their burrows j and obferve that he who is 
 placed to watch the facks, muft ftand clofe 
 and upon a clear wind ; otherwife the badger 
 will difcover him, and will immediately fly 
 fome other v/ay into his burrow. 
 
 But if the hounds can encounter him be- 
 fore he can take his fanftuary, he will then 
 ftand at a bay like a boar, and make good 
 fport, vigoroufly biting and clawing the 
 dogs. The general manner of their fighting, 
 is lying on their backs, ufing both teeth and 
 nails, and by blowing up their fliins defend 
 themfelves againfl: all bites of the dogs, and 
 blows of the men upon their nofes, as afore- 
 faid. And for the better prefervation of 
 the dogs, it is good to put broad collars 
 about their necks made of greys fkins. 
 
 When the badger perceives the terriers t» 
 begin to yearn him in his burrow, he will 
 ftop the hole betwixt him and the terriers, 
 and if they fliill continue baying, he will 
 remove his couch into another chamber, or 
 part of the burrow, and fo from one to ano- 
 ther, barricading the way before them, as 
 he retreats, until he can go no further. 
 
 If you intend to dig the badger out of his 
 burrow, you mufl: be provided with the 
 fame tools as for digging out a fox ; and 
 befides you fliould have a pail of water to 
 refrefli the terriers, when they come out of 
 the earth to take breath and cool themfelves. 
 
 It will alfo be necefl"ary to put fome fmall 
 bells about the necks of your terriers, which 
 making a noife may caufe the badger, to 
 bolt out. 
 
 The tools ufed for the digging out of the 
 badger, being troublefome to be carried on 
 men's backs, may be brought in a cart. 
 _ In digging, you mufl: confider the fitua- 
 tion of the ground, by which you may judge 
 where the chief angles are ; for elfe, infl:ead 
 of advancing the work, you will hinder it. 
 
 In this order you may befiege them in 
 their holds, or cafl:les, and may" break their 
 platforms, parapets, cafemates, and work 
 to them with mines and countermines, un- 
 til you have overcome them. 
 
 E There 
 
B A I 
 
 There are advantages which accrue by 
 killing this animal. Their flefli, blood, 
 and greafe, though they are not good food, 
 yet are vcr)' ufeful for phyficians, and apo- 
 thecaries, for oils, ointments, falves, and 
 powders for fliortnefs of breath, the cough 
 of the lungs, for the flone, fprained fmews, 
 colt aches, &c. and the fliin being well 
 dreiTed, is very warm and good for antient 
 people, who are troubled with paralytic dif- 
 tempers. 
 
 BAG IN ANGLING. A line is faid to bag, 
 when one hair, (after it is tv«ifted) runs up 
 more than any ot the reft. 
 
 BAG IN FARRIERY, is when, in order to 
 retrieve a horfe's loft appetite they put an 
 ounce of afl'a-foetida, and as much powder 
 of favin, into a bag, to be tied to tlie bitt, 
 keeping him bridled for two hours, feveral 
 times a day : as foon as the bag is taken 
 off, he will fall to eating. The fame bag 
 will ferve a long time. 
 
 BAIT ; a thing prepared to take, or 
 bring fifhes to. Sep Alluring Fish. 
 
 There are three forts of baits for taking 
 fifh : the natural ones, and thofe generally 
 are living, as worms of all kinds, elpecially 
 the red maggots, bobs, frogs, grafshop- 
 pers, bees, beetles, dores, butterflies, 
 which are admirable for the chub, wafps, 
 hornets, fnails, frnall fifh, &c. 
 
 Next are the artificial baits, which are of 
 two forts : firft fuch as imitate the living 
 baits, efpecialiy flies for every month and 
 feafon of the year ; nay, almoft for every 
 fifh, fo great is the variety of them, that 
 frequent the meadows and rivers. 
 
 Thefe flies are made on the bodies of 
 your hooks, the bodies of your flies being 
 made of wool, and the wings of feveral 
 forts of feathers, coloured to the life, re- 
 femble thofe you counterfeit : and with 
 thefe draw your hook gently on the top of 
 the water, and generally againft the ftream, 
 and the fifli will bite at them with greedi- 
 ncfs. See Fly-Fishing. 
 
 The fecond fort of artificial baits, are 
 partes of feveral compofitions, of which 
 more in Article Paste : but for the pre- 
 fent, we are to obfervej concerning the Red, 
 
 BAT 
 
 or earth worm (for the taking of which> 
 confult ch::t aiLtcle) it is good for fmall fifh 
 all the year round, and fm.all filh are good 
 baits for pikes at all times : fheeps blood 
 and cheefe, are good bait in April; the 
 bobs, dried wafps,. bees, are for May ; 
 brown flies for June; maggots, hornets, 
 wafps, and bees, for July ; fnails in Auguji; 
 grafshoppers in Sepsmber ; corn, bramble 
 berries, and feeds, at the fall of the leaf; 
 your artificial paftes, are for May, June, 
 and July, and frogs for March. 
 
 Concerning all your artificial flies, the 
 great dun fly will do the latter end o( Fe- 
 bruary, if there be fair weather, for it is 
 a time the air is warm, and that the fifh be- 
 gin to partake of the fun's heat, fo that 
 in reafon, you may expert they will bite 
 freely. 
 
 The little dun fly is proper for March ; the- 
 flone, or May fly, for April ; the red and 
 yellow for May ; the black, dark, yellow 
 and moorifh fly for June ; the wafp, and 
 fliell, and the cloudy, or blackilh fl.y is for 
 Auguft ; but generally fifh more eagerly rife 
 at thefe flies at this feaibn, when moil forts 
 of flies rclbrt to the water fide. 
 
 The befl way to make thefe flies, is to 
 get the living ones of the feveral kinds, 
 thereby to imitate nature, both for fhape, 
 colour, or fize, for the nearer the better. 
 
 Thofe fifh which bite the molt freely at 
 flies are chubs, chevins, trouts, and fal- 
 mon. 
 
 To make the great dun flv ; let the body 
 be of black wool, and the wings of the dun 
 feather of a drake's tail. 
 
 The little dun fly has his body made of 
 dun wool, and his wing of the mail of a par- 
 tridge. Thefe are for March. 
 
 The body of the flone, or May fly, muft 
 be of black wool, but under his wings and 
 tail muft be of a pale yellow, with fome filk 
 of that colour, and his wings muft be of 
 drake's down. This fly is for April. 
 
 The red or ruddy fly, muft have his body 
 made of reddifli v/ool of the mail of a mal- 
 lard, and the red feathers of a capon's tail. 
 This fly is for May. 
 
 The yellow, or greenifh fly, mull: have 
 
 his 
 
B A I 
 
 his body made of black wool, with a yellow 
 lift on either fide, and the wings of a red 
 cock's mail. 
 
 The moorifh fly has his body made of 
 duflcifli wool, and the wings of the blackilh 
 mail of a drake. 
 
 The tawny fly muft be made of a tawny 
 wool, the wings made contrary one againft 
 the other, of the whitifli mail of a white 
 drake. Tliefe flies are for June. 
 
 The wafp fly is made of black wool, cap- 
 ped about with yellow filk, and the wings 
 of a buzzard's down, or of a drake's fea- 
 thers. This fly is for July. 
 
 The fhell fly, termed alfo the green fly, 
 has the body made ©f a greenifli wool, and 
 his wing of the herle of a peacock's tail. 
 This is alfo for July. 
 
 The cloudy dark fly muft be made after 
 a different manner, formed on a fmall piece 
 of cork, bound about with black wool and 
 black filk, and wings of the under mail of 
 a mallard, with a black head. 
 
 When you draw it on your hook, be fure 
 ■do it fo that no part of the hook be difcern- 
 ed. This fly is for y'lugufi. 
 
 The rougher the bodies of the flies are, 
 and the more Ihining, the better they are 
 efteemed j and when you have got a fet of 
 good flies, they will ferve you many years, 
 if kept carefully. 
 
 Take this for a rule, that the brightefl: 
 flies are for cloudy and dark weather, and 
 ■the dark flies, are for bright and clear 
 weather. 
 
 It may not be proper to lay down fome 
 direftions here, for artiflcial fly flfliing. 
 •Firft, obferve to have the wind in your 
 back, and in cafting ofi-' your line, be fure 
 the fly fall firfl: to the water. 
 
 For every fort of fly have feveral of the 
 fame, differing in colour, to fuit with the 
 feveral waters and weathers. 
 
 In flow rivers, or ftill places, cafe your 
 line as far as you can, and let it fink a little, 
 •then gently draw it back, and let the fly 
 float leifurely with the current : your line 
 fliould be as long again as your rod, unlefs 
 ■the river be very Ihaliow and clogged up. 
 
 You muft have a nimble hand, and quick 
 
 B A I 
 
 eye, to llrike prefently upon the rifing of 
 the fifh, otherwife the fifn will be apt to 
 throw out the hook, finding his miltake. 
 
 As to what concerns live baits, remember 
 they are to be kept each fort by themfelves, 
 and to be fed with fuch things as they are 
 wont to eat when at liberty. 
 
 The red worm takes much delight in 
 black fat earth ; if you mix fome fennel 
 chopt fmall with it, they will improve very 
 much. 
 
 Give them fometimes a little ox or cow 
 dung newly made ; you may keep them in 
 fome box, or fmall bag. 
 
 But red worms, as alfo all other forts of 
 worms fcour quickly, grow very tough and 
 bright by putting them into a thin clout, 
 greafed with frefh butter, or greafe, before 
 you put them into mofs, which is the befl: 
 to keep them in ; the mofs mufl: firfl: be 
 wafhed clean, and the water fqucezed out : 
 and for the food you are to give them, drop 
 a fpoonful of cream into the mofs every 
 three or four days, and remove the mofs 
 every week, keeping it in a cocl place. 
 
 White great maggots are to be fed with 
 fheep's fuet and bealls liver cut finall. 
 
 Frogs and grafshoppers do well in wet 
 mofs and long grafs, which muft be moif- 
 tened every night; cut off their legs and 
 wings when you ufe them. 
 
 The bob, caddis-worm, cancer, and fuch 
 like, are to be preferved with the fame 
 things where you take them. 
 
 Live flies muft be ufed as you catch 
 them. 
 
 The v/afp, hornet, and humble-bee; may 
 be dryed in an oven, after the bread is 
 dravi'n, but have a care of fcorching themj 
 then dip their heads in fheep's blood, which 
 mult be dryed on, and fo keep them in a 
 clean box, and they will continue good for 
 a quarter of a year. 
 
 Laltiy, as for compound paftes, there are 
 feveral forts ; which fee under Article 
 Paste ; particularly away of boiling beans, 
 with which you may take great quantities of 
 fifh. 
 
 Take a new pot glazed on the infide, and 
 
 boil fome beans in it, fuppofe a quarter of 
 
 E 2 a peck. 
 
B A I 
 
 a peck, with river water; after you have 
 fteeped them for feven or eight hours in 
 fome water that was almoft warm, when 
 they are near half boiled, put in three or 
 four ounces of honey, according to the 
 quantity of the beans, and two or three 
 grains of muil^: ; let them then boil a little, 
 and ufe them in this manner ; 
 
 Seek out a clean place, where there are 
 no weeds, that the fifh may fee and take 
 the beans at the bottom of the water. The 
 place fliould be two or three hundred paces 
 from their holes ; according to the bignefs 
 thereof, throw in your beans at five or fix 
 in the morning and evening, for the fpace 
 of feven or eight days, to the end you may 
 draw the filh thither; and three days before 
 that on which you defign to fifh, bait them 
 with the beans before ordered, except that 
 before you take them off" the fire, you mix 
 with them fome of the beft aloes reduced 
 intorpcr\,¥4er, about the quantity of two 
 beans ; give it a boil and then take it off. 
 
 The fifli that eat it, w-ill void all they 
 have in their bodies, and for three days 
 after, will faft, and then will come to feek 
 for foodj in the place where they found the 
 bait, therefore you mull be ready at two or 
 three in the afternoon to fpread your nets ; 
 and when you have done fo, and throwTi in 
 eight or ten handfuls of beans, withdraw in 
 order to return thither again pretty late 
 in the evening for calling the net. See 
 Allure Fish to Bait, Angling and 
 Ledger Bait. 
 
 To BAIT, or BATE, (in Falconry) is 
 ■wlien a hawk flutters with her wings, either 
 from perch, or fifh, as if it were flriving to 
 get away. 
 
 BAITS for intoxicating foivl. 
 
 There are feveral artificial baits for in- 
 toxicating of fowl, without tainting or hurt- 
 ing their flefli, fome of which are compofcd 
 as followeth : 
 
 Take a peck, or lefler quantity, of wheat, 
 rye, barley, peas, or tares, to which put 
 tv/o or three handfuls of nux vomica, and 
 boil them in running water until they are 
 
 B A I 
 
 almofl ready to burfl, then take it off th? 
 fire, and when they are cold flrew them 
 upon the land, where you defign to take th« 
 fowl, and fuch as eat thereof will imme- 
 diately be intoxicated, and lie as if dead, 
 fo that you may take them up at pleafur-e, 
 provided you flay not too long, for the 
 dizzinefs will not laft long upon them, 
 therefore be near at hand. 
 
 As the greater fort of land fowl are thus 
 taken, fo may you take fmall birds, only 
 with this alteration, that inflead of whear, 
 peas, or the like grain, you ufe hemp-feed, 
 rape-feed, or canary-feed, but above all 
 muftard-feed. 
 
 If you approve not of nux vomica, you 
 may boil the faid grains or feeds in the lees 
 of wine (the ftronger th<; better) as you did 
 in the running water, and apply them to 
 ufe as aforefaid, and it will work the fame 
 efteft, being efteemed more wholfome, 
 having nothing of that poilbnous nature in 
 it ; but in an hour or two, the fumes will 
 be perfectly wrought off. 
 
 Inftead of boiling the faid grains or feeds 
 in the lees, you may fleep them therein ; 
 but then they will require a longer time be- 
 fore they are fufficiently fwoln and fit for 
 ufe. 
 
 Or inftead of nux vomica, or lees of 
 wine, you may infufe the faid grains, or 
 feeds, in the juice of hemlock, mix therein 
 the feeds of henbane and poppy, or either 
 of them. Thefe muft ftand two or three 
 days infufing, before they are fit to-ftrew on 
 the ground for ufe. 
 
 Having fliewed you how to take land 
 fowl, I fiiall give fome inftruftions for the 
 taking of water fowl, efpecially at fuch times 
 as they range up and down to leek their food 
 on land ; for effedting of which. 
 
 Take the feeds, leaves, and roots of the 
 herb called bellenge, and having cleanfed 
 them from all filth, put them into a veflcl 
 of clean running water, and let them lie 
 fteeping therein twenty-four hours atleaft; 
 then boil them in the faid water until it is 
 almoft confumed ; take it off the fire, let it 
 cool ; then fcatter it in fuch places where the 
 fowl have their haunts -, they will greedily 
 
 eat 
 
B A L 
 
 eat it, fo that they will become immediately 
 intoxicated, and lie in a trance as if dead; 
 but you muft watch them, for the fumes 
 will foon wear off. 
 
 Some add to this decoftion, the powder 
 of brimftone boiled therein, which is very 
 effefttial. 
 
 For deftrowing of crows, ravens, kites, 
 and fuch like mifchievous birds that are in- 
 jurious to warrens and parks for the killing 
 coneys and lambs, as alfo chickens : take 
 the garbage or entrails of any fowl, or for 
 want thereof, of a pig or rabbet ; this gar- 
 bage fteep in the lees of wine with nux 
 vomica, and when it is well infufed therein, 
 put in fuch places where thefe birds ufe to 
 refort, which muft be very early in the 
 morning, or in the evening ; and having a 
 place prepared to lie concealed in near at 
 hand, you may take thofe that are intoxica- 
 ted by the eating. 
 
 Or inftead of tlie garbage, you may take 
 little pieces of flefh, and thruft therein a 
 fmall piece of nux vomica, clofing the place 
 that it may not be difcerned, and fcatter 
 the faid pieces up and down where their 
 haunts are, and it will have the fame efTe6l. 
 
 Having fhewed how to take fowl and 
 birds by intoxicating baits, I will give you 
 a receipt hov/ to recover them, that they 
 may be made tame. 
 
 Take a fmall quantity of fallet oil, more 
 orlefs, according to the bignefs of the fowl 
 or bird, and drop it down it's throat ; then 
 chafe it's head with a little ftrong white- 
 wine vinegar, and it will foon be perfeftly 
 well. 
 
 BALOTADES, are the leaps of a horfe 
 between two pillars, or upon a ftraightline, 
 made v/ith juftnefs of time, with the aids of 
 the hands, and the calves of the legs ; and 
 that in fuch manner, that when his fore-feet 
 are in the air, he fliews nothing but die 
 fhoes of his hindep feet without yerking 
 out. 
 
 Thus it is that the air, or manage, of 
 balotades differs from caprioles ; the horfe 
 yerks, or ftrikes out his hinder legs with all 
 his force, keeping them near and even. 
 Balotades differ likewife from croupades in 
 
 BAN 
 
 this, that in thvAformer the horfe fliews hi^ 
 flioes when he lifts, or raifes his croup, bu*^ 
 in croupades he draws his hinder feet under 
 him. 
 
 BALZANE. See Whitefoot. 
 
 BANDOG, a dog for the houfe, bull, 
 bear, ^c. which fhould be chofen with fuch 
 like properties and qualities, that he has a 
 large and very big body, well fet, a great 
 head, fharp fiery eyes, a wide black mouth, 
 flat jaws, with a fang on either fide, appear- 
 ing lion like faced : his teeth even on both 
 his jaws and fharp, a great breaft, big legs 
 and feet, fliort tail ; not too curfl nor too- 
 gentle of difpofition, nor lavifh of his bark- 
 ing, no gadder ; and laftly, that he hath a 
 good flirill voice for the terror of thieves. 
 See Dog. But for the choice of them when 
 young, fee Shepherd's Mastiff. 
 
 BANGLE EARS, an. imperfedion in a 
 horfe remedied in the following manner : 
 take his ears, and place them fo as you 
 would have them ftand, and then with two 
 little boards, three fingers broad, havino- 
 two long ftring-s knit to them, bind the ears 
 fo faft in the places where they ftand that 
 they cannot ftir; then behind the head at 
 the root of the ear, you will fee a great deal 
 of empty, wrinkled fkin, which you mufl 
 pull up with your finger and thuinb, and 
 clip away with a fliarp pair of fcillars clofe 
 by the head ; then with a needle and filk, 
 flitch the two outfides of the fkin together^ 
 and with green ointment heal up the fore j 
 which done, take away the fplints that hold 
 up the ears, and in a fhort time you will 
 find them keep the fame pofition you placed 
 them in. 
 
 BANQUET, is that fmall part of the 
 branch of the bridle that is under the eye, 
 which being rounded like a fmall rod, ga- 
 thers and joins the extremities of the bitt to 
 the branch, and that in fucli a maimer, that 
 the banquet is not feen, but covered by the 
 cap, or that part of the bitt that is next the 
 branch. 
 
 Banquet line, is an imaginary line, drawn 
 by the bitt makers along the banquet in 
 forging a bitt, and prolonged upwards and 
 downwards to adjuft the defigned force, or 
 
 weak- 
 
'W-eaknefs of the branch ii. '•It'der to mnke it 
 ftiff or eafy : for the branch will be hard 
 and ftrong, if the fevil hole is on. the out- 
 fide of the banquet line with refpeft to the 
 neck; and the branch -will be weak and 
 eafvi if the fevil hole is on the infide of the 
 line,' taking the centei- from the neck. See 
 Branch and Shoulder. 
 
 BAITING, is when a hawk flutters with 
 her wings, either from perch or fift, as if it 
 were ftriving to get away, 
 
 BANDS OF A Saddle-; are two pieces of 
 flat iron, and three fingers broad, nailed upon 
 the bows of the faddle, one on each fide, 
 contrived to hold the bows in the fituation 
 that makes the form of the faddle. 
 
 To put a bow in the band, is to nail down 
 the two ends of each band to each fide of 
 the bow. 
 
 Befides thefe two great bands, the fore 
 bow has a fmall one, called the wither- 
 band, and a crefcent to keep up the wither- 
 arch. 
 
 The hinder bow has likewife a fmall band 
 to ftrengthen it. 
 
 To BAR A Vein, or ftrike it. Is an ope- 
 ration performed by a farrier upon the veins 
 of a horfe's legs, and other parts of his 
 body, with intent to ftop the courfe, and 
 leiTen the quantity of tlie malignant hu- 
 mours that prevail there. 
 
 When horfes have got traverfe mules, or 
 kibed heah, and rat tails, or arrefts in the 
 hinder legs, the cure is to bar a vein. , 
 
 In order to bar a vein, the farrier opens 
 the flcin above it, and after difengaging it, 
 and tying it above and below, he ftrikes 
 between the two ligatures. 
 
 BARB. A horfe brought from Barb my : 
 fuch horfes are commonly of a flender light 
 fize, and very clean fliaped, and fmall legs. 
 
 The Spanijh and Englip horfe, are much 
 better bodied, and have larger legs than the 
 Barb. 
 
 The Barb is little inferior to the Arabian, 
 Spanijh, or "Turkifi horfe ; but he is ac- 
 counted by our modern breeders too flender 
 and ladylike to breed on, and therefore in 
 the north of England, at this inftant, they pre- 
 fer the Spanijh and Turkijh horfe before liim. 
 
 BAR 
 
 He is fo lazy and negligent in his walk, 
 tliat he will Humble on carpet ground. His 
 trot is like that of a cow, his gallop low, 
 and with much cafe to himfelf. But he is 
 for the moil part finewy and nervous, ex- 
 cellently winded, and good for a courfe, if 
 he be not over weighed. 
 
 The mountain barbs are accounted the 
 befl, becaufe they are the ftrongett and 
 largefi" : they belong to the Allarbes, who 
 value them themfeives, as much as they are 
 prized by any other nation, and therefore 
 they will not part with them to any perfons, 
 except to the Prince of the Band, who can 
 command them for his own ufe at any time, 
 and at his pleafure, 
 
 But as for the other more ordinary' forts, 
 they are to be met with pretty common in 
 the hands of feveral of our nobility and 
 gentry. 
 
 BARBARY FALCON, by fome called 
 the '■Tartaret Falcon, is a bird feldom found 
 in any country, and is called a paffenger, as 
 Vv'ell as a haggard. 
 
 It is Ibmewhat leflfer than the tercel- 
 gentle, and plumbed red under the wings, 
 Itrong armed, with long talons and ftretch- 
 ers. 
 
 The Barbary falcon is adventuroufly bold, 
 and you may fly her with the haggard all 
 May and June. They are hawks ver)' flack 
 in mewing at firfl ; but when once they be- 
 gin, they mew their feathers very fall. 
 
 They ai-e called Barbary falcons, becaufe 
 they make their paffage through that coun- 
 try, and Ttnns, where they are more fre- 
 quently taken than at any other place. 
 
 BARBED, implies beared like a fifli- 
 hook. 
 
 BARBEL, is fo called, on account of the 
 barb or beard, that is under his nofe or 
 chaps, and is a leather-mouthed-fifh ; and 
 though he feldom breaks his hold when 
 hooked ; yet if he proves to be a large one, 
 he often breaks both rod and line. The 
 male is efteemed much better than the 
 female. 
 
 They fwim together in great Ihoals, and 
 are at their worlt in April, at which time 
 they fpawn, but come foon in feafon : the 
 
 places 
 
B A R 
 
 places wHlther they chiefly refort, are fuch 
 as are weedy and gravelly rifing grounds, in 
 which this filh is laid to dig and rout with 
 his nofe, like a fwine. 
 
 In the fumnaer he frequents the ftrongeft, 
 fwifteft currents of the water, as deep 
 bridges, weirs, ^c. and is apt to fettle him- 
 felf amongft the piles, hollow places, and 
 mofs or weeds ; and will remain there un- 
 moveable, but in the winter he retires into 
 deep waters, and helps the female to make 
 a hole in the fands to hide her fpawn in, to 
 hinder its being devoured by other fifh, 
 This fifh is of good tafte and fliape, efpe- 
 cially his palate is curioufiy fhaped : it is 
 a very curious and cunning fifli, for if his 
 baits be not fweet, clean, well fcoured, and 
 kept in fweet mofs, he will not bite ; but 
 well ordered and curiouily kept he will bite 
 with great eagernefs. 
 
 The beft bait for him, is the fpawn of a 
 falmon, trout, or any other fifh ; and if you 
 would have good fport with him, bait the 
 places where you intend to fifli with it a 
 night or two before, or with large worms 
 cut in pieces, and the earlier in the morn- 
 ing, or the later in the evening that you 
 fifli, the better it will be. 
 
 Alfo the lob worm is a very good bait : 
 but you muft be fure to cover the hook all 
 over with the bait. 
 
 Green gentles are alfo a very good bait ; 
 and fo likewife are bits of tough cheefe laid 
 in fleep for twenty-four hours in clarified 
 honey ; with which if you bait the ground, 
 you can hardly mifs taking them if there be 
 any. 
 
 Your rod and line muft be both long and 
 ftrong, with a running plummet on the line, 
 and let a little bit of lead be placed a foot 
 or more above the hook, to keep the bullet 
 from falling on it j fo the worm will be at 
 the bottom where they always bite, and 
 when the fifh takes the bait, your plummet 
 will lie, and not choak him ; and by the 
 bending of the rod you may know when lie 
 bites, as alfo with your hand you will feel 
 him make a ftrong fnatch, then ftrike, and 
 you will rarely fail, if vou play him well 
 and leave him -, but in fhort, if you manage 
 
 BAR 
 
 him not dexteroufly he will break your 
 line. 
 
 The beft time of filhing, is about nine in 
 the morning, and the propereft time for it is 
 the latter end of May, June, July, and the 
 beginning of Aiiguft. 
 
 BARBLES, are knots of fuperfluous flefh, 
 that grow up the channels of a horfe's 
 mouth : that is the interval that feparates 
 the bars, and lies under the tongue. 
 
 Tho' it feems to be a meer trifle, thefe, 
 Iiowever, will hinder a horfe from drinking 
 as ufual ; and if he does not drink freely, 
 he eats the lefs, and languilhes from day to 
 day, perhaps, without any one's taking 
 notice of it. 
 
 BARKING, this fox-hunters call the 
 noife made by a fox in the time of clicket- 
 ting. 
 
 BARDELLE, is a faddle made in the 
 form of a great faddle, but only of cloth 
 ftufFed with ftraw, and tied tight down, 
 without either leather, wood, or iron ; they 
 are not ufed in F-rance, but in Italy, they 
 trot their colts with fuch faddles, and thofe 
 who ride them, are called Cavalcadours, or 
 Scozone. 
 
 BARNACLES, horfe twitchers, or 
 brakes ; thefe are things which farriers ufe 
 to put upon horfes nofes, when they will not 
 ftand quietly to be fhod, blooded, or drelTed 
 of any fore : fome call them pinchers, but 
 then they are fo termed to diftinguifh them 
 from the foregoing, fince thefe have handles, 
 whereas the others are bound to the nofe 
 with a lace or cord. Indeed there is a third 
 fort, though difrering very little from the 
 firft. This fort is held together at the top by 
 a ring inciofing the buttons, firft having the 
 top buttons held by an iron pin rivetted 
 through them, but the mcaneft fort of all, 
 is that v/hich we called roller barnacles, or 
 wood twitchers, being only two rollers of 
 wood bound together, with the horfe's nofe 
 between them, and for want of better, they 
 ferve inftead of iron branches. 
 
 BARS OF A Horses Mouth, are the 
 ridge, or higheft parts of that place of the 
 gum that never bears any teeth, and is fituated 
 between the grinders, and the tuihes, on 
 
 each 
 
, BAT 
 
 each fide of the mouth : fo that that part of I 
 the gum which lies under, and at the fide i 
 of the bars, retains the name of gum. 
 
 The bars are that part of the mouth upon 
 v,-hich the bitt ihould reft and have it's ap- 
 pui, for though a hngle cannon bears upon 
 the tongue, the bars are fo fenfible and 
 tender, that thej' feel the efFeft of it even 
 through the thicknefs of the tongue. 
 
 Thcfe bars.fliould be fliarp ridgeci, and 
 lean ; fince all the fubjeftion a horfe fuffers, 
 proceeds from thofe parts ; for if they have 
 not thefe-qualities, they will be very little, 
 or not at all fenfible, fo that the horfe can 
 never have a good mouth : for if they be 
 flat, round and infenfible, the bitt will not 
 work it's effeft, and confequently fuch a 
 horfe can be no better governed by the 
 bridle than if one took hold of his tail. 
 
 A horfe is faid to fall foul of the bar, 
 when in the ftable he entangles his legs 
 upon the partition bar, that is put to fepa- 
 rate two horfes, and keep them from fal- 
 ling upon one another. 
 
 Barbs and vigorous ticklifh horfes, are 
 apt to fail foul of the bar, and when they 
 do, they ftruggle and fling, and wound 
 themfelves in the hocks, and thighs, and 
 the legs, and are in danger of laming them- 
 felves, unlefs you fpeedily cut the cord that 
 keeps up the end of the bar, and fo fufi^er 
 that end to fall to the ground. 
 
 BAT FOWLING, is a night exercife, 
 and takes all forts of birds, both great and 
 fmall, that rooft not only on the ground, 
 but on fhrubs, budies, haw-thorn trees, 
 and the like places, and is therefore proper 
 for woody, rough and bufliy places. 
 
 The depth of winter, is the beft feafon 
 for this fport, and the darker the night, 
 and the colder the weather, fo much the 
 better. 
 
 As to the manner of bat-fowling, it may 
 be performed either with nets, or without, 
 jufl: as you pleafe. 
 
 If it be without nets, and fuppofing the 
 company to be twelve or fifteen, one third 
 part of the number fliould carry poles, to 
 which iTnould be bound at the top little bun- 
 -dles of dry wifps of hay, or ftraw, (or inftead 
 
 BAT 
 
 of them, pieces of links, or hurds dipt in 
 pitch, rofin, or the like that will blaze) 
 .mother third pan are to attend upon thofe 
 fires, with long poles, rough and bufliy at 
 t'le upper ends, to knock down the birds 
 t at fiy about the lights : and the other third 
 part muft have long poles to beat the bulhes, 
 and other places, to caufe the birds to fly 
 about the lights, which they will do, being 
 as it were amazed, and will not depart from 
 them, fo that they may be knocked down 
 very eafily ; and thus you may find good di- 
 verfion for dark nights. 
 
 One of the company Ihould alfo carry a 
 candle and lanthorn, that if all the lights 
 fhould happen to be extinguiflied, they may 
 be lighted again ; but you muft be fure to 
 obferve the greateft filence polTible, efpe- 
 cially till the lights are kindled. 
 
 BAT FOWLING WITH Nets is perform- 
 ed as follows ; let two or three perfons, carry 
 lanthorns and lighted candles, extended in 
 one hand (fuch as are ufed in Low Belling, 
 which fee) and in the other hand fmall nets, 
 fomething like a racket, but lefs, which 
 muft be fixed at the end of a long pole, to 
 beat down the birds as they fit at rooft ; 
 they being furprized at the great blazing 
 light will fet ftill till they are knocked 
 down. 
 
 A crofs-bow is very ufeful in this fport, 
 to fhoot them as they fit. 
 
 BATHING A FALCON, is when weaned 
 from her ramaged fooleries, being alfo hi- 
 red, rewarded, and thoroughly reclaimed, 
 ftie is offered fome water to bathe herfeif in, 
 in a bafon where flie may ftand up to her 
 thighs ; for doing this you muft chufe a 
 temperate clear day. When you have thus 
 hired the hawk, and rewarded her with 
 warm meat, carry her in the morning to 
 fome bank, and there hold her in the fun, 
 till flie has endued her gorge, taking off^ her 
 hood that fhe may prune and pick herfeif: 
 having fo done, hood her again, fet her 
 near the bafon and taking off" her hood ; let 
 her bathe again, as long as ilie pleafes ; 
 after fhe has done, take her up, let her pick 
 herfeif as before, and then feed her ; but 
 if ilie does not like to bathe herfeif in the 
 
 bafon. 
 
B E A 
 
 bafon, then fliew her ibmc fniall river or 
 brook for that purpofe. 
 
 By the ufe of thTs bathing, fhe will gain 
 fcrength and fliarp appetite, and fo grow 
 bold J but give her no wafhed meat on thole 
 days that fhe bathes. 
 
 BATTLE ROYAL, [in cock-fighting] 
 a fight between three, five, or feven cocks 
 all engaged together, fo that the cock which 
 ftands longeft gets the day. 
 
 BAWK IN Angling, is a knot in a hair 
 or link of a line, occafioned often by the 
 twilling of an eelj and if not rectified in 
 time the line will break in that place. 
 
 BAWREL, is a hawk, for largenefs and 
 fhape, fomewhat like a lannier, but hath 
 a longer body and tail ; flie is generally a 
 fait goer aforehead, and a good field hawk, 
 and in inclofures will kill a pheafant, but 
 being a long winded hawk is unfit for 
 coverts. 
 
 To BAY, to bark as a dog does ; among 
 huntfmen deer are faid to bay, when after 
 they have been hard run they turn head 
 againft the hounds. 
 
 BAY COLOUR. A bay horfe is what we 
 commonly call red, inclining to chefnut. 
 
 This colour varies feveral ways; it is 
 a dark bay, or a light bay, according as it 
 is more or lefs deep : and we have likewife 
 dapple bays. 
 
 All bay horfes have black manes, which 
 diftinguillies them from the forrel, that 
 have red or white manes. 
 
 BAYARD, a bay horfe. 
 
 BEAGLES, hunting dogs, of which 
 there are feveral forts, viz. the fouthern 
 beagle which is fomething lefs than the deep 
 mouthed hound, and fomething thicker 
 and fhorter. 
 
 The fleet northern, or cat beagle, which 
 is fmaller, and of a finer lliape than the 
 fouthern beagle, and is a hard runner. 
 
 Thcfe two beagles by croffing the ftrains, 
 breed an excellent fort, which are great 
 killers. 
 
 There is alfo a very fmall fort of beagles, 
 not bigger than a lady's lap dog, which 
 make pretty diverfion in hunting the co- 
 ney; and alio the fmall hare, if the weather 
 
 B E A 
 
 be dry; but by reafon of their fmallnefs' 
 this fort is not ferviceablc. 
 
 BEAK, the nib, or bill, of a bird in fal- 
 conry, the upper part of a hawk's bill that 
 is crooked. 
 
 BEAKING, [in cock-fighting] the fight- 
 ing of thofe birds with their bills, or hold- 
 ing with the bill, and ftriking with the heels. 
 
 BEAM, [in the head of a deer] is that 
 part which bears the antlers, royals, and 
 tops, and the little ftreaks therein called 
 cutters. 
 
 BEAM FEATHERS, are the long fea^ 
 thers of a hawk's wing. 
 
 Of the nature and -properties of a BEAR, 
 and after what manner hunted. 
 
 There are two forts of bears, a greater 
 and a lelTer ; the laft is more apt to climb 
 trees than the other. 
 
 Bears are bred in many countries ; in the 
 Helvetian Alpine region, they are fo ftrong 
 and courageous, that they can tear to pieces 
 both oxen and horfes, for which caufe the 
 inhabitants are lludioufly laborious in the 
 taking them. 
 
 A bear is of a mofl: venerous and luftful 
 difpofition, for day and night the females 
 with mofl: ardent inflaming defires, do pro- 
 voke the males to copulation, and for this 
 caufe at that time they are moft fierce and 
 angry. 
 
 The time of their copulation is in the be- 
 ginning of winter, and the manner of it is 
 like to a man's ; the male moveth himfelf 
 upon the belly of the female, which lieth 
 flat on her back, and they embrace one ano- 
 ther with their fore-feet ; they remain a very 
 long time in that aft. 
 
 They are naturally very cruel and mif- 
 chievous unto all tame beaflis, and very 
 fhrong in all parts of their body but their 
 head, where a fmall blow will kill them. 
 
 They go to mate in the begining of the 
 winter, fome fooner, fome later, accord- 
 ing to their reft and feeding ; and their heat 
 lafteth not more than fifteen days. 
 
 When the {lie-bear perceiveth herfelf 
 
 with whelp, fhe withdraws herfelf into fome 
 
 F cave J 
 
B E A 
 
 cave or hollow rock, and there remains till 
 flie brings forth her whelps. 
 
 When they enter into their den, they 
 convey themielves backward, that fo they 
 may put out their footftcps fVcm the fight 
 of the hunters. 
 
 The nature of all of them is to avoid cold, 
 and therefore in the winter time they hide 
 themfelves, chufing ratlier to fufter famine 
 than cold, lying for three or four months 
 together, and never fee the light ; where- 
 by, in a manner, their guts are clung to- 
 gether; and coming forth, are fo dazzled 
 by long darknefs, being in the light again, 
 that they llagger and reel too and fro : and 
 then by a fecret inftinft they remedy the 
 ftreightnefs of their guts, by eating an herb, 
 called Arum -, in Englifli Wake-robin, or 
 Calves-foot; by the acidity whereof their guts 
 are enlarged : and being recovered, they 
 remain more fierce and cruel than at other 
 times, while their young are with them. 
 
 They are whelped mod commonly in 
 March ; fometimes two, and not above five 
 in number : the moft part of them are dead 
 one whole day after they are whelped, but 
 the fhe bear fo licks them and warms them 
 with her breath, and hugs them in her bo- 
 fom, that fhe quickly revives them. 
 
 As foon as the dam perceiveth her cubs 
 to grow ftrong, Ilie fuckleth them no longer, 
 by reafon o^ their curftnefs ; as they will 
 bite her if they cannot get fuck enough. 
 
 After this flie preyeth abroad upon any 
 thing flie can meet with, which flie eats and 
 calls up to her young ones ; fo feeds them 
 till they can prey themfelves. They will 
 climb a tree for the fruit. 
 
 If they be hunted they will follow a man, 
 but not run at him unlefs they are wounded. 
 
 They are very fl:rong in their paws ; they 
 will fo hug a man, or dog, till they have 
 broke his back, or fqueezed the guts out of 
 his belly : with a fingle paw they will pull a 
 lufty dog to their tearing and devouring 
 mouth. 
 
 They bite fo very feverely, that they will 
 bite a man's head to the brains : as for an 
 arm or leg, they v/ill crufla it, as a dog does 
 a flender bone of mutton. 
 
 B E A 
 
 When they are hunted, they arc fo heavy 
 that they make no fpeed, and are always in 
 fight of tlie dogs : they ftand not at bay as 
 the boar, but fly wallowing ; but if the 
 hounds flick in, they will fight valiantly in 
 their own defence ; fometimes they will ftand 
 up ftraight on their hinder feet, which 
 you may talce as a fign of fear and cow- 
 ardice, for they fight flouteft and llrongefl: 
 on all four. 
 
 They have an excellent fcent, and v/ill 
 fmell farther than any other beaft, except a 
 boar. 
 
 They may be hunted with hounds, maf- 
 tifi^s, or grey-hounds ; and they are chafed 
 and killed with bows, boar-fpears, darts^ 
 and fwords : fo are they alfo taken in fnares, 
 caves, pits, and with other engines. 
 
 They naturally abide in great mountains ; 
 but when it fnows, or is hard weather, then 
 tliey defcend into vallies and forefts for 
 provifion. 
 
 They cafl: their lefi^es fometimes in round 
 croteys, and fometimes flat, like a bullock, 
 according to their feeding. 
 
 They go fometimes a gallop, and at other 
 times an amble ; but they go moft at eafe 
 when they wallow. 
 
 When they come from their feeding, 
 they beat commonly the high ways and 
 beaten paths, and wherefoever they go out 
 of the high ways, there you may be fure 
 they are gone to their dens : for they ufe 
 no doubling nor fubtilties. 
 
 They tumble and wallow in water and 
 mire, as fwine, and they feed like a dog : 
 fome fay their flefh is very' good food. 
 
 The beft way of finding the boar is with 
 a lean hound ; and yet he who is without 
 one, may trail after a bear as we do after a 
 buck or roe, and you may lodge and hunt 
 them as you do a buck. 
 
 For the more fpeedy execution, mingle 
 maftiff's among the hounds ; for they will 
 pinch the bear, and fo provoke her to 
 anger, until at laft they bring her to the 
 bay, or elfe drive her out of the plain into 
 the covert, not letting her be at reft till flie 
 fights in her own defence 
 
 BEARD 
 
 I 
 
<r->^ 
 
 B E A 
 
 BEARD IN Angling, is that part of the 
 hook which is a little above the point, and 
 projecting out, to hinder the fifh from flip- 
 ping off the hook. 
 
 BEARD, OR "UNDER BEARD, OR CHUCK 
 
 OF A HORSE, is that part underneath the 
 lower mandible on the outfide, and above 
 the chin, which bears the curb of the bridle. 
 It is alfo called the chuck. See Curb and 
 Genette. 
 
 BEARD OF A Horse, fliould neither be 
 too high raifed, nor too flat, fo that the 
 curb may reil in it's right place. 
 
 It fliould have but little flefli upon it, 
 and be almofl: nothing but flcin and bone, 
 without any kind of chops, hardnefs, or 
 fwelling. 
 
 High BEARING Cock, one larger than 
 the cock he fights with. 
 
 BEASTS OF THE Chace, are five, the 
 buck, the doe, the fox, the roe, and the 
 martin. 
 
 BEASTS OF the Forest, are the hart, 
 the hind, the hare, the boar, and the 
 wolf. 
 
 BEASTS and Fowls of the Warren, 
 are the hare, the coney, the pheafant, and 
 the partridge. 
 
 BEARING CLAWS : the foremoft toes 
 of a cock are fo called by cock-fighters, 
 which, if they be hurt or gravelled he 
 cannot fight. 
 
 To BEAT, [with hunters] a term ufed of 
 a fl:ag which runs firfl: one way and then 
 another, who is then faid to beat up and 
 down : alfo the noife made by conies in rut- 
 ting time, which is called beating, or 
 tapping 
 
 BEAT upon the Hand See Chack. 
 
 BEAT, to beat the duft or powder, is 
 faid of a horfe that at each time or motion, 
 does not take in ground or way enough 
 with his fore-legs. 
 
 A horfe beats the dufl: at terra a terra, 
 when he does not imbrace, or take in ground 
 enough with his flioulders, and m.akes all 
 his times and motions too fiiort, as if he 
 made them in one place. 
 
 He beats the duft at curvets, when he 
 does them too precipitately, and too low. 
 
 B E A 
 
 He beats upon a walk, when he v/alks too 
 fhort, and makes but little way, whether 
 in fliraight lines, rounds, or paflTagings. 
 
 BEAVER, this animal differs not much 
 from the otter, excepting his tail, being of 
 a colour fomewhat yellow, interfperfeci with 
 afli. There are great numbers of them in 
 Virginia, New-England, New-York, and 
 thofe parts : and the river Tivy in Wales, 
 was once famous for this animal. 
 
 They are an amphibious animal like the 
 otter, living both on land, and in water ; 
 both frefli and fait ; keeping in the laft in 
 the day, and on the firfl: in the night : but 
 without water they cannot live ; for they 
 participate much of the nature of fifi, wlii-'h 
 may be gathered from their tails and legs. 
 
 They are much about the bignefs of mun- 
 grel curs ; their fore-feet are lilce tliofe of 
 a dog, and their hinder like thofe of a 
 goofe, having a web to afllft them in fwim- 
 ming : they have a fliort head, a flat hairy 
 fnout, fmall round ears, very long teeth; 
 and the under teeth flianding out beyond 
 their lips, about the breadth of three 
 fingers, and the upper about that of half a 
 finger, being very broad, crooked, Ilrong, 
 and fliarp, fet deep in their mouths ; being 
 their only weapon to defend themfelves 
 againfl: other animals, and take fifli, as it 
 were, upon hooks ; and with thefe they will 
 foon cut afunder a tree as thick as a man's 
 thigh : the tail is without hair, and covered 
 over with a flcin like the fcales of a fifli, 
 about half a foot long, and fix fingers 
 broad. 
 
 BEAVER-HUNTING. 
 
 The common method of hunting them is 
 thus : their caves, or places of abode, be- 
 ing found, in which are fe%'"eral chambers, 
 or places of retreat, by the water-fide, built 
 one over another for them to afcend or de- 
 fcend, according as the water riles or falls; 
 and the building of them is admirable to 
 behold ; being made with fliicks, and plaif- 
 tered with dirt, very artificially, in form of 
 a bee-hive ; but for largenefs, as big as a 
 moderate fized oven. 
 
 F z Thefe 
 
BEL 
 
 Tliefe caves being found, you muft make 
 a breach therein, and put a little dog in it j 
 which when the beaver perceives, he in- 
 ftantly makes to the end of his cave, and 
 there defends himfclf with his teeth till all 
 his building is raz'd or demoliJlied, and he 
 is cxpofed to his enemies, who kill him 
 with proper inftruments. The dogs ufed for 
 killing them are fuch as for the otter. 
 
 The beaver cannot dive long underwater, 
 but muft put up his head for breath ; which 
 being feen by thofe that are hunting them, 
 they kill them with gun-lhot, or fpears, fuch 
 as are ufed for killing the otter. 
 
 They are taken for their fkins and cods, 
 which are of a high price : thofe fkins are 
 beft that are blackeft. 
 
 One who dwelt in Virzinia, 2;ives the fol- 
 
 > S' 
 
 Jowing account of them. That they dwell, 
 or inhabit, in low, moorifh, boggy places, 
 through which runs a rill of watery and 
 this rill, at fome convenient place, they 
 fiop, by making a dam crofs it ; and by this 
 dam (which is made artificially with earth 
 and fticks) they make their caves ; and to 
 which belong commonly two or three hun- 
 dred beavers, refembling as it were a town. 
 
 If this dam is at any time broken by any 
 to take them, or otherwife becomes decayed, 
 (the water being their chief refuge) they 
 immediately repair it. 
 
 And that by obfervation, they have a 
 chief, over them, who takes care thereof i 
 the reft are veiy obfervant to him when he 
 has aflembled them together, which he does 
 by flapping his tail in the water, and fo 
 making a noife. 
 
 BED and BEDDING in Angling, are 
 faid of hairs where they are twifted kindly, 
 fo that the link is equally round in every 
 part. Alfo the fubftance of the body of an 
 artificial fly. Eels are faid to bed, when 
 they get into the fands or mud in large 
 quantities. 
 
 BED OF Snakes ; a name hunters give to 
 a knot of young ones ; and a roe is faid to 
 bed, when fhe lodges in a particular place. 
 
 BELLING, 1 [with hunters] the noife 
 
 BELLOWING, 1 made by a hart in rut- 
 ting time. 
 
 HEW 
 
 BELLY ; a thiclc bellied, a well-bodieJ, 
 a well thick-flanked horfe ; that is, a horfe 
 that has large, long, and well made ribs ; 
 or fuch as are neither too narrow nor too 
 flat : thence they fay. 
 
 Such a horfe has no body, he is thin 
 flanked ; that is, his ribs are too narrow, or 
 fliort, and the flank turns up : which makes 
 his body look flanklefs, like a grey-hound. 
 
 A horfe of this nature is commonly called 
 m French, an ejlrac ; which generally fpeak- 
 ing, is a fine fort of tender horfes, not very 
 fit for travelling or fatigue, unlefs they feed 
 very heartily. 
 
 We rejeft all coach-horfes that are not 
 well bodied, all that are narrow or thin 
 gutted, and feem to have the hide or fkin of 
 their flanks ftitched upon their ribs : but a 
 hunter is not the worfe liked for being light 
 bellied : nay, on the contrary, he is pre- 
 ferred to a thicker flanked horfe, provided 
 he is well winded, of good mettle, light, 
 and a great eater. 
 
 BELLY-FRETTING, t is a grievous 
 
 BELLY-ACHE, j pain in the bel- 
 
 ly of an horfe, befides the cholic, proceed- 
 ing either from eating of green pulfe, 
 which grows on the ground, or raw, un- 
 dried peas, beans, or oats ; or elfe when 
 fharp, fretting humours, inflammations, or 
 abundance of grofs matter, is got between 
 the great gut and the panicle : the figns 
 of which pain, is much wallowing, great 
 groaning, &c. 
 
 The cure is to rake the horfe, by firft 
 anointing your hand with fallad oil, and 
 thrufting it into his fundament, and pulling 
 out as much dung as can be reached j and 
 afterwards to give him a glifter of water and 
 fait mixed together; and then give him to 
 drink the powder of wormwood and cen- 
 taury, brewed in a quart of malmfey. 
 
 BEVY, OF RoE-BucKs, [with Forefters] 
 a herd, or company of thofe beafts. 
 
 BEVY, OF Quails, [with Fowlers] is a 
 term ufed for a brood, or flock of young 
 quails. 
 
 BEWITS [in Falconry] pieces of leather, 
 to which a hawk's bells are fattened, and 
 buttoned to his legs. 
 
 BILLIT- 
 
B I R 
 
 BILLITTING, [among Hunters] the 
 ordure, or dung of a fox. 
 
 BINDING, [in Falcony] a term ufed in 
 tiring ; or when a hawk feizes his prey. 
 
 BIRD. Birds are either land-fowl, or 
 water-fowl. Thofe that are brought up in 
 cages, require that fome care fliould be 
 taken of them when they happen to he hurt, 
 or fall fick ; for which the following reme- 
 dies may be ufed, as there is occafion. 
 
 For thofe that are hurt, gently pull off 
 the feathers from the place, or you may cut 
 them ; and fpreading a villa magna plaifler 
 upon foft leather, apply it thereto.^ 
 
 To bring birds to an appetite, take 
 rhubarb, agaric, aloes, faffron, cinnamon, 
 anife, and fugar candy, of each a dram; 
 beat all thefe ingredients together, and re- 
 duce them into a powder ; and give them as 
 much of this powder as will lie upon a filver 
 penny, in a pellet, at night : and this will 
 make them call much. 
 
 To purge birds, and bring them to a fto- 
 mach, give them two pills of the old Ijguid 
 conferve of province rofes, of about the 
 bignefs of a fmall pea. 
 
 We proceed next to the ways how to take 
 birds that are at large : there is a way of 
 intoxicating, and catching them with your 
 hands j in order to which, take fome lees of 
 wine, and hemlock juice, and having tem- 
 pered them together, let fome wheat, for 
 the fpace of one night, be deeped therein -, 
 then throwing the fame into a place where 
 the birds refort to feed, when they have 
 eaten thereof, they will drop down. 
 
 There are various ways of taking birds ; 
 one of which is in the night, with a low- 
 bell, hand-net, and light ; a fport ufed in 
 plain, and champaign countries ; alfo in 
 ftubble fields, efpecially that of wheat, 
 from the middle of OSfober to the end of 
 March ; and that after this manner. 
 
 At night, when the air is mild, and the 
 moon does not fliine, take your low-bell, 
 which mufl be of a deep and hollow found, 
 of fuch a reafonable fize, that a man may 
 carry it conveniently with one hand ; and 
 which does toll juil as a fheep's while it 
 feeds : you mull alfo have a box^ much like 
 
 I 
 
 B I R 
 
 a large lanthorn, and about a foot and a half 
 fquare, big enough for two or three great 
 lights to be fet in it ; and let the box be 
 lined with tin, and one fide open, to caft 
 forth the light ; fix this box to your breafl 
 to carry before you, and the light will caft 
 a great diftance before you, very broad, 
 whereby you may fee any thing that is on 
 the ground, within the compafs of the 
 light, and confequently the birds that rooft 
 on the ground. 
 
 As for the taking them, have two men 
 with you, one on each fide ; but a little af- 
 ter you, to the end they may not be within 
 the refleftion of the light that the lanthorn 
 or box cafts forth ; and each of them muft 
 be provided with an hand-net of about 
 three or four foot fquare, which mufl be 
 fixt to a long fcick, to carry in their hands ;: 
 fo that when either of them fees any bird on 
 his fide, he muft lay his net over them, and 
 fo take them up, making as little noife as 
 pofTible ; and they muft not be over hafty 
 in running to take them up ; but let him 
 that carries the light and low-bell, be the 
 foremoft, for fear of raifing others, which, 
 their coming into the limits of light may 
 occafion ; for all is dark, except where the 
 light cafts its refleftion. 
 
 'TIs to be obferved, that the found of 
 the low-bcU caufes the birds to lie clofe, 
 and not dare to ftir, while you put your nets 
 over them ; and the light is fo terrible to. 
 them, that it amazes them : and for caution, 
 you muft ufe all imaginable filence, for fear 
 of raifing them. 
 
 If you would pra6life this fport by your- 
 felf, then carry the low-bell in one hand, as 
 before direfted, and in the other a hand- 
 net, about two foot broad, and tluee foot 
 long, with an handle to it ; which is to lay 
 upon them as you fpy them. Some like 
 this way better than the former. 
 
 If you take a companion, you may have 
 a towling-piece, to the end that if you efpy 
 a hare, the bLtter way is to flioot it: for it 
 is hazardous to take it with a net. 
 
 Some there are, who inftead of fixing the 
 light lo their breaft, as aforefaid, tie the 
 low-bell to their girdle, by a ftring whicli 
 
 hangs 
 
^ I R 
 
 iiangs to their knees, and their motion caii- 
 jes the bell to ilrike; and then they carry 
 the li;z;ht in their hand, extending the arm 
 before them; but tlie lanthorn, or box, 
 muil not be Co large as that which you fix 
 to your breaft. 
 
 Another way of taking fmall birds, is by 
 bat-fov.'ling, the fame being likewife a 
 niorht-exercife ; by which you may take all 
 forts of birds, both great and fmall, that 
 roofl not only on the gro\md, but on fhrubs, 
 bullies, hawthorn trees, and the like pla- 
 ces. 
 
 The depth of winter is the beft feafon for 
 this fport; and the darker the night, and 
 colder the weather, fo much the better. See 
 Bat-Fowling. 
 
 Some take great and fmall fowl by night, 
 in cliampaign countries, with a long tramel- 
 net, which is much like the net ufed for 
 the low-bell, both for fhape, bignefs, and 
 mefh ; for which fee Plate XVI. This net 
 is to be fpread upon the ground, and let the 
 nether or further end thereof, being plumbed 
 with fmall plummets of lead, lie clofe on 
 the ground ; and then bearing up the former 
 end by the ftrength of men, at the two 
 foremoft ends only, trail it along the 
 ground ; not fuffering that end which is 
 born up, to come near it, by at leall a 
 yard. 
 
 Then at each end of the net muft be car- 
 ried great blazing lights of fire, fuch as 
 have been fpoken on before ; and by the 
 lights men mufl, with long poles, raife 
 up the birds as they go, and as they rife 
 under the nets, to take them : and you may 
 in this manner go over a whole corn-field, 
 or other champaign ground, which will yield 
 both pleafure and profit. 
 
 There are, and may be, more ways 
 than one fur taking fmall birds, when the 
 ground is covered with fnow ; to inftance in 
 the following one; fee Plate II. Fig. 2. 
 pitch upon a place in your yard or garden, 
 from which you may fee the birds about 
 twenty or thirty paces from fome window 
 or door, from whence the birds cannot fee 
 you, to the end they may not be frightened : 
 dear this place of the fnow, to the breadth 
 
 B I R 
 
 of fix or feven foot, and of the fame length 
 fo as to form a fquare, as reprefented by the 
 lines, O, P, Qi^ R : place a wooden table, 
 or door, in the middle, as at A, to which 
 you muft have fattened before at the fides, 
 B, C, D, E, fome fmall pieces of pipe- 
 ftaves, about fix inches long, and an inch 
 broad : but before you nail them on, make 
 a hole, exceeding the thicknefs of the nail, 
 to the end it may eafily turn about each nail. 
 
 You are, under the four ends which are 
 not nailed, to place four pieces of tile, or 
 (late, to hinder them from penetrating into 
 the ground, as you may fee at F, and G, in 
 fuch a manner that the table may not be 
 fixed, but with the leaft jog f^ill down. 
 
 You muft make a fmall notch, or little 
 ftay, in the end of the table, at the place 
 marked H, in order to put into it the end 
 ftaff marked I, which ftiould be feven 
 inches long, and one broad, and the other 
 end ought to reft upon a piece of tile, or 
 flate ; fo that the door, or table hanging 
 thereon, would be ready to fall towards the 
 horfe, were it not for that piece of wood 
 which is boarded towards the middle, in order 
 to put in and faften the end of a fmall cord, 
 whofe other end is conveyed to the window 
 or door, M, N, defigned for this purpofe. 
 
 This done, put fome ftraw upon the ta- 
 ble to cover it, with fome corn underneath 
 it, and a little about it : now, fo foon as 
 the hungry little birds fee the earth free from 
 fnow, and covered with ftraw, they will fly 
 thither ; and when they have eat up the corn 
 about the table, they will alfo proceed to 
 feed upon that under it : yciu vnuft from 
 time to time peep through fome hole in the 
 door, or leave it little open, and when you 
 find the birds have got under the machine, 
 pull the cord M, which will draw out the 
 ftick I, and fo the table will fall upon the 
 birds, which you muft pix-fenciy fcize, and 
 fet your machine as before. 
 
 If the table does not fall readily enough, 
 but fo that the birds may have time to ef- 
 cape, and if it be not heavy enough of it- 
 felf, you m\ift lay earth, or fome fuch thing, 
 upon it, that may the leaft frighten the biitis 
 from coming near it. 
 
 Small 
 
B I R 
 
 Small birds may be taken in the night- 
 time, with nets and fieves : they retire in the 
 winter time into coppices, hedges, and 
 bufhes, by reafon of fevere cold and winds, 
 which incommode them. The net made ufe 
 of for this ptirpofe, is that which the French 
 call a carrelet, reprefented in Plate II. 
 Jig. 5. 
 
 Take two poles, A B C D, E F G H, let 
 them be ftrait, and light, ten or twelve foot 
 long ; to the end the net may be lifted up 
 high enough wherewith to take the birds : 
 tie the net to thefe two poles, beginning 
 with the two corners, at the two finall ends 
 A, E, tie the other two corners, C, G, as 
 far as you can toward the two thick ends of 
 the poles, D, H, fallen packthreads all along 
 at both the fides, or two or three places ; 
 to each as you fee marked by the capital 
 and fmall letters, a B, b C, F d. There muft 
 be three or four perfons employed, one to 
 carry the net, another to carry the light, and 
 a third a long pole. 
 
 As foon in the night as you have got to 
 the place whither you think the birds are 
 retired, and have found a good bufh, or kind 
 of thicket, the net muft be unfolded, and 
 pitched where it fhould be, and exactly to 
 the height of the bufh : and it muft be fo 
 ordered, that the net be placed between 
 the wind and the birds ; for it is the nature 
 of all birds to rooft with their breafts againft 
 the wind. The other perfon, with the 
 lighted torch, muft ftand behind the middle 
 of the net, and the third muft beat the 
 bufties on the other fide of the hedge, and 
 drive the birds towards the light : he muft 
 lay on ftoutly with his pole ; the birds 
 fuppofing it to be day will make towards the 
 light, and lb falling into the net, become a 
 prey to you : when you have taken them 
 out, you may pitch your net again. 
 
 In great timber woods, under which holly 
 bufhes grow, birds ufually rooft ; and there 
 much game is to be met with. 
 
 By this way, twenty or thirty dozen of 
 birds, have been taken in one night. 
 
 This fport is fo much the better when the 
 weather is cold and dark. 
 
 You may divert yourfelf from Sep-tember 
 
 B I R 
 
 to April, In taking all forts of birds in the 
 middle of a field j and make ufe of the fol- 
 lowing device. 
 
 Pitch upon a place in a piece of ground 
 early in the morning, remote from tall 
 trees and hedge ; where ftick in the ground 
 three or four branches of coppice wood, as 
 A,B,T, Plate II Jig. 6. five or fix foot 
 high; and fo intermingle the tops of them, 
 that they may keep clofe and firm like a 
 hedge : take two or three boughs of black- 
 thorn, as C,D, let them be as thick and 
 clofe as may be, and place them on the top- 
 of the coppice branches,^ where you muft 
 make them faft : provide yourfelf with 
 four or five dozen of fmall lime-twigs, 
 nine or ten inches long, and as flender as 
 can be got : glew them all along, within 
 two inches of the thick end, which muft 
 be cleft with a knife : place them near, and 
 upon the hedge, and let them be kept up 
 by placing the cleft end flightly upon the 
 point of the thorns, and let the middle be 
 borne up a little with fome other higher 
 thorn, fo that they may ftand floping, 
 without touching one another ; ranging 
 them all in fuch a manner, that a bird can- 
 not light upon the hedge without being en- 
 tangled. See Plate 11- Jig- 6. 
 
 You fhould always have a bird of the fame 
 fort you defign to catch, and bring him up 
 in a fmall cage that is light and portable : 
 thefe cages muft be placed upon fmall fork- 
 ed fticks, as F, G, ten inches from the 
 ground, ftuck on one fide the artificial 
 hedge, or bufii, at a fathom's diftance ; af- 
 ter which retire thirty paces towards S, 
 where you are to ftick two or three leaved 
 branches in the ground, which may lerve 
 for a lodge, or ftand, to hide yourfelf. 
 
 When you have taken three or four birds 
 of any fort, you muft make ufe of a device 
 reprefented by figure 4 : take a fmall ftick, 
 I, H, two foot long, and fix it quite up- 
 right in the ground, at the diftance of about 
 two fathoms from the tree ; faixen a fmall 
 pack-thread to the end I, which muft be 
 on a fi-nall forked ftick, LM, two ^ foot 
 high, and fix it in the ground, four fathoms 
 diftant from the other, IH : let the end of it 
 
 be 
 
B I )? 
 
 be conveyed to your Hand, then tic the 
 birds you have taken, by the legs, to that 
 p.\ck-thread, between the ftick IH, and the 
 forked one, LM: the letters N,0,P,Q^R, 
 reprefent them to you : the thread made ufe 
 of for this purpofe, mult be two foot long, 
 and fo ilack that the birds may Hand upon 
 tlie ground. This done retire to your ftand -, 
 and when you fee fome birds flv, pull your 
 pack-thread S, and the birds that are tied 
 will fly, by which means you may take a 
 great many birds; for thofe that hover in the 
 air perceiving the others fly, will imagine 
 ;they feed there, which willbring them down, 
 and they'll light upon the lime -twigs ; from 
 which you may take them without any dif- 
 ficulty. 
 
 As foon as the fmall birds have; done 
 with their nefts, which will be about the 
 end of July, you may take them in great 
 numbers, when they go to drink along ri- 
 vulets, about fprings, ditches, and pools, 
 in the fields and woods. See Pla/e II, 
 
 fig' 7- 
 
 Suppofe the place marked with the letter 
 
 A, fliould be the middle of a ditch, or 
 pool full of water, where birds come to 
 drink : make choice of a bank where the 
 fun comes but little, as at B ; remove every 
 thing that may obftruft the birds to come 
 eafily at the water; take feveral fmall lime- 
 twigs, a foot long, which you mufl: lime 
 over, to within two inches of the thickeft 
 end, which muft be fliarp-pointed, in or- 
 der to fix them in a row along the bank B, 
 in fuch a manner, that they may all lie 
 within two fingers breadth of the ground : 
 they muft not touch one another : when 
 you have enclofed this bank, cut fome 
 fmall boughs or herbs, all which place 
 round the water at the fides marked C,L,Y, 
 where the birds might drink, and this will 
 oblige them to throw themfelves where the 
 lime-twigs are, which they cannot difcern, 
 and leave no place uncovered round the 
 water, where the birds may drink, but that 
 at B : then retiring to your ftand to con- 
 ceal yourfelf, but fo as that you may fee all 
 your lime-twigs, and when any thing is 
 catched, haften to take it away and replace 
 
 B I R 
 
 the lime fticks, where there is occafion. 
 But as the birds which come to drink, con- 
 fidcr the place where they are to aliglit for it, 
 for they do it not at once, but reft upon 
 fome tall trees if there are any, or on the 
 top of bufhes, and after they have been there 
 fome time get to fome lower branches, and 
 a little after alight on the ground; in this 
 cafe you muft have three or four great 
 boughs like thofe reprefented at the fide Y, 
 which you are to pitch in the ground at the 
 beft place of accefs to the ditch, about a 
 fathom diftant from the water : take off" the 
 branches from the middle, to near the top, 
 and let the dift>ranched part be Hoping to- 
 ward the water, to the end you make notch- 
 es therein with a knife, at three fingers 
 diftance from each other, in order to put in 
 feveral fmall lime-twigs, as you fee lay the 
 cut, you muft lay them within two fingers 
 breadth of the branch, and fo difpofe them 
 in refpedl to one another, that no bird 
 which comes to alight thereon can efcape 
 being entangled : it is certain if you take 
 fix dozen of birds, as well on the boughs as 
 on the ground, you will catch two thirds 
 on the branches at Y. See PlateW. fig. 7. 
 
 The time for this fport, is from two in 
 the morning, till evening half an hour be- 
 fore fun-fet ; but the beft time is from , 
 about ten to eleven, and from two to three ; ' 
 and laftly an hour and half before fun-fet, 
 when they approach to the watering place in 
 flocks, becaufe the hour prefles them to re- 
 tire to rooft. 
 
 The beft feafon for this diverfion, is when 
 the weather is hotteft ; you muft not follow 
 it when it rains, nor even when the morn- 
 ing dew falls, becaufe the birds then fatis- 
 fy themfelves with the water they find on 
 the leaves of trees, neither will it be to 
 any purpofe to purfue the fport when the 
 water after great rains lies in fome place on 
 the ground : it muft firft dry up, or elfe you 
 will lofe your labour. 
 
 Large, as well as fmall birds, are taken 
 at fuch watering places. See Low-Bell, 
 and Pitfall. 
 
 BIRDLIME, ftufFprepared after difterent 
 ways i the common method is to peel a 
 
 good 
 
B I R 
 
 good quantity of holly bark about mid- 
 lumiTier, fill a vefTel with it, put fpring 
 water to it, boil it till the grey and white 
 barii arifefrom the green, which will require 
 twelve hours boilingj then take it off the 
 fire, drain the water well from it, feparate 
 the barks, lay the green bark on the ground 
 in fome cool cellar, covered with any green 
 rank weeds, fuch as dock-thiftles, hemlock, 
 &c. to a good thicknefs ; let it lie fo four- 
 teen days, by which time it will be a per- 
 fedt mucilage ; then pound it well in a ftone 
 mortar, till it becomes a tough pafte, and 
 that none of the bark be difcernible ; you 
 then wafh it well in fome running Itream, 
 as long as you perceive the leaft motes in 
 it : when put it into an earthen pot to fer- 
 ment, fcum it for four or five days, as often 
 as any thing rifes, and when no more comes 
 cliange it into a frelh earthen veffcl, and 
 preferve it for ufe in this manner. Take 
 what quantity you think fit, put it in an 
 earthen pipkin, add a third part of capons 
 or goofe greafe to it, well clarified, or oil 
 of walnuts, which is better, incorporate 
 them on a gentle fire, and ftir it continually 
 till it is cold, and thus it is finilhed. 
 
 To prevent froft : take a quarter of as 
 much oil of petroleum as you do goofe 
 greafe, and no cold will congeal it : the 
 Italians make their's of the berries of the 
 mifletoe-tree, heated after the fame manner, 
 and mix it with nut oil, an ounce to a pound 
 of lime, and taking it from the fire, add half 
 an ounce of turpentine, which qualifies it 
 alfo for the water. 
 
 Great quantities of bird-lime are brought 
 from Damafcus, fuppofed to be made of 
 febeftens, becaufc we fometimes find the 
 kernels ; but it is fubjeft to frofl, impatient 
 of wet, and will not laft above a year or 
 two good. There comes alfo of it into Eng- 
 land from Spain, which refills water, but is 
 of an ill fcent : it is faid the bark of our 
 lantona, or way-faring fhrubs, will make 
 as good birdlime as any. 
 
 How to ufe Birdlime. 
 
 When your lime is cold, take your rods, 
 and warm them a little over the fire ; then 
 take your lime, and wind it about the top 
 
 B I R 
 
 of your rod, then draw your rods afunder 
 one from another and clofe them ap^ain, 
 continually plying and working thern to- 
 gether, till by finearing one upon another, 
 you have equally beftov/ed on each rod a 
 fufficient proportion of lime. 
 
 If you lime any ftrings, do it when tlie 
 lime is very hot and at the thinneft, be- 
 fmearing the ftrings on all fides, by folding 
 them together, and unfolding thein again. 
 
 If you lime flraws, it mull be done like- 
 wife when the lime is very hot, doing a 
 great quantity together, as many as you 
 can well grafp in yourTiand, toffing and 
 working them before the fire till they are all 
 befmeared, every llraw having it's due pro- 
 portion of lime ; having fo done, put them 
 up in cafes of leather for ufe. 
 
 The beft way of making water Bird- 
 lime is the following : 
 
 Buy what quantity you think fit of the 
 ftrongeil birdlime you can procure, and 
 wafh it as long in clear fpring'water, till 
 you find it very pliable, and the hardnefs 
 thereof removed ; then beat out the water 
 extraordinarily well, till you cannot per- 
 ceive a drop to appear, then dry it well; 
 after this, put it into an earthen pot, and 
 mingle therewith capon's greafe unfalted, 
 as much as will make it run, when add there- 
 to two fpoonfuls of flrong vinegar, a fpoon- 
 ful of the beft fallad oil, and a fmall quan- 
 tity of Venice turpentine : this is the allow- 
 ance of thefe ingredients, which mufl: be 
 added to every pound of ftrong birdlime as 
 aforefaid. 
 
 Having thus mingled them, boil all gently 
 over a fmall fire, ftirringit continually ; then 
 take it from the fire, and let it cool ; when 
 at any time you have occafion to ufe it, 
 warm it, and anoint your twigs or Itraws, 
 or any other fmall things, and no water 
 will take away the ftrengch thereof. 
 
 This fort of lime is beft, efpecially for 
 fnipes and feldfares. 
 
 Of taking Jm all '?iWXi% which ufe hedges and 
 buJJjes, with lime-twigs. 
 
 The great lime bufti is beft for this ufe, 
 G which 
 
B I R 
 
 which you muft take after thfs manner: 
 cut down the main branch or bough of any 
 bufhy tree, whofc branch and twigs are 
 long, thick, fmooth, and ftraight, v/ith- 
 out either pricks or knots, of which the 
 willow or birch tree are the beft j when you 
 have pickt it and trimmed it from all fuper- 
 fluities, making the twigs neat and clean, 
 then take the beil birdlime, well mixed 
 and wrought together with goofe greafe, or 
 capons greafe, which being warmed, lime 
 tvery twig therewith within four fingers of 
 the bottom. 
 
 The body from whence the branches have 
 their rife mull be untouched with lime. 
 
 Be fure you do not daub your twigs 
 wnth too much lime, for that will give dif- 
 tafte to the birds, yet let none want it's pro- 
 portion, or have any part left bare which 
 ought to be touched : for as too much will 
 deter them from coming, fo too little will 
 not hold them when they are there. Hav- 
 ing fo done, place your bufh in fome quick- 
 fet or dead hedge near unto towns ends, 
 back yards, old houfes, or the like ; for 
 thefe are the refort of fmall birds in the 
 fpring time ; in the fummer and harveft, 
 in groves, bulhes, or white-thorn trees, 
 quickfet hedges near corn fields, fruit trees, 
 fiax and hemp lands ; and in the winter 
 about houfes, hovels, barns, ftacks, or 
 thofe places where ftand ricks of corn, or 
 fcattered chaff, &c. 
 
 As near as you can to any of thefe haunts 
 plant your lime bufla, and place yourfelf 
 alfo at a convenient diftance undifcovered, 
 imitating with your mouth feveral notes of 
 birds, which you muft learn by frequent 
 practice, walking the fields for that pur- 
 pofe very often, cbferving the variety of 
 feveral birds founds, efpecially fuch as they 
 call one another by. 
 
 Some have been fo expert herein, that 
 they could imitate the notes of twenty fe- 
 veral forts of birds at leaft, by which they 
 have caught ten birds to another's one that 
 v;^as ignorant therein. 
 
 If you cannot attain it by your induftry, 
 you muft buy a good bird-call, of which 
 there are feveral forts, and eafy to be made -, 
 
 B I R 
 
 fome of wood, fome of horn, fome of canf>. 
 and the like. 
 
 Having learnt firft how to ufe this call>, 
 you fiould fit and call the birds unto you, 
 and as any of them light on your bufh, 
 ftcp not out unto them till you fee them 
 fufficiently entangled ,-> neither is it requifite 
 to run for every fingle bird, but let them 
 alone till more come, for the fluttering is. 
 as good as a ftale to entice them. 
 
 This exercife you may ufe from fun- 
 rifing till ten o'clock in the morning, and 
 from one till almoft fun-fet. 
 
 You may take fmall birds only with 
 lime-twigs, without the bufh. 
 
 Some have taken two hundred or three 
 hundred fmall twigs about the bignefs of 
 rufhes, and about three inches long, and 
 have gone with them into a field where 
 there were hemp cocks : upon the tops of 
 half a fcore lying ail round together, they 
 have fcuck their twigs, and then have gone 
 and beat that field, or the next to it, where 
 they fav/ any birds, and commonly in 
 fuch fields there are infinite numbers of 
 linnets and green-birds, which are great 
 lovers of hempfeed. 
 
 And they flying in fuch vaft flocks, they 
 have caught at one fall of them upon the 
 cocks eight dozen at a time. 
 
 But to return there is another way of 
 taking birds, with lime-twigs, by placing 
 near them a ftale or two made of living 
 baits, placing them aloft that they may be 
 vifible to the birds thereabouts, who will 
 no fooner be perceived, but every bird will 
 come and gaze, wondering at the ftrangenefs 
 of the fight, and having no other conveni- 
 ent lighting place but where the lime-twigs 
 are you may take what numiber you like of 
 them. Bur the owl is a far better ftale than 
 the bat, being bigger and more eafily to be 
 perceived, befides he is never feen abroad, 
 but he is followed and perfecuted by all the 
 birds that are near. 
 
 If you have not a living bat or owl, their 
 fkins will ferve as well, ftuffed, and will 
 laft you twenty years ; there are fome have 
 ufed an owl cut in wood and naturally paint- 
 ed, with great fuccefs, 
 
 Another 
 
B 1 R 
 
 jinother method of taking nil manner of /mail 
 Birds with Birdlime. 
 
 In cold weather, that is in froft or fnow, 
 all forts of fmall birds gather together in 
 flocks, as larks, chaffinches, linnets, gold- 
 finches, yellow-hammers, buntings, fpar- 
 rov/s, &c. 
 
 All thefe, except the lark, perch on trees 
 or bufhes, as well as feed on the ground. 
 
 If they refort about your houfe, or adja- 
 cent fields, then ufe birdlime that is well 
 prepared and not too old ; which order after 
 the following manner. 
 
 Put the birdlime into an earthen difli, 
 adding to it fome frelh lard or capon's 
 greafe, putting one ounce of either, to a 
 quarter of a pound of birdlime, then fetting 
 it over the fire, melt it gently together -, 
 but you muft be fure not to let it boil, 
 which would take away the ftrength of the 
 birdlime and fpoil it. 
 
 It being thus prepared, and you being 
 furnifhed with a quantity of wheat ears ; 
 cut the draw about a foot long befides the 
 ears, and lime them for about fix inches 
 from the bottom of the ears to the middle 
 of the draw ; the lime being warmed that it 
 may run the thinner upon the ftraw, and 
 therefore be the lefs difcernable, and liable 
 to be fufpefted by the birds. 
 
 Then go into the field, carrying with you 
 a bag of chaff, and threflied ears, which 
 fcattcr around for the compafs of twenty 
 yards in width (this will be bed in a fnowy 
 feafon), then ftick up the limed fbraws v/ith 
 the ears leaning, or at the ends touching 
 the ground, when retire from the place, and 
 traverfe the grounds all round about ; and 
 by that means you difturb the birds in 
 their other haunts, and they will fly to the 
 place where the chaff, i^c. has been fcat- 
 tered, and the limed ftraws kt up, and 
 by pecking at the ears of corn, and finding 
 that they ftick upon them, they will ftraight- 
 way mount up from the earth, and in their 
 flight the bird-limed ftraws lying under 
 their wings will caufe them to fall, and not 
 being able to difengage themfelves from 
 the ftrawj may be taken with eale. You 
 
 BIT 
 
 muft not go and take them up, when you 
 fee five or fix entangled, for that may pre- 
 vent you from taking as many dozen at a 
 time. 
 
 If the birds that fall, where your limed 
 ftraws are, be larks, do nor go near them 
 till they rife of themfelves and fly in great 
 flocks; by this method fome have caught 
 five or fix dozen at a time. 
 
 Some of thei'e ftraws may be laid nearer 
 home, for taking finches, fparrows, yellow- 
 liammers, &c. which refort near to houfesj 
 and fi-equent barn-doors ; v/here they may 
 be ealily taken by the foregoing method. 
 
 Having performed this in the morning ; 
 take away all the limed ears, that fo the 
 birds may feed boldly, and not be difturb- 
 ed or frighted againft next morning, and 
 in the afternoon bait the fame place with 
 frefli chaff and ears of corn, and let them 
 reft till the next morning ; and then having 
 ftuck up frefli limed wheat ears, repeat 
 your morning birding recreation. 
 
 BISHOPING, a term amongft horfe- 
 courfers, which they ufe for thofe fophiftica- 
 tions they ufe to make an old horfe appear 
 young, and a bad one good, &c. 
 
 BITCH, if fhe grow not proud fo foon 
 as you would have her, flie may be made 
 fo, by taking two heads of garlic, half a 
 caftor's ftone, the juice of creffes, and 
 about twelve Spanifi flies or cantharides ; 
 all which boil together in a pipkin which 
 holds a pint, with fome mutton, and make 
 broth thereof; give her fome twice or thrice 
 and flie will infallibly grow proud : the fame 
 pottage given to a dog will make him de- 
 firous of copulation. 
 
 Again when flie is lined and with puppy, 
 you muft not let her hunt, for that will 
 make her caft her whelps, but let her 
 walk up and down the houfe and court un- 
 confined, and never lock her up in lier ken- 
 nel, for ftie is then impatient for food, and 
 therefore you muft make her fome broth 
 once a day. 
 
 If you will fpay your bitch, it muft- be 
 
 done before ever flie has a litter of whelps, 
 
 and in fpaying her, take not out all the 
 
 roots or ftrlngs of the veins, for in fo doing, 
 
 G 2 it 
 
B I T 
 
 k will much prejudice her reins, and hinder 
 her Iwifcneis ever after, whereas by leaving 
 Ibme behind it will iTwke her much ftronCTcr 
 and more hardy ; but whatever you do, 
 fpay her not wlien flie is proud, for that 
 will endanger her life, but it may be done 
 fifteen days after ; though the beft time of 
 all is v.hcn the whelps are fliaped within 
 her. 
 
 For the reft. See Dogs, and choofwg of 
 them. 
 
 BITT, OR HoRSE-BiTT, in general, fig- 
 nifies the whole m.achine of all the iron ap- 
 purtenances of a bridle ; as the bitt-mouth, 
 the branches, the curb, the levil-holes, the 
 tranchelil, and crofs the chains ; but it often 
 fignifies only the bitt-mouth in particular. 
 
 BITT-MOUTH, is a piece of iron 
 forged feveral ways, in order to be put into 
 a horfe's mouth, and to keep it in fubjeftion. 
 Of thefe bitt-mouths, fome are fingle 
 cannon mouths, fome are cannon mouths 
 with an upfet, or mounting liberty ; fome 
 fcatch mouths, fome mouths after the form 
 of a barge, fome with two long turning 
 olives, and feveral other forts ; all with dif- 
 ferent liberties for the tongue, or without 
 liberty. 
 
 But all bitt-mouths ought ftill to be pro- 
 portioned to the mouth of the horfe, .accor- 
 ding as it is more or lefs cloven and wide, 
 or more or lefs fenfible and tender ; accor- 
 ding as the tongue and the lips are higher or 
 flatter, and as the palate is more or lefs 
 flefhy : obferving with all, that if the horfe 
 be old, the palate will always have but lit- 
 tle flefh upon it. 
 
 A bitt-mouth all of a piece, without a 
 joint in the middle, is called by the French, 
 a bitt that prefles de rentier. See Bars, 
 
 BITTS : the iron which is put into a 
 horfe's mouth, is called a bitt, or bitt- 
 mouth ; in the middle whereof there is al- 
 ways an arched fpace, for the"" lodging of 
 the tongue ; which is called the liberty. 
 It is the opinion of the Duke of Ne-ivcafile, 
 that as little iron as poflible, fliould be put 
 into a horfe's mouth: and we feldom ufe 
 any other than fnaffles, cannon-mouths 
 jointed in the middle, carmon with a faft- 
 
 B I T 
 
 mouth, and cannon with a port-moutltj. 
 either round or jointed. 
 
 As for the bitts in ufe, belides the fnaffle, 
 or fmall watering-bitt, there is the cannon- 
 mouth jointed in the middle, which always 
 preferves a horfe's mouth whole and found; 
 and though the tongue fuftains the whole 
 effort of it, yet it is not fo fenfible as the 
 bars ; which are fo delicate, that they feel 
 it's prelTure through the tongue, and there- 
 by obey the leaft motion of the rider's hand. 
 The larger it is towards the ends fixed tO' 
 the branches, the gentler it will be. We 
 fliould make ufe of this mouth to a horfe as; 
 long as we can ; that is, if with a fimple 
 cannon-mouth we can draw from a horfe- 
 all the obedience he is capable of giving, 
 it will be in vain to give him another ; tlus- 
 being the very beft of all. 
 
 The cannon with a faft mouth is all of 
 one piece, and only kneed in the middle, 
 to give the tongue freedom : It is proper to. 
 fecure thofe mouths that chack or beat up- 
 on the hand : it will fix their mouths, be- 
 caufe it refts always in one place ; fo that 
 deadening the fanie, in a manner, thereby,, 
 the horfe lofes his apprehenfivenefs, and. 
 will foon relifli his bitt-mouth better than, 
 the laft ; which being jointed in the middle,, 
 refts unequally upon the bars : this how- 
 ever, becaufe not jointed in the middle, is. 
 more rude. The middle of this bitt fliould 
 be a little more forward, to give the more 
 play to the horfe's tongue; and the bitt 
 fliould reft rather on the gums, or outfides 
 of the bars, tlian upon their very ridges. 
 
 The fourth fort is called, the cannon- 
 mouth with the liberty ; after the form of a 
 pidgeon's neck. When a horfe's mouth is 
 too large, fo that the thicknefs thereof fup- 
 ports the mouth of the bitt, that it cannot 
 work it's effects on the bars, this liberty will 
 a little diiengage it, and fufter the mouth 
 of the bitt to come at, and reft upon, his 
 gums ; which vv^ill make him fo much the 
 lighter upon the hand. 
 
 The port-mouth, is a cannon, with an 
 upfet or mounting liberty ; proper for a 
 horfe with a good mouth, but a large tongue 
 working it's effects upon the lips and gums: 
 
 and 
 
B L A 
 
 and becaufe the tongue is difengaged, it 
 will fubjeft the horfe that hath high bars, 
 and in fome degree fenfible. This ufeful 
 bitt, if well made, will never hurt a horfe's 
 head. 
 
 The fcatch-mouth, with an upfet or 
 mounting liberty, is ruder than a cannon- 
 mouth, becaufe not fully fo round, but 
 more edged ; and preferable to them in one 
 refpeft; which is, that thofe parts of a 
 cannon-mouth to which the branches are 
 faftened, if not well riveted, are fubjeft to 
 flip ; but the ends of a fcatch-mouth can 
 never fail, becaufe of their being over- 
 lappeci ; and therefore much more fecure for 
 vicious and ill-natured horfes. 
 
 Mr. Pignatel's cannon-mouth with the 
 liberty, is proper for a horfe with a large 
 tongue and round bars, as being only fup- 
 ported a little by his lips. Care fhould be 
 had, never to work a horfe with one rein, 
 as long as he has one of thefe bitt-mouths. 
 The defcription Sir William Hope gives of 
 this bitt, is, that it has a gentle falling and 
 moving up and down ; and the liberty fo 
 low as not to hurt the horfe's mouth ; and 
 certainly the beft bitt for horfes that have 
 any thing of a big tongue. 
 
 Some are of opinion, that the beft way 
 to fit a horfe exaftly with a bitt, is to have a 
 great many bitts by them, and change till 
 they hit the right : but at firft, be lure to 
 let him have a gentle one ; and be rightly 
 lodged in his mouth, fo as not to frumple 
 his lips, or to reft upon his tufhes : then 
 let him be mounted, and pulled two or three 
 fteps back ; whereby you will know if his 
 head be firm, if he performs frankly, or 
 only obeys with reluiftancy ; that fo you may 
 give him another bitt, which may gain his 
 confent. If he inclines to carry low, you 
 are not to give a liberty for the tongue, 
 which will rife too high ; for that, by tick- 
 ling his palate, would bring his head down 
 between his legs. Note, that large curbs, 
 if they be round, are always moft gentle. 
 
 BLACK, MOOR, or coal-black, is the 
 colour of a horfe that is of a deep, ihining, 
 and lively black. Horfes entirely black, 
 are accounted dull, but thofe with a white 
 
 B L A 
 
 foot or white fpots in their forehead, are 
 more alert and fprightly. 
 
 BLACK-BIRD; this bird is known by 
 all perfons. 
 
 She makes her neft many times when the 
 woods are full of fnow, which happens very 
 often in the beginning of March; and 
 builds it upon the ftumps of trees, by 
 ditch-fides, or in a thick hedge ; being at 
 no certainty, like other birds : the out- 
 fide of her neft is made with dry grafs and 
 mofs, and little dry fticks and roats of trees ; 
 and fhe daubs all the infide with a kind of 
 clayey earth; fafliioning it fo round, and 
 forming it fo handfome and fmooth, that a 
 man cannot mend it. 
 
 They breed three or four times a yea]-, 
 according as they lofe their nefts ; for if 
 their nefts are taken away, they breed the 
 fooner : the young ones are brought up with 
 almoft any meat whatfoever. 
 
 This bird fings about three months in the 
 year, or four at moft, though his fong is 
 worth nothing; but if he be taught to 
 whiftle, he is of fome value, it being very 
 loud, though coarfe ; fo that he is fit for a 
 large place, not a cJiamber. 
 
 When black-birds, thrufhes, i£c. are taken 
 old and wild, and arc to be tamed, mix 
 fome of their kind among them, putting 
 them into cages of three or four yards 
 fquare, in which place divers troughs, filled, 
 fome with hawes, fome with hemp-feed, 
 and fome with water; fo that the tame 
 teaching the wild to eat, and the wild find- 
 ing fuch a change, and alteration of food, 
 it will, in twelve or fourteen days, make 
 tliem grow very fat, and fit for tiie ufe of 
 the kitchen. 
 
 Bladder Angling, is as much for di- 
 verlion as ufe. It is generally praclifed in 
 large ponds, with an ox's bladder, and a 
 bait fixed on an armed hook, or a fnap-hook. 
 The quick rifing of the bladder after it has 
 been pulled under water, never fails to ftrike 
 the fifli as effeduaily as a rod; and let him 
 ftruggle as much as he will the bladder al- 
 ways fecures him. See Angling. 
 
 BLAIN, a diftemper incident to beafts, 
 being a bladder growing on the root of the 
 
 tongue. 
 
B L E 
 
 tongue, againftthe windpipe, which fwclls 
 to iuch a pitch as to ftop the breath. It 
 comes by grer^r chafing and heating of the 
 ftomach, and is perceived by the beads 
 gaping and holding out his tongue, and 
 foamino- at the mouth. To cure it, caft the 
 beaft, take forth his tongue, and then flit- 
 ting the bladder, wafli it gently with vine- 
 gar and a little fait. 
 
 BLAZE. See Star and White-Face 
 
 BLAZES. It is a notion, that thofe horfes 
 that have white faces or blazes, if the 
 blazes be divided in the middle, crofsways, 
 is tlie mark of an odd difpofition. 
 
 BLEAK, and bleak-fishing: fome call 
 this a frefli water fprat, or river-fwallow, 
 becaufe of it's continual motion ; and others 
 will have this name to rife from the whitifh 
 colour, which is only under the belly. 
 
 It is an eager filh, caught with all forts 
 of worms bred on trees or plants j as alfo 
 with flies, parte, and ilieep's blood, i^c. 
 
 And they may be angled for with half 
 a fcore hooks at once, if they can be all 
 faftened on : he will alfo in the evening 
 take a natural, or artificial fly ; but if the 
 day be warm and clear, no bait fo good for 
 him as the fmall fly at top of the water : 
 which he'll take at any time of the day, 
 efpecially in the evening : and indeed there 
 are no fifli yield better fport to a young 
 angler than thefe ; for they are fo eager that 
 they will leap out of the water for a bait : 
 but if the day be cold and cloudy, gentles 
 and caddis are beft j about two foot under 
 water. 
 
 There is another way of tal<:ing bleak, 
 which is by whipping them in a boat, or 
 on a bank-fide, in frefli water, in a fum- 
 mer's evening, with a hazel top, about five 
 or fix foot long, and a line tv/ice the length 
 of the rod : but the beft method is with a 
 drabble; which is, tie eight or ten fmall 
 hooks a-crofs a line, two inches above one 
 another, the biggeft hook the lowermoft, 
 (whereby you may fometimes take a better 
 fifh) and bait them with gentles, flies, or 
 fome fmall red wormsj by which means you 
 may take half a dozen, or more at a time. 
 
 BLEMISH, a hunting term ; ufed when 
 
 "B L r 
 
 the hounds, or beagles, finditig where the 
 chace has been, make a profrer to enter, 
 but return. 
 
 BLEND-WATER, called alfo More- 
 hough, a diftemper incident to black cat- 
 tle, comes either from the blood, from the 
 yellows, or from the cliange of ground. In 
 order to cure it, take bole-armoniac, and 
 as much charcoal dufl: as v/ill fill an eofor- 
 fhell, a good quantity of the inner bark of 
 an oak, dried, and powdered, by pounding 
 the whole together, and give it to the beaft 
 in a quart of new milk, and a pint of earning. 
 
 BLEYNE or BLEYME, an inflamma- 
 tion arifing from bruifed blood between the 
 horfe's fole and the bone of the foot, to- 
 wards the heel : of thefe there are three forts, 
 the firft being bred in fpoiled wrinkled feet, 
 with narrow heels, are ufually feated in the 
 inward or weakeft quarter. In this cafe tlie 
 hoof muft be pared, and the matter let out; 
 then let oil de merveille be poured in, and 
 the hoof be charged with a remolade of 
 foot and turpentine. — The fecond fort, be- 
 fides the ufual fymptoms of the firft, infefts 
 the griftle, and muft be extirpated, as in 
 the cure of a quitter bone, giving the hoife 
 every day, moiftened bran, with two ounces 
 of liver of antimony, to divert the courfe of 
 the humours, and purify the blood. — The 
 third fort of bleymes, is occafioned by fmall 
 ftones and gravel between the flioe and the 
 fole. In this cafe the foot muft be pared, 
 and the matter, if any, let out : if there be 
 no matter then the bruii'ed fole muft be taken 
 out, but if there be matter the fore muft be 
 drefled like the prick of a nail. See Hoof • 
 Cast. 
 
 Moon BLIND, denotes horfes that lofe 
 their fight at certain tim.es of the moon's 
 age : to cure which, take half an ounce of 
 lapis calaminaris, heat it red hot, and 
 quench it in a quarter of a pint of plantain 
 wateror white-wine : to this add half a dram 
 of aloes, and a fpoonful of camphor, in 
 powder; and letting them diflblve, drop 
 part of it into the eyes of the horfe. 
 
 BLINDNESS in Horses, may be thus 
 difcerned : the walk, or ftep of a blind 
 horfe, is always uncertain and unequal : fo 
 
 thac 
 
B L O 
 
 that he cTares not fet down his feet boldly, 
 when led in one's hand : but if the fame 
 horfe be mounted by an expert horfeman, 
 and the horfe of himfelf be a horfe of metal, 
 then the fear of the fpurs will make him go 
 refolutely and freely, fo that his blindnefs 
 can hardly- be perceived. 
 
 Another mark by which you may know a 
 horfe that has loft his fight, is, that when 
 he hears any body enter the ftable, he will 
 prick up his ears, and move them backwards 
 and forwards : the reafon is, that a vigorous 
 horfe having loft his fight, miftrufts every 
 thing, and is continually in alarm at the leaft 
 noife he hears. 
 
 BLOCK, (in Falconry) is the perch upon 
 which they place the hawk. It ought to be 
 covered with cloth. 
 
 BLOOD-HOUND, is of all colours; but 
 for the generality of a black brown, and 
 reddifti in feveral places, efpecially upon the 
 breaft and cheeks : they have long, thin, 
 hanging down ears, and differ from other 
 dogs only in their cry and barking. 
 
 Being fet on by the voice or word of their 
 keeper, to feek about for game, and having 
 found it, they will never leave off" the pur- 
 fuit, until it be tired; nor will they change 
 it for any other frefti game that they meet 
 with ; and they are obferved to be very 
 obedient to their mafters. 
 
 Thefe hounds are of that property, that 
 they do not only keep to their game while 
 living, but it being by any accident wound- 
 ed, or killed, will find it out ; and that by 
 the fcent of the blood fprinkled here and 
 there upon the ground, which was ftied in 
 it's purfuit; by which means deer-ftealers 
 are often found out. 
 
 The blood-hound differs little or nothing 
 in quality from the Scottifh fluth-hound, ex- 
 cepting that they are of a larger fize, and 
 not always of one and the fame colour ; for 
 they are fometimes red, fanded, black, white, 
 fpotted, and of all colours with other 
 hounds ; but moft commonly either brown 
 or red. 
 
 They feldom bark, except in their chace ; 
 and r.re attentive to the voice of their leader. 
 
 Thoie that are white, are faid to be 
 
 B L O 
 
 quickeft fcented, and fureft nos'd, and there- 
 fore are beft for the hare ; the black ones 
 are beft for the boar, and the red for the 
 hart and roe. 
 
 Though this is the opinion of fome, yet 
 others differ from them, becaufe their colour 
 (efpecially the latter) is too like the game 
 they hunt; although there can be nothinp- 
 certain collefted from their colour; but in- 
 deed the black hound is the hardier, and 
 better able to endure the cold than the 
 white ones. 
 
 They muft be tied up till they hunt ; yet' 
 are to be let loofe now and then a little, to 
 cafe their bellies ; and their kennels mull be 
 kept fweet and dry. 
 
 There is fome difficulty in diftinguifhing 
 a hound of an excellent fcent; but fome are of" 
 opinion, that the fquare and flat nofe is the 
 beft fign of it : likewife a fmall head, hav- 
 ing all his legs of equal length, his breaft 
 not deeper than his belly, and his back plain 
 to his tail; his eyes quick, his ears hangino- 
 long, his tail nimble, and the beak of his 
 nofe always to the earth; and efpecially, 
 fuch as are moft filent, and bark leaft-. 
 
 You may now confider the various difpo- 
 fitions of hounds, in the finding out of their 
 beaft. 
 
 Some are of that nature, that when they 
 have found the game, they will ftand ftill 
 till the huntfman comes up ; to Avhom, in 
 filence, by their face, eye, and tail, they 
 ftiew the game : others, when they have 
 found the foot-fteps, go forward, without 
 any voice, or other fliew of ear or tail : 
 another fort, when they have found the foot- 
 ings of the beaft, prick up their ears a little, 
 and either bark or wag their tails ; and 
 others will wag their tails, and not move 
 their ears. 
 
 Again, there are fome that do none of 
 thefe; but wander up and down, barking 
 about the fureft marks, and confounding 
 their own foot-fteps with thofe of the beaft 
 they hunt : or elfe forfake the way, and fo 
 run back again to the firft head ; but wJien 
 they fee the hare, are afraid, not daring to 
 come near her, except fhe ftart firft. 
 
 Thefe, with others who hinder the cun- 
 ning 
 
B L O 
 
 ning labour of their colleagues, trufting to 
 their feet, and running before their betters, 
 deface the bell mark, or elfe hunt counter, 
 and take up with any falfe fcent inftead of 
 the true one ; or, never forfake the high- 
 ways, and yet have not learned to be filent. 
 
 Ta thefe alfo may be added, thofe whicli 
 cannot difcern the footing, or pricking of 
 the hare, yet v/ill run with fpeed when they 
 fee her ; purfuing her very hotly at the firft, 
 and afterwards tire, or hunt lazily. All 
 tliefe are not be admitted into a kennel of 
 hounds. 
 
 But on the contrary, thofe hounds which 
 are good, when they Lave found a hare, 
 make fhew thereof to the huntfman, by run- 
 ning more fpeedily; and './ith geilure of 
 head, ears, eyes, and tail, winding to the 
 form, or hare's mufc, never give over pro- 
 fecution with a good noife. They have good 
 hard feet, and ftately itomachs. 
 
 And whereas the nature of the hare is 
 fometimes to leap, and make headings ; 
 fometimes to tread foftly, with a very fmall 
 imprefiion in the earth ; or fometimes to lie 
 down, and ever to leap or jump out and 
 into her own form, the poor hound is fo 
 much the more bufied and troubled to retain 
 the fmall fcent of her pricking that fhe leaves 
 behind her ; in which cafe it is requifite that 
 you affifl the hound, not only with voice, 
 eye, and hand, but with a feafonable tune 
 alfo ; for in frofly weather the fcent freezes 
 with the earth, fo that there is no cer- 
 tainty of hunting till it thaAvs, or that the 
 fun rife. 
 
 In like manner, if a great deal of rain 
 fall between the ftarting of the hare and time 
 of hunting, it is not right to hunt till the 
 water be dried up ; for the drops difperfe the 
 fcent of the hare ; and dry v/eather colleft- 
 eth it again. 
 
 The fummer-time alfo is not fit for hunt- 
 ing, becaufe the heat of the weather con- 
 fumeth the fcent ; and the nights being then 
 but fhort the hare travelleth not far, feed- 
 ing only in the miorning and evening : be- 
 fides, the fragrancy of flowers and herbs 
 then growing, flattens and diminifhes the 
 fcent the hounds are guided by. 
 
 B L O 
 
 The bed time for hunting with thefe 
 hounds, is in autumn; becaufe then the 
 former odours are weakened, and the earth 
 bai-er than at other times. 
 
 Thefe hounds do not only chafe their 
 game while it lives, but aftej- it is dead 
 alfo, by any manner of cafualty, make to 
 the place v/here it lies^ having in this point 
 a fure and infallible guide ; that is, the 
 fcent and favour of the blood, fprinkled 
 here and there upon the ground ; for v/he- 
 ther the beaft is wounded and lives, and 
 efcapes the hands of the huntfman, or if it 
 be killed and carried quite out of the park 
 (if there do but remain fome marks of blood 
 flied) thefe dogs, v/ith no lefs facility and 
 eafinefs than greedinefs, will difcover the 
 fam.e by it's fcent, carrying on their purfuit 
 with agility and fwiftnefs ; upon which 
 account they deferve the name of blood- 
 hounds. 
 
 And if a piece of fiefli be fubtilly ftolen 
 and cunningly conveyed away, although all 
 precaution imaginable is ufed, to prevent 
 all appearance of blood, yet thefe kind of 
 dogs, by a natural inftinft, will purfue deer 
 ftealers, though craggy v^ays and crooked 
 meanders, till they have found them oucj 
 and fo efixfluaily as that they can difcover, 
 feparate, and pick them out from a great 
 number of perfons ; nay they will cull them 
 out, though they intermix with the greateft 
 throng. 
 
 BLOOD, a diftemper in the backs of 
 cattle, which will make a beaft go as if he 
 drew his head afide, or after him. In order 
 to cure it, you fhould flit the length of two 
 points under his tail, and let him bleed 
 well ; but if he bleeds too much, knit his 
 tail next the body, and then bind fait and 
 nettles bruifed unto it. 
 
 BLOOD-LETTING ; the figns or indi- 
 cations of blood-letting in a horfe are thefe : 
 his eyes will look red, and his veins fwell 
 more than ordinary ; he will alfo have an 
 itching about his mane and tail ; and be 
 continually rubbing them, and fometimes 
 will fhed fome of his hair; or he will peel 
 abox't the roots of his ears, in the places 
 where the head-ftall of the bridle lies ; his 
 
 urine 
 
B L O 
 
 urine will be red and high coloured, and his 
 dung black and hard j iikewife if he has red 
 inflammations, or little bubbles on his back, 
 or does not digefl: his meat well ; or i-f the 
 wJiite of his eyes is yellow, or the infide of 
 his upper or nether lip be fo, . thefe are figns 
 that he Hands in need of bleeding. 
 
 Tlae propercil time for bleeding horfes, 
 is in the winter and cool months, from Ja- 
 nuary to July, {hvii'injuly zxidi Auguft, by 
 reafon the dog-days are then predominant, 
 it is not good but only in cafe of necefl'ity) 
 and fo from Augufi to January again. - 
 
 As to the manner of bleeding j you mull 
 never take fo much blood from a colt as 
 from an older horfe, and but a fourth part 
 as much from a yearling foal ; you mufl: 
 alfo have regard to the age and (Ijengtli 
 of the horfe, and before you bleed him, 
 let him be moderately chafed and exercifed, 
 rePting a day before, and three days after it, 
 not forgetting that Apil and OSiober are the 
 two principal feafons for that purpofe ; and 
 he v.'ill alfo bleed the better^ if he be kt 
 to drink before he is blooded, fo that he 
 be not heated. 
 
 Then tie him up early in the morning to 
 the rack v/ithout water or combing, left 
 his fpirits be too much agitated, and draw 
 with a pair of fleams of a rcafonable breadth 
 about three pounds of blood, and leave him 
 tied to the rack. 
 
 During the operation, put your finger in 
 his mouth and tickle him in the roof^ mak- 
 ing him chew, and moving his chaps, wliich 
 v/ill force him to fpin forth : and when you 
 find that he has bled enough, rub his body 
 well over with it; but efpecially the place 
 he is blooded on, and tie him up to the 
 rack for an hour or two, left he bleed afrefli : 
 for that will turn his blood. 
 
 BLOODY-HEELED-CocK. See Heeler. 
 
 Ebullition of the BLOOD. Adifeafe 
 in horfes which proceeds from want of ex- 
 ercife, and gives rife to outward fv/ellings, 
 frequently miftaken for the farcin. 
 
 BLOOD RUNNING ITCH happens to 
 an horfe by an inflammation of the blood, 
 being over heated by hard riding or other 
 hard labour, yet gets between the ikin and. 
 
 BOA 
 
 the flcfn, and makes, a horfe to rub, fcrub 
 and bite himfelf ; which, if let alone too 
 long, v/ill turn to a mange, and is very in- 
 feedous to any horfe that fnall be nigh him ; 
 and the cures both for this and the manage, 
 befides the general ones, of bleeding in the 
 reck vein, fcraping him, and other things, 
 aiv various. 
 
 Bi.OOD SHOTTEN eyes in Horses, 
 are cured by fteeping Raman vitriol in white 
 rofe-water, or for wznt of that in fpring 
 water, and wafhing the eyes with it twice or 
 thrice a day. 
 
 BLOSSOIVI OR PEACH COLOURED HORSE, 
 
 is one that has his white hair intermixed all 
 over with forrel and bay hairs. 
 
 Such horfes are fo infenfible and hard, 
 both in the mouth and in the flanks, that 
 they are fcarce valued ; befides that, they 
 are apt to turn blind. 
 
 BOAR Wild, although England -xWord^ 
 no wild boars, yet being fo plentiful in Ger- 
 many and other countries, and afFording.fo 
 noble a chacc, which is fo much ufed by 
 the nobility and gentry in thofe parts, I 
 fliall give the following account. 
 
 A wild boar is called a pig of the founder, 
 the firft year of his age ; a hog the fe- 
 cond ; a hog's fteer the third ; and a boar 
 the fourth ; when leaving the founder, he 
 is alfo termed a fina;ler or fano;lier. This 
 creature is farrowed with as many teeth at 
 firft-, as he fhall ever have afterwards : which 
 only encrcafe in bignefs, not in number; 
 among thefe they have four called tuflies or 
 tuiks, the two uppermoft of which do not 
 hurt when he ftrikes ; but ferve only to whet 
 the other two loweft, with which they fre- 
 quently defend themfelves and kill, as 
 bein^ greater and longer than the reft. 
 This is reckoned a beaft of venery by huntf- 
 men. 
 
 The common age of a boar is twenty five 
 or. thirty years; they go to rut about De- 
 centber, and their great heat lafts about three 
 weeks, and although the fows become cold 
 of confcitution, not coveting the company 
 of the boar, yet they do not feparate until 
 January ; and then they withdraw themfelves 
 unto their holds, wherein they keep clofe 
 H three 
 
BOA 
 
 three or four days, not llirring thence, ef- I 
 pecially if they meet with fuch places, 
 where fern grows, tlie roots of which they 
 delight to eat. 
 
 It is eaiier to take a boar in a toil in April 
 or May, than in any other feafon, by reafon 
 they fleep at that time more foundly, which 
 is caufed by their eating of ftrong herbs, 
 and buds of trees, which moiften their brains, 
 and caufeth fleep. Alfo the fpring time oc- 
 cafions their (leip g . 
 
 Their food is on corn, fruits, acorns, 
 chefnuts, beech-mall and all forts of roots; 
 when they are in marfay and watery places, 
 they feed on watei -creiles, and fuch things 
 as they can find ; and when they are near 
 the fea coafl, they feed on cocldes, mufcles, 
 oyflers, and fuch like fifli. 
 
 A boar mofb comm.only lies in the ftrong- 
 eft holds of thorns and thick buflies, and 
 will Hand the bay before he will forfake his 
 den. 
 
 If he is hunted from a ftrong thick co- 
 vert, he will be fure to go back the fame 
 way he came if it be pofllble ; and when he is 
 rouzed, he never ftops, until he comes to 
 the place where he thinks hinrfelf moft 
 lecure. 
 
 If it fo happens that there is a founder of 
 them together, then, if any break founder, 
 the reft will run that way ; and if he is 
 hunted in a hold or foreft where he was 
 bred, he will very difficultly be forced to 
 quit it, but fometimes he will take head and 
 feem to go drawing to the outfides of the 
 covert ; but it is only to hearken to the 
 noife of the dogs ; for he v/ill return again, 
 from whence he will hardly be compelled 
 till night; but having broken out and taken 
 'head end ways, he will not be put out of 
 his way by man nor beaft, by voice, blow- 
 ing, or any thing eife. 
 
 A boar will not cry when he is killed, ef- 
 pecially a great boar; but the fows and 
 young ones will. In fleeing before the 
 dogs, he neither doublcth, nor croffeth, 
 nor iifeth fuch fubtleties as other beafts of 
 chace do, as being heavy and flow, fo that 
 the dogs are ftill in with him. 
 
 BOA 
 
 IIow to hiuit a BOAR at force v:ith dogs. 
 
 The feafon for hunting the wild boar,, 
 begins about the middle of September., and 
 ends in December, at which time they go a 
 brimming. 
 
 It is not convenient to hunt a young boar 
 of three years old at force ; for he will ftand 
 up as long (if not longer) than any light 
 deer, that beareth but three in the top ; but 
 in the fourth year you may hunt him at force 
 as you do a Jiart at ten, and will ftand up 
 as long. Therefore if a huntfman goes too 
 near a boar of four years old, he ought to 
 mark whetlier he went timely to his den or 
 couch, or not ; for commonly tliofe boars 
 which tarry till day light, go into their 
 dens, following their paths or ways a long 
 time, efpecially where they find fern or 
 beech mafts, whereon they feed ; they are 
 very hardy ; and in the raifmg of this ani- 
 mal one need not be afraid to come near 
 him, for he values you not, but will lie 
 ftill, and will not be reared alone. 
 
 But if you find a boar v/hich foileth often- 
 times, and which routeth fometimes here 
 and fometimes there, not ftaying long in. a 
 place, it is a fign that hfe has been feared, 
 and withdraweth himfelf to fome refting 
 place, and fuch boars moft commonly comj; 
 to their dens or holds two or three hours 
 before day; and the huntfman muft take 
 care how he comes too near fuch a boar, for 
 if he once find him in the wind, or have the 
 wind of his dogs, he will foon be gone. 
 
 It is alfo to be obferved, that if a boar 
 intends to tarry in his couch, he makes 
 fome doublings or croflangs at the entry of 
 it, upon fome high way or beaten path, and 
 then lies down to reft ; by which means a 
 huntfman being early in the woods may 
 judge of his fubtlety, and accordingly pre- 
 pare to hunt him with dogs that are either 
 hot fpirited or temperate. 
 
 If it be a great boar, and one that hath 
 lain long at reft, he muft be hunted with 
 many dogs, and fuch as will fack clofe to 
 him ; and tlie huntfman, or fpear-man, on 
 horfeback, fhould be ever ^mongft them, 
 
 charg- 
 
BOA 
 
 charging the boar, and as much as is poffible 
 to difcourage him : for if you hunt fuch a 
 boar witli five or fix couple of dogs, lie 
 will not regard tliem, and when they have 
 chafed him a little, he will take courage, 
 and" keep them at bay, ftill running upon 
 any thing that he fees before him ; but if 
 he perceives himfelf charged and hard laid 
 unto with dogs, he will be difcouraged, 
 and turn head and fly to fome other place for 
 refuge. 
 
 You ought alfo to fet relays, which 
 flioukl be the befl: old ftauncheft hounds of 
 your kennel ; for if they fliould be young 
 hounds, and fuch as are fwift and rafli to 
 feize him before the reft come up, they will 
 be killed or fpoiled by him. 
 
 But if he be a boar that is accuftomed to 
 flee end ways before the dogs, and to take 
 the champagne country, then you may caft 
 off four or five couple at firft, and fct all 
 the reft at relays, about the entrance of the 
 fields where you think he is likely to flee ; 
 for fuch a boar will feldom keep the hounds 
 at a bay, unlefs he be foiced, and if he does 
 ftand at bay, then the huntfman ought to 
 ride in unto him as fecretly and with as little 
 noife as poffible, and when he is near him, 
 let them caft round about the place where 
 he ftands, and run upon him all at once, 
 and it will be odds, but that they will give 
 him his death's wound with their fpears or 
 fwords, provided they do not ftrike too 
 low ; for tlien he will defend the ftrokes 
 with his fnout; but be fure you keep not 
 too long in a place, but ufe a quick mo- 
 tion. 
 
 You may alfo take notice, that if there 
 be collars of bells about the dogs necks, a 
 boar will not fo foon ftrike at them ; but 
 flee end-ways before them, and feldom 
 ftand at bay. 
 
 It is expedient to raife a boar out of the 
 wood early in the morning, before he hath 
 made water, for the burning of his bladder 
 quickly makes him weaiy ; when a boar is 
 firft raifed, he is ufed to fnufi^ in the wind, 
 to fmell what is with, or againft him. 
 
 Now, if you ftrike at him with fword or 
 boar-fpear, do not, as has been faid, ftrike 
 
 BOA 
 
 lov/, for then you will hit him in the fnout, 
 which he values not, fince he watches to 
 take blows on his tufties or thereabouts -, 
 but lifting up your hand ftrike right down, 
 and have a fpecial care of your Iiorfe, for 
 if you ftrike and hurt him, fo will he you 
 if he can; therefore in thus afl"aulting, 
 boars, the hunters muft be very careful, 
 for he will rufti upon them with great fierce- 
 nefs. 
 
 However he very rarely ftrikcs a man, 
 till he is firft wounded himfelf, but after- 
 wards it behoves the hunters to be very 
 wary, for he will run fiercely, without fear, 
 upon his purfuers, and if he receives not his 
 mortal wound, he overthrows his adverfary, 
 unlefs he falls flat on the ground, when 
 he needs not fear much harm ; for his teeth 
 cannot cut upwards but downwards ; but 
 with the female it is otherwife, for flie will 
 bite and tear any way. 
 
 But further, as the hunting fpears flrould 
 be very broad and fnarp, branching forth 
 into certain forks, that the boar may not 
 break through them upon the huntfman, fo 
 the beft places to wound him are the mid- 
 dle of his forehead, between the eye-lids, or 
 elfe upon his flioulder, either of v/hich is 
 mortal. 
 
 Again, in cafe the boar makes head againft 
 the hunter, he muft not fly for it, but meet 
 hirn v/ith his fpear, holding one hand on 
 the middle of it, the other at the end, ftand- 
 ing one foot before another, and having a 
 watchful eye upon the beaft, which way 
 foever he winds or turns; for fuch is his 
 nature, that he fometimes fnatches the fpear 
 out of the hunter's hands, or recoils the 
 force back again upon him ; in thefc cafes 
 there is no remedy, but for another of his 
 companions to come up and charge the boar 
 with his fpear, and then make a flicw to 
 wound him with his dart, but not cafting it, 
 for fear of hurting the hunter, 
 
 1 his will make the boar turn upon the 
 fecond perfon, to whofe afliftance the firft 
 muft again come in, v/ith which both will 
 have v/ork enough : nay when the boar feels 
 himfelf fo wounded that he cannot live, 
 were it not for the forks of the boar-fpear, 
 H 2 he 
 
BOA 
 
 lie would prefs upon the vanquiilicr and re- 
 venge his death. 
 
 And v/hat place foever he bites, whether 
 man or dog, the heat of his teeth caufes an 
 inflammation in the wound. 
 
 If therefore he does but touch the hair of 
 the dog he burns it off" ; nay huntfmen have 
 tried the heat of his teeth, by laying hairs 
 on them as fooh as he was dead, and they 
 have flirivelled up as if touched with a hot 
 iron. 
 
 . The boar is; a beaft of fucli great force, 
 andfo fiow of foot by reafon of his heavinefs, 
 that he is not properly termed a beafi: of 
 venery, for he chiefly trufts in his ftrength 
 and tuflies to be his defence, and not to his 
 feet ; fo that he is more properly to be 
 hunted with ftout maftifFs, than by grey- 
 hounds, which cannot fo well defend them- 
 felves from his fury. 
 
 Alio it fpoils them from hunting other 
 flying chaces, by reafon he leaves fo ftrong 
 a fcent, fo tliat they hunt v/ith greater eafe 
 than at light chaces, which are more pain- 
 ful to them to find, and to hold the fcent. 
 
 The way to know a great Boar ly his foot., &'c. 
 
 To know him by his foot, the form or 
 print of it ought to to be great and large, 
 the toes round and thick, the edge of the 
 hoof worn and blunt, without cutting and 
 paring the ground fo much as the younger 
 doth : and the guards, which are his hinder 
 claws, or dew clav/s, fhould be great and 
 open o.'ie from the other ; the treading of 
 his foot fhould be deep and large, which in- 
 dicates the weightinefs of his body, and his 
 fteps fliould be great and long. 
 
 By the largenefs and depth of his routing 
 his fize may be known ; becaufe a wild 
 fwine routs deeper than our ordinary hogs, 
 becaufe their fnouts are longer ; and alfo by 
 the length and largenefs of his foil, when 
 he wallov/eth in the mire ; alfo when he comes 
 out of the foil, he will rub himfelf againft 
 a tree, by which his heiglit will appear; 
 as alfo when he firicks his tufhes into it, by 
 which the largenefs of them will appear : 
 they alfo obferve the bignefs of his lefll;s, 
 and the depth ofhis den. 
 
 BOA 
 
 A boar is faid to feed in the corn ; but if 
 in the meadows or fallow fields, they fay he 
 routeth or wormeth, or ferneth ; but when he 
 feeds in a clofe, and routeth not, they fay 
 he grafeth. 
 
 Boar hunting is very ufual in France, and 
 they call itfanglicr. In this fort of hunting 
 the way is to ufe terrible founds and noifes, 
 as well of voice as horn, to make the chace 
 turn and fly ; becaufe they are flow and 
 truft to their tufks for defence. But this 
 muft be done after his den or hold is difco- 
 vered, and the nets be pitched. 
 
 Though thefe wild boars are frequent in 
 France, we have none in England ; yet it 
 may be fuppofed that v/e had them here 
 formerly ; but did not think it convenient to 
 preferve that game. 
 
 In the French hunting, v/hen the boar 
 flrands at a bay, the huntfmen ride in, and 
 with fwords and fpears flrike on that fide 
 which is from their horfes, and wound and. 
 kill them. 
 
 But the ancient Roman method of hunting 
 the boar, was (landing on foot, or fetting 
 their knees to the ground, and charging di- 
 reftly with their fpears : and the nature of 
 the boar being fuch, he fpits himfelf with 
 great fury, running upon the weapon to 
 come at his adverfary, and fo, feeking his 
 revenge, meets his own deftruftion. 
 
 BOAR ; A horfe is faid to boar when he 
 fhoots out his nofe as high as his ears, and 
 toffes his nofe, in the wind. See Wind. 
 
 BOBBING FOR Eels. You muft pro- 
 vide a large quantity of weil-fcoured lob- 
 worms, and then with a long needle pafs 
 a thread through them, from head to tail 
 until you have ftrung about a pound. Tie 
 both ends of the thread together, and then 
 make them up into about a dozen or twen- 
 ty links. The common way is to wrap 
 them about a dozen times round the hand, 
 and then tying them all together in one 
 place makes the links very readily. This 
 done, faften them all to a fmali cord, or 
 part of a trowling-line, about four yards in 
 lens;th. Above the worms there fhould be 
 a fmall loop to fix the v/orms to, and for a 
 lead plummet to reft on. The- plummet 
 
 ftiould 
 
fe O D 
 
 iliould weigh about half a pound, or from 
 that to a pound, according to the ftream, 
 the fmaller the line the lefs the plumb : it 
 fhould be made in the fliape of a pyramid, 
 -with a Jiole through the middle for the line 
 to pafs through ; the broad part of the plum- 
 met, or the bafe of the pyramid, fliould be 
 towards the worms, becuufe that will keep 
 it more fteady. When you have put your 
 plummet on your line, you muft fallen it to 
 a llrong, ftifF, taper pole, of about three 
 yards long, and then the apparatus is finiflied. 
 
 Being thus prepared, you muft angle in 
 muddy water, or in the deeps or fides of 
 ftreams, and you will foon find the eels run 
 ftrongly and eagerly at your bait. When 
 you have a bite, draw them gently up to- 
 wards the top of the water, and then fud- 
 denly hoift them in the Ihore, or in your 
 boat ; by this means you may take three 
 or four at a time. 
 
 BODY OF A Horse. In chufing a horfe 
 you muft examine whether he has a good 
 body, and is full in the flanks. It is no 
 good fign, when the laft of the fhort ribs is 
 at a confiderable diftance from the haunch 
 bone, or when the ribs are too much ftraight- 
 ened in their compafs ; they ougiit to be as 
 high as the haunch bone, or very little lefs, 
 v/hen the horfe is in good cafe ; but though 
 fuch horfes may for a time have pretty good 
 bodies, yet if they be much laboured they 
 v.'ill lofe them. 
 
 A narrow chefted horfe can never have a 
 good body, nor breathe well ; and fuch 
 horfes as have ftraight ribs and beina; ereat 
 feeders, and confequently come to gulf up 
 their bellies, fo as it not being pofiible for 
 the entrails to be contained within the ribs, 
 they will prefs down and make a cow's belly -, 
 thefe are alfo difficult to be faddled, but 
 have generally good backs, and tho' their 
 croups are not fo beautiful, beins^ for the 
 moft part pointed, yet to fupply that they 
 have excellent reins : thefe horfes are com- 
 monly called fow backs. 
 
 A light bodied and fiery horfe a man ne- 
 ver ought to buy, becaufe he will, foon de- 
 ftroy himfelf, but fiercenefs ought never to 
 be confounded with vigour and high met- 
 
 B O D 
 
 tie, which laft does not confift in fretting,, 
 trampling, dancing, and not fuffering any 
 horfe to go before him, but in being very 
 fenfible of the fpurs. 
 
 You CHight to fhun light bellied horfes, 
 which are very apt to be troubled with fpa- 
 vins, jardons, &c. and as painful fci-atches 
 in the hind-legs often take away a ho.rfe's 
 belly, this ought not to deter you from buy- 
 ing, unlefs they be in the back finew of the 
 leg, a pretty way above the pattern joint, 
 which is one of the. moft troublefome exter- 
 nal maladies a horfe can have. 
 
 Except a low cafed horfe eats much hay, 
 he cannot be made plump, which will make 
 him have a belly like a cow with a calf, 
 and may be remedied with a furcingle a foot 
 and a half broad, with two little culliions to 
 it, that may anfwer to the top of the ribs on 
 either fide the back bone, to preferve the 
 back from being galled. In the next place 
 confider the flank. 
 
 You are to obferve that the ftrongeft ftate 
 of body, which is the higheft flelli, provided 
 it be good, hard, and without inward foul- 
 nefs, is the beft ; yet you muft take notice, 
 that his fliape and feeding are to be confider- 
 ed ; as to his fliape and body, fome that 
 be round, plump, and clofe knit v/ill ap- 
 pear fat, when they really are lean and in 
 poverty ; and others that are raw boned, 
 flender and loofe knit together, will appear 
 lean, deformed, and poor, when they are 
 fat, foul, and full of grofs humours. 
 
 So likewife as to their feeding ; fome will 
 feed outwardly, carrying a thick rib, wlicn 
 they are inwardly clean, and without all man- 
 ner of foulnefs : and there are others that 
 appear clean to the eye, fliewing nothing 
 but fxcin and bone, when they are lull of in- 
 ward fatnefs : in this cafe there are two 
 helps, the one inward, the other outward. 
 
 The inward help is only fmart exercife, 
 which diffoives and melts the foulnefs ; and 
 
 ftrong 
 
 fcourings, which will bring it 
 
 away. 
 
 The outward help is handling and feelings 
 his body, efpecially the ribs towards his 
 flank, and if his flelh generally handle loofe 
 and foft, your fingers finking or pitting in,. 
 
 it 
 
B O T 
 
 it is afign of his foiilnefs ; but if his flefh be 
 liard and firm, and only upon his hiiicirnoil 
 rib handles loft and downy; it is a fign there 
 is greafe and foul matter within, which 
 muii be removed let him appear ever \o 
 lean. 
 
 If he be fat and thick, and as it were 
 cloicd up under the chaps, or if his jaws 
 handle full and flelhy, it is a lign of much 
 foulnefs, both in the head and body ; but 
 if he handle thin, clean, and only with 
 fome lumps or fmall kernels wiiliin his 
 chaps, in fuch cafe, it is afign only of fome 
 cold newly taken. 
 
 BOLSTERS OT a Saddle, are thofe 
 parts of a great fiiddle v/hich areraifed upon 
 the bows, both before and behind, to hold 
 the rider's thigh, and keep him in a right 
 poIhu"e, notwithftanding the diforders the 
 horfe may occafion. 
 
 Common fuddles have no bolfters. We 
 ufe the expreffion of fitting a bolfter, when 
 we put the cork of the faddle into the bol- 
 fter to keep it tight. 
 
 That part of the faddle being formerly 
 made of cork, took firfl: that name, though 
 now it is made of wood. 
 
 BONE-SPAVIN. -See Spavin. 
 
 BORING, an operation in ufe for the 
 cure of wrenched llioulders in horfes ; which 
 is performed thus : having cut a hole in the 
 fkin over the part afi^efted, they blow it up 
 with a tobacco-pipe, as a butcher does 
 veal ; after which they thruft a cold flat 
 iron, like the point of a fword-blade, eight 
 or ten inches up between the fhoulder- 
 blade and the ribs. 
 
 BOTTS. Worms. Horfes are very fub- 
 jecl to thofe vermin, of which there are fe- 
 veral forts ; z'iz, the botts, the round worm 
 refembling thofe of the earth, and the af- 
 carides, which are worms about the fize of 
 a large fcwing needle, and have flat heads. 
 
 Worms in horfes are principally owing to 
 a bad digeftion, aweaknefs in the fl:omach, 
 and a tender conftitution. In order there- 
 fore to prevent the formation of thefe trou- 
 blefome animals, a bitter drink prepared of 
 zedoary, gentian roots, galengals, camo- 
 mile-flowers, jefuits bark, and juniper ber- 
 
 B O T 
 
 ries, fhould be frequently given 5 which 
 will ftrengthen the organs of digeftion, and 
 efi^eftually prevent the growth of thefe- 
 creatures. 
 
 The fymptoms which indicate worms ars 
 various, as the animals are different, and 
 feated in difierent parts of the body. The 
 botts, when they are feated in the ftraight gut, 
 are never dangerous, and often thruft out 
 with the dung. They generally come in 
 the m.onths of Mi^j and June ; nor do they 
 hardly ever continue above a fortnight. But 
 when they breed in the ftomachs of horfes, 
 they often caufe convulfions, and deftroy 
 the horfe. The botts that breed in the fto- 
 mach, are about the fize of large maggots, 
 compofed of circular rings, with little fliarp 
 prickly feet along the fides of their bellies. 
 
 The other kinds of worms are far more 
 troublefome than dangerous, andare known 
 by the following figns : the horfe looks 
 lean and jaded, his coat looks rough, and 
 ftares as if he had been furfeited ; and tho' 
 he eats with a very remarkable appetite, 
 does not thrive ; he often ftrikes his hind 
 feet againft his belly, is fometimes griped, 
 but without the violent fymptoms that at- 
 tend the cholic ftrangury : for he never 
 rolls and tumbles, butlhewsuneafinefs, and 
 generally lays himfelf down quietly on his 
 belly for a little while, and then rifes and 
 falls to feeding ; but the fureft fymptoms 
 is when he voids them with his dung. 
 
 In order to cure the botts in the ftomach, 
 the beft medicines are thofe of mercury : 
 Take mercurius dulcis and philonium of 
 each half an ounce : make into a ball with 
 conferve of rofes. After he has taken a 
 dofe or two of the above, the following 
 may be given : Take of fine fuccotrine aloes 
 ten drams ; frefli jalap one dram; birthwort 
 and myrrh powdered, of each two drams -, 
 oil of favin and amber, of each one dram ; 
 fyrup of buckthorn, enough to form the 
 whole into a ball. 
 
 With regard to other kinds of worms, 
 the above medicines will alfo be fufficient. 
 The botts in theftrait gut may he cured by 
 giving the Iiorfe a fpoonful of favin, once 
 or twice a day^ in his oats, or bran moiftened. 
 
 You 
 
BOW 
 
 Yon may alfo add three or four cloves of 
 garlic : and a purge of aloes. See Worms. 
 
 BOUILLION, is a lump or excrefence 
 of flefli that grows either upon or juft by 
 the fruili, infomuch that the fruHi flioots 
 out like a lump of flefli, and makes the 
 horfe halt ; and this we call the flefh blow- 
 ing upon the frufli. 
 
 Your manage horfes, which never wet 
 their feet, are fubject to thefe excrefenccs, 
 which make them very lame. 
 
 BOULETTE ; a horfe is called boulettc, 
 when the fetlock, or pattern joint, bends 
 forv/ard and out of it's natural fituation : 
 whether through violent riding, or by reafon 
 of being too fhort jointed, in which cafe 
 the leaPc fatigue v/ill bring it. 
 
 BOUTE ; a horfe is called boute, when 
 his legs are in a ftraight line from the knee 
 to the coronet. 
 
 Short jointed horfes are apt to be a boute, 
 and on the other hand long jointed horfes 
 are not. 
 
 BOW BEARER, an under officer of the 
 foreft, whofe oath will inform you of the 
 nature of his office, in thefe words — I -voill 
 true man be to the owner of this foreft, and to 
 his lieutenant, and in their abfcnce, I pall 
 truly overfee, and true inquifttion make, as well 
 offworn men, as unfvoorn, in every haihvick, 
 both in the north bail andjouth bail of this fo- 
 reft, and all manner of trefpafs done, either 
 to vert or venifon, I jhall truly endeavour to 
 attach, or caufe to be attached, in the next 
 court of attachment, there to be prefent with- 
 out any concealment had to my knowledge ; fo 
 help me God. 
 
 BOWET la young hawk fo called by 
 
 BOWESS ifalconers, when Ike draws 
 any thing out of her neft, and covets to 
 clamber on the boughs. 
 
 BOWLING : the firft and greated cun- 
 ning to be obferved in bowling, is the riglit 
 chufnig your bowl, which muft be fuitable 
 to the ground you clefign to run on. Thus 
 for clofe alleys your beft choice is the flat 
 bowl. 1. For open grounds of advantage, 
 the round byaflfed bowl. 3. For green 
 (wards that are plain and levelj the bowl 
 that is as round as a ball. 
 
 BRA 
 
 The next thing that requires your care 
 is the chufing out your ground, and pre- 
 venting the winding hangings, and many 
 turning advantages of the fame, whether it 
 be in open wide places, as bowling-greens, 
 or in clofe bowling alleys. 
 
 Laftly, have your judgment about you, 
 to obferve and diftinguifh the rifings, fal- 
 lings, and advantages of the places where 
 you bowl. 
 
 BOWS OF A Saddle, are two pieces of 
 v/ood laid arch-wife, to receive the upper 
 part of a horfe's back, to give thefaddle it's 
 due form, and keep it tight. 
 
 The fore-bow which fufcains the pommel, 
 is compofed of the withers, the breaft, the 
 points or toes, and the corking. 
 
 The withers, is the arch that rifes tv/o or 
 three fingers over the horfe's withers. 
 
 The breafl:s are placed where the arch, or 
 u])per part of the bov/s, ends. 
 
 The points, or toes, are the lower part 
 of the bow : and the corking, are pieces 
 of wood, formerly pieces of cork, upon 
 which we fit and made faft to the bolfters. 
 
 The hind-bow bears the troufl^equin, or 
 quilted roll. 
 
 The bows are covered with finews, run 
 all over the bows to make them ftronger; 
 tlien they Itrengthen them with bands of 
 iron, to keep them tight j and on the low- 
 er fide of the bows, nail on the faddle-fcraps, 
 with which they make fafl: tlie girths. 
 
 BRACE, is commonly taken for a cou- 
 ple, or pair, and applied by huntfmen to 
 feveral beafts of game ; as, a brace of 
 bucks, foxes, hares, &V. alfo a brace of 
 grey-hounds, is a proper term for two. 
 
 BRAMBLE-NET, othcrwife called a 
 hallier ; is a net to catch birds with, and c?f 
 feveral fizes : the great meflies mufh be 
 four fquare, thofe of the leafl fize are three 
 or four inches, and thofe of the biggefi: ai-e 
 five : in the depth they fliould not have 
 above three or four inches, but as for the 
 length they may be enlarged at pleafure : 
 but the fhorteft are ufually eighteen foot. 
 
 If you intend to have your net of four 
 meflies deep, make it of eight; forafmuch 
 3s it is to be doubled over vv'ith another net ; 
 
 likQ- 
 
BRA 
 
 likewife between the Md doublings; the 
 inward nee iliould be of fine thread, neatly 
 twifted, with mcfiies tv/o inches fquare, 
 made lozenge-wile, with a neat cord drav/n 
 through all the upper mefhes, and one 
 throuj^h the lower, whereby you may fix it 
 to the double hallier: then lafdy, faften 
 your net to certain fmall flicks, about a foot 
 and a half, or two foot long, and about the 
 fame diflance from each other: tiie inward 
 net mufl be both longer and deeper than 
 the outward, , that it may hang loofe, the 
 better to entangle the game. See Plates. 
 VII. and XII. 
 
 BRANCH STAND, (with Falconers) a 
 term ufed, fignifying, the making a hawk 
 leap from tree to tree, till the dog fprings 
 the partridge. 
 
 BRANCHER, a young hawk, newly ta- 
 ken out of the neft, that can hop from bough 
 to bough. 
 
 BRANCHES of the bpsIDLe, are two 
 pieces of iron bended, which, in the inter- 
 val between one and the other, bear the 
 bitt-mouth, the crofs-chains, and the grub; 
 lb that to one end they anfwer to the head- 
 ftall, and on the other to the reins, in order 
 to keep the horfe's head in fubjeftion. 
 
 AVith regard to their form and ftrufture, 
 branches are either ftrait, in form of a pif- 
 tol, for young horfes to form their mouth; 
 or, after the Conflable of France's fafliion, 
 proper for a horfe that carries his head well. 
 Some are in form of a gigot or leg, which 
 will prevent horfes from carrying too low ; 
 fome in form of a bent knee, contrived for 
 horfes that arm themfelvcs againft the one- 
 ration of the bit ; and others after the French 
 falliion, which is hardly about ~ of an inch 
 at the fevll hole, and kneed i J of an inch 
 at the i arret or ham. It is to be obferved, 
 
 1. That the farther the branch is from the 
 horfe's neck, the more effed it will have. 
 
 2. That lliort branches ceteris paribus are 
 under, and their efforts more fudden, than 
 thofe of longer. 3. That the branch is to 
 be proportioned to the length of a horfe's 
 neck; and one may fooner err in cluifing 
 one too fhort than too long, 
 
 A hardy, bold, or ftrong branch, is one 
 that brings in the head. 
 
 B R E 
 
 A weak branch, is a branch that was for- 
 merly ufed for ralfing the head, but now is 
 rejefted; cfpecially fince the difcovery of 
 the error of thofe, who fancied, that it raifed 
 after the fame manner with the kneed- 
 branches. See Banquet and Shoulder. 
 
 BRASSICOURT, or Brachicourt ; is 
 a horfe whofe fore-legs are naturally bended 
 arch-wife ; being fo called by way of dif- 
 tinftion from an arched horfe, whofe legs 
 are bowed by hard labour. 
 
 BRAYE, an obfolcte French word-: made 
 ufe of by fome to fignify the entry of the 
 horfe's throat; or tlie extremity of the 
 channel towards the maxillary bones. 
 
 BRAYL, a piece of leather flit, to put 
 upon the hawk's v/ing to tic it up. 
 
 BREAD FOR Horses : horfes are fome- 
 times fed with bread, to hearten and ftrength- 
 en them : the way to make the fame, is two- 
 fold. 
 
 I. Take wheat-meal, oat-m.eal, and beans, 
 all ground very fmall, of each a peck; 
 anife-feed, four ounces ; gentian, and fenu- 
 greek, of each an ounce; liquorice, two 
 ounces; all beaten into fine powder, and 
 fearfed well ; to which add the whites of 
 twenty new-laid egs, all well beat, and as 
 much ftrong ale as will knead it up : then 
 make your loaves, like to houfe-bread, but 
 not too thick ; and let them be well baked, 
 but not burnt; then give it him, not too 
 new ; and let him have it five or fix mornings 
 together, without any provender. 
 
 a. Take of wheat-meal, rye-meal, beans 
 and oat-meal, of each half a peck, ground 
 very fmall ; anife-feed and liquorice, an 
 ounce of each ; and white fugar-candy, four 
 ounces : beat all into fine powder, with the 
 whites and yolkes of twenty new-laid eggs, 
 well beaten ; and put to them as much 
 white-wine as will knead it into a pafte.; 
 which then make into great loaves, and 
 bake them well : and when two or three 
 days old, give him to eat thereof, but chip 
 away the out-fide. 
 
 For race-horfes, there are three forts of 
 bread ufed ; given fucceffively, for the fe- 
 cond, third, and fourth fortnight's feeding. 
 I. Take three peeks of clean beans, and 
 
 one 
 
B R E 
 
 one peck of fine wheat ; mix them together, 
 and grind them Into pure meal ; that done, 
 bolt it pretty fine, and knead it up with 
 good ftore of frefli barm, but with as little 
 water as may be ; labour it well in a trough, 
 break and cover it warm, that it may fwell : 
 then knead it over again, and mould it into 
 large loaves, in order to be well baked. 
 When they are drawn from the oven, turn 
 the bottoms upward, and let them cool : at 
 three days old you niay give your horfe this 
 bread, but not foonerj as nothing is more 
 apt to furfeit than new bread. Or you 
 may 
 
 2. Take two pecks of clean beans, with 
 two pecks of fine wheat, and grind them 
 well together; then bolt, and knead it with 
 barm, or lightening, and make it up as you 
 did the former bread. With this bread, 
 having the cruft cut quite away, and oats, 
 or fplit beans, mingled together, or fepa- 
 rately if you think fit, feed the horfe as be- 
 fore, at his ufual meals. Or, 
 
 3. Take three pecks of fine wheat, and 
 one peck of beans ; grind, and bolt them 
 through the fincft bolter you can get ; then 
 knead it up with new llrong ale and barm, 
 beat together, and the whites of twenty 
 eggs, or more, and no water at all; but 
 inftead thereof a fmall quantity of new 
 milk : at laft work it up, bake and order it 
 as the former: and with this bread, having 
 the cruft cut off, adding clean oats and 
 fplit beans, all mixed, or feparate, feed your 
 horfe at his ordinary feeding-times, as you 
 did in the fortnight before. 
 
 BREAK ; to break a horfe in trotting, is 
 to make him light upon the hand by trot- 
 ting, in order to make him fit for a gallop. 
 To break a horfe for hunting, is to fupple 
 him, to make him take the habit of run- 
 ning. 
 
 BREAM, is of two kinds; the one a 
 fait, and the other a frefh-water fifli, but 
 are very little different from each other, 
 either as to tafte, fhape, or nature. 
 
 The bream is a very broad-fhaped fifli, 
 and thick, fcaled excellently, large eyes, a 
 little fucking mouth, difproportionate to 
 his body, and a forked tail. 
 
 B R E 
 
 It is a lufly, ftrong fiih, fo that you muft 
 be fure to have good tacklins:. 
 
 It hath two fets of teeth, is a very great 
 breeder; the melter having two large melts, 
 and the fpawner as many bags of fpawn. 
 
 That which I fhall chiefly treat of, Ihall 
 be the frefh-water bream ; v/hich at full 
 growth is large, breeding either in ponds 
 and rivers, but principally delighting in the 
 former; which if he likes, he will not only 
 grow exceedingly fat, and fairer in them 
 than in rivers, but will fill the pond with 
 his iflTue, even to the ftarving of the other 
 fifh. 
 
 They fpawn in Jiwe, or the beginning of 
 Ju/y ; and are great lovers of red worms, 
 efpecially fuch as are to be found at the root 
 of a great dock, and lie wrapt up in a round 
 clew: alfo flag-worms, wafps, green flies, 
 and graflioppers (whofe legs muft be cut 
 off), and parte; of which there are many 
 forts which are found very good baits for 
 him, but the beft are made of brown bread 
 and honey ; gentles, young wafps, and red 
 worms. The beft feafon of angling for him, 
 is from St. James's day until Bii-rtholomew-. 
 tide, for 
 
 BREAM FISHING: with hook and 
 line, obferve thefe direftions ; which will 
 alfo be of ufe in carp-fifhing. 
 
 Procure about a quart of large red 
 worms, put them into frefh mofs, well 
 waflied and dried, every three or four days ; 
 feeding them with fat mould and chopped 
 iennel, and they will be thoroughly fcoured 
 in about three weeks. 
 
 Let your lines be filk and hair ; but all 
 filk is the beft : let the floats be either fwan 
 quills, or goofe quills. 
 
 Let your plumb be a piece of lead in the 
 fhape of a pear, with a fmall ring at the 
 little end of it; faften the lead to the line, 
 and the line-hook to the lead, about ten or 
 twelve inches fpace between lead and hook, 
 will be enough ; and be fure take care that 
 the lead be heavy enough to fink the 
 float. 
 
 Having baited your hook well with a 
 
 ftrong worm, the worm will draw the hook 
 
 up and down in the bottoaii which will 
 
 I provoke 
 
B R E 
 
 provoke the bream to bite the more ea- 
 gerly. 
 
 It will be- bed to fit up three or four rods 
 and lines in this manner, and fet them as 
 will be direfted, and this will afford you 
 much the better fport. 
 
 Find the exa6t depth of the water (if 
 polTible) that your float may fwim on the 
 furface of the water, direftly over the lead; 
 then provide the following ground-bait : 
 take about a peck of fweet, grofs-ground 
 malt, and having boiled it a very little, 
 ftrain it' hard through a bag, and carry it to 
 the water-fide where you have founded ; and 
 in the place where you fuppofe the fifh fre- 
 quent, there throw in the malt by handfuls, 
 fqueezed hard together, that the ftream 
 may not feparate it before it comes to the 
 bottom; and be fure to throw it in, at 
 leaft, a yard above the place where you in- 
 tend your hook fliall lie, otherwife the 
 Ilream will carry it down too far. 
 
 Do this about nine o'clock at night, 
 keeping fome of the malt in the bag ; and 
 go to the place again about three the next 
 morning, but approach the place very 
 warily, left you iliould be feen by the filh ; 
 for it is certain that they have their centi- 
 nels watchino; on the too of the water, 
 while the reft are feeding underneath. 
 
 Having baited your hook, fo that the 
 worm may crawl to and fro, the better to 
 allure the fifh to bite, caft it in at the 
 place where you find the fifh to ftay moft, 
 and ftay iongeft, (which is generally in the 
 deepeft and broadeft part of the river) and 
 fo that it may reft about the midft" of your 
 bait that is on the ground. 
 
 Caft in your fecond line, fo that it may 
 reft a yard above that, and a third about a 
 yard below it. 
 
 Let your rods lie on the bank, with 
 fome ftones to keep them dov/n at the great 
 ends, ai"d then withdraw yourfeif ; yet not 
 fo far, but that you can have your eye upon 
 all the floats : and when ytiu fee one bitten 
 and carried away, do not be too hafty to 
 run in, but give time to the fifh to tire him- 
 felf and then touch him gently. 
 
 When you perceive the float fink, creep 
 
 B R E 
 
 to the water-fide, and give it as much line 
 as you can : if it be a bream or carp, they 
 will run to the other fide,, which ftrike 
 gently, and hold your rod at a bent a little 
 while, and do not pull, for then you will 
 fpoil all; but ybu.muft firfb tire them, be- 
 fore they can be landed, for they are very 
 ftiy. 
 
 If there be any carps in the river, it is an 
 even wager that you take one- or more of 
 them ; and if there be any pike or perch, 
 they will be fure to vifit the ground-bait^ 
 though they will not touch it ; being drawn 
 thither by the great refort of the fmall fifn; 
 and until you remove them, 'tis in vain to 
 think of taking the bream or carp. 
 
 In this cafe, bait one of your hooks with 
 a fmall bleak, roach, or gudgeon, about 
 two foot deep from your float, with a little 
 red worm at the point of your hook, and if 
 a pike be there, he will be fure to Ihap at 
 it. 
 
 This fport is good till nine in the morn- 
 ing; and in a gloomy day, till night: but 
 however it is right to withdrav/, and about 
 four o'clock in the afternoon, throw in the 
 remainder of your malt, and proceed as 
 before; but do not frequent the place too 
 much, left the fifh grow too fhy for you. 
 
 BREAST of a horfe. See Counter. 
 
 BREASTS, part of the bow of a faddle.. 
 See Bows. 
 
 BREAST-PLATE, or Tree; is the 
 ftrap of leather that runs from one fide of 
 the faddle to the other, over the horfe's 
 breaft, in order to keep the faddle tight, 
 and hinder it from Aiding backwards when 
 the horfe goes upon a rifing-ground. 
 
 BREATH, OR Wind. This word fig- 
 nifies fometimes the eafy^ refpiration of a 
 horfe, and fometimes it implies the eafe and 
 reft or repofe of a horfe. 
 
 As, give yo\ir horfe breath, do not ride 
 him down : give that leaping horfe a long 
 breathing time between the turns or repeti- 
 tions of his manage. 
 
 This barb has always held his wind equal- 
 ly upon his manage. 
 
 This horfe is mafter of his wind or breath. 
 This laft exprelTion is applied to horfes that 
 
 fnortj 
 
B R E 
 
 Tnort, and our jockies take fnorting, for a 
 fign of a long winded horfe. See Snort. 
 
 BREED, is a place where mares for 
 breed, and flallions, are kept in order to 
 raife a ftud. Hence they fay. 
 
 To keep a breed j to govern and manage 
 a breed. 
 
 All the mares in this breed have taken ; 
 z. e. they are with foal. 
 
 To make a good breed, you cannot chufe 
 a better ftallion than a Spanijh horfe, nor 
 better ftud mares than Naples mai-es. 
 
 BREEDING of Horses. In order to the 
 raifing a good and beautiful race of horfes, 
 it is necelfary to chufe for a ftallion a fine 
 barb free from hereditary infirmities, fuch as 
 weak eyes, bad feet, fpavins, purfinefs, 
 cheft foundring, &c. only with this diftinc- 
 tion, that defefts which happen by accident 
 are not to be accounted hereditary; 
 
 Having provided yourielf with a ftallion, 
 let him be fed for three months before he is 
 to cover the mare, with found oats, peas, 
 or beans, or with coarfe bread and a little 
 hay, but a good quantity of wheat ftraw ; 
 leading him out twice a day to watery and 
 after he has drank, walk him up and down 
 for an hour ; but not fo as to make him 
 fweat. 
 
 If he is not thus put into heart before he 
 covers, he would be in great danger of be- 
 ing purfey and broken winded, neither 
 would he be able to perform the taflc ; or 
 at beft the colts would be but pitiful and 
 weak ; and notwitlulanding you have thus 
 fed him well, you will take him in again 
 verv lean. 
 
 If you put him to too many mares, he 
 will not ferve long, his mane and tail will 
 fall off through poverty, and you will find 
 it a difficult tafk to recover him again for 
 the year following. 
 
 Therefore let him have mares, but ac- 
 cording to his ftrength, that is twelve, fif- 
 teen, or at moft twenty. 
 
 Mares go with foal eleven months, and 
 as many days as they are years old : as for 
 example, a mare of ten years old will carry 
 her foal eleven months and ten days ; fo 
 that a perfon may fo order his mares to be 
 
 B R E 
 
 covered, that their foals m.ay be brought forth 
 at a time when there will be plenty of grafs. 
 
 About the end of May put your mares in- 
 to an inclofure capable of feeding them the 
 whole time the ftallion is to be with them, 
 or that they are in fe^fon, in which inclo- 
 fure all the mares are to be put together, as 
 well thofe which are barren as others. 
 
 Firft take o^ your ftallion's hind ftioes, 
 but let his fore flioes remain on for the pre- 
 fervarion of his feet, then lead him forth, 
 and let him cover a mare twice in hand to 
 render him more calm and gentle ; after 
 v/hich take off" his bridle and turn him loofe 
 to the reft, with whom he will become fo 
 familiar, and treat them fo kindly, that at 
 laft they will make love to him ; fo that 
 not one of them will be horfed but as they 
 are in feafon. 
 
 In this inclofure there fliould be built a 
 little lodge, into which the ftallion may re- 
 tire to fecure himfelf from the fcorching 
 heats ; and in the lodge there fliould be a 
 manger, to give him oats, peas, fplit-beans, 
 bread, or whatever elfe he likes beft ; and he 
 muft be thus entertained during the whole 
 time he is with the mares, which will be 
 about fix or feven weeks. 
 
 You muft likewife take care that the ftal- 
 lion and the mare have the fame food, i-iz. 
 if the former be at hav and oats, which 
 is commonly called hard meat, the latter 
 fliould likewife be at hard meat ; otheiwile 
 flie will not fo readily hold. 
 
 Mares which are very grofs hold with 
 much difficulty; but thofe that are indif- 
 ferently fiit and plump conceive with great- 
 eft eafe. 
 
 To bring a mare in feafon, and make her 
 retain, let her eat for eight days before flie 
 is brought to the horfe, about two quarts 
 of hemp feep in the morning, and as much 
 at night 
 
 If flie refufe it, mix it with a little bran or 
 oats, and if the ftallion eat alfo of it, it will 
 contribute much to generation. 
 
 As for the age of the ftallion, he fliould 
 not cover before he is fix years old, nor after 
 he is fifteen ; but the laft may be regu- 
 lated according to his ftrength and vigour. 
 ' I 2 As 
 
B R I 
 
 As for the mares they fliould not be co- 
 vered before th^-y are three years old ; but 
 in this I'efpeft you may take meafures from 
 the goodnefs of the mares, and the foals 
 that they bring forth. 
 
 In the laft place you may furnifli yourfeh^ 
 with young breeding mares from your own 
 race ; which being found and of a good 
 breed, will bring forth miOre beautiful foals, 
 than any other. But you are not to make 
 ufe of your colts for ftallions ; becaufe they 
 will much degenerate from the goodnefs of 
 true barbs, and at laft become lilce the na- 
 tural race of the country. 
 
 It is therefore advifable never to chufe a 
 ftallion from your own breed ; but rather 
 to change him for a good barb or Spanijlj 
 horfe, yet ftill make choice of the fineft 
 mares of your own ftock to breed upon. 
 
 BRIDLE is fo termed when all it's ap- 
 purtenances are fixed together in the feveral 
 parts of it for the government of a horfe, 
 and they are tliefe : i. The bitt or fnaffle, 
 which is the iron work put into a horfe's 
 mouth, of which there are feveral forts which 
 fee under the article Bitt. 
 
 2. The head-ftall, being two fmall lea- 
 thers that come from the top of the head 
 to the rings of the bitt. 
 
 3. Filler, that which lies over the fore- 
 head under the foretop, if the horfe have 
 trappings ; this is ufually adorned with a 
 rofe, or the like, or leather fet with ftuds, 
 or braided. 
 
 4. The throat band, being that leather 
 whicii is buttoned from the head band under 
 the throat. 
 
 5. Reins, the long thong ofleather that 
 comes from the rings of the bitt, and being 
 caft over the horfe's head, the rider holds 
 them in his hands, whereby he guides the 
 horfe as he plcafes. 
 
 6. The burton and loop at the end of the 
 reins, by which- it is faftened to the ring of 
 the bitt, the other end of the reins having 
 only a button fo large that it cannot go 
 through the ring of the bitt on the other 
 fide ; this is called a running rein, by which 
 a horfe is led at a good diftance, and has li- 
 berty to leap a ditch, or mount a hedge. 
 
 B R O 
 
 7. The nofe band, a leather that goes 
 over the middle of the nofe, and through 
 the loops at the back of the head-ftall, and 
 fo buckled under the cheeks ; this is ufually 
 adorned. 
 
 8. A trench. 
 
 9. A cavefan, being a falfe rein to hold 
 or lead a horfe by. 
 
 10. A martingal, which, is a thong of 
 leather, the one end failened under the 
 horfe's cheeks, and the other to his girth be- 
 tween his legs, to make him rein well to 
 caft up his head. 
 
 11. Chaff-halter; a woman's bridle is the 
 fame only it is doubled reined. 
 
 BRIDLE-HAND, is the horfeman's 
 left-hand, the right-hand being the fpear or 
 whip hand. 
 
 To fujallow the "SiKiDhz, is faidofahorfe 
 that has too wide a mouth, and too fmall a 
 bitt-mouth. 
 
 BRILLIANT ; a brifk, high mettled, 
 ftately horfe is called brilliant, as having a 
 raifed neck, a fine motion, excellent haun- 
 ches upon which he rifes though never fo 
 little put on. 
 
 To BRIM, a fow is faid' to brim, or go 
 to brim, that is ready to take boar. 
 
 BRING IN A Horse, is to keep dowa 
 the nofe of a horfe that bores and toffes his 
 nofe up to the wind ; this we do with a good 
 ftrong branch. See Banquet and Wind. 
 
 BROCK, a term ufed to denote a badger. 
 
 A hart too of the third year is called a 
 brock or brocls.et; and a hind of the fame 
 year, a brocket's fitter. 
 
 BROKEN-WIND, a diforder that a 
 horfe isfubjecb to when he is fuffered to ftand 
 too long in the ftable without exercife ; by 
 which means he contrafts grofs and thick 
 humours in fuch abundance, that adhering 
 to the hollow parts of his lungs, they ftop 
 his wind-pipe. See Wind. 
 
 BROOK HAWKING, is a fport that is 
 managed with the gerfalcon and jerkin, the 
 haggard falcon, and the taflel gentle. 
 
 There are in many places, ponds enclofed 
 with woods, buflies, and the like obfcurities, 
 fo that they are concealed from paffengers, 
 and fuch places ducks much refort to. 
 
 For 
 
B R O 
 
 For the training up a hawk to take them, 
 obferve the following direi5tions. 
 
 The hawk being in all points ready to fly, 
 be provided with two or three live train 
 ducks, and let a man lie concealed in fome 
 bufli by the pond with them ; fo that when 
 you come to the place, and the hawk being 
 ready for the hidden flight, beat the bulli 
 where the man lies concealed v/ith the duck, 
 with a pole, who muft fend forth one of 
 them, to the end tliat the hawk may think 
 it is put up by you, and if flie takes it with 
 a courage, reward her well. 
 
 This is the way to train up a gofs-hawk, 
 to catch a fowl at fowce. 
 
 The hawk being trained to this, you 
 may boldly go with her to the ponds where 
 the fowl lies, and creeping clofe to the 
 place raife them by beating about with a 
 pole, and when any rife, let go your hawk 
 from your fill, and if fhe feize, let her take 
 pleafure thereon and reward her well. 
 
 It is very neceflary to have a fpaniel with 
 you : for if the hawk is well acquainted with 
 the fport, fhe will be fo nimble at the catch, 
 that they will fall into the water together, 
 and by that means the fowl will go to 
 plunge, fo that then the fpaniel will be of 
 good fervice and will notdifpleafe the hawk. 
 BROOD, the young of fifli or fowls. 
 The brood of fea-fifh is fpawned, and lies in 
 ftill waters, where it may have reft to re- 
 ceive nourilhment, and grow to perfeftion ; 
 and here it is often deftroyed by weirs, 
 draw-nets, or nets with canvafs or iuch en- 
 gines at the bottom of them, in harbours, 
 havens and creeks. 
 
 BROOK a little river or fmall current of 
 water ; and is diftinguifhed from a river, 
 by flowing only at particular feafons, where- 
 as a river flows at all times. 
 
 BROUILLER, is when a horfe is put to 
 any manage, plunges, traverfes, and ap- 
 pears in diforder. Hence they fay. 
 
 This gentleman is not mafter of his legs, 
 he makes his horfe brouiller, ./ e. he makes 
 him traverfe and call: down his head, the 
 fpur being too hard for him. 
 
 BROW-ANTLER, that branch of a 
 deers horn next the head. 
 
 B U C 
 
 BUCK. In his firft year, is called a fawn ; 
 the fecond, a pricket ; the third, a forrel j 
 the fourth, a fore ; the fifth, a buck of tlie 
 firft head ; and the fixth, a great buck. 
 This beaft- is common in moft countries, be- 
 ing as corpulent as a hart, but in fize re- 
 fcmbling more a roe, except in colour : the 
 niaies have horns, which they lofe yearly ; 
 the females none at all. As for the colour, 
 it is very difterent ; however, they are moft- 
 ly branded and fandy, with a black lift all 
 along the back. Their flelh is excellent for 
 nourifhment. 
 
 BUCK HUNTING. Having under the 
 article HART treated largely, as to their 
 nature, and the ways of hunting them, there 
 needs the lefs to be faid as to hunting the 
 buck, and the rules for taking liim : for lie 
 that can hunt a hart or ftag well, will not 
 hunt a buck ill. 
 
 Befides, fallow deer being common 
 among us, and thofe ufually in parks and en- 
 clolures of divers fituations and ftatures, 
 different from one another; it would be a 
 difficult taflc to give inftruftions for every 
 particular. 
 
 And indeed it is the proper bufinefs of 
 every keeper of parks, i£c. to underftand 
 the nature and craft of his deer in hunting; 
 all which are to be acquired by experience 
 more than reading ; however I fliall con- 
 cifely inform you of what relates to buck- 
 hunting as now praftifed. 
 
 There is no iuch fkill and art required in 
 lodging a buck, as in harbouring a hart or 
 ftag, nor fo much drawing after, but you 
 may judge by the view, and obferve what 
 grove or coppice he enters ; for a buck does 
 not wander up and down as the hart, nor 
 change his layer fo often, or ufe fo many 
 croffings, doublings, fhifts and devices, 
 nor doth he flee fo far before the hounds, 
 but avoids the highway and open places, as 
 much as he can ; he is not \o crafty or fb 
 ftrong to beat a river, or to ftay fo lono; at 
 foil ; neither is he fo free to take a great ri- 
 ver, nor muft it be deep ; but oeing clofe 
 hunted, he will flee into fuch ftrong coverts 
 as he is accuftomed to, and it has been ob- 
 ferved, that fome bucks that have leaped 
 
 over.- 
 
E U C 
 
 over a park pale, afccr a ring or two, have 
 returned of themfelves, chuiing rather to 
 die v.'here they have been acquainted, than 
 in a ftrange place. 
 
 ■ The buck groans and trots as the hart 
 feellerh, and v/ith a worfe noife and rattling 
 in the throat : leaps Kghter at the rut than 
 the Ibig ; neither will thele two beafts come 
 near one another's layer, and they have fel- 
 dom or never any other relays than the 
 old hounds. 
 
 They alfo herd more than the hart does, 
 and lie in the drieft places, the' if they are at 
 large they herd but little from May to 
 Auguft. 
 
 Now the greateft fubtlety a huntfman 
 needs to ufe in hunting the buck, is to have 
 a care of hunting counter or change, be- 
 caiife of the plenty of fallow deer that ufe to 
 come more dircftly upon the hounds than 
 the red deer does. 
 
 The does begin to fawn about the end of 
 May, and continue till Miiffmnmer. 
 
 The bucks mew or fhed their horns or 
 heads every year about, or in, April, and 
 part of May, and their nev/ ones are burnilh- 
 ed about the end of Auguft.. 
 
 The buck makes his fewmifhing in divers 
 manners and forms as the hart, according to 
 the diverfity of food, and the time of the 
 day, morning and evening j but they are 
 moft commonly round. 
 
 The buck comes in feafon in July, and 
 goes out in September. 
 
 The doe comes in feafon when the buck 
 , goes out, and goes out at tv/elfth-tide. 
 
 In buck hunting the fame hounds areufed 
 as in running the ftag. In forefts and cha- 
 ces as they lie at layer, fo they are hunted. 
 
 In parks where they are inclofed, the fport 
 is not fo diverting, by reafon of the greater 
 change and foil, unlefs they break out and 
 run the country, v/hich they feldom do. 
 
 But deer that lie out, though near the 
 park, make for the generality better chaces 
 than forefl deer. 
 
 The keeper /hooting a BUCK to be run down. 
 
 In order to facilitate the chace, the keeper 
 
 commonly felefts a fat buck out of the herd. 
 
 B U L 
 
 which he flioots to maim him, and then he 
 is run down by the hounds. 
 
 As to the method of hunting the buck ; 
 the company generally go out very earlv 
 for the benefit of the morning, fomefimes 
 tliey have a deer ready lodged, if not, the 
 coverts are drawn till one is rouzed ; or 
 fometimics in a park a deer is pitched upon, 
 and forced from the herd, then more hounds 
 are laid on to run the chace; if you come fo 
 be at a fault, the old Haunch hounds are on- 
 ly to be relied upon till you recover him 
 ag?.in : if he be funk and the hounds thruft 
 him up, it is called an imprime, and the 
 company all found a recheat ; when he is 
 run down, every one ftrives to get in to 
 prevent his being torn by the hounds. 
 
 Fallow deer feldom or never ftand at bay. 
 
 He that firft gets in, cries hoo-up, to 
 give n.otice that he is down, and blows a 
 death. Y/hen the company are all come in 
 they paunch him and reward the hounds ; 
 and generally the chief perfon of quality 
 amongft them takes fay, that is cuts his bel- 
 ly open, to fee how fat he is. 
 
 When this is done, every one has a chop 
 at his neck, and the head being cut off is 
 fhewn to the hounds to encourage them 
 to run only at male deer, whicli they fee by 
 the horns, and to teach them to bite only 
 at the head : then the com.pany all ftanding 
 in a ring, one blows a fingle death, which 
 being done all blow a double recheat, and 
 fo conclude the chace with a general halloo 
 of hoo-up, and depart the field to their fe- 
 veral homes, or to the place of meeting ; 
 and the huntfman, or fome other, hath the 
 deer put crofs the buttocks of his horfe, and 
 fo carries him home. 
 
 • BULLFINCH, a cage bird : but has 
 neither long nor whiftle of his own, but is 
 very apt to learn if taught. 
 
 BULLHEAD, or MILLER's THUMB; 
 a filli that has a broad head, and wide mouth, 
 with broad fins near the eyes, and has many 
 under the belly; and inftead of teeth, has 
 rough lips, which affift him in napping at 
 the bait : he has alfo fins on his back, and 
 one below the belly, and his tail is round, 
 and his body all over covered with whitifh, 
 
 blackifh. 
 
CAD 
 
 blackilli, and brownlfli fpots : they begin 
 to fpawn about Aprils and are full of fpawn 
 all the fummer feafon. 
 
 The manner of fifhing for them is as 
 follows. 
 
 The common abode or haunt of this fifli 
 is in holes, or among ftones in clear water, 
 in fummer ; but in winter they take up their 
 quarters with the eel in mud. They are a 
 fimple and lazy fifii, and are eafdy caught 
 in fummer, and you may fee him in hot 
 weather funning himfelf on a flat gravelly 
 fbone, upon which you may put your hook, 
 which mull be baited, with a very fmall 
 worm near the mouth, and he will feldom 
 refufe the bait, fo that the moll bungling 
 angler may take him. It is indeed an ex- 
 cellent filli for tafte -, but of fo ill a fliape 
 tliat many women do not care to drefs it. 
 
 BURR, the round knob of a horn next a 
 deer's head. 
 
 BURROCK, is a fmall weir or dam, 
 ■where wheels are laid in a river for taking 
 of fifti. 
 
 BURROWS, holes in a warren which 
 fcrve as a covert for hares, rabbets, iSc. 
 
 BUSTARD, a kind of great fluggifh 
 
 fowl. •)!) 
 
 BUTT^IS, is an inftrument of fteel 
 fitted to a wooden handle, with which they 
 pare the foot, or cut the hoof of a horfe. 
 
 BUTTON, of the reins of a bridle in a 
 ring of leather with the reins pafled through 
 it, which runs all along the length of the 
 reins. To put a horfe under the button is, 
 when a horfe is Hopped 'without a rider 
 upon his back, the reins being laid on his 
 neck, and the buttons lowered fo far down, 
 that the reins bring in the horfe's head, and 
 fix it to the true pofture or carriage. It is 
 not only the horfes which are managed in 
 the hand, that muft be put under the but- 
 ton, for the fame method mull be taken 
 with fuch horfes as are bred between two 
 pillars, before they are backed. 
 
 CA D D O W, a bird, otherwife called 
 a chough, or jack-daw. 
 CADENCE, is an equal meafure or pro- 
 pprtionj obferved by a horfe in all his mo- 
 
 C A G 
 
 tions, when he is thoroughly managed, and 
 works juftly at gallop, terra a terra^ and 
 the airs : fo that his times or motions have 
 an equal regard to one another; that one 
 does not embrace, or take in more ground 
 than the other, and that the horfe obferves 
 the ground regularly. 
 
 Horfemen fay. This horfe works always 
 upon the faid cadence ; he follows the 
 cadence ; he does not change his cadence ; 
 he remains equally between the two heels. 
 
 Ele is fine and gentle in all his aids; and 
 when put to the manage, he never interrupts 
 his cadence. 
 
 This horfe has fo fine a mouth, and 
 works with fo much liberty in his Ilaoulders 
 and haunches, that he keeps his cadence 
 with great facility: nay, he takes a very 
 good cadence upon his airs, without Itep- 
 ping falfe, without jumbling, and works 
 equally in both hands. See Counter-Time 
 and Time. 
 
 CADEW, the flraw-worm, an infeft, 
 ufed as a bait in angling. 
 
 CADGE, a round frame of wood, upon 
 which Falconers carry their hawks. 
 
 Cage FOR Partridges; a device to keep 
 them in, and of which there are feveral forts. 
 
 We fhall begin with that invented to 
 contain a hen partridge, and fcrves to call 
 cock partridges to her in order to take them. 
 See Plate III. Fig. 2. 
 
 This cage is pretty enough, takes up but 
 little room, is very portable, and is but 
 little feen : 'tis made of an old hat, whofe 
 brim is cut oif, and the bottom is wood, 
 which fhuts and opens, to put in and take 
 out the partridge; and a hole muft be made 
 in the bottom of the hat, which is upper- 
 mofl, through which the bird puts out it's 
 head to call. 
 
 You have alfo a hook at it, made of a 
 thick iron wire, to hang the cage upon as 
 there is occafion ; and you mufi: make one 
 or two at the place marked V, to the end 
 the bird may eat and drink; and therefore 
 a piece of wood is faftened or nailed at the 
 door below, of about half a foot in length, 
 pointed at the ends, in order to fix it in the 
 ground, that fo the cage may be kept in 
 
 good 
 
C A G 
 
 good order when you have a mind to ufe 
 it. 
 
 This fort of cage is very proper for the 
 purpofe defigned. 
 
 And yec you keep the partridges in it only 
 when you cany it to call : for in the day- 
 time you are to keep them in a great cage, 
 or room. 
 
 The following figures reprefent other forts 
 of cages J and the mod common is that we 
 are about to defcribc next, and may in fhort 
 ferve for a model to make others by. 
 
 The cage is made of two pieces of the 
 bottom of a cafls, marked with the letters 
 A H C, and B G D, cut round at the top, 
 AB. 
 
 They fhould be nine inches long, and a 
 foot broad i they fafcen them at the lower 
 part to another piece of wood of the fame 
 breadth, and fifteen or eighteen inches in 
 length : you have a lafli, or fmall wooden 
 ligature at top, marked with the letters 
 A B, fifteen or eighteen inches long, and 
 half an inch broad, and thick ; which is 
 nailed to two round boards, in order to 
 keep them together : you muft cover the 
 void part of the cage with a green, or fome 
 dark grey coloured cloth, inclining to 
 brown, and taclved with fmall nails: leave 
 two or three holes at top, for the partridge 
 to put her head through, when flie has a 
 mind to call or hearken. 
 
 A little door muft be made at F, one of 
 the end-boards ; for example, at that 
 marked with No. I. that you may put in, 
 and take out the birds : you muft make 
 two openings in the other board, as you fee 
 reprefented by the letter H, they muft be 
 long and narrow, that the partridge may be 
 able to eat and drink : you muft faften a 
 thong, girth, or cord, to the ends A B, and 
 put tlie fame about your neck, when you 
 have a mind to carry the cage from one 
 place to another. 
 
 You may obftrve the reft from Plate III. 
 
 We prefent you next with another very 
 ufeful fort of cage for the bird, when wild, 
 becaufe Ihe will ftruggle in the carriage, 
 and be fo fatigued when you come to the 
 defigned place. i(as has been frequently ex- 
 
 C A L 
 
 perlenced) that fhe will not vouchfafe to 
 call : fo you muft be obliged to fet the cage 
 on the ground, in order to ufe her the next 
 morning; becaufe a fox, or fome other 
 voracious animal, may kill the bird: here 
 is a cage fet forth by two figures j the 
 fecond fliews you the particular parts ; and 
 it is not yet covered with iron wire, as it 
 ought to be when it is compleat : you may 
 therefore take the model by it. 
 
 You muft take tv/o boards, EGAD, and 
 F H Y C, each of them about fifteen in- 
 ches fquare, and have tv/o bows of thick 
 iron wire, made like a door, or rather like 
 the two boards at the ends of the preceding 
 cage ; nail both the boards at the ends of 
 the two fquare boards, and fix a board over, 
 of the fame breadth as the other two, and 
 a foot and a half fquare ; in fuch a manner, 
 that the fide of the bows which is fquare, 
 may be level with the great board; then 
 few the cloth over the two bows, in order 
 to form a cage, quite the fame as the fe- 
 cond above ; between the two boards, 
 A K, B Y, fo that the three boards are ex- 
 tended quite round about, three or four 
 fingers breadth over; and pieces of wood, 
 as at G H E F, muft be placed at all the 
 corners, to keep the fides tight, and bind 
 the cloth in the middle; then cover the 
 whole with brafs or iron wire, of the thick- 
 nefs of a common little pin ; and to accom- 
 modate your bird with food, you muft have 
 a fmall drawer, or little trough, with an 
 eating and drinking-place, at the fide C, 
 between the cage and iron wire, at the little 
 letter a; and therefore that cloth fide of 
 the cage adjoining to the feeding-place, 
 muft be open with bars, fo diftanced from 
 each other, that the partridge may eafily put 
 her head between them in order to eat and 
 drink. 
 
 CALADE, OR Basse ; is the defcent, or 
 ftoping declivity, of a rifing manage ground; 
 being a fmall eminence, upon which we ride 
 down a horfe feveral times, putting him to' 
 a fliort gallop, with his tore-hams in the 
 air, to inake him learn to ply and bend his 
 haunches, and form his llop upon the aids 
 of the calves of his legs, the ftay of the 
 
 bridle. 
 
i;f;i 
 
ria&g J 11^ 
 
C A L 
 
 bridle, and the cavefTon, feafonably given : 
 for without thefe aids he would throw him- 
 felf too much upon his flioulders, and not 
 bend his haunches. 
 
 Horfemen fay, Work your horfe in a 
 calade, after the Italian way; ride him 
 ftraight, and then you make good ufe of the 
 calade. 
 
 Thefe calades will difcourage your horfe, 
 and perhaps ruin his hams ; for you have 
 pitched upon, too deep a declivity : and 
 befides, you do not make the aids of the 
 bridle accord with thofe of the calves of 
 your legs. 
 
 CALF, (among Hunters) a male hart, or 
 a hind of the firft year. 
 
 CALKINS, a fort of horfe-fhoes for frof- 
 ty weather, and are apt to make horfes tread 
 altogether upon the toes of their hind icct, 
 and trip ; they alfo occafion bleymes, and 
 ruin the back-finews ; neverthelefs they are 
 necellary in a time of froft : and it is more 
 expedient that a horfe fhould run fuch a 
 rifli, than the rider fhould be in continual 
 danger of breaking his limbs. 
 
 Whenever there is occafion to ufe them, 
 order the farrier to pare the horn a little low 
 at the heel, and turn down the fpunge upon 
 the corner of the anvil, fo as to make the 
 calkin in the form of the point of a hare's 
 ear, which will do little damage : whereas 
 the great fquare calkins quite fpoil the 
 foot. 
 
 Calkins, are either fingle or double, 
 that is, at one end of the fhoe, or at both : 
 thefe iaft are deemed lefs hurtful, as the 
 horfe can tread more even, 
 
 CALL, (with Hunters) a lefibn blown 
 upon the horn to comfort the hounds. 
 
 CALLS, natural and artificial ; a fport 
 praftifed much during the wooing feafon of 
 partridges, efpecially for taking cock par- 
 tridges; for which they put a hen into a 
 cage, to call and bring them near. 
 
 This way in general of taking them, is 
 indeed laborious, and requires much exact- 
 nefs, as to the artificial part in imitating 
 their voices ; and at leaft, you can com- 
 monly pretend to take but one at a time. 
 
 Partridges begin to pair about February, 
 
 C A L 
 
 or the beginning of March, if the weather 
 is not cold, and continue in their wooing 
 till the end of July. 
 
 A great many are of opinion, that you 
 will dellroy the breed by taking the cocks 
 in this manner ;. but it is a miftake, for they 
 do more mifchief to the hens they couple 
 with, than good, hindering them to fit; and 
 will break t^eir eggs if they can find 
 them : and in the nell we often find but 
 fmall coveys of young partridges, which 
 happens fo, becaufe the cock being too hot, 
 and too affiduoufiy purfuing the hen that 
 v/ouldlay, fhe cannot difengage herfelf from 
 him, and get to her neft ; and fo chufes ra- 
 ther to lofe her egg, than go thither in fight 
 of the cock that would break all the neft. 
 
 'Tis farther to be obferved, that the cock 
 never knows his hen's neft ; and therefore 
 'tis more eafy to take him when fhe fits ; 
 for believing Hie is loft, he goes to the firft 
 he meets with. 
 
 This fport may be praftifed every day, 
 during the aforeiaid wooing feafon, from 
 day-break until fun-rifing, and from fun- 
 fetting until night. 
 
 The figure, Plate IIL Call L reprefents 
 the manner how to make them. Suppofe 
 the fpace from K to I, to be a hedge that 
 inclofes fome piece of wheat, barley, or 
 other grain ; fet your hen partridge in a 
 thin, open, fine wire cage, fo that fhe may 
 be feen at a good diftance out of the cage; 
 the letters T V Y is the fpot where fhe 
 fhould be placed ; then place your net, 
 called a hallier, (fee HallierJ quite round, 
 as you fee it formed by the letters K L M 
 NOP QJR. S, each part about twenty foot 
 diftant from the cage, then retire behind 
 the hedge : if any cock partridge on the 
 ground calls, the hen will prefently anfwer ; 
 nor will the cock fail to come to her ; and 
 five or fix will fometimes come together, 
 and fight with each other juft under the net, 
 which of them fliall have the hen, until at 
 length fome of them finds themfelves en- 
 tangled : you muft not prefently fally forth 
 in this cafe, for perhaps fome more may be 
 likewife enfnared, nor can they foon dif- 
 entangle themfelves. 
 
 K 
 
 The 
 
C A L 
 
 The obfcrving one caution will five a great 
 deal of pains to the fportfman ; and that is, 
 let him never pitch in amy place, but where 
 lie has heard fome cock call ; then pitch 
 within fixty or eighty paces, that they may 
 be within hearing of each other. 
 
 Let the cage be coloured green, and let 
 the bars be at fuch a diflance, that the hen 
 may thruft out her head and neck to heark- 
 en and call ; and if you have v/ell trained 
 her to this fport, flie will be induflrious at 
 it. 
 
 But as for cages for partridges, the reader 
 is referred to that article. 
 
 Havino- done with the natural calls, we 
 proceed to the artificial ones. 
 
 The following figures reprefent the form 
 of them. Fig. 3 and 4. 
 
 The firft ll:iev/5 the outfide, the fecond the 
 infide j they are bell made of box, walnut- 
 tree, or fuch kind of hard wood, and 
 formed of the bignefs of an hen's egg, with 
 two ends, A B, bored through from end to 
 end ; and about the middle D C, there mull 
 be a hole about the bignefs of a fixpence, 
 hollowed within to the bottom ; then have 
 a pipe, of a fwan's quill, and the bone of a 
 cat's foot, opened at one end, which you 
 muft convey into the hole A, and fo thruft 
 it in the hole D ; the other end of the bone 
 A, muft be ftopped ; then take a goofe 
 quill opened at both ends, which muft be 
 put in at the hole B, until the end C be at the 
 end D of the bone ; then blowing at the 
 €nd B, you make the noife as the cock par- 
 tridge does, which varies much from the 
 call of the hen : and you muft remove far- 
 ther or nearer the end C of the quill, from 
 and to the end of the bone B, until you 
 have found the exadl note; for it is not 
 foon done : the call being fixed, and you 
 expert in the notes, get a net, called a 
 pocket net, the form of which is here de- 
 fcribed. 7^'/^'-. I. See Quails for other 
 
 CALLS. 
 
 To this net fix a pliant ftick, of about 
 four or five foot long ; with v/hich you may 
 go abroad early in the morning, and late in 
 the evening, or as occafion ferves : when 
 you hear a partridge call : you have the 
 
 C A L 
 
 manner ofpitching the net, and the placing- 
 yourfelf reprefented in Plate III : for exam- 
 ple, fuppofe you hear the partridge call at 
 A, hide yourfelf flat upon your belly at B, 
 having planted your net juft in the way, 
 or furrow, between yourfelf and the par- 
 tridge, but v/ithin ten or twelve foot of the 
 net ; efpecially if there be any bufh, or ad- 
 vantage of ground to fhelter you. The 
 way to fet the net, is^ to tie the packthread 
 number i. v/hich pafi^es into the buckle, 
 number 2. of the net, into the end of the 
 ftick, which muft, be ftuck in the ground : 
 and fo bending it like a bow, fallen the 
 other thread to the faid ftick in the ground, 
 to the other fidC;, or furrow : having in like 
 manner tied it to the end of the packthread, 
 numib. 3. which pafles through the buckle, 
 numb. 4. fo that the two buckles 2. and 
 4. may come pretty near each other; then 
 take one end of the pocket net, numb. 5. 
 and 6. and caft it over the bended ftick, fo 
 that it may lie thereon : the other end may 
 lie on the ground, in fuch manner, that if 
 any thing endeavours to pafs by that way, it 
 muft needs run into the net. 
 
 Every thing being in order, and hearing 
 the partridge call, you muft return two or 
 three anfwers louder or fofter according to 
 the diftance from whence you hear the call, 
 only as loud as to be heai'd, and the par • 
 tridge will prefently make near you, then 
 give him a foft call : when he has anfwered 
 the firft call, he will begin to run, and com- 
 ing near the net, will make a little paufe 
 and rufli on fo that the upper part will fall 
 on him, and entangle him ; then take him 
 out, and you may be able to take feveral 
 after this method : but this way of taking 
 them lafts only during the time of their 
 breeding, which is April, May, June, and 
 July. _ - _ 
 
 There is another way of taking partridges 
 with the call and a broad net : having found 
 out your partridge with a call as aforefaid, 
 pitch your broad net, which fhould be four- 
 teen or fifteen yards long, and feven or eight 
 deep ; fpread this over the ground near 
 them, the length ways to them, then peg 
 down the net to the ground on all fides, 
 
 except 
 
CAN 
 
 except that towards them, and raife them 
 up in the midft, by a ftick about four foot 
 long v/ith a notch in the top, the better to 
 hold the line or net from flipping, and bend 
 the ftick from the net to make it ftifFer, 
 which ftick muft be thruft into the ground 
 the better to hold. 
 
 When you have in this manner fixed your 
 net, you muft either have a natural or arti- 
 ficial ftalking horfe to drive them into your 
 net, but the natural one is reputed the beft, 
 if trained up for the fport 
 
 CANARY-BIRD, an admired finging 
 bird, of a greenifti-yellow colour, that takes 
 it's name from the place from whence they 
 came, w'z- from the Canary -ijles, and no where 
 elfe ; but of late years, there is a fort of 
 feirds, that are brought in abundance from 
 Germany, efpeciaily frt)m 'Tirol, and are 
 therefore called German birds ; being a much 
 better fort thaa the other, though their 
 originals are fuppofed to have been firft 
 brought from the fame place. 
 
 Thefe birds, that is the cocks, never grow 
 fat, and they cannot be diftinguiftied by 
 fome country people fi-om common green - 
 birds ; though the canary-birds are much 
 luftier, have a longer tail, and diffi:r much 
 in the heaving of the paflages of the throat, 
 when they fing. 
 
 But to make a right choice of tliis bird, 
 ■and to know when he has a good fong : in 
 the firft place, let him be a long bird, {land- 
 ing ftrait, and not crouching, but fprightly 
 like a fparrow-hawk, ftanding v/ith life and 
 boldnefs, and not fubjeft to be fearful. 
 
 Thefe birds being fo much efteemed for 
 their pleafing fong are fometimes fold at a 
 high price, more or lefs according to the 
 goodnefs and excellency of their notes, 
 there being a great 'diffei"?rnce in them. 
 
 It is very advifable before you buy, firft 
 to hear them fing, for the buyer will then 
 pleafe his ears ; for one fancies a fong bird, 
 another a very harfla bird ; if he be not fo 
 fweet : though undoubtedly the beft canary- 
 bird in general, is that which has the moft 
 variety of notes, and holds out in finging 
 the longeil. 
 
 In order to know whether a bird is in 
 
 CAN 
 
 health before you buy him ; f&ke him out 
 of the ftore cage, and put him. in a clean 
 cage fingly, and if he ftand up boldly with- 
 out crouching or fhrinking in his feathers, 
 and look with g. brilk ey.e, and not fubjeft 
 to clap his head under his wing, it is a fign 
 that he is in good health; but yet he rnay 
 be an unhealthy bird. 
 
 But the greateft matter is to obferve his 
 dunging ; if he bolts his tail like a nightin- 
 gale, after he has dunged, it is a great fign 
 that I'iCi is not ia perfect health j though he 
 m.ay fing at prefent and look pretty brifk, 
 you may afTure yourfelf, it will not be long 
 before he v/ill be fick j but if his dung be very 
 thin like water, or of a flimy white without 
 any blacknefs in it, it is a fign of approach- 
 ing death. 
 
 When a canary-bird is in perfedt health, 
 his dung li-es round and hard, Avith a Fine 
 v/hite on the outfide and dark within : dries 
 quickly, and the larger the dung is the bet- 
 tej-, fo that it be long, round and hard ; but 
 as to a feed bird, he very feldom dungs fo 
 hard, unlefs he be very young. . 
 
 Canary-birds are fubjeft to many difeafes, 
 as impoflhumes, which affecl: ,:he head, and 
 caufe them to fall fuddenly fi nn the perch, 
 and die in a fiiort time if not fpeedily cured. 
 
 The moft approved medicine is an oint- 
 ment made of frefti butter and capon's greafe, 
 melted togetlier, with vdiich anoint the 
 top of the bird's head, for two or three 
 days together, and it will dilTolve it, and 
 cure him ; but if you have let it alone too 
 long, then after you have anointed him three 
 or four times, fee Avhcther the place of his 
 head be foft; and if fo, open it it gently and 
 let out the matter, which will be like the 
 yolk of an egg ; when you have done this, 
 anoint the place, and this will immediately 
 cure Irim. 
 
 And if you find the impofthume at any 
 time return, do as before direfted ; you 
 muft alfo give him figs, and in his water 
 let him, have a flice or two of iiquorifh, 
 with white fugar candy. 
 
 Some are fo curious as to breed thefe birds 
 
 in England, and they have excelled all 
 
 others. For the ordering of thefe birds 
 
 K 2 v/hen 
 
CAN 
 
 when they begin to build, or are intended 
 for breeding, make a convenient cage, or 
 prepare a room that may be fit for that 
 purpofe, taking care to let it have an open- 
 ing towards the rifing of the fun ; where 
 you muft have a piece of wire, that they 
 may have egrefs and regrefs at their plea- 
 fure : when this has been done fet up fome 
 brooms, either heath or frail, in the corners 
 of it, opening them in the middle, and if 
 the room be pretty high two or three yew 
 trees may be fet, but not too near, as the 
 birds will not endure to fee themfelves fo 
 near each other's nefts ; as the cock and hen 
 will be apt to fly on an hen that is not match t 
 to them, when they fee them near their neft; 
 which many times caufes the fpoiling of 
 their eggs and young ones. 
 
 In the next place you muft caufe fome- 
 thing to be made fo convenient, and of 
 fuch bignefs, as may hold meat a confider- 
 able time, that you may not be difturbing 
 them continually, and a proper velTel for 
 water alfo; and the place where the feed is 
 intended to be put, muft be fo ordered that 
 it may hang out of the reach of the mice, 
 for they are deftroyers of them : you muft 
 likewife prepare fome ftufF of feveral forts 
 of things, fuch as cotton, wool, fmall dead 
 grafs, elk's hair, and a long fort of mofs 
 that grows along by ditch fides or in the 
 woods, for them to build their nefts with. 
 
 Dry them well before you put them to- 
 gether, then mingle all well, and put them 
 up into a net like a cabbage net, hanging it 
 fo that they may with cafe pull it out. 
 
 You muft alfo fet perches about the room, 
 and if it be large enough fet a tree in the 
 middle of it, that fo they may take the 
 more pleafure ; and always remember to 
 proportion your birds according to the 
 largenefs of the room, and rather let it be un- 
 der-ftocked than over-ftocked, for they are 
 birds that love their liberty. 
 
 When you perceive them to begin to 
 build and carry ftuft, give them once a day, 
 or in two days at leaft, a little greens and 
 fome coarfe fugar ; for that will caufe a 
 flipperinefs in the body, that fo the eggs 
 may come forth without injuring the birds : 
 
 CAN 
 
 for they die many times in laying the firft 
 egg, which is a lofs to the breeder ; firft in 
 refpedt to his firft breed, then to the unpair- 
 ing of the cock, to which you ought to put 
 another hen, whether he will pair or no : 
 but it would be much better if that cock 
 was taken out, than fuffered to continue 
 in the breedingplace, efpeciallyif it be fmall; 
 but in a large place with feveral pairs he 
 cannot do that injury, and it will be a dif- 
 ficult matter to diftinguifti which is the cock 
 of that hen that died, and as difficult to take 
 him in a large place, without doing more 
 injury than the birds would do : fo that it 
 will be beft to let him reft till the end of the 
 year; when if you leave but two or three 
 pair together, it will be the beft way to take 
 him out, and match him with another hen, 
 and then put him in again. 
 
 Befides when you find that they have built 
 their nefts, the nets that have their breeding 
 ftuff" in them may be taken away, for they 
 will be apt to build upon their eggs with 
 new ftuff, if they do not fet prefently. 
 
 As to the time of their breeding, it is 
 ufually three times a year viz. in April, 
 May, and June, and fometimes in Auguft : 
 as for ordering the young ones, they muft 
 not be left too long in the nefts ; for 
 they are very apt to grow fullen, and will 
 not feed kindly ; therefore they are to be 
 taken out at about nine or ten days old, and 
 put into a little bafl^et and covered over 
 with a net, or elfe they will be apt to jump 
 out upon the firft opening of the bafket and 
 be hurt, if they fall down. 
 
 They muft alfo be kept very warm for the 
 firft week : for they will be very tender, 
 fubjeft to the cramp, and not digeft their 
 meat, if they take cold. 
 
 And when they are taken from the old 
 canaries, let it be in the evening, and if 
 poffible when the old ones are out of fight ; 
 otherwife they will be very apt to take dif- 
 tafte when they fit again and have young 
 ones, and ready at every fright to forfake 
 both their young and their eggs. 
 
 As to the preparation of their meat ; foak 
 fome of the largeft rape-feed in water for 
 twenty or twenty four hours : but if the 
 
 water 
 
CAN 
 
 v/ater be a little warm twelve hours may be 
 enough, then drain the water from the feed, 
 and put a third part of white bread to it, 
 and a little canary-feed in flower, and mix 
 them all together. 
 
 With a fmail flick take up a little at the 
 end of it, and give every bird fome, two or 
 three times over ; for if you overcharge 
 their ftomachs at firll, they feldom thrive 
 after. 
 
 Remember that the old ones give them 
 but a little at a time, and the meat they re- 
 ceive from them, is warmed in the ftomach, 
 before they give it them, and then all rape 
 is hulled, which lies not fo hard at the fto- 
 mach, as thofe feeds which have the flcin on. 
 
 Neither muft their meat be made too dry ; 
 for then they will be apt to be vent burnt, 
 as all feeds are hot. 
 
 It is obfervable that the old ones, con- 
 ftantly drink after they have eaten feeds, and 
 a little before they feed their young ones : 
 and they commonly fit a quarter of an hour 
 or more feeding them, to keep them warm, 
 that the meat may the better nourifli them ; 
 therefore when you have fed them, let them 
 be covered up very warm, that their meat 
 may the better digeft. 
 
 The feveral names of thefe birds at differ- 
 ent times and ages are ; fuch as are above 
 three years old are called Runts, thofe 
 above two are named Eriffes, and thofe of 
 the firft year that the old ones bring up are 
 called Branchers ; thofe that are new flown 
 and cannot feed themfelves Pufhers, and 
 thofe that are bred up by hand Nelllings. 
 
 CANCELLIER, a term ufed in Falcon- 
 ry, when a light flown hawk in her flionping 
 turns two or three times upon the wing, to 
 recover herfelf before flie feizes. 
 
 CANKER IN Hawks, a diftemper breed- 
 ing in the throat and tongue, proceeding 
 from foul feeding, and their meat not being 
 waflied in cold water in fummer time, and 
 in warm in winter, which engenders a grofs, 
 flimy matter in their guts, which when 
 moved fumes up into the head, and diftil- 
 ling thence down again produces heat of the 
 liver, and fo breaks out in the throat and 
 tongue. 
 
 CAN 
 
 The cure : anoint the throat of the hawk 
 with oil of almonds or olives two or three 
 times a day together, and feed her with 
 mutton, pullets, or flefh dipt in oil. 
 
 When you perceive that the canker is 
 grown white, flit it open along the fide of 
 her tongue with a fliarp penknife, and 
 gently fcrape away the whitenefs, and dry- 
 up the blood with cotton or lint, and let 
 her meat be waflied in oil till flie is cured. 
 
 CANKER IN Horses, is a very loath- 
 fome difeafe, which if not continued long 
 uncured, fo fefters and putrifies the part, 
 that it will eat to the very bone; and if it 
 happens to come upon the tongue, will eat 
 it afunder ; lighting upon the nofe, it de- 
 vours the griftle through, and if it comes 
 upon any part of the fielh, it will fret and 
 gnaw it a great breadth. It will be eafily 
 known, for the places where it is will be raw 
 and bleed much, and a white fcurfwill 
 often grow upon the infefted part. 
 
 This difeafe may be caufed many ways, 
 either by the engendering of melancholy 
 and foul blood in the body, by unwhole- 
 fome meat, and by fome fliarp and fait hu- 
 mours, proceeding from cold not long be- 
 fore taken, which will render his breath ve- 
 ry ftinking. 
 
 When this difeafe is in the mouth, it will 
 be full of blifl:ers, and the beafl: will not be 
 able to eat its provender. 
 
 It proceeds from crude undigefl:ed meat, 
 ranknefs of food, or unnatural heat coming 
 from the ftomach, and fometimes from 
 cold taken in the head -, where the rheum 
 binds upon the roots and kernels of the 
 tongue, which has, as it were flirangled and 
 made flraight the pafl^ages of the ftomach : 
 when the eyes are infefted with it, which 
 proceeds from a rank blood, defcending 
 from the head, it bieeds a little worm like 
 a pifmire, tliat grows in the corner next his 
 nofe, and it v/ill eat it in time, &'c. 
 
 It may be known by the great and fmall 
 pimples within and wichout the eyelids. 
 
 The cure : there are many things in ge- 
 neral good for the cure of this difl:emper, 
 in any part of a horfes body ; but more 
 particularly for that in the mouth and nofe. 
 
 Take 
 
C A K 
 
 Take half a pint of white-wine, the quan- 
 tity of a -oval nut of roch alr.m, half a fpoon- 
 ful of hav flit, one fpoonful of EngUfi ho- 
 ney, redfige, rue, rib-wort, bramble leaves, 
 of each a like quantity ; boil them in the 
 white -wine till one fourth part be confu- 
 med, and injeft this water into the fore, or 
 if it be in the mouth, wafli the place with a 
 clout faftened to a ftick, and drefs him 
 with it twice a day or oftener. Or, 
 
 Take the juice of plantain, as much vi- 
 negar, and the fame weight of the powder 
 of alum, and anoint the fore with it two or 
 three times a day. Or, 
 
 Reduce a like quantity of ginger and 
 alum to a fine powder, mix them Vv'ell to- 
 gether till they are like a falve, and very 
 thick, and anoint the part after it has been 
 very well walhed with alum water and vi- 
 negar. Or, 
 
 Take half a pound of alum, a quarter 
 of a pint of honey, columbine and fage 
 leaves, of each a handful ; boil all in three 
 pints of running water, till one pint be con- 
 fumed j this is good for a canker in the 
 mouth particularly, being walhed with it 
 morning- and night. Or, 
 
 For foul ulcers, and to make the hair 
 grow: take a quart of tar, put to it half a 
 pound of bear's greafe, and an ounce of 
 green copperas, a quarter of a pound of 
 faltpetre, two ounces of wax, a quart of 
 honey, a quarter of a pound of rofin, two 
 ounces of verdegreafe, and a quart of lin- 
 feed oil ; boil it till half be confumed, 
 then ftrain the liquor and keep it clcfe in a 
 pot, to be ufed on occafien, warming it 
 when you apply it to the fore. 
 
 CANKER IN Dogs ; a diftemper that 
 feizes their ears, but does not much in- 
 commode them. 
 
 The cure : take two ounces of foap, the 
 fame quantity of oil of tartar, fulphur, fal- 
 armoniac, and verdegreafe, incorporate all 
 together with vinegar and aqua-fortis ; with 
 this rub the parts affefted, and it will cure. 
 
 CANNON MOUTH of a Bitt, is a 
 round butlongpiece of iron,confii1ing fome- 
 times of two pieces that couple and bend 
 in the middle, and fometimes only of one 
 
 C A P 
 
 piece that does not bend, as in the cannon- 
 mouth a trompe. 
 
 Cannon mouths of all forts are contrived 
 to keep the horfe in fubjeftion ; and are fo 
 contrived that they rife gradually towards 
 the middle, and afcend towards the palate ; 
 to the end that the void fpace left underneath 
 may give fome liberty to the tongue. 
 
 CAPARASSON, or Horse Cloth, is a 
 fort of cover for a horle. 
 
 For led horfes it is commonly made of 
 linnen cloth, bordered round with woollen, 
 and inriched witli the arms of the mafter 
 upon the middle, which covers the croupe, 
 and with two cyphers on the two fides. 
 
 The caparaffons for the army are fome- 
 times a great bear's fkin, and tliofe for 
 ftables are of fingle buckram in fummer, and 
 of cloth in winter. 
 
 CAPELET, a difeafe in horfes, when the 
 tip of the hock is moveable, and more 
 fwelled than ordinary : when it is fmall it 
 does no great damage, but if it grow large 
 it will be painful, and make a horfe lofe his 
 belly. 
 
 CAPON, a cock chicken gelded as foon 
 as left by the dam, that being the befl: time, 
 if his ftones be come down, or elfe as foon 
 as he begins to crow. They are of two ufes. 
 
 The one is to lead chickens, ducklings, 
 young turkeys, pea-hens, pheafants and 
 partridges, which a capon will do all to- 
 gether both naturally and kindly, and by 
 means of the largenefs of his body will co- 
 ver and brood thirty or thirty five of them. 
 
 Nay he will lead them forth more fafely, 
 and defend them much better againft kites 
 and buzzards than the hen. 
 
 Therefore the way to make him like them, 
 is with a fmall fine briar, or elfe Iharp net- 
 tles at night, beat and fting all his breaft 
 and nether parts, and then in the darlc to 
 put the chickens under him, the warmth of 
 which will take away the fmart, and induce 
 him to be fond of them. 
 
 CAPRIOLES, are leaps that a horfe makes 
 in the fame place .without advancing, in 
 fuch a manner, that when he is at the height 
 of his leap, he yerks out with his hinder 
 legs even and near. It is the moft difficult 
 
 of 
 
C A R 
 
 of all the high manage. It differs from 
 croupades in this, that in a croupade tiie 
 horfe does not fliow his fhoes ; and from a 
 balotade in this, that in a balotade he does 
 not yerk out. 
 
 Your horfe will n^ver work well at cap- 
 rioles iinlefs you put him between two pil- 
 lars, and teach him to raife firft his fore- 
 quarters, and then his hind-quaaters, while 
 his fore are yet in the air ; for which ends 
 you mufi: give the aids of the whip and the 
 poinfbn. 
 
 If you would teach your horfe to make 
 caprioles, and yerk out handfomely with his 
 hinder feet, ftay and help with your hand, 
 and your heels. 
 
 This leaping horfe takes to caprioles him- 
 felf, for he makes equal leaps, and that 
 upon the hand, i. e. without forcing the 
 hand, and refting heavy upon the bridle. 
 See to Yerk. 
 
 CARACOL, is an oblique pifte or tread 
 traced out in a femi-round, changing from 
 one hand to another, without obferving a 
 ree;ular s;round. 
 
 When horfes advance to charge in battle, 
 tliey fometimes ride up in caracols, to per- 
 plex the enemy, and make them doubtfuj 
 whether they are about to take them in the 
 front, or in the flank. 
 
 Caracol is a Spanijh word ; and in that 
 language fignifies the motion that a fqua- 
 dron of horfe makes, when upon an engage- 
 ment, the firft rank has no fooner fired their 
 piftols, but they divide, and open into two 
 half ranks, the one wheeling to the right, 
 the other to the left, along the wings of 
 the body, to the rear. Every rank obferves 
 the fame order of firing; and turning or 
 wheeling from the front to rear, is called a 
 earacol. 
 
 To caracol, is to go in the form of half 
 rounds. 
 
 CAREER; this word fignifies both the 
 ground that is proper for the manage and 
 courfe, and race of a horfe that does not go 
 beyond two hundred paces. 
 
 This barb makes a very good career, 
 from pacing to Hopping. 
 
 This EngUJfo horfe does not finiili his 
 
 CAR 
 
 career ; that is, he does not finifh his, courfe 
 with the fame fwiftnefs ; and does not move 
 fo fliort and fwift at the middle and end as 
 at the beginning. 
 
 Thh Spanijh horfe is fit for the ring; he 
 has a Ihort and fwift career, and holds it an 
 hundred paces. 
 
 CARP, is generally taken for the queen 
 of frefli-water fifn ; being fubtil, and living 
 longeft of all fifli (excepting the eel) out of 
 it's proper element. 
 
 They are obfei-ved to breed feveral months 
 in one year; for which reafon you fiiail 
 fcarce take .either male or female without 
 miclt or fpav/n : but they breed more natu- 
 rally in ponds than in running-v/ater, and 
 in the latter, very feldom, or never ; and 
 where they frequent their ftock is innume- 
 rable. 
 
 CARP-FISHING. 
 
 A perfon who angles for a carp, mufl 
 arm himfelf with abundance of patience, 
 becaufe of his extraordinary fubtilty and 
 policy: they always chufe to lie in the deep- 
 eft places, either of ponds or rivers, where 
 there is but a fmall running ftream. 
 
 Further, obferve that they will feldom 
 bite in cold weather; and you cannot be 
 either too early or too late at tlie fport in 
 hot weather ; and if he bite you need not 
 fear his hold, for he is one of thofe leather- 
 mouthed filTi, that have their teeth in their 
 throat. 
 
 Neither muft you forget, in angling for 
 him, to have a ftrong rod and line ; and 
 fmce he is fo very v/ary, it will be proper to 
 entice him, by baiting the ground with a 
 coarfe pafte. 
 
 He feldom refufes the red worm in March, 
 the caddis in Jiiney nor the gramopper in 
 June, April, and September. 
 
 This fifli does not only delight in worms, 
 but alfo in {v-ittx. pafte ; of which there is 
 great variety : the beft is made up of honey 
 and fugar, and ought to be thrown into the 
 v/ater fome hours before you begin to 
 angle ; neither will fmall pellets thrown into 
 the water two or three clays before, be the 
 worfe for this purpofe, efpecially if chicken's 
 
CAR 
 
 ^us, garbage, or blood mixed with bran 
 and cow-dung be aifo thrown in. 
 
 But more particularly, as to a pafte very- 
 proper for this ufc, you may make it in the 
 manner following : take a fufficient quan- 
 tit)^of flour, and mingle it with veal, cut 
 fmall, " making it up with a compound of 
 honey; then pound all together in amor- 
 tar, lb long, till they are fo tough, as to 
 to hang upon the hook without wafliing 
 off. 
 
 In order to effeft which the better, min- 
 gle whitifh wool with it ; and if you keep 
 it all the year round, add fome virgin's 
 wax, and clarified honey. 
 
 Again, if you fifh with gentles, anoint 
 them with honey, and put them on your 
 hook, with a deep fcarlet dipped in the 
 like, which is a good way to deceive the 
 fifli. 
 
 Honey and crumbs of white bread mixed 
 together, is alfo a very good pafte. 
 
 To make carp fat, and very large : when 
 your pond, in April, begins to grow very 
 low in water, rake all the fides of it with 
 an iron rake, where the water is fallen away ; 
 then fow hay-feeds, and rake it well ; by 
 this means, at the latter end of fummer, 
 there will be a good growth of grafs ; 
 which, when winter comes, and the pond 
 begins to rife by rain to the top, it will 
 overflow all that grafs, and be a feeding- 
 place for them, and make them exceeding 
 fat. As for the way of taking a carp in a 
 muddy pond, fee Tench. 
 
 In taking a carp either in pond or river, 
 if the angler intends to add profit to his 
 pleafiire, he muft take a peck of ale-grains, 
 and a good quantity of any blood, and mix 
 with the grains, baiting the ground with 
 it where he intends to angle. 
 
 This food will wonderfully attract the 
 fcale-fifhj as carp, tench, roach, dace, and 
 bream. 
 
 Let him angle in a morning, plumbing 
 his ground, and angling for a carp with a 
 ftrong line ; the bait muft be either paxle, 
 or a knotted red worm, and by this means 
 he will have fport enough. 
 
 CARRY Lowj a horfe is faid to carry 
 
 CAS 
 
 low, that has naturally a foft, ill-fhaped 
 neck; and lowers his head too much. 
 
 All horfes that arm themfelves, carry 
 low; but a horfe may carry low without 
 arming ; for when he arms himfelf, his neck 
 is too fupple, and he wants to evade the 
 fubjcftion of the bridle : but when he car- 
 ries low, he has his neck ill-placed, and 
 ill-made. 
 
 To cnrry well, or in a becoming pofture, 
 is faid of a hoife, whofe neck is railed, or 
 arched ; who holds his head high, without 
 conftrainf, Brni, and well placed. 
 
 'To CARRY, (with Falconers) is a term 
 ufed of a Ii V, k ; who is faid to carry, when 
 file flies aw.iy with the quarry. 
 
 CARRYING, (with Hunters) a term 
 ufed of an hare ; of which, when fhe runs 
 on rotten ground, or in a froft fometimes, 
 and it flicks to her feet, the huntfmen fay, 
 file carries. 
 
 CASTINGS, (in Falconry) a term, by 
 which is underftood any thing that is given 
 an hawk, to cleanfe and purge his gorge ; 
 of which there are two forts. 
 
 I. Plumage, /. e. feathers, or cotton; 
 the latter of which is moft commonly given 
 in pellets about the bignefs of an hazle nut, 
 made of fine, foft, white cotton, which, af- 
 ter flie hath fupped, you muft convey into 
 her gorge ; and in the morning, obferve 
 diligently how fhe hath rolled and caft it, 
 by which you will know whether fhe be in 
 a good or bad condition ; more particularly, 
 if fhe caft it round, white, not ftinking, 
 nor very moift, or waterifh, flie may be 
 concluded to be found. 
 
 But if fhe roll it not well, but caft it 
 long, with properties contrary to the former, 
 then file is unfound, and full of difeafes. 
 
 Befides, if her cafting be either black, 
 green, yellowifh, flimy, or ftinking, it 
 fhews that flie is difeafed. 
 
 The former cafting is remedied by hot 
 meats, and the latter by feeding her well, 
 and waiiiing her meats in cooling waters, as 
 of endive, i^'c. 
 
 Give her alfo one or two caftings of cot- 
 to!i, i;icorporacing therewith ijicenfe and 
 inuaiQiy; but if ihe ftill continue in the 
 
 fame 
 
CAS 
 
 fame condition, give her upward fcourings, 
 made as follows : take one fcruple of aloes 
 powdered, powder of cloves four grains, 
 and three of the powder of cubwebs, all in- 
 corporated and v/rapped in cotton. Give it 
 -the hawk empty, having no meat in her 
 pannel. 
 
 Then for the other calling of plumage, 
 it is to be obferved as the former : that is, 
 in the morning, if you find the feathers 
 round, and not ftinking, it is a good fign ; 
 but if it be long, and (limy, with indigelled 
 flefli (ticking thereto, and having an ill fcent, 
 'tis exceeding bad. See Mewts. 
 
 CASTING, OR OVERTHROWING, A 
 
 Horse : the way to do this, is to bring him 
 upon fome even ground, that is fmooth and 
 foft, or in the barn, upon foft ftraw ; when 
 take a long rope, double it, and call a knot 
 a yard from the bow ; put the bow about his 
 neck, and the double rope betwixt his fore- 
 legs, about his hinder pafterns, and under 
 his fet-locks ; when you have done this, 
 flip the ends of the rope underneath the 
 bow of his neck, and draw them, quick, 
 and they'll overthrow him ; then make the 
 ends faft, and hold down his head, under 
 ■which you mufl always be fure to have good 
 ftore of ftraw. 
 
 If you would brand a horfe on the but- 
 tock, or do any thing about his hinder-legs, 
 that he may not ftrike, take up his contrary 
 fore-leg ; and when you brand hirn, take 
 care that the iron be red hot, and that the 
 hair be both feared away and the fleih 
 fcorched in every place, before you let him 
 
 go- 
 
 CASTING-NET : there are two forts of 
 
 thefe filliing-nets, but much alike in ufe, 
 and manner of cafting out, wherein the 
 whole fkill of the work confifts. For the 
 figure, fee the plates III, and IV. 
 
 When this net is exadlly thrown out, 
 nothing efcapes it, bringing all away with- 
 in it's extent, as well weeds, fticks, and 
 fuch like trafh ; but it is thereby often 
 broke, wherefore you muft take great care in 
 what bottoms you caft it, and how it is caft 
 off, that the net may fpread itfelf in it's 
 due dimenfions. 
 
 CAT 
 
 Draw a loop, S, Plate IV. Fig I. of th^ 
 main cord, over your left aim, and gi-afp 
 with your left h and, all the net from T to 
 V, about three foot from the bottom, where 
 the leads hang, and let the leads jufl reft on 
 the ground : with vour right hand take up 
 about a third part, as from D to L, and 
 caft it over your left ftioulder, like a cloak; 
 then take another third part, from A to I, 
 in your right hand, and let the^refidue re- 
 main hanging down ; when you have done 
 this, ftand upright, and being at the place 
 where you intend to caft it off, incline your- 
 felf firft, a little towards the left hand, that 
 you may afterwards fwing yourfelf about to 
 the right with the greater agility, and then 
 let the net launch out into a pond : but 
 take care that the threads, or meflies of the 
 net, be not entangled with your buttons, 
 left you be in danger of being drawn in 
 after it. 
 
 CASTREL, 1 a kind of hawk, which 
 
 KASTREL, 1 much refembles the lanner 
 in fliape, but as to fize is like the hobby ; 
 her game is the growfe, a fov/1 common, 
 and well known, in the north of England.^ 
 and elfewhere : fhe will alfo kill a partridge; 
 but yet is a bird of a very cowardly nature, 
 a flow goer afore-head, and therefore not 
 much in ufe, 
 
 CAT, is a beaft of prey, even the tame 
 one; and faid to be of three kinds, i. The 
 tame cat. i. The wild wood cat. 3. The 
 mountain cat. The tame or domeftic cat 
 is diverfified with an almoft infinite variety 
 of colours and ftreaks ; but the natural co- 
 lour, in a wild ftate, is a brown tawney, 
 variegated with ftreaks of a whitilh colour. 
 In France the cats are all of a blueifh lead- 
 colour, and in the north of Europe they are 
 all over white. 
 
 All which are of one nature, pretty much 
 of the fame ftiape, but differ in fize ; the 
 wild cat being much larger than the tame, 
 and the mountain cat is larger than the wild 
 cat. 
 
 The tame cat is a creature fubtil and 
 watchful, very familiar and loving to man- 
 kind, and an enemy to rats, mice, ^c, which 
 it feizes on as it's prey. 
 
 \_ Thefe 
 
C A V 
 
 Thefe animals ufually generate in the 
 uintcr-fealbn:, making a great yawling or 
 crying; go fifty-fix days, or eight weeks, 
 with young; bring forth feveral at a time : 
 N, they cover their excrements, and love to 
 keep their old habitations. Sec Pol"e-Cat. 
 
 CATARACT, is a malady in the eyes of 
 an hawk not eafily removed ; and fometimes 
 incurable, when it is too thick, and of a 
 long continuance. 
 
 It proceeds from grofs humours in the 
 head, which frequently do not only dim, 
 but extinguifh the fight; and fometimes 
 the hood is the caufe of this mifchief. 
 
 The cure is to be efix6ted, by fcouring 
 her two or three days with aloes or agaric : 
 then take the powder of walhed aloes, 
 finely beaten, one fcruple, and two fcruples 
 of fugar-candy; mingle thefe together, and 
 with a quill blow it into the hawk's affefted 
 eye three or four times a day. 
 
 This is the gentleft, and moll fovereign 
 medicine of any yet known; but if this 
 will not do, you muft ufe ftronger reme- 
 dies, as the juice of celandine i-oots, bath- 
 ing their eyes often with warm rofe-water, 
 in which the feed of fenugreek has been 
 boiled. 
 
 CATTLE. A colleftive name import- 
 ing all quadrupeds, ufed either in tilling the 
 ground, or for the food of man. Under 
 cattle fome include all quadrupeds which 
 aflbciate, or go in herds, as Iheep, oxen, 
 hogs, horfes, &"€. Others define -cattle to 
 be all tame animals which graze : cattle are 
 fometimes divided into great, comprehend- 
 ing oxen, bulls, cows, calves, horfes, &"<:. 
 and fmall, including flieep. Iambs, goats, 
 &c. Black CATTLE implies all of the 
 ox-kind. 
 
 CAVALCADOUR, is a word ufed at the 
 court of France, and among the Families of 
 the Blood, fignifying the Querry ; that is, 
 Mafter of the Horfe. 
 
 Thus we fay, the Querry Cavalcadour of 
 the Queen's ftables ; of Monfieur, or the 
 duke of Orleans's ftables. 
 
 In Italy, this word fignifies the perfons 
 v;ho trot colts with bardelle faddles. See 
 Bardelle. 
 
 C H A 
 
 CAVALIER. One that underftands hor- 
 fes, and is praftifed in the art of riding them. 
 
 CAVEZON, a fort of nofe-band, either 
 of iron, leather, or wood, fometimes flat, 
 at other times hollow or twifted, put on 
 the nofe of a horfe, to wring it, and fo 
 forward the fuppling and breaking of the 
 horfe. An iron cavefon is a femi-circle or 
 band of iron, confifting of two or three 
 pieces joined by hinges, and mounted with 
 a head-fl:all, a throat-band, and two ftraps 
 or reins with three rings; one rein palTes 
 through the middle ring ; when we mean to 
 make a horfe walk round a pillar; through 
 the two fide -rings we pafs the two reins,. 
 v/hich the rider holds in his hand, or makes- 
 faft to the faddle, in order to keep the 
 horfe's head in fubjeftion, &£. 
 
 CAUTING-IRON, an iron with which 
 farriers fear thofe parts of a horfe that re- 
 quire burning. 
 
 CAWKING-TIME, (in Falconrj') a 
 hawk's treading; time. 
 
 CHACK, OR BEAT UPON" THE HaKD ! a 
 
 horfe is faid to chack, or beat upon the 
 hand, when his head is not fteady, but he 
 toffes up his nofe, and fhakes it all of a 
 fudden, to avoid the fubjedion of the bri- 
 dle. In order to fix and fecure his head, 
 you need only to put under his nofe-band a 
 fmall flat band of iron bended archwife, 
 which anfwers to a martingale. 
 
 A CHACE, I is a ftation for wild beafb 
 A CHASE, i of the forefl: : from which 
 it differs in this refpeft; that it may be in 
 the poflbflion of a fubjeft, which a foreft, 
 in it's proper and true nature cannot; nei- 
 ther is it commonly fo large, nor endowed 
 with fo many liberties, as the courts of at- 
 tachment, fwain-mote, juftice feat of eyre. 
 i^c. On the other hand, a chace differs from 
 a parlc, for that it is of a larger compafs, 
 having a greater variety of game, and more 
 overfeers, or keepers. — For beafts of the 
 chace and the terms ufed fee the Article 
 Terms. 
 
 IFhatJort of Chace is moji fre'per firfi to train 
 a hunting-horje to. 
 
 Some would have a horfe that is defigned 
 
 either 
 
C H A 
 
 either for a buck-hunter, or fox-hunter, to 
 be ufed at firft, and trained up in that fort 
 ofexercife; others are of opinion, that thofe 
 chaces are too violent for a young horfe, and 
 therefore chufe to train him lifter harriers : 
 which lafc feems to be the moft eligible. 
 
 As for the ftag, buck, and hind there is 
 not much difference in the hunting of them ; 
 fo that the inconveniences from each chace, 
 are in a manner the fame alfo : for which- 
 foever you hunt, it is either in covert or at 
 force. 
 
 If a deer be hunted in a park, they ufually 
 chufe the moft woody parts of it, as a re- 
 fuge from the purfjits of their enemies -, 
 which is both unpleafant to the rider, and 
 troublefome to the horfe, • to follow the dogs 
 through the thick bufhes : and befides, in 
 parks the ground is ufually full of mole- 
 banks, trenches, ^c. which is dangerous 
 for a young horfe to gallop on, till he has 
 attained to fome perfection in his ftroke. 
 
 But if they be turned out of the park, 
 and hunted at force, you will find, that as 
 foon as you have unharbourcd or rouzed 
 them tliey will immediately make out end- 
 ways before the hounds, five or fix, nay, 
 fometimes ten miles ; they following in full 
 cry, fo fwiftly, that a horfe muft be com- 
 pelled to run up and down hill without any 
 intermiffion, leaping hedge, ditch, and 
 dale ; nay, often croffing rivers, to the great 
 danger of the rider, as well as of the horfe. 
 So that it fhould feem altogether impro- 
 per to put a young horfe to fuch violent la- 
 bour at the firft, till he hath been inured to 
 hard fervice by praftife and degrees. 
 
 And befides, the feafons for thefe chaces 
 beginning about Midfummer, and ending 
 at Holy-rood-tide, is apart of the year in 
 which the fun's heat is exceflive ; that be- 
 fides the fwiftnefs and violence of this chace, 
 and the danger of cracking his wind, and 
 burfting his belly ; (and the ftraining of 
 his limbs by fuch defperate riding, and cre- 
 ating in a young horfe a loathfomenefs to 
 his labour, by undergoing fuch violent and 
 unufual fervice;) the fun's exceflive heat 
 does fo fcorch the earth, that a violent chace 
 would hazard the melting of his greafe : and 
 
 C H A 
 
 the weight of the rider, by reafon of the 
 hardnefs of the ground, would occafion foun- 
 dering, fplints, and windgals ; infomuch, 
 that in a lliort time the horfe would prove 
 altogether ufelefs. 
 
 Therefore it wou4d be beft, that thofe 
 horfes that are employed in this violent ex- 
 ercife, be horfes of ftayed years ; which 
 have been trained to hunting by long prac- 
 tice and experience. 
 
 Young horfes, (fays the Duke of A^ew- 
 cnfile^ being as fubjecl to difeafes as young 
 children : therefore he advifes, that any 
 man that v/ould buy an horfe for ufe in his 
 ordinary occafions, as for journies, hawk- 
 ing, or hunting, fliould never buy a horfe till 
 the mark be out of liis mouth ; and if he be 
 found of wind, limb, and fight, he will 
 laft you eight or nine years, with good 
 keeping, and never fail you : and therefore, 
 (he adds) I am always ready to buy for 
 fuch purpofcs, an old nag, of fome huntf- 
 man or falconer, that is found ; and that is 
 the ufeful nag : for ^-he gallops on all 
 grounds, leaps over hedges and ditches ; 
 and fuch an one will not fail you in your 
 journey, or any where, and is the only nag 
 of ufe for pleafure or journey. 
 
 The next chace Is that of the fox ; which 
 although it is a recreation much in ufe, and 
 highly applauded by the generality of the 
 nobility and gentry, yet is inconvenient for 
 the training of a young horfe ; it being 
 fwift without refpite, and of a long continu- 
 ance too ; both which- are dillafteful to the 
 horfe : but the greateft inconvenience that 
 happens to a horfe in this cafe, is, that 
 when a fox is unkennelled, he feldom or ne- 
 v#r betakes himfelf to a champagne country, 
 but remains in the ftrongelt coverts and 
 thickeft woods ; fo that a horfe can have but 
 little pleafure in accompanying the hounds, 
 without running the rilk of being ftubbed, 
 or fome fuch dangerous accidents. 
 
 The fitteft horfes for this chace, are horfes 
 of great ftrength and ability : this chace be- 
 ginning at Chrijlmas, which is the worft 
 time of riding, and ends at Lady-day, when 
 the ground is beft for it. 
 
 The next chace is the otter -, which is not 
 L 2 con- 
 
C H A 
 
 convenient for a horfe, becaufe he that will 
 truly purfne this amphibious animal, muft 
 often Iwim his horfe, to the equal hazard, 
 ^bot!i of the rider and the horfe. 
 
 The hare therefore fliould feem the befi: 
 chace, both forpleafure anddeligiit; and the 
 moft beneficial for training a young horfe. 
 
 It is indeed fv/ift, and of fome endurance, 
 like that of the fox, but far more pleafant 
 to the horfe, becaufe hares commonly run 
 the champagne country : and the fcent not 
 being fo hot as that of the fox, the dogs are 
 oftener at default, and by that means the 
 horfe has many fobs ; by which means he re- 
 covers wind, and regains ftrength. 
 
 This chace begins at Michaelmas, and 
 lafts till the end oi February. 
 
 The beft dogs to bring a horfe to perfec- 
 tion of wind, and fpeed, are fleet northern 
 hounds J for they, by means of their hard 
 running, will draw him up to that extraor- 
 dinary fpeed, that he will not have time to 
 loiter ; and by continual praftife, will be 
 inured and habituated to the violence of 
 their fpeed, that in a Ihort time he will be 
 able to ride on all forts of ground, and be 
 at fuch command upon the hand, that he 
 ■will flrike at what r£ite you pleafe : and three 
 quarters fpeed will be lefs troublefome to 
 him than a Canterbury gallop. 
 
 This may probably be one of the reafons 
 why your northern breeders, for the gene- 
 rality, excel thofe ofthefouth: fince cer- 
 tainly the fpeed of their hounds contributes 
 much to the excellence of their horfes, and 
 renders them able to endure a four mile 
 courfe without fobs j which fomc horfemen 
 call running. 
 
 CHAFFINCH, a finging bird, th^t 
 takes it's name from it's delighting in chaffj 
 and by fome admired for it's fong, though it 
 has not much pleafantnefs, or fweetnefs in it. 
 They are caught in plenty in flight-time ; 
 but their nefts are rarely found, though 
 they build in hedges and trees of all forts, 
 and make them of mofs and wool, or any 
 thing almoft they can gather up : they have 
 young ones twice or thrice a year, which 
 arc feldom bred from their nef!:, as being a 
 bird not apt to take another bird's fongj nor 
 
 C H A 
 
 to whiftle ; fo that it is beft to leave the old. 
 ones to bring them up. 
 
 The Effex finchers are generally allowed 
 to be the beft fort, both for length of fong 
 and variety, they ending with feveral notes - 
 that are very pretty. 
 
 It is an hardy bird, and will live almoft 
 upon any feeds, none coming amifs to him ; 
 and he is feldom fubjeft to any difeafe, 
 as the canary bird and linnet are ; but he 
 will be very loufy, if not fprinkled v/ith a . 
 little wine, tv/o or three times a month.. 
 
 CHALLENGED COCK-FIGHT, is ge- 
 nerally to meet with ten ftaves of cocks, , 
 and to make out of them twenty-one bat- 
 ties, (more or lefs) the odd battle to have 
 the maftery. 
 
 CHALLENGING, [hunting-term] is 
 ufed of hounds and beagles, when at firft- 
 finding the fcent of their game, they prefent- 
 ly open and cry : the huntfmen then fay, 
 they challenge. 
 
 CHANFRIN, is the fore part of a horfe's 
 head, extending from under the ears, along 
 the interval, between the eye-brows, down 
 to his nofe. 
 
 CHANFRAIN-BLANCE. See Star, 
 or Blaze. 
 
 CHANGE A Horse, or change Hand ; 
 is to turn, or bear the horfe's head from one 
 hand to another, from the right to the left, 
 or from the left to the right. 
 
 You fhould never change your horfe, 
 without pufhing him forward upon the turn ; 
 and after the turn, pufti him on ftraight, in 
 in order to a ftop. 
 
 This horfe changes from the right with an 
 ugly grace. See Entier, Nails, Walk, 
 and a Passade of five times. 
 
 CHANNEL OF a Horse, is the hollow 
 between the tv/o bars, or the nether jaw 
 bones, in wliich the tongue is lodged : for 
 this purpofe it ftiould be large enough, that 
 it be not preffed with the bitt-mouth, which 
 fliould always have a liberty in the middle 
 of it. 
 
 CHAPE, [with hunters] the tip at the 
 end of a fox's tail ; fo called, as the tail 
 itfelf is termed breach, drag, or bnifh. 
 
 CHAPELET, is a couple of ftirrup- 
 
 leathersj 
 
JPla&.Zn 
 
 CfiiVt Traps 
 
CHE 
 
 leathers, mounted each of them with a ftir-; 
 rup, and joined at top in a fort of leather 
 buckle, called the head of the chapelet, by 
 which they are made .fail to the pommel of 
 ■ the faddle, , after being adjufted to the rider's 
 length and bare : they are ufed, to avoid 
 the trouble of taking up or letting down the 
 ftirrups, every time that a gentleman mounts 
 on a different horfe and faddle, and to fup- 
 ply the want in the academy faddles,. which 
 have no ftirrups to them. 
 
 CHAPERON OF A BiTT-MouTH, is a 
 word only ufed for fcatch-mouths, and all 
 others that are not cannon-mouths, fignify- 
 ing the end of the bitt that joins to the 
 branch, juft by the banqiret. 
 
 In fcatch-mouths the chaperon is round, 
 but in others it is oval j and the fame part that 
 in fcatched, and other mouths, is called cha- 
 peron, is in cannon-mouths called, froncean. 
 
 CHARBON, (/■. e. coal,) is an obfolete 
 French word ; fignifying that little black 
 fpot or mark, that remains after a large 
 fpot, in the cavity of the corner teeth of a 
 horfe, about the feventh or eighth year, 
 when the cavity fills, and the tooth, being 
 fmooth and equal, is faid to be raifed. 
 
 CHARGE, is a preparation of an oint- 
 ment, of the eonfiftence of a thick decoc- 
 tion, applied to the flioulders, fplaits, in- 
 flammations, and fprains of horfes. 
 
 The parts afFefted are rubbed and chafed 
 "with this compofition, after which you may 
 cover them with finking paper, if you will. 
 
 Charges are made two ways, viz. either 
 with emiellures, i. e. a mixture of honey, 
 turpentine, fuet, and other drugs ; or with 
 remolade, which is a mixture of the lees of 
 ■wine, with the drugs of emmiellure. 
 
 Farriers confound the names of charge 
 emmiellures and remolade, and indifferently 
 ufe one for the other. 
 
 CHASTISEMENTS, or Corrections; 
 are thefe fevere and rigorous efFefts of the 
 'aids ; for when the aids are given with fe- 
 veritv, they become punifhments. 
 
 CHAUSSE Trop-haut ; a white foot- 
 ed horfe is faid to be fuch, when the white 
 maks run too high upon the legs. 
 
 CHECK, [in Falconry] a term ufed of 
 
 CHE 
 
 a hawk v/hen fiie forfakes her proper game, 
 to fly at pyes, crows, rooks, or the like, 
 croffing her in her flight. 
 
 CHEST-TRAPS, a kind of boxes, or 
 traps, ufed to take pole-cats, fitchets, mar- 
 tens, and the like vermin, that are inju- 
 rious to warrens, dove-houfes, or hen- 
 roofts : the firft of them being with a fingle, 
 and the other with a double entrance, are 
 reprefented thus : Now for the making and 
 uling them, take three pieces of oak or elm- 
 boards, of an equal bignefs, like to that 
 which is in Plate IV. fg. i. with A,B,C,D ; 
 let them be four foot long, one over, and 
 about an inch thick ; which nail together 
 juft like a coffin, and clofe up one end with 
 a piece of the board, v/hich muft be nailed 
 faft on, as A C E F ; likev/ife nail over three 
 main boards, another piece, as A,F,G,H, 
 which muft be as large as any of the reft;, 
 but not fo long by two parts in three : and 
 for the reft of the covering, you muft have 
 another piece of the lame board : on the 
 other fide of the boards, maJce a little hole 
 with a gimlet,, at the places marked G,H, 
 where faften two nails, that may be driven 
 into the board that lies on the top, fo as to 
 ferve for fockets, or as the axle of a coach : 
 fo that the board may eafily be lifted up and 
 let down : and at the other end IK, nail 
 another piece of timber, juft equal to that 
 marked A,F,G, H, which muft only be 
 faftened to fhe upper boards in fuch man- 
 ner, that being let down, the whole may 
 feem to be a cheft clofe fhut ; then get 
 two pieces of wood, as L,M, P,Q, two 
 foot long, and one inch and an half thick, 
 and pierced at tlie end L,M, with a hole 
 big enough to turn one's little finger in ; 
 nail thefe on the two fide boards, about 
 the middle of them, juft oppofite to eacli 
 other, with a piece of wood an inch fquarc-, 
 fhaped at both ends like an axletree, which 
 put eafily into the two holes L, M ; at 
 the middle of the fiiid axletree, frame a 
 mortice or hole to faften and tye a ftick 
 O, N, which may fall down upon the mov- 
 ing plank, when it is let down ; and this is 
 intended to prevent any beaft from lifting up 
 the cover when once it is down. 
 
 Before 
 
CHE 
 
 Before you nail all the boards together, 
 make a hole in that plank marked A,13,C,D, 
 at the place marked U, X ; which hole 
 lliould be two inches long, and half an inch 
 over jiiil oppofue thereto, and in the other 
 plank bore a little hole with a gimlet as at 
 R, that you may put in a fmall cord ; at 
 the end whereof" you tie your tricker R,n, 
 S,N,T, made of a ftick as big as one's little 
 finger, which though fattened at the end 
 R, may however have liberty enough to 
 move up and down, and muft pafs through 
 the hole U, about two inches out, with a 
 notch or two at T ; about the end of it tie 
 your bait on this tricker within the cheft 
 trap, which ought to be appropriated to 
 the nature of the beaft, or vermin you in- 
 tend to take. 
 
 For the letting this trap, you muft have 
 a ftrong cord upon the moving plank, near 
 the middle of it marked Yj towards the 
 end at the other end of the faid cord, tie 
 a fmall ftick marked U, an inch an half 
 long and half as big as ones finger, formed 
 at one end like a wedge, fo the trap being 
 lifted half a foot as you fee it reprefented in 
 the figure, and the cord which paffeth over 
 the axletree, Z, O, the little ftick may 
 have one end in the notch T of your tricker, 
 and the other end in the hole X, and then 
 is your trap or engine {et right as it fhould 
 be : if your tricker be a quarter of an inch 
 clear from the bottom when any vermin 
 is once in, and gives but one touch to the 
 bait, which is on the tricker that gives way, 
 down falls the moving plank with the 
 door faft fliut. 
 
 The other trap with the double entrance, 
 is much the beft, becaufe the vermin you 
 intend to take may fee through it to behold 
 the prey, and come in at which fide they 
 pleafe, and therefore will fooner ven- 
 ture. 
 
 It is made much after the fame manner 
 with the former, having two turning planks, 
 and the tricker ought to be in the middle at 
 Z : fo there needs no farther diretflions to be 
 given abour it. See Plate IV. fg. i. 
 
 CHEVALER : (a French word) a horfe 
 s faid to chevaler, when in pailaging upon 
 
 CHE 
 
 a walk or a trot his far fore leg crofTes or 
 overlaps the other fore leg every fecond 
 motion. See to Passage. 
 
 CHEVIN ? A frcfti water fifli, 
 
 CHUB-FISH i having a great head. 
 
 CHEVIN-FISHING, this fifii fpawns 
 in March, is very ftrong, though unaftive, 
 yielding in a very little time after he is 
 ttruck, and the larger he is the more quiet- 
 ly he is taken. 
 
 As for his food, he loves all forts of 
 worms, and Hies, alfo cheefe, grain, black 
 worms, their bellies being flit that white 
 may appear. He affects a large bait, and 
 variety of them at one hook ; but more par- 
 ticularly he delights in the pith that grows 
 in the bone of an ox's back ; but you muft 
 take care to take off the tough outward Ikin, 
 without breaking the inward tender one. 
 
 This fifti is to be angled for early in the 
 morning with fnails ; but in the heat of the 
 day, make ufe of fome other bait, and in 
 the afternoon filh for him at ground or fly ; 
 of the laft of which there is none he covets 
 more than a great moth with a large head, 
 whofe body is yellow, with whitifti wings, 
 which is commonly found in gardens about 
 the evening. 
 
 CHEWING BALLS for Horses: 
 thefe balls are ufed for reftoring loft appe- 
 tite, an infirmity to wnich horfes are very 
 incident, proceeding from a fait humour, 
 and bitter phlegm, which obftrufts the paf- 
 fages of the throat, and makes them loath 
 their food. 
 
 The compofition of thefe balls is as fol- 
 lows. 
 
 Take a pound of afla-foetida, as much 
 liver of antimony, and half a pound of the 
 wood of a bay-tree, an equal quantity of 
 juniper wood, and two ounces of pellitory 
 of Spain. 
 
 Pound all the ingredients apart to a grofs 
 powder, in order to which the woods muft 
 be firft very well dried, then put them aH 
 together in a mortar, and incorporate them 
 with a large quantity of good grape verjuice 
 well clarified, pouring it in by degrees, till 
 they are reduced to a mafs ; of which make 
 balls of an ounce and an half, and dry them 
 
 in 
 
C H O 
 
 in the fun: v/rap one of thefe balls in alin- 
 nen clout, and tying a thread thereto make 
 the horfe chew it for two hours in the morn- 
 ing ; and he will eat as foon as you unbridle 
 liim : do the fame at night, and continue 
 this method till the horfe recovers his appe- 
 tite. 
 
 When one ball is confumed put in ano- 
 ther. 
 
 Thefe balls may be ufcd on the road, as 
 you travel, being tied to the bridle ; balls of 
 Venice treacle may be ufed in the fame man- 
 ner with good fuccefs. 
 
 C HO Lie, OR Gripes in Horses. 
 Among all the diftempers incident to a 
 horfe, none perhaps is fo little underftood by 
 the common farriers, as this ; and for want 
 of necefTary knowledge, they give the 
 fame medicines in all cafes ; but as this dif- 
 order may proceed from different caufes, the 
 method of cure muft alfo vary : as other- 
 wife the medicine intended to cure the dif- 
 order may augment it, and render it fital. 
 The three fpecies into which we fliall divide 
 this diforder are, 
 
 I. The flatulent or windy. 
 
 1. The bilous or inflammatory, and 
 
 J. The dry gripes. 
 
 The horfe troubled with a flatulent or 
 Windy Cholic, is very refl:lefs, often lying 
 down, and as fuddenly rifing again with a 
 fpring ; ftrikes his belly with his hinder {atx., 
 ftamps with his fore feet, and refufes his 
 meat. When the gripes are violent he will 
 have convulfive twitches, his eyes turned 
 up, and his limbs ftretched out as if dying, 
 and his ears and feet alternately hot and 
 cold : he falls into profufe fweats, and then 
 into cold damps : ftrives often to fl:ale, and 
 turns his head frequently to his flanks ; he 
 then falls down, rolls about, and often turns 
 on his back : this laft fymptom proceeds 
 from a fl:oppage of urine, which generally 
 attends this fpecies of cholic, and may be 
 increafed by a load of dung prefling on the 
 neck of the bladder. 
 
 The windy cholic often proceeds from 
 drinking cold water when hot, to relieve 
 which, empty the ftrait gut with a fmall 
 hand dipt in oil, which frequently gives room 
 
 C ^ O 
 
 for the wind, before confined in the bowels* 
 to difcharge itfelf j and by taking off the 
 weight that prefTed upon the neck of the 
 bladder, the fuppreffion of urine is taken 
 ofi^; upon which the horfe immediately ftales 
 and becomes much eafier. 
 
 If the horfe be young and full of blood, 
 take away a proper quantity from the neck 
 vein, and the following ball and clyfl:er 
 fliould be given, as they feldom fail of giv- 
 ing relief: Take of Strafburgh turpentine, 
 and juniper berries pounded, of each an 
 ounce ; of falt-prunella, or falt-petre, an 
 ounce ; oil of juniper, one dram ; fait of 
 tartar, two drams ; make the whole into a 
 ball with a fyrup of fugar. It may be given 
 whole, and walhed down, with a decoftion 
 of juniper berries, or a horn of ale. 
 
 if the horfe, foon after taking this ball, 
 does find no relief; it will be neceflary, in 
 an hour or two, to give him another ball, 
 with the addition of a dram of filt of am- 
 ber, which may be repeated a third time, if 
 found neceflary. During the fit, the horfe 
 may be walked and trotted gently, but 
 fliould by no means be jaded: between the 
 taking of the two balls, the following may 
 be given ; Take of chamomile flowers, two 
 handfuls ; anife, coriander, and fennel feeds, 
 of each an ounce; boil them in three quarts 
 of water to two ; and add X)^_^'j elixir, or 
 gin, half a pint; oil of amber, half an 
 ounce, and oil of chamomile, eight 
 ounces. 
 
 When the gripes are occafioned by drink- 
 ing cold water when hot, the following will 
 generally remove the complaint : Take of 
 the powder of anife, cummin, and fennel- 
 feeds, of each half an ounce ; of camphor, 
 two drams ; of pellitory of Spain, one 
 dram; oil" of juniper, fifty drops: make 
 the whole into a ball with fyrup of fugar, 
 and wafli it down with a horn or two of 
 ale. 
 
 If thefe ingredients fliould not be at hand, 
 give the following drink : Take of caftile or 
 hard foap, and of falt-petre, each one ounce; 
 or juniper-berries and ginger, of each half 
 an ounce : boil the whole in a pint and an 
 half of ale, adding a large onion; ftrain 
 
 the 
 
C H O 
 
 t\e liquor from the ingredients, an3 give it 
 the horfe. You may repeat the dole, if 
 the firft fiiould not anfwer the intention. 
 
 When the horfe begins to recover, he 
 will lie quiet, without llarting or tumbling; 
 and if he continues in this quiet (tate an 
 hour, you may conclude that the whole dan- 
 ger is over. Care fliould alfo be taken that 
 the horfe be well rubbed, cloathed, and lit- 
 tered with clean ftraw up to his belly. 
 
 The fvmptoms of a Bilous or Inflamma- 
 tory Cholic, are a fever, great heat, pant- 
 ing, and drynefs of the mouth ; he alfo ge- 
 nerally throws out a little loofe dung, with 
 a hot fcalding water; which when it appears 
 blackilli, or of a reddifh colour, indicates 
 an approaching mortification : to remove 
 which, take of fenna, three ounces; of 
 fait of tartar, half an ounce : infufe the 
 whole in a quart of boiling water, for an 
 hour ; then ftrain it off, and add two ounces 
 of lenitive eleftuary, and four ounces of 
 Glauber's falts. 
 
 If the diforder is not removed, but the 
 fever and inflammation continue to incrcafe, 
 attended with a difcharge of flefli-coloured 
 water, the event will be fatal; and the only 
 medicine that bids fair to prevent it is, a 
 ftrong decoftion of Jefuit's bark, given to 
 the quantity of a pint eveiy three hours, 
 mixed with a gill of red port wine. 
 
 A quart of the fame decoclion, with tvra 
 ounces of Venice turpentine, diffolved in the 
 yolks of two eggs ; an. ounce of diafcordium, 
 and a pint of red wine, may be given twice 
 a day, by way of clyfter. But it will be 
 neceflary, if the horfe recovers, to give Kim 
 aftenvards two or three mild purges of 
 rhubarb. 
 
 The fymptoms of the Dry Gripes are 
 known by the horfe's frequent and fruitlefs 
 attempts to dung, the blacknefs and hard- 
 nefs of the dung, the frequent and quick 
 motion of the tail, the high colour of his 
 urine, and his great reftleffnefs and uneafi- 
 nefs, which mult be removed by the follow- 
 - ing method : the ftrait gut fliould be im- 
 mediately examined and emptied, with a 
 fmall hand dipped in oil, and the following 
 clyfter injeded twice a day : Take of marfli- 
 
 C H O 
 
 mallows and chamomile-flowers, of each s 
 large handlul : of bay-berries and fweet 
 fennel-feeds bruifed, of .each one ounce: 
 boil the whole in a gallon of water to tliree 
 quarts ; pour off the clear liquor into a pan, 
 and add a part of iinfced, or any common oil. 
 The purging drink made of fenna, ^c. 
 defcribed above, fhould be given, till the 
 fymptoms are removed, and his bowels un- 
 loaded. During the continuance of this 
 diforder the liorfe fhould have no other food 
 than fcalded bran, and warm water gruel, 
 or white water, m.ade by diffolving four 
 ounces of gum arabic in a quart of water, 
 -and mixing it with his other water. 
 
 The reader from the account we have given 
 of the different fpecies of the cholic will 
 be abundantly convinced how neceflary it is 
 to be acquanted with each, that he may be 
 enabled to adapt proper medicines, and re- 
 lieve the creature from excruciating pains. 
 He fliould elfe be careful to avoid all violent 
 hot medicines, which often prove hurtful, 
 even in the firft fpecies of this diforder, and 
 too often fatal in the others. Nor is it any 
 wonder that horfes treated in that manner 
 fhould generally die, fince fuch medicines 
 ftimulate the neck of the bladder, augment 
 the heat of the blood, before much too 
 great, and inflame the bowels, by which 
 means a mortification is brought on, and the 
 horfe is loft by the medicine given him for 
 his recovery. 
 
 CHOPS 7 are maladies - In the palate of 
 CLEFTS f an horfe's mouth, caufed ei- 
 RIFTS ther, by eating coarfe and 
 rough hay, full of tliiftles and other prickly 
 ftuff; or by foul provender full of fharp 
 feeds, which by frequent pricking the bars 
 of his mouth caufes them to wrinkle and 
 breed corrupt blood, which may turn to a 
 canker : which if it fliould come to that, it 
 is to be cured as a canker : but to prevent 
 it, wafli his mouth with vinegar and fait, 
 and anoint it with honey. 
 
 And for the removing of thefe diftempers 
 pull out his tongue, flice it with an in- 
 cifion-knife, and thruft out the kernels, or 
 corruption, then wafh the parts as before 
 directed. 
 
 But 
 
C H U 
 
 - But to prevent their coming at all, the 
 beft way is to wafh his mouth or tongue often 
 with wine, beer, or ale, and fo blifters will 
 not breed in it, or any other difeafe. 
 . CHOPS 1 do alfo often happen in a 
 
 CRACKS i horfe's legs on the bought of 
 the paftern, accompanied with pain, and a 
 %'ery noifome ftench, which is fometimes 
 caufed by a fharp malignant humour that 
 frets the fl:in. 
 
 The cure may be affecfted by firft {having 
 away the hair from the complaint, in order 
 to keep it clean, and applying the white 
 honey charge, or coachman's ointment, 
 which will Ipeedily heal the chops, if the 
 application be conftantly renewed. 
 
 CHUB FISHING. This filh is full of 
 fmall forked bones, difperfed every where 
 through his body ; eats very waterifh, and, 
 being not firm, is in a manner taftelefs : it 
 is the beft of any to entertain a young 
 angler, as being eafily taken : in order to 
 which you muft look out for fome iiole, 
 where you lliall have twenty or more of 
 them together in a hot day, floating almoft 
 on the furface of the water : 
 
 Let your rod be ftrong and long, your 
 line not above a yard long and very ftrong, 
 baited with a grafliopper; which bob up 
 and down on the top of the water, and if 
 there be any chubs they will rife. 
 
 But you muft place yourfelf fo as not to 
 be feen, for the chub is a timorous fifti, and 
 the leaft fliadow will make him fink to the 
 bottom ; though he will rife again fuddenly, 
 and this is called bobbing. 
 
 When your hook is baited, drop it gently 
 about two foot before the chub you have 
 pitched upon by your eye to be the beft and 
 faireft, and he will inftantly bite greedily at 
 it, and be held faft, for he is a leather 
 mouthed filb, fo that he can feldom break 
 his hold; and therefore it will be beft to 
 give him play enough and tire him ; or 
 otherwife you may endanger your line. 
 
 If you cannot get a grafshopper, you muft 
 bait your hook with any kind of fly or 
 worm, and if you will fifli with a fly, 
 graishopper, or beetle, it muft be at the top 
 of the water : but if witii other baits un- 
 ilerrieath it. 
 
 C H U 
 
 In March and j4pj-il you fhould angle ibr 
 the chub with worms ; in Juf7e and July 
 with flies, fnails and cherries : but in ^4u- 
 gtift and September, ufe a pafte made with 
 Parmefan or Holland cheefe, pounded in a 
 mortar with fafFron; addirg to it a little 
 butter. 
 
 Some ufe a pafte made of cheefe and tur- 
 pentine for the winter feafon, at which time 
 the chub is in his prime : for tlien his forked 
 bones are either loft or turned into griftles i 
 and his flefli is excellent meat baked ; his 
 fpawn is admirable and if he be large, the 
 throat when the head is well waflied is the 
 beft part of the fifti. 
 
 However in hot weather you muft angle 
 for this fifh in the middle of the water, or 
 near the top of it ; but in cold weather near 
 the bottom. 
 
 CHUSING OF Dogs; in order to chufe 
 a dog and bitch for good whelps, take care 
 that the bitch come of a generous kind, be 
 well proportioned, having large ribs and 
 flanks J and likewife that the dog be of a 
 good breed and young ; for a young dog 
 and an old bitch breed excellent wh.elps. 
 
 The beft time for hounds, nitches, or 
 bratchets to be lined in, are the months of 
 'January, February and March. 
 
 The bitch fhould be ufed to a kennel, 
 that fhe may like it after her whelping, and 
 fne ought to be kept warm. 
 
 Let the whelps be weaned after two 
 months old; and though it be fome diffi- 
 culty to chufe a whelp under the dam, that 
 will prove the beft of the litter, yet fome 
 approve that which is laft, and account him 
 to be the beft. 
 
 Others remove the wlielps from the ken- 
 nel, and lay them feveral and apart one 
 from tlie other ; then they watch v/hic!i of 
 them the bitch firft takes and carries into 
 her kennel again, and that they fiippofe to 
 be the beft. 
 
 Others again imagine that which weighs 
 leaft when it fucks to be the beft : this is 
 certain that the lighter whelp will prove the 
 fwifter. 
 
 As foon as the bitch has littered, it is 
 
 proper to chufe them vou intend to preferve, 
 
 M ' and 
 
c r N 
 
 and droAvn the red ; keep the black, brown, 
 or of one colour; for the fpotted are not 
 much to be efteemed, though of hounds the 
 fpotted arc* to be valued. 
 
 Hounds for chace are to be chofen by 
 their colours ; the white with black ears, and 
 a black fpot at the fetting on of the tail, 
 are the moll principal to compofe a kennel 
 of, and of good fcent and condition. 
 
 Tlie black hound, or the black tanned, 
 or the all liver-coloured, or all white : the 
 true talbots are the beft for the llronger line : 
 the grizzled, v/hethcr mixed or unmixed, fo 
 they be Ihag-haired, are the beft verminers, 
 and a couple of thefe are proper for a ken- 
 nel. 
 
 In fliort, take thefe marks of a good 
 liound ; that his head be of a middle pro- 
 portion, rather long than round ; his noftrils 
 wide, his ears large ; his back bowed ; his 
 fillet great, haunches large, thighs well 
 trulTed, ham ftrait, tail big near the reins ; 
 the reft flenderi the leg big, the fole of 
 the foot dry, and in the form of that of a 
 fox, with large claws. 
 
 CINQUE PORT, a fquare net refembling 
 a caG;e, takine; it's name from the five en- 
 trances into it : it is of excellent ufe for any 
 pond or river, fwift or ftanding water, for 
 catching of fifli, and the way to fet it is re- 
 prefented in the figure. 
 
 To make ufe of this net, provide four 
 ftrait, ftrong poles, anfwerable in length to 
 the depth of the water; fharpen the great 
 ends like ftakes, and notch them within a 
 foot of the ends, to faften the four corners 
 of the net as E, F, G. H ; make the little 
 notches on the fame poles at a convenient 
 diftance, for the fattening the four upper 
 corners in the fame manner, as A, B, C, D. 
 See Plate- IV. fg. 3. 
 
 The bottom of the net is four fquare 
 without any entrance ; in order to place this 
 with the greater conveniency get a boat to put 
 the net in the water^ for the poles muft be 
 driven faft into the ground, and at fuch a 
 proper diftance, that the net may be ftretched 
 out ftiff, , each pole anfwering to his fellow 
 in an exaft direft line ; and this may fuffice 
 in any ftanding water; but if it be in a 
 
 C L A 
 
 fwift ftream, the motion of the water wlir 
 always move the net, and fo frighten away 
 the fifli. 
 
 Now in order to prevent this inconve- 
 nience, faften fome ftrong fticks at the 
 very top of the four poles, to ftraiten and 
 ftrengLnen one another, and to keep alt 
 tight ; as for example, obferve the fame 
 pointed and marked with little a, h, c, d, and 
 you will eafily comprehend it ; but then if 
 you faften tvro others crofs ways from A, a, 
 unto great D and little d, and from C, c, to 
 great B and little c: you need not fear it, 
 for the water can have no power over it. 
 See Plate IV. fig. 3. 
 
 CLAP [in Falconry] the nether part of a^ 
 hawk's beak. 
 
 CLAP-NET, AND Looking-glass, 
 othenvife called doring or daring, is a device 
 to catch larks with ; for which end you are to 
 provide four fticks, very ftraight and light, 
 about the bignefs of a pike, two of which 
 fhould be four feet nine inches long, and 
 fliould all be notched at the ends, as in the 
 figure of thefe fticks m.arked with the little 
 a and b; at the end b, faften on one fide a 
 ftick of about a foot long, of the fame big- 
 nefs with the other four fticks, and on the 
 other fide a fmall peg of wood, marked A, 
 three inches long ; then get four fticks more, 
 each a foot long, as the letter/, each muft 
 have acord'nine foot long, faftened at the 
 bigger end thereof, as e, f; every one of 
 them fhould have a buckle at the end e, for 
 the commodious faftening of them to the 
 refpeftive fticks, when you go about to 
 fpread your net, which is plainly reprefented 
 in Plate IV. fig. 5, 
 
 Your are alfo to provide a cord, a, k, h, g, 
 which muft have two branches, a, k, one of 
 them is to be nine foot and a half long, the 
 other ten, with a buckle at each end ; the 
 reft of the cord, from h to g, muft be be- 
 tween twenty-two and twenty-four yards 
 long; and all thefe cords, as well the long 
 ones, as thofe with the fticks, fhould be 
 ftrong twifted, about the bignefs of one's 
 little finger. The next thing to be pro- 
 vided, is a ftaff", m, », about four foot long, 
 pointed at the end m, and at the end w, 
 
 faften 
 
C L A 
 
 fdften a little ball of wood, for the conve- 
 nient carrying of thefe many necelTaries, in 
 fome fack or wallet ; you muft alfo have a 
 fmall iron fpade to level the ground, as you 
 fee occafion, and two fmall rods, like that 
 marked, /, m, n, o, each eighteen inches 
 long, having a great end L, and thereto a 
 fmall flick fixed, as f, with a packthread 
 near the end of the faid rod ; and about the 
 letter m, being near nine inches from it, tie 
 another packthread Avith two ends, each 
 hanging clear a foot long : at each end tie 
 a little pecked ftick, as y, r, and at the 
 fmaller end of the faid rod, tie a packthread 
 with four doubles, which muft form two 
 loops, as 0, which tie to the legs of fome 
 larks : you muft alfo have .two fmall reels, 
 as F, G, by the help whereof you may 
 make the larks fly, as there is occafion : the 
 next thing you are to prepare, is a looking- 
 glafs : for which, /df^ Lark. Catching. 
 
 When it is thus fixed, put a fmall line in- 
 to the holey', and your glafs is finifhed J you 
 muft place it between the two nets, near 
 the middle of them, at the letter _;', and car- 
 ry the line to the hedge, fo that pulling the 
 line you may make the looking-glafs play in 
 and out, as children do a whirligig, made 
 of an apple and a nut. Always keep it 
 turning, that the twinkling of the glafs 
 againft the fun, may provoke the larks to 
 come to view it. 
 
 When you intend to pitch your nets, be 
 fure to have the wind either in front or be- 
 hind them, left if it be in either fide, it 
 hinders their playing : chufe fomfl" open 
 place, and let it be remote from trees or 
 hedges, at leaft an hundred paces ; then the 
 ground being clear from all ftones and rub- 
 bifh, fpread the net after the manner ex- 
 prefTed in the figure, viz. the longeft fticks 
 faftened to that part of the net whicli is 
 largeft ; as for example, in the figure, that 
 on your right hand is bigger than the other. 
 You muft drive the peg e, into the ground, 
 and pafs the end a, of the ftick, into the 
 buckle of one of the cords of the net; and 
 the peg ^, into the other loop of the fume 
 €nd ; alfo do the fame to the other ftick, at 
 the end /, but before you drive your peg 
 
 C L A 
 
 into the ground, fcrain the cord c, /, as 
 much as you can ; then take two of the 
 fticks, as/, e, whereof one has a cordnins 
 foot and a half long, and the other half a 
 foot lefs: put the knot ^, of the ftrongeft 
 cord, about the end of the farther ftick, 
 and retiring, drive your peg /, into the 
 ground, juft oppofite to the two little pegs 
 c, t: that done, coming to the otl^er end, 
 pafs your ftick a, into one of tlie ftiortev 
 cords, and fo drive your pegs juft Avith the 
 others, in a dire6l•lineJ^ as c, t, f, that your 
 cord a, e, of the net, may be thoroughly 
 ftrained. Being thus direfled to fet one net, 
 you cannot well fiiil to fet the other; only - 
 obferve fo to place them, that when they are 
 drawn, one may clap about hali" a foot over 
 the other. 
 
 The next thing to be done, is to talce the 
 grand cord, which- is to make your net play : 
 place the large branch a, about the end of 
 the ftick «, and the other branch k, about 
 the ftick k ; then tie the knot h, fo that it 
 may reft in the middle, and carry the end to 
 your lodge ; ftrain it a little, and fatten it 
 with a peg A, and about B, make fome kind 
 of hold-faft, for the better ftralning it, and 
 that it may not flip again through your 
 hands; juft even with the faid lioldfaft, 
 make two holes D, E, in the ground, to 
 thruft againft with your heels : as for your 
 lodge it muft be made with boughs, in fuch 
 a manner, that you may have a full and 
 clear view on your nets before ; and the 
 fame fliould be covered over Ijead, and not 
 very high, that you may have a profpedl of 
 all birds coming and going. 
 
 The laft thing upon this occafion, is the 
 placing your calls, (for fo are the live larks 
 termed here) and tlie figures diredl you in 
 what place to fet them : {<i.t your little ftick 
 f, in the nrft place, and let the upper 
 part be about fix inches out of the ground; 
 then place the tv/o others q, r, on the 
 right, and the other on the left, juft at m, 
 of the rqd, where the cord of the faid pegs » 
 is fixt; that done, tie the end of one of 
 the packtlireads of one of the reels, about 
 three or four inches from tn, near the place 
 marked n, and carry your reel to the let- 
 M 2 ter 
 
CO A 
 
 tcr F ; the like you muft do with the other 
 rod, tied at the end o, and at equal dif- 
 tances tie the call-larks by the feet, fo that 
 when you fee any birds near you, it is but 
 twitching your cords, and you force the 
 larks to mount a little, that thereby the 
 others may take notice of them ; and when 
 they are within your diftance, pull your 
 main cord and your net flies up, and claps 
 over them. 
 
 CLAMPONNIER, or Claponnier ; an 
 obfolete word, figrifying a long jointed 
 horfe, that is, one whofe patterns are long, 
 flender, and over pliant. 
 
 The word is properly applicable only to 
 bulls or cows, for la Claponniere, in French, 
 is in them what the paftern is in a horfe. 
 
 CLEAR WALK, a term relating to game 
 cocks ; and fignifies the place that the fight- 
 ing cock is in, and no other. 
 
 Clefts or cracks in the Heels. 
 
 A difeafe incident to horfes, that comes 
 either from over hard labour, which occafions 
 furfcits, or by giving them unwholefome 
 meat ; or by wafliing them when hot. For 
 their cure fliave away the hair and apply the 
 oil of hempfeed, or linfeed, and take care 
 to keep them clean. See Chops. 
 
 CLOSE, BEHIND, is a horfe whofs hoofs 
 come too clofe together : fuch horfes are 
 commonly good ones. 
 
 7o CLOSE A Passade justly, is when 
 the horfe ends the pafTade with a demivolt, 
 in good order, well narrowed and bounded, 
 and terminates upon the fame line upon 
 which he parted, fo that he is ftill in a con- 
 dition to part from the hand handfomely at 
 every laft time or motion of his demivolt. 
 
 CLOYED 1 A term ufed by farriers 
 
 ACCLOYED J of a horfe, when he has 
 been pricked with a nail in flioeing. 
 
 COACHMAN'S OINTMENT. Take 
 common honey and pov/der of copperas, of 
 each a pound and a half, fet them over a 
 gentle fire in a pot, mixing them well to- 
 gether, by ftirring them conftantly till they 
 boil : then take the pot ofi-' inftantly, and 
 when it is grown half cold, put in an ounce 
 of arfenic in powder, then fet it on the fire 
 • ag;^in, ftirring it continually, till it begins to 
 
 C O C 
 
 boil ; then take it off the fire immediate^', 
 and keep fbirring it till it grows cold : buc 
 take care to avoid the noifome fmell. 
 
 Anoint the part flightly with this oint- 
 ment once every two days, after it has 
 been fhaved and i-ubbed with a wifp. This 
 is good for fore legs that are not gourdy, 
 pains, mules, clefts, and rat-tails. 
 
 COCK, a domeftic bird, and the male of 
 the hens. It is the common opinion that a 
 cock fliould never grow fat, and that he 
 ought to fupply a dozen of hens, from 
 which he is diftinguifhed by his fpurs and 
 comb : the eggs which hens lay without 
 being trod, mult not be hatched, for they 
 will be addle : cocks are gelt, when young,, 
 to make capons. 
 
 This bird in general is the moft virile,- 
 ftately, and majefcical of all others ; and is 
 very tame and familiar with mankind ; 
 naturally inclined to live in habitable houfes: 
 he is hot and ftrong in the act of generation, 
 and delights in open plains, where he may 
 lead forth his hens into green paftures 
 and under hedges, that they may warm and 
 baflc themfelves in the fun ; for to be put 
 up within walled places, and paved courts 
 is moft unnatural to them, neither will 
 they thrive. 
 
 Now in the choice and Ihape of a dung- 
 hill cock he fnould be, according to our 
 Englifh authors, of a large and well fized 
 body, long from his head to the rump, 
 thick in the girth; his neck fliould be longj 
 loofe, and erefted up high, as the pelican, 
 and otfher birds of prey are; his comb, wat- 
 tles, and throat large, of a great compafs, 
 ragged, and of a very fcarlet red ; his eyes 
 round and large, the colour anfwerable to 
 the colour of his plume or main, as grey 
 with grey, red with red, and yellow with 
 yellow; his bill crooked, ftiarp or ftrongly 
 fet on his head : the colour fui table to the 
 colour of his feathers on his head ; his mane 
 or neck feathers very long, bright, and 
 fliining, covering from his head to his flioul- 
 ders ; his legs fl;rait, and of a ftrong beam^, 
 v/ith large long fpurs, fnarp, and a little 
 bending, and the colour black, yellow, or 
 brownilh ; his claws ftrong, fhort, and well 
 
 wrinkled ^ 
 
c o c 
 
 wrinkled; his tail long, bending back, and 
 covering his body very clofe, his wings very 
 ftrong : and for the general colour of a 
 dunghill cock, he fliould be red : he fhould 
 be valiant within his own walk ; and if he is 
 a little knavifh fo much tlie better ; he fliould 
 be often crowing, and bufy in fcratching the 
 earth to find out worms, and other food for 
 his hens, and invite them to eat. For the 
 Treatment and Breeding Dunghill-Cocks 
 and Hens, Jee the Article Poultry. 
 
 COCK FEEDING, is when a cock is 
 taken from his walk, he fhould be fed a 
 month before he fights : for the firft fort- 
 night feed him with ordinary wheaten bread, 
 and fpar him for four or five days that he 
 has been in the pen ; afterwards fpar him 
 daily, or every other day, till about four 
 days before he is to fight. 
 
 For the fecond fortnight, feed him with 
 fine wheaten bread, kneaded with whites 
 of eggs and milk, and give him every meal 
 twelve picks, or corns of barley. 
 
 He fhould not have water (land by him, 
 for then he will drink too much; but let 
 him have water four or five times a day. 
 
 If he be too high fed Hive him, and give 
 him a clove of garlic in a little fweet oil, 
 for fome few days; if too low fed, give 
 him the yolk of an egg, beat and warmed 
 (till it be as thick as treacle) with his 
 bread. 
 
 For four days before fighting, give the 
 cock hyfTop, violet, and ftrawberry leaves, 
 chopt fmall in frefh butter; and the morn- 
 ing he is to fight put down his throat a piece 
 of frefh butter, mixt with powder of white 
 fugar candv. 
 
 COCKING CLOTH, a device for catch- 
 ing pheafants with : for which take a piece 
 of coarfe canvas, about an ell fquare, and 
 put it into a tan pit to colour ; then hem it 
 about, and to each corner of the cloth fow 
 apiece of leather, about three inches fquare, 
 and fix two flicks crofswife, to keep it out, 
 as A, B, C,D, in the figure, Jee the Plate -, 
 there mufc alfo be a hole in the cloth to 
 look out at, as at E, which is reprefented 
 in t'le hgure ; and being provided with a 
 fmall fhort gun, when you are near enough, 
 
 G O C 
 
 hold out the aforefaid cloth at arm's end, 
 and put the muzzle of the gun out at the 
 hole, which ferves as a reft for the gun, and. 
 fo let fly, and you will feldom mifs ; for by 
 this means the pheafants will let you come 
 near them, and the cocks will be fo bold as 
 to fly at it. See Plate IV. fig. 3. 
 
 COCK-PIT, a place m_ade for cocks to 
 fight in, being ufually a houfe or hovel 
 covered over, feated like an amphitheatre. 
 
 The place on which they fight is a clod, 
 that is, the green fbd ; which is generally 
 made round, that all may fee, and about 
 which there are feats and places for the fpec- 
 tators to fit at, three heights, or more, one 
 above another. 
 
 COCK-PIT-LAWS. I. Infettingofa 
 cock, none are to be upon the clod, but 
 the two fetters cholen for that office ; and 
 when the cocks are fet beak to beak in the 
 middle of the clod, and there left by the fet- 
 ters, if tlie fet cock do not ftrike in counting 
 forty, and ten times ten, the battle is loft. 
 
 2. If he ftrike, then they are to begin 
 counting again, the fhort law, but not in 
 the long law. 
 
 3. In betting, if the cock is impounded, 
 and the poundage taken, they are to fight it 
 out. 
 
 4. Done and done is a v/agcr, when the 
 cocks are fighting. 
 
 COCKl-iLL, a young cock bred for fight- 
 ing. 
 
 COCK ROADS, a fort of net contrived 
 chiefly for the taking of wood-cocks ; the 
 nature of which bird is to lie dole all day 
 under fome hedge, or near the roots of fome 
 old trees, picking for worms under dry 
 leaves, and will not ftir without being dis- 
 turbed ; neither does he fee his way we 11 
 before him in a morning early ; but towards 
 evening he takes wing to go to get water, 
 flying generally low ; and when they find 
 any thorough-fare in any wood, or range of 
 trees, they ufe to venture through ; and 
 therefore the cock-roads ought to be madc 
 in fuch places, and your cock-nets planted 
 according to the figure. Which fee in 
 Plate IV. Hg. 7. 
 
 Then fuppofing that your range of wood 
 
 be. 
 
c o c 
 
 be about thirty paces long, cut a walk thro' 
 it, about the middle, about thirty fix or 
 forty broad, whicli muft be dire6lly ftraight, 
 with all the flirubs and under-wood carried 
 away ; in like manner fliould all the boughs 
 that hang over the faid walk, be cut off: 
 then chufe two trees, oppofite to each other, 
 as reprefented in the figure marked A, B, 
 and prune, or cut off all the front boughs, 
 to make way for the net to hang and play. 
 
 In the next place, provide two ftrong 
 logs of wood, which open or cleave at the 
 biggePc ends, as marked C, D ; the middle 
 parts tie fall to fomc boughs of the tree, as 
 ■ the letters E,F, direft, and let the tops hang 
 over, as G, H^ reprefent. 
 
 You fliould always have ready good ftore 
 of puiiies, or buckles made of box, brafs, 
 or the like, according to the form defigned 
 by the figure, which fhould be about the 
 bignefs of a man's finger, and faften one at 
 each end of the perches or legs, G,H, hav- 
 ing firft tied on your pullies, about the two 
 branches marked 3, a cord, of the thicknefs 
 of one's little finger ; then tie another knot 
 on the faid cord, about the diftance of an 
 hand's breadth from, the firft knot, marked 
 4, and fo let the two ends of the cords hang 
 down about a foot long, that therewithal! 
 you may faften them to the pullies which 
 are at the ends of the two perches or legs, as 
 are marked I,L, clofe to the notches G,H : 
 clap a fmall packthread into each puily, 
 which fliould reach to the foot of the trees, 
 that by the help thereof, you may draw up 
 two flronger cords into the faid pullies, 
 where you hang the net, and not be forced 
 always to climb up into the tree. 
 
 Lafcly, provide a ftand to be concealed ; 
 about half a dozen boughs pitched up to- 
 gether, mny ferve for that purpofe; with a 
 ftrong crooked ftake forced into the ground, 
 ■-'ft by the ftand, on which faften the lines 
 ^ net. 
 
 '- is drawn up, remember to tie a 
 
 ^s of each of the two cords, 
 
 pounds weight each, 
 
 '■-* ftones may force 
 
 of the ■ 
 
 When K 
 ftone to theen.- 
 about four or^fivc 
 that when you let go, tu. 
 down the net ^vith a ftrong fa. ^ 
 both the ftones, and upper part 0. .. 
 
 and pull up 
 " the net. 
 
 C O L 
 
 clofe to the pullies I,L : the ftones are 
 marked M,N, and the figure reprefents the 
 whole net ready for ufe. 
 
 The ends of both lines muft be drawn to 
 your lodge, or ftand, and wound two or 
 three times about the crooked ftake, to pre- 
 vent the falling of the net, till fome game 
 flies againft it. 
 
 COCK'S WALK, the place where a cock 
 is bred ; to which ufually no other cock comes. 
 
 CODS, OR Stones swelljed j a malady 
 in horfes that comes many ways, either by 
 wounds, blows, bruifes, or evil humours, 
 whicii corrupt the mafs of blood that fails 
 down to the cods ; or from a rupture, is'c 
 
 For the cure, take bole-armoniac reduced 
 to a fine powder, vinegar and whites of eggs 
 well beaten together, and anoint the part 
 with it daily, till t;he fwelling abates : and 
 if it impofthumate, where you find it to be 
 foft, open it with an hot iron, or incifion- 
 knife, if it does not break of itfelf, andheai 
 it up with green ointment. 
 
 COFFIN, OR Hoof of a Horse, is all 
 the horn that appears when he has his foot 
 fet to the ground ; and the coffin-bone is 
 that to the foot, as a heart or kernel : the 
 latter is quite furrounded, or over-fpread 
 by the hoof, frufli, and fole, and is not per- 
 ceived, even when the horfe's fole is quite 
 taken away ; being covered on all fides by 
 a coat of flefti, which hinders the bone from 
 appearing. 
 
 COILING OF THE Stud, is the firft 
 making choice of a colt or young horfe, 
 for any fervice : which by no means muft 
 be done too early : for fome horfes will ftiow 
 their beft fhape at two or three years old, 
 and lofe it at four; others not till five, nay, 
 not till fix J but then they ever keep it : 
 fome again will do their beft day's work at 
 fix or fcvcn years old, others not till eight 
 or nine. 
 
 COLDS, [in Farriery] there are a few 
 difeafes incident to a horle, which do not 
 originate from a cold : and as no perfon 
 ufed to hories can be ignorant when the ani- 
 mal is affe6led with this difeafe, it will be 
 fufficient to defcribe the nature of a cold, 
 and the ufual fymptoms that attend it. 
 
 Colds 
 
COL 
 
 Colds proceed from various caufes ; the 
 jnoft ufual are riding horfes till they are hot, 
 and fuffering them to ftand expofed to the 
 air. The removing a horfe from a hot lia- 
 ble to a cold one ; and if the horfe has been 
 high fed and cloathed, the cold contrafted 
 in this manner will often prove very violent: 
 they alfo often get cold by not being care- 
 fully rubbed down, and the fweat rubbed 
 efF, when they come from a journey. 
 
 When a horfe has taken cold, a cough 
 will follow, and he will be heavy and dull 
 in proportion to the feverity of the difeafe. 
 The eyes will be fometimes moifl: and 
 watery, the kernels about the ears under the 
 jaws will fwell, and a thin mucous gleet will 
 iffuc from his nofe. If the cold be violent,, 
 the horfe will be feverilh, his flanks v/ork, 
 he will refufe his water, and loath his hot 
 meat. When the horfe coughs fcrong and 
 fnorts after it, eats fcalded bran, and drinks 
 warm water; is but little off his ftomach, 
 and moves brifkly in his ftall ; dungs and 
 ftales freely, and without pain ; his P.iin 
 feels kindly, and his coat does not flare i 
 there is no danger, nor any occafion for 
 medicines. You lliould however bleed him, 
 keep him warm, give him fome feeds of 
 fcalded bran, and let him drink freely of 
 warm water. 
 
 But if he feels hot, and refufes his meat. 
 It will be neceffary to bleed him plentifully, 
 and give tlie following drink : Take three 
 ounces of frefli anifeeds, and one dram of 
 faffron ; infufe them in a pint and half of 
 boiling water ; pour off the clear liquor, 
 and diffolve in it four CT'.nces of honey, ad- 
 ding two fpoonfuls of fallad oil. This 
 drink may be given every night, and with 
 proper care v.'ill fully anfwer in all fuddcn 
 colds where there has been no previous dif- 
 order. 
 
 Or .you may give the following peroral 
 ball : Take of the frefli powder of fenu- 
 greek, annifeed, cummin feed, cardamums, 
 elecampane, colts-foot, and flower of brim- 
 ftone of each three ounces ; juice of li- 
 quorice diffolved in a fufficient quantity of 
 mountain wine, faffron in powder half an 
 ©unccj olive oil and honey, of each eight 
 
 COL 
 
 ounces, oil of annifeeds an ounce; mix the 
 whole together with as much wheat flour as 
 will be fuff.cient to make it into a pafte. 
 
 Thefe balls are of excellent ufe, and given 
 in fmall quantities about the fize of a pul- 
 let's egg, will encourage a free perfpiration ; 
 but in cafe of a fever, they fnould not be 
 continued but with the greateft caution. 
 
 It will be of great ufe to put the fcalded 
 bran hot into the manger, for the fteam 
 greatly promotes a running at the nofe, and 
 promotes the cure : and the horfe fhould be 
 warmly cloathed, efpecia'ly about the head 
 and throat. An hour's exercife every day 
 will greatly hafl:en the cure : it alfo greatly 
 promotes the di [charge of rowels, which 
 are fometim.es necefl'ary, when a horfe is 
 loaded with flefh. 
 
 COLICK OR Cholic ; the moft peculiar 
 fign of the wind colick in horfes, is the 
 fwelling of their body, as if it was ready to 
 burfl:, accompanied with tumbling and 
 toffing. See Cholic. 
 
 It is alfo known by his ftretching his 
 neck, or legs, by his ftriking at his belly, 
 by his lying down and rifing often, fcamp- 
 ing with his feet, ^c. 
 
 There are many remedies proper for this 
 difeafe, of which I here mention but one. 
 
 Take half a pint of white-v/ine, warm 
 it, put to it fix ounces of oil, and fifty 
 drops of fpirits of hartfhorn ; and give it 
 the horfe ; but if he be full of blood, firll: 
 bleed him : if this dofe does not cure him, 
 give him another, with an hundred drops of 
 fpirits of hartfliorn. See Cholic 
 
 COLLAR OF A DRAUGHT Horse,, apart 
 of the harnefs ma-de of leather and canvas, 
 and ftuiTcd with ftraw or wool, to be put 
 about the horfe's neck.. 
 
 COLT, a word in general, fignifying the 
 male and female of the horfe kind ; the firil 
 likevvife, for diftinftion fake, being called a 
 horfe colt, and the other a filly. 
 
 After the colts have been foaled, you 
 may fuffer them to run with the mare till 
 a.hout Mich f elm as, fooner or later, according 
 as the cold weather comes in ; then they 
 mull be weaned ; though fome perfons are 
 for having them weaned after Martinmas , or 
 
 tjie 
 
-* tJf 
 
 C O L 
 
 the middle of November. Tlae Author of 
 the Co)}:p!eat IlorJ'em.vi is of opinion, that 
 the reafon why tnoft foals advance fo flowly, 
 and are not capable of fervice till they are 
 fix or fes-en years old, is becaufe they have 
 not fucked long enough ; whereas if they 
 had fucked the whole winter over, they 
 > would be as good at four or five years old, 
 as tliey are now at eight. 
 
 Thev ought to be kept in a convenient 
 houfe, with a low rack and manger for their 
 hay and oats, which muft be fweet and 
 good ; with a little wheaten bran mixed 
 with the oats, to caufe them to drink, and 
 to keep their bodies open. 
 
 But fince there are feme v/ho alledge, 
 that oats make foals become blind, or their 
 teeth crooked ; the fame Author is of opi- 
 nion, that oats will wear their teeth, and. 
 ■make them the fooner to change, and alfo 
 raze ; therefore he judges it to be the beft 
 way to break them in a mill, becaufe that 
 by endeavoin-ing with their jaws to bruife 
 and chew them, they ftretch and fwell their 
 eye and nether jaw-veins, wliich fo attraft 
 the blood and humours that they fall down 
 upon the eyes, and frequently occafion the 
 lofs of them : fo that it is not the heating 
 qualities of oats, but the difficulty in chew- 
 ing', that is the caufe of their blindncfs. 
 
 Further, that colts thus fed with grain, 
 do not grow thickifh upon tlieir legs, but 
 grow broader, and better knit, than if they 
 had eaten nothing but hay and bran, and 
 will endure fatigue the better. 
 
 But above all they muft' be kept wet and 
 cold, which are hurtful to them, nothing 
 being more tender than they are. 
 
 For proof of this, take a Spamjlo flallion, 
 and let him cover two mares, which for age, 
 beauty, and cornel inefs, may admit of no 
 difference between them ; and if they be 
 both horfe colts, or both fillies, which is 
 one and the fame thing, let one run abroad, 
 and the other be houfed, every winter, kept 
 warm, and ordinarily attended; and that 
 colt that has been kept abroad fliall have 
 large flefliy flioulders, flabby and gouty 
 legs, v/eak pafterns, and ill hoofs ; and lliall 
 be a dull, heavy jade, in comparifon to the 
 
 COL 
 
 otiier which is houfed, and orderly keptj 
 and Vi'hich will have a fine forehead, be well 
 fliaped, have good legs and hoofs, and be 
 of good ilrength and fpirit: by which you 
 may know, that to have the finefl ftallion, 
 and the beatifuUef!: mare, is nothing, if they 
 are fpoiled in the breeding up. 
 
 It is worth obfervation, that fome foals, 
 under fix months old, though their dams 
 yield abundance of milk, yet decay daily, 
 and have a cough, proceeding from certain 
 pellicles, or fliins, that breed in their fto- 
 machs, which obflruft their breathing, and 
 at laft deftroy them entirely. 
 
 To remedy this malady, take the bag 
 wherein the colt was foaled, dry it, ajid 
 give him as much of it in milk as you can 
 take up with three fingers : but if you have 
 not preferved the bag, procure the lungs 
 of a young fox, and ufe it inftead of the 
 aforefaid powder. 
 
 It will be proper to let the colts play an 
 hour or two, in fome court-yard, i£c. when 
 it is fair weather, provided you put them up 
 again carefully, and fee that they take no 
 harm. 
 
 When the winter is fpent, turn them into 
 fome dry ground, where the grafs is fhort 
 and fweet, and where there is good water, 
 that they may drink at pleafure ; for is it not 
 neceffary that a colt fhould fill his belly im- 
 mediately, like a horfe that labours hard. 
 
 The next winter you may take them into 
 the houfe, and ufe them juft as your other 
 horfes ; but let not your horfe -colts and 
 fillies be kept together, after the firft year. 
 
 This method may be obferved every fum- 
 mer and winter, till you break them, which 
 you may do after they have been three years 
 old; and it will be a very eafy thing, if 
 you obiervc the aforefaid method of houfing 
 them, for ordering them the fecond year as 
 you do other horfes, that they will be fo 
 tame and gentle, that you need not fear 
 their plunging, leaping, kicking, or the 
 like ; for they will take the faddle quietly. 
 
 As for all thofe ridiculous ways of beat- 
 ing and cowing them, they are, in eftecfl, 
 fpoiling them, whatever they call it, in 
 ploughed fields, deep ways, or the like ; 
 
 inftead 
 
COL 
 
 inftead of which, let the rider ftrlve to win 
 •them by gentle ufage, never correcling them 
 but when it is necefiary, and then witli 
 judgment and moderation. 
 
 You will not need a caveflbn of cord, 
 which is a head-ftrain, nor a pad of ftraw ; 
 but only a common faddle, and a common 
 cavefibn on his nofe, fuch as other horfes 
 are ridden withj but it ought to be well 
 lined with double leather; and if you 
 pleaie you may put on his mouth a water- 
 ing-bitt, witliout reins, only the head-ltall, 
 and this but for a few days ; and then put 
 on fuch a bitt as he fhould be always ridden 
 with : and be fure not to ufe fpurs for fome 
 time after backing. 
 
 Take notice, that as yearlings mull be 
 kept abroad together, fo thole of two years 
 old together; the like for thofe of three 
 yearlings, which ordering is moil agreeable 
 to them. See Foal and Stud. 
 
 In order to make him endure the faddle 
 the better, the way to make it familiar to 
 him, will be, by clapping the faddle with 
 your hand as it Hands upon his back, by 
 ilriking it, and fwaying upon it, dangling 
 the ilirrups by his fides, rubbing them 
 againil his fides, and making much of him, 
 and bringing him to be familiar with all 
 things about him ; as ftraining the crupper, 
 falftening and loofening the girths, and tak- 
 ing up and letting out the ilirrups. 
 
 Then as to the motion of him, when he will 
 trot with the iaddle obediently, you may 
 wafh a trench of a full mouth, and put the 
 fame into his mouth, throwing the reins 
 over the fore part of the faddle, fo that he 
 may have a full feeling of it ; when put a 
 on a martingal, buckled at fuch a length, 
 that he may but juit feel it when he jirks up 
 his head ; then take a broad piece of leather 
 and put about his neck, and make the ends 
 of it fail by platting of it, or fome other 
 way, at the withers, and the middle part 
 before his weafand, about two handfuls be- 
 low the thropple, betwixt the leather and 
 his neck : let the martingal pafs fo, that 
 when at any time he offers to duck, or 
 throw down his head, the cavelTon being 
 placed upon the tender grille of his nofe. 
 
 COL 
 
 may correft and punifh him; which will 
 make him bring his head to, and form him 
 to an abfolute rein : trot him abroad, and if 
 you find the reins or martingal grow flack, 
 llraiten them, for when there is no feeling, 
 there is no virtue. See Backing a Colt. 
 
 COLT-EVIL, a difeafe to which both 
 Itone-horfe and gelding are fubjeft : it hap- 
 pens to the firll, by an unnatural fwelling 
 of the yard and cods, proceeding from 
 wind filling the arteries, and hollow finew, 
 or pipe of the yard; and alfo through the 
 abundance of feed : and it aftefts a gelding, 
 for want of natural heat to expel any 
 farther. 
 
 There are feveral things very good for 
 this diilemper: as the juice of rue mixed 
 with honey, and boiled in hog's-greale : 
 bay leaves, with the powder of fenugreek 
 added to it : with which the part affcfted is 
 to be anointed and fheathed. 
 
 A fofc falve made of the leaves of betonv, 
 and the herb art ftamped with white wine, 
 is proper to anoint the fore ; the fheath alfo 
 muft be wafhed clean with luke-warm vine- 
 gar, and the yard drawn out and walhed 
 alfo ; and the horfe ridden every day into 
 fome deep running water, toffing him to 
 and fro, to allay the heat of his members, 
 till the fwelling be vanifiied ; and it will not 
 be amifs to fwim him now and then : but 
 the beil cure of all, is to give him a mare, 
 and to fwim him after it. See Shedding 
 Seed, 
 
 COLT-TAMING, is the breaking of a 
 colt, fo as to endure a rider, i^c. 
 
 Thefe animals being naturally of them- 
 felves unruly, you fhould malce them fami- 
 liar to you from the time they have been 
 weaned, when foals ; and fo winter after 
 winter, in the houfe, ufe them to familiar 
 aftions, as rubbing, clawing, haltering, 
 leading to water, taking up their ket, 
 knocking their hoofs, and the like ; and fo 
 break him to the faddle. 
 
 The beil time is at three years, or four at 
 moil ; but he who will have the patience to 
 fee his horfe at full five, fliall be fure to 
 have him of a longer continuance, and 
 much lefs fubjeft to difeafes and infirmities. 
 N Now 
 
CON 
 
 Now in order to bridle and faddle a colt, 
 T\'hen he is made a little gentle, take a fweet 
 watering trench, wafhed and anointed vv'ith 
 honey and fait, which put into his mafli, and 
 fo place it that it may hang about his tufh ; 
 then offer him the faddle, but with that care 
 and circumfpeftion, that you do not fright 
 him with it, fuffering him to fmell at it, to 
 be rubbed with it, and then to feel it ; and 
 after that, fix it on, and girt it faft : and at 
 what part and motion he feems moft coy, 
 with that make him moft familiar of any 
 other. 
 
 Being thus faddled and bridled, lead him 
 out to water, bring him in again ; and when 
 he has ftooci a little, reined, upon the 
 trench, an hour or more, take oft the bridle 
 and faddle, and let him go to his meat till 
 the evening, and then lead him out as be- 
 fore ; and when you carry him in again to 
 fet him up, take off his faddle gently, and 
 drefs him, clothing him for all night. 
 
 COMB. The creft or red fiefliy tuft 
 growing upon a cock's head. 
 
 To COMMENCE, or initiate, a 
 Horse, is to put him to the firft leflbns, in 
 order to break him. 
 
 To commence this horfe you muft work 
 him round the pillar. See Rope, 
 CONEY. See Rabbit. 
 CONSUMPTION [in Farriery] a con- 
 fumption is nothing more than a w-ant of 
 nourifhment, or the decaying of the body, 
 particularly by a wafting of the mufcular 
 flefli. 
 
 When a horfe begins to be confumptlve, 
 his eyes look dull, his ears and feet are com- 
 monly hot, he coughs violently by fits, 
 Ineezes often, and groans at the fame time ; 
 he gleets at the nofe, and fometimes throws 
 off a yellowifh curdled matter : his flanks 
 have a quick motion, and he has little appe- 
 tite to hay, though he will eat corn, but 
 grows hot afcer it. 
 
 The firft intention, and indeed one of 
 the principal things, is bleeding in fmall 
 quantities (a pint, or at moft a pint and an 
 half, is fufficient) and to repeat the opera- 
 tion whenever the breath is more than com- 
 monly opprelTed. And as we are affured 
 
 COR 
 
 from difTeflions, that in a confumption- 
 both the glands of the lungs and mefentery 
 are fwelled, and often indurated ; the only 
 medicines that can be depended upon, are 
 mercurial purges and ponderous alteratives.. 
 We have already given examples of the 
 former, and the following is a formula of 
 the latter : Take of cinnabar of antimony, 
 finely powdered, one pound; ofgumguai- 
 cum and nitre, of each half a pound ; give 
 him an ounce of this pov/der twice a day, 
 taking care at the fame time to wet his 
 feeds. 
 
 But as this diforder is very difficult to 
 cure, the horfe fhould be turned when pofTi- 
 ble into fpring grafs, or rather into the fait 
 marfhes ; which will generally prove more 
 lalutary, and fooner effeft the cure, than all 
 the medicines yet known : becaufe the herb - 
 age has a ftrong tendency to correct the blood 
 and juice ; and the open air, and proper 
 excrcile, are, at the fame time, of the ut- 
 moft benefit. 
 
 Perhaps the medicines recommended in 
 this and the preceding chapter, may be 
 thought too expenfive, efpecially if the 
 horfe be itfclf of little value : in this cafe, 
 their place may be fupplied by tar-water : 
 and pofTibly this may prove a very falutary 
 medicine, and prove of the greateft ufe to 
 thick-winded horfes. 
 
 COP, the top of any thing ; alfo a tuft 
 on the head of birds. 
 
 COPING-IRONS, inftruments ufed by 
 Falconers, in coping or paring a hawk's 
 beak, pounces, or talons, when they are 
 over grown. 
 
 CORK, or CORKING of a Saddle, the 
 pieces to which the bolfters are made faft, 
 fo called from having formerly been made 
 of cork. 
 
 CORNERS, OR ANGLERS OF THE VoLT, 
 
 are the extremities of the four lines of the 
 volt when you work in fquare. 
 
 CORNER teeth of a Horse, are the 
 four teeth that are placed between the 
 middling teeth and the tufhes, being two 
 above, and two below, on each fide of the 
 jaw; "which fhoot when the horfe is four 
 years and an half old. 
 
 CORO- 
 
t O R 
 
 CORONET, OR. CRONET OF A HousE, is 
 the loweft part of the paftern which runs 
 round the coffin, and is diftinguifhed by the 
 hair which joins and covers the upper part 
 of the hoof. Or, 
 
 CORONET, l OF A Horse's foot, is that 
 
 CRONET, J part on the very top of it 
 where the hair grows, and falls down upon 
 the hoof: the coronet fhould be no more 
 raifed than the hoof; for if it makes a ridge, 
 or height round it, it is a fign that either 
 the foot is dried up, or that there are a great 
 many humours in the coronet, that may oc- 
 cafion the crown-fcab, and other fores, to 
 which that part is fubjeft. 
 
 CORRECTIONS, and helps for a 
 Horse. Before he is taught any lefibns you 
 ought to take notice, that there are feven 
 helps for to punifli him for faults committed 
 in his lefibns. 
 
 1. The voice; which when fweet, and 
 accompanied with cherifhings, is helpful : 
 but when rough and terrible, and accompa- 
 nied with flrokes or threatnings, a correc- 
 tion. 
 
 2. The rod ; which is a help in the ftiak- 
 ing, and a correftion in the ftriking. 
 
 3. The bitt ; an help in it's fweetnefs, the 
 fnaffle in it's fmoothnefs, but both correc- 
 tions ; the one in it's hardnefs, and the 
 other in it's roughnefs ; and both in flatnefs 
 and fquarenefs. 
 
 4. The calves of the legs ; which being 
 gently laid to the horfe's fides, are helps ; 
 but correftions when you ftrike them hard, 
 as giving warning that the fpurs are about 
 to follow. 
 
 5. The ftirrup and ftirrup-leather ; which 
 are correftions when ftruck again the hinder 
 part of the flioulder, but helps when diruft 
 forv/ard in a quick motion. 
 
 6. The fpur; that is helpful when gently 
 delivered in any motion that calls for quick- 
 nefs and aftivity, whether on or above the 
 ground ; and a corrcftion, when it is ftruck 
 hard in the fide, upon any floth or fault 
 committed. 
 
 7. The ground; that is an hdp, when 
 plain and fmooth, and not painful to tread 
 upon.; and a correi5lion, when rough, deep, 
 
 c o u 
 
 and uneven, for the amendment of any 
 vicious habit contrafted. 
 
 CORVET, 7 [in the Manage] an air, v/hen 
 
 CURVET, i the horfe's legs are more raifed 
 than in the demivolts, being a kind of leap up, 
 and a little forward, wherein the horfe raifes 
 both his fore-feet at once, equally advanced, 
 (when he is going ftrait forv/ard, and not in 
 a circle) and as his fore-legs are falling, he 
 immediately raifes his hind-legs, as he did 
 his fore ; that is, equally advanced, and not 
 one before the other : fo that all his four 
 legs are in the air at once ; and as he fets 
 them down, he marks but twice with them. 
 
 Horfes that are very dull, or very fiery, 
 are improper for curvets ; they being the 
 moft difficult air that they can make, and 
 requiring a gre^t deal of judgment in the 
 rider, as well as patience in the horfe, to 
 perform it. 
 
 COSSET, a colt, calf, lamb, &c. taken 
 and brought up by hand, without the dam. 
 
 COUCEIING, [hunting term] the lodg- 
 ing of a boar; as the diflodging of that 
 beaft is called. Rearing of a boar. 
 
 COUGH and ASTHMA, [in Farriery] 
 no diforder has given more perplexity to 
 farriers than a fettled cough. The caufes of 
 this difeafe are various ; and it is of the ut- 
 moft importance to diftinguiffi one cough 
 from another, as otherwife it will be impof- 
 fiblc to efFecc a cure. 
 
 If the cough is of long ftanding, attended 
 with lofs of a.ppetite, watting of flelh, and 
 weaknefs, it denotes a confumption; and 
 that the lungs are full of knotty hard fub- 
 ftances, called tu'oercles. When the couo-h 
 proceeds from phlegm and mucilaginous 
 matter fluffing up the veffels of the lungs, 
 his flanks have a fudden quick motion, he 
 breathes thick, but not with his noftrils dif- 
 tended, like one that is broken-winded; hii. 
 cough Is fometimes molft, and fometimea 
 diy and huflcy ; before which he wheezes, 
 and fometimes throws out of his nofe or 
 mouth large pieces of white phlegm, efpe- 
 cially after drinking, or when he begins or 
 ends his exerclfe ; and this difcharge general- 
 ly gives very great relief, and the complaint 
 is removed bv the following proceeding. 
 N 2 ' If 
 
cox} 
 
 If the horfe be full of flefh, take from 
 him a moderate quantity of blood. The 
 next day give him fcalded bran, and in the 
 evening the following ball : Take of dia- 
 pente one ounce ; of calomel well prepared 
 and fufficiently fublimed, two drams ; make 
 the whole into a ball with a fufficicnt quan- 
 tity of honey. 
 
 This bail mufl be repeated the following 
 night ; be careful not to let the horfe go 
 into the wet, but kctp him warm and well 
 cloathed, let his drink be warm v/ater, fof- 
 tened with bran ; his hay fweet and dry, and 
 his manger meat fcalded bran, with a fpoon- 
 ful of honey in each feed. The morning 
 after the fecond ball, give him' a common 
 purge, which is to be repeated once in five 
 or fix daj's, till he has taken three purges ; 
 and before each one ball, as above direfted. 
 After each purge, the following drink fliould 
 be given, to prevent any ill effefts that 
 might otherwife proceed from mercurial 
 medicines : Take of the Ihavings or rafp- 
 ings of guaiacum wood, half a pound ; 
 raifins of the fun four ounces, coltsfoot a 
 large handful ; fliced liquorice half an 
 ounce; boil them in three quarts of fpring 
 or river water, to two quarts ; pour off the 
 decoftion, and diffolve in it four ounces of 
 honey. Give one half of this in the morn- 
 ing, after the purge has done working, and 
 the other the morning following. 
 
 After this method has been purfued for 
 fome time, the following balls may be given 
 every morning, and will greatly contribute to 
 perfeft the cure: Take of cinnabar of anti- 
 mony finely levigated, fix ounces ; gum 
 ammoniacum, galbanum, and afla-foetida, of 
 each two ounces ; fafi^ron half an ounce : 
 make the whole into a pafte for balls, with 
 a proper quantity of honey. 
 
 Thefe balls are very v/ell calculated to 
 anfwer the purpofe intended; but if too 
 expenfive, the cordial ball may be given, 
 with an eigth part of powdered fquills, and 
 Barbadoes tar. 
 
 Great care muft be taken to give the 
 horfe proper exercife, in a free open air; and 
 that his diet be very moderate. The quan- 
 tity of hay he ufually eats fhould be 
 
 c o u 
 
 abridged, given in fmall quantities, and 
 fprinkled with water; and his ufual allow- 
 ance, both of corn and water, divided into 
 portions. 
 
 It may not here be improper to add, that 
 fome young horfes are fubject to coughs on 
 cutting their teeth, and their eyes are alfo 
 affefted from the fame caufe. In thefe cafes 
 always bleed, and if the cough is obftinate 
 repeat it, and give warm mafhes, which are 
 commonly fufficient alone to remove this 
 complaint. But when the cough is an at- 
 tendant on worms, as it often is in young 
 horfes, fuch medicines muft be given as are 
 proper to deftroy thefe vermin. 
 
 COUNTERPOISE. The liberty of the 
 aftion and feat of a horfe-man ; fo that in 
 all the motions made by the horfe, he does 
 not incline his body more to one fide than to 
 the other, but continues in the middle of 
 the faddle, rearing equally on his ftirrups, 
 in order to give the horfe the proper and 
 feafonable aids. 
 
 COUNTER-TIME. Is the defence or 
 refinance of a horfe that interrupts his ca- 
 dence, and the meafure of his manage, oc- 
 cafioned either by a bad horfeman, or by 
 the malice of the horfe. 
 
 COUNTER OF A Horse. That part of 
 his forehead which is between the fhoulder, 
 and under the neck. 
 
 COUNTISSES OINTMENT, ufed in 
 removing fores in horfes. See Scabbed 
 Heels, for its preparation. 
 
 COUP DE BRIDE, the fame as ebr^- 
 lade. See Ebrillade. 
 
 COUPLE, two things of the fame kind 
 fet together; a pair; thus a couple of conies, 
 or rabbets, is the proper term for two of 
 them : fo it is likewife ufed by hunters for 
 two hounds ; and a couple and an half, for 
 three. Couple is alfo a fort of band to tie 
 dogs. 
 
 COURSING WITH Grey-Hounds, is a 
 recreation in great efleem with many gen- 
 tlemen. It affords greater pleafure than 
 liunting in fomerefpefts. As, Firft, becaufe 
 it is fooner ended. Secondly, it does not 
 require fo much toil. Thirdly, the game 
 is for the mofl part always in fight. Fourthly, 
 
 in 
 
c o u 
 
 in regard to the delicate qualities and Aape 
 sf the greyhound. 
 
 There are three feveral courfes with grey- 
 hounds, viz. at the deer, at the hare, and 
 at the fox. 
 
 For the deer there are two forts of courfes, 
 the one in the paddoc, and the other either 
 in the foreft or purlieu. 
 
 For the paddock, there muft be the grey- 
 hound, and the terrier which is a kind of 
 mongrel greyhound, whofe bufinefs is to 
 drive away the deer before the greyhounds 
 are flipt, and mofl: ufually a brace or lealli 
 are let flip ; feldom more than two brace. 
 See Greyhound. 
 
 As for the paddock courfe. i?^.? Paddock. 
 
 Courfes of the- deer in the forefi or purlieu. 
 
 There are in this two ways in ufe, the one 
 is courfmg from wood to wood, and the 
 other upon the lawns by the keeper's lodge. 
 
 If you courfe from wood to wood, you arc 
 firft to throw fome young hounds into the 
 wood to bring out the deer, and if any deer 
 come out that is not weighty, or a deer of 
 antler, which is buck, fore, or forel, then 
 you are not to flip your grey-hounds, which 
 are held at the end of the wood, where the 
 deer is expefted to come out, which the 
 keepers have good judgment to know. 
 
 And if you miftruft that the greyhounds 
 will not kill him, then you may way-lay 
 him with a brace of frefli greyhounds. 
 
 For the courfing upon the lawn, when you 
 have given the keeper notice, he will lodge 
 a deer for your courfe, then by coming 
 under the wind, you may come near enough 
 to flip your greyhounds for a fair courfe. 
 
 Courfing the HARE. 
 
 The beft way in this, is to go and find 
 out one fitting, which is eafily to be done 
 by walking crofs the lands, either ftubblc, 
 fallow, or corn, and calling your eye up and 
 down; for in the fummer feafon they fre- 
 quent fuch places for fear of ticks, which 
 are common in woods ; alfo the raia and the 
 fall of the leaf offends them. 
 
 c o u 
 
 The reft of the year, you muft beat up 
 and down with poles to ftart them out of 
 their forms and retreats, and fome hares will 
 not ftir, until they are almoft touched, and 
 it is a certain fign that fuch hares will make 
 an excellent courfe. 
 
 If a hare fit near any clofe or covert, and 
 have her head towards the fame with a fair 
 field behind her, you may ride with as much 
 company as you have between her and the 
 covert before Ihe be put up, and then fhe 
 is likely to make her courfe towards the 
 champagne, for fhe feldom takes the fame 
 way that her head is, when flie fits in her 
 form,. 
 
 When a hare is firft ftartcd, you give her 
 ground or law, which commonly is twelve- 
 fcore yards or more, according to the 
 ground where ftie fits, or elfe you lofe much 
 of your fport by putting an end to it too 
 foon ; and it is very pleafant to fee the 
 turnings and v/indings, that the hare will 
 make to fave herfelf, which fometimes prove 
 efRdual to her. . 
 
 The la^dos obferved in COURSING. 
 
 The following were eftabliflied by tJie 
 Duke of Norfolk, in the reign of Queca 
 Elizabeth, and were fubfcribed unto by the 
 chief gentry, and thence held authentic. 
 
 1. That he that is chofen Fewterer, or 
 that lets loofe the greyhounds, fliall receive 
 the grey hounds matched to run together 
 into his leach as foon as he comes into the 
 field, and follow next to the hare-finder, 
 or he who is to ftart the liare until he 
 come unto the form, and no horfeman or 
 footman is to go before, or on any fide but 
 dire-ftly beliind, for the fpace of about forty 
 yards. 
 
 2. You ought not to courfe a hare with 
 more than a brace of greyhounds. 
 
 3. The hare finder ought to give the hare 
 three fo-hoes before he put her from her form 
 or feat, to the end the dogs may gaze about,.. 
 and attend her ftarting. 
 
 4. They ought to have twelvefcore yards 
 law before the dogs are loofed, unlefs ther-e 
 be danger of lofing her. 
 
 5. That 
 
c o u 
 
 5. That dog tr.at gives the firft turn, if 
 after that there be neither cote, flip, or 
 v/rench, he wins the wager. 
 
 6. If one dog gives the firll turn, and the 
 other bears the hare, he that bears the hare 
 lliall win the wager. 
 
 7. A go-by, or bearing the hare, is ac- 
 counted equivalent to two turns, 
 
 8. If neither dog turns the hare, he that 
 leads laft to the covert wins. 
 
 9. If one dog turns the hare, ferves him- 
 felf and turns her again, it is as much as a 
 cote, and a cote is efteemed two turns. 
 
 10. If all the courie be equal, he that 
 bears the hare fhall win ; and if he be not 
 born, the courfe fliall be adjudged dead. 
 
 11. If a dog tal-;esfall in a courfe, and yet 
 perform his part, he may challenge the ad- 
 vantage of a turn more than he gave. 
 
 12. If a dog turns the hare, ferve himfelf, 
 and give divers cotes, and yet in the end 
 Hand ftill in the field, the other dog, if he 
 turns home to the covert, although he gives 
 no turn, fhall be adjudged to win the 
 wager. 
 
 13. If by misfortune, a dog be rid over 
 in his courfe, the courfe is void, and to fay 
 the truth, he that did the mifchief ought to 
 make reparation for the damage. 
 
 14. If a dog gives the firft ^nd laft turn, 
 and there be no other advantage betwixt 
 them, he that gives the odd turn lliall win. 
 
 15. A cote is when the greyhound goeth 
 endways by his fellov/, and gives the hare a 
 turn. 
 
 16. A cote ferves for two turns, and two 
 trippings or jerkins for a cote: and if Ihe 
 turneth not quite about ihe only wrencheth. 
 
 17. If there be no cotes given between a 
 brace of greyhounds but that one of them 
 ferves the other at turning : then he that 
 gives the hare moft turns wins the wager : 
 and if one gives as many turns as the other, 
 then he that beareth the hare wins the 
 wager. 
 
 18. Sometimes the hare doth not turn, 
 but wrench ; for fiie is not properly faid to 
 turn, except Ihe turn as it were round, and 
 two v\?renches Hand for a turn. 
 
 19. He that comes in firft to the death of 
 
 C R A 
 
 the hare, takes her up, and faves her from 
 breaking, cheriflieth the dogs, and cleanfes 
 their mouths from the wool, is adjiidged to 
 have the hare for his pains. 
 
 20. Thofe that are judges of the leafh, 
 muft give their judgment prefently before 
 they depart out of the field. 
 
 COWRING [in Falconry] a term ufed of 
 a young hawk when flie quivers and fliakes 
 her wings in token of obedience to the old 
 ones. 
 
 CRABBING [in Falconiy] is when hawks 
 ftand too near and fight with one another. 
 
 'The CRAMP and Convulsions, are the 
 cohtradtions of the finews, veins, and muf- 
 cles, in any member or part of the body of 
 a horfe, &'c. 
 
 The figns of knowing it are, that the 
 horfe will be fo ftiif, that the v/hole ftrength 
 of a man is not able to bow him ; he will be 
 lame and well again, as if it were in a mo- 
 ment. 
 
 There is alfo another kind of cramp that 
 feizes upon a horfe's neck and the reins of 
 his back, and univerfally all over hjs body, 
 which may have proceeded either from a 
 great cold, or from the lofs of blood, 
 whereby a great windinefs enters his veins 
 and benumbs the finews. 
 
 This diftemper alfo may be known by his 
 head and neck ftanding av/ry, his ears uo- 
 right, and his eyes hollow, his mouth dry 
 and clung, and his back will rife like a ca- 
 mel's : which diforders are to be cured by 
 giving him fomewhat to make him fweat, 
 and by loading him with warm woollen 
 cloths. 
 
 CRAPAUDINE, or tread upon the 
 Coronet, is an imperfection in a horfe's 
 foot, being an ulcer on the coroner, from 
 whence iffues a filthy matter, which by it's 
 Iharpnefs dries up the horn beneath the part 
 where the tread is made, and forms a kind 
 of groove, or hollow, down to the very {hoe. 
 CRATCHES. A fwelling horfes are 
 liable to, on the paftern, under the fetlock, 
 and fometimes under the hoof; for which 
 reafon it is diftinguifhed into the finew 
 cratches, which zffc6t the finew, and thofe 
 upon the croaet, called quitterbones. 
 
 CRAW 
 
C R A 
 
 CRAW OR CROP OF Birds, the fame as 
 Ingliives. See Ingluves. 
 
 CRAY, a diilemper in hawks, ahnQft tlie 
 fame as the Pantas, proceeding fromcold 
 by reafon of ill diet and long feeding with 
 cold, ftale meat ; the fymptoms of it are 
 that her muting will not be plentiful, nor 
 come freely and eafily from her ; but ihe 
 will drop fome part thereof fhort and difper- 
 fed, and her body will be bound. 
 
 The cure : firft remove the caufe, letting 
 her diet be high, eafy of digeftion, and 
 cooling meat, fuch as young rabbets, 
 chickens, fheeps hearts, i^c. 
 
 Ufe her alio to the confe6lion of frcfh 
 butter, made up with rue, and cloves, and 
 mace, anointing her meat with it. 
 
 It would not be amifs alio to give her, 
 fometimes with her meat, the diftilled water 
 cfforrel, woodbine, horehound, and the 
 like cooling, clcanfing, and opening medi- 
 cines. 
 
 CRAY-FISH-NET : cray-fifh, or crevi- 
 fes, are readily taken with the following 
 fort of net, and other inftruments reprefent- 
 ed in the figure, Plate IV. fig. 8. 
 
 Provide four or five fmall nets about a 
 foot fquare, tie them to a round withy hoop, 
 or the like as you fee marked in the figure 
 C, D, E ; procure alfo as many ftaves as A, 
 B, each of them five or fix foot long, 
 with three forks at the end, to which fallen 
 the hoop at three equal diftances, in fuch 
 manner that when you lay the net fiat on 
 the ground, the flick may ftand upright on 
 the three forks. 
 
 Provide alfo a dozen rods or flicks in 
 length five or fix feet, cleft at the fmall end 
 marked in the figure I, wherein you may 
 place fome fkinned frogs, the guts of chick- 
 ens or the like ; having baited the flicks go 
 cut, and where you find any likely hole 
 in the water, there leave it, and fo after 
 this manner lay the reft in the mofl likely 
 places, and walk in and out vifiting the 
 ilicks; when you perceive any fixed to the 
 baits, gently move the baited end towards 
 the middle of the water, and doubt not 
 that cray-fifh will keep their hold ; when 
 that is done, put your net juft uuder the 
 
 C R E 
 
 bait and foftly lift up the bait, and as foon 
 as the cray-fifh feel the air, they let go 
 their hold and fall into the net. 
 
 CREANCE ^ A fine, fmall, long line 
 
 CRIANCE C and even fpun packthread, 
 
 CRIANTS 3 which is fallened to a 
 hawk's lealh, when flie is firft lured. 
 
 CREAT, is an ufner to a riding mafter, 
 or gentleman bred in the academy, with 
 intent to make himfelf capable of teaching 
 the art of riding the great horfe. 
 
 CREPANCE, is a cratch or chap in a 
 horfe's legs given by the fpunges of thefhoe 
 of the hinder feet croffing and ftriking 
 ac--ainft the other hinder foot. 
 
 This cratch generates into an ulcer. 
 
 CRESCENT [among Farriers] a horfe 
 is faid to have crefcents, when the point 
 or that part of the coffin bone, or little 
 foot which is moft advanced, falls down, 
 and prefTes the fole outwards ; and the mid- 
 dle of the hoof above the toe flirinks and 
 becomes flat by reafon of the hoUownefs 
 beneath it ; though thofe crefcents be really 
 the bone of the little foot, which has left 
 it's place and fallen downwards, fo as the 
 under part of the foot, that is the fole and 
 the toe appears round, and the hoof above 
 fhrinks in. 
 
 CREST FALLEN, is an imperfedlion or 
 infirmity in a horfe, when the upper part 
 of his neck, in which his mane grows, called 
 the crefl, hangs either on the one fide or 
 the other, not Handing upright as it ought 
 to do. 
 
 This proceeds for the moft part from po- 
 verty, caufed by ill keeping, and cfpecially 
 when a fat horfe falls away fuddenly upon 
 any invt^ard ficknefs. 
 
 The remedy is as follov/s : firft raife it up 
 with your hand, and place it as it ought to 
 ftand : then let a perfon ftanding on the 
 fide the creft falls from, hold up the creft 
 with one hand, and thrull out the bottom 
 of it with the other, fo that it may ftand up- 
 right. 
 
 This being done, draw a hot iron, broad 
 on the edge, on that fide through the fkin 
 (driving his neck firft at the bottom of the 
 creft, then in the midft of it, and laftly at 
 
 tlie 
 
C R O 
 
 tiie fetting on of the hair) and no deeper 
 than on the other fide, from whence the ctefc 
 falls ; then gather up the f[<in with your 
 hand, and apply two plaftcrs of il-ccmakers 
 wax, laid one againlt the other at the edge 
 of the wound, and with fmooth fplints flay 
 the fliin, that it may fhrink neither up- 
 ward nor downward. 
 
 Then clip away all the fpare f!<in, which 
 you had gathered with your hand, with a 
 fharp pair of fciffars, and ftitch the llcin to- 
 gether in di-%'ers places with a needle full 
 of fdk, and flitch the edges of the plafter al- 
 fo'to prevent it from breaking. 
 
 And laft of all anoint the fore with tur- 
 pentine, honey, and wax, melted together, 
 and the places v/nich you drew with the 
 hot iron, wth apiece of greafemade warm, 
 and thus do twice every day till it be v/hole. 
 
 But you muft be fure to take care that 
 your fplints fhrink not : though after all 
 the beft cure for this malady is to let the 
 horfe blood and to keep him very well; for 
 the ftrength and fatnefs will raife the creft 
 again. 
 
 CREVICE; i.- e. chop, clift, or chink. 
 
 CRICK, is when a horfe cannot turn his 
 neck any manner of way, but holds it fore 
 aright, infomuch that he cannot -take his 
 meat from the ground without great pain. 
 The cure is to thruft a fiiarphot iron through 
 the flefh of the neck in feveral places, at 
 three inches diftance, and rowel all of them 
 with horfe-hair, flax, or hemp, anointing 
 the rowels with hog's greafe. 
 
 CRINETS I [with Falconers] fmall 
 
 CRINITES ) black feathers in hawk's, 
 like hares about the fore. 
 
 CROATS, OR Cravats, are horfes 
 brought from Croatia in Hungary, which for 
 the moft part beat upon the hand, and bear 
 up to the wind : that is, bear their neck 
 high, and thruft out their nofe, fliaking 
 their head. 
 
 The Croats are fubjeft to be hollow or 
 ftiell-toothed. 
 
 CROTCHES, [with Hunters] the little 
 buds that grow about the top of a deer or 
 hart's horns. 
 
 CROP OR CRAW OF Birds. See In- 
 
 • GLUV£S. 
 
 C R O 
 
 CRGTELS 1 [with Hunters] tlie or- 
 
 CROTENINGI dure or dung of a 
 hare. 
 
 CROUP OF A Horse, ought to be large 
 and round, fo that, the tops of the two 
 haunch bones be not within view of each 
 other, the greater diftance between thefe 
 two bones the better ; but, yet it is an im- 
 perfeftion, if they be too high, which is 
 called horn hipped, though that blemifh 
 will in a great meafure difappear, if he can 
 be made fat and lufly. 
 
 The croup Jhould have it's compafs from 
 the haunch bone, to the very dock, or 
 onfet of the tail, and fhould be divided in 
 two by a channel or hollow all along to the 
 very dock. 
 
 A racking Qkovp, is when a horfe 's fore 
 quarters go right, but his croup in walking 
 fwings from fide to fide ; when fuch a horfe 
 trots, one of the haunch bones will fall, 
 and the other rife, like the beam of a bal- 
 lance, which is a fign that he is not very 
 vigorous. 
 
 CROUPADE, [with Horfemen] is a 
 leap in which the horfe pulls up his hind 
 legs, as if hedrev/themup to his belly. 
 
 Croupades difi^er from caprioles and ba- 
 lotades, in this, that in croupades the horfe 
 does not jerk, as he does in caprioles and 
 balotades. 
 
 CROW NET, is an invention for catching 
 wild fowl in the winter feafon, and which 
 may be ufed in the day time: this net is 
 made of double thread, or fine packthread; 
 the mefhes fhould be two inches wide, the 
 length about ten yards, and the depth three. 
 It mull be verged on the fide with good 
 ftrong cord, and ftretched out in length ve- 
 ry ftiff, upon long poles prepared for that 
 purpofe. 
 
 When you are come to the place where 
 you would fpread your net, open it and lay 
 it out at it's full length and breadth ; then 
 faften the lower end of the net all along the 
 ground, fo as only to move it up and down ; 
 the upper end of the net muft ftand extend- 
 ed on the long cord ; the further end there- 
 of being ftaked firft to the earth by a llrong 
 cord about five yards diftant from tlie net ; 
 
 place 
 
C R O 
 
 place this cord in an even line with the low- 
 er edge of the net : the other end of the 
 cord muft be at leafl twenty five yards, to 
 reach unto fome natural or artificial fhelter, 
 by the means of which you may lie conceal- 
 ed from the fowl, otherwife you cannot ex- 
 peft any good fuccefs. 
 
 The net muft be placed in fuch exa£t or- 
 der that it may give way to play on the fowl, 
 upon the leaft pull of the cord, wliich muft 
 be done fmartly, left the fowl ftiould prove 
 too quick for you. 
 
 This device may be ufed for pigeons, 
 crows, or the like birds, in the corn fields 
 newly fown, as alfo in ftubble fields, pro- 
 vided the ftubble do conceal the net from 
 the fowl. 
 
 It may alfo be ufed for fmall birds at barn 
 doors ; but then you muft lay for them 
 fome train of corn or chaff to entice them to 
 the net, lying concealed. 
 
 This crow net may alfo be fpread to 
 great advantage and pleafure in the morn- 
 ings and evenings, where you know their 
 haunts are, at which time in hard weather 
 fowls are wont to fly in great flocks, to 
 and from the land, with and againft the 
 wind, and then they fly clofe to the ground 
 in open countries and low lands, which ge- 
 nerally are not full of inclofures, and when 
 they are within reach of your net, let go and 
 it v/ill rife over them, and bring them back 
 to the ground with a fmart blow. 
 
 CROWNED ; a horfe is laid to be crown- 
 ed, when, by fall or other accident, he is 
 fo hurt or wounded in the knee, that the 
 hair fheds and falls off without growing 
 again. 
 
 CROWNED Top, or Tops, [with Hun- 
 ters] are the firft head of a deer, fo called 
 becaufe the croches are raifed in form of a 
 crown. 
 
 CROWN SCAB IN Horses, a white or 
 mealy fcurf, caufed by a burnt, yellow and 
 malignant matter that breaks forth at the 
 roots of the hair, where it fticks to the ikin 
 and makes it frizzled and flare, and at laft 
 fcalds It quite off. Of this there are two 
 kinds. 
 
 I. The dry crown fcab, that is without 
 moifture. 
 
 C U L 
 
 2. The moift one, which is fo by reafon 
 of a ftinking water iflliing out of the pores, 
 and communicating it's ftench and moifture 
 to the neigbouring parts. 
 
 It appears on the coronet, and often all 
 over the paftern to the joint, the part being 
 much fwelled, and will run up almoft to 
 the knee if not timely prevented. 
 
 The cure may be eflefted by taking two 
 ounces of Brazil tobacco cut fmall, or at 
 leaft ftripped from the ftalks, and infufe it 
 for twelve hours in half a pint of ftrong fpi- 
 rit of wine, ftirring it every hour, that the 
 fpirit of wine may penetrate the fubftance of 
 the tobacco, and extraft all it's tinfture. 
 
 Chafe the fcab with this without taking 
 off" the fkin, and afterwards rub it very hard 
 with a handful of tobacco, repeating this 
 once a day till it is well. Or you may let 
 the part be drelfed with a compofition of 
 equal parts of miirftimallow ointment and 
 yellow bafilocon fpread on tow and applied 
 all round the coronet. At the fame time a 
 dole or two of phyfic fliould be given, and 
 afterwards the diuretic balls mentioned in a 
 following article on the greafe. The 
 common praftife is to walh the parts with a 
 vitriol water, but the above is much fafer 
 and more expeditious. 
 
 CRUPPER, the buttocks of a horfe, 
 the rump : alfo a roll of leatlier put under 
 a horfe's tail, and drawn up by thongs to 
 the buckle behind the ftddle, fo as to keep 
 him from cafting the faddle forv/ards on his 
 neck. 
 
 CRUPPER Buckles, are large fquare 
 buckles fixed to the faddle tree behind, to 
 faften the crupper, each buckle having a 
 roller or two to make it draw eafily. 
 
 CUB, a young bear, or bear's whelp 
 [among hunters] a fox and martern of the 
 firft year are alfo called cubs. 
 
 CUD. Sometimes cattle lofe the cud by 
 chance, fometimes by ficknefs, poverty, 
 mourning, (jfc. to cure which, take four 
 leaven of rye-bread, and fait, and mixing it 
 with human urine and barm, beat it in a 
 mortar; then making a large ball or two of 
 it, put them down the beafts throat. 
 
 CULVER, an old word for a pigeon or 
 Q dove. 
 
C- U R 
 
 dove, vfhence come culver houfe, or dove I 
 houfe. 
 
 CURB, is a chain of iron made faft to the 
 upper part of the branches of the bridle, 
 m a hole, called the eye, and running 
 over the beard of the horfe. 
 
 CURB OF A Horse's Bridle confiils of 
 the fcl'cwing parts. 
 
 1. The hook fixed to the eye of the 
 branch. 
 
 2. The chain of the SS, or links. 
 
 3. The nvo rings or mails. Large curbs 
 provided they are round are always the mod 
 gentle. 
 
 But care muft be taken that it reft in it's 
 proper place a little above tiie beard, other- 
 wife the bitt-mouth will not have the effeft 
 chat may be expefted from it, 
 
 'To give a leap upon the Curb, is to fliort- 
 en the curb by laying one of the mails or 
 S like joints of the chains over the reft. 
 
 Curb is a hard and callous tumour which 
 runs within fide of the horfc's hoof in the 
 great fmew behind, above the top of the 
 horn, v;hich makes him halt and go lame 
 when he has been heated. It is to be cured 
 by the like methods as a fpavin. See Spa- 
 vin. 
 
 To CURTAIL A Horse, /. e. to dock 
 him or cur off his tail. 
 
 Curtailing was not ufed in any nation fo 
 much as till lately in Englandy by reafon of 
 the great carriage, and heavy burthens our 
 horfes are continually employed in carrying 
 or drawing : the Englijh were formerly 
 fcrongly opinionated, that the taking olf 
 thefe joints, made the horfe's chine or back 
 much ftronger, and more able to fupport a 
 burden ; but it is not now fo much pra£tifed 
 as it was. 
 
 The manner of performing the operation 
 is, firft to feel with your finger or thumb, 
 till you have found the third joint from the 
 fctting on of the horfe's tail, when raife up 
 all the hair, and turn it backwards ; then 
 taking a very fmall cord, and wrapping it 
 about that joint, and pulling it as tight as 
 pofTible it can ; which you muft do three or 
 four times about the tail, with all pofTible 
 tightnefs, and malce faft the. ends of the 
 
 CUT 
 
 cord : after which take a piece of wood with 
 the end fmooth and even, of the juft height 
 with the ftrunt of the horfe's tail, and fetit 
 between the horfe's hinder legs, having firft 
 trammelled all his four legs, fo that he can 
 no way ftir, lay his tail upon the woody 
 taking a very fliarp ftrong knife made for 
 that purpofo, fet the edge thereof as near 
 as you can guefs between the fourth and 
 fifth joint, then with a large fmith's hamner 
 ftriking upon the back of the knife, cut the 
 tail off. 
 
 If you fee any blood ifi'ue, you may know 
 that the cord is not ftraight enough, and 
 therefore fhould be drawn ftraighter ; but 
 if no blood follow, then it is well bound. 
 
 When you have done this, take a red hot 
 burning iron, made of a round form, of the 
 full compafs of the flefti of the horfe's tail 
 that the bone thereof may not go through 
 the hole ; with this fear the flefti, till it be 
 encrufted, and in the fearing you will clear- 
 ly fee the ends of the veins ftart out like pap 
 heads j but you muft ftill continue fearing, 
 till you fee all that was moift, to be fmooth, 
 plain, and hard, fo that the blood cannot 
 break through the burning j then you may 
 unloofe the cord, and after two or three days 
 when you perceive the fore begin to rot, 
 do not fail to anoint it with frefti butter, or 
 hog's greafe and turpentine, till it be healed.. 
 
 CURVET. See Corvet, 
 
 CUT. To cut or geld a horfe, is to ren- 
 der him impotent, after which he is called a 
 gelding, by v/ay of diftinclion from a ftone 
 horfe. 
 
 Commonly your rouflbns (/. e. your 
 ftrong thick bodied Dutch horfes) are ftone 
 horfes and not geldings. 
 
 The beft way to cure a horfe of biting 
 and kicking, is to geld him. 
 
 To CUT THE Round, or Cut the Volt, 
 is to change the hand when a horfe v/orks 
 upon volts of one tread, fo that dividing the 
 volt in two, he turns and parts upon a right 
 line to recommence another volt. 
 
 In this fort of manage the riding mafters 
 are wont to cry, cut the round. 
 
 CUTTING OR INTERFERING, is 
 when the feet of a iiorfe interfere, or -with 
 
 the 
 
D A R 
 
 the flioeof one hoof beat off the flcin from 
 the paftern joint of another foot, ^his is oc- 
 cafioned by bad (hoeing, v/earinefs, weak- 
 nefs, or not knowing laow to go, whereby 
 the feet entangle. 
 
 Thefe two 
 
 1..T.K? FISHING, ^'t'' 
 DARE J ' fifhes, as 
 
 alfo a roch, are much of the fame kind, 
 
 both in manner of feeding, cunning, good- 
 
 nefs, and commonly in fize. 
 
 They will bite at any fly, but efpecially 
 at the itone caddis fly, or may-fly, the latter 
 end of Jp'i'ily and moft part of May : it is 
 an excellent bait, floating at top of the wa- 
 ter : of which you may gather great quan- 
 tities from the reeds and fedge, by the 
 water-fide; or from ha,w-thorn bufhes, 
 that grow near the bank of a flaallow gravel 
 flream, upon which they greatly delight to 
 hang : and alfo at ant-flies, of which the 
 blackefl: are the befl: ; found in mole-hills, 
 Juney July, Auguft, and September; which 
 you may preferve for your ule, by putting 
 them alive into a glafs bottle, having firll 
 put into it fome of the moill earth from 
 whence you gathered them, with fome of 
 the roots of the grafs of the faid hillocks, 
 and laying a clod of earth over the bottle : 
 but if you would preferve them above a 
 month, put them into a large runlet, v/hich 
 has been firfl: wafhed with water and honey 
 on the infide, and tlien you may preferve 
 them three months : but the befl: time to 
 make ufe of them, is when they fv/arm, 
 which is generally about the latter end of 
 July-, and the begining o{ Aiigufi. 
 
 This fort of fifh, in a warm day, rarely 
 refufes a fly at the top of the water ; but 
 remember v/heh you flfli under water for 
 him, it is befl: to be within a handful, or 
 fomething more, of the ground. 
 
 But if you would find dace or dare in 
 winter, then, about All-hallow-tlde, where- 
 ever you fee heaths, or fandy grounds 
 ploughing up, follow the plough, and you 
 ■will find a white worm, with a red head, 
 as big as the top of a man's little finger, 
 very foft, that is nothing but tlie fpawn of 
 a beetle ; gather thefe, and put them into 
 
 D A Y 
 
 a vefl"c], witli fome of the earth from whence 
 they were taken, and you may keep theai all 
 the winter for an excellent bait. 
 
 DAPPLE-BLACK, is a black horfe, 
 that in his black P.vin or hair, has fpots and 
 marks, which are yet blacker, and more 
 fiiining than the refl: of the flcin. 
 
 Wlien bay horfes have marks of a dark 
 bay, Ave call them dapple bays. 
 
 DAY-NET. A net generally "fed for 
 takmg fuch fmall birds as play in tlie air, 
 and will fcoop either to prey, gig, or the 
 like ; as larks, Imnets, buntings, icfc 
 The time of the year for ufing this net, is 
 from Auguft to November ; and the befl: time 
 is very early in the morning : and it is to be 
 obferved, that the milder the air, and the 
 brighter the fun is, the better will be the 
 fport, and of longer continuance. The 
 place where this net fliould be laid, ought 
 to be plain champagne, either on fliort 
 fl:ubbles, green lays, or flat meadows, 
 near corn fields, and fomewhat rem.ote from 
 towns and villages : you muft be lure to let 
 your net lie clofe to the ground, that the 
 birds creep not out and make their efcape. 
 
 The fafliion of this net isdefcribed in PlatB 
 Y . fig. I. and it is made of a fine pack- 
 thread, with a fmall mefli, not exceeding 
 half an inch fquare : it muft be three fathom 
 long, and but one broad ; the fhape is like 
 the crow net, and it muft be verged about 
 after the fame manner, with a fmall, but 
 ftrong cord, and the two ends extended 
 upon two fmall, long poles, fuitable to the 
 breadth of the net, with four ftakes, tail 
 ftrings, and drawing-lines. 
 
 This net is compofed of two, which muft 
 be exa6tly alike ; and are to be laid oppofite 
 to each other, fo even and clofe, that when 
 they are drawn and pulled over, the fides 
 muft meet and touch each other. 
 
 You muft fcake this net down with ftrong 
 ftakes, very ftifi^on their lines, fo that you 
 may with a nimble twitch caft them to and 
 fro at pleafure ; then faften your drawing- 
 cords, or hand-lines (of which there muft- 
 be a dozen at leaft, and each two yards 
 long) to the upper end of the foremoft- 
 ftaves : and fo extend them of fuch a 
 O 2 ^ ftrait- 
 
to A Y 
 
 ftraicncfs, that with a little ftrength they 
 may rife up the nets, and caft them over. 
 
 Your nets being riius laid, place your 
 2;lgs, or playing wantons, about twenty or 
 thirty paces beyond, and as much on this 
 fide your nets : thele gigs muft be faftened 
 to the tops of long poles, and turned into 
 the wind, fo as they may play to make a 
 noife therein. Thefe gigs are a fort of toys 
 made of Ions; o-oofe feathers, like fhuttle- 
 cocks, and with little fmall tunnels of wood, 
 running in broad and flat fwan-quills, made 
 round, like a Imall hoop ; and fo with 
 longer firings faftened to the pole, will, 
 with any fmall wind or air, move after fuch 
 manner, that birds will come in great flocks 
 to play about them. 
 
 When you have placed your gigs, then 
 place your ftale; which is a fmall ftake of 
 wood, to prick down into the earth, having 
 in it a mortice-hole, in which a fmall, long 
 and flendcr piece of wood, about two foot 
 long, is faftened, fo as it may move up 
 and down at pleafure : and faften to this 
 longer ftick, a fmall line, which, running 
 through a hole in the aforefaid ftick, and 
 fo coming up to the place where you are to 
 lit, you may, by drawing the line up and 
 down with your right hand, raife up the 
 longer ftick from the ground, as you fee oc- 
 cafion. 
 
 Faften a live lark, or fuch like bird, to 
 this longer ftick, which with the line mark- 
 ing it to ftir up and down by your pulling, 
 will entice the birds to come to your net. 
 
 There is another ftale, or enticement to 
 draw on thefe birds, called a looking-glafs; 
 (Jee Article Lark) which is a round ftake of 
 wood, as big as a man's arm, made very 
 fharp at the end, to thruft it into the 
 ground : they make it very hollow in the 
 \ipper part, above five fingers deep ; into 
 which hollow they place a three-fquare piece 
 of v/ood, about a foot long, and each two 
 inches broad, lying upon the top of the 
 ftake, and going with a foot into- the hol- 
 lownefs : which faid foot muft have a great 
 knob at the top, and another at the bottom, 
 with a deep flendernefs between, to which 
 flendernefs you are to fiiften a fmall pack- 
 
 D A Y 
 
 thread, which running through a hole in the 
 fide of the ftake, muft come up to the place 
 where you fit. The three-fquare piece of 
 wood which lies on the top of the ftake, 
 muft be of fuch a true poife and evenncfs, 
 and the foot in the focket fo fmooth and 
 round, that it may v/hirl and turn round up- 
 on the leaft touch ; winding the packthread 
 fo many times about it, which being fud- 
 denly drawn, and as fuddenly let go, will 
 keep the engine in a conftant round motion : 
 then faften with glue, upon the uppermoft 
 flat fquares of the three-fquare piece, about 
 twenty fmall pieces of looking-glafs, and 
 paint all the fquare wood between them, of 
 a light and lively red ; which in the conti- 
 nual motion, will give fuch a reflecftion, 
 that the birds will play about to admiration 
 until they are taken. 
 
 Both this and the other ftale, are to be 
 placed in the midft between the two nets, 
 about two or three foot diftance from each 
 other; fo that in the falling of the nets, 
 the cords may not touch or annoy them : 
 neither muft they ftand one before or after 
 another, the glafs being kept in a continual 
 motion, and the bird very often fluttering. 
 Having placed your nets in this manner, 
 as alfo your gigs and ftales, go to the further 
 end of your long drawing-lines and ftale- 
 lines, and having placed yourfelf, lay the 
 main drawing-line acrofs your thigh, and 
 v/ith your left, pull the ftale-line to fhevir 
 the birds ; and when you perceive them to 
 play near and about your nets and ftales, 
 then pull the net over with both hands, 
 with a quick, but not too hafty motion j 
 for otherwife your fport will be fpoiled. 
 
 You muft always remember to lay behind 
 you, where you fit, all the fpare inftruments 
 and implements to be ufed ; as the ftakes, 
 poles, lines, packthread, knitting-pin and 
 needle, your bag with ftales, a mallet to 
 knock in the ftakes upon occafion ; and 
 laftly, be fure that the firft half dozen of 
 birds you take, be kept alive for ftales ; for 
 you muft not be unprovided therewith upon 
 any account. 
 
 Having thus treated of the day-net, 
 (the fame being commonly ufed by all bird- 
 men) 
 
DEC 
 
 «men) I fhall give the explanation of the fe- 
 veral parts by letters, as exhibited, Plate V. 
 fg. I. 
 
 A, fhews the bodies of the main net, 
 and how they ought to be laid. B, the 
 tail-lines, or the hinder lines, flaked to the 
 ground. C, the fore-Hnes, ftalced alfo to the 
 ground. D, the knitting-Aeedle. E, the 
 bird-ftale. F, the looking-glafs ftale. G, 
 the line which draws the bird-ftale. H, the 
 line that draws the glafs-ftale. I, the draw- 
 ing, double lines of the nets which pulls 
 them over. K, the ftakes which ftake down 
 the four nether points of the net, and the 
 two tail-lines. L, the ftakes that ftake 
 down the fore-lines. M, the fingle line, 
 with the wooden button to pull the net over 
 with. N, the ftake that ftaketh down the 
 fingle line, and where the man fliould fit. 
 O, the wooden mallet. P, the hatchet : and 
 Qi the gig. 
 
 DECEIVEj a horfe is faid to be de- 
 ceived, upon a demivolt of one or two 
 treads ; when working, (for inftance) to the 
 right, and not having yet finifhed above 
 half the demivolt, he is preffed one time or 
 motion forwards, with the inner legs, and 
 then is put to a reprize upon the left, in 
 the fame cadence with which he begun ; and 
 thus he regains the place where the demivolt 
 had been begun to the right, and works to 
 the left, 
 
 Thys you may deceive a horfe upon any 
 hand. 
 
 DECOY-BIRD, a bird made ufe of to 
 call others of the fame fpecies to them : 
 they are ufually kept in a cage, and from 
 thence decoy birds into the nets or fnares 
 prepared for them. 
 
 The hen partridge is the bird chiefly made 
 ufe of in France for this purpofe, which is 
 placed at the end of balks, or ridges, where 
 they fpread their nets to draw in the cocls. 
 that hears her. 
 
 DECOY-DUCK, a duck that flies 
 ■abroad, and lights into company of wild 
 enes; and by bein ; become acquainted with 
 them, by her allr.rement, flie draws them 
 into the decoy-place, where they become a 
 prey. 
 
 D E S 
 
 DECOY-POND, a place made on pur- 
 pofe, by the means of which, great num- 
 bers of ducks, teal, i^c. are drawn into a 
 fnare j and that by the fubtilty of a few of 
 their own kind, which from the egg are 
 trained up to come to hand for the fame 
 purpofe. 
 
 The manner of doing it, and the making 
 the decoy-pond, witli the feveral apartments 
 belonging to it, require a long difcourfej 
 but indeed no particular rules and direftions 
 can be given therein, as being varioufly 
 made, according to the fituation of the 
 place, which muft be confidered : fo that 
 fuch perfons who would make one, would 
 do beft to view fome that are already made : 
 they are frequent in divers parts of the 
 kingdom, but efpecially in Lincolr.fiire, 
 Caynbridgefljire, and fuch fenny countries ; 
 for the ground muft be moift, moorifli, and 
 fenny, with the conveniency, if poflible, of 
 a river running through, or by it. 
 
 I fliall therefore only fay, that the place 
 where thefe decoy-ducks entice them, muft 
 not be very broad, but fet thick on both 
 fides with ofiers ; and there muft be nets at 
 the top, and entrance, to be let down by 
 the man who is to attend it, and who, when 
 he fee the ducks all entered in, draweth the 
 net, by which means they are taken. 
 
 And great caution is to be ufed, that the 
 nets are not let down till all the ducks are 
 within the limits of the nets; for if any 
 flioukl efcape, it would be very prejudicial, 
 for fuch a duck, or ducks, would be ftiy, 
 and fcarcely be drawn into the like fnare 
 again, which would occafion others in the 
 company to be lliy too, and the decoy 
 would be much prejudiced thereby. 
 
 DEER, a wild beaft of the foreft. 
 
 DEER-HAYES, engines, or large nets 
 made of cords, to catch deer in. 
 
 DEER-NECKS in Horses. See Necks. 
 
 DEMI-VOLT. See Volt. 
 
 DESULTOR. A vaulter or leaper, who, 
 leading one horfe bv the bridle, and riding 
 another, jumped from the back of one to 
 the other, as the ancient cuftom Avas after 
 they had run feveral courfes or heats. This 
 practice required great dexterity, being per- 
 formed 
 
pis 
 
 fari-ne4 ^before tW ufe of either faddles or 
 Itirrups. The cuftom • was pradltfctl in the 
 wmy, when necefiity required it ; but chicfty 
 aippng the Nu^nidians, who always carried 
 two horieSj at ieaU, • with them for that pur- 
 
 ?ofe, changing thciji as they tired. The 
 luflars have fiill fome remains of itj 
 and we now fee the moft' dexterous feats of 
 this kind, that pcrha}->s were ever l<.no¥/n in 
 any age or nation, performed by our coun- 
 tiymaii, Mr. 4/2/^. 
 
 . DEVUIDER, a term, in the academies, 
 applied to a horfe, that in working upon 
 volts, makes his flioulders go too faft for 
 the croupe to follow ; fo that inftead of 
 going upon two treads, as he ought, he en- 
 deavours to go only U|von one ; which comes 
 from the refinance he- makes in defending 
 againft tlie heels, or from the fault of the 
 horfeman, that is too hafty with his hand. 
 See Hasten. 
 
 DIGGING A BADGER, is diOodgingor 
 raifing him out of the earth. 
 
 DIMNESS OF SIGHT, a diforder in 
 horfes, proceeding from blood-fiiotren eyes. 
 If the bail of the eye be found, the cure is 
 effected by keeping the horfe warm, with a 
 hood of linnen cToth fitted to his head; 
 and anointing the eye-iids tv/ice a day with 
 a compofition of fugar-candy, honey, and 
 white rqfe-v/ater. In two or three days the 
 eyes will be v/ell again, after which the 
 creature lliould be blooded. In this difor- 
 der you ought by no means to clip or med- 
 dle with the bladders on any part of the 
 eye.. 
 
 DISARMING THE LIPS of a Horse, is 
 the preventing them from taking off the 
 true preffure or appui of the mouth, when 
 they happen to be fo large as to cover the 
 bars. 
 
 DISARM; to difarm the lips of a horfe, 
 is to keep them fubjedt, and out from above 
 the bars, when they are fo large as to cover 
 the bars, and prevent the true preffure, or 
 ^ppiii of the mouth, by bearing up the bitt, 
 and fo hindering the horfe from feeling the 
 effects of it iipon the bars. 
 
 Give your horfe a bitt with a cannon 
 croupe or cut, which will difirm his lips ; 
 
 DOG 
 
 or elfe put the olifes upon him, which will 
 have the fame effeft. 
 
 To DISGORGE, is to difcufs, or difperfc^ 
 an inflammation or fv/elling. Hence tliey 
 %, 
 
 Your horfe's legs are gorged, or fwelled j 
 you muft walk him out to difgorge them. 
 
 DISUNITE; a horfe is faid to difunite, 
 that d.rags his haunches, that gallops falfe, 
 or upon an ill foot. See Gallop False. 
 
 DOCK [or Trouffequeve] is a large cafe 
 of leather, as long as the dock of a horfe's 
 tail, which ferves as a cover to the tails of 
 leaping-horfes ; and is made fail by ftraps. 
 to the crupper, -having leather thongs that 
 pafs between his thighs, and along the 
 flanks, to the faddle-fl:raps, in order to keep 
 the tail tight, to hinder it from whificing 
 about, to make the horfe appear broader at 
 the croupe. 
 
 DOCK, [with Hunters] the flelhy part of 
 a boar's chine, between the middle and the 
 buttock : alfo the flump of a beafc's tail. 
 
 DOCK-PIECE OF A Horse, fhould be 
 large and full, rather than too fmall : if a 
 hoife gall beneath the dock, greafe the part 
 every day, and wafli it v/ith fait and water, 
 or good brandy, but the latter is the moft 
 effedual remedy, if the horfe will endure 
 it. 
 
 DOGS ; a dog is a domefhic animal, miade 
 ufe of for the guard of a houfe, and for 
 hunting: the dog is the fymbol of fidelity, 
 and amongft all irrational animals, may de- 
 fervedly claim a mofl particular preference, 
 both for their love and fervices to mankind ; 
 ufing humiliations and proftrations, as the 
 only m.eaas to pacify their angry mafters 
 who beat them, and turn revenge, after 
 beating, into a more fervent love. 
 
 As there is no country in the world where 
 there is not plenty of dogs, fo no animals 
 can boafl of a greater variety, both in kind 
 and ffiape ; fome being for buck, others for 
 bear, bull, boar, and fome for the hare, 
 coney, and hedge-hog, while others are for 
 other ufes, according to their various na-; 
 tures, properties and kinds ; neither are the 
 ufes and kinds of them io general, but their 
 bringing up is alfo as eafy, there being no 
 
 great 
 
DOG 
 
 great regard to be had as to their foo'd, for 
 they will eat any thing but the flefh of their 
 own fpecies, which cannot be fo drefled by 
 the art of man, but they will find it out by 
 their fmelling, and fo avoid it. 
 
 Becaufe fome Authors feem to lay a ftrefs 
 upon the colour of dogs, wc fhall infert in 
 as fliort a manner as poffible xAiat they fay, 
 and begin with the white coloured dogs ; 
 which for the moll part are not good to run 
 after all forts of beafts ; but are excellent 
 for the ftag, efpecially if they be all over 
 white, that is, pupped without any fpot 
 upon them : and experience has taught 
 people to put a value upon fuch dogs, by 
 reafon of the natural inilindl they have to 
 perform every thing well they are defigned 
 for ; being curious hunters, having admira- 
 ble nofes, and very good at ilratagems : in 
 fhort, thefe dogs are valued becaufe they 
 are naturally lefs fubjedl to difeafes than 
 others, by reafon of the predominancy of 
 phlegm in them, which gives them a good 
 temperament of body. 
 
 A black hound is not to be defpifed, ef- 
 pecially if marked with white, and not red 
 fpots ; feeing this whitenefs proceeds from 
 a phlegmatic conflitution, which hinder him 
 from forgetting the lelfon he is taught, and 
 makes him obedient; whereas dogs that 
 have red fpots, are for the mofl part very 
 fiery, and hard to be managed, by reafon 
 of the bilious humour that prevails, and 
 caufes this irregularity within them : and 
 therefore a black dog with white fpots is 
 valuable, being ufually hardy enough, will 
 hunt well, is ftrong and fwift, and holds 
 out a long time : he will not forfake the 
 chace, and when you are beating the water 
 for fport, he will not be frighted at it : and 
 laftly, he is the more efteerhed, becaufe 
 thofe diflempers incident to dogs, feldom 
 befal him. 
 
 There are fome grey coloured dogs that 
 are good, and others you ought not to med- 
 dle with ; that is, mongrels, which come 
 from a hound-bitch that has teen lined by 
 a dog of another kind, or from a bitch of 
 "another kind that has been lined by a 
 hound : hounds cannot be good if they do' 
 
 DOG 
 
 not entirely retain the nature that is pecu-^ 
 liar to them ; and when they do, grey dogs 
 are to be coveted, becaufe they are cunning, 
 never faulter, and grow not difcouraged in 
 the quell. 'Tis true, their fenfe of fmel-^ 
 ling is not fo exquifite as that of thofe 
 before-mentioned, but they have other qua- 
 lities which make amends for it ; for they 
 are indefatigable in hunting, being of a 
 robufter nature than others,: and heat and 
 cold, which they fear not, is alike to them. 
 
 Yellow dogs, are thofe v/hich have red 
 hairs inclining to brown ; and as choier is 
 the mofl: predominant humour in this ani- 
 mal, fo he is found to be of a giddy nature, 
 and impatient, wlisn the beail he fpUowis 
 makes turns, feeing he fbill runs forwards to 
 find him, which is a o-reat fault; and there- 
 fore they are feldom made ufe of to hunt 
 any other than the wolf, or fuch black 
 beafts as are rarely inclined to turnings : 
 they are too fwift, open but very little, ef- 
 pecially in very hot weather; they are natu- 
 rally im.patient, and therefore hard to be 
 taught, as they are uneafy under correcfcion. 
 They are more fubjeft to difeafes than other 
 dogs, by reafon of that over fierccnefs of 
 temper, which makes them luint beyond 
 their ftrength. 
 
 As to the proportions, fizes, and features 
 of dogs, M. Liger fays, the large, tall, and 
 big hounds, called and known by the name 
 of the deep-mouthed, or fouthern-hound, 
 are heavy and flow, and fit for wood-lands, 
 and hilly countries ; they are of deep 
 mouths, and fwift fpenders : they are gene- 
 rally lighter behind than before, with thick 
 fliort legs, and are generally great of body 
 and head, and are mofl proper for fuch as 
 delight to follow them on foot as ftop-hunt- 
 ing, as fome call it; but by moft is termed 
 hunting under the pole : that is, they are 
 brought to that exaclnefs of command, that 
 in the hotteft fcent, and fulleft chace, if 
 one but Hep before them, or hollow, or but 
 hold up or throw before them the hunting- 
 pole, they will ftop in an inftant, and hunt 
 in full cry after you, at your own pace,^ un- 
 til you give them encouragement by vrord 
 of command; which much adds, to the 
 
 length 
 
DOG 
 
 length of the fport, and pleafure of the 
 hunters, fo that a couife oftentimes lafteth 
 five or fix hours. 
 
 Oppofite fo the deep-mouthed or fouth- 
 crn-hound, are the long and (lender hounds, 
 called the fleet, or northern-hound ; which 
 are very fwift, as not being of fo heavy a 
 body, nor having fuch large ears : thefe will 
 exercife your horfes, and try their ftrength ; 
 they are proper for open, level and cham- 
 pagne countries, where they may run in view, 
 and full fpeed ; for they hunt more by the 
 eye than by the nofe, and will run down a 
 hare in an hour, and fomctimes fooner : but 
 the fox will exercife them longer, and bet- 
 ter. 
 
 Between thefe tv/o extremes, there are a 
 middle fort of dogs, which partake of both 
 their qualities as to ftrength and fwiftnels, 
 in a reafbnable proportion: they are gene- 
 rally bred by crofung the ftrains, and are 
 excellent in fuch countries as are mixed, 
 z'iz. fome mountains, fome inclofures, fome 
 plains, and fome woodlands ; for they will 
 go through thick and thin, neither need 
 they be helped over hedges, as the huntfmen 
 are often forced to do by others. 
 
 A true, right fhaped, deep-mouthed 
 hound, Ihould have a round, thick head, 
 wide noftrils, open, and rifing upwards, his 
 ears large and thin, hanging lower than his 
 chops, the fleeces of his upper lip fhould 
 be longer than thofe of his nether chops, 
 the chine of his bacl<. great and thick, ftrait 
 and long, and rather bending out than in- 
 clining in : his thighs well trulTed, his 
 haunches large, his fillets round and large, 
 his tail or fcern ftrong fet on, waxing taper- 
 wife towards the top, his hair under his 
 belly rough and long, his legs large and 
 lean, his feet dry and hard, with ftrong 
 claws and high knuckles : in the whole, he 
 ought to be of fo juft a fymmetry, that 
 when he ftands level, you may difcern which 
 is higheft, his fore or hinder parts. 
 
 For the northern, or fleet-hound, his 
 head and nofe ought to be flender and long- 
 er, his back broad, his belly gaunt, his 
 joints long, and his ears thicker and fliorterj 
 in a v/ord, he is in all parts flighter made. 
 
 DOG 
 
 and framed after the mould of a grey- 
 hound. 
 
 By croffing thofe breeds, as before ob- 
 fervcd, you may bring your kennel to fuch 
 a compofition as you think fit, every man's 
 fancy being to be preferred -, and it is a well 
 known faying. 
 
 So many men, fo many minds ; 
 So many hounds, Jo many kinds. 
 
 Though I fhall refer the reader to the dif- 
 eafes incident to dogs, under their refpeclive 
 head ; yet their being bitten or ftung by 
 fome venomous creatures, and others beina ' 
 not eafily reducible to an article by itfelf, it 
 fliall be added here : As when they are 
 ftung by fome adder, or other infeft of that 
 nature, you muft take an handful of the 
 herb crofs-wort, gentian, and as much rue, 
 the fame quantity of SpaniJJj pepper, thin 
 broth, ends of broom and mint, of all an 
 equal quantity; when that is done, take 
 forne white-wine, and make a decoftion of 
 the whole, letting it boil for an hour in a 
 pot : then ftrain the whole, into which put 
 an ounce of difTolved treacle, and let the 
 dog fwallow it, and obferve to wafh the 
 bite therewith : if a dog is bitten by a fox, 
 anoint it with oil wherein you have boiled 
 fome rue and worms. 
 
 T^o cure the bites or Jiings in Venomous Crea- 
 tures. 
 
 If dogs, i£c. are bitten by any veno- 
 mous creatures, as fnalces, adders, ^c. 
 fqueeze out the blood, and wafti the place 
 with fait and urine ; then lay a plaifter to it, 
 made of calamint, pounded in a mortar 
 v/ith turpentine and yellow wax, till it come 
 to a falve. If you give your dog fome of 
 the juice of calamint to drink in milk, it 
 will be good ; or an ounce of treacle dif- 
 folved in fome fweet wine. 
 
 Rules to he ohferved for keeping DOGS in 
 health. 
 
 As pointers and fpaniels, when good of 
 tlieir kind and well broken, are veiy valu- 
 
 abjc 
 
DOG 
 
 ■able to a fportfman, it is worth while to take 
 feme care to prefervethem in health. This 
 very much depends on their diet and lodg- 
 ing ; frequent cleaning their kepnels, and 
 giving them frelh ftraw to lie on is very 
 neceffary ; or in fummer time, deal fliavings 
 inftead of ftraw, or fand in hot weather will 
 check the breeding of fleas. If you rub 
 your dog with chalk, and brulh and comb 
 him once or twice a week, he will thrive 
 much the better ; the chalk will clear his 
 f!<.in from all greafinefs, and he will. be the 
 lefs liable to be mangy. A dog is of a very 
 hot nature : he fhould therefore never be 
 without clean water by him, that he .may 
 drink when he is thirfty. In regard to their 
 food, carrion is by no means proper for 
 them. It muft hurt their fenfe of fmel-ling, 
 on which the excellence of thefe dogs greatly 
 depends. Barley meal, the drofs of wheat- 
 flour, or both mixed together, with broth 
 or flcim'd milk, is very proper food. For 
 change, a fmall quantity of greaves from 
 which the tallow is preiTed by the chand- 
 lers, mixed with their flour; or fheep's feet 
 well baked or boiled, are a very good diet, 
 and when you indulge them with flelh it 
 fhould always be boiled. In the feafon of 
 hunting your dogs, it is proper to feed them 
 in the evening before, and give them no- 
 thing in the morning you take them out, 
 except a little milk. If you ftop for your 
 own refrefnment in the day, you fhould alfo 
 refrefli your dogs v/ith a little milk and 
 bread. It has already been obferved, that 
 dogs are of a hot conftitution ; the greateft 
 relief to them in the fummer, is twite j grafs, 
 or dog grafs, which is the fame thing. You 
 fhou-ld therefore plant fome of it in a place 
 you can turn them into every morning ; they 
 will feed freely on it, be cured of the fick- 
 nefs they are fubjeft to, and prefei-ved from 
 any extraordinary heat of the blood; but 
 unlefs the grafs be of this fort, it is of no 
 efteft. If you be not acquainted with it, 
 any gardener can furnifli you with enough 
 to plant, as it is a nuifance to them, and its 
 roots run fo quick through the ground as to 
 injure their crops. 
 
 DOG 
 
 Oh the Mange and its cure. 
 
 Dogs are fubjeft to the mange from being 
 fed too high, and allowed no exercifc, or 
 an opportunity of refrefhing themfelves with 
 dog grafs, or by being Itarved at home ; 
 v/hich will caufe them to eat the vileft ftufF 
 abroad, fuch as carrion, or even human ex- 
 crement : either of thefe will heat their 
 blood to a great degree, which v/ill have a 
 tendency to make them mangy. The cure 
 may be effected by giving ftone-brimftone 
 powdered fine, either in milk or mixed up 
 with butter, and rubbing them well eveiy 
 day for a week with an ointment made of 
 fome of the brimftone and pork lard, to 
 which add a fmall quantity of oil of tur- 
 pentine. 
 
 Another medicine. Boil four ounces of 
 quick-filver in two quarts of water to half 
 the quantity, bathe him every day with this 
 water, and let him have fome of it to lick, 
 'till the cure be perfected. Or a fmall quan- 
 tity of troopers ointment rubbed on the 
 parts on its firft appearance will cure it. It 
 will alfo free loufy puppies from their lice. 
 Or euphorb album two ounces. Flour of 
 fulphur, Flanders oil of bays, and foft foap, 
 each four ounces. Anoint and rub your 
 dog with it every other day : give him warm 
 milk and no water. The cure will be per- 
 formed in about a week. 
 
 On Poijon of dogs^ and its cure. 
 
 If you fufped: your dog to be poifoned 
 v/ith nux vomica (the poifon commonly 
 made ufe of by warreners, which ufually 
 caufes convulfive fits and foon kills;) the 
 moft efledlual remedy, if immediately ap- 
 plied, is to give him a good deal of com- 
 mon lalt; to adminifter which, you may 
 force open his mouth, and put aftick agrofs 
 to prevent his fhutting it, whilil you cram 
 his throat full of fait, at the fame time 
 holding his mouth upv/ards ; and it will dif- 
 folve fo that a fufficient quantity will be 
 fwallowed to purge and vomit him. When 
 his ftomaeh is fufEciently cleared by a free 
 paflfage obtained by ftool, give him fome 
 p warm 
 
DOG 
 
 warm broth frequently, to prevent his ex- 
 piring from faintncis ; and he will recover. 
 This fuccefs I have experienced : I have 
 alfo met with tiiis prefcription. As foon as 
 you fufpeft your dog to be poifoned, give 
 him a common fpoonful of the oil of Eiiglip 
 ■ pitch, if a large dog, or in proportion if a 
 lefler; which, 'tis laid, will carry off the 
 malignity of the poifon the fame day. But 
 of this medicine I have not had an oppor- 
 tunity of making trial. 
 
 To deftroy IVorms in dogs. 
 
 Dogs are very frequently troubled with 
 worms ; but more particularly whilft they 
 are young. Any thing bitter, is fo naufeous 
 to thcfe worms, that they are very often 
 voided by taking two or three purges of 
 aloes, or (which is the fame thing) Scots 
 pills, four or five being a dofe for a large 
 dog : this is to be repeated two or three 
 times in a week. If this do not fucceed, 
 you may give him an ounce of powder of 
 tin mixed up with butter, in three dofes, 
 which feldom fails to cure. Or of the herb 
 favin, dried and rubbed to powder, give 
 about as much as wilt lay on a fliilling for a 
 dofe ; which will entirely deftroy worms and 
 their feed. 
 
 Oil Madnejs of dogs, and its antidote. 
 
 As the human fpecies are liable to this 
 fatal and terrible malady from the bite of a 
 dog or any animal that is mad, as much as 
 they are fi^om one another; it is v/ell worthy 
 our beft care and endeavours to find out a 
 remedy or antidote againft its malignity. 
 As foon therefore as you find your dog has 
 been bitten or worried by any dog fufpefted 
 to be mad, diffolve one pound of common 
 fait, in a quart of warm foft fpring or run- 
 ning water; and let him be well waftied 
 rherev/ith : if he has received no wound, 
 you need not be under any apprehenfion for 
 the confequences ; but if there is any 
 wound, you muft fqueeze and bathe it well 
 with your fait and water for half an hour, 
 and bind a little fait upon the part for twelve 
 
 DOG 
 
 hours 5 and give him the following medi-* 
 cine, which never fails of a cure. 
 
 The Medicine. 
 
 Take of rue fix ounces, Lsndon treacle,, 
 garlick, fage, and filings of pewter, of each 
 four ounces : boil them in four pints of beer 
 until half be wafted : the remainder to ftand 
 together till ufed : the dofe is fix common 
 fpoonfuls twice a day till the whole be 
 given, 
 
 To prefcrve the feet of your dogs from- 
 Lameitcjs. 
 
 A pointer ought not to be hunted oftener 
 than two or three days in a week : and un- 
 lefs you take care of his feet and give him 
 good lodging as well as proper food, he will 
 not be able to perform that through the fea- 
 fon. You ftiould therefore after a hard days 
 hunting wafli his feet with warm water and 
 fait, and when diy wafti them with warm 
 broth, or beer and butter, which will heal 
 their forenefs, and prevent a fettled ftiffnefs 
 from fixing. 
 
 For Strains, Blows, orjmall Wounds in dogs. 
 
 If your dog has received any little wounds 
 by forcing through hedges, or gets any 
 lamenefs from a blow or ftrain ; bathe the 
 wound or grieved part with fait and cold 
 vinegar (for warming it only evaporates the 
 fine fpirit) and when dry, if a wound, you 
 may pour in it a little Fryar's Balfam, which 
 v/ill perform the cure fooner than any me- 
 thod that I have experienced. 
 
 On Coughs, and Colds of dogs. 
 
 Dogs are very fubjecl to a cough, with a 
 very extraordinary choaking, which is often 
 thought to arile from a cold or fome inward 
 diforder : and I think it is often occafioned 
 by their eating of fifh bones. To guard 
 againft it, order your fervants to throw all 
 fiich fifti bones where the dog can't get at 
 them. But if the diforder be from a cold, 
 
 let 
 
DOG 
 
 let bleeding be repeated in fmall quantities 
 'if necefiary ; but if it be what is called the 
 didemper in dogs, and they appear to be 
 very low in Ipirits, bleeding is better omit- 
 ted. Let meat broth or milk broth warmed 
 be the chief of his diet, and the following 
 medicine. Take flour of fulphur, cold 
 drawn linfeed oil, and fdt-petre, of each 
 one ounce ; divide it into four dofes, giving 
 him one dofe every other day ; and let him 
 have plenty of cleanftrawto lie on. Or one 
 fpoonful of honey daily. 
 
 DOG-MADNESS, a diftemper very 
 common among all forts of dogs ; there are 
 no lefs than feven forts of madnefs, amongfl: 
 which fome are efteerhed incurable -, but be- 
 fore we proceed to particulars, it will be 
 necelTary to fhew how it comes, and what 
 are it's firfl: fymptoms. 
 
 The firft caufe proceeds from high feeding, 
 want of exercifc, fulnefs of blood and cof- 
 tivenefs : as for the two firft, you muft 
 ■obfei-ve when you hunt them, that they 
 fhould be better fed than when they reft, 
 and let them be neither too fat nor too 
 lean, but of the two rather fat than lean, 
 by which means they will not only be prefer- 
 ved from madnefs, but alio from the mange 
 andfcab; which difeafes they will befubjeft 
 to for want of air, water, or exercife ; but 
 if you have but the knowledge to keep them 
 in an even temper, they may live long and 
 continue found; as for water they fhould be 
 their own caivers ; but for exercife and diet, 
 it muft be ordered according to difcretion, 
 obferving a medium ; and for the latter, 
 give them once a week, efpecially in the 
 heat of the year, five or fix fpoonfuls offal- 
 lad oil, which will cleanfe them ; if at other 
 times they have the quantity given them of 
 a hazle-nut of mithridatCj it is an excellent 
 thing to prevent difeafes, and it is very good 
 to bleed them under the tongue, and beliind 
 the ears. But if madnefs has feized them 
 before you perceive it, they muft be re- 
 moved from the reft, for fear of an infec- 
 tion, and go to work with the reft. 
 
 The fymptoms of this difeafe are many 
 and eafily difcerned ; when any dog feparates 
 hi mfelf contrary to his former ufe, becomes 
 
 DOG 
 
 melancholy or droops his head, forbears 
 eating, and as he runs fnatches at every 
 thing i if he often looks upwards, and that 
 his ftern at his fetting on be a little ereft, 
 and the reft hanging down; ifhiseyesbe 
 red, his breath ftrong, his voice hoarfe, 
 and that he drivels and foams at the 
 mouth ; you may be affured he has this 
 diftemper. 
 
 The Seven Sorts of madnefs are as fol- 
 low ; of which the two firft are incurable, 
 viz. the hot burning madnefs, and running 
 madnefs ; they are both very dangerous ; 
 for all things they bite and draw blood from, 
 will have the fam.e diftemper ; they generally 
 feize on all they meet with, but chiefly on 
 dogs : their pain is fo great it foon kills 
 them. The five curable madneifes are ; 
 
 Sleeping madnefs, fo called from the dog's 
 great drowfinefs, and almoft continual fleep- 
 ing; this is califed by the little worms that 
 breed in the mouth of the ftomach, from 
 corrupt humours, vapours, and fumes which 
 afcend to the head : for cure of which, take 
 fix ounces of the juice of wormwood, two 
 ounces of the powder of hartfliorn burnt, and 
 two drams of agaric, mix all thefe together 
 in a little white wine, and give it the dog to 
 drink in a drenching horn. 
 
 Dumb madnefs, lies alfo in the blood, 
 and caufes the dog not to feed, but to hold 
 his mouth always wide open, frequently 
 putting his feet to his mouth, as if he had a 
 bone in his throat: to cure this, take the 
 juice of black hellebore, the juice of/pafula 
 putrida, and of rue, of each four ounces ; 
 ftrainthcm well, and put thereto two drams 
 of unprepared fcammony, and being mixed 
 well together, put it down the dog's throat 
 with a drenching horn, keeping his head up 
 for fome time, left he caft it out again j 
 then bleed him in the mouth, by cutting 
 two or three veins in his gums. 
 
 It is faid that about eight drams of the 
 juice of an herb called hartlliorn, or dog's 
 tooth, being given to the dog, cures all 
 forts of madnefs. 
 
 Lank madnefs, is fo called by reafon of 
 
 the dog's leannefs and pining away : for 
 
 cure give them a purge as before direfted, 
 
 P z and 
 
DOG 
 
 and alfo bleed them : but fome fay there is 
 no cure for it. 
 
 Rheumatic, or Slavering madneis, occa- 
 fions the dogs head to fwell, his eyes to look 
 yellow, and he will be always Havering and 
 drivelling at the mouth ; to cure wliich, 
 take four ounces of the powder of the roots 
 of pollipody of the oak, . fix ounces of the 
 juice of fennel roots, with the like quantity 
 of the roots of miiletoe, and four ounces of 
 the juice of ivy : boil all thefe together in 
 white wine, and give it to tlie dog as hot as 
 he can take it, in a drenching horn. 
 
 Falling madnefs, is fo termed becaufe it 
 lies in the dog's head, and makes them reel 
 as they go, and to fall down : for cure, 
 take four ounces ofthejuice of briony, and 
 the lame quantity of the juice of peony, 
 w-ith four drams of ftavefacre pulverized; 
 mix thefe together and give it tlie dog in a 
 drenching horn ; alfo let him blood in the 
 ears, and in the two veins that come down 
 his fhoulders ; and indeed bleeding is ne- 
 ceflary for all forts of madnefs in dogs. 
 
 To prevent dogs from being mad, that 
 are bitten by mad dogs, is done by bathing 
 them : in order to which take a barrel or 
 bucking tub full of water, into which put 
 about a bulkel and an half of foot, which 
 muft be flirred well, that it may be difTol- 
 ved ; then put in the dog that is bitten, and 
 plunge him over head and ears feven or 
 eight times therein, and it will prevent his. 
 being mad ; but he lliould alfo be blooded. 
 
 When dogs happen to be bit as aforefaid, 
 there is nothing better than their licking the 
 place with their own tongues, if they can 
 reach it ; if not, then let it be walked with 
 butter and vinegar made luke warm, and 
 let it afterwards be anointed with Venice 
 turpentine ; it is alfo good to pifs often on 
 the wound ; but above all, tal<;e the juice of 
 the ftalks of ftrong tobacco boiled in water, 
 and bathe the place therewith; alfo wafh him 
 in fea water, or water artificially made fait : 
 give him likewifea little mithridate inward- 
 ly in two or three fpoonfuls of fack, and 
 fo keep him apart, and if you find him after 
 fome time ftill to droop, the bell way is to 
 hang him. 
 
 DOG 
 
 It may not be amifs to add v/hat a late 
 author advifes one who keeps a dog, which 
 is to have him wormed, which is a thing of 
 little trouble and charge, and what he be- 
 lieves would prevent their being mad ; and 
 if they are, he is of opinion that it prevents 
 their biting any other creature ; for he afferts 
 he had three dogs bit by mad dogs, at three 
 feveral times, that were wormed, and 
 though they died mad, yet they did not 
 bite, nor do any mifchief to any thing he 
 had : and having a mind to make a full ex- 
 periment of it, he fhut one of them up in a 
 kennel, and put to him a dog he did not; 
 value : that the mad dog would often run at; 
 the other dog to bite him ; but he found 
 his tongue fo much fwelled in his mouth, 
 that he could not make his teeth meet : 
 that that dog, though he kept him with the. 
 mad dog till he died, yet did not ail any 
 thing, though he kept him two years after- 
 wards, and gave him no remedies to pre- 
 vent any harm which might come from the 
 biting of the mad dog. 
 
 But as there are feveral forts of madnefs 
 in dogs, he was not certain whether the ef- 
 fe6ls were the fame in all ; but his dogs 
 feemed to die of the black madnefs, which, 
 is reckoned the moft dangerous, and there- 
 fore he could not tell how far the following 
 receipt might be effeftual in all forts of mad- 
 nefs, though it had not failed in curing all 
 the dogs that he gave it to which were bit- 
 ten, and all thofe he gave it not to, died. 
 
 The remedy is this : take white hellebore 
 and grate it with a grate to powder, which 
 mult be mixed with butter, and given to the 
 dog : the dole mull be proportioned to the 
 fize of the dog ; to a very fmall lap-dog you 
 may give three grains, to a large maflifffix- 
 teen grains, and fo in proportion to other 
 fizes. He adds, that the befl: way is, to 
 give him a fmall quantity at firft, that it 
 may be increafed as it is found to work, or 
 not to work ; but that as it is a ftrong 
 vomit, and will make the dogs fick for a 
 little time, fo they mull be kept warm that 
 day it is given them, and the next night, 
 and they muft not have cold water; but 
 when it has done working, towards the af- 
 
 ternoo.> 
 
DOG 
 
 tcmoon give them fome warm broth, and 
 the next morning give them the fame before 
 you let them out of the houfe or kennel. 
 
 The fame author fays this is an extraordi- 
 nary remedy for the mange ; that he never 
 knew three dofes fail of curing any dog that 
 had it, except he had a furfeit with it ; 
 ■which if he had, let him blood alfo, and 
 anoint him two or three times over with gun- 
 powder and foap, beat up together, and it 
 will cure him. 
 
 It is aflerted by a gentleman, who has 
 cured feveral creatures that have been bit by 
 mad dogs, with only giving them the mid- 
 dle yellow bark of buckthorn, which mull: 
 be boiled in ale for a horfe or cow, and in 
 milk for a dog ; and that being bit by one 
 himfelf, he ventured to take nothing elfe : 
 but that it muft be boiled till it is as bitter 
 as you can take it. 
 
 -'The choice of a Dog and Bitch /or breeding 
 good Whelps. 
 
 The bitch ought to be one of a good 
 kind, being ftrong and well proportioned in 
 all parts, having her ribs and flanks great 
 and large. 
 
 Let the dog that lines her be of a good 
 breed ; and let him be young, if you intend 
 to hav6 light and hot hounds ; for if the dog 
 be old, the whelps will participate of his 
 dull and heavy nature. 
 
 If your bitch do not grow proud of her 
 own accord, fo foon as you would have her, 
 you may make her fo by giving her the fol- 
 lowing broth : 
 
 Boil two heads of garlic, half a caftor's 
 ftone, the juice of crefles, and about twelve 
 SpaniJJj flies, in a pipkin that holds a pint, 
 together with fome mutton, and make 
 broth of it ; and give of this to the bitch 
 two or three times, and fhe will not fiil to 
 grow proud, and the fame pottage given to 
 the dog will make him inclinable to copu- 
 lation. 
 
 After your bitch has been lined and is 
 with puppy, you muft not let her hunt, for 
 that will be the way to make her caft her 
 ■whelps : but let her walk up and down un- 
 
 D R A 
 
 confined In the houfe and court ; never 
 locking her up in her kennel ; for Ihe is 
 then impatient of food, and therefore you 
 muft give her fome hot broth once a day. 
 
 If you would fpay your bitch, it muft be 
 done before flie has ever had a litter of 
 v/helps ; and in fpaying her take not away 
 all the roots and ftrings of the veins : for 
 if you do it will much prejudice her reins, 
 and hinder her fvv^iftnefs ever after : but by 
 leaving fome behind, it will make her much 
 the ftronger and more hardy. 
 
 But by no means do not fpay her vvhile 
 flie is proud, for that will endanger her 
 life : but you may do it fifteen days 
 after ; but the befc time of all is when the 
 whelps are fhaped within her. For more fee 
 Pointer, Grevhound, Spaniel, i^c. 
 
 DOG-DRAW [in the foreft law] a term 
 ufed when a man is found drawing after a 
 deer by the fcent of a hound, which he leads 
 in his hand. See Back-Berond. 
 
 DOLE FISH, that fifli which the fifiier- 
 men, employed annually in the north feas, 
 ufually receive tor their allowance. 
 
 DORING 7 e r- xt 7t 
 
 DARTNr ( <.H'<? Llap-JNet «;?(/ Lark. 
 
 DOTTEREL, a bird fo named from it's 
 doting foolifhnefs, in imitating the actions 
 of the Fowlers ; till it be catched in the net ; 
 of thefe birds there are manv in Liiicobi/ljire. 
 
 To DOUBLE [Hunting "term] ufed of a 
 hare who is laid to double, when fhe keeps^ 
 in plain fields, and winds about to deceive 
 the hounds. 
 
 DOUBLE VAULT, See Vault. 
 
 DOUBLE, TO DOUBLE THE Reins : a 
 horfe doubles his reins wlien he leaps feveral 
 times together to throv/ his rider. 
 
 This Ramingue doubles his reins and 
 makes pontlevis. See Pontlevis. 
 
 DRABLING in Angling, is a method 
 to catch barbels. Take a ftrong line of fix 
 yards, which, before you faften it to '/our 
 rod, muft be put through a piece of lead, 
 that if the fifli bite, it may flip to and fro, 
 and that the water may fomething move it 
 on the ground : bait it with a lob-worm 
 well fecured, and fo by it's motion the bar- 
 bel will be enticed into the danger without 
 
 fufpicion.f 
 
D R A 
 
 fufplclon. The bed places are in running 
 water near piles, or under wooden bridges, 
 fupported with oaks floated and flimy. 
 
 DRAG, [in Angling] is a piece of iron 
 with four hooics placed back to back, to 
 Avhich a line is faftencd ; ufcful to the angler, 
 only to fave an intangled line, or when it 
 Hiips off his rod. 
 
 DRAUGHT Horse, a horfe deftined for 
 «Jie cart, plough, tfj"!:. in the choice of which 
 for either of thefe purpofes, being that 
 which they call the flow draught, one is to 
 be chofen of an ordinary height : for horfcs 
 in a cart, unequally forted, never draw at 
 €afe, but the tall hangs upon the low horfe. 
 Our EngUfh authors fay, he fhould be big, 
 large bodied and fbrong limbed by nature, 
 rather inclined to crave the whip, than to 
 draw more than is needful ; and for this pur- 
 pofe, mares are moft profitable, if you have 
 cheap keeping for themj for they will not 
 only do the .work but alfo bring yearly in- 
 creafe : but care muit be taken to ■ have 
 them well forehanded, that is, to have a 
 good head, neck, breaft, and fhoulders ; 
 but for the r-eft it is not fo regardful, only 
 let her body be large ; for the more room a 
 young foal has in it's dam's belly the bet- 
 ter: and be fure never to put the draught 
 horfes to the faddle, for that alters their pace, 
 and hurts them in their labour. See Pack- 
 
 HORSE. 
 
 Some fay, that a horfe defigned for draught 
 or labour, ought to have a head v/ith large 
 bones, and not flefhy, that fo he may not 
 be fubjeft to difeafed eyes ; that his ears 
 ought to be fmall, ftrait, and upright, and 
 his nofcrils fliould be large and open, that 
 he may breathe with the more eafe and free- 
 dom ; that thofe horfes that have their fore- 
 heads funk a little downwards about the eyes, 
 are generally good for labour ; whereas thofe 
 who are defigned for the faddle, ought to 
 have them even and pretty large ; that the 
 forehead fliould be always marked with a 
 flar, unlefs the horfe be of a grey or white 
 colour. 
 
 You mtift fee that he has a bright and 
 lively eye, full of fire, and pretty large and 
 ibrward in his headj having large balls, and 
 
 D R A 
 
 raifed pits, and never funk, which ftiews that 
 the horfe is old, or begot by an old ftallion ; 
 and if he has a bold look it is alfo a good 
 fign : funk eyes or elevated brows are indeed 
 fignsof fome malignity in a horfe; but thefc 
 fort of horfes will generally undergo much 
 fatigue. 
 
 His mouth fhould be pretty wide, being 
 a quality very effential to it, the palate not 
 flefliy, and the lips thin : the mouth alfo 
 fliould be cool, and full of foam, by which 
 you may difcover the good temperament of 
 a horfe, and that he is lefs fubjeft to be 
 heated than another; not that the mouth 
 fliould be that whith muft be moft regarded 
 in a draught horfe ; for if he has a bad one, 
 lie often draws well. 
 
 We do not require fine c'hefts in draught- 
 horfes, that being not efl^ential ; all that is 
 to be faid on this occafion is, that fuch ani- 
 mals ouglit to have pretty thick and flefliy 
 ones, but his breaft fliould be large and open, 
 his flioulders fiiould be thick, that he may 
 draw the eafier, and that his harnefs may not 
 fo foon hurt him : if he be fomewhat heavy, 
 he is the better for draught; for the more 
 he is nearer the ground, the more he is 
 valued for that purpofe. He ought to have 
 double loins, which may be leen by their 
 being a little raifed up towards both fides of 
 the back-bone ; he ought alfo to have' large 
 and round fides, to the end that he may have 
 the more guts, and a better flank : you need 
 not be afraid of his having a great belly, pro- 
 vided it be not cov/-bellied, which will make 
 him appear deformed : he fliould have full, 
 but not broad flanks, that he may not fway 
 in the back at his labour. 
 
 That horfe is eflreemed which has a large 
 and round buttock, that neither flnks down 
 or cuts : care fhould be taken that he fliould 
 have a firm and ftrong tail, that the dock 
 fliould be thick, well furnifhed with hair, 
 and placed neither too high nor too low, 
 both which contribute rrtuch to the defor- 
 mity of the buttocks. The legs are parts of 
 the body of a horfe which are moft to be 
 confidered, as being thofe which are to fup- 
 port the burthen of t!ie whole body, to which 
 they ought to fuit ; tlierefore legs fliould be 
 
 rather 
 
D R A 
 
 rather flat and broad than round, the round- 
 nefs of the leg being a defecft in a horfe del- 
 tined to labour which will Toon ruin him : as 
 for the hinder legs, the thighs ihould be long 
 and fiefhy, and the mufcle that is on the out- 
 fide of the thigh fliould be fleiliy, large, and 
 very thick : it is a fault to find them fall down 
 plump when the horfe fteps ; it is alfo a fign 
 of weaknefs in the loins or hams : however 
 you are not to confider the hind legs fomuch 
 as the others, they being not fo fubjcift to be 
 faulty ; the fore ones being very often bad 
 when the others are good. Thofe hoi'fes 
 whofe legs are too long and too large for their 
 height, are faulty, and you ought not to buy 
 them. You mull: always obferve that he 
 {lands well and plump, when he ftops in any 
 place, and if he does not, you may conclude 
 he is not good. 
 
 The ufual ways to know the age of a horfe, 
 is by his teeth, eyes, i^c. for which the 
 Reader is referred to the article of Age of 
 A Horse, Eyes of a Horse, &'c. 
 
 The nether jaw of the horfe fliould be 
 examined very well, to fee that it be in- 
 commoded with no gland, which may occa- 
 fion the ftrangles, and be a means to kill 
 him. 
 
 Something may be faid concerning the 
 feeding of a draught horfe ; but for the fer- 
 vant who looks after him, he ought to be 
 up very early, and fee that the harnefs be 
 in good order ; and taking away the old hay 
 out of the rack, lay frcfh in, and clean the 
 manger, ridding it of all ordure, earth, or 
 foul dung; and while the horfes are eating 
 their hay, he ought to take them one after 
 another out of the liable, to curry them, 
 for if he Ihould do this work within, the dull 
 will fly to the other horfes. 
 
 If perfons would be perfuaded of the ne- 
 cefTity there is to drefs horfes well, they 
 would not be fo often furprifed at the lofs 
 of them, for want of this care, though they 
 feed them never fo well. 
 
 It is from the filth, that is upon and about 
 them, that many of the diftempers which 
 befal them have their rife, and prove their 
 de(lru6tion : and it may be he'd for a certain 
 maxim, that a horfe with lefs food, that is 
 
 D R A 
 
 methodically difpenfed, and well drefTed and 
 curried, lliall be fatter, and more fightly 
 than another who has more provender given 
 him, and whofe drefiing is neglefted ; and 
 therefore the mailer of a family ought to 
 be on the watch, and fee that his fei'vants 
 (if they are of themfelves carelefs) be not 
 wanting in this particular. 
 
 Such fort of fervants ought to be good 
 humoured, handy, tradable, nervous, and 
 hardy ; and in order to drefs a horfe well, 
 they fhould liold the curry comb in the 
 right hand, and the horfe in the left, near 
 tlie buttock, and lightly move the comb 
 backwards and forwards along his body, and 
 continue fo to do till no more filth or duil 
 come oft'' ; and then they muil, with a duft- 
 cloth, wipe off all the duft that lies on the 
 horfe, without forgetting to do it over his 
 body. 
 
 They fliould daily, after they have dulled 
 their horfes, take a wifp of ftraw, and twill- 
 ing the fame hard, wet it in water, with ■ 
 which they fhould rub them all over, and 
 efpecially the legs, with which they fhould 
 take a good deal of pains : by this means 
 they will remove ob(lru(5lions, and facili- 
 tate the paflTage of the annimal fpirits, which 
 caufe motion : indeed it cannot be expedled 
 this fecond dreffing fhould be ptaftifed every 
 day, but it ought to be done as often as fer- 
 vants have any leifure for it, particularly when 
 the weather does not permit them to labour 
 abroad ; and if they are defeftive therein, 
 the mailer of the family ought to be care- 
 ful, and make them to do it. When the 
 horfes are thus dreJTed, the next thing 
 is to take the comb, and gently to comb 
 their mane and tails ; and then they are to 
 be led out of the ftable to water, and to 
 chear and divert them as much as pofTible. 
 
 Moft part of the difeafcs to which horfes 
 are fubjecl, proceed from their drinking 
 bad waters ; fuch as thofe that are too vivid, , 
 or too raw, muddy, and too cold. To pre- 
 vent thefe inconveniences, you muil obferve, 
 that if you are near a river, you ihould in 
 fummer-time, by all means, lead your horfes 
 thither ; but as little as may be in the 
 winter, if you have a well near home ; for 
 
 well- 
 
D R A 
 
 well-water freAi drawn, during the feafon, 
 is warm, and confequently good for the 
 horfes : If you are remote from any river, 
 and that in fummer-time you have no other 
 than fpring-water to give your horfes to 
 drink, you mull draw the fame a good 
 while before it is given them, and expofe it 
 to the fun in tubs, or very clean ftone 
 troughs, that you may by that means cor- 
 j-ec1 the great crudity of the water, which 
 is extremely injurious to them : you muft 
 feldom or never carry them to drink marfliy 
 water, which has very bad qualities, and 
 will not agree with them. 
 
 When your labouring horfes have drank 
 their water, you muft give them their oats 
 in a manger, that has been firft of all clean- 
 ed : the oats fhould be well fifted and clear- 
 ed from duft, before you give 'cm to them ; 
 you ought to take care to fmell to them, 
 and fee if they fmell of rats, or arc mufty, 
 which will make the horfes loath them. 
 You muft likcv/ife, above all things, ob- 
 ferve v/hether tliere are any fmall feathers 
 among the oats, which may, if left therein, 
 .do the horfe a great deal of injury: the 
 quantity of oats allowed to each horfe, is 
 fometimes more, and fometimes lefs, but 
 ever enough to make them keep up their 
 ilefh ; and while the horfes are eating their 
 oats, the fervants are to take their break- 
 fafts, and afterv/ards go to harnefs them for 
 the plough or cart, as their occafions require. 
 But before they do this, they muft ex- 
 amine whether any thing hurts them, either 
 at the breaft, flioulders, or hams; and they 
 muft fee that the collars about their necks be 
 fupplied with every thing that is requifitefor 
 them : if they are to draw in a cart, you 
 muft fee that the pad upon the back 
 does no way hurt them, that the fame fits 
 eveiy way even, and that it be well ftuffed 
 with hair in the panncls, for fear it fhould 
 be too hard upon the horfe's back. 
 
 The horfes being thus managed, and every 
 thing in good order for the work, whether 
 with plough or cart, thole fervants who do 
 underftand their bufmefs well, do not work 
 them at firft too hard, but every turn let 
 them gently breathe j whereas if they do 
 
 D R A 
 
 otherwifc, they will very often find them 
 decline their food, after their return from 
 labour; by which ill management they 
 fometimes run the danger of foundering, or 
 having their greafe melted ; and therefore to 
 work them gradually is the beft and fafeft 
 way. When the horfes are returned from 
 the plough, ijc. as towards noon-tide, or 
 the like, they are ufually all in a fweat, and 
 then the men muft not fail to rub them with 
 a whifp of ftrav/ : this is the firft thing they 
 are to do after they are brought into the 
 ftable ; then let them prepare fome bran 
 which is very well moiftened, which put it 
 before them in the manger, to make them 
 mumble the fame, and this will make them 
 eat the hay with a greater appetite ; the 
 bran being ordered as before, will cool their 
 mouths, which are dried, through the heat 
 occafioned within by their drawing; and 
 notwithftanding tlie horfes are thus hot, ic. 
 is very rarely that any inconvenience hap- 
 pens to them, efpecially if the water wherein 
 the bran has been fteeped, be ufed rather 
 hot than cold : when fuch precautions are 
 not taken, it is no wonder the owners and 
 their fervants, very often find their horfes 
 loach their food, the drynefs of their tongues 
 rendering all their food infipid to them ; 
 and therefore thofe perfons who love their 
 horfes, ought carefully to obferve this 
 method, and they will find their account in 
 it. 
 
 We daily fee perfons who pretend to be 
 well n<illed in the management of horfes, as 
 foon after hard labour as they are brought 
 back to tlie ftable, never fail to rub their 
 legs with whifps of ftraw, alledging that 
 this is the way to refrefh and fupple them, 
 and confequently to refrefh them very much : 
 but they are much miftaken in the point, 
 for the horfes after hard labour, m.uft not 
 have their humours much agitated ; and by* 
 this aftion they muft needs fall upon their 
 legs, which will tend to make them very 
 ftiff" and ufelefs. The author adds, that he 
 was willing to give them this information 
 and caution, judging it very neceflary for 
 the avoiding thofe inconveniences which 
 happen daily by that ill method, which can- 
 not 
 
D R A 
 
 not be followed after fuch admonition, but 
 by thofe who are obftinate in their v/ay, and 
 will ruin their horfes : not that our Author 
 difapproves the rubbing of their legs, which 
 .he fays is very wholefomej but it muft not 
 be done w hen they are too hot ; and t!iey 
 fhould confine themfelves only to the rub- 
 bing of their bodies when they are in a 
 fweat, and let their legs alone. 
 
 Their racks being well fupplied with hay, 
 you muft fuffer your horfes to reft two hours, 
 or thereabouts, then lead them to water, to 
 a river, if near, or otherwile as above di- 
 refted ; and then in a little time after they 
 have eaten their oats, to work again with 
 them : in the evening, when your plough- 
 ing or other work is over, the firft tiling to 
 be done after they are tied to the rack, is to 
 lift up their feet, and fee if there is any 
 defeft in the fhoes, and at the fame time 
 take out with a knife, the earth and gravel 
 which is lodged in the foot, betv/een the 
 ihoe and the fole, and put in fome cow- 
 dung : this your fervants often negleft, and 
 therefore the mafter ought to fee them do it. 
 
 A thing very eflential for the prefervation 
 of all forts of horfes, is good litter, which 
 to thefe animals, is comparatively the fame 
 as clean iheets to men. There are many 
 who fuffer the dung to rot a great while 
 under their horfes ; fome through lazinefs 
 will not clean their ftables, and others fay 
 they leave the dung there that it may re- 
 ceive more juice, and be the better manure 
 for the ground ; but it is very wrong rea- 
 foning, to fay we do this to fave five fliil- 
 lings, and lofe ten : but you are to under- 
 ftand, that the dung being heaped up for a 
 confiderable time, does fo over-heat the 
 horfe's feet, that this alone is enough to 
 ruin them entirely. 
 
 Hence alfo arife fo many inconveniencies 
 to the owners of them, that they are often 
 obliged to keep them in the ftable without 
 doing any work, which embarraflfes either 
 the mafter to whom they belong, or the 
 fervant who has the care to drefs them ; and 
 this inconvenience proceeds only from their 
 ignorance of the caufe : and therefore it is 
 of the higheft importance that the ftable 
 
 D R A 
 
 ftiould be cleanfed as often as pofTible, and 
 the horfes have frefli litter given them ; 
 befides, it is natural to believe, that all 
 animals hate their own-ordure ; and it is ab- 
 furd to think, that a horfe which is one of 
 the cleaneft among them, fhould not do the 
 fame. 
 
 Fr<?fh litter has a virtue to make horfes 
 ftale as foon as. they come into the ftable, 
 whereas when they find no fuch therein, 
 they decline ftaling; and if people were 
 fenfible what refreftiment it is to a horfe to 
 ftale at his return from labour, they v/ould be 
 both more curious and careful to let him have 
 that which will promote it, than they are. 
 
 This ftaling after much fatigue, will pre- 
 vent obftruftions in the neck of the bladder, 
 or pafTage of the urine : but if otherwife, 
 and that this fame urine comes to lodge in 
 the bladder, it will caufe fome inflamma- 
 tions there ; wliich are very dangerous evils 
 for horfes, and of which they very often 
 die, without prefent relief: hence you may 
 judge of the necelTity there is to let your 
 horfes frequently have frefli litter. 
 
 As to the remaining care you ought to 
 have of your horfes, fo that they may pafs 
 the night as they ought, there needs no 
 more after you have well rubbed them, than 
 to fupply their racks witii hay enough, 
 which they may feed upon after they have 
 eaten their oats : and continuing thus daily 
 to manage them, it will be the means to 
 keep them in a condition to do you good 
 fervice. If you would fee more about buy- 
 ing other forts of horfes, Jee Rules for 
 BUYING Horses. 
 
 DRAW-GEAR, denotes a kind of 
 harnefs for draught-horfes. , -0 
 
 DRAW-NET, a device v/herewith to 
 catch birds, and efpecially woodcocks ; the 
 figure of which will be found under that 
 Article ; to which fomething to be faid here 
 does refer. There are two ways, fays a 
 French Author, to defend the cords or lines 
 of your draw-net from your hands, and to 
 keep you from cold. Suppofe the crotchet 
 or hook R, in the faid figure. Number 2. 
 fhould be denoted here by the figure i, 
 the ends of the two cords 2 and 3, and the 
 Q__ two 
 
D R A 
 
 two lines 5 and 6, were the cords to keep 
 the net extended ; when you fit in yoiir 
 lodge, hold the place marked 7, very firm 
 in one hand, and with the other pafs the 
 two icdoubletl cords together, to the figure 
 4, between your legs, and bring them over 
 your thigh, then keep them tight enough, 
 quit tiie places, and fo with either of your 
 hands you will hold the cords without trou- 
 ble ; but you mull: be very ready in opening 
 them, and feparate your knees when the 
 woodcock gets into the net. See Plate V. 
 No. I. • 
 
 Another way of holding the net without 
 feeling any cold, or hurting your nands, is 
 feen in the figure, No. 2. 
 
 Suppofe the feat in the lodge be towards 
 the letter R, drive the ftick H into the 
 ground ; it rnuft be about two inches thick, 
 and the breadth of four fingers above 
 ground : at a foot and a half from this little 
 ftake, as you go towards the draw-net, at 
 the places marked K and M, drive two 
 other thick fticks into the ground, and they 
 muft not exceed a foot above ground ; a 
 hole ftiould be bored in them within two 
 inches of the upper end, into which you 
 may thruft a finger : take a turned piece of 
 wood, N, C, O, whofe ends N, O, muft be 
 no thicker than one's little finger, that they 
 may the more eafily turn in the two holes I 
 and L, into which you muft thruft them ; 
 you muft make a hole in the middle of the 
 faid round piece of wood, big enough to 
 receive a peg as thick as your finger, and 
 five or fix inches long. This piece of wood 
 ought to be fixed in the holes before you 
 drive the two ftakes into the around. 
 
 Befides This, take another piece of wood, 
 H, G, F, let it be flat lilce a piece of a pipe- 
 ftave, and cut at both ends in the form of a 
 half moon, that fo being joined to the ftake 
 H, it may hold. The machine being thus 
 made, when you have fpread and mounted 
 your net, fuppofe the two lines A, B, were 
 it's cords, raife them both with the fame 
 hand, and doubling them: with the other at 
 the letter C, give them a turn about the 
 end C of the peg in the middle, then pufli- 
 ing the other end E on the fide of the net. 
 
 D R A 
 
 give the turned ftick, or round piece of" 
 wood, N, O, two turns, and faften it, by 
 putting fome of the ends of the marcher H 
 againft the ftick H, and the other at F,, 
 agalnft the end of the peg E, fo that the 
 weight of tne draw-net, by this marcher or 
 trap, Avill ftop the turned ftick and hinder 
 its turning. You may by this device keep 
 your hands in your pockets, v/ithcut being 
 afraid of the net's falling ; but keep the 
 end of your foot always upon the middle 
 part G, and when the bird comes to your 
 draw-net, ftir your foot, and the net will as 
 readily fall as if you held it with your hands. 
 
 This triple draw-net ferves chiefly for 
 paflTes made about forefts; they are very 
 convenient, becaufe one man ca.n pitch fe- 
 veral of them, without being obliged to 
 watch the coming of woodcocks. See the 
 form of this net in Plate V. fig. 3. 
 
 In order to the making of this net, you 
 muft take meafure of the breadth and height 
 of the place where you are to ufe it, and 
 faften it to a nail, in order to meafure ofF 
 the fquare mellies ; as you will find under- 
 the Article Net, and Net-making, where 
 we treat of making a net that will fhut like 
 a bag, which muft confift of good thick 
 thread, twifted four fold, and the ir.efties 
 muft be ten or a dozen inches broad. 
 
 It is difficult, in great forefts and woods 
 that are equally ftrong and tall, to make 
 glades, without felling a great many trees ; 
 and yet you are not fure your draw-net v/ill 
 do, without you meet with a place of ten 
 or a dozen arpents or more, each of which 
 confifcs of an hundred perches fquare, with- 
 out any trees, and that the glade adjoins to 
 it. 
 
 In cafe you can have no fuch, you may 
 try the following invention, defcribed in 
 Plate V. fg. 4. 
 
 Pitch upon fome clear place on the fide 
 of a foreft ; for example, fuppofe A D to 
 be the foreft, and the fpace between the tree 
 A and the letter E, to be the void fpace, 
 five or fix fathom broad ; pitch upon a tall 
 and ftrait tree on the fide of the wood, as 
 that marked A, lop ofi^ the branches towards 
 your clear groundj and faften to the top of 
 
 the 
 
D R A 
 
 the tree a ftrong pole, as at K, R, Z ; find 
 out a tree in the wood of a middling big- 
 ■nefs, as that reprefented by E, F, let it be 
 as high and ftrait as poffible : when you 
 have taken off" all the branches, carry it to 
 the place where your draw-net is, and mak- 
 ing a hole in the ground, as at E, four or 
 five foot deep, and fix or feven fathom dif- 
 tant from the edge of the foreft A, put the 
 thick end of it into this hole, lift it up, and 
 let it ftand upright, after you have firft tied 
 within two or three foot of the end F, fome 
 bands of wood, faftened end to end to one 
 another, as you may fee by the letters a, by 
 c, d, e, f, &CC. and let them be kept tight, 
 with wooden hooks fixed quite round in the 
 ground : they Ihould be nine foot diilant 
 from the foot E, and ordered like ropes at 
 the malt of a fhip : at the fame time care 
 mull be taken that none of them reach to 
 the glade, or fpace between A and E, for 
 fear of entangling the net. You mull lb 
 fet your tree which you have cut, that the 
 point F incline two foot, or thereabouts, 
 towards the pafs to the foreft ; and you are 
 to farten the pully C to the fmall end, with 
 a cord or packthread thruft through it ; as 
 alfo to the tree A, and through the pully L. 
 You may leave the thick cords there; but 
 becaufe thieves might be tempted to fteal 
 them, the beft way is to leave only the 
 packthreads, and even to fhorten them, by 
 tying a fmall packthread B to one end, and 
 twifting the other about the trunk of the 
 tree, at a place where they are not to be 
 come at, efpecially without climbing up as 
 far as the part H of the cut tree : but the 
 beft wav is to take with you a light ladder, 
 fix or eight foot high, by which you may 
 more eafily fecure your goods. 
 
 Another invention is, after the flight is 
 over, to tack two cords togetlier, by the 
 means of v/hich you may convey up as 
 ^nany ftones as far as the pullies ; then take 
 a ftick V, two foot long, and cleft at both 
 ends, about which fold all the reft of the 
 cords ; after which pafs them both into the 
 clefts at the ends of the ftick, and let the 
 whole mount up. Thus the ftones S, T, 
 ^^•ill coine down to half the height of the 
 
 D R A 
 
 trees, becaufe the cords are tied tofrether at 
 the letter X, and there will the ftick V hang 
 dov/nv^ards : fo that toorderthings rightly, you 
 muft have a long pole with a hook at the end, 
 wherewith to hook the piece of wood V, 
 and pull it ; or elfe take a packthread, and 
 tie a ftone as big as a hen's egg to it, that 
 you may throw it between the two cords 
 over the ftick V, and by that means to pull 
 it as with a hook. It remains only to ob- 
 ferve, that you may place leveral draw-nets 
 round about the foreft, and even one man 
 can pitch tenor a dozen of the triple ones. 
 
 This article might be thought to remain 
 imperfe(5l, without fomething fliould be faid 
 relating to the flying, or buckled draw net, 
 by fome called pantine ; which is of ufe in all 
 places, and efpecially in countries where 
 there is nothing but coppices and forefts, 
 whofe owners will not allow the felling any 
 trees, or cutting off" branches, necefl^ary for the 
 ufe of the former nets. See Plnte V. Jig. 5. 
 
 Take two poles, as E, B, D, C, as thick 
 as your arms, of twenty one foot long ; 
 they muft be ftraight and light, and pointed 
 at the thick end : faften to each fmall end 
 B, D, an iron, copper, or fuch like buckle, 
 to fervc inftead of a pully : you muft alfo 
 have a draw-net with buckles, into which 
 you muft pafs a ftrong packthread, that is 
 even, and twelve fathom long : this pack- 
 thread is denoted by the letters B, G, D, F ; 
 you muft fold it, that it may not be entan- 
 gled with the net : you muft in like man- 
 ner have a wooden hook F, of a foot long, 
 for the conveniency of carrying your im- 
 plements, to ufe as you have occafion. 
 
 It is to be obferved, that this draw-net 
 muft be pitched no where but on the fides 
 of a coppice, near fome vineyard, in the 
 highways or walks, in a foreft or park ; ef- 
 pecially when tiiefe places adjoin to fields, 
 or open grounds, in the middle or between 
 woods. You may likewife fpread this net 
 along a brock, at the bottom of a pond, 
 and indeed in a manner, in all places fre- 
 quented by woodcocks. You muft ufe it in 
 the following manner : 
 
 Suppofe the tree L fiiould be the fide of 
 
 the wood, or fome other place where you 
 
 Q_^2 liave 
 
D R A 
 
 have a mind to pitch your net, you muft 1 
 unfold it, and take an end of the thick \ 
 packthread which palFes through the buckles, 
 and tie it to the end of the pole at the letter 
 B ; pafs a fmall packthread E, K, into the 
 "buckle which is at the end B, and tie it to 
 the firft buckle B of the net, that you draw 
 it like a bed-curtain ; then ftick the pole B, 
 E, quite round the wood L, in fuch a man- 
 ner, that it may ftand firm in the ground, 
 and flope a little towards the tree. Take 
 the other end of the thick packthread F, and 
 pais it alfo into the buckle or ringD, which 
 you are likewife to pitch in the ground, 
 about five or fix fathom diftant from the 
 wood, or other pole, B, E; then withdraw 
 feven or eight fathom diftant from the net, 
 to the foot of fome tree or bufli, or elfe to 
 fome branch which you have pitclied on 
 purpofe, over-againft the net, as at the 
 place marked F; here mufb you fix the 
 hook, and tie the end of the thick pack- 
 tliread, and then pulling the whole till the 
 net is mounted : you muft next twift the 
 cord twice or thrice about the hook, to the 
 end that you may keep it tight, while you 
 go to pull the fmall packthread E, in order 
 to extend the net ; when this is done return 
 to the hook, unfold the cord, and fit near 
 the bufii or cover, without ftirring, having; 
 your eye ahvays to the net, that you may let 
 it fall when the woodcock gets into it, which 
 you muft kill as foon as taken ; and fetting 
 your net readily again do as before. It 
 would not be amifs to put a fmall packthread 
 into the laft buckle D of the net, as on the 
 other fide, by which you will readily adjuft 
 the draw-net. 
 
 Thefe fort of draw-nets fliould have no 
 other than lozenge meflies, becaufe they 
 muft glide along the cords, like a bed-cur- 
 tain ; the net fliould not be above five or fix 
 fathom wide, and two and a half, or three 
 in height. The meflies fliould be two inches 
 broad, or two and a half or tliree at moft ; 
 the net fliould be made of fine, but ftrong 
 thread, and the copper buckles faftened to 
 all the mefhes of the laft upper row B, D ; 
 the leaver muft be made twice as long as you 
 would have the net to be in extent i then 
 
 D R A 
 
 having a quarter more than the meafure of 
 the height, you muft accommodate the 
 buckles, which being adjufted in the manner 
 wherein they ought to ftand, pafs a mid- 
 dling cord, or elie a packthread as thick as 
 a writing pen into all thefe buckles. 
 
 You lliould have two other fmall pack- 
 threads B, G, D, C, which you muft pafs in- 
 to the laft range of the meflies of both fides> 
 one of which muft be faftened to the buckle 
 B, and the other to that at D, in order to 
 keep the net right when you malce ufe of it ; 
 and therefore the two ends E and G muft be 
 loofe, and longer than the height of the net 
 by ten or twelve foot : this net muft b^ of a 
 brown colour. 
 
 The draw-nets are ufually made with lo- 
 zenge meflies, becaufe there are few perfons 
 who know how to make them otherwife, but 
 others advife to make them as much as you 
 can of fquare meflies ; for when they are thus 
 wrought and pitched in the paflles, they are 
 fcarce to be feen, and when entangled with 
 fome fprigs or pieces of wood, you may ea- 
 fily get clear of them, which otherwife will 
 contra£l the nets too much in fome places, 
 and darken the fpace, which frightens the 
 woodcock, and will eitlier make him ga 
 back or pafs <5ver it. 
 
 You are to obferve concerning draw-nets 
 with lozenge meflies, that more thread and 
 labour is required, than for thofe with four 
 fquare ones, which are made fooner, and 
 have no fuperftuous meflies. However, eve- 
 ry one is at liberty in their choice either of 
 one or the other. 
 
 If you would have a draw-net with lozenge 
 meflies, meafure the breadth of the place 
 where you are to fpread it, make the 
 net near twice as long as that meafure. It's 
 height fliould be from that branch where the 
 pully is, to within two foot of the ground ; 
 and that you may comprehend it the better, 
 confult the firft figure under the article 
 Woodcock.. The breadth is from the let- 
 ter V to the letter X ; being the places where 
 the ftones fliould fall, which are fuppofed to 
 be faftened at IS4 and N, when the net is 
 fpread, the height fliould be taken from 
 the pully to come down near to the letter X; 
 
 the 
 
D R E 
 
 the net muft therefore be made one third 
 part longer than the height ; for being ex- 
 tended in breadth, it will fhorten one third ; 
 when the whole net is meflied, you muft 
 have a cord that is not quite fo thick as your 
 little finger, through all the meflies of the 
 laft range M, N ; you muft faften both fides, 
 tying the firft fix mefhes of the row together 
 to the cords fo that they may flip along ; 
 do the fame by the other fide : thefe two 
 places muft be diftanced, according to the 
 width of the pafs, leaving the reft of the 
 meflies of the net above loofe, fo as to flip 
 or be drawn from one fide to the other like a 
 bed-curtain :• then to each of thefe cords tie 
 a packtJiread, which you muft pafs into, 
 the laft range of mefhes on the fides, that fo 
 you may faften the net as it fliould be, to 
 two trees A, B j a foot or two of the 
 cordfliould befufteredto hang down at each 
 end of the net, wherewith to tie the ftoncs, 
 when you would fpread the net. 
 
 If you would have a draw-net withfquare 
 meflies, tals.e the breadth and height, and 
 work as aforefaid : when the net is finifhed, 
 verge it above with a pretty ftrong cord, and 
 pafs two packthreads through the meflies, on 
 both fides, in the fame manner as in that 
 made lozenge wife, and leave alfo both ends 
 of the cord fo that the ftoncs may be tied 
 therewith. 
 
 DRAWING [with Hunters] is beating 
 the buflies after a fox ; drawing amifs, is 
 a term ufed when the hounds or beagles 
 hit the fcent of their chace contrary, fo as 
 to hit up the wind, whereas they fliould have 
 done it down ; in that cafe it is faid, they 
 draw amifs, 
 
 DRAWING ON THE Slot, is when the 
 hounds touch the fcent and draw on till they 
 hit on the fame fcent. 
 
 DRAWING A Cast, [among Bowlers] 
 is winning the end, without ftirring the 
 bowl or block. 
 
 DRAY, the form for fquirrels ncfts, 
 built on the tops of trees. 
 
 DRENCH : is a fort of decoftion prepa- 
 red for a fick horfe, and compofcd of feveral 
 drugs mentioned in Mr, Solleyjel'^ Cotnplete 
 Horfoman, 
 
 D R I 
 
 They put the drench upon the end of a 
 bull's pizzle, and thruft it down his throat 
 in order to recover his appetite and ftrength. 
 
 DRIFT OF THE P'oRESTj is an exact view 
 and examination taken at certain times, as 
 occafion fiiall ferve, to know what beafts are 
 there ; that none common there, but fuch 
 as have right ; and that the foreft be not 
 overcharged with foreigners beafts or cattle. 
 
 DRINKING OF Horses, immediately 
 after hard riding, i^c. is very dangerous ; 
 and therefore they fliould not be fuftered to 
 do it, till they be thoroughly cooled, and 
 have eat fome oats ; for many by drinking 
 too foon have died upon it, or become fick. 
 
 A horfe after violent labour, will never be 
 the worfe by being kepthalfaday from v.'ater; 
 but may die by drinking an hour too foon. 
 
 DRIVERS. A machine for driving phea- 
 fant-powts, confifting of good ftrong ozier- 
 wands, fuch as baflcet-makers ufe ; thele are 
 to be fet in a handle and twifted, or bound 
 with fmall oziers in two or three places. See 
 Plate Y. fig. 6. 
 
 DRIVING OF PHEASANT-Pow'ts i 'for 
 the driving and taking of Dowts or youns: 
 pheafants in nets; when you have found out 
 an eye of pheafants ; place your nets crofs 
 the little paths or ways they have made, 
 which are much like flieep tracks, pofliblv 
 you fliall find out';one,of their principal 
 haunts, which may be done by the barrenefs 
 of the ground, their mutings and the fea- 
 thers that lie fcattered about. 
 
 To do this you fliould always take the 
 wind witlx you, it being cuftomary for them 
 to run down the wind ; and place your nets 
 hollow, loofe and circularly, the nether 
 part of which muft be faftencd to the ground, 
 and the upper fide lying hollow, loofe and 
 bending, fo that when any birds rufli in, it 
 may fall and Jntangle them. 
 
 Having fixed your net go to the haunts, 
 and if you find them fcattered, call them 
 together with your call : and when you find 
 them begin to cluck and pip one to another, 
 then forbear calling, and take an inftru- 
 ment by fome called a driver, made of good 
 ftrong white wands or oziers, fuch as are 
 ufed by bafi:et-makers, which is to be fet in 
 
 an 
 
DUG 
 
 an handle, and in two or three places twifted 
 or bound with fmall oziers, according to 
 the figure, fee the Plate V. With this dri- 
 ver, as foon as you perceive the pheafants 
 gathered together, make a gentle noife on 
 the boughs and bufhes about you, which 
 will lb fi^ight them that they will get clofe 
 together, and run away a little diftance, and 
 then ftand ; after this make the fame noife a 
 fecond time, and this will fet them a run- 
 ning again ; taking the fame courfe till 
 you have driven them intoyour nets j for 
 they may be driven like fo many llieep. 
 
 If they happen to take a contrary way; 
 then make a raking noife, as if it were in 
 their faces ; and this noife will prefently turn 
 them the right way. 
 
 But in ufuig the driver obferve. 
 
 1. Secrecy, in keeping yourfelf from 
 their fight ; for if they efpy you they will 
 run and hide themfelves in holes under 
 llirubs, and will not ftir, till night. _ 
 
 2. You muft have regard to due time and 
 leifure ; for ralhnefs and over hade, fpoils 
 the fporr. 
 
 DROPPING \ [in Falconry], is when 
 
 DRIPPING J a hawk mutes direftly 
 downwards in feveral drops, not yerking iier 
 dung ftrait forwards. 
 
 d1iY, to put a horfe to dry meat is to 
 feed him with corn and hay after taking him 
 from grafs ; or houfing him. 
 
 DUBBING OF A Cocic, [with Cock- 
 Mafters] a term ufed to fignify, the cutting 
 off a cock's comb and wattles. 
 
 DUBBING, [among Anglers] is the 
 making artificial flies, the materials for which 
 are fpaniels hair, hogs hair dyed of different 
 colours ; fquirrel, fheeps, bears, and camels 
 hair, ofcrich, peacock and turkey wing fea- 
 thers, i^c. SecYisn. 
 
 DUCKS, are amphibious birds, that live 
 on land and water, of which the male is cal- 
 led a drake: there are two forts of them, 
 ■viz. the wild and the tame ; the tame duck 
 is fed in the court-yard, walks flowly, de- 
 lights in water, fwims fwiftly, but fcarce 
 ever rifes from the ground to fly. For 
 Tame Ducks, /^^ the Article Poultry. 
 
 As for wild ducks, thofe who are difpofed 
 
 DUG 
 
 to employ part of their time in taking them 
 with nets, ^c. fhould ever have fome wild 
 ones made tame for that purpofe ; for the 
 v/ild never aflbciate themfelves with thofe 
 that are of the real tame breed : therefore be 
 always provided with feven or eight ducks, 
 and as many drakes, for fear of wanting 
 upon any occafion ; becaufe they are often 
 loft, and muchfubjefttomifcarry. 
 
 The nets muft never be placed but where 
 you have a foot of water at leaft, nor much 
 more ; fo that marfties, fands, flats, over- 
 flown meadows, and the like, are the moft 
 proper places for this fport. 
 
 The nets ufed are the fame with thofe for 
 plovers, and they are fet after the fame man- 
 ner, only thefe are under water, and you 
 need no border to conceal the net. The 
 figure, Plate VI. will fhew you the net ' 
 fpread ; your main fticks fliould be of iron, 
 and ftrong in proportion to their length. 
 
 But if the main ftick be of wood, fallen 
 good h^avy pieces of lead along the cord at 
 about a foot diftance on the fides of the net 
 to fink it down into the water, that the ducks 
 may not efcape by diving : thefe pieces of 
 lead are reprefented in the cut along the cord 
 Q^S. Stt P late Yl. Jig. i. 
 
 Several fmall wooden hooks are likewife 
 fixed all along the verge of the net A, B, C, 
 D, oppofite to the perfon that holds the cord 
 to keep it tight, or elfe they alfo place forne 
 lead there, to hinder the birds from fifing, 
 that are caught. 
 
 The hooked ftake X, and the pully V, 
 ought to be concealed under the water, that 
 the duclvS may not fee them. The lodge 
 lliould be made of boughs, as under the word 
 plover, which the reader may confult. Up- 
 on the brink of the water, when all is ready, 
 take the ducks and drakes, and place the 
 firft in this manner : tie fome of them before 
 your net, and as many behind at Y, by the 
 legs, but fo that they may fwim up and 
 down, eating fuch grain or chippings as you 
 fliall throw to them for that purpofe. Keep 
 the drakes by you in your lodge; when you 
 perceive a flock of wild ducks come near 
 you, let fly one of the decoy drakes, which 
 will prefently join the wild ones, in expecta- 
 tion 
 
D U C 
 
 tion of his mate ; and not finding her there, 
 he will begin to call ; which being heard by 
 the female tied by the legs, fhe will begin 
 to cry out, and provoke the others to do the 
 lame : upon which the drake flies to his mate, 
 and generally draws the v/hole flock with 
 him, which greedily fall to eat the bait laid 
 for them. Now the ducks being once come 
 within your draught, pull your cords with 
 the quickeft motion you can ; and having 
 thus taken them, let go your decoy-duck, 
 and feed them well ; you may kill the wild 
 ones, and fo fet your nets again as you fee 
 occaflon. 
 
 The wind happens fometimes fo contrary, 
 that the drake cannot hear his mate when fhe 
 cries ; in which cafe you mull let go a fe- 
 cond and a third to bring in the flock you 
 defign to furprize ; and your decoy-ducks 
 fhould have fome mark of diftinftion, for 
 the more readily knowing them from the 
 wild ones, as the fewing fomething about 
 their legs, or the like ; when the water is 
 troubled, and that it has rained a little, or 
 that the weather is mifty, it is the beft time 
 to take ducks with nets. 
 
 A fecond way of taking ducks with nets is 
 by two nets, and which muft be fet in a 
 place where there is at leaft half a foot water, 
 that they may be concealed j and therefore 
 thofe who catch ducks in the water fliould al- 
 ways be booted. See Plate VI. Jig. i. 
 The ftaves or fticks B, C, E, D, ought to be 
 made of iron, feven feet or feven feet and 
 a half long, and proportionably thick : the 
 pickets, or fticks A, F, fhould be made 
 ftrong, and half a foot long ; the others, 
 D, H, fhould be of the fame ftrength, each 
 having a cord D, C, three fathom long : riie 
 ftaves of the net M, O, fhould be longer 
 than the others by three inches, or half a 
 ■ foot; the lodge K, fhould be fixteen or 
 eighteen fathom diftant from the nets ; the 
 knot N of the cord, where two other cords 
 are made faft, as N, G, N, O, fhould be five 
 or fix toifes diftant from the firfl flaves ; 
 and forafmuch as all thefe cords of the nets 
 fhould be faflened with all your force, fticks 
 ©r pieces of wood half a foot long fliould be 
 fixed flopingly in the ground, on the fide of 
 
 D U C 
 
 the letters I, L, M, O, to keep the iron flavej. 
 down in the water, from whence they bring 
 them out, by drawing the cord K, N. 
 
 Manage your decoy-ducks and drakes as 
 before ; there is no need that the wild ducks 
 fliould fwim on the water before you draw 
 your nets, for you take them at the fame 
 time they alight upon it. 
 
 A third way of catching wild ducks, is 
 with bird-lime ; of which take three or four 
 pounds of that which is old and rotted ; to 
 each pound put tv/o handfuls of charcoal, 
 burnt ftraw, and as much nut-oil asthcfhell 
 of a hazel-nut can contain ; mix and work 
 the whole together for a quarter of an hour, 
 and anoint one or more cords therewith, 
 each of them being ten or twelve fathom 
 long ; and conveying them to the place where 
 wild ducks frequent, get a boat, if you do 
 not care to go into the water, and let the 
 cords among t!ie rufhes or other herbage, 
 whither the ducks retire : pitch the two flaves 
 in fuch a manner that the ends m.ay be even 
 with the water, and tie a very fbiff cord to 
 them, which muil be born vip on the water 
 with fome bundles of dry ruflies ; when the 
 ducks are got among the herbs and rufhes, 
 they will at length come to the cord, which 
 will embarrafs them, at which time they 
 will endeavour to take wing ; but not being 
 able to do fo, they will drown themfelves 
 in endeavouring to get loofe. 
 
 A fourth way of taking wild ducks in the 
 water, is with noofes or fprings made of 
 horfe-hair, otherwife called running flips and 
 horfe-hair collars, a cheap and eafy way, ef- 
 pecially in fuch low marflies as are overflown 
 not above a foot and a half deep obferve their 
 moft frequented haunts, and there throw 
 a little corn for two or three days, to embold- 
 en and draw them on : for having once fed 
 there, they will not fail to return thither 
 every day. 
 
 You mufl: then plant feven or eight dozen 
 of your running flips of fmall wire or horfe 
 hair collars, tied two or three together, as 
 in Plate VI. fig. 3, to little fliarp-pointed 
 ftakes, fhev/n by the letters I, K, L, M.N, 
 O, they muft be fixed fo far into the ground, 
 that the upper ends of them and the collars 
 
 may 
 
D U C 
 
 may be Jun: hid a little under the water ; and 
 then throw fome barlc)', or the like grain, 
 amongft them, that fo you may catch them 
 either by the neck or legs : you muft rcTort 
 thither tv/ice or thrice every day to fee how 
 you fucceed. 
 
 The collars may in like manner be placed 
 as in the fecond figure following. Take a 
 .iharp-pointed flake, about two feet long, 
 in proportion to the depth of the water, as 
 T, V, bore two holes through the thick end 
 T, into which put two flicks, as P, R, and 
 Q, S ; each of them fliould be about the 
 thicknefs of one's litde finger, and two feet 
 long ; they muil be firmly /et in and well 
 pegged ; faften your collars or flipping 
 knots to the end of your flick, as the let- 
 ters P, Q, R, S, denote : this done, and 
 having fixed your flake T, V, in the ground 
 fo far that it may be all under water, fo as 
 that your knots may jull fwim open on the 
 top of it : then call in your grain or chip- 
 pings of bread in and out among the faid 
 Hakes, the better to entice the ducks to 
 come: you may make ufe of feveral of thefe 
 flakes, and place them feven or eight feet 
 afunder. 
 
 There is a fifth way of catching wild 
 ducks, and that is with hooks and lines, as 
 appears by (fig._ 4.; 
 
 Faften your lines well and firmly to fliarp 
 pointed flicks, as fliewed by the figure 
 marked G, and flake down the flicks into 
 the ground, then bait your hook H, with 
 an acorn or bean F, or with a fifli or frog, 
 as at C ; you may alfo bait with a worm, 
 as at V, by thefe you may learn to bait with 
 palles, or the like ; and you would do well 
 to feed the ducks two or three days before, 
 at the place where you intend to fct your 
 lines and hooks, the better to draw them on, 
 and embolden them ; and you flioui^i alfo 
 vifit your fport every morning and evening, 
 ■ to take up what you have caught j and to 
 re£lify what may be amifs. 
 
 Some of our Englijb authors having fet 
 down a method how we fhall preferve wild 
 ducks, fay we muft wall in a little piece of 
 ground, wherein there is fome fmall pond 
 or fpring, covering the top of it all over 
 
 D U C 
 
 with a ilrong net ; the pond mufl be (ttt with 
 many tufts of oziers,' and have manv fecret 
 holes and creeks ; which will inure them to 
 feed there, though confined. 
 
 The wild duck, when flie lays, will fl:eal 
 from the drake, and hide her nefl, or elfe 
 he v/ili fuck her eggs, After flie has hatch- 
 ed, file is very careful to breed her young, 
 and needs no attendance more than meat, 
 which fhould be given twice a day, as fcal- 
 ded bran, oats, or fitches. The houfe-hen 
 will hatch wild duck-eggs as well as tame, 
 and the meat will be much better ; yet eve- 
 ry time the ducklings go into the water, 
 they are in danger of the kites, becaufe the 
 hen cannot guard them. Teals, widgeons, 
 fnell -drakes, or green plovers, may be or- 
 dered alfo in the fame manner as wild 
 ducks. 
 
 D UCKER, 1 a kind of cock that in 
 
 DOUCKER, i . fighting will run about 
 the clod, almoft at every flroke he gives. 
 
 DULL ; the marks of a dull, flupid horfe, 
 are white fpots round the eye and on the tip 
 of the nofe upon any general colour what- 
 foever : thefe marks are hard to be diftin- 
 guifhed in a white horfe; though the vulgar 
 take the fpots for figns of flupidity, it is 
 certain they are great figns of the goodnefs 
 of a horfe, and the horfes that have them are 
 very fenfible and quick upon the fpur. 
 
 DUN. See Colours of a Horse. 
 
 DUN HOUND: thefe dogs are good 
 for all chaces, and therefore of general 
 ufe. 
 
 The beft coloured are fuch as are dun on 
 the back, having their fore quarters tann'd, 
 or of the complexion of a hare's legs : but 
 if the hair on the back be black, and their 
 legs freckled with red and black, they then 
 ufually prove excellent hounds, and indeed 
 there are few of a dun colour to be found 
 bad : and the worft of them are liich whole 
 legs are of a whitilli colour. 
 
 It is v/onderful in thefe creatures, to ob- 
 ferve how much they flick upon the know- 
 ledge of their mailer, efpecially his voice 
 and horn, and no one's elfe : nay more than 
 that, they know the diilant voices of their 
 fellow, and do know who are babblers and 
 
 liars. 
 
>-sA_ 
 
Plat^- Tj\ 
 
D U S * 
 
 liars, and who not ; and will follow the one 
 and not the other. 
 
 Now for hounds ; the weft country, Che- 
 JJjire, and Lancajhire, with other wood-land 
 and mountainous countries, breed our flow 
 hounds, which is a large great dog, tall and 
 heavy. 
 
 Worcejierfiire, Bedfordfolre and many well 
 rnixt foils, where champagne and covert are 
 of equal largenefs, produce a middle fized 
 dog of a more nimble compofure than the 
 former. 
 
 Laftly, the north parts, as 7'ork/fnre, 
 Cumberland, Northmnherland, and many other 
 plain champagne countries, breed the light, 
 nimble, fwift, flender, fleet hound. 
 
 After all thefe, the little beagle is 
 attributed to our country; the fame that is 
 called the gaze hound: befides the maftiff, 
 which feems to be a native of England; we 
 alfo train up moft excellent greyhounds 
 (which feem to have been brought hither by 
 the Gauls) in our open champagnes. 
 
 All thefe dogs have deferved to be famous 
 in adjacent and remote countries, whither 
 they are fent for great rarities, and ambi- 
 tiouflyfought forby their Lords and Princes; 
 although only the fighting dogs feem to have 
 been known to the ancient authors; and per- 
 haps in that age hunting was not fo much 
 cultivated by our own countrymen. 
 
 DUNG OF A Horse, fhould be obferved 
 upon a journey ; if it be too thin, it is a 
 fign that either his water was too cold and 
 piercing, or that he drank too greedily of it ; 
 if there be among his ordure whole grains 
 of oats, cither he has not chewed them well, 
 or his ftomach is weak ; and if his dung be 
 black, dry, or come away in veiy fmall and 
 hard pieces, it is a fign that he is over heat- 
 ed in his body. 
 
 Vifcous or flimy dung, voided by a race- 
 horfe, fliews that he i§ not duly prepared ; 
 in which cafe his garlic balls and exercife 
 are to be continued till his ordure come 
 from him pretty dry, ar without moifliure. 
 
 DUST AND SAND, will fometimes fo dry 
 the tongues and mouths of horfes, that they 
 lofe their appetite. 
 
 In fuch cafe give them bran v/ell moillen- 
 
 E A R 
 
 ed with water, to cool and refrefli their 
 mouths and tongues, or moiilen their 
 mouths with a wet fpunge to oblige them to 
 eat. 
 
 DUST ; to beat the duft. See Beat. 
 
 EARS OF AN Horse, fhould be fmall, 
 narrow, ftrait, and the whole fubftance 
 of them thin and delicate : they ought to 
 be placed on the very top of the head, and 
 their points, when flyled, or pricked up, 
 fliould be nearer than their roots. 
 
 When a horfe carries his ears pointed for- 
 wards, he is rdd to have a bold, hardy, 
 or brilk ear ; aiij when a horfe is travelling, 
 he fhould keep tliem firm, and not (like a 
 hog) mark every ftep by a motion of his 
 ear. 
 
 To cure a pain in a horfe's ears, firft 
 cleanfe them well, for fear the horfe fliould 
 run mad, and then put in fome honey, fait 
 petre, and vcy clean water ; mix the whole 
 together, and dipping a linen cloth therein 
 to attraft the moifture, continue the appli- 
 cation till the cure is eflefted. 
 
 To take out any thing incommodious in a 
 horfe's ear, put in an equal quantity of old 
 oil and nitre, and thruft in a little wool : 
 if fome little animal has got in, you mull 
 thrull in a tent fattened to the end of a ftick, 
 and fteeped in glutinous rofin ; turn it in 
 the ear, that it may fl;ick to it. 
 
 If it be any thing elfe you mufl: open the 
 ear with aninftrum.ent, and draw it out with 
 an iron ; or you may fquirt in fome water ; 
 and if it be a wound, you muft drop in pro- 
 per medicines to cure it. 
 
 "to EARTH, is to go under ground, to 
 run into a lurking hole, as a badger or a 
 fox does. 
 
 EARTH-WORMS, are reptiles which 
 ferve both for food for birds, and baits for 
 fifli ; and as it is fometimts difficult to find 
 them, the foUov/ing methods are fct down, 
 by which you may have them almoft in all 
 feafons of the year. 
 
 The firfl:, is to e;o into a meadov/, or 
 
 fome other place, full of herbs or grafs, 
 
 where you fuppofe there may be fuch forts of 
 
 worms, and there to dance, or rather tram- 
 
 R pie 
 
ECO 
 
 pie with your feet, for about half a quarter 
 of an hour, without ceafing, and you will 
 fee the worms come out of the earth about 
 you, which you may gather, not as they are 
 creeping out, but after they are come quite 
 out ; for if you fliould ceafe trampling for 
 never fo fnort a time, they would go in 
 again. 
 
 Another time to get worms, is, when 
 there are green walnuts upon the trees ; 
 take a quarter, or half a pound of them, and 
 put into the quantity of a pail of water, rub- 
 bing the hullcs of the nuts upon a brick, 
 or fquare tile, holding them in the bottom 
 of the water ; continuing to do this till the 
 water is become bitter, and of a tafte that 
 the worms will not like : fcatter this water 
 upon tlie place where you judge worms to 
 be, and they will come out of the ground 
 in a quarter of an hour. 
 
 EBRILLADE, is a check of the bridle 
 which the horfeman gives to the horfe, by 
 a jerk of one rein, when he refufes to 
 turn. 
 
 An ebrillade differs from a faccade in this, 
 that a faccade is a jerk made with both reins 
 at once. 
 
 Moft people confound thefe two words, 
 under the general name of a check or jerk of 
 the bridle ; but let it be as it will, it is al- 
 ways a chaftifement, and no aid, and the 
 ufe of it is baniflied the academies. 
 
 ECAVESSADE, is a jerk of the cavef- 
 fon. 
 
 ECHAPE : an ecliape is a horfe got be- 
 tween a ftallion and a mare of a different 
 breed, and different countries. 
 
 ECHAPER, to fuffer a horfe to efcape, 
 or flip from the hand ; a gallicifm ufed in 
 the academies, implying to give him head, 
 or put on at full fpeed. 
 
 ECOUTE ; a pace or motion of a horfe. 
 He is faid to be ecoute, or liftening, when 
 he rides well upon the hand and heels, com- 
 pactly put upon his haunches, and hears or 
 lifl:ens to the heels or fpurs, and continues 
 duly balanced between the heels, without 
 throwing to either fide. 
 
 This happens, when a horfe has a fine 
 fenfeofthe aids of the hand and heel. 
 
 EEL 
 
 ECURIE, is a covert-place for the lodg., 
 ing and houfing of horfes. 
 
 ECUYER, a French word, (in Englijh 
 queriy) has different fignifications in France, 
 
 In the academy, or manage, the riding- 
 mafter goes by the name of Ecuyer. 
 
 EEL ; Authors are not agreed, whether 
 this filh be bred by generation, or corrup- 
 tion, as worms are ; or by certain glutinoua 
 dew drops, which falling in May and Juney 
 on the banks of fome ponds or rivers, and are 
 by the heat of the fun, turned into eels. 
 
 It is enough therefore to take notice, 
 that fome have diftinguifhed them into four 
 forts chiefly, viz. the filver eel ; a greenilh 
 eel, called a grey ; a blackifli eel, with a 
 broad, flat head ; and laftly, an eel with 
 reddiih fins. 
 
 The firft of thefe only is generally thought 
 to be produced by generation, and no£ 
 from fpawning, for the young come from 
 the female alive, and no bigger than a fmall 
 needle. 
 
 EEL-FISHING, is of divers forts, as 
 Sniggling, Bobbing, £f?f. which fee undar 
 their proper articles. 
 
 The filver eel may be catched with feve- 
 ral forts of baits, but efpecially with pow- 
 dered beef, garden worms, or lobs, or 
 minnov/s, or hen's guts, fifli-garbage, &c. 
 but as they hide thenifelves in winter in the 
 mud, without ftirring out for fix months, 
 and in the fummer take no delight to be 
 abroad in the day-time, the moft proper 
 time to take them is in the night j faftening 
 your line to the ba.nk-fides, with your lay- 
 ing-hook in the v/ater; or a line may be 
 thrown with a good number of hooks, baited 
 and plumbed, with a float to difcover where 
 the lines lie, that you may take tlaem up in 
 the morning 
 
 A way of taking Eels. 
 
 Take five or fix lines, (or what number 
 you think fit) each of them about fixteen 
 yards long, and at every two yards make a 
 nooze to hang on a hook armed, either to 
 double thread or filk tv/ift, for that is bet- 
 ter than wire ; bait your hooks with mil- 
 lers 
 
E M B 
 
 lers thumbs, loaches, minnows, or gud- 
 geons : to every nooze let there be a line 
 baited, and all the lines muft lie crofs the 
 river, in the deepeft place, either with 
 ftones, or pegged down, lying in the bot- 
 tom. You muft watch all night, or rife 
 very early in the morning at break of day, 
 (or elfe you will lofe many that were hung) 
 and draw up the lines, upon each of which 
 you may expeft two or three eels or 
 
 grigs- 
 
 EEL-SPEAR ; this inftrument is made 
 for the moft part with three forks or teeth, 
 jagged on the fides : but fome have four, 
 which laft are the beft ; this they ftrike into 
 the mud at the bottom of the river, and if 
 it chance to light where they lie, there is no 
 fear of taking them. 
 
 But to take the largeft eels of all, night- 
 hooks are to be baited with fmall roaches, 
 and the hooks muft lie in the mouth of the 
 filh. 
 
 EEL-BACK'D Horses, are fuch as have 
 black lifts along their backs. 
 
 EFFECTS OF THE Hand, are taken for 
 the aids, i. e. the motions of the hand that 
 ferve to conduft the horfe. 
 
 There are four eftefts of -the hand, or 
 four ways of making ufe of the bridle, 
 namely, to pufh the horfe foi-wards, or give 
 him head ; to hold him in ; and to turn the 
 hand either to the right or left. See Nails. 
 
 ELVERS, a fort of grigs, or fmall eels, 
 which at a certain time of the year fwim on 
 the top of the water, about Brijiol, and 
 ■Gloucefter, and are flcimmed up in fmall 
 nets. By a peculiar manner of dreffing, 
 they are baked in little cakes, fried, and fo 
 ferved up to table. 
 
 EMBRACE THE Volt. A horfe is faid 
 to embrace a volt, when in working upon 
 volts he makes a good way every time with 
 his fore-legs. 
 
 Such a horfe has embraced a good deal of 
 ground; for from the place where his fore- 
 feet ftood, to where they now ftand, he has 
 embraced, or gone over, almoft a foot and 
 a half. 
 
 If he does not embrace a good deal of 
 ground, he will only beat the dull -, that 
 
 ENS 
 
 is, he will put his fore-feet juft by the jjlace 
 from whence he lifted them. 
 
 Thus the oppofite term, to embrace a 
 voltj is, beating the duft. 
 
 A horfe cannot take in too much ground, 
 provided his croupe does not throw out; that 
 is, provided it does not go out of tlie volt. 
 
 EMPRIMED, [Hunting term] ufed by 
 hunters when a hart forfakes the herd. 
 
 ENCRAINE ; an old obfolete and im- 
 proper word ; fignifying a hoife wither-rung, 
 or fpoiled in the withers. 
 
 To ENDEW, [in Falconry] is a term 
 ufed when a hawk fo digefts her meat, that 
 flie not only difcharges her gorge of it, but 
 even cleanfes her pannel. 
 
 ENGOUTED, [in Falconry] a term 
 \ifed when a hawk's feathers have black fpots 
 in them, 
 
 ENLARGE a Horse, or make him go 
 LARGE, is to make him embrace more ground 
 than he covered. 
 
 This is done when a horfe works upon a 
 round, or upon volts, and approaches loo 
 near the center; fo that it is defired he 
 fhould gain more ground, or take a greater 
 compafs. 
 
 To enlarge your horfe, you Ihould prick 
 him with both heels, or aid him with the 
 calves of your legs, and bear your hand 
 outwards. 
 
 Your horfe narrows, enlarge him, and 
 prick him with the inner heel, fuftaining 
 him with the outer leg, in order to j)refs 
 him forwards and make his fhoulders go. 
 
 Upon fuch occafions, the riding-mafters 
 cry only, large, large. 6"!?^ Inlarge. 
 To ENSEAM a Hawk \ [in Falconry] 
 To EN3AIM A Hawk I is a term uied 
 for purging a falcon, or horfe, of his glut 
 and greafe ; when you draw her out of the 
 mew, ifftie begreafy (vs'hich may beknown 
 by her round, fat thighs, and full body, 
 the flefli being round and as high as her 
 breaft bone) and if fhe be well m.ewed and 
 have all her feathers fummed : then at feed- 
 ing time in the morning give her two or three 
 bits of hot meat, and lefs at nighi:, except 
 it be very cold ; and if ftie feed well and 
 without compulfion; give her walhed meat ; 
 R 2 being 
 
E N T 
 
 being thus prepjH-ecl, wafh the wings of an 
 hen in two v.aters for her dinner ; and in the 
 morning give her the legs of an hen very- 
 hot ; having done this, let her faft till very 
 late in the evening: andiffheh?.ve put over 
 her meat, fo as that there is nothing left in 
 her gorge, give her warm meat as in the 
 morning ; continuing to diet her after this 
 manner, till it is convenient to give her 
 plumage, which may be known by thefe 
 tokens : 
 
 1. The fieih of the end of the pinion of 
 the hawk's wing, will feem fafter and ten- 
 derer than it did before fhe eat wafhed 
 meat. 
 
 2. If her mute be white, and the black 
 thereof be very black, and not mingled with 
 any other colour, it is proper. 
 
 '3. If Ihe be fliarp fet and plumes eagerly, 
 you may give her caftings, either of a hare 
 or coney, or the fmall feathers on the joints 
 of the wing of an old hen. 
 
 When you have fet your falcon or hawk 
 on the perch, fweep clean underneath, 
 that you may know whether the mute be 
 full of ftreaks, fkins or firings, and if fo, 
 then continue this fort ofcafting three or 
 four nights together j if you find die feathers 
 digefted and foft, and that her cafting is 
 great, take the neck of an old hen, and cut 
 it between the joints, then lay it in cold 
 v/ater and give it the bird three nights to- 
 gether. 
 
 In the day time give her wafhed meat, 
 after this cafting or plumage as there is oc- 
 cafion, and this will bear all down into the 
 pannel. 
 
 When you have drawn her out of the 
 mew, and her principal feathers fummed, 
 give her no wailied meat, but quick birds 
 with good gorges, and fet her out in open 
 places. 
 
 ENSEELED [in Falconry] a term, ufed 
 of a hawk, which is fiid to be enfeeled, 
 v/hen a thread is dravm through her upper 
 eye-lid, and made faft under her beakj to 
 take away or obftruft the fight. 
 
 ENT ABLER ; a word ufed in the acade- 
 mies, as applied to a horfe whofe croupe 
 goes before his Ihoulders in working upon 
 
 E N T' 
 
 volts : for in regular manage one half of 
 the flioulders ought to be before the croupe,. 
 Your horfe entables, for in working to the 
 right, he has an inclination to throw him- 
 felf upon the right heel, but that fault you 
 may prevent by taking hold of the right 
 rein, keeping your right leg near, and re- 
 moving your left leg as far as the horfe's 
 flioulders. 
 
 A horfe cannot commit this fault v/ithout 
 committing that fault that is called in the 
 academies aculer, which fee j but aculer 
 may be without entabler. See Aculer and 
 Embrace. 
 
 To ENTER A Hawk,, a term ufed of a 
 hawk, when fhe firft begins to kill. 
 
 To ENTER Hounds, is to Lnftrudl them, 
 how to hunt. 
 
 The time of doing this is when they are 
 feventeen or eighteen months old, then they 
 are to be taught to take the water and fwim j 
 they are to be led abroad in the heat of the 
 day to enable them to endure exercife j. 
 they muft be led through flocks of fheep and 
 v/arrens to brin.q; them to command.. 
 
 They mufb be brought to know their 
 names, to underftand the voice of thehuntf- 
 man, the found of the horn, and to ufe their 
 own voices. 
 
 Noon is the beft time of entering them, 
 in a fair warm day ; for if they be entered in 
 a morning, they will give out when the heat 
 comes on. 
 
 Take in the moil advanced, that the game 
 may not ftand long before them, but that 
 the hounds may be rewarded ; you ought to 
 do this at leaft once a week, for two months 
 fucceffively. 
 
 By this means they v/ill be fo flefhed and 
 feafoned with that game you enter them at, 
 that they will not leave off the purfuit. 
 
 You muft aifo take care to enter tiiem 
 with the beft and ftauncheft hounds that can 
 be got, and let there be not one barking cur 
 in the field. 
 
 The hare is accounted the beft game to 
 enter your, hounds at, for whatfoever chace 
 they are defigned for, they will thereby 
 learn all turns and doubles, and how to 
 come to the hollow ; they will alfo come to 
 
 have 
 
E N T- 
 
 have a perfeft fcent and hard feet, by being 
 ufed to high ways, beaten paths, and dry 
 hills. 
 
 They muft at firft have all tlie advantages 
 given them that may be, and when the hare 
 is ftarted from her form, let the fcent cool 
 a little, obferving which v/ay fhe went, and 
 then let the hounds be laid on v/ith the 
 utmoft advantage and help, that can be, 
 either of wind, view, or hollow, or the 
 pricking in her paflage. 
 
 Nor will it be amifs, if they have the 
 advantage of a hare tired the fame morning 
 in her courfe. 
 
 Care muit alfo be taken that they hunt 
 fair and even, without lagging behind, 
 flraggling on either fide, and running wild- 
 ly on head; and in cafe any be found com- 
 mitting fuch faults, they muft be beaten 
 into the reft of the pack, and forced to the 
 fcent along with them. 
 
 The like is to be done, if they refufe to 
 ftrike upon a default, but run on babbling 
 and yelping without the fcent, by doing 
 which they draw away the reft of the dogs, 
 until fome of the elder dogs take it, then 
 let them be cheriflied with horn and hollow. 
 
 If any of the young whelps trufting more 
 to their ov/n fcents than to the reft of the 
 pack, and confequently are caft behind, 
 work out the defaults by their own nofes, and 
 Gome to hunt juft an.d true; in fuch cales 
 they muft have all manner of encourage- 
 ment and afliftance, and they muPc be lefr 
 to work it out of themfelves at their ov/n 
 pace : for fuch dogs can never prove ill, if 
 they are not fpoiled by over hallinefs and 
 indifcretion ; for a little patience in the 
 hunters, and their own experience will bring 
 them to be the chief leaders. 
 
 When the hare is killed, the dogs muft 
 not be allowed to break her up, but they 
 muft be beaten off"; then fhe is to be caled 
 and cut to pieces, with which the young 
 hounds muft be rewarded ; and by this means 
 in a.fhort time the whelps will be brought 
 to great improvements. 
 
 Some are of opinion, that the beft way to 
 enter young hounds is to take a live hare, 
 and to trail her upon the ground, fometimes 
 
 E N T 
 
 one way and fometimes another, and having 
 drav/n her at a convenient diftance off" to 
 hide her there, and the dog taking the wind 
 thereof will run to and fro, till he finds her. 
 
 The huntfman ought to underftand well 
 the nature and difpofition of the hounds in 
 finding out the game ; for fome of them 
 are of that nature, that when they have 
 found out the footfteps they will go forwards 
 Avithout any voice or Ihev/ of tail. 
 
 Others again, when they have found a 
 head, will Ihew the game ; fome again hav- 
 ing found the footings of the beaft, will 
 prick up their ears a little, and either bark 
 or wag their ftern or ears. 
 
 Again, there are fome that cannot keep 
 the fcent, but wander up and down and 
 hunt counter, taking up any falfe fcent ; 
 and others again cannot hunt by foot, but 
 only by the light of the game. 
 
 For entering the hound at a hart or buck ; 
 let liim be in the prime of greafe : for then 
 he cannot ftand up or hold the chace fo 
 long. 
 
 The foreft pitched upon fliould have all 
 tlie relays at equal proportion as near as may 
 be ; then let the young hounds be placed 
 with five or fix old itaunch hounds to enter 
 them, and let them be led to the fartheft 
 and laft relay, and caufe the hart or buck to 
 be hunted to them; and being come up, let 
 the old hounds be uncoupled, and having 
 found the hart, having well entred the cry, 
 let the young ones be uncoupled ; and if 
 any of them are found to lag behind, whip 
 or beat them forwards. 
 
 In what place foever you kill the hart, 
 immediately fiay his neck and reward the 
 hounds ; for it is beft to do fo while he is 
 hot. 
 
 But for the more ready entering them, the 
 few following inftruftions may be of ufe. 
 
 Let them "be brought to the quarry, by 
 taking five or fix nimble huntfmen, and 
 each having two couple of dogs led in liajTis, 
 and havingunlodged the hart, purfue him 
 fair and foftly without tiring the hounds: 
 and after two or three hours chace, when 
 you find him begin to fink, then caft ofF 
 your young ones. 
 
 Another 
 
E NT- 
 
 Another method, is to take a buck or ftag 
 in a toil or net, and having difablcd him by 
 cutting one of his feet, let him loofe, then 
 •about half an hour after gather the young 
 hounds together, and having found out the 
 view or ilot of the buck or hart by the 
 bloodhound, uncouple your young dogs, 
 and let them hunt, and when they have 
 killed their game, reward them with it, 
 while it is hot ; the mofl ufual part being 
 the neck flayed. 
 
 Some enter their young hounds within a 
 toil, but that is not fo good : for the hart 
 or buck does nothing then but turn and 
 call about, becaufe he cannot run an end ; 
 by which means they are always in fight of 
 him, fo that if afterwards they were to run 
 at force, a free chace being out of fight, 
 the dogs would foon give over. S<.'e Hunts- 
 man. 
 
 Here take notice, that with whatfoever 
 you firft enter your hounds, and therewith 
 reward them, they will ever after love 
 moft. 
 
 Therefore if you intend them for the hart, 
 enter them not firft with the hind. 
 
 ENTERFERING, a difeafe incident to 
 horfes, that comes feveral ways ; being ei- 
 ther hereditary, or by fome ftifFnefs in the 
 pace ; or by bad and over broad Ihoeing ; 
 which caufe him to go fo narrow behind 
 with his hinder feet; that he frets one 
 againft another, fo that there grows hard 
 mattery fcabs, which are fo fore that they 
 make him go lame ; the figns being his ill 
 going, and the vifible marks of the fcabs. 
 
 The cure : Take three parts of flieeps 
 dung newly made, and one part of rye or 
 wheaten flower, which muft be dried and 
 mixt well with the dung; kneading it to a 
 pafte ; then let it be made up into a cake 
 and baked, and apply this warm to the part, 
 and it will heal it foon ; or elfe anoint 
 it with turpentine, and verdegreafcj mixt 
 together, finely powdered. 
 
 ENTERMEWER [in Falconry] is a 
 hawk that changes the colour of her wings 
 by degrees. 
 
 To ENTERPEN [in Falconry] a term 
 ufpd of a hawk, who they fay enterpenneth ; 
 
 ERG 
 
 that is, flic has her feathers wrapt up, fnarled, 
 or entangled. 
 
 ENTERVIEW [in Falconry] a term ufed 
 for the fecond year of a hawk's age. 
 
 ENTIER : the French word for a ftone 
 liorfe ; entier is a fort of horfe that refufes to 
 turn, and is fo far from following or ob- 
 ferving the hand, that he refills it. Thus 
 they fay. 
 
 Such a horfe is entier on the right hand, 
 he puts himlelf upon his right heel, and 
 will not turn to the right. 
 
 If your horfe is entier, and refufes to turn 
 to what hand you will, provided he flies or 
 parts from the two heels, you have a remedy 
 for him ; for you have nothing to do but to 
 put the Newcaftle upon him ; i. e. fupple 
 him with a caveflbn made after the Duke of 
 Ne-zvcaftle's way. 
 
 ENTORSES. See Eastern. 
 
 ENTRAVES, and Entravons. See 
 Locks. 
 
 ENTREE AS, is a broken pace or going, 
 and indeed properly a broken amble, that 
 is neither a walk, nor trot, but fomewhat of 
 an amble. 
 
 This is the pace or gate of fuch horfes as 
 have no reins or back, and go upon their 
 flioulders, or of fuch as are fpoiled in their 
 limbs. 
 
 ENTRIES [Hunting term] are thole 
 places or thickets through which deer are 
 found lately to have pafl^ed, by which their 
 largenefs or fize is guefl'ed at, and then the 
 hounds or beagles are put to them for view. 
 
 EPARER, a word ufed in the manage, 
 to fignify the flinging of a horfe, or his 
 yerking or ftriking out with his hind legs. 
 
 In caprioles, a horfe muft yerk out be- 
 hind with all his force; but in balotades he 
 ftrikes but half out ; and in croupades he 
 does not ftrike out his hind legs at all. 
 
 All fuch yerking horfes are reckoned 
 rude. 
 
 ERGOT, is a ftub like a piece of foft 
 horn, about the bignefs of a chefnut, placed 
 behind and below the paftcrn joint, and 
 commonly hid under the tuft of the fet- 
 lock. 
 
 To DIS-ERGOTj or take it out, is to cleave 
 
EYE 
 
 it to the quick with an incifion knife, In 
 order to pull up the bladder full of water, 
 that lies covered with the ergot. 
 
 This operation is fcarce pradifcd at Paris ; 
 but in Holland it is frequently performed 
 upon all four legs, with intent to prevent 
 watery fores and other foul ulcers. 
 
 ESQUIAVINE, an old French word fig- 
 nifying a long and fevere chaftifement of a 
 horfe in the manage. 
 
 ESSAY OF A DEER,.[Hunting term] is 
 the bread or brifket of that animal. 
 
 ESTRAC, is the French word for a horfe 
 that is light bodied, lank bellied, thin 
 flanked, and narrow chefted. See Belly, 
 Light Bellied, Flank, Jointer, i^c. 
 
 ESTRAPADE, is the defence of a horfe 
 that will not obey; who to get rid of his 
 rider, rifes haftily before ; and while his 
 fore hand is yet in the air, yerks out furioufly 
 with his hind legs, ftriking higher than his 
 head was before, and during his counter- 
 tiiT^e goes back rather than advances. 
 
 ESTRAY, a beaft that is wild in any 
 lordfhip, and not owned by any man ; in 
 which cafe, if it be cryed according to law 
 in the next market towns, and it be not 
 claimed by the owner within a year and a 
 day, it falls to the Lord of the IVIanor. 
 
 To EXPEDIATE, fignifies to cut out 
 the balls of dogs feet, to hinder them from 
 purfuing the King's game. But Mr. Man- 
 wood fays, it implies the cutting off the 
 four claws of the right fide ; and that the 
 owner of every dog in the forcft unexpedi- 
 tated is to forfeit 3^. and /\.d. 
 
 To EXTEND a Horse, fome make ufe 
 of this expreffion, importing to make a horfe 
 grow large. 
 
 EYES OF Horses that are veiy bright, 
 lively, full of fire, pretty large and full, are 
 raoft efteemed ; but fiich as are very big, 
 are not the beft ; neither fliould they be too 
 goggling or flaring out of the head, but 
 equal with it ; they fhould alfo be refolute, 
 bold, and brifk. 
 
 A horfe to appear well fhould look on his 
 objeft fixedly, with a kind of difdain, and 
 not turn his eyes another way. 
 
 The eye of an horfe difcovers his inclina- 
 
 E Y E 
 
 ti'on^ pafTion, malice, health, and difpofi- 
 tion ; when the eyes are funk, or that the. 
 eye brows are too much raifed up, and as it 
 were fwelled, it is a fign of vicioufnefs and 
 ill-nature. 
 
 When the pits above the eyes are ex- 
 tremely hollow, it is for the mofc part a- 
 certain token of old age, though horfes got 
 by an old ftallion have them very deep at 
 the age of four or five years ; as alfo their 
 eyes and eyelids wrinkled and hollow. 
 
 In the eye there are two things to be con- 
 fidered. i. The cryflal. 2. The bottom or 
 ground of the eye. 
 
 The cryftal, is that roundnefs of the eye 
 which appears at the firfb view, being the 
 mofl transparent part thereof, and it fliould 
 for clearnefs refemble a piece of rock cryf- 
 tal, fo that it may be plainly feen through ; 
 becaufe if it is otherwife obfcure and trou- 
 bled, it is a fign the eye is not good. 
 
 A reddifh cryftal, denotes that the eye is. 
 either inflamed, or that it is influenced by 
 the moon ; a cryftal that is feiiille mort, or 
 of the colour of a dead leaf upon the lower, 
 pai-t, and troubled on the upper, infallibly 
 indicates that the horfe is lunatic; but is 
 continues no longer than while the humour 
 aftually poflefies the eye. 
 
 The lecond part of the eye that is to be 
 obferved, is the ground or bottom, which is 
 properly the pupil or apple of the eye, and 
 to be good, ought to be large and full : it 
 may be clearly perceived, that you may 
 know if there be any dragon, /. e. a white 
 fpot,^ in the bottom thereof, wliich makes 
 a horfe blind in that eye, or will do it in a 
 fhort time ; this fpeck at firfl appears no 
 bigger than a grain of millet; but will 
 grow to fuch a bignefs as to cover the whole 
 apple of the eye, and is incurable. 
 
 If the whole bottom of the eye be white, 
 or of a tranfparent greenifli white, it is a 
 bad fign, though the horfe be not quite 
 blind, but as yet fees a little : however it. 
 ought to be obferved, that if you look to 
 his eyes, when oppofite to a white wall, the 
 reflection of it will make the apples of them 
 appear whitifh, and fomewhat inclining to 
 the green, though they be really good ; when 
 
 JQU. 
 
EYE 
 
 you perceive this, you may try whether his 
 eyes have the fame appearance in another 
 place. 
 
 If you can difcern as it were two grains 
 of cliimncy foot fixed thereto, above the 
 bottom of the eye, it is a fign the cryilal is 
 tranfparcnt, and if befides this, the faid 
 bottom be without fpot or whitenefs, tlien 
 you may conclude that the eye is found. 
 
 You hiould alfo examine whether an eye 
 which is troubled and very brown, be lefs 
 than the other, for if it be, it is unavoid- 
 ably loft without recovery. 
 
 Examine diligently thofe little eyes that 
 are funk in the head, and appear very black, 
 and try if you can perfeftly fee through the 
 cryftal, then look to the bottom of the eye, 
 and fee that the pupil be big and large; for 
 in all eyes the fmall, narrow, and long pu- 
 pils run a greater rifle of lofing the fight, 
 than any other. For their diforders and 
 cure, fee Waters. 
 
 EYE OF A Horse, fome general obferv- 
 ations from thence to difcover the quality or 
 condition of a horfe : 
 
 1. The walk or ftep of a blind horfe is 
 always unequal and uncertain, he not daring 
 to fet down his feet boldly when he is lead in 
 one's hand ; but if the fame horfe be mount- 
 ed by a vigorous rider, and the horfe of 
 himfelf be mettled, then the fear of the 
 fpurs will make him go refolutely and freely, 
 fo that his blindnefs fhall fcarce be per- 
 ceived. 
 
 2. Another mark by which a horfe that is 
 flark blind may be known, is, that when he 
 hears any perfon entering the fi:able, he will 
 inftantly prick up his ears, and move them 
 backwards and forwards ; the reafon is, be- 
 caufe a fprightly horfe having loft his fight 
 miftrufts every thing, and is continually in 
 an alarm upon the leaft noife he hears. 
 
 3. When horfes have either the real or 
 baftard ftrangles, or are changing their foal 
 teeth, or are putting out their upper tu flies, 
 fome of them have their fight weak and 
 troubled, fo that a man would judge them 
 blind J and fometimes they aftually become 
 fo. 
 
 JVo/fj that this weaknefs of fight happens 
 
 EYE 
 
 oftener in cafting the corner teeth, than 
 any of the reft. 
 
 4. The colours moft fubjeft to bad eyes 
 are, the very dark grey, the flea bitten, the 
 white fpotted, that of peach bloIToms, and 
 frequently the roan. For the cure of bad 
 eyes, yi^i?' Ulcer. 
 
 EYE OF THE BRANCH OF A Bridle, is the 
 uppermoft part of the branch which is flat 
 with a hole in it, for joining the branch to 
 the headftall, and for keeping the curb faft. 
 A liorie unfhod of one eye, is a rallying 
 exprefficn, importing that he is blind of an 
 eye. 
 
 EYE OF A Bean, is a black fpeck or mark 
 in the cavity of the corner teeth, which is 
 formed about the age of five and a half, and. 
 continues till feven or eight. 
 
 And it is from thence we ufuallyfay, fuch 
 a horfe marks ftill ; and fuch a one has no 
 mark. See Teeth. 
 
 EYE-FLAP. A little piece of leather, 
 that covers the eye of a coach-horfe when 
 harnefled. 
 
 EYESS, 1 a young hawk newly taken out 
 NYESS, \ of the neft, and not able to 
 prey for herfelf. 
 
 It being difficult to bring fuch a bird to 
 perfeflion, flie mull be fed, firft in a cool 
 room that has two windows, one to the 
 north, and the other to the eaft, which are 
 to be opened and barred over with laths, but 
 not fo wide as for a hawk to get out, or 
 vermin to come in ; and the chamber 
 ought to be fcrewed with frefti leaves, ^c. 
 
 Her food muft be fparrows, young pige- 
 ons, and fticeps hearts ; and her meat Ihould 
 be cut while Ihe is very young or little, or 
 flired into finall pellets, and fhe muft be 
 fed twice or thrice a day, according as you 
 find her endure it, or put it over. 
 
 When ftie is full fummed and flies about, 
 give her whole fmall birds, and fometimes 
 feed her on your fift, fufFering her to ftrain, 
 and kill the birds in your hand, and fome- 
 times put live birds into her room, and let 
 her kill and feed on them, and hereby you 
 will not only neul her, but take heroff"from 
 that fcurvy quality ofhiding her prey. 
 
 Again, go every morning into the room, 
 
 and 
 
F A L 
 
 •jind call her to your fift : as foon as the has 
 put forth all her feathers, take her out of 
 the chamber, and furnifli her with bells, 
 bewits, jeffes, and lines : it will be abfo- 
 lutely necefiary to feel her at firft, that fhe 
 may the better endure the hood and hand- 
 ling ; and the hood fliould be a rufter, one 
 that is large and eafy, which muft be put 
 on and pulled off frequently, ftroking her 
 often pn the head till flie ftands gently.; and 
 in the evening unfeel her by candle-light. 
 See (he manner 0/ Seeling a Hawk. 
 
 EYRE OF THE Forest, the juftice-feat 
 or court, which ufed to be held every three 
 years by the juftices of the foreft, journey- 
 ing up and down for that purpofe. 
 
 EYRIE [in Falconry] a brood, or neft, 
 a place where hawks build and hatch their 
 
 1~^ALCADE ; a horfe makes falcades 
 _f^ when he throws himfelf upon his haun- 
 ches two or three times, as in very quick 
 corvets ; which is done in forming a Hop, 
 and half flop. 
 
 A falcade therefore, is this aftion of the 
 haunches and of the legs, which bend very 
 low J as in corvers, when you make a Hop 
 or half-ftop. Thus they fay. 
 
 This horfe Hops well ; for he makes two 
 or three falcades, and finiflies his ftop with 
 s. pefate. 
 
 This horfe has no haunches j he will make 
 no falcades. 
 
 The falcades of that horfe are fo much 
 prettier, that in making them his haunches 
 are low. 
 
 Stop your horfe upon the haunches, in 
 making him ply tliem well j fo that after 
 forming his falcades, he muft refume his 
 gallop without making a pefate; that is, 
 without flopping or marking one time : and 
 thus he will make a half-ftop. See Stop, 
 ITalf-stop, Haunches, andTiu^. 
 
 FALCON ] Of thefe there are feven 
 
 FAULCON j kinds, viz. falcon gen- 
 tle, the haggard falcon, the barbary or tar- 
 taret falcon, the gerfalcon, the faker, the 
 lanner, the tunician. 
 
 Falcons of one kind differ much, and are 
 
 F A L 
 
 differently named, according to the time 
 of their firft reclaiming, places of haunt, 
 and the countries from whence they come ; 
 as mew'd hawks, ramagcd hawks, foar- 
 hawks, eyeftes ; and thefe again are divided 
 into large hawks, mean hawks, and (lender 
 hawks. 
 
 All thefe have different mails and plumes 
 according to the nafure of the country from 
 whence they come ; as fome are black, 
 fome blank, or ruiTet : and they alfo are 
 different in difpofition, as fome are beft 
 for the field, and others for the river. 
 
 Names are alfo given to falcons according 
 to their age and taking. 
 
 The firft is an ' eyefs ; which name ftie 
 bears as long as ftie is in the eyrie. Thefe 
 are very troubiefome in their feeding, they 
 cry very much, and are not entered but with 
 difficulty ; but being once well entered and 
 quarried, prove excellent hawks for the hern, 
 river, or any fort of fowl, and are hardy and 
 full of mettle. 
 
 The fccond is a ramage falcon, which 
 name fhe retains from the time of her leav- 
 ing the eyrie, during the months of Juney 
 July, and Augiift. 
 
 Thefe are hard to be manned, but being 
 well reclaimed, are not inferior to any hawk. 
 
 The third is a foar-hawk ; fo called, Sep- 
 tcmber, OSfober, and November. 
 
 The firft plumes they have when they for- 
 fake the eyrie, they keep a whole year be- 
 fore they mew them, which are called foar- 
 feathers. 
 
 The fourth is termed murzarolt, (tlie 
 lateft term is carvift, as much as to fay, 
 carry on the fift) they are fo called January, 
 Februaryy March, and April, and till the 
 middle of Alay, during wliich time they 
 muft be kept on the fift. 
 
 They are for the moft part very great ha- 
 ters, and tlierefore little eaters : they are 
 bad hawks, frequently troubled with filander 
 worms, and are rarely brought to be good 
 for any thing. 
 
 The fifth are called enter-mews, from the 
 middle of May to the latter end of Decem- 
 ber ; they are fo called becaufe they caft 
 their coats. 
 
 S FAL- 
 
F A L 
 
 FALCONER, one who tames, manages, 
 and looks after falcons, or other hawks. 
 
 FALLING-EVIL in Horses, a difeafe 
 proceeding from ill blood, and cold thin 
 phlegm gathered together in the fore-part 
 of the head, betv/een the panicle, and the 
 brain ; which being difperfed over the whole 
 brain, fuddenly caufes the horfe to fall, 
 and bereaves him of all fcnfe for a time. 
 
 The fymptoms of this diftemper are, 
 when the horfe is falling, his body will qui- 
 ver and quake, and he will foam at the 
 mouth, and when you would think him to 
 be dying, he will rife up on a fudden and 
 fall to his meat. 
 
 Spdniffj, Ito.Ho.n^ and French horfes, are more 
 fubjeft to this diftemper than the Englifh. 
 
 The cure. Bleed the horfe in the neck, 
 taking away a good quantity of blood ; and 
 bleed him again in the temple veins and 
 eye veins, four or five days after ; afterwards 
 anoint his body all over with a comfortable 
 fridion, and bathe his head and ears with 
 oil of bay, liquid pitch and tar mixed to- 
 gether, and make him a canvafs cap quilted 
 with wool, to keep his head warm, and give 
 him a purging orfcouring. 
 
 FALLOW, being of a palifli red colour, 
 like that of a brick half burnt ; as a fallow 
 deer. 
 
 FALLOW-HOUNDS, are hardy, and of 
 a good fcent, keeping well their chace with- 
 out change ; but not fo fwift as the white ; 
 they are of a ftrong conftitution, and do not 
 fear the water, running furely, and are very 
 hardy, commonly loving the hart before any 
 other chace. 
 
 Thofe that are well jointed, having good 
 claws, are fit to make blood-hounds, and 
 thofe which have fhagged tails are generally 
 fwift runners. 
 
 Thefe hounds are fitter for Princes than 
 private gentlemen, becaufe they feldom run 
 more than one chace, neither have they any 
 great ftomach to the hare, or other fmall 
 chaces ; and that which is worft of all, they 
 are apt to run at tame beafts. 
 
 FALSE QUARTER in a Horse, is a 
 cleft, crack, or chink, fometimes on the 
 outfidcj but for the moft part on the infide 
 
 FAR 
 
 of his hoof, being an unfound quarter, aD-* 
 pearing like a piece put in, and not at all 
 intire : it is attended with a violent pain, 
 and opening as the horfe fets his foot to the 
 ground. 
 
 This diftemper, as to the inward caufe, \s 
 the eftefi: of a dry brittle hoof, and narrov/ 
 heels ; it comes by ill flioeing and paring, 
 or elfe by gravelling, or a prick with a nail or 
 ftub, which will occafion halting, and wa- 
 terilh biood Avill ifilie out of the cleft. 
 
 The cure : Cut away the old corrupt 
 hoof, and having the v.'hites of nine esss. 
 powder of incenfe, unllaked lime, maftic, 
 verdigreafe, and fait, of each three ounces, 
 mix them together, and dip into them as 
 much hards as will cover the whole hoof, 
 and apply them to the forrance, and lay 
 fwine's greafe all about it the thicknefs of an 
 inch or more ; do this likewife underneath, 
 and tie on all fo faft as that it may not be 
 ftirred for a whole fortnight at leaft, then 
 renew the fame application, and the horfe 
 will require no other dreffing to compleat 
 the cure. 
 
 FAR, an appellation given to any part of 
 a horfe's right fide ; thus the far foot, the 
 farflioulder, i£c. is the fame with the riglit 
 foot, the right fhoulder, i£c. 
 
 FARCIN, •\ A creeping ulcer, and 
 
 Fi\RCY, [■ the moft loathfome-, 
 
 FASHIONS, 3 ftinking, and filthy dif- 
 eafe, that a horfe can be afFedledwith ; pro- 
 ceeding from corrupt blood, engendered in 
 the body by over-heats and colds, which be- 
 gins firft with hard knots and puftules, which 
 by fpreading and dilating themfelves, will at 
 laft over-run the whole body of the horfe j 
 but it commonly arifes in a vein, or near 
 fome mafter vein that feeds and nouriflies 
 the difeafe. 
 
 This diftemper is fometimes occafioned 
 by fpur-galling with rufty fpurs, fnaffle- 
 bitt, or the bite of another horfe infedied 
 with the fame difeafe : or if it be in the leg, 
 it may come by one leg's interfering with 
 the other, &c. 
 
 In the begining of this difeafe a few fmall 
 knobs, or tumours, are found on the veins. 
 They refemble grapesj and are painful to 
 
 the 
 
FAR 
 
 the touch, fo that the creature will fliew 
 evident marks of it's uneafinefs on their be- 
 ing prefled with the finger. They are at 
 firll: very hard like unripe grapes, but in a 
 very little time become loft blifters, which 
 break anddifcharge a bloody matter, and be- 
 come very foul and untoward ulcers. This 
 difeafe appears in different places in differ- 
 ent creat«*es. Some fhew it firft on the 
 head, fome on the external jugular vein, 
 fome on the plate vein, extending from 
 thence downwards on the infide of the 
 fore-leg towards the knee, or upwards to- 
 wards the briflcet ; in fome it firlt appears 
 about the pafterns, on the fides of the large 
 veins of the infide of the thigh, extended 
 towards the groin ; and in others on the 
 flanks, fpreading by degrees towards the 
 lower belly. 
 
 The Method of Cure. 
 
 When the farcy attacks only one part of a 
 horfe, and where the blood veffels are fmall, 
 it may be eafily cured ; but when the plate 
 vein is affefted, and turns chorded, and efpe- 
 cially when the curial veins within fide of 
 the thigh are in that condition, the cure be- 
 comes very difficult, and the creature is 
 rarely fit for any thing after it, but the 
 meaneft drudgery. Thofe therefore v/ho 
 depend upon Ibme particular medicine, and 
 flatter th^mfelves with being able to cure 
 with it every fpecies of the farcy, will find 
 themfelves wretchedly miftaken ; various 
 medicines are neceffary, according as the dif- 
 eafe is fuperficial or inveterate : the former 
 is eafily cured, nay fometimes moderate 
 exercife alone will be fufficient ; but the 
 latter requires knowledge and experience, 
 and fometimes baffles the moft fkilful, and 
 defies the W'hole power of medicine. Co- 
 pious bleedings are abfolutely neceffaiy, 
 efpecially if the creature be fat and full of 
 blood. This evacuation always checks the 
 progrefs of a farcy in it's beginning ; but the 
 good effefts of it vanifli too foon, efpecially 
 if the horfe be low in flefh. After bleeding, 
 mix four ounces of cream of tartar, with a 
 fuff.cient quantity of lenetive electuary, to 
 
 F A R,^ 
 
 make it into balls, and give the dofe every 
 other day for a week ; and at the fame time 
 give him three ounces of nitre every day in 
 his water. While thefe medicines are given 
 inv/ardly to remove the caufe, let the tu- 
 mours be rubbed twice a day with the fol- 
 lowing ointment : Take of ointment of el- 
 der, four ounces i of oil of turpentine, two 
 ounces ; of fugar of lead, half an ounce ; 
 of white vitriol powdered two drams : mix 
 the whole well together in a glafs mortai-, 
 and keep it for ufe. ' 
 
 If the tumours break and run a thick well 
 digefted matter, it is a fign that the difeafe 
 is conquered, and the creature will foon be 
 well ; but it will be neceflary to give him 
 two ounces of the liver of antimony every 
 day for a fortnight, and two ounces every 
 other day for a fortnight longer. This me- 
 thod will never fail in a farcy where the 
 fmall veins only are affefted j and a fmall 
 time will complete the cure. 
 
 But wheh the farcy affefts the large blood 
 veffels, the cure will be far more difficult. 
 When the plate or crurial veins are chorded, 
 lofe no time, but bleed immediately on the 
 oppofite fiele, and apply to the diftempered 
 vein the follov/ing medicine : Talce of the 
 oil of turpentine fix ounces, put it into a 
 pint bottle, and drop into it by degrees 
 three ounces of oil of vitriol ; be careful in 
 mixing thefe ingredients, for otherwife the 
 bottle will burft; when therefore you have 
 dropped in a few drops of the oil of vitriol 
 into the bottle, let the mixture reft till it 
 has done fmoaking, and then drop in more, 
 proceeding in this manner till the whole is 
 mixed. 
 
 If the fiircy be fituated in the loofe and 
 fleffiy parts, as thofe of the flanks or belly, 
 the mixture fl^ould confift of equal parts of 
 oil of turpentine and oil of vitriol ; but when 
 the feat of the difeafe is in the parts lefs 
 flefliy, the proportions above are belt idapt- 
 ed to perform the cure. The medicines 
 muft be ufed in the following m.'nner : 
 Take a woollen cloth, and with it rub the 
 parts affefted, and then apply fome of the 
 compound oil to every bud and tumour; 
 continue this metliod twice a day. At the 
 S i fame 
 
FAR 
 
 fame time give cooling phyfic every other 
 day; the balls and nitrous draughts men- 
 tioned above will anfwer the intention. By 
 this treatment the tumours will digeft and 
 chords diflblve : but it will be neccfiary to 
 give the liver of antimony to complete the 
 cure and prevent the relapfe ; and alfo dreis 
 the feres v/hen well digeited with a mixture 
 of bees-wax and oil, which will heal them, 
 and fmooth the Ikin. 
 
 Som.etimes the difeafe will not eafily yield 
 to this treatment, efpecially when fituated 
 near the fianks and lower belly. In this 
 cafe it will be neceflary to bathe the parts 
 with the above compound oil as far as the 
 centre of the belly, and at the fame time 
 give a courfe of antimonial medicines. The 
 following compofition is reckoned ftronger 
 then that given above, and on that account is 
 often ufed where the difeafe is obftinate : 
 Take of fpirits of wine four ounces ; of tlie 
 oil of vitriol and turpentine, of each two 
 ounces ; and of verjuice fix ounces. Mix 
 the whole with the caution above direfted. 
 
 When the before method fails, and the 
 diftemper becomes inveterate, the follow- 
 ing medicine is recommended by an emi- 
 nent praditioner : Take of linfeed oil half 
 a pint J of the oils of turpentine and petre, 
 of each three ounces ; of the tincture of 
 euphorbium and hellebore, of each two 
 drams ; of oil of bays, two ounces ; of oil 
 of origanum and double aqua-fortis, of 
 each half an ounce : mix the whole together 
 with great caution, and when the ebullition 
 is over, add two ounces of Barbadoes tar. 
 
 This medicine muft be rubbed on the 
 tumours and chorded veins once in two or 
 three days j obferving, that if the mouths 
 of the ulcers are choaked up, or the fkin fo 
 thick over them as to confine the matter, to 
 open a paflage with a fmall hot iron, and 
 defcroy with vitroii the proud fiefh, after 
 which it may be kept down by touching it 
 occafionally with oil of vitriol, aqua-fortis, 
 or butter of antimony. 
 
 Thefe are the beft methods for curing the 
 farcy; a difeafe which has baffled the at- 
 tempts of the mofl fkilful, and deftroyed 
 many an ufeful creature. Some of our far- 
 
 F A R 
 
 riers give the mofi: draftic and dangerous 
 medicines, and even put corrofive fublimate- 
 or arfenic into the buds, after opening them.. 
 But this is a very bad pradVice, and often 
 abfolutely kills the creature it v/as intended 
 to cure ; for if a fmall quantity of it gets 
 into the blood, death is the inevitable con- 
 fcquence. 
 
 The ingenious Dr. Bracken recomm.ends 
 the mercurial ointment, for rubbing the 
 chords and tumours before they break, in 
 order to difperfe them ; and when they are 
 broke, to drefs the fores with a mixture 
 compofed of equal parts of Venice turpen- 
 tine and quickfilver. If by this means the 
 mouth become fore, a gentle purge fhould 
 be given to prevent a falivation. This is 
 doubtlefs a very good method, and if care 
 be not wanting, will often prove efitdlual. 
 
 He alfo recommends the following altera- 
 tive ball : Take of butter of antimony and 
 bezoar mineral, of each one ounce ; beat 
 them up with half an ounce of cordial ball, 
 and give the bignefs of a walnut, or three 
 quarters of an ounce everyday for two or three 
 weeks, fafting two or three hours after it. 
 
 WATER-FARCIN. This difeafe haa. 
 no refemblance to a true farcy, it is really 
 a dropfy, and is of two kinds, one pro- 
 duced by a feverilla difpofition terminating 
 on the fkin, as often happens in epedimical 
 cojds : the other a true dropfy, where the 
 water is not confined to the belly and limbs, 
 but is found in different parts of the body, 
 where a great number of foift fwellings ap- 
 pear, which yield to the preffure of the 
 finger. The laft generally proceeds from 
 foul feeding, or from the latter grafs or 
 fogs, v/hich generally rife in great plenty 
 mornings and evenings at the autumnal fea- 
 fons, and greatly injure the health of fuch 
 horfes as continue abroad. Nor is this all, the 
 cold rains common at the fame time increafe 
 the evil, and render the blood fluggilh and 
 vifcid. 
 
 The firft fpecies may be relieved by flight 
 fcarifications in the infide of the leg and 
 thigh, with a fliarp penknife ; but in the 
 other fpecies, we muft endeavour to dif- 
 charge the water, recover tlie crafis of the 
 
 blood. 
 
FAT 
 
 Blood, and brace up the relaxed fibres of 
 the whole body. In order to this a purge 
 muft be given every week or ten days ; and 
 immediately after the firft, the following 
 balls : Take of nitre, two ounces ; of quills 
 powdered, half an ounce ; of camphor one 
 dram ; and of honey a quantity fufficient to 
 make the whole into a ball. 
 
 Let one of thefe balls, be given every 
 day; and to render it more efFedlual, let it 
 be waflied down with a horn or two of the 
 following drink : Take of black hellebore, 
 frefh gathered, two pounds : walb, bruife, 
 and boil it in fix quarts of water, till two 
 quarts are wafted : ftrain off" the liquor, and 
 pour on the remaining hellebore tv/o quarts 
 of white wine, place it in a gentle hear, and 
 let it infufe fortv-eight hours ; ftrain it off", 
 and mix both together, and give the horfc 
 a hornful or two after each ball. 
 
 When the horfe has been treated in this 
 manner a fufficient time, that is till the 
 water is evacuated, and he begins to reco- 
 ver, give him a pint of the follovv^ing infu- 
 fion every night and morning, for a fort- 
 night, fafting two hours after it : Take of 
 gentian root, and zedoary, of each four 
 ounces ; of chamomile-flowers, and the tops 
 of centaury, of each two handfuls ; of 
 Jefuit's bark pov/dered, two ounces ; of 
 juniper-berries, four ounces ; of filings of 
 iron, half a pound ; infufe the whole in 
 two gallons of ale for a vv'eek, fhaking the 
 veflel often. 
 
 FARRIER. One whofe employment is 
 to fhoe horfes, and cure them when difeafed 
 pr lame. 
 
 Farrier's Pouch, a leather bag in 
 which they carry nippers, drivers, ftioes for 
 all fizes of feet, good ftiarp nails, and all 
 that is proper for new ftioeing a horfe that 
 has loft his Ihoe upon the road. 
 
 If you have no Farrier with you, you 
 muft always in your equipage have a Far- 
 rier's pouch well provided, and a groom 
 that knows how to drive nails. 
 
 FATTENING of Horses : there are a 
 multitude of things prefcribed for this pur- 
 pofe, of which thefe that follow have by 
 experience been found to be the beft. 
 
 1. Take elecampane, cummin-feed, ta- 
 merifks, anife-feeds, of each two ouaces, 
 and a handful of groundfel ; boil all thefe 
 very well with three heads of garlic, cleanfed 
 and ftamped, in a gallon of ftrong ale : 
 ftrain the liquor well, and give the horfe a 
 quart of it lukewarm in a morning, and fet 
 him up hot. Do this for four or five morn- 
 ings, and afterwards turn him to grafs, if 
 the weather permit, but if it does not keep 
 him in the houfe ; and befides the aforefaid 
 drink, take the fine powder of elecampane, 
 and the fame quantity of cummin-feeds 
 powdered, and every time you give him 
 provender, fprinkle half an ounce of this 
 powder by little and little therein, for fear 
 he fliould naufeate it, until it be quite eaten 
 up. 
 
 2. Put two fpoonfuls of diapente in a 
 pint of fweet wine, brew them together, 
 and give it the horfe for three mornings ; 
 for that will take away all infeftions and 
 ficknefs from the inward parts : then feed 
 him with provender, at leaft three times a 
 dav,. viz. after his water in the morning, 
 after his water in the evening, and at nine 
 o'clock at night. And if you perceive that 
 he does not eat his provender well, then 
 change it to another, and let him have moft 
 of that food he loves beft. 
 
 3. Let the horfe blood; then put half a 
 bufnel of coarfe barley-meal into a pail full 
 of water, ftirring it about for a confiderable 
 time, then let it ftand till it fink to the 
 bottom ; pour off" the water into another 
 pail for the horfe's ordinary drink, and make 
 him eat the meat that remains at the bottom 
 of the pail three times a day, morning, 
 noon, and night; but if he refufe, or feem 
 unwilling to eat the meal alone, mix it with 
 a little bran ; the next day leflen the quan- 
 tity of bran, and at laft give him none at 
 all, for it ferves only to accuftom him to 
 eat the meal : or you may mix afmall quan- 
 tity of oats with the meal> and diminiftr it 
 by degrees as before. 
 
 It is to be obferved, that the barley muft 
 be ground every day as you ufe it, for it 
 quickly grows four, after which the horfe 
 v/ill not tafte it, 
 
 Ther<£ 
 
FAT 
 
 There are not many horfes which may not 
 be fattened by keeping them to this diet for 
 the fpace of twenty days. 
 
 Barley ground after this manner, purges 
 the horfe, and cools his inward parts ; but 
 the greateft efRcacy lies in the water, which 
 is impregnated with the moft nourilhing lub- 
 ftance of the meal. 
 
 When you perceive your horfe to thrive 
 and grow lufty, you may take him off from 
 his diet by degrees, giving him at firft, oats 
 once, and barley-meal twice a day; then 
 oats twice, and the meal once, till the horfe 
 is perfedlly weaned. 
 
 In the mean time you may give him hay, 
 and good flraw alfo if you pleafe, but you 
 mull not ride him, only walk him foftly 
 about half aii hour in the middle of the 
 tJay. 
 
 After the horfe has eaten barley-meal eight 
 days, give him the following purgative, if 
 vou find he ftands in need of it : take an 
 ounce of the fineft aloes, and half an ounce 
 of agaric, and roots of flowers- de-lis, and 
 of Florence, of each an ounce ; pound all 
 thefe three to powder, and mingle them 
 with a quart of milk, warm as it comes 
 from the cow, if it can conveniently be 
 had, and keep the horfe bridled fix hours 
 before, and fix hours after the taking of it, 
 without difcontinuing his ufual diet. 
 
 This purgation will operate efl-eftually, 
 the humours being already prepared, and 
 the body moiftened and cooled ; and there- 
 fore the medicine will not occafion any 
 diforder or heat, and the horfe will vifibly 
 mend. 
 
 After the operation of the purgative is 
 quite ceafed, the horfe muft be kept eight 
 days at diet as before. 
 
 If horfes of value, that are full of mettle, 
 and of a hot and dry conftitution, were to 
 be kept to this diet for a convenient fpace 
 of time, once a year, it would infallibly 
 preferve them from feveral diftempers ; and 
 it is efpecially ufeful at the end of a cam- 
 paign, or after a long journey. 
 
 If your horfe lofes his appetite, (as it 
 often happens) when he begins to eat, you 
 jnay tie a chewing-ball to his bitt, renew- 
 
 F E L 
 
 ing it fo often till he begin to feed heartily 
 on the barley; for thefe balls not only re- 
 ftore loft appetite, but purify the blood, 
 prevent difeafes, and contribute to the fat- 
 tening of the horfe. 
 
 FAWN, a buck or doe of t!ie firft year. 
 
 FEATHER in a Horses Forehead, 
 &c. is nothing elfe but a turning of the 
 hair, which in fome refembles an ear of bar- 
 ley, and in others a kind of oylet-ho!e. 
 
 When it reaches a good way along the 
 upper part of the neck, near the mane, it 
 is a good mark ; and if it be on each fide 
 of the neck, the mark is the better. 
 
 So likewife if there be in the forehead 
 tY\?o or three of thefe oylets, feparate from 
 each other, or fo joined that they form a 
 kind of feather; or if the like mark be 
 upon the ply of a horfe's hind thigh, and 
 upon the back part of it, near to where the 
 end of his dock or rump reaches, it is a very 
 good mark. 
 
 FEATHER also upon a Horse, is a 
 fort of natural frizzling of the hair, which 
 in fome places rifes above the lying hair, 
 and there cafts a figure refembling the top 
 of an ear of corn. 
 
 There are feathers in feveral places of a 
 horfc's body, and particularly between the 
 eyes. 
 
 Many believe, that when the feather is 
 lower than the eyes, 'tis a figa of a weak 
 fight ; but this remark is not always certain. 
 
 A Roman feather, is a feather upon a 
 horfe's neck, being a row of hair turned 
 back and raifed, which forms a mark like a 
 back-fword near the mane. 
 
 FEEL ; to feel a horfe in the hand, is to 
 obferve that the will of the horfe is in the 
 hand, that he taftes the bridle, and has a 
 good uppui in obeying the bitt. 
 
 To feed a horfe upon the haunches, is to 
 obferve that he plies or bends them, which 
 is contrary to leaning or throwiag upon the 
 ftioulders. 
 
 FELDFARES, the manner of taking them by 
 
 water birdlime. 
 
 Take your gun about Michaelmas, or 
 when the cold weather begins to come in, 
 
 and 
 
FE R 
 
 xnd kill fome feldfares ; tlien take one or 
 two of them, and faften to the top of a tree, 
 in fuch a manner, that they may feem to be 
 alive. When you have done this pre- 
 pare two or three hundred tv/igs, take a 
 good birchen bough, and therein place your 
 twigs, having firft cut off" all the fmall twigs, 
 fet a feldfare upon the top of the bough, 
 making it faft, and plant this bough v/here 
 the feldfares refort in a morning to feed ; 
 for they keep a conftant place to feed in, till 
 there is no more food for them left. 
 
 By this means others flying near will 
 quickly efpy the top bird, and fly in whole 
 flocks, or a great number, to him. 
 
 FERIME A Eerme ; a word peculiar to 
 the manage fchools, fignifying in the fame 
 place, without Itirring or parting. 
 
 You mud raile that horfe firme a ferme. 
 This horfe leaps upon firma a firma, and 
 works well at caprioles. 
 
 FENCE MONTH, the month wherein 
 deer begin to fawn, during which it is un- 
 lawful to hunt in the foreft. It begins June 
 tlie 19th, and continues to July the 19th. 
 
 There are alio certain fence or defence 
 months, or feafons for fifh, as well as wild 
 beafts, as appears by PP^eJi, 2. G. 3. in thefe 
 words ; all waters where Jalmon are taken, 
 fball be in defence from taking any falmons, 
 from the Nativity of our Lord, unto St. Mar- 
 tin's day ; iikewife that young falmons (hall 
 not be taken nor deftroyed by nets, &c. from 
 the niidji 0/ April, to- the Nativity of St. John 
 Baptift. 
 
 FERRET is a creature that is bred 
 naturally in England, but not in France, 
 Germany, Italy, and Spain ; they are tamed 
 for the ufe of thofe who keep warrens, and 
 others. 
 
 The body of this animal is longer than 
 is proportionable : their colour is variable, 
 fometimes black and white upon the belly ; 
 but moft commonly of a yellowifh fandy 
 colour, like wool dyed in urine. 
 
 The head is fomething like that of a 
 moufe, and therefoie into what hole foever 
 file can put it, all the body will eafily follow 
 after. 
 
 The eyes are fmali but fiery, like red hot 
 
 FET 
 
 iron, and therefore flie fees mofl clearly in 
 the dark. 
 
 Her voice is a whining cry without chang-- 
 ing of it : flie hath only two teeth in her 
 nether chap, {landing out, and notjoined and 
 growing together. 
 
 The genital of the male is of a bony fub~ 
 fl;ancc, and therefore it always ftandeth fciftV 
 and is not lefler at one time than another. 
 
 The pleafure of the fenfe of copulation, 
 is not in the genital part but in the mufcles,. 
 tunicles, and nerves wherein the faid genital 
 runs. 
 
 When they are in copulation, the female; 
 lieth down, or bendeth her knees, and con- 
 tinually crieth like a cat, either becaufe the 
 male claweth her with his na-ils, or by reafon 
 of the roughnefs of his genital. 
 
 The ferret ufually brings forth feven or 
 eight at a time, carrying them in her belly 
 for forty days : the young ones are blind 
 for thirty days after they are littered, and 
 they may be ufed for procreation, as their 
 dam is, within forty days after they can fee. 
 
 When they have been tamed, they are 
 nourifhed with milk, or barley bread, and 
 they can faft a very long time. 
 
 Vv'hen they walk they contract their long, 
 back, and make it ftand upright in the mid- 
 dle round like a bowl : when thev are touch- 
 ed, they fmell like a martel, and they fleep 
 very much. 
 
 The ferret is a bold audacious animal, an 
 enemy to all others but his own kind; 
 drinking and fucking in the blood of the 
 beaft it biteth, buteateth not the flelli. 
 
 When the warrener has occalion to uie 
 his ferret, he firfi: makes a noife in the war- 
 ren to frighten the conies who are abroad 
 into their burrows, and then he pitches his 
 nets ; after that he puts the ferret into the 
 earth, having muzzled her mouth, '[o that 
 ine may not feize but only frighten the co- 
 nies out of their burrows, who are afterwards 
 driven by the dogs into the nets or hays^ 
 planted for them. 
 
 FETLOCK is a tuft of hair as big as the 
 hair of the mane, tiiat grov/s behind the 
 paftern joint of many horfes ; horfes of low- 
 fize have fcarce any fuch tufr. 
 
 Some 
 
F E V , 
 
 Some-coach hories have large fetlocks; 
 and ochcis have fo mucti hair upon theirs, 
 that if the coacliman does not take care to 
 keep them clean and tight, they will be fub- 
 jeft to the watery fores called the xvaters. 
 
 FFA'ERS, [in Farriery] Horfes are very 
 fubject to fevers, from a great variety of 
 caufes, and care fliould be taken as foon as 
 the creature is feized, to attempt the cure. 
 
 When a horfe is feized with a fever, he 
 will be remarkably reftlcfs, ranging from 
 one end of the rack to the other ; iiis flanks 
 work ; his eyes appear red and inflamed, 
 his tongue parched and dry, his breath hot, 
 and of a fl:rong fmel! ; lie is often fmelling 
 to the ground, lofes his appetite, and though 
 he will take the hay into his mouth, does 
 not chew it ; his whole body is hotter than 
 ordinary ; but not parched ; he dungs often, 
 little at a time, ufually hard, and in fmall 
 pieces.' His urine is high coloured, and he 
 generally ftales with pain and difficulty : he 
 is always craving for water, and drinks 
 often, but very little at a time ; and his pulfe 
 is much quicker than common. 
 
 Whenever a fever is perceived, the firft 
 part of the cure is bleeding, and the quan- 
 tity, if the horfe is ftrong, and in good con- 
 dition, would amount to two or three 
 quarts. When this has been done, give him 
 four times a dav a pint of the following In- 
 fufion : Take of baum, fage and camomile 
 flowers, of each a handful : of liquorice 
 root niced an ounce ; and of nitre, three 
 ounces : pour upon thefe ingredients two 
 quarts of boiling water : and when cool 
 ftrain It off^; fqueeze into It the juice of 
 three lemons, and fweeten It with honey. 
 
 The horfe fliould eat nothing but fcalded 
 bran, given him In fmall quantities ; but if 
 he refufes this, let him have dry bran fprlnk- 
 led with water, and let a little hay be put 
 into his rack, as a fmall quantity of It will 
 not be prejudicial, and a horfe will often 
 eat hay, when he will not touch any thing 
 elfe. His water fhould be a little warm, 
 given often, but in fmall quantities j and 
 his cloathing moderate, too much heat be- 
 ing pernicious in a fever. 
 
 This method, with good nurfing, will 
 
 F E V 
 
 often prove fulHcient to refVore the horfe to 
 health ; but if he refufes his meat, more 
 blood fliould be taken from him, the drink 
 continued ; and If his dung be hard and 
 knotty, the follov/ing clyfter fliould be 
 given : Take of m a rfli mallows, two hand- 
 fuls ; of camomile flowers one handful; and 
 of fennel feeds, one ounce: boil the whole 
 in three quarts of water, till one quart is 
 wafted ; then ftrain off the liquor, and add 
 to It four ounces of treacle, and a pint of 
 common oil. 
 
 This clyfl:er fliould be given every other 
 day ; and the intermediate day, the follow- 
 ing fliould be given : Take of cream of tar- 
 tar, and of gl.iuber's falts, of each four 
 ounces ; dllTolve them in barley-water, and 
 add one ounce oflenetive electuary. 
 
 By purfuing this method, the horfe will 
 begin to i-ecover, and he will relifli his hay, 
 though his flanks will continue to heave 
 pretty much for a fortnight ; but nothing 
 more will be requifite to compleat the 
 cure, than walking him abroad in the air, 
 and giving him plenty of clean litter to reft 
 on in the ftable. 
 
 But there Is another and much worfe fort of 
 fever, to which horfes are very fubjeft, 
 and which often proves fatal, if not proper- 
 ly treated. 
 
 The fymptoms of this diforder are a flow 
 fever, with great deprefiion ; he is fome- 
 times Inwardly hot, and outwardly cold ; 
 and other times hot all over, but not to any 
 extreme. His eyes appear moift and lan- 
 guid; his mouth is continually moift, fo that 
 he is not defirous of drinking ; and when 
 he does, a very little fatisfies him. He eats 
 very little, and even then moves his joints 
 in a loofe, feeble manner, and grates his 
 teeth very difagreeably ; his body is gene- 
 rally open, his dung foft and moift, his 
 ftaleing irregular, fometimes maldng little, 
 at others a large quantity of water, which 
 is of a pale colour, and has very little fedi- 
 ment. 
 
 The firft relief is to take from him a 
 moderate quantity of blood, let it not ex- 
 ceed three pints, but repeat the operation 
 in proportion to his ftrength, fullnefs, cough, 
 
 or 
 
F E V 
 
 or anytendency to inflammation ; after which, 
 the nitre drink already defcribed, may be 
 given, with the addition of an ounce of Inake 
 root, three drams of faftron, and the fame 
 quantity of camphire firft diffolved in a little 
 fpirit of wine. 
 
 The diet fhould be fcalded or fprinkled 
 bran, and the beft flavoured hay given him 
 by handfuls at a time. And it will often 
 be necefary to feed him by hand, as 
 he will not be able to lift his head to the 
 rack. 
 
 In this difeafe, drinking is abfolutely ne- 
 ceflliry to dilute the blood, and therefore if 
 the horfe refufes warm water he fhould be 
 indulged with fuch as has had only the chill 
 taken ofT, by {landing fome time in the 
 ftable. And this will be no difadvantage, 
 for the warm water forced on horfes, palls 
 their ftomachs for a time, and confequently 
 takes away their appetite ; but this water 
 -which has only flood in the Arable reflores 
 them. 
 
 If this method fhould not prove fufiicient, 
 but the fever continues to increafe, the fol- 
 lowing balls fhould be given immediately, 
 as the danger augments every hour : Take 
 of contrayerva-root, myrrh, and fnake-root 
 powdered, of each two drachms; offaffron, 
 one drachm : of mithridate, or Venice treacle, 
 half an ounce, make the whole into a ball, 
 with honey, which fhould be given twice a 
 day, and waflied down with two or three 
 horns of an in:"ufion of fnake-root, fweetened 
 with honey, and acidulated with half-a-pint 
 of vinegar. 
 
 If thefe balls fliould not anfwer the in- 
 tention (which will not often be the cafe) 
 add to each a drachm of camphire, and, when 
 the horfe is of value, the fame quantity of 
 caflor. 
 
 Or the following drink may be given, 
 which has been often attended with fuccefs: 
 Take of camphire one drachm, diflblved in 
 an ounce of redlified fpirit of wine, poar it 
 gradually into a pint of diflilled vinegar, 
 and give it at two dofes. 
 
 Perhaps there is not a more powerful and 
 efFcdlual medicine known than camphire, in 
 all thefe kinds of putrid fevers, being aftive. 
 
 F E V 
 
 attenuating, and particularly calculated t6 
 promote fecretions of urine aiid pcrfpiration, 
 the two principal outlets by v/hich the fe- 
 brile matters are difcharged ; and it would 
 be fortunate for the poor beaft, and advan- 
 tageous to the farrier, if it v/ere oftener 
 given than at prefent. 
 
 It is necefTary to be obferved, that if the 
 horfe fhould prove coftive, clyfters, or an 
 opening drink will be neceflary ; and fhould 
 he purge, care mull be taken not to fupprefs 
 it, if moderate ; but if it continues long 
 enough to render the horfe feeble, add 
 diacodium to his drink inftead of mithri- 
 date. 
 
 Another necefTary obfcrvation is, to let 
 him drink plentifully, as that will greatly 
 tend to promote the operation of the above 
 medicines, and confequently render them 
 more efteftual in cuiing the diforder. 
 
 A particular regard fhould alio be had to 
 his fl;aling, which muft be repreiTed by pro- 
 per afcringents, and giving him lime water, 
 if it fliould flow in too great quantities : and 
 on the other hand, if it happens, that he is 
 too remifs that way, and flales too little, as 
 to occafion a fulnefs and fwclling of his 
 body and legs, the following drink fliould 
 be given: Take of fait prunella, or nirre, 
 one ounce; of juniper berries, and Venice 
 turpentine, of each half an ounce, make 
 the whole into a ball, with oil of amber. 
 
 Two or three of thefe balls may be given 
 at proper intervals, and waflied down with 
 a decodion of marfhmallows fweetened with 
 honey. 
 
 Thefe are the befl methods of managing 
 fevers, and will generally prove fuccefsful; 
 but fometimes art will fiiil, and the horfe 
 will difcharge a greenilh or reddifli gleet 
 from his noftrils, and fneeze very frequent- 
 ly ; he will continue to loofe his flefh, be- 
 come hide-bound, refufe his meat, fwell 
 about the joints, and his eyes appear as if 
 fixed and dead, and a purging enfue, in 
 which he will difcharge a foetid, dark co- 
 loured matter ; when thefe fymptoms appear, 
 his cafe may be confidered as defperate, and 
 all attempts to fave him will be in vain. 
 
 But, on the contrary, when his flcin feels 
 T kindly 
 
F E V 
 
 kindly, his ears and feet continue of a mode- 
 rate warmth, his eye looks brilk and live- 
 ly, his nofo continues clear and dry, his 
 appetite mends, he lays down with cafe, 
 and dungs and Hales regularly, you may 
 conclude chat the . danger is over, and no- 
 thing wanting but care to compleat the cure. 
 But you mull be very attentive to his 
 feeding, and not fuffer him to eat too much; 
 his dice fhould be light; a fmall quantity 
 only given him at one time, and increafed 
 by degi ccs, as he gathers ftrength ; for 
 horfes have often catched great furfeits, and 
 relapfed into their foraier difeafe, merely 
 through over-feeding. 
 
 Sometimes the fever will be brou2;ht to 
 intermit, or leave the creature for a time. 
 If this iliould happen, be very careful as 
 foon as you find the fit is over, to give him 
 an ounce of Jei'uit's baric, and repeat it every 
 fix hours, till the creature has taken five or 
 fix ounces : if any eruptions or fwellings, 
 they fhould be encouraged, as they are good 
 fymptoms, and denote a termination of the 
 diftemper, and that no more medicines are 
 necelTary : 
 
 In the years 1732, and 1773, a terrible 
 epedemic fever raged among the horfes, and 
 it was then found by experience, that the 
 fimpleft method was attended with the befl 
 fuccefs, and that thofe who treated the dif- 
 temper in the following manner were rarely 
 difappointed. 
 
 The Hrft operation was to bleed largely, 
 to the quantity of three quarts, if the horfe 
 was ftrong and full of fleili ; and if his lungs 
 were not relieved by it, but continued fcuffed 
 and loaded, the bleeding was repeated, and 
 a rowel put in the chelt or belly. 
 
 Thefe previous operations being perform- 
 ed, take care to dilute the blood, by giving 
 the creature plenty of water, or white drink: 
 and let his meat be warm bran mafhes, and 
 his hay fprin'Jed. If the fever fliould in- 
 creafe, which may be known by the fymp- 
 toms above defcribed, give him an ounce 
 of nitre thrice a day in his water, or made 
 up into a ball with honey. Let his body be 
 kept cool and open, with the opening drink, 
 given twice orthrice aweek; for an ounce of 
 
 F I G 
 
 fait of tartar may be given every day, dif^ 
 folved in his water, obferving to omit the 
 nitre. After a week's treatment in this- 
 manner, the cordial ball may be given once 
 or twice a day, and walked down with an 
 infufion of liquorice root fv/eetened with 
 honey ; to v/hich may be added, when the 
 phlegm is tough, or- cough dry and hufky, 
 a quarter of a pint of linfeed, or fallad oil,. 
 mixed with an equal quantity of oxymel of 
 fquiils. 
 
 Care fliould be taken on thefe occafions 
 to keep the head and throat warmer than 
 common, as the kernels about the latter 
 are generally fwelled, to promote a free 
 perfpiration, and increafe the running at the 
 nofe, which has the fame elfcft in a horfe,, 
 as fpitting in the human fpecies. But never 
 attempt to lyringe the nofe, as fome too. 
 often do, to promote the difcharge ; for it 
 has a quite contrary effeft, and will lefTen 
 the quantity of matter which fliould be in- 
 creafed as much as pofTible. The checking 
 of this matter, not only increafes the fever, 
 but alfo occafions bad fwellings in the parts 
 and glands, in and near the head. And let 
 me once for all remind the practitioner, 
 that all fuch difcharges are critical, and 
 thrown off by nature to free herfelf from the 
 load that opprefTes her, and confequently 
 iliould by ail means be promoted. 
 FIANTS, 
 FAUNTS, 
 FH^-IASHING, tiie dunging of any fort 
 of wild beafts. 
 
 FIG IN Horses, a difeafe that takes it's 
 name from a wart or broad piece of fiefh 
 growing upon the frufh towards the heel, 
 refembling a fig in fliape. « 
 
 It proceeds from fome hurt received in 
 the foot, that has not been thoroughly 
 cured: or by afbubor nail, bone, thorn, or 
 fi;one, and fometimes by an over reach upon- 
 the heelor frufli. 
 
 The general method of cure, is to cut 
 away the hoof for the more eafy effefting it ; 
 and then to bind a piece of fpunge clofe on 
 the part, which will eat off the fi;g to the 
 very root, and then they heal the fore with 
 the green oinement. 
 
 FII.ANDERS, 
 
 J 
 
 the dung of deer. 
 
F I S 
 
 FILANDERS, a difeafe in hawks, of 
 which there arefeveral forts: they are worms 
 as fmall as a thread, and about an inch long, 
 which lie wrapt up in a thin fkin, or net, 
 near the reins, apart from either gut or 
 gorge. 
 
 FILLETS, the loins of a horfe, which 
 begin at the place where the hinder part of 
 the faddle refts. 
 
 FILLY, a term among horfe-dealers to 
 denote the female or mare colt. 
 
 FILM WHITE UPON THE EYE OF A HoRSE, 
 
 niay be removed by lifting up the eye-lid, 
 after the eye has been wallied with wine, 
 and ftroaking it gently with one's thumb 
 v;ith wheat flour: aifo common fait, or fait 
 of lead, beaten fine and put into the eye is 
 proper to confume a film ; or you may wafli 
 the horfe's eye with your fpittle in the morn- 
 ing fading, having firft put a little fait into 
 your mouth : but there is nothing fo effec- 
 tual, as fal-armoniac beaten and put into the 
 eye, and repeated every day till the film is 
 gone. 
 
 FIRE, to give the fire to a horfe, is to 
 apply the firing iron red hot to fome preter- 
 natural fwclling in order to difcufs it ; which 
 is oftentimes done by clapping the firing 
 iron to the flcin without piercing through. 
 
 We give fire to farcy knots by running a 
 pointed burning iron into the ulcer. 
 
 V/e likewife give fire for wrenches of the 
 pafterns. 
 
 FIRING IRON, is a piece of copper or 
 iron about a foot long, one end of which 
 is made flat, and forged like a knife, the 
 back of it being half an inch thick, and the 
 fore edge about five or fix times thinner. 
 
 When the farrier has made his firing iron 
 red hot in his forge, he applies the thinneft 
 part to a horfe's flcin, and fo gives the fire 
 to the hams, or fuch places as ftand in r.ced 
 of it. 
 
 FISH, as to the quality of breeding them, 
 it is fcafce to be found out by any certain 
 fymptom ; for fome very promifing ponds 
 do not always prove ferviceable:' one of the 
 belt indications of a breeding pond, is when 
 there is good quantity of rufli and grazing 
 about it, with gravelly fhoals, fuch as hcrfe- 
 
 F I S 
 
 ponds ufually have ; fo that when a water 
 takes thus to breedino:, v/ith a few milters 
 and fpawners, two or three of each, a whole 
 country may be flocked in a fhort time. 
 Eels and perch are of very good ufe to keep 
 down the Itock of fifli ; for they prey much 
 upon the fpawn and fry of bred fifh, and 
 will probably defcroy the fuperfluity of them. 
 As for pike, perch, tench, roach, &'c. 
 they are obfcrved to breed m almoft any 
 waters, and very numeroufly ; only eels 
 never breed in Handing waters that are with- 
 out fprings ; and in fucli are neither found 
 nor encreafe, but 'oy putting in ; yet where 
 fprings are, they are never wanting though 
 not put in. And, v/hich is moil Ilrange of 
 all, no perfon ever faw in an eel, the leail 
 token of propagation, either by milt or 
 fpawn ; fo that whether they breed at all, 
 and how they are produced, a^e queftions 
 equally myflerious, and ncvxr as yet re- 
 folved. 
 
 For the method of feeding fifh, take the 
 following remarks : i. In a lleAV, thirty or 
 forty carps may be kept up from 05Tobsr 
 to Alarch, v/ithout feeding ; and by fifliino- 
 with tramels or flews in March, or April-, 
 you may take from your great waters to re- 
 cruit the flews ; but you muft not fail to feed 
 all fummer from March to OSlober a^^ain, 
 as conftantly as cooped chickens are fed, 
 and it v/ill turn to as good an account, 
 
 2. The care of feeding is beft committed 
 to a butler or gardener, who Ihould be al- 
 ways at hand j becaufe the conftant and re- 
 gular ferving of the filli, conduces very 
 much to their well eating and thriving. 
 
 3. Any fort of grain boiled is good to feed 
 with, efpecially peafe, and malt coarfe 
 ground; the grains after brewing while 
 frefh and fweet are very proper ; but one 
 bufhel of malt not brev/ed will go as far as 
 two of grains ; chippings of bread, and 
 fcraps oft' a table, fleeped in tap droppings 
 cf flrong beer or ale, are excellent food for 
 carps ; of thefe the quantity of two quarts 
 to thirty carps every day is fuflicient, and 
 to feed morning and evening, is better than 
 once a day only. 
 
 4. There is a fore of food for fifh that may 
 T 2 be 
 
F I S 
 
 be called accidental, and is no kfs improv- 
 ing than the beft that can be provided j 
 and thai is, when the pools happen to re- 
 ceive the wafh of commons, where many 
 ih'eep have pafture, the water is enriched 
 by the foil, and will feed a much greater 
 number of carps than otherwife it would do ; 
 and farther, the dung that falls from cattle 
 (landing in the water in hot weather, is al-' 
 fo a very great nourifhment to fifh. 
 
 5. More particularly, the moll proper food 
 to raife pikes to an extraordinary fatnefs, 
 is eels, and without them it is not to be 
 done but in a long time ; otherv/ife fmall 
 perches are the beft meat you can give them. 
 Breams put into a pike-pond, breed exceed- 
 inglv, and are fit to maintain pikes, that 
 will take care they fliall not encreafe over 
 much J the numerous fry of roaches and 
 rouds which come from "the greater pools 
 into the pikes quarters, will likewife be 
 good diet for them. 
 
 6. Pikes in allftreams, and carps in hun- 
 o-ry fpringing waters, being fed at certain 
 times, will come up and take their meat 
 almoftfrom your hand ; and it is a diverting 
 ob^ecl,- to fee the greedincfs and ftriving 
 that will be among them for the good bits, 
 with the boldnefs they will attain to by con- 
 fiant and regular feeding. 
 
 7. The moft convenient feeding place is 
 towards the mouth of the pond, at the 
 depth of about half a yard ; for by that 
 means the deep will be kept clean and neat, 
 as it were a parlour to retire to, and reft in : 
 the meat thrown into the water without 
 other trouble will be picked up by the fifti, 
 and nothing fhall be loft ; yet there are fe- 
 veral ingenious devices for giving them 
 food, efpecially peafe ; as a fquare board let 
 down with the meat upon it by the four 
 corners, whence a ftring comes, made faft 
 to the end of a ftick like a fcale, which may 
 be readily managed. 
 
 8. When fifli are fed in the larger pools 
 or ponds, where their numbers are alfo 
 great, there will be fome expence as well 
 as pains : but as foon as they are taken out, 
 and it appears how they are thriven, you 
 will allow both well employed, either malt 
 
 F I S 
 
 boiled or frefh grains, is the beft food iti' 
 thiscale. Thus carps may be fed and raifed 
 like capons, and tenches will feed as well, 
 but perch are not for a ftew in feeding 
 time. 
 
 As to the benefits that redound from the 
 keeping of fifli, befides furnifhing your ta- 
 ble, obliging your friends, and raifing. 
 money, your land wrll be vaftly improved,, 
 fo as to be really worth and yield more this- 
 way, than by any other employment what- 
 foever : for fuppofe it to be a meadow of 
 2 /. per acre : four acres in pond, will re- 
 turn you every year a thoufand fed carps, 
 from the leaft fize to fourteen or fifteen in- 
 ches long ; befides pikes, perch, tench, 
 and other fry ; the carps are faleable, and 
 •will bring 6ii, gd. and perhaps 1 2^. a piece, 
 amounting in all to 25/. which is 6/. 5j-. 
 per acre, the charge of carriage only to be 
 deducted. 
 
 When a great water is defigned to be 
 brought, you take the firft fpit of the ground 
 upon which the bank is to ftand, and form 
 the pan of the pond. Now in cafe you 
 convey the earth taken thence to fome 
 place where it may be cafiiy removed upon 
 your tillage-land, let it lie there to rot the ■ 
 fod, and there is not a better manure to be 
 had, being alfo more than pays the charge 
 of digging and carrying it off. 
 
 You gain the making of ftews, and it 
 may be other ponds for the convenience of 
 your cattle, all at one expence ; for if you 
 are obliged to dig clay and earth for your 
 bank, it is as eafily taken where it does 
 this, as otherwife. 
 
 If the foil about the waters be in any wife 
 moorifli, it may be planted with ofiers, 
 which yield a certain yearly crop. 
 
 The feed of the pond, when laid dry, 
 and the corn, z. e. oats, which you may 
 have upon the bottom, though meer mud, 
 is very confiderable. 
 
 If cattle graze near your great pools, 
 they will delight to come and ftand in the 
 water, which conduces much to the thriving 
 of your beafts, as well as to the feeding of 
 your fifti by their dunging, as has been al- 
 ready hinted: it is therefore advifable to 
 
 have 
 
F I S 
 
 have ponds in cow-paftures and grazing- 
 grounds. 
 
 As to the fowing of oats in the bottom of 
 a pond, take care to dry your great water 
 ODce in three, or at moil; four years, and 
 that at the end of January, or beginning of 
 March, which (if the year do not prove 
 very unfeafonable) will be time enough. 
 After Michaelmas following, you may put 
 in a great llock of fifli, and thin them in 
 fucceeding years as the feed declines. See 
 Pond-Heads. 
 
 FISHING-FLIES, are both natural and 
 ai'tificial ; the natural are almofi: innumera- 
 ble, of which I fliall name only the moft 
 principal, viz. the dun-fly, the ftone or 
 may-fly, the tawny fly, the vine-fly, the 
 fnell-fly, the cloudy and blackilh fly, the 
 flag-fly; alfo caterpillars, canker-flies, bear- 
 flies, l£c. all which appear either fooner or 
 later, according as the fpring proves for- 
 ward or backward ; and thefe flies are all 
 good in their feafon, for fuch filh as rife at 
 the fly. 
 
 The better to know the fly the fifh covets 
 mofl:, when you come to the river-fide in 
 the morning, beat the bufheswith yourrod, 
 and take up as many various forts as you 
 can, and make a trial of them, and by that 
 means you will find which fort they bite moft 
 eagerly at; though they will fometimes 
 change their fly, but this is only when they 
 have glutted themfclves with that fort they 
 like beft. 
 
 There are two ways of fifliing with thefe 
 natural flies, viz. either on the furface of 
 the water, or a little underneath it. 
 
 If you angle for chevin, roch or dace, 
 move not the natural fly fwiftly when you 
 fee the fifh make at it, but rather let it 
 glide freely towards him with the fl:ream ; 
 but if it be in a ftdl and flow water, draw 
 the fly flowly fide-ways by hini, and this 
 will caufe him to purfue it eagerly. 
 
 As for the artificial fly, it is feldom ufed 
 but in blufl:ering weather, when the waters 
 are fo difturbed by the wind, that a natural 
 fly cannot well be feen, nor rell upon 
 them. 
 
 There are twelve forts of dubs or artificial 
 
 FI S 
 
 flies, of v/hich thefe that follow are the prin- 
 cipal. 
 
 1. Yox March, the dun-fly; made of dun 
 wool, and the feathers of the partridge's 
 wing; or the body made of black wool and 
 the feathers of a black drake. 
 
 2. For April, the fi;one-fly ; the body 
 made of black wool, dyed yellow under the 
 wings and tail. 
 
 3. For the beginning of -M«)', the ruddy 
 fly ; made of red wool and bound about 
 with black filk, with the feathers of a black 
 capon hanging dangling on his fides, next 
 his tail. 
 
 4. For June, the greenifli fly ; the body 
 made of black wool, v/ith a yellow lift on 
 either fide, the wings taken off the wings of 
 a buzzard, bound with black broken hemp. 
 
 5. The i-nr)orifh fly, the body made of 
 duflcifh wool, and the wings of the blackifh 
 mail of a drake, 
 
 6. The tawny fly good till the middle 
 of June; the body made of tawny wool, 
 the wings made contrary one againfl: the 
 other, of the whitifh mail of a white drake. 
 
 7. For July, the wafp-fly ; the body made 
 of black- wool, cafl: about with yellow filk, 
 and the wings of drakes feathers. 
 
 8. The fteel-fly, good in the middle of 
 July ; the body made with greenifli wool, 
 cafl: about with the feathers of a peacock's 
 tail, and the wings made of thofe of the 
 buzzard. 
 
 9. For Auguji, the drake fly ; the body 
 made with black wool cafl: about with black 
 filk, his wings of the mail of a black drake, 
 with a black head. For the different kinds 
 of Fip, and BireBlons for taking them, fee 
 each under their proper Article; as for Carp- 
 Fishing fee Carp. 
 
 Dire5lions for artificial Fly-fiJInng. 
 
 I . Fiih- in a river that has been fomewhat 
 difl:urbed by rain, or in a cloudy day, when 
 the waters are moved by a gentle breeze ; if 
 the wind be gentle, the befl: angling will be 
 in fwift fl:reams, but if it blow fomewhat 
 ftrong, but not fo but that you may conve- 
 niently guard your tackle, the filh will rife 
 in plain deeps, 3. Al- 
 
F I S 
 
 1. Always angle with afmall fiy anu clear 
 wings, in clear rivers ; but uic larger in 
 muddy places. 
 
 3. Keep at as good diftance from the 
 water-fide as you can, and fifli down the 
 llreani with the fun at your face, and touch 
 not the water with your line. 
 
 4. When the water becomes brownilh af- 
 ter rain, ufe an orange fly ; and in a clear 
 day, a light coloured fly, and a dark fly for 
 dark waters, ^c. 
 
 5. Have feveral of the fame of every fort 
 of fly, differing in colour, to fuit the co- 
 lours of feveral waters and v/eathers. 
 
 6. Let the fiy fall firfl into the water, and 
 not the line, which will be apt to fright the 
 Hlh. 
 
 7. Let your line be twice the length of 
 your rod, unlefs the river be encumbered 
 with wood. 
 
 8. In flow rivers, or Hill places, cafl; the 
 fly over crofs tlie river, and let it fink a lit- 
 tle in the water, and draw it gently back 
 with the current. 
 
 9. Make ufe of a quick eye and nimble 
 hand, to ftrike prefently with the rifing of 
 the fifh, left he flioidd have time to fpew 
 out the hook. 
 
 Every one that delights in fly-filhing, 
 ought to learn the way of making two forts 
 of artificial flies; the palmer, ribbed with 
 filver or gold, and the may-fly. 
 
 In the making of the palmer- fly, you 
 muft arm your line on the infide of the 
 hook, and cut ofl^ fo much of a mallard's 
 feathers to make the v/ings. 
 
 Then lay the outermofl: part of the feather 
 next the hook, and the point of the feather 
 towards the fliank of the hook, whip it 
 three or four times about the hook with the 
 fame filk you armed your Jrook, and make 
 the fllk faft. 
 
 Take the hackle of the neck of a cock, 
 or capon, (but a plover's top is beft) and 
 take off" one fide of the feather, and then 
 take the hackle, filk, or gold or filver 
 thread, and make all thefe faft at the bent 
 of the hook, v/orking them up to the wings, 
 iliifting your fingers every turn and making 
 ■a ftop, then the gold will fall right, which 
 jTiake.faft. 
 
 F J S 
 
 After this, take the hook betwixt your 
 finger and thumb, in the left hand, and 
 with a needle or pin part the wings in two, 
 then with the arm.ing filk, (having faftened 
 allhitherto) whip it about as it fails acrofs 
 between tire wijTgs, and with your thumb 
 turn the point of the feather towards the 
 bent of the hook, then v/ork it three or 
 four times about the fliank, and faften it; 
 and view the proportion for other flies. 
 
 If you make the grounds of hog's-wool, 
 fandy, ,black, or v/hite, or bear's-wool, or 
 of a red bullock,' work thefe grounds on a 
 waxed filk, and arm and fet on the wings as 
 before dire6led. 
 
 The body of the may-fly muft be wrought 
 with fome of thefe grounds, which will be 
 adminably well when ribbed with black hair 
 or filk. 
 
 Others make them with fandy hog's wool, 
 ribbed with black filk, and winged with a 
 mallard's feather, according to the Angler's 
 fancy. 
 
 The oak-fly muft be made with orange 
 tawney, or orange coloured cruel, and black 
 for the body ; and the brawn of the mallard's 
 feather for the wings. 
 
 Laftly, there is another fly, the body of 
 v/hich is made of the ftrain of a peacock's 
 feather. 
 
 March is the month to begin to angle 
 with the fly, but if the weather prove windy 
 or cloudy, there are feveral forts of palmers 
 that are good at that time : the firft is a 
 black palmer, ribbed with filver; thefecond, 
 a black palmer with an orange tawny body-; 
 thirdly, a palmer whofe. body is ail black; 
 laftly, there is a red palmer, ribbed with 
 gold, and a red hackle mixed with orange 
 cruel. 
 
 Obferve, that the lighteft flies are for 
 cloudy and dark weather, and the darkeft 
 for bright and light ; and the reft for indif- 
 ferent feafons. 
 
 Salmon flies fliould be made with their 
 wings ftanding one behind the other, whe- 
 ther two or four, and of the gaudieft co- 
 lours that can be, for he delights in fuch ; 
 and this chiefly in the wings, which muft 
 be long as well as the tail. 
 
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 4 dcjc-ipion of proper baits for the fever al 
 forts of Fish referred to in the foregoing 
 table. 
 
 FLIES. 
 
 I. Stone-fiy-j found under hollow ftones 
 at the fide of rivers, is of a brown colour, 
 with yellow ftreaks on the back and belly, 
 has large wings, and is in feafon from April 
 to July. 
 
 1. Green-drake, found among ftones by 
 river fides, has a yellow body ribbed with 
 green, is long and (lender, with wings like 
 .a butterfly, his tail turns on his back, and 
 from Mry to Midfummer fs very good. 
 
 3. Oak-fly, found in the body of an old 
 •oali or afh, with its head downwards, is of 
 
 a brown colour, and excellent from May to 
 .September; for trout, put a cod-bait or gen- 
 tle on the point, and let it fink a few inches 
 in clear water. 
 
 4. Palmer-fly, or worm, found on leaves 
 of plants, is commonly called a caterpillar, 
 and when it comes to a fly is excellent for 
 trout. 
 
 5. Ant-fly, found in ant-hills from June 
 to September. 
 
 6. The may-fly is to be found playing at 
 the river-fide, efpecially again ft rain. 
 
 7. The black-fly is to be found upon 
 every hawthorn, after the buds are come 
 off. 
 
 PASTES. 
 
 I. Take the blood of fliceps hearts, and 
 rnix it with honey and flour worked to a 
 proper confiftence. 
 
 a. Take old cheefe grated, a little butter 
 fufRcient to work it, and colour it with 
 faffron : in winter ufe rufty bacon inftead of 
 butter. 
 
 3. Crumbs of bread chewed or worked 
 with honey, (or fugar), moiftened with gum- 
 ivy water. 
 
 4. Bread chewed, and worked in the hand 
 till ftifF. See for more under the Articled ki.iy. 
 roR Angling : as alfo for Worms under its 
 
 proper Article. 
 
 W O R M S. 
 
 1. The earth-bob, found in fandy ground 
 after ploughing; it is white, with a red 
 head and bigger than a gentle : another is 
 found in heathy ground, with a black or 
 blue head. Keep them in an earthen veflel 
 v.'ell covered, and a fufficient quantity of 
 the mould they harbour in. They are ex- 
 cellent from April to November. 
 
 2. Gentles, to be had from putrid fiefh : 
 let them lie in wheat bran a few days before 
 ufed. 
 
 3. Flag-worms, found in the roots of 
 flags; they are of a pale yellow colour, are 
 longer and thinner than a gentle, and muft 
 be Icowered like them. 
 
 4. Cow-turd-bob, or clap-bait, found 
 under a cow-turd from May to Michaelmas ; 
 it is like a gentle, but larger. Keep it in 
 its native earth like the earth-bob. 
 
 5. Cadis-worm, or cod-bait, found under 
 loofe ftones in fiiallow rivers; they are yel- 
 low, bigger than a gentle, with a black or 
 blue head, and are in feafon from April to 
 July. Keep them in flannel bags. 
 
 6. Lob-worm, found in gardens; it is 
 very large, and has a red head, a ftreak 
 down the back, and a flat broad tail. 
 
 7. Marfti-worms, found in marfliy ground: 
 keep them in mofs ten days before you ufe 
 them : their colour is a blueifh red, and are 
 a good bait from March to Michaelmas. 
 
 8. Brandling red-worms, or blood-worms, 
 found in rotten dunghills and tanners bark; 
 they are fmall red-worms, very good for all 
 fmall fifti, have fometimes a yellow tail, 
 and are called tag-tail. 
 
 FISH a:nd INSECTS. 
 
 I. Minonw. 2. Gudgeon. 3. Roach. 4. 
 Dace. 5. Smelt, 6. Yellow Frog. 7. 
 Snail Slit. 8. Grafshopper. 
 
 FITCH, 1 a pole-cat ; alfo the 
 
 FITCHOW, J ficin or fur of that crea- 
 ture. 
 
 FIVES. See Vives. 
 
 FLAG-WORM, an infeft fo called, be- 
 caufe it is found and bred in flaggy ponds 
 
 or 
 
F L E 
 
 or fedgy places, hanging to the fibres, or 
 fmall Itrlns;s that orow to the roots of the 
 flags, and they are ulually inclofcd in a yel- 
 low or reddifli hufk or cafe. 
 
 FLEAM, is a fmall inftrument of fine 
 fteel, compofed of two or three moveable 
 lancets for bleeding , a horfe ; and fome- 
 times making incifions upon occafion, and 
 fo fupplying the room of an incifio.i-knife. 
 
 FLANKS, the fides of an horfe. In a 
 ftridt fenfe, the flanks of a horfe are the ex- 
 tremities of his belly, where the' ribs are 
 wanting, and below the loins. They fi.ould 
 be full, and at the top of them on each fide, 
 fliould be a feather ; and the nearer thofe 
 feathers are to each other, fo much the bet- 
 ter : but if they be as it were within view, 
 then the mark is excellent. 
 
 The diftance between the laft rib and 
 haunch-bone, which is properly the flank, 
 fiiould be fiiort, which is termed well-cou- 
 pled : fuch horfes are moft hardy, and will 
 endure labour longefl:; 
 
 If a horfe have a flank full enough, you 
 are to confider whether it be too large j 
 that is, if over-againft that part of the 
 thigh, called the ftiffle, the flank fall too lowj 
 for in that cafe it is a great advance to pur- 
 finefs, efpecially if the horfe be nor very 
 young. ' 
 
 A horfe is faid to have no flank if the laft 
 of the fliort ribs be at a confiderable diftance 
 from the haunch-bone ; although fuch 
 horfes may for the time have very good 
 bodies, yet when they are hard laboured, 
 they will loofe them. 
 
 A horfe alfo is faid to have no flank when 
 Jiis ribs are too much ftraiglitened in their 
 compafs, which is eafily perceived, by 
 comparing their height with that of the 
 haunch-bones, for they ought to be as high, 
 and equally raifed up as tliey are, or but very 
 little lefs, when the horfe is in good cafe. 
 
 A horfe is likewife faid to have little 
 flanks, to be forrily bodied, to be grunt- 
 bellied and thin gutted, when his flank turns 
 up like a grey-hound, and his ribs are flat, 
 narrow and fhort. 
 
 A well flanked horfe, is one that has wide 
 and well-made ribs, and a good body. In 
 
 FLO 
 
 this oafe the word flank is ufed in the room 
 of gut. 
 
 To prevent Flies teazing Cattle. 
 
 Boil bay-berries in oil, and anoint them 
 witii it, and they will never fit on cattle -, 
 or, v/et the hair of horfes, with the juice of 
 the leaves of gourd at Midjummert and they 
 v/iil not molelt them. If cattle are anointed 
 with the juice of arefmart, files will not 
 come near them, though it is the heat of 
 fummer. 
 
 To FLING, is the fiery and obftinate 
 aftion of an unruly horfe. 
 
 To fling lils-e a cow, is to raife only one 
 leg, and give a blow with it. 
 
 To fling, or kick with the hind-legs. 
 SeeYzKK. 
 
 FLINTS, for fowling-pieces fliould be 
 clear, but whether dark or light coloured 
 is immaterial. Their fize fliould be fuitcd 
 to the gun, and be neither too large and 
 thick, or too fmall and flight ; the firft will 
 not give freely, and the other will be apt to 
 break. 
 
 FLOATS FOR FISHING, ai'e made divers 
 ways ; fome ufe the quills of Mufcovy ducks, 
 which are the beft for flow waters, but for 
 flrongj ftreams cork floats are the beft ; 
 therefore take a good found cork, Vv^ithout 
 ftraws or holes, and bore it through with a 
 hot iron, into which put a quill of a fit pro- 
 portion ; then pare the cork into a pyramidal 
 form, of what fize you pleafc, and grind it 
 fiuooth. 
 
 FLOAT-ANGLING. In tlfis the line 
 fliouId be longer than the rod by two or 
 three feet, and let the pellet that is put up- 
 on it be neither fo heavy as to fink the cork 
 or float, nor fo light as to hiiider the fmall- 
 eft touch from pulling it under water, be- 
 caufe that is the only fign you have of a bite. 
 In rivers it will be moft proper to make ufe 
 of a cork ; but in ftanding waters a quill 
 may ferve well enough. 
 
 FLOUNDERS, may be fiflied for all day 
 
 long, either in a fwift ftream, or in the ftill 
 
 deep v/ater ; but beft in the ftream, in the 
 
 months oiApril, May, June, and July: the moft 
 
 U proper 
 
F O A 
 
 proper baits, are all forts of wormsj waf^JSj 
 and gentles. 
 
 FLY-ANGL-ING, Let the rod be light 
 and the line twice as long as yotir rod, and 
 very ftrong at top, and go gradually taper, 
 till you have only a fngle hair at the hook. 
 You mufi contrive to have the wind on your 
 back, and the fun, if it Ihines, to be before 
 you, and tonfhdown the ftream: and carry 
 the point or top of your rod downward, by 
 which means the Ihadow of yourfclf and the 
 rod too, will be the leafl: ofFenfive to the filli, 
 for the fight of any fliade difturbs the fifla, 
 and fpoils fport. 
 
 In Mcrch o'c April, if the weather be dark, 
 or a little windy or cloudy, the beft fifhing 
 is with the palmer-worm, v;hich, with the 
 may-fly, are the ground of all fly-ang1ing. 
 See fbc Article Fishing 
 
 Till you are a proficient, every throw 
 will go near to coft you a hook : therefore 
 praftife for fome time without one ; or get 
 your flies drefied on filk-worm gut, and you 
 will not eafily break them off. See Article 
 Fishing. 
 
 The befl: times to rife a fly are, when the 
 river has been a little difcoloured by rain, 
 and is again clearing, or in a cloudy, breezy 
 day. When the wind is high, chufe the 
 ftill deep ; when fmall or none, the run- 
 ning ftreams, and ufe then the natural ; in 
 boilterous weather the artificial fly. In clear 
 ftreams ufe a fmall fly; in lefs clear, one 
 larger; a light coloured fly in a bright day ; 
 a dark fly for dark waters, and an orange fly 
 in muddy ones. 
 
 ro FLY ON HEAD, [in Falconry] is, 
 Avhen a hawk mifllng her quarry, betakes 
 herfe'f to the next check, as crows, i£c. 
 
 To FLY CROSS [in Falconry] is faid of a 
 hawk when Ihe flies at great birds, as cranes, 
 geefe, ^c. 
 
 "To FLY THE Heels : a horfe is faid to fly 
 the heels when he obeys thefpur. SeeSvvK 
 and Heels. 
 
 FOAL. Colt is the young male of the 
 horfe kind, as filly is the female. It is no 
 difficult matter to know the fliape that a 
 foal is like to be of, for the fame fhape he 
 carries at a monthj he will carry at fix years 
 
 F O A 
 
 old, if he be not abufed in after keeping ;. 
 and as the good fliape appears, fo do the- 
 defeds alfo. 
 
 And as to heighth, it is obferved, that a 
 large fhin-bone, long from the knee to the 
 paftern, fliews a tall horfe ; for which, 
 another way is, to fee what fpace he has 
 between his knee and withers, which being 
 doubled, it will be his heighth when he is a. 
 competent horfe. 
 
 There are alfo means to know their good- 
 nefs ; for if they are fl:irring fpirits, free 
 from affrights, wanton of difpofition, and 
 very aftive at leaping and running, and 
 fl:riving for mafliery, fiich generally prove 
 good mettled horfes ; and thofe on the con- 
 trary are jades. 
 
 And if their hoofs be fl:rong, deep, tough, 
 fmooth, upright Handing, and hollow, 
 they cannot be bad ; therefore the Barbary 
 horfe is well known by his hoof. 
 
 Foals are ufually foaled about the begin- 
 ning offummer, and it is cufl:omary to let 
 him run till Michaelmas with the mare, at 
 v/hich time they may be weaned. Some 
 however maintain that a foal is rendered 
 much fooner fit for fervice by being allow- 
 ed to fuck the whole winter, and weaned 
 about Candlemas or Shrovetide. When firft 
 weaned, let them not be kept in the hearing 
 of their dam, but fhould be kept in a conve- 
 nient houfe with a low rack and monger for 
 hay and oats ; the hay mufl: be very fweet 
 and fine, efpecially at firft, and a little white 
 bran fliould be mixed with their oats in or- 
 der to keep their bodies open, and make 
 them eat and drink freely. When foals are 
 kept up in the winter, they are not to be 
 immured continually in the ftable ; but in 
 the middle of the day, when the fun fliines 
 warm, they fliould always be allowed to 
 play about for an hour or two, and when 
 the winter is over, they fliould be turned 
 into fome dry ground where the grafs is 
 fweet and fliort, and where there is gf '^d 
 water, that they may drink at pleafure. 
 The winter after they may be kept in the 
 ftable without any further care than that 
 which is taken of other horfes ; but after 
 the firft year, fillies and colts ftiould not be 
 
 kept 
 
F O O 
 
 kept together. For the mnnva- of breaking 
 them fee the article Horse. 
 
 FODDER, any kind of meat for horlts, 
 or other cattle. In fome places hay and 
 ftraw mingled together, is peciriiary deno- 
 minated fodder. 
 
 FOGG AGE, [in the Forefl lav/] is rank 
 grafs not eaten up in fummer. 
 
 FOILING, [among Sportfmen] die foot- 
 ing and treading of a deer, that is on the 
 grafs and fcarce vifible. 
 
 FOLD -NET, a fort of net with which 
 fmall birds are taken in the night, as repre- 
 sented in Plate YU. fig. i. and which may 
 be carried by one man, if fmall; or if large, 
 two may manage it, and is as follows: 
 
 When the net is fixed on both fides to 
 two ftrong, ftrait, and light poles, you 
 muH' have, at leaft, two or three lufty men 
 to affiilyou, all very filent ; the poles where- 
 on your nets are tied, fliould be about 
 tv/elve feet long, that fo they may liold up 
 the higher. 
 
 He who bears the lights, which fhould be 
 torches, muft carry them behind the nets in 
 the midfb of them, about two' yards from 
 them ; and fo order it as to carry the nets 
 between the wind and the birds, who all 
 naturally roofi: on their perches with their 
 breafts againil the wind ; by this means, he 
 that beats the bufhes on the other fide of the 
 hedge, will drive them out the way to- 
 wards the light. 
 
 "When you find any bird in your net, you 
 need not make much hafte, for it v.'ill en- 
 fiiare them of itfelf, and they cannot get 
 away fuddenly. 
 
 FONCEAU, is the bottom, or end, of 
 a cannon-bitt-mouth ; that is, the part of 
 the bitt that joins it to the banquet. See 
 Chaperon. 
 
 FOOT OF A FIoRSE, confifts of the hoof 
 or coffin ; which is all the horn that appears 
 when the horfe's foot is fet on the ground. 
 
 It is a great imperfection to have feet too 
 large and fa:, or to have them too little : 
 fucli horfes as have them too larsre, are for 
 the mod partvery heavy, and apt to ftumble, 
 efpecially if with fuch feet they have weak 
 legs, and too long pafternsi on the other 
 
 F O R 
 
 hand, too fmall feet are much to be fufpec- 
 ted, becaufe they are often painful and fub- 
 jeft to cloven quarters, and other imperfec- 
 tions. 
 
 FOOT OF A Horse, is the extremity of 
 the leg, from the cronet to the lo-w»erpart of 
 the hoof. 
 
 The four {ctt are diftinguifhed by four 
 different names ; the tv/o furc feet are by 
 fome called the hands of a horfe, but that 
 term is in difufe ; the common expreffion 
 being the far fore foot, to denote the right 
 foot before ; the near fore foot, the ftirrup 
 foci:, and the bridle hand foot, to denote 
 the left before. 
 
 Of the two hinder feet, the right is called 
 the far hind foot ; and when fpears were 
 ufed, it was called the fpear-foot becaufe in 
 refting the fpear, the focket of it anAvered 
 the riglit foot. 
 
 The left hind foot, is called the near foot 
 behind, 
 
 FAT-FOOT ; a horfe is faiJ to h^ve a 
 fat foot, when the hoof is fo thin and 
 weak, that unlefs the nails be drove very 
 fhort, he runs the rifk of being pricked in 
 fl-ioeing : the Englijh horfes are very fubjeft 
 to this diforder. A horfe's foot is faid to 
 be derobe, /'. e. robbed, or ftolen, when 
 it is worn and wafted by going without 
 flioes, fo that for want of hoof it is diffi- 
 cult to fhoe them. 
 
 FOOTGELD , 7 an amercement, or 
 
 FOUTGELD, J fine laid upon thcfe 
 who lie within the bounds of a foreft, for 
 not lav/ing or cutting out the ball of their 
 dogs feet ; and to be quit of footgeld, is a 
 privilege to keep dogs there unlawed and 
 uncontrouied. 
 
 FOREHEAD of a Horse., fiiould be 
 fomewhat broad ; fome would have it a little 
 raifed, bat a flat one is moft beautiful. 
 
 A horfe fliould have in his forehead that 
 which we call a feather, which is a natural 
 frizzling or turning of the hair j if he Have 
 two that are near, or touch, the mark is fo 
 much the better. 
 
 If a horfe be neither white, dappled, nor 
 r,pproaching thefe colours, he fliould have a 
 ft ar or blaze in his forehead: it being a de- 
 
 U 2 , ka. 
 
FOR 
 
 fed, not only as to the beauty, but often as 
 to the goodncfs of the horfe of any dark co- 
 lour to be without one. 
 
 FORE-LEGS of a Horse, confift of an 
 arm, a fore-thigh and the Ihank, both which, 
 the larger, broader, and more nervous they 
 arc, the better. 
 
 FORE-LOIN, [with Hunters] is when a 
 hound going before the reft of the cry, 
 meets chace and goes av/ay with it. 
 
 FOREST, a great wood, or place pri- 
 vileged by royal authority, which differs 
 from a park, warren, or chace ; being on 
 purpofe allotted for the peaceable abiding 
 and noxirifliing of beafts and fowls thereto 
 belonging ; for which rhere are certain pecu- 
 liar laws, officers, and orders, part of which 
 appear in the great charter of the forcft. It's 
 properties arc thefe : 
 
 1. A foreft truly and ftridlly taken, can- 
 not be in the hands of any but the King, 
 becaufe none elfe has power to grant a 
 commiffion to be a Juftice in Eyre. 
 
 2. The next property is the courts, as 
 the Juftice-feat every three years, the Swain- 
 mote three times a year, and the Attachment 
 once every forty days. 
 
 3. The third property may be the officers 
 belonging to it, for the prcfervation of 
 vert and venifon; as the Jultice of the fo- 
 reft, the Warder or Keeper, the Verdurers, 
 the Forefters, Agiftors, Regarders, Beadles, 
 ^c. which fee in their proper places. 
 
 But the principal court of the foreft is the 
 Swaimnote, which is no lefs incident there- 
 to, than a pie-powder to a fair ; and if 
 this fails there is nothing of a foreft re- 
 maining, but it is turned into the nature of 
 a chace. 
 
 Forefts are of that antiquity in England, 
 that, excepting the New-Foreft in Hamp- 
 Ihire, erefted by William the Conqueror ; 
 and- Hampton-Court erefted by Henry VIII. 
 it is faid, there is no record or hiftory which 
 makes any certain mention of their eredtion, 
 though they are mentioned by feveral writ- 
 ers, and in divers of our laws and ftatutes. 
 There are 69 foixfts in England, 13 chaces, 
 and 800 parks : the four principal forefts are 
 New foreft, Sherv/ood-foreft, Dean-foreft 
 and Windfor -foreft. 
 
 F O U 
 
 FORESTER, is an officer of the foreft,. 
 fworn to preferve the vert and venifon there- 
 in, and to attend the wild beafts within his 
 bailiwick, and to watch and endeavour to> 
 keep them fafe by day and night : he is 
 alfo to apprehend all offenders againft vert. 
 and venifon, and to prefent them to the 
 courts of the foreft, to the end that they> 
 may bepuniftaed according to their offences. 
 FORKED HEADS, [with tlunters] all 
 deers heads which bear two croches on the. 
 top, or that have their croches doubled. 
 
 FORKED TAILS, a name given in fome 
 parts of the kingdodn, to the falmon, in the. 
 fourth year of its growth. 
 
 FOPvME, a Fj^ench term for a fwelling, 
 in the very fubftance of a horfe's paftern, 
 and not in the ikin ; they come as well in- 
 the hind legs as in the fore, and though it; 
 be an imperfection not very common, yet 
 it is dangerous, as it will admit of no other 
 remedy but firing and taking out the ioie ; 
 neither can the fire be given to that part, 
 without great difficulty and hazard. 
 
 FORMICx*\, is a diftemper whioh com- ■ 
 monly feizes upon the horn of a hawk's 
 bealc, which will eat the beak away, occa- 
 fioned by a worm. 
 
 FORMICA is alfo a fcurvy mange, which 
 infummertime very much annoys a fpaniel's 
 ears, and is caufed by flies and their own 
 fcratching Vv'ith their {q?x. 
 
 For the cure : Infufefour ounces of gum- - 
 dragon in the ftrongeft vinegar that can be 
 got, for the fpace oi eight days, and after- 
 wards bruife it on a marble ftone, as paint- 
 ers do their colours ; then add two ounces 
 of roch allum and galls ; mingle all well 
 together and apply it to the part affected. . 
 
 FORMS, OR Seats, [hunting term] ap- 
 plied to a hare, when ftie fquats in any 
 place. 
 
 FOUR CORNERS -, to work upon the 
 four corners, is to divide (in imagination) 
 the volt or round into four quarters ; the 
 horfe makes a round or two at trot or gal- 
 lop, and when he has done fo upon each 
 quarter he has made the four corners. 
 
 'To FOUNDER A Horse, is to over-ride 
 him, or to fpoil him with hard working. 
 
 FOUNDERING 
 
E O-U. 
 
 FOUNDERING in the Feet, a dif- 
 temper that afFefts a horfe by means of hard 
 i-iding or labour, or by heats and colds, 
 •which diforder the body, and excite malig- 
 nant humours, that inflame the blood, 
 melt the grfeafe, and make it defcend down- 
 wards to the feet, and there fettle ; which 
 caufes a numbjieis in the hoof, fo that the 
 horfe has no fenfe or feeling in it ; and is 
 hardly able to ftand, and when he does he 
 Ihakes and quakes as if he had an ague fit 
 upon him ; fometimes this malady proceeds 
 from his being watered -"A^ile he is very hot, 
 and his grcafe melted within him, and then 
 fuddenly cooled by fettmg him upon cold 
 planks without litter ; or by taking his fad- 
 die offtoo foon, or elfe by letting him ftand 
 while hot in fome Ihallow water up to the 
 fetlocks ; by means of which extraordinary 
 coldnefs, it caufes the melted greafe to fall 
 dov/n into his feet, and there to cake and 
 congeal. 
 
 A horfe may alfo be foundered by wearing 
 ftraight flioes, and by travelling upon hard 
 ground. 
 
 The fymptoms by which you may know 
 when your horfe is foundered upon liis fore 
 feet, and not his hind feet, is by his treading 
 only upon his hinder feet, and as little as 
 he can upon the other ; or his going croucla- 
 ing and crum.pling upon his buttocks ; and 
 when fometimes he is foundered upon his 
 hind ftct, and not upon his fore feet, (which 
 happens but feldom) it may be known by 
 his feeming weak behind, and his refting 
 himfeif as much upon his fore feet as he 
 can ; being afraid to fet his hinder feet to 
 the ground. 
 
 The general method of cure is ; firft, to 
 pare all the horfe's foles fo thin, that you 
 may fee the quick : then to bleed him well 
 at every toe ; Hop the vein with tallow and 
 rofin, and having tacked hollow fhoes on 
 his feet, ftop them with bran, tar, and tal- 
 low, as boiling hot as may be ; repeating 
 this every other day for a week together, 
 and afterwards to give him good exercife, &€. 
 
 GHEST FOUNDERING, a diftemper 
 proceeding from crudities in the ftomach, or 
 other wcakneffes obftrufting the palTage of 
 the lungs. 
 
 F O U 
 
 This isdifcovered by the horfe's often co- 
 veting to lie down, and Handing ftraggling 
 with his fore legs ; the fymptoms being 
 much the fame as in purfinefs ; tb.e only 
 difference is, that young horfesare fubjett 
 to chell foundering as well as old ; where- 
 as thofe horfes v/liich are troubled with 
 purfinefs are generally fix years old and 
 above. 
 
 Grafs, with much refrefning and cooling, 
 cures the former, but encreafes the latter. 
 
 The cure ; Take five or fix penny-worth 
 of oil of petre, and mingle it with an equal 
 quantity of ale or beer, and with your hand 
 rub this mixture on the p'lrt affedled, a red 
 hot fire-fhovel being held againll it while 
 you are rubbing it. 
 
 FOUNDERING IN THE Body, is caufed 
 by a horfe's eating too much provender fud- 
 denly, while he is too hot and panting, fo, 
 that his food not beina; well diseded breeds 
 ill humoui-s, which by degrees fpread thcm- 
 felves all over his members, and at length 
 does fo opprefs his body that it renders 
 him extremely vreak, and makes him un- 
 capable of bov/ing his joints ; and when he 
 has laid down cannot rife again ; nor can he 
 either flale or dung without great pain. 
 
 It is alfo caufed by drinking too often 
 upon a journey while he is hot, not being 
 ridden after it. 
 
 The fymptoms are, the horfe will be chilly 
 and quake for cold after drinking ; and 
 fome of his drink will come out at his nofe, 
 and in a few days his legs will fwell, and. 
 after a while begin to peel, he will have a 
 dry cough, his eyes v/ill water, and his nofe 
 run with white phlegmatic ftuff, he wilt 
 forfake his meat, and hang down his head for 
 extreme pain in the manger. 
 
 For the cure : Firft, rake the horfe's fun- 
 dament and give him aclyfter; then put 
 half an ounce of cinnamon, and ofliquorifli 
 and annifeeds each two fpoohfuls in fine 
 powder, and five or fix fpoonfuls of honey 
 into a quart of ale or fack, fet it on the fire 
 till the honey is melted, and give it him 
 lukewarm to drink, riding him. after-^ 
 wards gently for an hour, clothe him and 
 litter him warm, and keep him failing foi: 
 
 two 
 
F O V/ 
 
 tv.o hours more : fprinkle his hay with 
 water, fife his oats clean from duft, and 
 give it him by little and lictk j let him drir.k 
 warm mafhes of malt and water ; and when 
 he has recovered ftrength, bleed him in his 
 neck vein, and perfume his head with frank- 
 jncenie once a day. 
 
 FOWLING is ufed two manner of ways, 
 either by enchantment or enticement; by 
 winning or wooing the fov/1 unto you by 
 pipe, whiftle, or call ; or elfe by machines 
 or engines, which furprife them unawares. 
 
 Fo.vis are of divers fpecies, which differ 
 in tiieir nature as their feathers ; which by 
 reafon of the many different kinds, for bre- 
 vity fake, lliall be only diftinguifned here 
 into two kinds, land-fowl and water-fowl. 
 
 The water-fowl are fo called from the 
 natural delight they take in and about the 
 ■water, gathering from thence all their food 
 and nutriment. 
 
 Here it may be obferved, that water- 
 fowl are in their own nature, the mod fub- 
 til and cunning of birds, and moft careful 
 of their own fdfety ; and hence they have, 
 by fome authors, been compared to an or- 
 derly and well governed camp, Jiaving 
 fcouts on land afar off, courts of guards, 
 centinels, and all forts of other watchful 
 officers, furrounding the body, to give an 
 alarm of the approach of any feeming danger. 
 
 And if you obfervc, you will find tiiat 
 there will be ahvays fome ftraggling fov/1, 
 which lie aloof fi'om the greater numiber, 
 which ftill call firft. 
 
 Now it is the nature of water-fowl to fly 
 in great flocks, having always a regard to 
 the general fafety ; fo that if you fee a fingle 
 fowl or a coviple fly together, you may 
 imagine they have been fom.ewhere affright- 
 ed from the reft by fome fudden difturbance, 
 or apprehcnfion of danger, but fo naturally 
 are they inclined to fociety, that they fel- 
 dom leave wing till they meet together 
 again. 
 
 And this is occafioned not only by the 
 near approach of man, but alfo by the beat- 
 ing of haggards upon the rivers, as alfo by 
 the appearance of the bold buzzard and ring- 
 tail. 
 
 P o w 
 
 or water-fowls there are two kinds, fuch 
 as live off the water, and fuch as liyeon the 
 water; the one taking their fuftenence from 
 the v/ater without fwimming in it ; but wad- 
 ing, and diving for it with their long legs : 
 the other, web-footed andfwim, asthefwan, 
 goofe, mallard, tfr. 
 
 As to the manner of fowling, or taking 
 fov/l, fee under each particular kind in their 
 proper places alphabetically. 
 
 FOWLING-PIECE ; that piece is always 
 reckoned the beft, v/hich has the longeft 
 barrel, with an indifferent bore under a har- 
 quebufs, though every fowler fhould have 
 them of fuch different forts and fizes as are 
 fuitable to the game he defigns to kill : 
 as to the barrel, let it be well polifhed and 
 fmooth within, and the bore of an equal 
 bignefs, v/hich may be proved by putting 
 a piece of pafceboard, cut of the exad: 
 roundnefs of the top, which gentlv put 
 dov/n to the touch hole; and if it goes dov/n 
 well and even, without ftops or (lipping, 
 you may conclude it even bored. The 
 bridge-pan muft be fomewhat above the 
 touch-hole, only with a notch in the bridge- 
 pan, to let down a little powder ; which will 
 prevent the gun from recoiling, which other- 
 wife it is apt to do. 
 
 As to the locks, chufe fuch as are well 
 filed with true work ; whofe fprings muft be 
 neither too ftrong, nor too weak ; and let 
 the hammer be well hardened, and pliable 
 to go down to the pan with a quick motion 
 at tlie touching the tricker; for the trial 
 thereof, move it gently to the lock ; and if 
 it goes with jerks, in a circular motion, it 
 is well made ; as for the icocks, walnut-tree 
 or afh are very good ; the maple is the finelt 
 and beft for ornament. 
 
 In ftiooting, obferve to fhoot with the 
 wind, if poftible, and not againft it; and 
 rather fide ways, or behind the fowl, than 
 full in their faces. 
 
 Next, obferve to chufe the moft conve- 
 nient flielter you can find» as hedge, bank, 
 tree, or any thing elfe which may hide 
 you from the view of the fowl. 
 
 Take care to have your dogs at your heeU 
 under good command, not daring to ftir 
 
 tiir 
 
F O W 
 
 till you give the word, after having dif- 
 charged your piece : for fome ill taught 
 dogs will, upon the fnap of the cock, pre- 
 fently rufh out, and fpoiiyour fport.. 
 
 If you have not fhelter enough, by reafon 
 of the nakednefs of the banks and want of 
 trees, you mull creep upon your hands and 
 knees under the banks, and lying flat upon 
 your belly, put the muzzle of your piece 
 over the bank, and fo talce your level ; for 
 a fowl is fo fearful of man, that though an 
 hawk were foaring over her head,, yet at 
 the fight of a man fhe would take to the 
 v/ing, and run the rilk of that danger. 
 
 It is necefiary for any gentleman, who 
 fijorts much to kaye two guns : the barrel 
 of one about two feet nine inches, which 
 v/ill ferve very well for the beginning of the 
 feafon, and for v/ood-fliooting ; the other 
 about three feet three inches, for open- 
 fliooting after Mkbaelmas : the birds by 
 that time are grown fo fliy, that your flioots 
 muft be at longer diftances. But if you in- 
 tend one gun to ferve for all purpofes, then 
 a three feet barrel (or tliereabouts) is moli: 
 proper. 
 
 A long gun is lefs liable to do rnifchief 
 to the fportfman, and is more certain to hit 
 its mark, being not fo foon put afide in 
 taking fight. 
 
 It appears from various trials, that the 
 Ihot fly as regularly, or more fo, and with 
 as much force without any wad betwixt the 
 powder, and fhot, as it does with wad only. 
 "Tis difficult to keep the fhot from mixing 
 with the powder ; but it does not fignify 
 how thin your wad is betwixt the powder 
 and ihot, fo it does but keep them from 
 mixing. But the Ihot fly the thicker and 
 ftronger from having a pretty good wad 
 clofcly rami"ned over them. 
 
 It is a common praftice to load with a 
 pipe bowl of powder, and a bowl and a 
 half of fliot ; and when they find, they can- 
 not kill often, think they do not put fhot 
 enough, fo put in more, and are obliged 
 to lefien the quantity of powder to pre. L-nt 
 its recoiling; not confidenng this axiom, 
 " that aftion and re-a6lian are equal" — 
 
 F O W 
 
 that upon difcharge of powder the gun is 
 forced back, as the lliot is iorv/ards, in pro- 
 portion to the weight of fhot to the weight 
 of the gun; fo that by putting in a larger 
 load of fhot, and lefs powder, you will be 
 ftruck more, and the bird you flioot at iels i 
 fo that though you put many fhot into the 
 bird, they will not have force enough to 
 kill, unlefs at a very fhort diltance. 
 
 To }}?a-ke Ctm Barrels of a fine brown Colour. 
 
 As a brown barrel feems to be the mofl 
 pleafing to a fportfman, the follov/ing is a 
 certain and eafy method to perform it : 
 
 Rub your barrel bright with land paper, 
 or if bright fcour it with dry brickduft to 
 take off all greafinefs, and fit a ftick or 
 piece of wood into the muzzle long enough 
 to hold it by. 
 
 Bruife roughly about half an ounce of 
 fl:one brimflone, and fprinkle it over a gen- 
 tle fire either of wood, or coal, or charcoal*; 
 hold your barrel over the fmoke, turning 
 and drawing it backward and forward until 
 it be equally tinged all over, this done, let 
 it in a cellar or damp room till next day, in 
 which time you will find it has thrown out 
 a fine ruft, over which you may draw your 
 finger to fpread it even alike, and let it 
 ftand another day. If you perceive any parts 
 that have not taken the ruft, you are to 
 fcour fuch parts bright and repeat the above 
 operation. 
 
 It is then to be poliflied with a hard bruflx 
 (which is firft to be rubbed with bees-wax) 
 and after with a dry woollen or rough linen 
 rag, which will make it look of a beautiful 
 brown colour. This rubbing mufb be re- 
 peated every day fo long as it throws out 
 any roughnefs. No oil or greafe fiiould 
 come on it for fome time, as that may bring 
 off the ruft by places ; but if by neglect it 
 fhould get fo itrong a roughnefs, that you 
 cannot get it down with ccanmon rubbing, 
 in that cafe wipe it over v/ith fweet oil, and 
 rub it off gently with a clean linen rag, and 
 the next day you may jjoiifn it down, with 
 your brufh as before directed. 
 
 Direffions 
 
FOX 
 
 DireSlions for keeping your Guns in order. 
 
 If your lock and fiirnituie arc bright, the 
 beft way to lave the trouble, as well as pre- 
 vent the damage that may be done by un- 
 fkilful polifhing, is never to fufter them to 
 .ruft, which may eafily be prevented by fre- 
 quently rubbing all the bright parts with a 
 fmall brufli, dipped in fwcet oil, which 
 iliould be well rubbed off with a linen rag : 
 and this fliould never be neglefted both be- 
 fore and after ufing it. 
 
 It is ncedlefs to take the lock often to 
 .pieces, if you take it off and brufh it with 
 plentv of oil, and pull up the cock and 
 hammer a few times, the dirt with the oil 
 will work itfelf out, which is to be wiped off', 
 , and a little clean oil put on thofe parts where 
 there is any friftion will anfwer the purpofe. 
 
 To vjajfj out the Barrel. 
 
 Fill it either with cold or v/arm water, 
 and empty it and let it ftand a few minutes, 
 and the air and moifture will foften the foil, 
 left from the firing of the powder fo as to 
 come off the eafier. You may ufe land with 
 your rag or tow to wafh it out, which will 
 remove any of the foil that fcicks hard to 
 it without hurting its fmoothnefs. Care 
 muff be -taken to wipe it very dry, and if 
 it is to be fet by for a time,, it will be proper 
 to wipe it out with an oily rag and flop the 
 muzzle with the fame, otherwife it will be 
 a,Dt to ruft. See Stalking Horse and Shot 
 Making. 
 
 FOX HUNTING, the fliape and pro- 
 portion of this beaft is fo well known, being 
 fo common, that it is needlefs to defcribe 
 him, 
 
 A fox in the firft year is called a cub ; 
 in the fecondafofe; and afterwards an old 
 fox. It is a beaft of chace, ufually very 
 prejudicial to the hufbandmen, by taking 
 away aiid deftroying lambs, geefe, poul- 
 try, ^c. 
 
 His nature is, in many refpefls, like that 
 of a wolf, for they bring as many cubs at a 
 .litter the one as the other j but in this they 
 
 FOX 
 
 differ, the fox littering deep under thf 
 ground, but the wolf doth not. 
 
 A bitch fox is very difficult to be takeri 
 when fne is bragged and with cub, for thea 
 fnc will lie near her bui-row, into which flie 
 run, upon hearing the leaft noife : and in- 
 deed at any time is fomewhat difficult, for 
 the fox (as well as the wolf) is a very fubtle 
 crafty creature. 
 
 Fox hunting is a very pleafant exercife, 
 for by reai'on of his ftrcng, hot fcent, he 
 makes an excellent cry : and as his fcent is 
 hotteft at hand, fo it dies the fooneft. 
 
 And befides, he never flies far before the 
 hounds, trufting not to his legs, ftrength, 
 or champaign grounds, but ffrongeft co- 
 verts. When he can no longer ftand before 
 the ground, he then taketh earth, and muft 
 be dug out. 
 
 If greyhounds courfe him on a plain, 
 his latt refuge is to pifs on his tail, and flap 
 it in their faces as they come near him ; 
 and fometimes fquirting his thicker excre- 
 ments upon them, to make them give over 
 the courfe orpurfuit. 
 
 When a bitch fox goes a clicketting and 
 feeking for a dog, fhe cries with a hollow 
 voice, not unlike the howling of a mad dog, 
 and in the fame manner fhe cries when fhe 
 miffes any of her cubs : but never makes 
 any cry at all when fhe is killing, but de- 
 fends herfelf to the laft gafp. 
 
 A fox will prey upon any thing that he 
 can overcome, and will feed upon any fort 
 of carrion : but their dainties, and the food 
 they moft delight in, is poultry. 
 
 The fox is taken with greyhounds, ter- 
 riers, nets, and gins. Of terriers there are 
 two forts. See Terriers. 
 
 Fox Hunting above ground. 
 
 To hunt a (q-x. with hounds you muft draw 
 about groves, tliickets, and bullies, near 
 villages : for in luch places he lurks to prey 
 upon poultry, ^c. but if you can find one 
 it will be neceffary to ftop up his earth, the 
 night before you intend to hunt, and that 
 about midnight, for then he goes out to 
 prey ; and this muft be done by laying two 
 
 white 
 
FOX 
 
 white fticks acrofs in his way, which will 
 make him imagine it to be fome gin or 
 trap laid for him, or elfe they may be Hop- 
 ped up cloie with black thorns and earth 
 together. 
 
 The beft hunting a fox above ground, is 
 m January, February' &nd March, for then 
 you fliall beft fee your hounds hunting, and 
 .beft find his earthing ; and befides at thofe 
 times the fox's flcin is beft in feafon. 
 
 Agai;i, the hounds hunt the fox beft in 
 the coldeft weather, becaufe he leaveth a 
 very ftrong fcent behind him j yet in cold 
 weather it chills fafteft. 
 
 At firft only caft off" your fure finders, 
 and as the drag m.ends, fo add more as you 
 ciare truft them, avoid cafting off" too many 
 hounds at once ; becaufe woods and coverts 
 are full of fundry chaces, and fo you may 
 engage them in too many at one time. 
 
 Let fuch as you caft off" at firft, be old 
 ftaunch hounds which are fure, and if you 
 hear fuch a hound call on merrily, you may 
 ■caft- off fome others to him, ancl when they 
 run it on the full cry, caft off" the reft, and 
 thus you fliall compleat your chace. 
 
 The words of comfort are the fame which 
 are ulcd in other chaces, attended with the 
 fame hallooings and other ceremonies. 
 
 The iiounds ftiould be left to kill the fox 
 themfelves, and to worry and tear him as 
 much as they pleafe : fome hounds will eat 
 him with eagernefs. 
 
 Vvhen he is dead hang him at the end of 
 a pikeftaff^, and halloo in all your hounds to 
 bay him ; but reward them not v/itli any 
 thing belonging to the fox : for it is not 
 good, neither will the hounds in common 
 eat it. 
 
 Of huniing a Fox under ground. 
 
 If in cafe a fox does fo far efcape as to 
 earth, countrymen muft be got together 
 with fliovels, fpades, mattocks, pickaxes, 
 i^c. to dig him. out, if they think the earth 
 not too great. 
 
 They make their earths as near as they 
 can in ground that is hard to dig, as in clay, 
 ftony ground, oramongft the roots of trees; 
 
 and their earths have commonly but -one 
 hole ; and that is ftraight a lonr^ way in 
 before you come at their couch. 
 
 Sometimes craftily thev take polieiuon of 
 a badger's old burrow, which hath a variety 
 of chambers, holes, and angles. 
 
 Now to facilitate this way of hunting the 
 fox : t'ne huntfman muft- be provided with 
 one or two terriers to put into the earth after 
 him, that is to fix him into an angle : for 
 the earth often confifts of many angles : the 
 ufe of the terrier is to know where he lies, 
 for as foon as he finds him he 'continues 
 baying or barking, fo that which way the 
 noife is heard that way to dig him. 
 
 But to know the manner of entering and 
 farther ufe of theie forts of clogs, fee Ter- 
 rier. 
 
 However I fhall here add, that as in the 
 firft place yqu muft have fuch as are able to 
 dig, fo your terriers muft- be furnilhed v/ith 
 bells hung on collars, to make the fox bolt 
 the fooner; befides the collars will be fome 
 fmall defence to the terriers. 
 
 The inftruments to dig with are thefe ; a 
 fliarp pointed fpade, which ferves to begin 
 the trench, where the ground is hardeft, and 
 broader tools will not fo well enter; the 
 round hollowed fpade, which is ufeful to 
 dig among roots, having very fharp edges ; 
 tlie broad flat fpade to dig withal, when the 
 trench has been pretty well opened, and the 
 ground fofter ; mattocks and pickaxes to 
 dig in hard ground, where a fpade will do 
 but little fervice ; the coal rake to cleanfe 
 the hole, and to keep it from flopping up ; 
 clamps, wherewith you may take either fox 
 or badger out alive to make fportwith after- 
 wards. 
 
 And it would be very convenient to have 
 a pail of water to refrefli your terriers with, 
 after they are come out of the earth to take 
 breath. 
 
 After this manner you may befiege a fox, 
 Cift-. in their ftrongeft holes and caftles, and 
 niay break their cafemates, plat forms, pa- 
 rapets, and work to them with mines and 
 counter mines till you have obtained what 
 you dcfired. But for the managing thefe 
 dogs, fee Terriers. 
 X • To 
 
FOX 
 
 y'o dejiroy Foxes. 
 
 Take a fiieep's paunch, and tie it to a 
 long flick, then rub your flioes well upon 
 it, that he may not fcent your own kct. ; 
 draw this paunch after you as a trail, a mile 
 or more, and bring it near fome thick-headed 
 tree ; leave your paunch, and get into the 
 tree with a gun, and as it begins to be dark, 
 you will fee him come after the fcent of the 
 mail, where you may flioot him : draw the 
 trail if you can to. the windward of the tree. 
 
 The befl: way is, to fet a Iteel trap in the 
 plain part of a large field, out of the way 
 of all paths, yet not near a hedge, or any 
 fhelter; then open the trap, "fet it on the 
 ground, and cut out juft the form thereof 
 in a turf, and take out fo much earth as to 
 make room to ftay it ; then cover it again 
 very neatly with the turf you cut out ; and 
 as the joint of the turf will not clofe exaftly, 
 get fome mold of a new caPc up mole-hill, 
 and put it clofe round the turf, {ticking 
 fome grafs in it as if it there grew ; make 
 it curious and neat, that it might even de- 
 ceive yourfelf. Ten or twelve yards from 
 the trap, three feveral ways, fcatter fome of 
 the mole-hill mold very thin, on a place 
 fifteen or fixteen inches fquare; then on 
 thefe places, and where the trap is placed, 
 lay three or four fmall bits of cheefe, and 
 then with a fheep's paunch draw a trail of a 
 rnile or two long to each of the three places, 
 and from thence to the trap, that the fox 
 may come to one of thefe places firft, for 
 then he will approach the trap more boldly ; 
 and thus you will never fail of him. Be 
 fure let your trap be loofe, that he may draw 
 it to fome hedge or covert, or he will bite 
 off his leg and be gone. 
 
 To make a Spring I'rap. 
 
 Tie a firing to fome pole fet faft in the 
 ground, and to this firing make faft a fmall, 
 fliort Itick, made thin on the upper fide, 
 with a notch at the lower end of it ; then 
 fet another flick fafl in the ground, with a 
 nitch under it; then bend down the pole, 
 and let both the nicks or notches join as 
 
 FRO 
 
 flight as- may be ; then open the noole of ^ 
 the firing, and place it in his path or walk ; 
 where if you lay pieces of cheefe, flefh, and 
 fuch like, it will entice him that way. 
 
 Or, greafe the foals of your fhoes with 
 hog's fat a little broiled, and as you come 
 from the wood, drop in feveral places as you 
 pafs, a piece of roafted fwine's liver, dipt 
 in honey, drawing after you a dead cat, 
 and he'll follow you, fo that you may fhoot 
 him. 
 
 A Hook to take a Fox tied to a tree. 
 
 This hook is made of large wire, and 
 turns on a fwivel like the collar of a grey- 
 hound; it is frequently ufed in catching 
 wolves, but oftener for the fox. They 
 hang it from the ground fo high that he 
 mull leap to catch it ; and bait it with flefh, 
 liver, cheefe, &?c, and if you run a trail 
 with a fheep's paunch as before direfted, it 
 will draw him the more eafilv to the bait. 
 
 FOYLING [with Hunters] the footing 
 and treading of deer that is on the grafs, 
 and fcarce vifible. 
 
 FRANK CHACE, is a liberty of free 
 chace in a circuit adjoining to a foreft, by 
 which all men, though they have land ot 
 their own within that compafs are forbidden 
 to cut down wood, i^c. without the view 
 of the foreller. 
 
 FRAY; a deer is faid to fray her head, 
 when fhe rubs it againft a tree to renew it, 
 or caufe the pills of her new horns to come 
 ofl^. 
 
 FREAM [with Hunters] a term ufed of 
 a boar, that makes a noife at rutting time. 
 
 FREE WARREN, the power of grant- 
 ing or denying licence to any to hunt or 
 chace in fuch or fuch lands. 
 
 To FRILL [in Falconry] a term ufed of a 
 hawk ; as the hawk frills, i. e. trembles or 
 fhivers. 
 
 FROG, [among Farriers] the fame as 
 Frush. 
 
 FROGS ; to defl:roy which, take a fheep, 
 ox, or goat's gaul, and bruife it by the 
 v/ater fide ; the frogs will gather to it, and 
 it will kill them. 
 
 To 
 
F U L 
 
 To prevent their croaking, fet a candle 
 and lanthorn upon the fide of the v/ater or 
 river that waters your garden. 
 
 Toads will not come near your garden, if 
 you pl?.nt fage and rue round about it. 
 
 FROTH, the mouth of a horfe fhould 
 be full of froth, and if he continually champ 
 upon the mouth of his bitt, it is a token of 
 a good horfe : for few bad ones have this 
 aiftion ; befides that, his mouth being al- 
 ways moift, will not fo eafiiy over-heat, and 
 it is a fign that the bitt gives him pleafure. 
 
 If the froth be thin or fluid, and of a pale 
 grey, or yellowifh colour, it denotes a bad 
 tempered brain ; but if it be white arfd 
 thick, cleaving to his lips and branches of 
 the bridle, then you are to look upon the 
 mouth as frefh, and that the horfe is of a 
 llrong conftitution and found in his body. 
 FROWNCE 1 a difeafe incident to hawks, 
 FROUNCE J proceeding from moift and 
 cold humours, which fall down from their 
 heads to the palate and root of their tongue, 
 by which means they lofe their appetite, and 
 cannot clofe their clap. 
 
 Some call this the eagles bane, for they 
 feldom die of age, but of the over growing 
 of their beaks. 
 
 There are feveral ways of cure for this j 
 but the beft is to wafli the hawk's mouth- 
 with the powder of alum reduced to a fort 
 of falve ; being put into flrong wine vine- 
 gar in order to wafli her mouth with. 
 
 FRUSH, OR Frog of a Horse, is a fort 
 of tender horn which arifes in the middle of 
 the fole, and at fome diflance from the toe, 
 divides into two branches, running towards 
 the heel in the form of a fork. Thus they 
 fay. 
 
 Look after this horfe, for the fiefla is run 
 in upon the frufh, I fee an excrefcence, or 
 fprouting of fleih in that part. 
 
 There is a fig in that forrel's frufh ; and 
 this roan has a fcabbed frufh ; and here is 
 another that has a fat frufli, i, e. a frufli that 
 is too thick and too larire. 
 
 FRUSH, a diforder incident to hoifes, 
 Jee Scabbed 1-Teels. 
 
 FULMART, OR Fumer ; a pole-cat, 
 fitch or fitchow. 
 
 GAL 
 
 FUMETS, the ordure or dung of a hart, 
 the fame as fev/mets. 
 
 FUZEE, [in Farriery] two dangerous 
 fplents, joining from above downwards. 
 They differ from Icrews or thorough fplents 
 in this, that the latter are placed on two 
 oppofite fides of the legs. See Splemt. 
 
 GAB LOCKS, artificial fours, made 
 either of iron, brafs, or filver, and 
 fixed on the legs of game cocks -, fome caJ 
 them gaffs. 
 
 GAGG-TEETH, [in Farriery] is a de- 
 feft that rarely happens to young horfes, 
 and is to be difcovered by putting fomcthino- 
 into the mouth and looking at the laro-e 
 grinders, which in this cafe appear 'unequal, 
 and in eating catch hold of the infide of the 
 cheeks, caufing great pain, and makino- 
 them refufe their food. 
 
 GAIT OR GATE, is the going, or pace 
 of a horfe. Hence they fay, this horfe has 
 a good gait, but the other has a broken 
 gaiti this horfe goes well, but the other 
 does not. 
 
 GALLING OF A Horse's Back. To 
 prevent it, take a lamb's fkin, well furniflied 
 with hair, and fit it neatly beneath the pan- 
 nel of the faddle, fo that the hairy fide may 
 be next the horfe. 
 
 This does not harden by fweat, and fo 
 not only keeps that part from galling, but 
 is good for fuch horfes as have been lately 
 cured, which v\'ould otherwife gall ao-ain. 
 
 After a journey you ought to take off the 
 faddle and feel the horfe's back, whether he 
 has been pinched or galled or not, which 
 will be beft difcovered after he has ftood an 
 hour or two unfaddled, by the fwelline of 
 the part opprcfled. 
 
 If it be only fwelled, fill a bag with warm 
 dung, and tie it upon the fwelling, which 
 will not only prevent it from growing worfe, 
 but alfo probably quite difperfe it. 
 
 Or you may rub and chafe the fwelling 
 with good brandy, or fpirit of wine, and 
 having foaked the place well with it,- fee 
 fire with a lighted paper to what remains of 
 it, and the fwelling v/ill difappear, when 
 the fire extinguiflies of itfelfj but if the 
 X 2 fldn 
 
G A L. 
 
 fkin be broke, wafli it with warm ckret, 
 mixed with a fourth part of fallad oil, or 
 frcfli butter ; or bathe it often with brandy, 
 if the hcrfe will endure it. 
 
 When a hoife's back is galled upon' a 
 journey, take out a little of the ftuftingof 
 the pannel over the fwelling, and few a 
 piece of foft white leather on the infidc of 
 the pannel J anoint the part with fair-butter 
 and every evening wipe it clean, rubbing it 
 till it grows foft, anointing it again with 
 butter, OF for want of that with greafe : 
 wafh the fwelling, or hurt, every evening 
 with cold water and foap, and ftrcw it with 
 fidt, which fhould be left on till thehorfe is 
 faddled in the morning. 
 
 HARNESS-GALLS. See Harness. 
 GALLOP, is a motion of a horfe that 
 runs at full fpeed, in which making a kind 
 of leap forwards, he lifts both his legs 
 almoft at the fame time; when thefe are in 
 the air, juft upon the point of touching the 
 ground, he lifts both his hind legs almoft at 
 once. 
 
 Of a horfe that has an eafy light gallop, 
 that gallops fine, they fay, he gallops upon 
 his haunches, he does not prcfs heavy upon 
 the bridle, he bends his fore legs well, he 
 has a good motion with him, he is well 
 coupled, keeps his legs united. 
 
 The great gallop, or the hunting gallop ; 
 or the gallop with a long ftretch, or gallop 
 with a.Il the heels, /'. e. full fpeed. 
 
 A Ihort light gallop, /. e. a flow gallop. 
 GALLOP, is the fwifteft natural pace of 
 a horfe. 
 
 Here you are to take notice, that a horfe 
 in galloping forwards may lead with which 
 fore leg he pleafes, though horfes do it moft 
 commonly with their right fore leg ; but 
 with whatever fore leg they lead, the hind 
 leg of the fame fide muft follow it, otherwife 
 their legs are faidtobe difunited. 
 
 In order to remedy this diforder, you muft 
 ftay your horfe a little upon the hand, and 
 help him with the fpur on the contrary fide 
 to that in which he is difunited. 
 
 As for example : if he be difunited on the 
 right fide, help him with the left fpur, 
 by fcaying him (as before) upon the hand a 
 
 GAL 
 
 little, and alfo helping him at the fame timer 
 with the calves of tlie legs. 
 
 And farther, in a circle a horfe is confined 
 to lead always with his fore-leg, within the 
 turn, otherwife he is faid to gallop falfe ; 
 but in all cafes the hind leg of the fame fide 
 muft ever follow. 
 
 Laftly, when you make trial of a galloper, 
 obferve if he performs it equally, and 
 pufti it on fomewhat hard, that you may 
 know byliis ftop whether he have ftrength 
 and vigour,, which is termed a fund or fource,^ 
 and if he be alfo fenfible of the fpur. 
 
 GALLOP, OR Canterburv-rate, is a 
 pace between a full fpeed and a fwift rtin- 
 nino-. 
 
 GALLOPADE ; the fine gallopade, the 
 ihovt gallop, the liftening gallop, the gallop 
 of the fchool : it is a liand gallop, or 
 gallop upon the hand, in which a horfe 
 galloping upon one or two treads, is well 
 united, and well raccourci knit togetl.er, 
 well coupled, and will fet under him. 
 Hence they fay. 
 
 This horfe makes a gallopade, and works 
 with one haunch, /. e. inftead of going 
 upon one tread, whether right out or in a 
 circle, has one haunch kept in fubjeftion,^ 
 let the turn or- change of the hand be what 
 it will ; fo that the inner haunch, which.- 
 looks to the center of the ground, is more, 
 narrowed, and comes nearer to that center 
 than the flioulder does : and thus the horfe 
 does not go altogether to that fide, and his 
 way of working is a little more than one 
 tread, and fomewhat lefs than two. 
 
 The difference between -working with one 
 haunch in, and galloping upon volts, and 
 managing upon terra a terra, is in galloping 
 upon volts, and working terra a terra j the 
 two haunches are kept fubje61:, and the twa 
 haunches are in, that is, within the volt ; 
 but in galloping a haunch in, only one is 
 kept fubjeft. 
 
 To gallop united, to gallop upon a good 
 and right foot, is, when a horfe that gallops- 
 right out, having cut the way, or led with 
 either of his fore (cci, continues to lift that 
 fame leg always firft, fo that the hinder leg, 
 of a fide with the leading fore-leg, muft 
 
 likewife 
 
GAM 
 
 llkewife be raifed fooner than the other hind 
 
 For inftance ; if the right fore leg leads 
 before the left, then the right hind leg mufl 
 likewife move fooner than the ieit hind leg ; 
 and in this order mufttlie horfe continue to 
 go on. 
 
 To gallop falfe, to difunite, to drag the 
 haunches, to change feet, to go or run upon 
 falfe feet, to gallop upon the falfe foot, 
 is, when the galloper having led with one 
 of the fore legs^ whether right, or left, 
 does not continue to make that leg always 
 fet out firft, nor to make the hind leg of a 
 lide with the leading leg, to move before 
 its oppofite hind leg ; that is to liiy, the 
 orderly going is interrupted. 
 
 A horfe that gallops falfe, gallops with 
 an unbecoming air^ and incommodes the 
 rider. 
 
 If your horfe gallops falfe, or difunite, 
 and if you have a mind to put him upon 
 keeping the right foot, and uniting well his 
 haunches, you mulb bring to with the calves 
 of your legs,, and then with the out fpur ; 
 that isj the fpur that is contrary and oppo- 
 fite to the fide upon which he difunites : fo 
 that if he difunites to the right, you muft 
 prick him with the left heel. 
 
 GAME-LAWS. For the information 
 and fatisfaftion of my readers, I have here 
 inferted abftrafts of three late Adts of parlia- 
 ment relating to the game, viz. that of the 
 ad of George III. and that of the loth of 
 George III. for the better prefervation of 
 the game, and alfo the late iVdl of the 13th 
 of George III. for the prefervation of the 
 moor game in England, whereby they, and 
 fportfmen may know the refpective times 
 when they are to begin, and when they are 
 to leave oiT fporting, and alfo the penalties 
 and punifhmcnts of infringing or breaking 
 the above Af:s. 
 
 The aforefai/. ftatute of the 2d of George 
 in. for the better prefervation of the game, 
 enafts, that no perfon after the firft day of 
 Jitne 1762, Ihall upon any pretence what- 
 foever, take, kill, deftroy, carry, buy, or 
 have, in her, or their poflfeffion, or ufe, 
 any partridge between the 12th day o( Fe- 
 
 G A M 
 
 hruary and the ift of September, or any 
 pheafant between the lil day of February 
 and the i ft of OHober, or any heath fov/1, 
 com.monly called black game, between the 
 I ft day of January and the 20th of Augufi, 
 or any groufe (commonly called red game) 
 between the ift day of December and the 
 25th day of y^/y in any year. Perfons of- 
 fending in any of the aforefald cafes, forfeit 
 five pounds per bird to the profecutor. The 
 v/hole of the above penalties may be fued 
 for and recovered to the fole ufe of the pro- 
 fecutor with double cofts, and no part of 
 the penalty fliall be paid or applied, to or 
 for the ule of the poor. Profecutions to be 
 brought within fix months next after the faft 
 committed. 
 
 N. B. By the above Att of the 2d 
 George III. the fporting fcafon for partridge 
 is, from the ift of September, to the 12th of 
 February, both inclufive. And. 
 
 For pheafantSj from the ift o( OSiober to 
 the lit of February both inclufive,. and no 
 other time. But hares are not included in 
 the above Aft, they may be killed all the 
 year, under the reftriftion in the following 
 Aft. 
 
 The ftatute of the 10th George III. for 
 the better prefervation of the game, enadls, 
 that after the 24th of June, 1770, if any 
 perfon ftiall take, kill, or deftroy, any hare, 
 pheafant, partridge, moor game, heath game, 
 or groufe In the night, between one hour 
 after fun fetting, and one hour before fun 
 rfi ng, or ufe any gun, dog, fnare, net or 
 other engine for taking, killing, or deftroy- 
 ing any fuch game in the night as aforefald, 
 every fuch perfon fiiall for the firft offence 
 be committed to goal for any time not ex- 
 ceeding fix months, nor lefs tlwn three, and 
 be publickly whipped. And for the fecond 
 offence to be imprlfoned not exceeding 
 twelvemonths, nor lefs than fix and bepubr 
 licky whipped. And if any penbn mail 
 upon a Sunday take, kill, or deftroy any 
 hare, pheafant, partrld;j;e, moor game, 
 heath game or groufe,or flvall upon a Sunday 
 ufe any gun, dog, fnare, net or other engine 
 for taking, killing, or deftroying any fuch 
 game as aforefald, and be convifted there- 
 of 
 
G A U 
 
 of upon the oath of one witnefs, Hiall for- 
 feit and pay any k:m not exceeding 30/. nor 
 jefs than 20/. One moiety thereof to go 
 to the informer, tlie other to the. poor of the 
 parilli. Ifnofufficient diftrefs can be had, 
 the offender to be committed to goal for any 
 time not exceeding fix months, nor Icfs 
 than three. 
 
 N. B. By the above A<5V of the loth George 
 III. the time for fporting is in the day 
 time, viz. from one hour before the fun 
 rifes, until one hour after it fets. 
 
 The late Aft of the 13th George III. for 
 the prefervation of the moor game in Eng- 
 Jand, enads, that from and after the 24th 
 dayof7«//f 1773, no perfon fhall willfully 
 take, kill, buy, or have in poffeffion, any 
 heath fowl, called black game, between the 
 10th of Becember and the 10th. oi Augiift , 
 nor any grouie, called red game, between 
 the loth oi December and the the 12th of 
 Atiguft., nor any buftard between the ift of 
 M^jt/' and the \^ ol December in any year. 
 After the faid 24th of 'June, if any perfon 
 .offends againft the faid acT:, he forfeits for 
 the firft offence, upon conviftion, any fum 
 not exceeding 20/. nor lefs than 10/. and 
 for the fecond, and every fubfequent offence, 
 any fum not exceeding 30/. nor lefs than 
 20/. to be recovered in any cf the courts at 
 JVeftminJler, provided fuch aftion be 
 brought within fix months after the offence 
 is committed : and it fhall be lawful for any 
 perfon (except the perfon liable to pay the 
 forfeitures) to proceed to recover the forfeit- 
 ures by information upon oath, and convic- 
 tion before any juftice orjuftices of the peace, 
 who are authorized to caufe the fame to be 
 paid, and in cafe of negleft or refufal, to 
 levy the fame by diftrefs and fale of the of- 
 fenders goods, ^c. by warrant, together 
 with all colls and charges, returning the 
 overplus to the owner, one moiety to be 
 given to the informer, the other to the poor 
 of the parifh where the offence was commit- 
 ted : and in cafe no fufficient diftrefs can be 
 had, fuch juftice or juftices Ihall commit 
 fuch offender to the common goal or houfe 
 of correftion, there to be kept to hard labour 
 for any time not exceeding fix, nor lefs 
 
 GAM 
 
 than three months, unlefs the money for- 
 feited, and all cofts and charges on the pro- 
 fecution fhall befoonerpaid. Appeals iTiav 
 be had at the quarter fcffions. 
 
 N. B. By this laft mentioned Aft of the 
 13th George III. for the prefei-vation of the 
 moor game, the fporting feafon is. 
 
 For the black game, from the 20th of 
 Augi'.fi to the loth o^ December. 
 
 For red game, from the 1 2th of Angicjl to 
 the loth oi December. And 
 
 For buftard s, from the ifl of December 
 to the ift o( March, both days inclufive. 
 
 I have here alfo added an abftraft from 
 the late Aft of parliament for preventing 
 the ftealing of dogs, which Ihews the great 
 regard the legiflature has to the canine race. 
 By the ftatute of the loth George III. for 
 preventing the ftealing of dogs, it is enafted, 
 that after the ift day of May, 1770, if. 
 any j:)erfon fliall fteal any dog or dogs of any 
 kind or fort whatfoever, from the owner 
 thereof, or from any perfon intrufted by the 
 owner thereof with fuch dog or dogs ; or 
 fliall fell, buy, receive, harbour, detain, or 
 keep any dogs of any kind or fort whatfo- 
 ever, knowing the fame to have been ftolen 
 as aforefaid, every iuch perfon being con- 
 vifted thereof upon the oath of one credi- 
 ble witnefs, before two juftices of the peace, 
 lliall for the firft offence forfeit and pay any 
 fum not exceeding 30/. nor lefs than 20/. 
 and the charges of conviftion. And in 
 cafe fuchpenalty fliall not be forthwith paid, 
 the offender to be committed to goal for any 
 time not exceeding twelve months, nor lefs 
 than fix, or until the penalty and charges 
 are paid. Any perfon guilty of a fubfequent 
 offence, to forfeit and pay any fum not ex- 
 ceeding 50/. nor lefs than 30/. together 
 with the charges, which penalties to be paid, 
 one moiety thereof to the informer, and the 
 other to the poor of the parifh. On non- 
 payment the offender to be imprifoned for 
 any time not exceeding 18 months nor lefs 
 than 12, or until the penalty and charges 
 fliall be paid, and be publickly whipped. 
 
 Juftices to grant wai-rants to fearcli for 
 dogs ftolen. And in cafe any fuch dog or 
 dogSj or their flcins, fliall upon fuch fearch 
 
 be 
 
GAM 
 
 be found, to take andreftore eveiy fuch dog 
 or fkin to the owner, and the perfons in whofe 
 cuftody any fuch dog or fkin fliail be found, 
 are liable to the like penalties and punifli- 
 ments. Perfons aggrieved may appeal to 
 the quarter-felTions, and the determination 
 there to be final. 
 
 GAME-COCK ; in the choice of a fight- 
 ing cock, four things are chiefly to be con- 
 fidered, viz. 
 
 Shape, colour, courage, and afharp heel. 
 
 1. As to fliape, you muft not chufe one 
 either too large or too fmall ; for the firft 
 is unwieldy, and not aftive, the other is 
 weak and tedious in his fighting ; and both 
 very difficult to be matched : the middle- 
 fized cock is therefore moll: proper for your 
 purpofe, as being ftrong, nimble, and ca- 
 fily matched ; his head ought to be fmall, 
 with a quick large eye, and a ftrong beak, 
 which (as Mr. Markham obferves) fliould 
 be crookt, and big at the fetting on, in 
 colour fuitable to the plume of his leathers, 
 whether black, yellow, or reddifli, Ciff. 
 
 The beam of his leg is to be very ftrong, 
 and according to his plume, blue, grey, or 
 yellow ; liis fpurs rough, long, and fliarp, 
 a little bending, and pointing inward. 
 
 2. The colour of a game cock ought to 
 be grey, yellow, or red, with a black 
 breaft ; not but there are many other piles, 
 or birds of different colours; very exceUent, 
 and may he difcovered by practife and ab- 
 fervation, but the three forn";er, by experi- 
 ence, are ever found the beft. The pied 
 pile may pafs indifferently, but the white and 
 dun are rarely known to be good for any 
 thing. 
 
 If your cock's neck be invefted with a fear- 
 let complexion, it is a fign he is ftrong, 
 lufty, and courageous; but on the contra- 
 ry, if pale and wan, it denotes him to be 
 faint, and dcfeftive in his ftate of health. 
 
 3. You may know his courage by his 
 proud, upright ftanding, and ftately tread 
 in walking; and if he crows frequently in 
 the pen it is a demonftration of fpirit. 
 
 4. His narrow heel, or fharpnefs of heel, 
 is known i o otherwife than by obfervation 
 in fighting j and that is,, when upon every 
 
 GAM 
 
 rifing he fo hits, that he draws blood from 
 his adverfary, gilding his fpurs continually, 
 and at every blow threatning him with imme- 
 diate death. 
 
 Here note, it is the opinion of the moft 
 fl;iliful cock-mafters, that a fharp heeled 
 cock, though he be fomewhat falfe, is better 
 than a true cock with a dull heel : the reafon 
 is this, the one fights long, but feldom 
 wounds, while the other carries a heel fo 
 fatal, that every moment produces an ex- 
 peftation of the end of the battle ; and 
 though he be not fo hardy as to endure the 
 utm.oft hewing, fo commonly there is little 
 occafion for it, he being a quick difpatcher 
 of his bufinels. 
 
 Now fhould your cock prove both hardy 
 and -narrow heeled, he is then the beft 
 bird you can make choice of. 
 
 To prepare a cock to fight, firft with a 
 pair of fine fhears cut all his mane clofe off 
 to his neek, from the head to the fetting on 
 of the flioulders. 
 
 2. Clip off all the feathers from the tail, 
 clofe to his rump ; the redder it appears, 
 the better is the cock in condition. 
 
 3. Spread his wings by the length of the 
 firil rifing feather, and clip the reft flope- 
 wife, with ftaarp points, that in his rifing 
 he may therewith endanger an eye of his 
 adverfary. 
 
 4. Scrape fmooth, and ftiarpen his fpurs 
 with a penknife. 
 
 5. And laftly, fee that there be no fea- 
 thers on the crown of his head for his oppo- 
 nent to take hold of them, moiftcn his head 
 all over with your fpittle, and turn him into 
 the pit to try his fortune. For other par- 
 ticulars, fee Matching of Cocks. 
 
 GAME-HEN fhould be rightly plumed ; 
 as, black, brown, fpeckled grey, griffel, 
 or yellowifh ; thefe being the moft proper 
 colours for fuch a hen of the game : if fhe 
 be tufted on the crown, it is fo much the 
 better, for that denotes courage and refo- 
 lution ; and if fhe have the addition of ^vea- 
 pons, they conduce very much to her excel- 
 lency ; her body fhould be big and well 
 poked behind, for the production of large 
 eggs ; but it is advifeable to obferve how 
 
 ftiC 
 
GAM 
 
 fiiebi'haves herfc'lf to !-.i?rc!ilc'kenSj whethc-r 
 friendly or iVowartily.: and take efpecial 
 notice of her carnage amongft other hens; 
 if ilie receive abufes from them without re- 
 venge, or (hew any token of cowardife, 
 value hci- not, for you may depend upon it 
 her chickens will be good for nothing. 
 
 Take tliis general and fure remark, that 
 a right hen of the game, from a dung-hill 
 cock, will bring forth veiy good chickens ; 
 but the belt cock, from a dung-hill hen, 
 will never get a bird that is fit for the 
 game. 
 
 The beil feafoii for breeding, is the fpring 
 quarter, let your hen's nefl be made of foft 
 fweet fira-vv, and ftand in fome warm place ; 
 it fliould be fo fixed, that ihe may not be 
 difturbed by the fight of any other fowl, 
 which frequently fo raifes her choler, that 
 the esTE^s are in great danger. 
 
 That flie may not ftraggle too far from 
 her eggs, by "being obliged to feek abroad 
 for food, and fo cool them, it is abfolutely 
 rcquifite to fet by her fuch provifions as you 
 think fit, with fome fair water, that flie may 
 bathe and trim herfelf at pleafure : let fand, 
 gravel and aflies, be finely fifted on the 
 place where Ihe fits. 
 
 The hen ufually hatches her chickens 
 after the expiration of twenty-one days, at 
 that time obferve to take them, newly hatch- 
 ed, and wrap them up in wool, keep them 
 warm by a fire-fide till the reft are difclofed ; 
 as foon as they are all hatched put them un- 
 der the hen, and be fure to keep her warm -, 
 neither muft you fuffer your chickens to 
 range till they be above three weeks old, 
 but let the room in which they are kept be 
 boarded, for all other floors are either too 
 moid or too cold. 
 
 When they are a month old, let their 
 walk be in fome grafs court, or green place, 
 that they may have the benefit of feeding 
 on worms, now and then fcour therafelves 
 v.'ith grafs and chick-weed : but be careful 
 they come not near puddles or filthy places, 
 for they occafion in birds of this nature, 
 noxious di iternpers, which often prove fatal. 
 
 Continue the taking of this courfe, till 
 t|ieir fe:-:es are diftinguifliable ; as foon as 
 
 GAM 
 
 their combs or wattles appear, cut them 
 away, and anoint the fore place with fwtet 
 butter till it be whole. 
 
 The time of the feparation of the cock 
 chickens, is, when they begin to fight and 
 peck one another, till v/liich time you may 
 let them walk with the hens promiifcuoufly 
 together, but afterv/ards let their walks be 
 apart ; and that walk is bed where he may 
 fccurely and privately enioy his hens with- 
 out the difturbance of other cocks. 
 
 Let the plac-e of feeding be as much as 
 poffible, in foft, dry ground, or on boards; 
 for if the place be hard, as paved earth, or 
 plai Peered floors, it will be apt fo far to 
 v/eaken and blunt their beaks, that they 
 will be unable to hold faft. 
 
 Any white corn is good for a young game- 
 cock in his walk, and fo are white bread 
 toafts fteeped in drink, or man's urine, 
 which will both fcour and cool them in- 
 wardly : let him not have above three hens 
 to keep company with, for Ihould you fuf- 
 fer more he will tread too much and con- 
 fume his ftrength, and become fo weak, 
 that though his courage may not fail, yet 
 he will not havq ftrength enough to en- 
 cou nter in a battle. 
 
 You fhould alfo more efpecially take care 
 that his roolting perch be not too fmall in 
 the gripe, or fb ill placed that he cannot 
 fit without ftraddling ; or if it be crooked 
 it is bad, for by thole means a cock will be 
 uneven heeled, and conlequently no good 
 ftriker. 
 
 To prevent fuch diforder, you fiiould 
 have in the rooft a row of little perches, 
 about eight inches in length, and ten from 
 the ground, that the cock may afcend witli 
 the more eafe, and when got up, may be 
 conflrained to keep his legs near together ; 
 according to the tenor of this maxim 
 amongit cock-breeders, that the cock that 
 is a clofe fitter, is never a narrow ftriker. 
 
 Neither Ihould you fufFer your cock to 
 fight a battle, till he be compleat and per- 
 f"e(5t in every member ; that is, when he has 
 attained the age of two years ; fince to 
 fight him when his fpurs are in a manner 
 but warts, is no fign of djfcretion ; for you 
 
 may 
 
GAS 
 
 inay then perhaps be fenfible of his valour 
 and courage, but cannot know his real 
 ■\vorth and goodnefs. 
 
 GAME KEEPERS, are thofe who have 
 the care of keeping and preferving the 
 game, and are appointed to that office by 
 lords of manors, &c. who not being un- 
 der the degree of efquire, may by a writing, 
 under their hands and feals, authorife one 
 or more game-keepers, who may feize guns, 
 dogs, or nets ufed by unqualified perfons, 
 for deftroying the game. Game-keepers 
 are alfo to be perfons either qualified by 
 l:rw to kill the game, or to be truly and 
 properly the fervants of the lords or ladies 
 of manors appointing them ; and no game- 
 keepers can qualify any perfon to fuch end, 
 or to keep dogs, ^c. as may be feen by the 
 feveral game ads. 
 
 The perfons qualified to keep guns, dogs, 
 '&c. are thofe who have a free warren, lOo/. 
 a year by inheritance, or for life, or a leafe 
 for ^^ years of 150/. per ann. alfo the eldeft 
 fons of efquires, &c. A lord of a manor 
 may appoint a game-keeper within ~his 
 manor and royalty to kill hares, pheafants, 
 partridges, is'c. for his own ufe, the name 
 of whom is to be entered with the clerk of 
 the peace of the county ; and if any other 
 game-keeper, or one illegally authorifed, un- 
 der colour of his authority, kills game, and 
 afterwards fells it, without th& confent of 
 the perfon that impowers him, he is on 
 conviftion to fufter corporal puniJhment. 
 
 GANACKES, (fo called in French) in 
 farriery, are the two bones on each fide of 
 the hinder part of the head, oppofite to the 
 neck, or onfet of the head, which form the 
 lowerjaw, and give it motion. 
 
 It is in this place that the glands or ker- 
 nels of the ftrangles, and the glanders, are 
 placed. 
 
 To GARDEN a Hawk, is to put her 
 on a turf of grafs to chear her, 
 
 GARTH, OR Fish-Garth, a wear or 
 dam in a river for the catching fifli. 
 
 GARTH MAN^ one who owns an open 
 wear where filli are taken. 
 
 GASCOIN, the hinder thigh ofan horfe, 
 which begins at the ftifle, and reaches to 
 thepla, or bending of the ham. 
 
 G E L, 
 
 GAUNT BELLYED, or light eel- 
 LVED Horse, is one whofe belly llirinks up 
 towards his flank ; v/hence you may con- 
 clude he is extremely collive, and annoyed 
 with much unnatural heat, fo as to be 
 always very wafhy, tender, and unhealthy, 
 after hard labour. 
 
 In order to the cure of it, it mull: be ob- 
 fei-ved, that all horfes have two fmall ftrings, 
 reaching from the cods to the bottom, of the 
 belly, one on each fide ; you mu(t there- 
 fore with your finger break thefe ftrings, 
 and then anoint the part every day with frefli 
 butter, a.nd the Ointment populneutn, mixed in 
 equal quantities. 
 
 GAZE-HOUND, i a dog more beholden 
 
 GAST-HOUND, 1 to"" the ftiarpnefs of 
 his fight, than his nofe or fmelling, by vir- 
 tue of which he makes excellent fport with 
 the fox and hare : he is alio very exquifite 
 in his eleftion of one that is not lank or 
 lean, but full, fat, and round; which if it 
 happen to return and mingle with the reft 
 of the herd, this dog will foon fpy it out, 
 leaving the reft untouched ; and after he 
 hath fet fure fight upon it, he feparateth it 
 from the company, and having fo done, 
 never ceafeth till he hath worried it to 
 death. 
 
 Thefe dogs are much ufed in the north of 
 England, and on champagne ground, rather 
 than buftiy and wooden-places j and they 
 are more ufed by horfemen than footmen. 
 
 If it fo happens at any time that fuch a 
 dog takes a wrong way, upon the mafter's 
 making fome ufual fign and familiar token, 
 he returns forthwith, and takes the right 
 and ready courfe, beginning the chace afrefti; 
 fo that v/ith a clear voice and fwift foot, he 
 follows the game with as m^uch courage and 
 nimblenefs as he did at firft. 
 GEESE. See Poultry, 
 GELDING, is a horfe whofe tefticles are 
 cut out, fo that lie is not fo fit for a ftai- 
 lion. 
 
 GELDING A Horse or Colt : in the 
 
 performing of this three things are to be 
 
 obferved; firft the age, then the feafon of 
 
 the year, and laftly the ftate of the moon. 
 
 As to the firft, if it be a colt, he may be 
 
 Y gelded 
 
GEN 
 
 gelded at nine days old, or fifteen, if his 
 Hones be come down ; for the fooner you 
 geld him, the better for the growth, age, 
 and courage ; but a farrier m.ay gehi a horfe 
 at any age whatever, if he be careful of the 
 cure. 
 
 As to the time of the year, it fhould be 
 done between April and Alay, or in the be- 
 ginning of June at fartheft ; or at the fall of 
 the leaf, which is about the latter end of 
 September. 
 
 But for the third thing, viz. tiie ftate of 
 the moon, the fitteft time is always when 
 the moon is in the wane, or decreafe. 
 
 As to the manner of gelding, whether it 
 be a foal, colt, or horfe, after you have caft 
 him upon fbme foft place, take the ftones 
 between your foremoft finger and your great 
 finger, then flit the cod and prefs the ftones 
 forth; wJien that is done, with a pair of 
 fmall nippers made of fteel,. box, or brazil 
 v/ood, being very fmooth, clap the ftrings 
 of the ftones between them very near, cut 
 to the fetting on of the ftones, and prefs 
 them fo hard, that there may be no flux of 
 blood ; then with a thin drawing cauterizing 
 iron, made red hot, .fear away the ftone : 
 after that take an hard plaifter, made of 
 rofin, wax, and waflied turpentine, well 
 diflblved together, and v/ith your hot iron, 
 melt it upon the head of the ftrings ; that 
 being done, fear them, and melt more of 
 the falve, till fuch time as you have laid 
 a good thicknefs of the falve upon the 
 ftrings. 
 
 Laftly, Icofe the nippers, and do fo to 
 the other ftone ; fill the two flits of the cod 
 with white fait, anoint all the outfide of 
 the cod with hog's greafe, and then let the 
 horfe rife ; keeping him in a warm ftable 
 loofe, that he may walk up and dovv'n, for 
 there is nothing better for him than m.ode- 
 rate exercife. 
 
 But if you perceive that he fwells in the 
 cod and ftieath very much, chafe him up 
 and down, and make him trot an hour in a 
 day, which will foon recover him and make 
 him found. 
 
 GENNET, a kind of Spnmjh horfe; alfo 
 a kind of cat bred in Spain, fomewlut big- 
 
 } 
 
 a fort of maggot or worm,, 
 often ufed for a bait to catch 
 
 G L A 
 
 ger than a weafel, of a grey or black colour,, 
 but the fur of the black is the more valu- 
 able. 
 
 GENTIL, 
 
 GENTLE 
 filh. 
 
 GERFALCON, 7 a bird of prey, that is 
 
 GYRFALCON, i of a fize between a vul- 
 ture and a hawk, and of the greateft ftrength 
 next to the eagle. 
 
 GESSES, the furniture belonging to a 
 hawk. See Jessies. 
 
 GIGS, otherwife called Bladders, or 
 Flaps, areadifeafe in the mouth of a horfe j 
 they being fmall fwellings, or puftules with 
 black heads, on the infide of his lips, under 
 his great jaw teeth, v.'hich w-iil be fome- 
 times as big as a walnut, and fo painful 
 withal, that he will let his meat fall out of 
 his mouth, or at leaft keep it in his mouth- 
 unchewed. 
 
 Thefe gigs proceed from foul feeding,, 
 either of grafs or provender; and you may 
 feel them with your finger. 
 
 In order for a cure, puil forth the horfe's 
 tongue, and flit it with an incifion-knife, 
 and thruft out the kernels, or corruption; 
 and afterwards wafli the place with vinegar,^ 
 fait, or alium-water, and they will do well ; 
 but to prevent their coming at all, wafli the 
 putts with wine, beer, or ale. 
 
 GIP.LE, [am.ong Hunters] a roe-buck of 
 two years old. 
 
 GIRTHS OF A Saddle, the ftrong can- 
 vas ftraps, which, being buckled under a 
 horfe's belly, ferve to fix the faddle. See 
 Saddle. 
 
 GIRTH, [with cock-mafters] the com- 
 pafs of a cock's body. 
 
 GIRTH-WEB, that ftuff of which the 
 girths of a faddle are made. 
 
 GLANDERS, a diftemperin horfes, pro- 
 ceeding, according to the French accounts, 
 from corrupt humours about the lungs and 
 heart, ariftng neither from the blood nor 
 phlegm, but from the one and the other 
 bile, and therefore it is called dry.. 
 
 It is difcovered by the horfe's growing 
 lean on a fudden, and by touching his flanks 
 with your hand, which will make them 
 
 found 
 
G L A 
 
 found like a drum ; and the horfe can neither 
 eat nor cough, though he endeavours it, 
 and feels terrible fliarp pains inwardly, as if 
 he had fwallowed a bone. 
 
 This difeafe has long been reckoned in- 
 curable, and a reproach to the art of farriery. 
 But anatomical refearches have convinced 
 us, that this opinion is unjuftly founded, 
 and that the glanders, unlefs the bones of 
 the nofe are rotten, may, in general, be 
 cured. I fay in general, becaufe this dif- 
 eafe is fometimes of fuch malignancy, and 
 the matter difcharged fo acrid and foetid, 
 that the parts contiguous are foon deftroyed, 
 and all attempts to cure the difeafe by me- 
 dicine rendered abortive. 
 
 Symptoms of the Glanders. 
 
 The matter difcharged from the noflrils 
 of a glandered horfe, is either white, yel- 
 low, or greenifh, fometimes ftreaked or 
 tinged with blood ; when the difeafe is of 
 long (landing, and the bones are fouled, the 
 matter turns blackifli, and becomes very 
 foetid. The glanders is always attended 
 v/ith a fwelling of the kernels or glands un- 
 der the jaws, but in every other refpedl the 
 horfe is generally healthy and found, till 
 the diftemper has continued fome time, and 
 the morbid matter afFefted other parts. 
 
 If a thin limped fluid is firft difcharged, 
 and afterwards a whitifh matter j if the 
 gland under the jaw does not continue to 
 fwell, and 'the diforder has been recently 
 contracted, a fpeedy cure may be expedled j 
 for then the pituitary membrane is but 
 nightly inflamed, and the glands only over- 
 loaded, not ulcerated. But when the mat- 
 ter adheres like glue to the infide of the 
 noftrils ; when the internal parts of the nofe 
 are raw, and of a livid or aili colour ; when 
 the matter becomes foetid, and of a bloody 
 or afli colour, the difeafe is ftubborn, and 
 the cure uncertain. 
 
 M. de laFoflTe has difcovered that the feat 
 of this difeafe is in the pituitary membrane 
 which lines the partition along the infide of 
 the nofe, the cavities of the cheek bones on 
 each fide, and the cavities above the orbits of 
 the eye. 
 
 G L A 
 
 If the difeafe be of the milder kind the 
 cure may be performed by injundions and 
 fumigations in the following manner. Let 
 the creature be firft bleeded, and treated in 
 the fame manner as we have already directed 
 for a cold ; in the mean time let an emol- 
 lient injeftion, confifting of a decoction of 
 linfeed, marflimallows, elder, chamomile- 
 fiowers, and honey of rofes, be thrown up 
 the noflrils as far as pofllble, v/ith a ftrong 
 lyringe, and repeated three times a day. If 
 the running Ihould not leffen, let the fol- 
 ^lovv'ing injeftion be made ufe of: Take of 
 alum and white vitjiol, of each four oun- 
 ces ; calcine them in a crucible, and when 
 cold, powder the calx and mix it with a gal- 
 lon of lime water, and a quart of. vinegar. 
 L,et the whole ftand till the heavy parts are 
 fubfided, and then decant the liquor for 
 ufe. 
 
 This injeftion muft be thrown up with 
 a fyringe three times a day, as before or- 
 dered, and the noftrils fumigated with the 
 powders of frankincenfe, mafl:ic, amber 
 and cinnabar, burnt on an iron heated for 
 that purpofe ; the fmoak or fume of thefe 
 ingredients being eafily conveyed through 
 a tube into the noftrils. 
 
 This method, ■ if began in time, will 
 prove fuccefsful. But when the difeafe is 
 of long ftanding, or very inveterate, there 
 is no other method of cure, than by trepan- 
 ning the cavities above defcribed, that is, 
 cutting out a piece of the bone, with a pro- 
 per inftrument and wafliing the parts af- 
 fedted with proper medicines ; for by this 
 means the morbid matter will be removed, 
 and the wound and perforation will foon 
 fill up with good flcfli. No perfon however 
 can perform this operation unlefs he well 
 underftands the anatomy of an horfe, and the 
 manner of conducting fuch manual actions ; 
 fo that it will be necdlefs to defcribe it 
 here. 
 
 But as internal medicines are ufcful in the 
 cure of moft difeafes, fo in the glanders 
 they are abfolutely necefl"ary. Give there- 
 fore the creature a quart or three pints of a 
 ftrong decoction of guaicum chips, every 
 day, during the whole cure, and purge him 
 Y 2 at 
 
G O A 
 
 at proper inter^'als. A rowel in his cheft 
 will alio be of" great ufc. 
 
 FoT the cure of the glanders, Mortimer 
 gives the following receipt. Take a pint of 
 children's chamber-lye, two ounces of oil 
 of turpentine; half a pint of white-wine 
 vinegar; four ounces of flour of briinfcone ; 
 half a handful of rue : boil this compofi- 
 tion till it comes to a pint, and give it to 
 the horfe falling; and let him faft after 
 •it fix hours from meat, and twelve from 
 water. 
 
 GLEAD, a fort of kite, a bird of prey, 
 which may be taken with lime twigs in the 
 following manner. When you have found 
 any carrion on which kites, crows, pies, i£c. 
 are preying, fet lime twigs every night 
 about the carrion, but let them be fmall and 
 not fet too thick ; if otherwife, they being 
 fubtile birds, they will fufpeft fome danger 
 or mifchief intended againll them. 
 
 When you perceive one to be faft, do 
 not advance to him prefently, for moft 
 commonly when tliey are furely caught they 
 are not fenfible thereof. 
 
 They may be taken another way, and 
 that is by joining to a packthread, feveral 
 nooies of hair up and down the packthread, 
 and pegging it down about a yard from the 
 carrion : for many times when they have 
 gotten a piece of flefli, they will be apt to 
 run away to feed by themfelves, and if your 
 noofes be thick it is two to one but fome of 
 the noofes catch him by the leg. 
 
 GLEAM, [with Falconers] a hawk is faid 
 to gleam, when (he cafts or throws up filth 
 from her gorge. 
 
 GLUT, [with Falconers] the flimy fub- 
 ftance that lies in the pannel of a hawk. 
 
 GOATS, are a kind of cattle that take 
 delight in bufhes, briars, thorns, and other 
 trees, rather than in plain pafture grounds, 
 or fields. 
 
 The buck goat has under his jaws two 
 vv'attles or tufts like a beard ; his body 
 fliould be large, his legs big, his joints up- 
 right, his neck plain and fhort, his head 
 fmall, eyes large, and horns large and bend- 
 ing; his hair thick, clean and long, being 
 in many places flaorn for feveral ufes. 
 
 G O A 
 
 He is of great heat, and alfo fo viciousy, 
 that he will not fliun covering his ov/n dam,, 
 though fhe be yet milch ; through which 
 heat he foon decays ; and is nigh fpent be- 
 fore he is fix years old. 
 
 The female goat alfo refembles the male^ 
 and is valued if fhe have large teats, a great 
 udder, hanging ears, and no horns, at leafb 
 fmall ones. 
 
 There, ought not to be above loo of 
 them in one herd, and in buying it is better 
 to buy feveral out of one herd, than to 
 chufe in divers parts and companies, that 
 fo being led to their pafture, they may not 
 icparate, and they will better agree in their 
 houfes; the floor of which ought to be. 
 paved with ftone, or elfe naturally to be of 
 gravel, for they are fo hot, they muft have 
 no litter under them ; but yet muft be keot 
 very clean. 
 
 The chief time of coupling them, or 
 covering with the buck, is in autumn, be- 
 fore the month of December, that fo, they 
 may kid and bring forth their young the 
 better againft the leaf and grals fpring frefh 
 and tender; at v/hich time they will give 
 the more milk. 
 
 They are veiy prolifick, bringing forth 
 two and fometimes three kids at a time ; the 
 bucks muft be a little corrected and kept, 
 low to abate the heat and lafcivioufnefs of 
 their natures, but young does fhould be air- 
 lowed to have abundance of milk. 
 
 Neither fliould you give any kid to a goat 
 of a year or two old to nourifh, for fuch as 
 they bring within the faid time are improper 
 for it. 
 
 You muft not keep your goats longer 
 than eight years, becaufe they being by that, 
 time weakened by often bearing, will be- 
 come barren. 
 
 Thefe animals require fcarce any thing, 
 that is chargeable to keep them, for they 
 browfe and feed wholly together as fheep do,, 
 and climb up mountains againft the heat of 
 the fun, with great force ; but they are not 
 fo fit to be about houfes as flieep are ; being; 
 naturally more hurtful to all manner of herb's 
 and trees. 
 
 As for their diftempers, except it be in a 
 
 few 
 
G O L 
 
 few particurars, they are the fame as thofe 
 of fheep. 
 
 The chief profit of them is their milk, 
 which is efteemed the greateft nourifher of 
 all liquids (womens milk only excepted) 
 and the moft comiortable and agreeable to 
 the ftomach ; fo that in barren countries it 
 is often mixt with other milk for the mak- 
 ing of cheefe, where they have not a fuf- 
 ficient ftock of cows. 
 
 The young kids are very good meat, and 
 may be managed in all relpefts after the 
 fame manner as lambs. 
 
 GODWITS ; as alfo knots, grays, plo- 
 vers, and curlewsy being fowls efteemed of 
 all others the moft dainty and deareft, arc 
 efFeclually fed with good chilter wheat, and 
 water, given them three times a dav, viz. 
 morning, noon, and night; but to have them 
 extraordinary fine take fome of the fineft 
 wheat meal, and mingle it with milk, and 
 make it into a pafte, conftantly fprinkling 
 it while you are kneading it, with grains of 
 fmall chilter wheat, till the pafte be fujly 
 mixt together therewith ; then make it up 
 into little pellets, and fteeping them in 
 v/ater, give to every fowl according as he is 
 in largenefs, till his gorge be -vvell filled, 
 and continuing to do this as often as you 
 find his gorge empty, and in a fortnight's 
 time, they will be very fat ; and with this 
 cramming aiiy kind of fowl whatever may 
 be fattened. 
 
 GOING TO THE Vault, [with Hunters] 
 a term ufed of a hare which fometimes, 
 though feldom, takes the ground like a 
 coney. 
 
 GOLDFINCH, a feed bird of very cu- 
 rious colours, and were they not fo plenti- 
 ful, would be highly efteemed by us. 
 
 They are ufually taken about Michael- 
 mas, and will foon become tame; but they 
 differ very much in their fong ; for fome of 
 them fing after one fafhion, and fome of 
 them after another. 
 
 They frequently breed in the upper part 
 of plum-trees, making their nelb of the 
 mofs that grows upon apple-trees, and of 
 wool : quilting the infide with all forts of 
 hairs, they find upon the ground. 
 
 G O S 
 
 They breed three times a year, and the 
 young are to be taken with the neft at about 
 ten days old; and to be fed as follows. 
 
 Pound the hemp-feed very fine in a mor- 
 tar, then fift it tlirough a fieve, and add to 
 it as much white bread as hemp-feed, and 
 alfo a little flower of canary-feeds ; then 
 with a fmall ftick or quill, take up as much 
 as the bignefs of a white pea, and give them 
 three or four times, feveral times a day; 
 this ought to be made frefh every day, for 
 if it be four it will prefently fpoil their fto- 
 machs, caufing them to caft up their meat ; 
 which if they do, it is ten to one if they 
 live. 
 
 Thefe young birds muft be carefully kept 
 warm till they can feed themfelves, for they 
 are very tender, yet may be brought up to 
 any thin.g. 
 
 In feeding, be fure to make your bird' 
 clean his bill and mouth ; if any of the 
 meat falls upon his feathers take it off, or 
 elfe they will not thrive. 
 
 Such as eat hemp-feed, to purge them, 
 fliould have the feeds of melons, fuccory, 
 and mercury; or elfe let them have lettuce 
 and plantane for that purpofe. 
 
 When there is no need of purging, give 
 them two or three times a week a little fu- 
 gar or loam in their meat, or at the bottom, 
 of the cage ; for all feeds have an oilincfs, 
 fo that if they have not fomething to dry- 
 it up, in length of time it fouls their 
 ftomachs and puts them into a flux, which 
 is of a very dangerous confcquence. 
 
 GORGE [in Falconry], that part of a. 
 hawk which firft receives the meat, and is 
 called the craw or crop in other fowl. 
 
 GORGED, i. e. fwelled ; this horfe's paf- 
 tern joint is gorged, and the other has his 
 legs gorged; you muft walk him out to dif- 
 gorge them, or take down the fwelling. 
 
 GOSHAWK \ [^. d. grofs-hawk] a 
 
 GOSS-HAWK ( large hawk of which 
 there are feveral forts, differing in^goodnefs, 
 force, and hardnefs, according to the di- 
 verfity of their choice in cawking; at which 
 time when hawks begin to fail to liking all: 
 birds of prey do affemble themfelves with 
 the golhawk and flock together. 
 
 GOURDE 
 
G R A 
 
 GOURDY LEGS, n diftemper in horFes, 
 caufcd by pains and other flefliy fores. 
 
 The way to ciir^ thcin, is firfc to fliave 
 .iway the hair upon and about the fore place, 
 as dole as may be, and then to anoint it 
 with linfced oil and aqua vitse, lliaken to- 
 gether till they are perfectly mixt ; and re- 
 new the mixing of it as often as you have 
 occafion to ufe it, becaufe they will feparate 
 by (landing, without being fhaken ; anoint 
 the fore place with this every day till the 
 fore be made whole. See Grease. 
 
 GOUT IN Hawks, a diftemper to which 
 they are incident, epfecially fuch as are free 
 mettled and ftrong fcrikers. 
 
 This gout is a fwelling, knotting or con- 
 trafting the feet. 
 
 GRAYLING J i Ln angling for thir, 
 
 GRAILING; 1 fiili, your hook muft 
 be armed upon the fhanks with a very narrow 
 plate ol' lead, which fliould be flendereft at 
 the bent of the hook, that the bait (v/hich 
 is to be a large grafihopper, the uppermoft 
 wing of which muft be pulled off) maycome 
 over to it the more eafily : at the point let 
 there be a cad-bait in continual motion. 
 
 The jag-tail, which is a worm of a pale 
 fiefli-colour with a yellow tag on it's tail, 
 is an excellent bait for the grayling inM^?Y^ 
 and April. 
 
 GRAPES, a word forrvetimes ufed to fig- 
 nify the arrefts, or mangy tumours that 
 happen in a horfc's legs. Sec Arrests. 
 
 To GRAPPLE ; a horfe is faid to grapple, 
 either in one or both legs ; the expreffion 
 being peculiar to the hinder legs. 
 
 He grappled both legs when he lifts them 
 both at once, and raifes them with precipi- 
 tation, as if he were a curveting. 
 
 He grapples one leg when he raifes it 
 precipitately higher than ttie other, with- 
 out bending the ham. Hence they fay. 
 
 Your horfe harps or grapples, fo that he 
 mufl have theftring-hak in his hough. 
 
 GRASS, to put a horfe to grafs, to turn 
 hi ITT out to grafs, to recover him. 
 
 To take a horfe from grafs to keep him 
 at dry meat. ^SV^ Dry end Green Meat. 
 
 GI^ YELLING, a misfortune that hap- 
 pens to a horfe by ti-avelling, by little 
 
 G R A 
 
 gravel-ftones getting between the hoof and 
 the fhoe, which fettles at the quick, and 
 there fellers and frets. 
 
 The way to cure it, is to take off the fhoe, 
 and then to draw the place with a drawing 
 iron till you com.e to the quick ; pick out 
 all the gravel, and fqueeze out the matter 
 and blood found therein, and afterwards 
 wafli it clean with copperas water, then 
 pour upon it fheeps tallow and bay fait melt- 
 ed together, fcalding hot ; ftop up the hole 
 wnxh. hards, and fet the fhoe on again, and 
 at tv/o or three times drefTing it will be 
 whole ; but do not travel or work him be- 
 fore he is quite well, or let his foot come to 
 any wet. 
 
 GRAY-HOUND, 7 a huntine dog that 
 
 GRE-HOUND, \ deferves^the flrft 
 
 GREY-HOUND, J place, byreafonof 
 his fvviftnefs, ftrength, and fagacity in pur- 
 fuing his game ; for fuch is the nature of 
 this dog, that he is fpeedy and quick of 
 foot to follow, fierce and ftrong to over- 
 come, yet filent, coming upon his prey 
 unawares. 
 
 The beft of them has a long body, ftrong, 
 and pretty large ; a neat lliarp head, fpark- 
 ling eyes, a long m.outh, and fharp teeth j 
 little ears with thin griftles, a ftrait broad 
 and ftrong breaft, his fore legs ftrait and 
 lliort, his hind legs long and ftrait, broad 
 flioulders, round ribs, flefliy buttocks, but 
 not f\it, a long tail, and ftrong, and full of 
 finews. 
 
 Of this kind, thofe are always fitteft to be 
 chofen among the whelps that weigh light- 
 eft, for they will be fooner at the game, 
 and fo hang upon it, hindering it's fwiftnefs, 
 till the heavier and ftrong hounds come to 
 offer their affiftance ; and therefore, befides 
 what has been already faid. 
 
 It is requifite for a greyhound to have 
 large fides, and a broad midriff", fo that he 
 may take his breath in and out more eafily : 
 his belly Ihould alfo be fmall, (which other- 
 wife would obftrud the fwiftnefs of his 
 courfe) his legs long, and his hairs thin and 
 foft : the huntfman is to lead thefe hounds 
 on his left hand, if he be on foot, and on the 
 right if en horfeback. 
 
 The 
 
G R E 
 
 The befl time to try and train them to 
 eheir game, is at tv/elve months old, tho' 
 fome begin fooner with them;' with the 
 males at ten months, and the females at 
 eight months old, which laft are generally 
 more fwift than the dogs : they mutt alio be 
 kept in a flip while abroad, till they can lee 
 their courfe : neither fliould you run a 
 young dog till the game has been on foot a 
 confiderable time, left being over greedy 
 of the prey he ftrain his limbs too much. 
 
 The greyhounds are moft in requell with 
 the Germans, who give them the name of 
 windfpil, alluding to their fwiftnefs ; but 
 the French make molt account of thofe that 
 are bred in the mountains of Dalmatia, or 
 in any other mountains, efpecially o{ Turkey, 
 for fuch have hard ie.tt, long ears, and a 
 briftly or builiy tail. 
 
 As to the breeding of greyhounds, in this 
 you mud have refpeft to the country, 
 which fhould be champagne,, plain, or high 
 downs. 
 
 The beft vallies are thofe where there arc 
 no coverts ; fo that a hare may ftand forth, 
 and endure a courfe of two or three miles. 
 
 Take notice as to the breeding of grey- 
 hounds, that the beft dog upon an indifferent 
 bitch, will not get fo good a whelp, as an 
 indifferent dog upon the beft bitch. 
 
 Obferve in general as to breeding ; that 
 the dogs and bitches, as near as you can, 
 be of an equal age, not exceeding four 
 years old ;. however to breed with a youn» 
 dog and an old bitch, may be the means of 
 producing excellent whelps, the goodnefs of 
 which you may know by their Ihapes. 
 
 In the breeding of greyhounds, in the firft 
 'place, the dieting of greyhounds, confifts in 
 thefe four things, food, exercile, airing, 
 and kennelling. 
 
 The food of a greyhound is tv/o-fqld ; ge- 
 neral, that is, the maintaining of a dog in 
 good bodily condition ; and particularly, 
 when a doa; is dieted for a wasrer, or it mav 
 be for fome diftemper he is troubled v/ith. 
 
 The general food of a greyhound ought 
 to be chippings, crufts of bread, foft bones 
 and grifties, the chippings fcalded in beef, 
 mutton, veal or venifon broth : and when 
 
 G R E 
 
 it is indifferent cool, then make your bread 
 only float in good milk, and give it your 
 greyhounds morning and evening, and 
 this will keep them in good ftate of body. 
 
 But if your dog be poor, fickly and 
 v/eak, then take fheeps heads, wool and all, 
 clean waflied, and having broken them to 
 pieces, put them into a pot ; and when it 
 boils, fcum the pot, and put a quantity of 
 oatmeal into it, and fuch herbs as pottage 
 is ufually made with ; boil thefe till the 
 flefii is very tender, and feed your dog with 
 this mornina; and evening, and it will re- 
 cover him. 
 
 If you defign your greyhound for a wager, 
 then give him his diet bread as follows : 
 Take half a peck of good wheat, and half 
 a peck of the fineft, drieft oatmeal ; grind 
 them together, boult the meal, and having 
 fcattered in it an indifferent quantity of 
 liquorice and annifeeds, well beaten to- 
 gether, knead it up with the whites of eggs, 
 and bake it in fmall loaves, indifferent hard, 
 then foak it in beef or other broths; and 
 having walked him and aired him half an 
 hour after fun-rife in the morning, and half 
 an hour before fun-fetting, give him fome of 
 it to eat. 
 
 He ought to be courfed three tim.es a 
 week, rewarding him with blood, which 
 will animate and encourage him to profecute 
 his game ; but forget not to give the hare all 
 thejuft and lav/ful advantage, fo that flie 
 may ftand long before the greyhound, that 
 thereby he may fhew his utmoft ftrength and 
 fkill before he reap the benefit of his la- 
 bour. 
 
 If he kill, do not fuffer him to break the 
 hare, but take her from him, and clean 
 his chaps from the wool of the hare ; give 
 him the liver and lights, and then take him 
 up in your leafli, lead him home, and wafh 
 his feet with fome butter and beer, and put 
 him into the kennel, and half an hour after- 
 wards feed him. 
 
 Upon the courfingdays, give your hound 
 a toaft and butter, or oil, in the morning, 
 and nothinT elfc, and then kennel him till 
 he goes to the courfe. 
 
 The kennelling greyhounds, after this man- 
 ner 
 
G R E 
 
 "ner breeds in them lull, fpirit, and nimbi c- 
 nefs ; it alio prevents icveral dangerous 
 cafualties, and keeps the pores clofe, foas 
 not to fpend till time of neceffity ; therefore 
 ■fufFtr not your hound to go out of the kennel, 
 but at the houjs of feeding, walking, cour- 
 fin<.v, or other necefiary bunnefs. 
 
 GREASE [with Hunters] the fat of a 
 boar, or hare ; but the former has common- 
 ly the word bevy added to it, and is termed 
 bevy greafe. 
 
 GREASE MOLTEN, a diftemper in a 
 horle, when his fat is melted by over hard 
 riding or labour, and may be known by his 
 panting at the breaft and girting place, and 
 heaving at the flank, which v/ill be vifible to 
 be feen the night you bring him in, and the 
 ^next morning. 
 
 GREASE, a fwelling and gourdinefs of 
 the legs of a horfe. If the horfe be full of 
 flelh, the cure is to be begun by evacuations, 
 fuch as bleeding, purging Qc. and keep- 
 ing his heels as clean as poffible, by walh- 
 ing them with warm water and foap ; for 
 nothing promotes the greafe more than neg- 
 ligence and nafcinefs. I'n general turning 
 out in the day-time, moderate exercife, a 
 large and convenient ftall, with good dref- 
 fing, are the befl: remedies ; but if the 
 greafe be got to a great height, and there is 
 a naufeous difcharge, after cutting oft" tlie 
 hair, and wafliing the heels with foap and 
 water, bathe them with the following wound- 
 water, pretty warm, twice or thrice tor three 
 days. Take roch alum and white vitriol, 
 of each two ounces ; powder them together 
 and burn them in a clean fire fliovel, till 
 they become a white calx ; then take pow- 
 dered camphire, one ounce, bole-armcniac, 
 in powder two ounces ; river or rain water 
 two quarts. Make the water hot, and ftir the 
 other things into it. "When you ufe it, it 
 fliould be fliakenup, and a little ofit warm- 
 ed in a pot, and the fores v/afhed with a 
 piece of fponge or rag. See Scowrings. 
 
 But if this fhould fail, let the part be 
 bathed with old verjuice twice a day, and a 
 proper bandage applied. This will infallibly 
 anfv/er if the complaint proceeds from a 
 relaxation of the veffels. If the horfe be full 
 
 G R E 
 
 ef flefh, the cure muft be begun by bleeding, 
 rowels, and repeated purging ; after which 
 the following balls fhould be given, to the 
 quantity of two ounces a day for a month or 
 !i:: weeks, either mixed up v/ith honey, or 
 in his feeds : Take of yellow rofin four 
 ounces ; fait of tartar and fait of prunel, of 
 each two ounces ; of caftile foap half a pound ; 
 and of oil of juniper half an ounce : make 
 the whole into balls of two ounces each, and 
 give one of them every morning. 
 
 Thefe balls will carry oS the offending 
 liumours, and free the blood from its nox- 
 ious qualities ; but at the fame time the crea- 
 ture takes thefe internal medicines, external 
 applications muft not by any means be omit- 
 ted. The legs fliould be bathed and foment- 
 ed in order to breathe out the ftagnant juices, 
 or render them fo thin, that they may be 
 able again to circulate with the common 
 current. The difcutient fomentation, men- 
 tioned in the Article of tumours, i^c. will 
 anfwer the intention, efpecially if a handful 
 of wood-allies be previouQy boiled in the 
 water and applied tv/ice a day. After the 
 parts have been well fomented, let the fol- 
 lowing poultice be applied ; and this method 
 purfued till the fwellings are fubfided : Take 
 of honey one pound ; of turpentine fix 
 ounces : incorporate thefe well together 
 with a fpoon ; and of the meal of fenugreek 
 and linfeed, of each four ounces; and boil 
 the v/hole in three quarts of red-wine lees, 
 to the confiftence of a poultice. Take the 
 velTel from the fire, and add two ounces of 
 camphor in powder ; fpread it on thick 
 cloths, and apply it warm to the legs, fe- 
 curing it on with a ftrong roller. 
 
 When the fwelling is fubfided, the fores 
 fliould be drefTed with the following oint- 
 ment : Take of honey four ounces j of white 
 lead powdered, two ounces i and of verdi- 
 greafe in fine powder, one ounce : mix the 
 whole into an ointment. 
 
 But if the fores are very foul, drefs them 
 with two parts of the wound ointment and 
 one of ^gyptiacum, and apply the following 
 poultice : Take of black foap one pound ; 
 of jioney half a pound ; of burnt allum four 
 ounces i of verdigreafe powdered two 
 
 ounces ; 
 
G RE ■ 
 
 ounces ; and of wheal flour a fiifficient 
 quantity to make the whole of a proper 
 confiftence. 
 
 Spread the above on a thick cloth, and 
 faften it on with a roller. 
 
 This diforder is always attended with 
 fever, heat, reftleffhefs, ftartling, and trem- 
 bling, inward ficknefs, and fhortnefs of 
 breath. 
 
 His dung is extremely greafy, and he 
 will often fall into a fcouring ; his blood, 
 when cold, will be covered with a thickflcin 
 of fat, of a white or yellow colour, generally 
 the latter ; the congealed part of the fcdiment 
 appears like a mixture of fize and greafe, fo 
 extremely flippery that it will not adhere 
 to the fingers, and the fmall portion of ferum 
 flippery and clammy. The creature foon 
 lofes his flefli and fat, the latter of which 
 is probably diflblved into the blood : and 
 thofe that have ftrength fufficient to fuftain 
 the firft Ihock, commonly grow hide-bound 
 for a time, and their legs fwell greatly, in 
 which ftate they continue till the blood and 
 juices are reftified ; and if this be not done 
 effeftually, the farcy or fome obftinatc fur- 
 feit is generally the confequence, and can- 
 not be removed but with the utmofl diffi- 
 culty. 
 
 Method of Cure. 
 
 The iirft proceeding is to bleed pretty plen- 
 tifully, and repeat the operation two or 
 three days fucccfllvely, but to take care 
 that after the firft bleeding to take a fmall 
 quantity at a time, asotherwife the creature 
 would be rendered too weak to fupport him- 
 felf, and his blood too poor to be eafily re- 
 cruited. As foon as he has been blooded the 
 firft time, let two or three rowels be made, 
 and the emollient clyfters prefcribed in the 
 Article of Fevers, be daily throvv'n up to 
 mitigate the fever, and cleanfe the intef- 
 tines from greafy matter. Plenty of water 
 gruel fhould at the lame be given him, and 
 fometimes warm water, with a fmall quan- 
 tity of nitre diffolved in it. The latter will 
 be of great fervice, as it will prevent the 
 blood from running into grumous concre- 
 
 G R E 
 
 tions, and prove the fource of innumerable 
 diibrders, if not caufe a total ftagnation, 
 and confcquently the death of the animal. 
 
 In this manner the hbrfe muft be treated 
 till the fever is wholly gone, and he has re- 
 covered his appetite, wlien it will be necef- 
 fary to give him five or fix alternative purges 
 at a week diftance from each other, which 
 will make him flalc and perfpire plentifully, 
 and at the fame time bring down the fv/elling 
 of his legs. The following is well calcula- 
 ted for this purpofe : Take of ru::crotine 
 aloes, fix drachms ; of gum guaicum in pow- 
 der half an ounce, and of diapente, fix 
 drachms : make the whole into a ball with 
 a fpoonful of oil of amber, and a fuflicient 
 quantity of fyrup of buckthorn. 
 
 By purfuing this method the horfe will 
 foon be able to do his bufinefs : for this 
 purge will encrcafe his fiefh, and mend his 
 appetite ; particulars of the greateft confe- 
 quence in the cure, and which cannot be 
 obtained by giving a horfe the common 
 purges of aloes ; the method purfued by 
 moft farriers in the cure of the molten 
 greafe. 
 
 GREAT HARE [with Hunters] a hare 
 in the third year of her age. 
 
 GREEN-FINCH, is a bird of a very 
 mean fon-g. 
 
 They a're plentiful in e-^ry country, and 
 breed the fillieft of any, commonly making 
 their nefts by the highway-fide, where every 
 body that finds them deftroys them at firft, 
 till the hedges are pretty well covered with 
 green leaves ; but they ufurily fit ve ly early 
 in the fpring, before the hedges have leaves 
 upon them, and build with green mols chat 
 grovvs at the bottom of the hedges, quilting 
 their nells very fbrriiy on the infide ; nay 
 they are oftentimes fo flight that a ftrong 
 wind fhakes themjto pieces, and drops either 
 the young ones or the eggs. 
 
 However they hatch three times a year, 
 and the young are very hardy to bring up : 
 they may be fed vvfitli white bread and rape 
 feed foaked, and are very apt to take the 
 whiftle, rather than any other bird's fong; 
 but they will never kill themfelves with 
 finging and whifding. ■ 
 
 Z 
 
 The 
 
G R O 
 
 The green-finch is fekiom fubjeft to any 
 dileafe, but to be too grofs, there being 
 none of" the feed birds lb like him for grow- 
 ing lb excelTive fat, if you give him hemp- 
 feed ; for then he is good for nothing but 
 thefpit : let him therefore have none but 
 rape Iced. 
 
 'GREFN-HUE, [in the ForeHLaw] fig- 
 ni'es every thing that grows green within 
 the foreft : and is alfo called Vert, which 
 fee. 
 
 GRICE, a young wild boar. 
 GRIG, afiih, the fmallelt kind of eel. 
 To GROAN [with Hunters] a buck is 
 faid to groan, or hoot when he makes a 
 noife at rutting-time. 
 
 GROOM, a man who looks afrer horfes, 
 and fhouW demean himfelf after fo gentle 
 and kind a manner towards horfes, as to en- 
 gage them to love him; for a horfe is reck- 
 oned one of the moft loving creatures to man 
 of all other brutes, and in every refpedl the 
 moil obedient. 
 
 Therefore if he be dealt with mildly and 
 gently his kindefs will be reciprocal ; but if 
 the groom or keeper be harlh and choleric : 
 he will put the horfe out of patience, and 
 make him become rebellious, and occafion 
 his biting and Ilriking. 
 
 Therefore the groom fliould frequently dal- 
 ly, toy, and play with the horfes under his 
 care, talking to them and giving them good 
 words, leading them out into the fun-fhine, 
 there run, and fliow him all the diverfions he 
 can. 
 
 He mult alfo duly curry comb and drefs 
 him, wipe away the duft, pick and clean 
 him, feed, pamper, and chcrifh him ; 
 and conftantly employ himfelf in doing 
 fomething about him, as looking to his 
 heels; taking up his feet, rubbing upon the 
 foles, (^c. 
 
 Nay, he ought to keep him fo well dreft, 
 that he may almoft fee his own face upon his 
 Goat ; he muft likewife keep his feet Itopped 
 arid anointed daily, his heels free from 
 fcratches and other forances, ever having a 
 watchful eye over him, and overlooking all 
 his a6lions, as well feeding as drinking ; 
 that fo no inward infirmity may feize upon 
 
 G R O 
 
 him ; but that he may be able to difcover 
 it, and endeavour to cure. The qualifica- 
 tions neceffary in a groom, are obedience, 
 fidelity, patience,, diligence, &c. 
 
 Firft, he ought to love his horfe in the 
 next degree to his mafher, and endeavour by 
 fair ufage to gain a reciprocal love from 
 him., and an exadl obedience ; which if he 
 know how to pay his matter, he will the 
 better be able to teach it his horfe : and 
 both the one and the other are to be ob- 
 tained by fair means, rather than by paffion 
 and outrage. For thofe who are fo irra- 
 tional themfelves, as not to be able to com- 
 mand their own paffions, are not fit to un- 
 dertake the reclaiming of an horfe (who is 
 by nature an irrational creature). 
 
 He muft then put in pradtice that patience, 
 which he ought at all times to be mafter of, 
 and by that, and fair means, he may attain 
 his end : for no creature is more traftable 
 than a horfe, if he be ufed with kindnefs to- 
 win him. 
 
 The next thing requifite to a groom is 
 neatnefs, as to keeping his ftable clean fwept, 
 and in order; faddles, houfing-cloths, ftir- 
 rups, leathers and girths clean, and above 
 all his horfe clean drefled and rubbed. 
 
 Laftly, diligence is requifite in a daily 
 difcharge of his duty, and obferving any 
 the fmalleft operation, whether cafual or ac- 
 cidental, either in his countejiance, as fymp- 
 toms of ficknefs; or in his limbs and gait, 
 as lamenefs; or in his appetite, as forfaking 
 his meat ; and immediately upon any fuck 
 difcoveiy to feek out a remedy. 
 • This is the fubftance of the duty of a 
 groom in general. 
 
 We will fuppofe BarthoJome-JO-tide to be 
 now come, and the pride and ftrength of 
 the grafs to be now nipped by the fevere 
 frofts and cold dews which ufually accom- 
 pany this fealbn, fo that the nourifnmenc 
 thereof turns into raw crudities, and the 
 coldnefs of the night (which is injurous to 
 hories) abates as much flefh and luft as he 
 getteth in the day, therefore he is now to 
 be talien up from grafs, whilft his coat lies 
 fmooth and fleek. 
 
 The horfe defigned for hunting, ^c. be- 
 ing 
 
G R O 
 
 ing brought home, the groom muft fet him 
 Aip for that night in fome fecure and fpacious 
 .place, where he may evacuate his body, and 
 fo be brought to warmer keeping by de- 
 grees ; and the next day fet him up in the 
 ftable. 
 
 It is indeed held a general rule amon2;ft 
 grooms, not to clothe or drefs their horfes 
 till two or three days after their ftabling; 
 but there feem.s no other reafon but cuftom 
 for this practice. 
 
 Some alfo give the horfe wheat ftraw to 
 take up his belly at his firfl houfing ; but 
 others utterly difapprove of it. 
 
 For the nature of a horfe being hot and 
 dry, if he feeds on ftraw which is fo ; like- 
 wife, it would ftraiten his guts, and caufe an 
 inflammation in his liver, and by that means 
 diftemper his blood ; and befides "it would 
 make his body fo coftive, that it would 
 caufe a retention of nature, and caufe him 
 to dung with great pain and difficulty, 
 whereas full feeding would expel the ex- 
 crements according to the true intention 
 and inclination of nature. Therefore let 
 moderate airing, warm cloathing, good old 
 hay, old corn, fupply the place of wheat 
 ftraw. 
 
 The firft bufinefs of a groom, after he 
 hath brought his horfe into the ftable, is, in 
 the morning, to water him, and to rub his 
 body over with a warm wifp, a little moif- 
 tened, and afterwards with a woollen cloth ; 
 alfo to clean his fheath with his wet hand 
 from all the duft it had contrafted during 
 his running, and to wafli his yard either 
 with white-wine or water. 
 
 He muft then trim him after the manner 
 that other horfes are trimmed, except the 
 infide of his ears, which ought not to be 
 meddled with for fear of making him catch 
 cold. 
 
 In the next place he muft carry him to 
 the Farrier's, and there get him ftiod with 
 a fet of Ihoes, anfwerable to the lliape of 
 his feet, and not to pare his feet to make 
 tliem fit his ftioes. 
 
 Let his feet be well opened between the 
 quarters and the frufti,' to prevent his being 
 hoof bound, and let them be opened ftrait. 
 
 G k o 
 
 not Tideways j for by that means, in two or 
 three fhoeings, his heels (which are the 
 ftrength of his feet) will be cut quite av/ay. 
 Pare his foot as hollow as you can, and 
 tlien the ftioe will not prefs upon it. 
 
 The ftioe ought to come near the heel, 
 but not to be fet fo clofe as to bruife it, 
 nor yet fo open as to catch in his fhoes, if 
 he happens to over-reach at any time, and 
 fo hazard the pulling them off, the break- 
 ing of the hoof, or bruifing of his heel. 
 
 The webs of his ftioes ought to be nei- 
 ther too broad nor too narrov/, but of a 
 middling fizc, about the breadth of an 
 inch, with ftopped fpunges, and even with 
 his foot ; for though it would be for the 
 advantage of a travelling horfe's heel, to 
 have a flioe fet a little wider than the hoof 
 on both fides, that the ftioe may bear his 
 weight, and not his foot touch the ground, 
 yet the hunter being often forced to gallop 
 on rotten fpungy earthj if he have them 
 larger it -would hazard his laming, and pul- 
 ling off his fhoes, as has been before ob- 
 ferved. 
 
 There is an old proverb, I?efoye hehindy 
 and behind before ; that is, in the fore feet 
 the veins lie behind, and in the hinder 
 feet they lie before ; therefore the farrier 
 ought to take care that he do not prick 
 him, but leave a fpace at the heel of the 
 fore feet, and a fpace between the nails at 
 the toe. 
 
 Having got his ftioes fet on as above di- 
 refted, a great deal of his hoof will be 
 left to be cut off^ at his toe. 
 
 That being cut off", and his feet fmoothed 
 with a file, he will ftand fo firm, and his 
 feet will be fo ftrong, that he will tread as 
 boldly on ftones as on carpet ground. 
 
 The horfe being fhod, and it being time 
 to water him, let him ftand in the water, 
 which will (in the opinions of fome) clofe 
 up the holes, which the driving of the nails 
 has made. 
 
 Afterwards have him gently home, tie 
 him up to the rack, rub him all over, body 
 and legs, with dry ftraw, then ftop up his 
 feet with cow-dung, give him a quartei-n 
 of clean fifted old oats, and a quantity ot 
 Z 2 hay. 
 
G R O 
 
 hay, fufficlent to ierve him all night, and 
 leave him till the next morning.. 
 
 'To GROPE OR Tickle, is a method of 
 fifliing, by putting one's hand into water- 
 holes where filli lie, and tiekling them about 
 the gills ; by which means they will become 
 fo quiet, that a man may take them in his 
 hand and throw them upon land ; or if tliey 
 are large fifh, he may thruft his fingers into 
 their gills and bring them out. 
 
 GROUND ANGLING, is a way of fifh- 
 ing under wactr without a float, only with 
 a plurnb of lead, or a bullet, which is bet- 
 ter, becaufe it will roll on the ground. 
 
 This method of fifliing is very expedient 
 in cold weather, when the fifli fwun very 
 low. 
 
 The bullet is to be placed about nine in- 
 ches from the baited hook ; the top mufl; 
 be very gentle, that the fifli may the more 
 eafily run away with the bait, and not be 
 feared with the ftifi'nefs of the rod : you 
 mufl not flrrike as foon as you fee the fifli 
 bite, but flack your line a little, that he 
 may the better fwallow the bait and hook. 
 
 As for the tackle, it ought to be fine and 
 flender; ftrong and big lines only ferve to 
 fright the fifli. 
 
 The morning and evening are the chiefeft 
 feafons for the ground line for trout j but 
 if the day prove cloudy, or the water 
 muddy, you may fifli at ground all the day 
 long. 
 
 GROUND BAIT. Such places as you 
 frequently angle at, you fliould, once a 
 week at leaft, cafl: into, all forts of corn 
 boiled foft, grains wafhed in blood, and 
 dried and cut to pieces, fnails, chopped 
 worms, fov/1-guts, beafts-guts, and livers, 
 by which carp and tench are drawn to the 
 place ; and, to keep them together, throw 
 half an handful of ground malt now and 
 then as you anele. 
 
 GROUND PLUMBING, is the finding 
 out the depth of the water in fifliing; to 
 do which you fliould ufe a m.ufl^et bullet, 
 with a hole made in the middle of it, or 
 jiny other fort of plummet, which mufl: be 
 tied to a ftrong twift, and hung on tlie 
 hook, which will efi'eCl the bufinefs. 
 
 GUN 
 
 GROUPADE [in Horfemanfliip], a lofty- 
 kind of manage, and higher than the ordi- 
 nary curvets. 
 
 GRUBBING A Cock [with Cock-fight- 
 ers], a term ufed for the cutting off the fea- 
 thers under his ^wings ; but this is not al- 
 lowable by the cock-pit law; neither is it 
 allowable to cut off his feathers in any 
 handling place. 
 
 GUDGEON ; this fifli, though fmali, is. 
 of fo pleafant a tafte, that it is very little 
 inferior to a fmelt. 
 
 They fpawn twice in die fummer feafon, 
 and their feeding is much like the barbel's, 
 in ftreams and on gravel, flighting all man- 
 ner of flies ; but they are eafily taken with 
 afmall red worm, fifliing near the ground; 
 and being a leather mouthed fifli, will not 
 eafily be off the hook v/hcn ftruck. 
 
 The gudgeon may be fiflied for with float, 
 the hook being on the ground ; or by hand,. 
 with a running line on the ground, with 
 out cork or float. 
 
 But although the fmall red worm before- 
 mentioned is the beft bait for this fifli, yet 
 wafps, gentles, and cad-baits will do very: 
 well : you may alfo fifli for gudgeons with 
 two or three hooks at once, and find very 
 pleafant fport, where they rife any thing 
 large : when you angle for them, Itir up 
 the fand or gravel with a long pole ; this 
 will make them gather to that place, and 
 bite faftcr, and with more eagernefs. 
 
 GUNIAD ; 7 This fifli is excellent food j 
 
 GUINARD ; J and is no: found any where 
 but in a large water called Pembk-mere : but 
 that which is moll remarkable is this, that 
 the river which runs by Chefter, hath it's 
 head or fountain in Meriotiethfoire, and it's 
 courfe runs through this Pemble-meret which. 
 abounds as much with guniads as the river 
 Dee does with falmon, of each both aflbrd- 
 ing great plenty ; and yet it was never 
 known that any falmon was ever caught in 
 the mere, or ever any guniads taken in the 
 river. 
 
 GUN -POWDER. The befl is fmall- 
 grained, hard to crumble between the finger 
 and thumb, and of a blueifti colour. See 
 Gun, or Fowling-Piece. 
 
 GUR- 
 
H A r 
 
 GURGIPTING [in Falconry], a term 
 nfed of a hawk when ihe is ftilT, and choaked 
 up. 
 
 GYRFALCON. See Gerfalcon. 
 
 GYRLEj a roe-buck, fo called the firft 
 year. 
 
 HAGGARD FALCON, is a hawk much 
 coveted for their diverfion. 
 
 HAIR, infpeaking of horfes, the French 
 ufe the word poil (2. e. hair) to fignify their 
 colour: and fometimcs it is ufcd to fignify 
 that part of the flank that receives the prick 
 of the fpur. 
 
 Pale hair is thofe parts of the fkin that 
 approach more to white than the reft, being 
 not of fo high a tinge. 
 
 Staring Iiair (or planted coat) is faid of a 
 horfe whofe hair briftles up, or rifes upright ; 
 which diforder is owing to being ill curried, 
 not well covered, or too coldly houfed. 
 
 In order to make the hair of an horfe 
 fmooth, fleek, and foft, he muft be kept 
 warm at heart, for the leaft inward cold 
 will caufe the hair to ftare ; alfo fweat him 
 often, for that will loofen and raife the duft 
 and filth that renders his coat foul ; and 
 when he is in the height of a fweat, fcrape 
 of all the white foam, fweat, and filth, that 
 is railed up, with an old fword blade, and 
 that will lay his coat even and fmooth, and 
 alfo v/hcn he is blooded, if you rub him all 
 over with his own blood, and fo continue 
 two or three days, and curry and drefs him 
 well, it will make his coat flxine. 
 
 Hair falling, or fliedding from the rnane 
 or tail of a horfe is caufed either by fome 
 heat taken, that has engendered a dry mange 
 there; or it proceeds from fome furfeit, 
 which caufes the evil humours to refort to 
 thofe parts. 
 
 To cure this, anoint the horfe's mane 
 and creft with black foap; make a ftrong 
 lee of afli afhes, and v/afh it all over with 
 it. 
 
 But if a canker fhould grow on a horfe's 
 tail, which will eat away both flefli and 
 bone ; then put fome oil of vitriol to it, 
 and it will confume it : and if you find the 
 vitriol corrodes too much, you need only to 
 
 HAL 
 
 wet it with cold water, and it will put a flop 
 to it. 
 
 If you have a mind to take away hair 
 from any part of a horfe's body ; rub it 
 with the gum that grows on the body of 
 ivy, or the juice of fumitory that grows 
 among barley, or boil half a pound of lime 
 in a quart of water, till a fourth part isi 
 confumed, to which add an ounce of orpi- 
 ment, and lay a plaifter on any part of the 
 horfe, and. it will do. the bufinefs in a few 
 hours. 
 
 HALBERT, is a fmall piece of iron one 
 inch broad, and three or four inches long, 
 foldered to the toe of a horfe's flioe, which 
 jets out before, to hinder a lame horfe from 
 refting, or treading upon his toe. 
 
 Thefe halbert fliocs do of neceffity con- 
 flrain a lame horfe, when he goes at a mo- 
 derate pace, to tread or reft on his heel, 
 which lengthens and draws out the back 
 finew that was before in fome meafure 
 flirunk. 
 
 HALLIER-NET or Bramble-Net, an 
 oblong net to take quails, isfc. See Plates 
 XII. and Yl\. i^t-d- Bramble-Net. 
 
 HALTER FOR A Horse, is a head-ftall 
 of Hungary leather, mounted with one, and 
 fometiines two ftraps, with a fecond throat- 
 band, if the horfe is apt to unhalter him- 
 felf. 
 
 HALTER CAST, is an excoriation of 
 the paftern, occafioned by the halter being 
 entangled about the foot upon the horfe's 
 endeavouring to rub his neck with his hinder 
 foot. 
 
 Unhalter; a horfe is faid to unhalter him- 
 felf that turns off the halter. 
 
 If your horfe is apt to unhalter himfelf, 
 you muft get him a halter with a throat- 
 band. 
 
 Strap, or ftring of a halter, is a cord or 
 long fti-ap of leather made faft to the head- 
 ftall, and to the manger, to tie the horfe. 
 
 Do not bridle your horfe till you fee if he 
 is halter caft. See Trick.. 
 
 Halter Caft is thus : when a horfe endea- 
 vours to fcrub the itching part of his body, 
 near the head or neck, one of his hinder 
 feet entangles in the halter, which, by the 
 
 ' violent 
 
^1 A 1. 
 
 violent ftruggling of the horfe to dilengage 
 Iiimfclf, he fometimes receives veiy dan- 
 gerous hurts in the hollow of his paftern. 
 , For the cure of this, take linfeed oil and 
 brandy, of each an equal quantity ; fhake 
 them together in a glafs till they be well 
 mixt, and anoint the forance, morning and 
 evening, having firft dipt away the hair; 
 but take care to keep the foot very clean. 
 
 Another eafy remedy is, take oil and 
 ■wine, of each an equal quantity ; boil them 
 together, till the wine be evaporated; and 
 apply the remainder of the oil, once a day 
 to the part, which will be quickly healed. 
 
 HALTING [in a Horfe] a limping, or 
 going lame, an irregularity in the motion 
 of an horfe, arifing from a lamenefs in the 
 ITioulder, leg, or foot, which makes him 
 fpare the part, or ufe it timoroufly. Halt- 
 ing happens fometimes before, and fome- 
 times behind; if it be before, the ailment 
 muft of neceffity be in the fhoulder, knee, 
 flank, paftern, or foot. 
 
 If it be in the fhoulder, it muft be to- 
 wards the withers, or in the pitch of the 
 flioulder, and may be known in that he will 
 a little draw his leg after him, and not ufe 
 it fo nimbly as the other. 
 
 If he caft it more outward than the 
 other, it is a fign of lamenefs, and that the 
 grief lies in the fhoulder; then take him in 
 your hand and turn him fliort, on either 
 hand, and you will find him to complain of 
 that fhoulder he is lame of, and he will 
 either favour that leg or trip in the turning : 
 alfo lamenefs may be {etn by him while 
 Handing in the ftable ; where he will hold 
 the lame leg out more than the other, and 
 if when you are upon his back, he com- 
 plains more than otherwife he does, the 
 grief certainly lies in the withers ; fo that 
 griping him hard you will perceive him to 
 flirink, and perhaps offer to bite. 
 
 If he treads thick and fliort before, then 
 the grief is upon the pitch of the fhoulder, 
 clofe to the breaft, which may be difcovered 
 by fetting the thumb, and preffing it hard 
 againft' the place, and thrufting him with it 
 (if you would have him go back) upon 
 which he will fhrink, and put back his leg, 
 
 HAN 
 
 foot and body : if the grief be in the elbo-w, 
 it -may be known by pinching him, with 
 the fore fingers and thumb, and then he will 
 hold up his leg, and offer to bite. 
 
 But if the grief be in the knee, it may 
 be difcovered by the horfe's ftifF goino- ; 
 for he v^'iil not bend it fo nimbly as he does 
 the other. 
 
 If it be in the flank, or fhin bone, the 
 fame may be fecn or felt, it being a back 
 finev/, fplenter, ftrain, or the like. 
 
 If it be in the bending of the knee, it is 
 amalander, which is alfo eafily difcovered. 
 
 Farther, when the paftern, or joint, is 
 affefted, it may be known by his not bend- 
 ing it fo well as the other: and if you put 
 your hand upon the place, you v/ill find it 
 very hot. 
 
 If it be in the foot, it muft be either in 
 the coronet or fole ; if in the coronet, pro- 
 bably it comes by fome ftrain or wrench. 
 
 It in the hoof by fome over-reach, or 
 diftemper in or about the frufh. 
 
 If in the fole from fome prick, accloy, 
 nail, &c. 
 
 HAM 1 of a horfe, is the ply or bend- 
 
 HOUGHI ingof the hind legs, and like- 
 wife comprehends the point behind, and 
 oppofite to the ply, called the hock. 
 
 The hams of a horfe fhould be large, full, 
 and not much bended ; as alfo difcharged 
 of flefh, nervous, fupple, and dry, other- 
 wife they will be fubjeft to many imperfec- 
 tions, as the capelet, curb, jardon, felander, 
 fpavin, varifTe, vefiignon, ^i: 
 
 HAMBLING \ of Dogs, [in the forefl: 
 
 HAMELING i law] is the fame as ex- 
 pediting or lawing ; properly the ham- 
 ilringing, or cutting of dogs in the ham. 
 
 HAND, is a meafure of a fifh clinched, 
 by which we compute the heighth of a horfe : 
 the French call it paume, and had this ex- 
 prefTion and meafure firft imparted to them 
 from Liege. 
 
 A horfe of war fhould be fixteen hands 
 high. 
 
 Hand : fpear hand, or fword hand is the 
 horfe-man's rig;ht-hand. 
 
 Bridle-hand, is the left-hr>nd of the horfe- 
 man. There are fev'cral cxpreffions which 
 
 relate 
 
HAN 
 
 relate to the bridle-hand, becaufe that gives 
 motion to the bitt-mouth, and ferves to 
 guide the horfe much more than the other 
 helps. J 
 
 A horfeman ought to hold his bridle-hand 
 two or three fingers above tlie pommel of 
 the faddle. 
 
 This horfeman has no hand ; that is, he 
 does not make ufe of the bridle but unfea- 
 fonably,, and does not know how to give 
 the aids or helps of the hand, with due 
 nicety. 
 
 To keep a horfe upon the hand, is to 
 feel him in the ftay upon the hand, and to 
 be prepared to avoid any furprifal or difap- 
 pointment from the horfe. 
 
 A horfe is faid to be, or reft, upon the 
 hand, that never refufes, but always obeys 
 and anfwers the efFefts of the hand. 
 
 To make a horfe right upon the hand, 
 and free in the ftay, he might be taught to 
 know the hand by degrees and gentle me- 
 thods ; the horfeman muft turn him, or 
 change hands, ftop him, and manage with 
 dexterity the appiii, or prefllire of his mouth, 
 fo as to make him fuffer chearfully and freely 
 the effeft of the bitt-mouth, without refift- 
 ing, or refting heavy upon the hand. 
 
 Tlie fliort, or hand-gallop, teaches horfes 
 to be right upon the hand. 
 
 A light hand. A good horfeman ought 
 to have a light hand ; that is, lie ought 
 only to feel the horfe upon his hand, in 
 order to refift him when he attempts to flip 
 from it i he ought, inftead of cleaving to 
 the bridle, lower it as foon as he has made 
 his refiftance. 
 
 If a horfe, through an overbearing eager- 
 nefs to go forward, preifes too much upon 
 the hand, you ought to flack your hand at 
 certain times, and keep a hard hand at other 
 tinnes, and fo difappoint the horfe of prcf- 
 fing continually upon the bitt. 
 
 Now this facility or liberty in the horfe- 
 man of flacking and ftilTening the hand is 
 ■wiiat we call a good hand. 
 
 To flack, or eafe the hand, is to flacken 
 riie bridle. 
 
 To hold up, or fuftain the hand, is to pull 
 the bridle in. 
 
 H A R 
 
 To guide a horfe by the hand, is to turn 
 or change hands upon one tread. 
 
 A horfe is faid to force the hand when he 
 does not fear the bridle, but runs away in 
 fpitc of the horieman. 
 
 To make a horfe part from the hand, or 
 fuffer him to flip from thq hand, is to put 
 on at full fpeed. 
 
 To make a horfe part right from the 
 hand, he fiiould not put himfelf upon his 
 back or reins, but bring down his hips. 
 
 All hands. A horfe that turns upon all 
 hands upon a walk, trot, or gaJlop. 
 
 To work a horfe upon the hand, is to 
 manage him by the efftft of the bridle, 
 without interpofing any other helps, except- 
 ing thofe of the calves of the legs, upon 
 occafion. 
 
 Fore hand, and hind hand, of a horfe, is 
 an expreflion diftinguifhing the parts of a 
 liorfe, as divided into the fore and hind 
 parts by the fituation of a horfeman's 
 hand. 
 
 The parts of the fore-hand, are the head 
 and neck, and the fore-quarters. 
 
 Thofe of the hind-hand include all the 
 other parts of his body. 
 
 HAND-HIGH, is a term ufed in horfe- 
 manfliip, and peculiar to the Englijb nation, 
 who meafure the heighth or tallnefs of a horfe 
 by hands, beginning "with the heel, and 
 meafuring upwards to the higheft hair upoa 
 the withers. A hand is four inches. 
 
 HANDLING, [with Cock-fighters] a 
 term that fignifies the meafuring the girth 
 of them, by griping one's hand and fingers 
 about the cock's body. 
 
 HAQUENEE, an obfolete French word 
 for an ambling horfe. 
 
 To HARBOUR, [hunting term] a hare 
 is faid to harbour when he goes to reft ; and 
 to unharbour a deer, is to diflodge him. 
 
 HARD Horse, is one that is infenfible 
 of whip or fpur. 
 
 HARE, is a beaft of vencry, or the fo- 
 reft ; peculiarly fo termed in the fecond year 
 of her age ; in the firft fhe is called a leve- 
 ret i and in the third a great hare. By old 
 forefters the hare is called the King of all 
 beafts of venery. 
 
 There 
 
H A R 
 
 There are four forts of hares j fome live j 
 in thf iTKHintains, fonie in the fields, fome 
 in marflies, and fome every wliere without 
 any certain place of abode. The mountain 
 hares are the fwiftell; the field hares are not 
 fo nimble J and thofe of tlie marfnes are the 
 flowcft ; but the wandering hares are moft 
 dangerous to follow, for they are fo cunning 
 in the ways and mazes of the fields, running 
 up the hills and rocks, becaufe by cuftom 
 they know a nearer way ; with other tricks, 
 .to the confuAon of the dogs, and difcou- 
 lagement of the hunters. 
 
 It will not be improper to give a de- 
 fcription of the parts of a hare, fince it is 
 admirable to behold how every limb and 
 member of this bead is compofed for cele- 
 rity. 
 
 In the firft place the head is round, nim- 
 ble, fliort, yet of convenient length, and 
 apt to turn every way. 
 
 The ears are long and lofty, like thofe of 
 an afs; for nature liath fo provided, ihat 
 every fearful and unarmed creature fliould 
 have long and large ears, that by hearing it 
 might prevent it's enemies, and fave itlelf 
 by flight : the lips continually move, v/hile 
 they are afleep as well as awake ; and from 
 the flit they have in the middle of their 
 nofe comes the name of hare-lips, found in 
 fome men. 
 
 The neck of a hare is long, fmall, round, 
 foft, and flexible ; the flioulder-bone fl:rait 
 and broad, for her more cafy turning ; her 
 legs before foft, and fl:and broader behind 
 than before, and the hinder legs longer than 
 the fore legs : the bread is not narrow, but 
 fitted to take more breath than any other 
 bcaft of that bignefs : it has a nimble back 
 and a fle-fliy belly, tenderloins, hollow fides, 
 fat buttocks filled up, and Ilrong and ner- 
 vous knees. Their eyes are brov/n, and 
 they are fubtilj but not bold ; feldom look- 
 ing forward, becaufe they go by leaps : their 
 eye-lids coming from their brows, are too 
 fhort to cover their eyes, fo that when they 
 fleep they open them. 
 
 They have certain little bladders in their 
 belly, filled with matter, out of whicJi 
 both fexes fuck a certain humour and anoint 
 
 H A R 
 
 t!i6lr bodies all over with, by which they 
 are defended againftrain. 
 
 Though their fight is dim, yet they have 
 a!i indefatigable faculty of feeing; fo that 
 tlie continuance of it, though but in a mean 
 degree, makes amends for the want of the 
 excellency of it in them. 
 
 They feed abroad, becaufe they would 
 conceal their forms, and never drink, but 
 content themfelves with dew, which makes 
 them frequently grow rotten. 
 
 As it is faid before, every limb of a hare 
 is compofed for fwiftnefs, and therefore fhe 
 never walks or treads, but jumps; her ears 
 lead her the way in the chace, for with one 
 of them file hearkeneth to the cry of the 
 dogs, and the other flie ftretches forth like a 
 fail, to help forth her courfe: always 
 fl;retching her hinder beyond her former, 
 and yet not hindering them at all ; and in 
 Daths and highways flie runs more foee- 
 dily. 
 
 The hares of the mountains often exercife 
 themfelves in the vallies and plains, and 
 through praftice grow acquainted with the 
 neareft ways to their forms, or conftant 
 places of abode; fo that when at' any time 
 they are hunted in tlie fields, fuch is their 
 fubtil dodging, that they will dally with 
 the huntfman till they feem to be almiofl 
 taken, and then on a fudden take the near- 
 eft wav to the mountains, and fo take fane- 
 tuary in the inaccelTible places, to vvhich. 
 neither dogs nor horfes can or dare afce;id. . 
 Hares which frequent bufnes and brakes 
 are not able to endure labour, nor are very 
 fv/ift, becaufe of the pain in their feet, 
 growing fat by means of idlenefs, and not 
 ufing themfelves to running. ■ r 
 
 The field hare, beingleaner of body, and 
 oftener chafed, is more difficultly taken, by. 
 reafon of her fingular agility ; for v.-hen Ihe- 
 begins her courfe, fhe bounds up from thei 
 ground as if fhe flew, aftenvards pafTes thro' 
 brambles, over thick bufhes and hedges,- 
 with all expedition; and if flie cometh incQ 
 deep grafs or corn, flie eafily delivers her- 
 felf and Aides through it, always holding upj 
 one ear, and bending it at pleafure, to be 
 the moderator of her chace. ..,. '.jj 
 
 Neither 
 
H A R 
 
 "Neither is (he Co improvident and piodi- 
 ■gal of her ftrength, as to fpend it all in one 
 ■courfe, but flie has regard to the force of 
 ?ier piirfuer, who if he be flow and fliiggifli, 
 flie is not profufe of her frrength, nor ufes 
 her utmoil: fwiftnefs, but only advances 
 gently before the dogs, yet fafely from their 
 clutches, referving her greateft ftrength for 
 the time of her greateft neceffity, knowing 
 flie can out-run the dogs at her pleafure, 
 and therefore will not ftrain herfelf more 
 than fhe is urged. 
 
 But if flie be purfued by a dog that is 
 fwifter than the reft, then fhe puts on with 
 all the force fhe can, and having once left 
 the hunters and dogs a great way behind her, 
 Ihe makes to fome little hill, or rifing 
 ground, where flie raifes herlelf upon her 
 hinder legs, that thereby flie may obferve 
 how far off, or how near her purfuers are. 
 
 The younger hares, by reafon of their 
 weak limbs, tread heavier on the earth than 
 the older, and therefore leave the greater 
 fcent behind them. 
 
 At a year old they run very fwiftly, and 
 their fcent is ftronger in the woods than in 
 the plain fields ; and if they lie down on 
 the earth (as they love to do) in red fallow- 
 grounds, they are eafily defcried. 
 
 Their footfheps in winter are more appa- 
 rent than in fummer, becaufe as the nights 
 are longer, they travel further ; neither do 
 they fcent in winter mornings fo foon as it 
 is dav, till the froft is a little thawed ; but 
 efpecially their footfteps are uncertain at 
 the full of the moon, for then they leap and 
 play together, fcattering or putting out their 
 fcent or favour j and in the fpring-time 
 alfo, when they do engender, they confound 
 one another's footfteps by multitudes. 
 
 Hares and rabbets are mifchievous to nur- 
 feries and newly planted orchards, by peel- 
 ing off the bark of the plants ; for the 
 prevention of which fome bind ropes about 
 the trees to a fufficient height ; others daub 
 •themv/ith tar, which being of itfelf hurtful 
 to young plants, the mifchief is prevented 
 by mixing with it any kind of greafe, and 
 boiling it over a fire, fo as both may in- 
 corporate j then with a brufh or little 
 
 H A R 
 
 broom, daub over the ftem of the tree as 
 high as a rabbet or hare can reach ; do this 
 in November, and it will fecure tlie trees for 
 that whole year, it being the winter-time on- 
 ly in which they feed upon the bark. 
 
 Alfo fome thin ftuff out of a houfe of of- 
 fice, or the thick tempered with water, 
 has been often applied with good fuccefs ; 
 or the white walh made ule of by plaifterers 
 for whiting houfes, done once a year over 
 the trees with a brulh, will preferve them 
 from hares, deer, and other animals. 
 
 As for fuch hares as are bred in warrens, 
 the v/arreners have a crafty device to fatten 
 them, which has been found by experience 
 to be effe£tual ; and that is, by putting 
 wax into their ears to make them deaf, and 
 then turning them into the place where they 
 are to feed, where, being freed from the 
 fear of hounds, and for want of hearing, 
 they grow fat before others of their kind. 
 
 Hare-Hunting 
 
 It is generally believed, that a hare natu- 
 rally knows the change of weather, from 
 one twenty-four hours to another. 
 
 When fhe goes to her form, fhe will fufter 
 the dew to touch her as little as flie can, 
 but takes the high-ways and beaten paths : 
 again, when fhe rifes out of her form, if 
 fhe couches her ears and fcut, and runs 
 not very fail at firft, it is an infallible fign 
 tliat flie is old and crafty. 
 
 They go to buck commonly in January^ 
 February, and March, and fomctimes all the 
 warm months : fometimes feeking the buck 
 at feven or eight miles diftant from the place 
 they ufually fit at, following the high-ways. 
 
 To diftinguifli a male hare from the fe- 
 male, you may know him as you hunt him 
 to his form., by his beating the hard high- 
 ways : he alfo feeds further out in the plains, 
 and makes his doublings and croftings much 
 wider, and of greater compafs, than the 
 female doth ; whereas the female will keep 
 clofe by fome covert fide, turning and 
 winding in the buflies like a coney j and if 
 flie go to relief in the corn fields, ilie feldom 
 A a crofles 
 
H A R 
 
 croffes over the furrows, but follows them 
 along, Haying upon the thickcft tufts of 
 corn to feed. 
 
 You may likewife know a buck at his 
 rifing out of his form, by his hinder parts, 
 which are more upon the whitilh, and his 
 fhoulders, before he rifes, will be redder 
 than the doe's having fome loofe long hairs 
 growing on them. 
 
 Again, his head is fnorter and better 
 truffedj his hairs about his lips longer, and 
 his ears fliorter and more grey : the hairs 
 upon the female's chine are of a tlackifligrey. 
 
 And befides, v.-jien hounds hunt a female 
 hare, fhe will ufe more croffing and doub- 
 ling, feldom making out end-ways before 
 the^ hounds ; whereas the male afls contra- 
 rily, for having once made a turn or two 
 about his form, then farev/ell hounds, for 
 he will frequently lead them five or fix miles 
 before ever he will turn his head. 
 
 When you fee that your hounds have 
 found where a hare hath pafTed to relief up- 
 on the high-way-fide, and hath much 
 doubled and croffed upon dry places, aad 
 never much broken out nor relieved in the 
 corn, it is a fign flie is but lately come 
 thither : and then commonly fhe will ftay 
 upon fome high place to look about her, 
 and to chufe out a place to form in, which 
 fhe will be loth to part with. As of all 
 chaces the hare makes the greateft palHme 
 and pleafure, fo it is a great delight and 
 fatisfadtion to fee the craft of this fmall ani- 
 mal for her felf-prefervation. 
 
 And the better to underftand them, con- 
 fider what weather it is : if it be rainy, 
 then the hare will hold the high.-ways more 
 than at any other time, and if flie come to 
 the fide of any young grove or fpring, fhe 
 will fcarcely enter, but fquatdown by the 
 fide of it till the hounds have over-fhot her, 
 and then flie will return, the very fame way 
 fhe came, to the place from whence llie was 
 ftarted, and will not go by the way into any 
 covert, for fear of the wet and dew that 
 hangs upon the boughs. 
 
 In this cafe the huntfman ought to ftay 
 an hundred paces, before he comes to the 
 wood fide, by which means he will per- 
 
 H A R 
 
 ceive whether fhe return as aforefaid, which 
 if ihe do, he muft halloo in his- hounds, 
 and call them back, and that prefently, that 
 the hounds may not think it the counter iTie 
 came firft. 
 
 The next thing that is to be obferved, is 
 the place where the hare fits, and upon what 
 wind flie makes her form, cither upon the 
 north or fouth wind ; flie will not willingly 
 run into the wind, but run upon afide, or 
 down the wind -, but if fl:ie form in the water, 
 it is a fign fiie is foul and meafled : if you 
 hunt fuch a one, have a fpecial regard all 
 the day to the brook-fides, for there, and 
 near plaflies, fiie will make all her croffings, 
 doublings, i^c. 
 
 Some hares have been fo crafty, that as 
 foon as they have heard the found of a horn, 
 they would inftantly ftart out of their form, 
 though it was at the diftance of a quarter of 
 a mile, and go and fwim in fome pool, and 
 reft upon fome rufli bed in the midft ofitj 
 and would not ftir from thence till they have 
 heard the horn again, and then have ftarted 
 out again, fwimming to land, and have ftood 
 up before the hounds four hours before they 
 could kill them, fwimming and ufing all 
 fubtilties and croffings in the water. 
 
 Nay, fuch is the natural craft and fubtil- 
 ty of a hare that fometimes, after fhe has 
 been hunted three hours, fhe will ftart a 
 frefli hare, and fquat in the fame form. 
 
 Others having been hunted a confiderable 
 time, will creep under the door of a flieep- 
 coat, and there hide themfelves among the 
 flieep ; or when they have be-en hard hunted, 
 will run in among a flock of flieep, and will 
 by no means be gotten out from among them 
 till the hounds are coupled up and the flieep 
 driven into their pens. 
 
 Some of them (and that feems fomewhat 
 ftrange) will take the ground like a coney, 
 and that is called, going to the vault. 
 
 Some hares will go up one fide of the hedge 
 and come down the other, the thicknefs of 
 the hedge being the only diftance between 
 the courfes. 
 
 A hare thit has been clofely hunted, has 
 got upon a quick-fet hedge, and ran a good 
 way lipon the top thereof, and then leapt ofi^ 
 upon the ground. And 
 
H A R 
 
 . And they will frequently betake them- 
 felves to furz-bufhes, and will leap from 
 one to the other, whereby the hounds are 
 frequently in default. 
 
 Some affirm that a hare, after fl"ie has been 
 hunted two hours and more, has at length 
 to fave herfelf, got upon an old wall, fix 
 foot high from the ground, and hid herfelf 
 in a hole that was made for fcaffolding -, 
 and that fome hares have fwam over the 
 rivers Tre/it and Severn. 
 
 A hare is fuppofed not to live above feven 
 years at the moft, efpecially the bucks, and 
 if a buck and a doe fhall keep one quarter 
 together, they will never fufier any ftrange 
 hare to fit by them ; and therefore it is faid 
 by way of proverb, the more you hunt the 
 more hares you fhall have : becaufc when 
 you have killed one hare, another v/ill come 
 and poflTefs his form. 
 
 A hare hath a greater fcent, and is more 
 eagerly hunted by the hounds, when Ihe 
 feeds and relieves upon green corn, than 
 at any other time of the year ; and yet 
 there are fome hares that naturally give a 
 greater fcent than others, as the large wood- 
 hares ; and fuch as are foul and meafled keep 
 near to the waters : but the fmall red hare, 
 which is not much bigger than a coney, is 
 neither of lo ftrong a fcent, nor fo eagerly 
 hunted. 
 
 Thofe hares that feed upon the fmall 
 branches of wild thyme, or fuch like herbs, 
 are generally very fwift, and wiil ftand long 
 up before the hounds. 
 
 Again, there are fome hares more fubtil 
 and cunning th;in others, young hares which 
 have never been hunted are foolifli, and 
 are neither of force nor capacity to ufe fuch 
 fubtilties and crafts, but moft commonly 
 hold on end-ways before the hounds, and of- 
 tentimes fquat and ftart again, which greatly 
 encourages the hounds, and enters them bet- 
 ter than if the hare /iiould fly end- ways, 
 as fometimes they will for five or fix mile an 
 end. 
 
 The females are more crafty and politic 
 than the males, for they double and turn 
 fliorter, which is unpleafant to the hounds ; 
 for it is troublefome to them to turn fo often. 
 
 H A R 
 
 delighting more in an end-way chace, run" 
 ning v/ith all their force : for thofe hares- 
 vvhich double and crofs io often. It is re- 
 quifite at default, to call the greater com- 
 pafs about, when you beat to make it out ; 
 for fo you will find all her fubtilties, and yet 
 need not fl:ick upon any of them, but only 
 where fhe went on forward: by this means 
 you will abate her force, and compel her - 
 to life doubling and croffing. 
 
 To enter hounds to a hare, let the huntf- 
 man be fure in the firlt place to make them 
 very well acquainted with himfelf and his 
 voice, and let them underftjnd the horn, 
 wjiich he fliould never blow but when there 
 is caufe for it. 
 
 When you enter a young kennel of 
 hounds, have a fpecial regard to the country 
 where you make the firft quarry, for fo 
 they are like to fucceed accordingly ; fince 
 their being entered firll in a plain and cham- 
 pagne country, will make theiTj ever after 
 delight more to liunt therein than elfewherej 
 and it is the fame with the coverts. 
 
 In order to have the beft hounds, ufe 
 them to all kinds of hunting, yet do not 
 oblige them to hunt in the morning, by 
 reafon of the dew and moifture of the earth ; 
 and befides, if they be afterwards hunted in 
 the heat of the day, they will foon give over 
 the chace, neither will they call on willing- 
 ly nor chearfully, but feek out the Ihades to 
 fleep in. 
 
 But yet many are of opinion, that to hunt 
 both early and late in the morning, by 
 trayling, profits the hounds as to the uic 
 of their nofes ; and by keeping them fome- 
 times in the heat of the day, or till night, 
 incites courage in them. 
 
 The beft feafon to enter young hounds, 
 is in September and OSlober, for then the 
 weather is temperate, and neither too hot 
 nor too cold ; and this is the. feafon to find 
 young hares that have never been hunted, 
 which are filly, and ignorant of the politic 
 croffings, doublings, i^c. of their fires, 
 running commonly end-ways, frequently 
 fquatting, and as often ftarting ; by which 
 encouragement the hounds are the better 
 entered. 
 
 A a 2 Some 
 
H A R 
 
 Some hares hold the high-beaten ways on- 
 ly, wh^re the. hounds can have no fccnt ; 
 therefore when the himtfman finds his 
 hounds at a default in the high-way, let him 
 hunt on until he find where' the hare hath 
 broken from the high-way, or hath found 
 fome dale or frefh place where the hounds 
 may recover fcent, looking narrowly on the 
 ground as he goes, to fee to find the footing 
 or pricking of the hare. 
 
 There are other places wherein a hound 
 can find no fcent ; and that is, in fat and 
 rotten ground, which firicks to the feet of 
 the hare ; and this is called carrying, and 
 fo of confequence fhe leaves no fcent behind 
 her. 
 
 There are alfo certain months in the'year 
 in which a hound can find no fcent, and 
 that is in the fpring-time, by reafon of the 
 fragrant fcent of flov/ers, and the like. 
 
 But avoid hunting in hard frofty weather 
 as much as you can, for that will be apt to 
 furbate or founder your hounds, and caufe 
 them to lofe their claws j befides, at that 
 time a hare runs better than at any other 
 time, the foles of her feet being hairy. 
 
 In a word, the bed way of entering young 
 hounds, is with tlie affiftance of old ftaunch 
 hounds, fo they will be better learned to caft 
 for it at a doubling or default. 
 
 IVhat time of fhe year is beft for Hare-hunt- 
 ing ; how to find her ^ flart her, and chafe 
 her. 
 
 The beft time to begin hare-hunting, is 
 about thy middle of September, and to end 
 towards the latter end of February, left you 
 deftroy the early brood of leverets. 
 
 And befides, when the winter comes on, 
 the moiftnefs and coolnefs of the earth in- 
 creafes, which is agreeable to the nature of 
 the hounds, and very acceptable, they not 
 liking extremes either of hot or cold wea- 
 ther. 
 
 Thofe hounds that are two years old and 
 upwards, may be exercifed three times a 
 week ; and the hunting fo often will do 
 them good, provided they be well fed ; and 
 they may be kept the greatcft part of the 
 
 H A R 
 
 day, both to try their ftoutnefs, and to make- 
 them ftout. 
 
 If any hound fhall have found the trayl 
 of a hare, when Ihe hath relieved that 
 night, the huntfman ought not to be too 
 hafty, but let the hounds make it of them- 
 fclves ; and when he perceives that they be- 
 gin to drav; in together, and to call on 
 freflily, then he ought to encourage them^ 
 efpecially that hound which hunceth beft, 
 frequently calling him by his name. 
 
 Here you may take notice, that a hare 
 leaveth better fcent when fhe goes to relief^ 
 than when fhe goeth towards her form -, for 
 when file relieves in the field, fhe coucheth 
 her body low upon theground, palling often 
 over one piece of ground, to find where the 
 beft food lies, and thus leaveth the beft fcent, 
 crofting alfo fometimes : befides, when ftie 
 goes to her form, fhe commonly takes the 
 high-v/ays, doubling, crofting, and leaping 
 as lightly as flie can ; in which places the 
 hounds can have no fcent by reafon of the 
 duft, i£c. and yet they will fquat by the 
 fides of high-ways, and therefore let the 
 huntfman beat very well the fides of thofe 
 high-ways. 
 
 Now having found where a hare hath re- 
 lieved in fome pafture or corn-field, you 
 muft then confider the feafbn of the year, 
 and what weather it is ; for if it be in the 
 fpring-time or fummer, a hare will not then 
 fit in bufties, becaufe they are frequently 
 infefted with pifmires, fnakes, and adders ; 
 but will fit in corn-fields and open places. 
 
 In the winter-time, they fit near towns and 
 villages, in tufts of thorns and brambles, 
 efpecially when the wind is northerly or 
 foutherly. 
 
 According to the feafon and nature of the 
 place where the hare is accuftomed to fit, 
 there beat with your hounds, and ftart her; 
 which is much better fport than trayling of 
 her from her relief to her form. 
 
 After the hare has been ftarted, and is on 
 foot, then ftep in where you faw her pafs, 
 and halloo in your hounds, until they have 
 all undertaken it, and go on with it in full 
 cry ; then recheat to them with your horn, 
 following Aur and foftly at firft, making not 
 
 too 
 
Tb& m 
 
 Horse hair KToosej- 
 
 ToUN-et 
 
 
H A R 
 
 too much noife either with horn or voice j 
 for at the firll, hounds are apt to overfhoot 
 the chace through too much heat. 
 
 But when they have run the fpace of an 
 hour, and you fee the hounds are well in 
 with it, and Hick well upon it, then you 
 may come in nearer with the hounds, becaufe 
 by that time their heat will be cooled, and 
 they will hunt more foberly. 
 
 But, above all things, mark the firfl: 
 doubling, which muft be your direction for 
 the whole day ; for all the doublings that flie 
 lliall make afterwards will be like the former, 
 and according to the policies that you fliall 
 fee her ufe, and the place where you hunt, 
 you muft make your compafles great or little, 
 long or fhort, to help the defaults, always 
 feeking the moifteft and moft commodious 
 places for the hounds to fcent in. 
 
 To conclude i thofe who delight in hunt- 
 ing the hare, muft rife early, left they be 
 deprived of the fcent of her foot-fteps, by 
 which means the dogs will be incapacitated 
 to follow their game ; for the nature of the 
 fcent is fuch that it will not remain long, 
 but fuddenly, in a manner every hour, va- 
 niflieth away. 
 
 HARE-NETS and Rabbet-Nets. The 
 three feveral forts of nets reprefented in 
 Plate VII, are proper either for hares or 
 rabbets. 
 
 In the placing of thefe obferve the path 
 or traft in any coppice, or furrow, by which 
 any hare ufes to pafs ; likewife how the 
 wind is, fo as to fet them as the hare and 
 wind may come together: if the wind 
 be fide-ways it will do well enough, but 
 never let it blow over the net into the hare's 
 face, for he will fcent both it and you at a 
 diftance : the two pointed lines A C, in the 
 firft figure, denotes the foot-paths wlaereby 
 the game ufes to pafs. Then prepare three 
 or four more ftakes according to the length 
 of the net ; wliich ftakes ftiould be about 
 the bignefs of one's thumb, and near four 
 feet long, ftiarpened at the greater end, and 
 a little crooked at the fmaller R, S, T ; ftick 
 them in the ground fomewhat Hoping, as if 
 fo forced by the wind : two of them are to 
 be fet at the tWQ fides of the way and the 
 
 H A R 
 
 middle, as there is occafion ; they muft 
 only hold up the net from falling, but in a 
 very flight manner, that if the game run 
 againft it, it may fall down, and fo entangle 
 him : be fure to hide yourfelf in feme ditch 
 or bufti, behind a tree, or the like place, 
 behind the net ; then when you perceive the 
 game to be pafted, give a fliout, flinging 
 your hat at them, which will put them into 
 fuch a furprife that they will fpring on, and 
 run juft into the net, fo that you muft be 
 nimble to take them left they break out 
 and efcape. 
 
 But obferve, this net is not fo grounded 
 in windy weather as in fair. 
 
 The middlcmoft flap muft be fet much 
 after the fame manner as the former; as to 
 the way and wind, you fee how the two 
 cords at each end of the net ought to be 
 difpofed : next you muft have two fticks, K, 
 L, M, N, each four foot long and twice as 
 thick as one's thumb, which are to be cut 
 exaftly fmooth at each end and fixed thus j 
 take the ftick H, I, put it on the edge of 
 the way upon the cord L, which is on the 
 bottom of the net, and the other cord is to 
 be placed at the top of the ftick, then go 
 along behind the net fupporting it with 
 your hand, and place your fecond ftick juft 
 as you did the firft; but you fliould endea- 
 vour to lean a little towards the way where 
 you expeft the game will come, for the 
 beafts running fiercely againft the net will 
 force the fticks to give way, and lb the net 
 falls on him. 
 
 There is another net reprefented by the 
 laft figure, which is lefs troublefome than 
 either of the former, only it may be farther 
 difcerned, yet it is good for rabbets in fuch 
 foot-paths, and only ufed for them and 
 hares ; whereas the others are ufeful alfo for 
 the taking of wolves, foxes, badgers, and 
 pole-cats. The true time to fet theic nets 
 is at break of day, till half an hour afcer 
 fun-rifing, and from half an hour before 
 fun-fet til! dark. 
 
 HARNESS GALLS; fometimes the 
 breafts of coach-horfes are galled by the 
 harnefs, or rife in hard bunches, efpecially 
 in rainy weather. 
 
 To 
 
H x\ R 
 
 To cure this, fiifl: fliavc off thdiair about 
 the fore very clofe, and rub the whole 
 breaft with a lather of water and black foau ; 
 then wafh that part of the bread which is 
 ufually covered with the petrel, with fait 
 and water, fuffcring it to dry of itfelf. 
 
 If the hardncfs of any part of the harnefs 
 occafions the galling, take it away, or cover 
 it with little bolfters. 
 
 HARRIER ; a hound, from his chafing 
 or tracing by foot, is naturally endued with 
 an admirable gift of fmelling, being alfo 
 bold and courageous in the purfuit of his 
 gam.e ; of which there are feveral kinds, and 
 all differ in their fervices ; fome arc for the 
 hare, the {a\, wolf, hart, pole-cat, weafel. 
 Coney, buck, badger, otter, ^c. fome for 
 one thing, fome for another. 
 
 Amongft the various forts of thefe dogs, 
 there are fome apt to hunt two different 
 beafts, as the fox fometimes, and at other 
 rim.es the hare ; but fuch as fiick not to one 
 fort of game, hunt not with that fuccefs 
 and good difpofition as the others do. See 
 Terrier. 
 
 HART, is the moft noble and ftately 
 bealt, and in the firft year is called a hind 
 calf, in the fecond a knobber, in the third 
 a brock, in the fourth a ftaggard, in the 
 fifth a ftag, and in the fixth a hart. 
 
 Harts are bred in moll countries, but 
 the ancients preferred , thofe of Britam be- 
 fore all others, where they are of divers 
 colours. 
 
 Thefe excel all others in the beauty of 
 their horns, which are very high, yet do 
 not grow to their bones or fcalps, but to 
 their Ikin, branching forth into many fpears, 
 being folid throughout, and as hard as 
 ftones, and fall off once a year. 
 
 But if they remain abroad in the air; 
 and are fometimes wet and fometimes dry, 
 they grow light ; by which it Ihould feem 
 they are of an earthy fubftance, concrete, 
 and hardened with a ftrong heat, made like 
 unto bones. 
 
 They lofe their horns every year in the 
 fpring. 
 
 At one year old they Iiave nothing but 
 bunches, that are fmall fignificators of horns 
 
 H A R 
 
 to come : at two years they appear more 
 perfeftlv, but ftrait and fingle : at three 
 years they grow into two fpears ; at four 
 into three, and fo increafe every year in 
 their branches till they are fix ; and above 
 that time their age is not certainly to be 
 known by the head. 
 
 Having loft their horns, in the day-time 
 they hide themfelves, inhabiting the fhades 
 to avoid the annoyance of flies, and feed, 
 during that time, only in the night. 
 
 Their new horns com^e out at firft like 
 bunches, and afterwards (as has been faid 
 before) by the increafe of the fun's heat, 
 they grow more hard, covered with a rough 
 fkin, which is called a velvet head ; and as 
 that fl<;in drieth, they daily try the ftrength 
 of their new heads upon trees, which not 
 only fcrapeth off the roughnefs, but by the 
 pain they feel thus rubbing them, they are 
 taught hov/ long to forbear the company of 
 tlieir fellows ; for at laft, when in their 
 chafing and fretting of their new horns 
 againft the trees, they can feel no longer 
 pain and fmart in them, they feem as if 
 they thought it were high time to forfake 
 their folitary dwellings and return again to 
 their former condition. 
 
 The reafon why harts and deers flied their 
 horns annually are thefe : 
 
 Firft, becaufe of the matter of which 
 they confift ; for it is dry and earthly like 
 the fubftance of green leaves, which alfo 
 fall annually ; likewife wanting glewy- or 
 holding moillure, for which reafon the horn 
 of a hart cannot be bent. 
 
 Secondly, from the place they grow upon, 
 for they are not rooted upon the fkull, but 
 only within the fl^in. 
 
 Thirdly, from the efficient caufe; for 
 they are hardened both with the heat of 
 fummer and cold of winter; by means of 
 which the pores which ftiould receive the 
 nouriftiing liquor are ftiut up and ftopped, 
 fo that their native heat neceffarily diethj 
 which does not fo happen in other beafts, 
 whofe horns are for the moft part hollow 
 and fitted for long continuance; but the 
 new bunches fwelling up, towards the 
 fpring, thru ft off the old horns, having the 
 
 affift- 
 
H A R 
 
 afliftance of boughs of trees, weight of the 
 horns, or by the Aviiiing excurfion of the 
 beaft that beareth tliem. 
 
 It has been obferved, that when a hart 
 pricketh up his ears, he windeth lliarp, very 
 far and fure, and difcovereth all treachery 
 againft him ; but if they hang down and 
 wag, he perceives no danger. 
 
 Their age is difcerned by their teeth ; they 
 have four on both fides, with which they 
 grind tlieir meat ; belides two others, which 
 are much larger in the male than in the 
 female. 
 
 All thefe beafts have worms in their 
 heads, underneath their tongues, in a hollow 
 place where the neck-bone is joined to the 
 head, which are no bigger than fly-blows. 
 
 The blood of the hart is not like that of 
 other beafts, for it hath no fibres in it, and 
 therefore it is hardly congealed. 
 
 His heart is very great, and fo are all 
 thofe of fearful beafts, having in it a 'bone 
 like a crofs. 
 
 He hath no gall, and that is one of the 
 caufes of his long life, and therefore are his 
 bowels fo bitter, that the dogs will not 
 touch them unlefs they be very fat. 
 
 The genital part of a hart is all nervous, 
 the tail fmall ; and a hind hath udders be- 
 tween her tliighs, with four fpeans like a 
 cow. 
 
 Thefe are above all other beafts both in- 
 genious and fearful, who although they 
 have large horns, yet their defence againft 
 other four-footed beafts, is to run away. 
 
 The hart is ftrangely amazed, when he 
 hears any one call or whiftle in his fift : for 
 trial of which, fome feeing a liart in the 
 plain in motion, have called him, crying 
 ware, ware, take heed; and thereupon have 
 feen him inftantly turn back, making fome 
 little ftand. 
 
 He hears very perfeftly when his head 
 and ears are erefted ; but imperfedkly when 
 he lets them down. 
 
 When he is on foot, and not afraid, he 
 admires every thing he fees, and takes a 
 pleafure to gaze at them. 
 
 A hart can naturally fwim a great way, 
 fo that fome which have been hunted in 
 
 H A R 
 
 forefts near the fea, have plunged into it, 
 and have been killed by fifliermen twelve 
 miles from land. 
 
 It is reported of them, that when they 
 go to rut, and for that purpofe are obliged 
 to crofs fome great river or arm of the fea, 
 they affcmble in great herds, the ttrongeft 
 going in firft, and the next in ftrength fol- 
 lowing him, and fo one after the other, re- 
 lieving themfelves by rafting their heads on 
 the buttocks of each other. 
 
 The hind commonly carries her calf eight 
 or nine months, v.'hich ufually falls in May, 
 although fome alter : fome of them have 
 two at once, and eat up the fttin wherein 
 the calf did lie. 
 
 As the calf grows up, ftie teaches it to 
 run, leap, and the way it muffc take to de- 
 fend itfclf from the hounds. 
 
 Harts and hinds are very long lived, liv- 
 ing commonly an hundred years and up- 
 wards. 
 
 Hart-Hunting. 
 
 Ge/ncr, fi)eaking of the hunting of the 
 hart, fays, ' This wild, deceitful, and fub- 
 tile beail, by windings and turnings, often 
 deceives it's hunter, as the harts of Mean- 
 dros flying from the terrible cry of Diana's 
 hounds :' wherefore the prudent hunter muft 
 , frame his dogs, as Pythagoras did his fcholars, 
 with werds of art to fet them on, and take 
 them off again at his pleafure. 
 
 Wherefore he muft firft of all encompafs 
 the beaft in her own layer, and fo unharbour 
 her in the view of the dogs, that they may 
 never lofe her fiot or footing. 
 
 Neither muft he fet upon every one, either 
 of tlie herd, or thofe that wander folitary 
 alone, or a little one, but partly by fight,., 
 and partly by their footing and fumct, make 
 a judgment of the game, and alfo obfei-ve 
 the largenefs of his layer. 
 
 The huntfman, having made thefe dif- 
 coveries in order to the chace, takes off the 
 couplings of the dogs, and fome on horfe- 
 back, the others on foot, follow the cry, 
 with the greateft art, obfervation, and 
 fpeedj remembering and intercepting him in 
 
 his 
 
II A R 
 
 h'li fiibtile turnings and headings ; with all 
 agility leaping hedges, gates, pales, ditches; 
 neither fearing thorns, down hills nor woods, 
 but mounting a frefli horfe, if the firft tire; 
 follow the largeft head of the whole herd, 
 which muil be fingled out of the chace ; 
 which the dogs perceiving, muft follow ; 
 not following any other. 
 
 The dogs are animated to the fport by 
 the winding of horns, and the voices of the 
 hunrfmen. 
 
 But fometimes the crafty beaft fends forth 
 Tiis little fquire to be ficrificed to the dogs 
 and hunters, inftead of himfelf, lying clofe 
 the mean time. In this cafe, the huntfman 
 muft found a retreat, break off the dogs, 
 and take them in, that is, learn them again, 
 until they be brought to the fairer game ; 
 which rifeth with fear, yet ftill ftriveth by 
 ■flight, until he be wearied and breathlefs. 
 
 The Nobles call the beaft a wife hart, 
 who, CO avoid all his enemies, runneth into 
 the greareft herds, and fo brings a cloud of 
 error on the dogs, to obftruft their farther 
 purfuit ; fometimes alfo beating fome of 
 the herd unto his footings, that fo he may 
 the more eafily efcape, by amufing the 
 dogs. 
 
 Afterwards he betakes himfelf to his 
 heels again, ftill running with tlie wind, not 
 only for the fake of refreftnnent, but alfo 
 becaufe by that means he can the more 
 eafily hear the voice of his purfuets, whe- 
 ther they be far from him, or near to him. 
 
 But at laft being again difcovered by the 
 hunters, and iagacious fcent of the dogs, he 
 flies into the herds of cattle, as cows, fheep, 
 &c. leaping on a cow or ox, laying the 
 fore parts of his body thereon, that fo 
 touching the earth only with his hinder feet, 
 he may leave a very fmall or no fcent at all 
 behind for the hounds to difcein. 
 
 A chief huntfman to Le-ivis XII. of France, 
 affirms. That on a time, they having a hart 
 in chace, on a fudden the hounds were at 
 a fault, fo as the game was out of fight, 
 that not a dog would once ftir his foot, at 
 which the hunters were all amazed; at laft, 
 by cafting their eyes about, they difcovered 
 the fraud of the crafty beaft. 
 
 BAR 
 
 *niere was a great white-thorn, which 
 grew in a ftiadowy place, as high as a mo- 
 derate tree, which was encompafled about 
 with other fmaller ftirubs ; into this the hart 
 having leaped, ftood there a-loft, the 
 boughs fpreading from one to another, and 
 there remained till he was thruft through 
 by the huntfman, rather than he would 
 yield himfelf up a prey to the hounds his 
 mortal enemies. 
 
 But their ufual manner is, when they fee 
 themfelves hard befet, and every v/ay inter- 
 cepted, to make force at their enemy with 
 their horns, who firft comes upon him, un- 
 lefs they be prevented by fpear or fword. 
 
 When the beaft is flain, the huntfman 
 with his horn windeth the fall of the beaft, 
 and then the whole company comes up, 
 blowing their horns in triumph for fuch a 
 conqueft ; among whom, tiie {l<ilfulleft 
 open-s the beaft, rewards the hounds with 
 what properly belongs to them, for their 
 future encouragement: for which purpofe 
 the huntfmen dip bread in the blood of the 
 beaft to s,ive to the hounds. 
 
 The rutting-time is the middle of Sep- 
 temher, and continues two months : the 
 older they are the hotter, and the better 
 they pleafe the hinds, and therefore they go 
 to rut before the young ones ; and being 
 very fiery, they will not fufFer any of them 
 to come near the hinds, till they have fatis- 
 fied their venereal appetite. 
 
 But for all this, the young ones are even 
 with the old, for when they perceive that 
 the old are grov/n weak by excefs of rutting, 
 the young will frequently attack them, and 
 make them quit the place, that they may 
 be mafters of the fport. 
 
 They may be eafily killed in rutting- 
 time, for they follow the fcents of the 
 hinds with fo much eagernefs, laying their 
 nofes to the ground, that they mind that 
 only, and nothing elfe. 
 
 It is very dangerous for any man to come 
 near them at that time, for then they will 
 make at any living creature of a different 
 kind. 
 
 In fome places their luft arifes in OHober, 
 and alfo in May ; and then (whereas at other 
 
 times 
 
H A R 
 
 times the males live apart from the females, 
 they go about like lafcivious lovers, fcck- 
 ing the company of the females. 
 
 The males, in their raging luft, make a 
 peculiar noife. 
 
 One male will cover many females, con- 
 tinuing in this appetite for one or two 
 months. 
 
 The females feem chafte, and unwilling to 
 admit of copulation by reafon of the rigour 
 of the genital of the male; and therefore 
 they fink down on their buttocks, when 
 they begin to feel his femen, as it has been 
 obferved in tame harts ; and if they can, 
 the females run away, the males ftriving to 
 hold them back with their fore-feet. 
 
 It cannot be well faid, that they are co 
 vered Handing, lying, or going, but rather 
 running; for fo are they filled with greateft 
 fever ity. 
 
 When one month or fix weeks is over of 
 their rutting, they grow much tamer; and 
 laying afide all fiercenefs, they return to 
 their folitary places, digging every one by 
 himfelf a feveral hole or ditch, in which 
 they lie, to afl"wage the fi:rong favour of 
 their luft; for they ftink like goats, and 
 their face begins to look blacker than at 
 other times : and in thofe places they live 
 till fome fhowers of rain fall ; after which 
 they return to the pafture again, living in 
 flocks as they did before. 
 
 The females having been thus filled, ne- 
 ver afiociate again with the male till flie is 
 delivered of her burthen, which is in about 
 eight months, and produces generally but 
 one at a time, very feldom two ; which fhe 
 lodges cunningly in fome covert. If fhe 
 perceive them ftubborn and wild, fhe will 
 beat them with her feet till they lie clofe 
 and quiet. 
 
 She oftentimes leadeth forth her young, 
 teaching it to run, and leap over bullies, 
 ftones, and fmall flirubs, and fo continueth 
 all the fummer long, while their own 
 ftrength is the moft confiderable. 
 
 It is very pleafant to obferve them, when 
 they go to rut, and make their vault ; for 
 when they fm.ell the hind, they raife their 
 nofe up into the air; and if it be a great 
 
 H A R 
 
 hart, he will turn his head and look about 
 to fee whether there be none near him to 
 interrupt and fpoil his fport. 
 
 Upon this, the young fly away for fear ; 
 but if there be any of equal bignefs, they 
 then flrlve which fhall vault firft ; and in 
 the oppofing each other, they fcra{)e tiie 
 ground v/ith their feet, Ihocking and but- 
 ting each other fo furioufly, that you may 
 hear the noife they make with their horns, 
 half a mile, fo long till one of them is the 
 conqueror. 
 
 The hind beholding this encounter, never 
 ftirs from her ftation, expefcing, as it were 
 the vaulting of him who fhall get the maf- 
 tery, who having got it, bellows, and then 
 inftantly covers her. The coats or colour^ 
 of harts are of three different forts, brov,-n, 
 red, and fallow ; and of each of thefe coats 
 there proceeds two forts of , harts, the one 
 great, and the other fmall. 
 
 Of brown harts, there are fome great, 
 long, and hairy, bearing a high head, of a 
 red colour, and well beamed, who will 
 Hand before hounds very long, being longer 
 of breath, and fwifter of foot than thofe of 
 a fhorter flature. 
 
 There are another fort of brown harts, 
 which are little, Ihort, and well fet, bearing 
 commonly a black mane, and are fatter and 
 better venifon than the former, by reafon of 
 their better feeding in young coppices. 
 
 They are very crafty, efpecially when in 
 greafe, and will be hardly found, becaufe 
 they know they are then mofl: enquired after ; 
 befides, they are fenfible they cannot then 
 Hand long before the hounds. 
 
 If they be old, and feed on good ground, 
 then are their heads black, fair, and well 
 branched, and commonly palmed at the 
 top. 
 
 The fallow harts bear their heads high, 
 and of a whitifh colour, their beams fmall, 
 their antlers long, flender, and ill grown j 
 having neither heart, courage, n6r force. 
 
 But thofe which are of a lively red fal- 
 low, having a black or brown lifl: down the 
 ridge of the back, are ftrong, bearing fair 
 and high heads, well furnilhed and beamed. 
 As there are feveral forts of harts, {o alfo 
 
 B b have 
 
H A K 
 
 have they different heads, according to then- 
 age, councr)', reft, and feeding. 
 
 Here you ir.utt take notice, that they 
 bear not their firft head (which we call bro- 
 ches, and in a fallow deer pricks) until they 
 enter the fecond year of their age. 
 
 In the third year they bear four, fix, or 
 eight, fmall branches : at the fourth, they 
 bear eight or ten : at the fifth, ten or twelve : 
 at fix, fourteen or fixteen ; and at the fe- 
 venth year, they bear their heads beamed, 
 branciicd and fummcd, with as much as 
 ever they will bear, and do never multiply, 
 but in greatnefs only. An old hart cafteth 
 his head fooner than the young, and the 
 time is about the months of February and 
 March. 
 
 Ncte, that if you geld a hart before he 
 hath a head, he will never bear any ; and 
 if you geld him when he has a head, he will 
 never after mew and caft: it : and fo if he 
 be gelded when he hath a velvet head, it 
 will ever be fo, without fraying or burnifh- 
 ing. 
 
 As foon as they have caft their heads, they 
 inftantly v\rithdraw into the thickets, hiding 
 themfelves in fuch convenient places where 
 they can have good water and ftrong feeding, 
 near fome ground where wheat and peas are 
 fown : but young harts do never betake 
 themfelves to the thickets till they have 
 born their third head, which is in the fourth 
 year. 
 
 After they have mewed, they will begin 
 to button in March and Afril; and as the 
 fun grows ftrong, and the feafon of the year 
 puts forward the crop of the earth, fo will 
 their heads increafe in all refpefts ; fo that 
 by the middle of June-, their heads will be 
 fummed as much as they will bear all the 
 year. 
 
 The names and diverfity of Heads, according 
 to the term ujed by Hunters 
 
 That part which bears the antlers, royals, 
 and tops, is called the beam, and the little 
 ftreaks therein are called gutters. 
 
 That which is about the cruft of the 
 beam is termed pearls, and that which is 
 
 H A R 
 
 about the bur itfelf, formed like little pearls- 
 is called, pearls bigger than the reft. 
 
 The bur is next the head, and that which, 
 is about the bur is called pearls ; the firft 
 is called antler, the fecond fur-antler : all 
 the reft which grow afterwards, until you 
 come to the crovi'n, palm, or croche, are 
 called royals, and fur-royals; the little 
 buds or broches about the top, are called 
 croches. 
 
 Their heads alfo go by feveral names ; 
 the firft head is called a crowned top, be- 
 caufe the croches are ranged in form of a 
 crown. 
 
 The fecond is called a palmed top, becaufe 
 the croches are formed like a man's hand. 
 
 Thirdly, all heads which bear not above 
 three or four, the croches being placed 
 aloft, all of one height, in form of a cluf- 
 ter of nuts, are to be called heads of fo 
 many croches. 
 
 Fourthly, all heads which bear two in the 
 top, or having their croches doubling, are 
 to be called forked heads. 
 
 Fifthly, all heads which have double burs> 
 or the antlers, royals, and croches, rurned 
 downwards, contrary to other heads, are 
 only called heads. 
 
 Hoiv to know an old Hart by the Jlot, entriesy 
 abatures, foils, fewmets, gait and walks, 
 fraying-flocks, head, and branches. 
 
 Firft, by the flot. You muft take good 
 notice of the treading of the hart's foot ; if 
 you find the treading of two, the one long, 
 and the other round, yet both of one big- 
 nefs, yet the long flot, will indicate the 
 hart to be much larger than the round. 
 
 And befides, the old hart's hind-foot 
 doth never over-reach the fore-foot ; that 
 of the young ones do. 
 
 But above all take this obfervation : when 
 you have found the flot of a hart in the 
 wood, take notice what manner of footing 
 it is, whether worn or fliarp ; and accord- 
 ingly obferve the country, and judge by that 
 whether either may be occafioned thereby. 
 
 For harts bred in mountains and ftony 
 countries, have their toes and fides of their 
 
 feet 
 
H A R 
 
 feet worn, by means of their continual 
 cliiiibing and reiiing themfelves thereon, 
 and not on the heel -, whereas in otlier 
 places they Hay themfelves more on the heel, 
 than toes ; for in foft or fandy ground they 
 flip upon the heel, by reafon of their weight j 
 and thus by frequent iksying themfelves 
 thereon, it makes the heel grow broader 
 and bigger. 
 
 And thus may the age of a hart be known 
 by his Hot or treading. 
 
 The next thing to be confidered is the 
 fewmets ; and this is to be judged of in 
 April dnd May. If the fewmets orfewmifh- 
 ing be large and , thick, they intimate that 
 the hart is old. 
 
 In the months of June and July, they 
 make their fewmets in large croteys, very 
 foft J and from that time to the end of 
 Augiiji, they make them larg."^, long, knot- 
 ty and anointed, and gilded, letting them 
 fall but fewand andfcattered. 
 
 In September and OSlober, there is no long- 
 er paffing a judgment by them, by reafon of 
 the rut. 
 
 Thirdly, in order to know the height and 
 thicknefs of a hart, obfei-ve his entries and 
 galleries into the thickets, and v.'hat boughs 
 he has over-llridden, and mark from thence 
 the height of his belly from the ground. 
 
 By the height of the entries, a judgment 
 is made of the age of a hart ; for a young 
 deer ufiially creeps, but the old ones are ftitf 
 and ftateiy, 
 
 l-iis largenefs may be known by the height 
 of his creeping as he paflTes to his harbour, 
 ilie young deer creeping low, which the old 
 will not ftoop to. 
 
 Fourthly, take notice of his gait, by 
 which you may know whether the hart be 
 great and long, and whether he will ftand 
 long befoie the hounds or not , for all 
 harts which have a long ftep' will ftand up a 
 long while, being fv/ift, light, and v/eil 
 breathed ; but if he leave a great Act, v^^hlch 
 is thefign of an old deer, he will never ftand 
 long when he is chaced. 
 
 Laftly, take notice of his fraying-pOil j 
 wh.ere obferve, that by how much the 
 jiart is the older, the foon^r he s'oes WJ 
 
 H A R 
 
 fray, and the larger is the tree he chufes to 
 fray againft, and one fo itrong that he can- 
 not bend with his head. 
 
 All ftags as they are furnifiied, beat then- 
 heads dry againft fome tree or other, which 
 is called their fraying-poft ; the younger 
 deer do it againft weaker, leflcr, and low- 
 er trees ; fo that accordingly hunters judgr 
 confidently of their age, and of the nearnels 
 of their harbour, for chat is the laft aftion 
 or ceremony they ufe before they enter it. 
 
 As to the head and branches, a hart is- 
 old; firft, when the compafs of the buns 
 large, great, and well pearled. 
 
 Secondly, when the beam is large bur- 
 thened and well pearled, beinsrHr;'- ■■■^■■^ 
 not rendered crooked by antler;. ^■' 
 
 Thirdly, when the gutters in it :^ie large 
 and deep. 
 
 Fourthly, when the firft antler, CiiUed an« 
 tellier, is large, long, and near to the bur, 
 the fur-antler near to the anc'.cr : and ri.ev 
 ought to be both well peark\ 
 
 Fifthly, the reft of the branches v.hich 
 are higher, being well ordered and fet, and 
 well grown, according to the largenefs and 
 proportion of the head, and. the croches, 
 palm, or crown, being great and large too, 
 according to the largenefs of the beam, are 
 figns of an old hart- 
 
 Hozv tojeek a Hart in. his haunij, and fteding- 
 places, according to ihsjea/ons of the year. 
 
 All harts change their liij^nner of feeding 
 every month ; and as November is the con- 
 clufion of tlieir rutting-time, I Ihali begin 
 with that month :;in this they feed in heaths 
 and broomy places. m- - ' 
 
 In 'December they herd togeijter, and 
 withdraw themfelves into the ftrengths of 
 the forefts, ro fhelter themfelves from the 
 cold winds, fnows, and frol^s, and feed 'y 
 the holm trees, • elaier : trees, brambles, o\ 
 any green thing thes' can find ; and if )t 
 fnOTV, thev will fkir d ■.-■=■,! r!.* trti ; "ike • 
 goat. 
 
 In January, Fesma-yy, an:! /..Urtvl', tiicy 
 leave herding, but will keen four or five 
 in company, and in the corners of the foreft 
 will feed on the winter-pafture, fometiines 
 
 Bb 
 
 makine; 
 
II A R 
 
 making their incuiTions into the neighbour- 
 ing corn-fields, it' they can perceive the 
 blades of wheat, rye, or the like, appear 
 above ground. 
 
 In April and May, they reft in their thick- 
 ets and other bufliy and Ihady places, during 
 that lealbn, and ftir very little till rutting- 
 time, unleis they are difturbed. 
 
 There are fome harts fo cunning, that 
 they will have two feveral layers to haibour 
 in, a good dillance one from the other, and 
 will frequently change (for their greater fe- 
 curity) from the one to the other, taking 
 ftill the benefit of the wind. 
 
 In thefe months they go not to the foil, 
 by reafon of the moifture of the fpring, and 
 the dew that continually over-fpreads the 
 grafs. 
 
 In June, July, and Augiijl, they are in the 
 pride of their greafe, and do refort to fpring- 
 coppices and corn-fields, only they feldom 
 go where rye or barley grows. 
 
 In September and Okober, they leave their 
 thickets and go to the rut, during wliich 
 feafon they have no certain place either for 
 food or harbour. He ought not to come 
 too early into the fprings or hewts where he 
 thinks tiie hart feedeth, and is at relief, for 
 they ufually go to their layers in the fprings ; 
 and if they be old, crafty deer, they will 
 return to the border of the coppice, and 
 there liften whether they can hear any ap- 
 proaching danger, and if they once chance 
 to vent the huntfman or the hound, they 
 will inftantly diilodge. 
 
 Now is the huntfman's proper time : let 
 him beat the outfides of the fprings or thick- 
 ets ; if he find the track of a hart or deerr, 
 he ought to obferve whether it be frelh, 
 which may be known by the following to- 
 kens ; the dew will be beaten off, the foil 
 frefh, or the ground broken, or printed 
 with other tokens ; fo he may judge his game 
 lately went that way. 
 
 Having found his flot or treading, and the 
 hound fticking well upon it, let him hold 
 him ihort ; for he fliall draw better being 
 lb held, than if he were let at length of the 
 leam ; and thus let him draw till he is come 
 to the covert, if poflible, taking notice. 
 
 H A R 
 
 by the v/ay, of the flot, falls, entries, and- 
 the like, till he hath harboured him. 
 
 Having done this, let him plafli down- 
 fmall twigs, fome above and fome below, 
 as he fliall think fit ; and then while the 
 hound is hot, let him beat the outfides and 
 make ring-walks" twice or thrice about the 
 wood, one while by the great and open 
 ways, that he may help himfelf by the eye ; 
 another v/hile through the thickets and co- 
 verts, for fear left his hounds fliould over- 
 fhoot it, having ftill better fcent in the co- 
 verts than high-ways. 
 
 If he is in doubt whether the hart is gone 
 out of the ring-walks, or fears he has drawn 
 amifs, then let him go to the marks that he 
 plaflied, and draw counter, till he may take 
 up the fewmet. 
 
 Dire5fions for harbouring a Stag. 
 
 The harbourer having taught his hound 
 to draw mute always round the outfide of 
 the covert, as foon as his hound challenges, 
 which he knows by his eager flouriftiing and 
 ftraining his leam, he then is to feek for his 
 flot ; if he finds the heel thick, and the toe 
 fpreading broad, thefe are figns that it is an 
 old deer, efpecially if it is fringed, that is- 
 broken on both the fides. 
 
 And if the ground be too hard to make 
 any judgment from the flot, he muft draw 
 into the covert, as he pafl"es obferving the 
 fize of the entries ; the larger and higher, 
 the older the deer : as alfo his croppings of 
 the tenders as he pafles, the younger the 
 deer the lower^. the older the deer the higher 
 are the branches. 
 
 He ought alfo to obferve his fewmiftiines 
 as he pafles, the largenefs of which belpeaks 
 the largenefs of the deer : he muft alfo be 
 curious in obferving the fraying-poft, w-hich 
 is ufually the laft opportunity he has to judge 
 by ; the eldeft deer fraying higheft, againft 
 the largeft trees, and that being found, it 
 may be concluded his harbour is not far 
 ^. 
 
 Therefore he ought to draw with more 
 circumfpeftion, checking the drawing- 
 hound to fecure him from fpending when he 
 
 comes 
 
H A R 
 
 comes fo near as to have the deer in the 
 wind, which v;hen you have difcovered by 
 his eagernels that draws him, let him retire 
 fome diftance back, and round the place 
 with the hound, firft at a confiderable dif- 
 tance, and then if he finds him not difiurbed, 
 let him make a fecond round within that; 
 and this will not only fecure you that he is 
 in the harbour, but will alfo fecure his con- 
 tinuance there ;. for he will not (except he 
 be forced) pafs that taint your hound left in 
 the rounding of him. 
 
 So that having broke a bough for his di- 
 recElion, he may at any time unharbour that 
 hart. 
 
 How to find a Hart loft the night before, 
 
 A huntfman may fail of killing a hart 
 divers ways ; fometimes by reafon of great 
 heat, or by being overtaken with the night, 
 or the like. 
 
 If it fliould happen fo, do as follows, 
 
 Firft, they who follow the hounds, muft 
 mark the place where they left the chace, 
 and at brealv of day bring the blood hound 
 to it, with the kennel after him. 
 
 If any hound vents, whom lie knows to 
 be no liar nor babler, he fliall put his hound 
 to it, whooping twice, or blowing tv/o notes 
 with his horn, to call on all his fellows 
 about him ; and if he find that the hart is 
 gone into fome likely covert or grove, 
 then muft he draw his hounds about it, and 
 if he there renews the flot or view, let him 
 firft confider whether it be right or not j if 
 it be right let him blow his horn. 
 
 And if he happens to find five or fix lay- 
 ers, let it not feem ftrange, for harts hunted 
 and Jj^ent do frequently make many layers 
 together, becaule they cannot ftand, but 
 lie and feed. 
 
 Harts, which are hunted, moft commonly 
 run up the wind, and ftrait forwards as far 
 as they are able, and finding any water 
 or foil, do ftay a long time therein, by 
 which means their joints are fo benumbed 
 and ftiffened, that coming out, they cannot 
 go far, nor ftand up long, and therefore are 
 forced to take up with any harbour they can 
 find which may be a prefent covert to them. 
 
 H A R 
 
 In the feeking of a hart in high woods, you 
 muft have regard to two things ; that is, 
 the thickets of theforeft, and the feafon. 
 
 If it be in very hot weather, gnats, horfe- 
 flics, and the like, drive the deer out of the 
 high woods, and they difperfe themfelves 
 into fmall groves and thickets, near places 
 of good feeding. 
 
 According to the coverts which are in tlie 
 foreft, fo muft the huntfman make his enqui- 
 ry ; for fometimes the hart lies in the tufts 
 of white-thorn, fometimes under little 
 trees, other whiles under great trees in the 
 higli woods and fometimes in the fl^irts of 
 the foreft, under the ihelter of little groves 
 and coppices. 
 
 And therefore the huntfman muft make his 
 ring-walk large or fmall, according to 
 the largenefs of thofe harbours or coverts. 
 
 Hoiv to unharbour a Hart and caft cff the 
 hounds. 
 
 When the relays arc well fet and placed, 
 let the huntfman with his pole walk before 
 the kennel of hounds ; and being come to 
 the blemillies, let lum take notice of the 
 flot, and fuch other marks as may be obfer- 
 ve*d from the viev/ of the deer, in order that 
 he may know whether the hounds run riot or 
 not. 
 
 Then the huntfman muft caft abroad about 
 the covert, to difcover the hart when he is 
 unharboured, the better to diftinguifh him 
 by his head or otherwife. 
 
 The hart being unharboured, let all the 
 hounds be caft off, then crying one and all. 
 To him, to him. That's he, that's he, witit 
 other fuch Vvfords of encouras^ement. 
 
 If the blood-hound, in drawing, chance 
 to over-fhoot, and draw wrong or counter, 
 then the huntfman muft draw him back, 
 faying, Bac'k, back. Soft, foft, until he liatii 
 fet him right again ; and if he perceive that 
 the hound hath mended his fault, by his 
 kneeling down and obferving the Hot or 
 ports, he muft then cherifh him, by clapping 
 him on the back, and giving him is encou- 
 raging words ; thus muft he draw on with his 
 hounds till he defcries the deer. 
 
 Soms. 
 
II A R 
 
 Some dccrs are fo cunning and ci-,-.fiy, 
 that when they are unharboured from their 
 layer, they will coait round about to find 
 ibme other deer, whereby the hounds mi-^y 
 be confounded in the change of hunts. 
 
 If the huntfman have the hart in view, 
 hs ought ilill to draw upon the Hot, blow- 
 ing and hallooing till the hounds are come in. 
 When he finds they are in full cry, and take 
 it right, he may then mount, keeping under 
 tlic wind and coafr, to crofs the hounds that 
 are in chace, to help them at default, if 
 need require. A huntlman ought never to 
 come ntarer to the hounds in cry, than fifty 
 .or fixty paces, efpecially at the firft uncou- 
 pling, or at Cafting ofi^ the relays ; for if a 
 hart make doublings, or Avheel about or 
 acrofs before the hounds, (as he feldom does) 
 \i then you come in too haftily, you will 
 fpoil the flot or view, and fo the hounds, 
 for want of fccnr, will be apt to ovcr-fnooi. 
 the chace. 
 
 But if after you have hunted an hour, the 
 huntfman perceives that the hart makes out 
 end-ways before the hounds, and that they 
 follow in full cry, taking it right, then he 
 may come in nearer, arid blow a recheat to 
 the hounds to encourage them. 
 
 Hereupon the hart will- frequently feek 
 other deer at layer, and rouze them, on 
 purpofe to make tlie hounds hunt change, 
 and will lie down in feme of their layers flat 
 upon his belly, and fo fufFer the hounds to 
 over-flioot him ; and that they m.ay not 
 either fcent or vent him, he will gather up 
 all his four feet under his belly, and v/ill 
 blow or breathe on fome moift place of the 
 ground, fo that the hounds may pafs by him 
 poffibly, though v/ithin a yard, and never 
 vent him. 
 
 For v/hich caufe huntfmen fhould blemifli 
 at thofe places, by which they fee the hart 
 enter into a thicket, to the end, that if 
 the hounds fhould fall to change, they may 
 return to thofe blemiflies, and put the 
 hounds to the right (lot and view, until they 
 have rouzed and found him again. 
 
 A hart has another v/ay to bring the hounds 
 to change, and that is, when he fees himfelf 
 clofely purfuedj and^ that he cannot fluin 
 
 H A R 
 
 them, he will break into one thicket after 
 another to find deer, rouzino; and herding 
 with them, continuing fo to do fomctimes 
 above an hour, before he will part from them 
 or break herd. 
 
 Finding himfelf fpent, he will break herd, 
 and fall a doubling and croHing in fome hard 
 high-way chat is much beaten, or clfe in 
 fome river or brook, in which he will keep 
 as long as his breath will permit liim ; and 
 if he be far before the hounds, it may be 
 then he v/ill ufe the former device, in gar 
 thering his legs under his belly, as he lies 
 flat along upon fome hard dry place. 
 
 Sometimes he will take foil, and fo cover 
 himfelf under the water, that you fliail per- 
 ceive nothing but his nofe. 
 
 In this caie the huntfman riiuft have a 
 fpecial regard to his, old hounds, who will 
 hunt leifureiy and fearfully, whereas the 
 young hounds will ovcr-lhoot their game. 
 
 If the hounds happen to be at a default, 
 and hunt in feveral companies, then it may 
 be guefied that the hart hath broken herd 
 from the ireih deer, and that the frefh 
 deer have feparated themfelves alfo r then 
 notice is to be taken hov/ the old ftaunch 
 hounds m.ake it, and to obferve the flot ; 
 and where you fee any of the old hounds 
 challenge, cheriili and encourage that hound 
 or hounds, haftening the reft in to him, 
 crying hark to fuch a hound, calling him 
 by his name. 
 
 Here it is to be noted, that they cannot 
 make it fo well in the hard high-ways as in 
 other places, becaufe they cannot have there 
 fo perfedt a fcent, either by reafon of the 
 tracks or footing of divers forts of beads, 
 or by reafon of the fun drying up the moif- 
 ture, fo that the duit covereth the flot. 
 Now in fuch places (fuch is the natural iub- 
 tilty of tiie beaft for felf-prefervation) the 
 hart will make many crolTings and doublings, 
 holding them long together, to make the 
 hounds give over the chace. 
 
 In this cafe, the firft care of the huntf- 
 man is to rnake good the head, and then 
 draw round apace j firft down the wind, 
 tho\igh deer ufually go tip the wind ; and 
 if the way is too hard to flot, then be fare 
 
 to 
 
II A R 
 
 to try far enough back. Expert hounds will 
 often do this of themfelvcs. 
 
 But if a hart break out into a champagne 
 country, and in the heat of the day too, 
 i. e. between noon and three of the clock, 
 then if the huntfman perceive his hounds 
 out of breath, he ought not to force them 
 but comfort them ; and though they do not 
 call upon the Cot or view, yet it is fufficient 
 if they do but wag their tails, for being 
 almoft fpent, it is painful for them to call. 
 
 The lafb refuge of a hart that has been 
 clofely hunted, is the water, which in terms 
 of art is called the foil ; fwimming ofteneft 
 down the ftream, keeping the middle, fear- 
 ing left by touching any bough by the 
 water-fide, he may give fcent unto the 
 hounds. 
 
 Whenever you come to a foil (according 
 to the old rule. He who will his chace find, 
 let himfirft try up river, and down the wind) 
 be fure, if your hounds challenge but a 
 yard above his going in, that he is gone up 
 the river; for though he fhould keep the 
 very middle of the ftream, yet will that, 
 with the help of the wind, lodge part of 
 the ftream, and imbofh that comes from him 
 on the bank, it may be a quarter of a mile 
 lower, which hath deceived many. 
 
 Therefore firft try up the ftream, and 
 Avhere a deer firft- breaks foil, both man and 
 hound will beft perceive it. 
 
 Now the ways to know when a hart is 
 fpent, are thefe : 
 
 Firft, He will run ftifi^, high, and lomper- 
 ing. 
 
 Secondly, If his mouth be black and dry, 
 without any foam upon it, and his tongue 
 hanging out ; but they will often clofe their 
 mouths to deceive fpedlators. 
 
 Thirdly, By his flot ; for oftentimes he 
 will clofe his claws together as if he went 
 at leifure, and prefently again open them 
 wide, making great glidings, and hitting 
 his dew-claws upon the ground, following 
 the beaten paths without doublings, and 
 fometimes going all along by a ditch-fide, 
 feeking feme gap, not having ftrength to 
 leap it : yet it has been often feen, that 
 d^ad-run deer have taken very great leaps. 
 
 II A R 
 
 A huntfman muft therefore govern him- 
 felf according to the fubtilty and craft of 
 the deer, obferving the doublings and crof- 
 fings, and the places wiiere they are made ; 
 making his rings little or great, according 
 to the nature of the places, time, and fea- 
 fon ; for hounds are apt to ftioot where herbs 
 and flowers have their molt lively fcent and 
 odoriferous fmell. 
 
 Neither is the perfcftion or imperfeftion 
 of the hounds to be difresrarded. And if 
 thefe things be done, it will be much if you 
 iofe a hart by default. 
 
 To kill a Hart at bay. 
 
 It is very dangerous to go in to. a hart at 
 bay, efpecially at rutting-time, for at that 
 time they are moft fierce. 
 
 There are tv/o forts of bays ; one on the 
 land, and the other on the water. Now if 
 the hart be in a deep water, where you can- 
 not well come at him, then couple up your 
 dogs ; for fliould they continue long in the 
 water, it would endanger their furbating or 
 foundering. 
 
 In this cafe, get a boat and fv/im to him, 
 with dagger drawn, or elfe with a rope that 
 has a noofe, and throw it over his horns; 
 for if the water be fo deep that the hart 
 fwims, there is no danger in approaching 
 him; otherwife you muft' be very cautious. 
 
 As to a land bay, if a hart be burniflied, 
 then you muft confider the place; for if it 
 be in a plain and open place, where there 
 is no v;ood nor covert, it is dangerous and 
 difficult to come into him ; but if he be on 
 a hedge fide, or in a thicket, then, while 
 the hart is ftaring on the hounds, you may 
 come foftly and covertly behind him and cut 
 his throat. 
 
 If you mifs your aim, and the hart turn 
 head upon you, then take refuge at fome 
 tree ; and when the hart is at bay, couple 
 up your hounds ; and when you fee the hart 
 turn head to fly, gallop in roundly to him, 
 and kill him with your fv/ord. 
 
 The firft ceremony, when the huntfman 
 comes in to the death of a deer, is, to cry, 
 Ware haunch, that the hounds may not break 
 
 in. 
 
H A R 
 
 in to die deer; which being done, tlie next 
 is the cutting his throat, end there blooding 
 the youngcft hounds, that they may the 
 better love a deer, and learn to leap at his 
 throat : then the mort having been blown, 
 and all the company come in, the befl j^er- 
 fon, wlio hath not taken fay before, is to 
 take up the knife that the keeper or huntf- 
 uian is to lay acrofs the belly of the deer, 
 fome holding by the fore-legs, and the 
 keeper or huntfman drawing down the pizzle, 
 the perfon who takes fay, is to draw the 
 edge of the knife leifurcly along the middle 
 of the belly, beginning near the bri(l<et, 
 and drawing a little upon it, enough In the 
 length and depth to difcover how fat the 
 deer is ; then he that is to break up the 
 deer, firft flits the flcin from the cutting of 
 the throat downwards, making the arber, 
 that fo the ordure may not break forth, and 
 then he paunches him, rewarding the hounds 
 with it. 
 
 In the ne>:x place, he is to prefent the 
 fame perfon, who took fay, with a drawn 
 hanger, to cut off the head of the deer. 
 Which being done, and the hounds reward- 
 ed, the concluding ceremony is, if it be a 
 Jlag, then one blows a triple mort; and 
 if a buck, a double one, and then all who 
 have horns, blow a recheat in confort, and 
 immediately a general whoop, whoop. 
 
 It was formerly termed a wind or wind- 
 ing horn ; the horns, probably, were wind- 
 ing, or compaffcd, but afterwards ftrair 
 horns grew into ufe, and then they ufed to 
 fay, blow a horn, and found a horn ; and 
 now, French or German horns are in repute. 
 
 In many cafes, formerly, leafing was ob- 
 ferved ; that is, one was held either crofs 
 a faddle or on a man's back, and, with a 
 pair of dog-couples, receive ten pounds and 
 a purfe, that is, ten ftripes (according to 
 the nature of the crime, more or lefs fevcre) 
 and an eleventh that ufed to be as bad as 
 the other ten, called a purfe. 
 • There are many faults ; as coming too 
 
 late into the field ; miftaking any term of 
 art : thtfe are of the lefler fort ; the greater 
 are, hallooing a wrong deer, or leaving the 
 jSeld before the death of the deer, ^c. 
 
 H A U 
 
 HART, OR Stag-evil, is a fort of rheum 
 or defluxion, that falls upon the jaws and 
 other parts of the forehead of a horfe, 
 which hinders him. from eating. 
 
 Sometimes this diftemper affefts the parts 
 of the hinder quarters. 
 
 HART ROYAL, is an hart that has been 
 hunted by the King or Queen, and efcaped 
 with life. 
 
 HART ROYAL PROCL.UMED; thus they 
 call an hart, who having been hunted by 
 the King or Queen, flies fo far from the 
 foreft or chace, that it is unlikely he will 
 ever return of his own accord to the place 
 where he lodged, and that thereupon a pro- 
 clamation is made in all towns and villages 
 thereabouts, that none fliall kill him or 
 offend him, but that he may fafely return, 
 if he lift. 
 
 HASTE, OR Quicken, your HA^•D, is 
 an expreffion frequently ufed by the riding- 
 mafter, when a fcholar works a horfe upon 
 volts, and the mafter has a mind he fhoukl 
 turn his hand quicker to the fide on which 
 the hoiie works ; fo that if the horfe works 
 to the right, he turns quicker with his 
 fhoulders to the right ; and the like is ob- 
 fervctl, if he works to the left. 
 
 HAUNCH OR Hanch, the hip, or pare 
 of the body of a living creature. 
 
 The haunches of a horfe are too long, if, 
 when ftanding-in the ftable, he limps with 
 his hind legs farther back than he ought, 
 and that the top or onfet of his tail does 
 not anfwer in a perpendicular line to the 
 tip of his hocks ; as it always does in horfes 
 whofe haunches are of a juft length. 
 
 Tliere are fome horfes, v/hich though they 
 have too long haunches, yet commonly walk 
 well ; fuch are good to climb hills : but to 
 balance that, they are not fit to go down a 
 defcent ; for they cannot ply their hams, 
 and they never gallop flowly, but almofi: at 
 full fpeed. 
 
 HAUNCH, OR Hip of a Horse, is that 
 part of the hind quarter that extends from 
 the reins or back to the hough or ham. 
 
 The art of riding the great horfe, has 
 not a more neceffary leffon than that of 
 putting a horfe upon his haunches j which, 
 
 in 
 
H A U 
 
 in other terms, is called coupling him well, 
 or putting him well together, or compact. 
 
 A horie that can't bend and lower his hips, 
 throws himfelf too much upon his flioulders, 
 and lies heavy upon the bridle. 
 
 A horfe is faid to be thoroughly managed 
 when he bears well upon the hand, knows 
 the heels, and fits well upon his hips; as. 
 
 This horfe has his haunches in fubjeftion, 
 and falques very well ; for in making his 
 falquades, he holds his haunches very low, 
 and bends admirably well. 
 
 To make a horfe bend his hips, you muft 
 frequently go backward, and make ufe of 
 the aids of the hands, and of the calves of 
 your legs in giving him good Hops ; and if 
 that does docs not fucceed, try him upon a 
 calade or floping ground, after the Italian 
 fafliion. Hence they fay, 
 
 Your horfe makes his hips accompany his 
 fhoulders fo well, that he is perfeftly right 
 fet. See Put upon the Haunches, Calade, 
 Cavesson, Falquade, <jWFeel. 
 
 To drag the haunches, is to change the 
 leading foot in galloping. See Gallop 
 False. 
 
 Head in and hips in. See Head. 
 
 To gallop with the haunch in. See Gal- 
 lopade. 
 
 HAUNT, habit or cuilom. 
 
 Among hunters, the walk of a deer, or 
 the place of his ordinary pafTage. 
 
 HAUNTS OF Fowls. It is a thing of 
 no fmall moment to a fowler to be ac- 
 quainted with the haunts of fowls. 
 
 In order to this you ought to undcrftand, 
 that all kinds of the larger fowls, viz. thofe 
 which divide the foot, have their haunts by 
 the fides of fliallow rivers, brooks, and 
 plailies of water ; and thefe do not appear 
 in flocks, but you may fee here one fingle, 
 there are a couple, and the like, which 
 makes them difiicult to be taken by engine 
 or device ; but they are the beft flight for 
 hawks that can be imagined. 
 
 Likewife thefe fowls delight in low and 
 boggy places ; and the more fedgy, marfhy, 
 and rotten fuch grounds are, the fitter they 
 are for the hunting of thefe fowl. 
 
 They alfo delight in the dry parts of 
 
 HAW 
 
 drowned fens, which are over-grown v.itli 
 tall long ruflies, reeds, and fedges 
 
 Laftly, they delight in half-drowned 
 moors, or the hollow vales of downs, heaths, 
 or plains, where there is flielter either of 
 hedges, hills, tufts of ruflies, or trees, 
 where they may lurk obfcurely. 
 
 The leflcr fowl, wliich are web-footed, 
 continually haunt drowned fens, v/iiere they 
 may have continually plenty of water, and- 
 may fwim undiflurbed by man or beait : 
 their haunt is likewife in the main ftream of 
 rivers, where the current is fwitteft and 
 Icaft fubjedl to freeze; and by how much 
 fuch rivers are the broader and deeper, the 
 greater delight thefe fowl take therein. 
 
 The wild-goofe and barnacle excepted, 
 who abide no waters above their founding; 
 for when they cannot reach the ouze, they 
 inftantly remove thence, feeking out more 
 fliallow places. 
 
 Thefe two laft named, are unconceivably 
 delighted with green winter corn, and 
 therefore you will always find them where 
 fuch grain is fown, efpecially if the ends of 
 the lands have much water about them. 
 
 Alfo the fmaller fowls do very much fre- 
 quent fmall brooks, rivers, ponds, drowned 
 meadows, paftures, moors, plaflies, meres, 
 loughs and lakes, efpecially if well ftored 
 withiflands unfrequented, andwe!" furniflied 
 with fhrubs, ruflies, reeds, &c. and then 
 they will breed there, and frequent thofe 
 places both fummer and winter. 
 
 HAW, a griflle which grows between the 
 nether eye-lid and eye of a horfe, and if 
 not timely removed, will put it quite out. 
 
 It proceeds from grofs, tough, and fleg- 
 matic humours, which fall from the head, 
 and there uniting together, and indurating, 
 at length come to this infirmity. 
 
 The figns by which this may be known, 
 are, the watering of the eye, and the in- 
 voluntary opening of the nether lid. Tho' 
 every farrier can cut it out; but ordinarily 
 the horfe mufl: be held fafi; by the head, and, 
 with a ftrong double thread, ptit a neeJU- 
 in the midft of the upper eye-lid, and ti^- 
 to his head ; then take the needle ag-/. 
 with a long thread, and put it chrou'^'. 
 C c ^- 
 
II A \V 
 
 griftle of the haw, and witli a fh.irp knife 
 cut the fkin finely round, and therewith 
 pkick out the haw. 
 
 Then take the blood out of his eye, wafli 
 it with beer or ale, and put in a good deal 
 of I'alt, and afterwards walli it again, ftroak- 
 ing it down with vour hand, and let him 
 reft. 
 
 HAWK; this bird is diftinguifhed into 
 two kinds; the long-winged and fhort- 
 winged hawk. 
 
 The firft year of a hawk it is called a 
 Soarage; the fecond an Enterview; the 
 third a White-Hawk; and the fourth a 
 Hawk of the firft Coat. 
 
 Of the firft, there are thefe, which were moft 
 in ufe here amongft us. 
 
 The Gerfalcon and its male the Jerkin. 
 
 1 he Falcon and ditto Tiercel Gentle. 
 
 The Lanner and ditto Lanneret. 
 
 Bockerel and ditto Bockeret. 
 
 The Saicer and ditto Sakeret. 
 
 The Merlin and its male the Jack Merlin. 
 
 The Hobby and ditto Jack, or Robbin. 
 
 The Stclletto of Spain. 
 
 The Blood Red Rook of Turky. 
 
 The Wafkite from Virginia. 
 
 Of the fhort-winged hawks, there are thefe 
 that follow : 
 
 The Eagle and its male the Iron. 
 The Goftiawk and ditto Tiercel. 
 The Sparrow-Hawk and its male the 
 Mufl<et. 
 
 The two forts of French Pie. 
 
 Of the inferior fort, are thefe : 
 
 The Stanyel, or Ring Tail. 
 The Raven and Buzzard. 
 The Forked Kite and Bold Buzzard. 
 The Hen-driver, i^c. 
 Note, For the terms ufed in hawking, fee 
 fheJrlicle TzKVis. 
 
 Of the nature and dij-pofition of Hawks. 
 
 There is a hawk called a blank hawk, 
 which is a loving, and double kind of hawk ; 
 for Ihe will diligently liften and give ear to 
 
 /HAW 
 
 you and your voice ; fhe will quickly learn 
 to come to hand, being very eager and 
 hot to feize whatfoever you fhall either 
 throw or give her, and will be very fami- 
 liar: and when fhe has done v/hat you 
 would have her upon the ground, Ihe will 
 look up to your hand, and readily jump 
 upon it. 
 
 There is a kind of fwarthy, black plumed 
 hawk, that is good mettle, and a high ■ 
 flyer, but hard to be reclaimed; for fhe 
 will neither mind you nor your voice, but 
 when you lure her, will look another way 
 than that fhe fhould. 
 
 Here it is to be obferved, that the female 
 of all birds of prey are much larger and of 
 greater bulk than the male, and are more 
 ferviceable, being more watchful, hardy, 
 and bold ; but of fuch birds as- do not prey, 
 the cocks are the larger. 
 
 The falcon, ger-falcon, mylion, merlin, 
 and hobby, ftoop, and feize their prey 
 with their foot, breaking with their beak 
 the neck-bone of the fowl, without plum- 
 ing or tiring thereupon, till the fowl hath 
 left bufking or bating on the foot. 
 
 The gols-hawk, with her male the tier- 
 cel, and the fparrow-hawk, kill their game 
 by ftrength and force of wing at random, . 
 and plume, and tire upon the prey in~ 
 ftantly. 
 
 How to hood a Hawk. 
 
 Having fealed your hawk, fit her with a 
 large, eafy hood, which you muft take ofi^ 
 and put on very often, watching her two 
 nights, handling her frequently and gently 
 about the head. 
 
 When you find fhe has no averfion to the 
 hood, unfeal her in an evening by candle- 
 light, continue handling her foftly, often 
 hooding and unhooding her, until fhe takes 
 no offence at the hood, and will patiently 
 endure handling. 
 
 Take this obfervation by the way, that 
 it is the duty of a falconer to be endued 
 with a great deal of patience; and in the 
 next place, he ought to have a natural love 
 and inclination to hawks i without thefe 
 
 two 
 
H E A 
 
 qualifications, all die profeffors of this art 
 will prove marr-hawksj inftead of good fal- 
 coners. 
 
 If your hawk whicli you fealed feeds well, 
 abides the hood and handling without ftrik- 
 ing and biting, then unfeal her by candle- 
 light in an evening, and anoint the place 
 where the fealing-tliread was drawn through, 
 with a little fpittle on your finger, then 
 hood her again, and hold her on your fift 
 all night, often hooding, unhooding and 
 handling her, ftroaking her gently about 
 the wings and body, giving her fometimes 
 a bit or two ; alfo tiring or plumage. 
 
 Your hawk being well reclaimed, let her 
 fit upon a perch, but keep her every night 
 three or four hours upon the fill, ftroaking, 
 hooding and unhooding, [3'c. as aforefaid ; 
 and thus you may do in the day-time, when 
 Ihe hath learned to feed eagerly without 
 fear. 
 
 HAYS ; particular nets for taking of rab- 
 bets, hares, ^c. common to be bought in 
 ihops that fell nets ; and they may be had 
 larger, or ftiorter, as you think fit ; from 
 fifteen to twenty fathom is a good length j 
 and for depth, a fathom. 
 
 As rabbets often ftraggle abroad about 
 mid-day for frefh grafs ; where you perceive 
 a number gone forth to any remote brakes or 
 thickets, pitch two or three of thefe hays 
 about their burrows ; lie clofe there : but 
 in cafe you have not nets enough to enclofc 
 all their burrows, fome may be flopped with 
 ilones, bullies, is'c. 
 
 Then fet out with the coney dog, to hunt 
 up and down at a good diftance, and draw 
 on by degrees to the man who is with you, 
 and lies clofe by the hay, who may take them 
 as they bolt into it. 
 
 HAYWARD, OR Haward, a keeper of 
 the common herd of cattle of the town, 
 who is to look that they neither break nor 
 -crop the edges of enclofed grounds, and is 
 fworn in the Lord's court for the perform- 
 ance of his office. 
 
 HEAD OF A Horse fhould be narrow, 
 
 , lean and dry,, neither Ihould it be too long : 
 
 but the main point is a good onfet, fo as he 
 
 may be able to bring it into its natural 
 
 H E A 
 
 fituntion: "which is, that all the fore-part, 
 from the brow to the nofe, be perpendicu- 
 lar to the ground, fo that if a plummet 
 were applied thereto, it would juft raze or 
 fhave it. 
 
 Every horfe that has a large head, is apt 
 to reft and loll upon the bridle, and hy 
 that means, in a journey, tire tlie hand of 
 the rider; and bcfides, he can never appear 
 well with a large head, unlefs he has alfo a 
 long and well-turned neck. 
 
 Head of a horfe imports the action of his 
 neck, and the effect of the bridle and the 
 wrift : this horfe plants his head well, and 
 obeys the hand ; fuch a horfe rcfufcs to place 
 his head ; he ftioots out his nofe, and never 
 reft right on the hand, &c: 
 
 HEAD IN, AND LIKEWISE THE HiPS. 
 
 You muft paflage your, horfe's-head and 
 croupe in, i. e. work him fideways, upon 
 two parallel lines, at ftep or trot, fo that 
 when the horfe makes a volt, his llioulders 
 mark a pifte, or trade, at the fame time, 
 that his haunches give the track of another, 
 and the horfe plying or bending his neck, 
 turns his head a little within the volt, and 
 fo looks upon the ground he is to go over. 
 
 HEAD-STALL. See Caveson, 
 
 HEADS [amongft Hunters] ; all thofe in 
 deer that have double burs, or the antlers, 
 royals and croches turned downwards, are 
 properly termed heads. 
 
 Heads of fo many croches : all heads of 
 deer, which do not bear above three or four, 
 the croches being placed aloft, all of one 
 height, in form of a clufter of nuts, gene- 
 rally go by this name. See Hart. 
 
 HEARSE [among Hunters], a hind of 
 the fecond year of her age. See Brocket 
 and Hind. 
 
 HEARTS ; a horfe of two hearts, /. e. 
 a horfe that works in the manage with con- 
 ftraint and irrefolution, and cannot be 
 brought to confent to it. 
 
 Such horfes are much of a piece, with your 
 ramingues, or kickers againlb the fpurs. 
 
 HEAV Y ; to reft heavy upon the hand, 
 is faid of a horfe, who, through the foft- 
 nefs of his neck, weaknefs of his back, 
 and weight of his fore-quarters, or, thro' 
 
 C c 2 wearinefs, 
 
il E E 
 
 wearinefs, throws himfelf upon the bridle, 
 but withal, without making any refiftance, 
 or any effort to force the horleman's hand. 
 Thus they fay, 
 
 Vour liorle has too great an nppui or reft 
 upon the biidlc ; he is heavy upon the hand ; 
 trot him upon his haunches, and iuftain or 
 bear up with the bridle. 
 
 By flopping him, and making him go 
 back frequently, you may make him light 
 upon the hand, and fo corredl that fault, if 
 it comes only from lazinefs and ftifi'nefs ; 
 but if it proceeds from a defeift in the back, 
 there is no remedy for it. 
 
 Though a horfe is heavy upon the hand, 
 yet that is not fo great a fault as if he 
 prefTed and refifled the hand. See Press, 
 
 HECK, an engine to take fifli in the ri- 
 ver Oufe. A falmon heck is a grate to catch 
 that fort of fifh. 
 
 HEEL OF A Horse fliould be high and 
 large, and one fide of it fhould not rile 
 higher upon the paftern than the other. 
 
 For diftempers in this part, and their 
 cures. See Scarby Heels and Scratches. 
 
 HEEL OF A Horse, is the lower hinder- 
 part of the foot, comprehended between 
 the quarters, and oppofite to the toe. 
 
 This being the part of a man that is arm- 
 ed %vith the fpur, the word heel is taken 
 from the fpuritfelf : hence they fay. 
 
 This horfe underftands the heels well ; he 
 knows the heels ; he obeys the heels ; he 
 anfwers the heels ; he is very well upon the 
 heels : the meaning of all which is, that 
 the horfe obeys the fpurs ; which, in efFeft, 
 is flying from them. 
 
 Make him fly from the right heel, make 
 him fly frorn the left. 
 
 To ride a horfe upon the hand and heels, 
 is to make him take the aids of the hands 
 and the heels with a tender fenfe. 
 
 To ride a horfe from one heel to the other, 
 is to make him go fide-ways, fometlmes to 
 one heel, fometimes to another ^^ for in- 
 ftance, having gone ten paces, in fly- 
 ing from the right heel, you make him 
 without flopping go ftill fide-ways in fly- 
 ing from the left heel, and fo on alter- 
 nately. 
 
 H I G 
 
 Inner heel, and outer heel. See Is ANt> 
 Narrow, 
 
 HEELER, OR bloody-heeled Cock ; a 
 fighting cock, that flrikes or wounds much 
 with his fpurs. Cock-mailers know fuch a 
 cock, while a chicken, by the flriking of 
 his two heels together in his going. 
 
 HEINUSE, [among Hunters] a roe- 
 buclc of the fourth year. 
 
 HELPS. To teach a horfe his lefTon, 
 there are feven helps or aids to be known ; 
 thefe are the voice, rod, bit, or fnaflle, the 
 calves of the legs, the ftirrups, the fpur, and 
 the ground. Thefe helps are occafionally 
 turned into correftions. See Aids. 
 
 HERBE (grafs) a word, in the French 
 Academies, fignifying a reward ; or fome 
 good fluff given to a horfe that was worked 
 well in the manage. 
 
 HERBER ; a French word ufed by the 
 "Farriers, importing the following applica~ 
 tion. 
 
 For fome difeafes, fuch as thofe of the 
 head and the anticor, they put into a horfe's 
 counter a piece of hellebore root, which 
 makes it fwell and fuppurate. 
 
 HERN, OR Heron, a large wild water- 
 fowl, with a long neck and bill, that flies 
 high, and feeds upon fifli. 
 
 A hern at fiege, is a hern ftanding at the 
 water fide, and watching for prey. 
 
 HERN-SHAW, \ a place where herns 
 
 HERNERY, i breed. 
 
 HIDE-BOUND, a diflremper in horfes, 
 
 where the fkin flicks fo faft to the back and 
 
 ribs, that you cannot pull it from the flefli 
 
 with your hand. 
 
 This proceeds from feveral caufes ; fome- 
 times from poverty, and want of good or- 
 dering ; fometimes by being over-heated 
 with hard riding, and carelefsly letting him 
 ftand in the wet and rain j fometimes it pro- 
 ceeds from foul and corrupted blood, which 
 dries up the flefh, which wanting it's natu- 
 ral courfe, caufes this Ihrinking of the fkin 
 together, that makes him have a great, 
 fhrivelled, and fhrunk up belly to his flanks, 
 caufing his hair to ftare, and his legs to 
 fwell, C5?c. 
 HIGH BEARING COCK, a term ufed 
 
 with 
 
HOB 
 
 with refpecfl to fighting-cocks ,- which fig- 
 nifies one that is larger than the cock he 
 fights with ; as a low bearing cock, is one 
 over-matched for height. 
 
 HIND, [among Hunters] a female ftag 
 fo called in the third year of it's age. In 
 the fecond year fhe is called a hearfe or brocks 
 fifter : the firft year a calf. 
 
 HIND CA.LF, a male hart, or hind of the 
 firft year. She fawns in Jpril and May, 
 
 HIND-HAND. ^^-^ Hand. 
 
 HIP. See Haunch. 
 
 HIP-SHOT ; a horfe is faid to be fuch 
 when he has fprained his haunches or hips, 
 fo as to relaxate the ligaments that keep the 
 bone in it's due place. 
 
 HIP-SHOT, is v/hen the hip-bone of an 
 horfe is removed out of its place ; this hap- 
 pens to a horfe many ways ; by a wrench, 
 fcroke, or flip, ftrain. Aiding, or falling. 
 
 The figns to know it, are, the horfe will 
 halt, and go fideling, and the fore hip will 
 fall lower than the other, nay, in time, the 
 flefh will confume away ; fo that if it be 
 let alone too long, it will never be cured. 
 See Straiivs. 
 
 HOBBY : the hobby is a hawk of the 
 lure, and not of the fift ; is a high flier, and 
 is, in every rcfpeft, like the faker, but that 
 Ihe is a much lefs bird. 
 
 The hobby hath a blue beak, but the 
 feer thereof, and legs, are yellow ; the cri- 
 nets or little feathers under her eye are very 
 black ; the top of her head is betwixt black 
 and yellow, and (he hath two white fcams 
 on her neck, the plumes under t!ie gorge, 
 and about the brov/s are reddifli without fpot 
 or drop, the breaft feathers for the m.oft 
 part brown, yet intcrfperfed with white 
 Ipots ; her back, train, and wings are black 
 aloft, having no great fcales upon the legs, 
 unlefs it be a few beglning behind ; the 
 three ftretchers and pounces, are very large 
 with refpedt to her fhort legs; her- brail 
 feathers are tinctured between red and bl fck ;. 
 the pendant ones, or thole behind the th,"'!. 
 of a rufty, fmoaky hue. 
 
 This bird of prey may well be called, the 
 daring hobby ; for fhe is not only nimble 
 and light of wing, but dares encoui/ter 
 
 H O O 
 
 kites, buzzards, and crows, and will give 
 fouce for fouce, blow for blov/, till fome- 
 times they fiege, and come tumbling down 
 to the ground both together : they are 
 chiefly for the lark, which bird does fo 
 dread the fight of her foaring in the air over 
 her, that fhe will rather choofe to commit 
 herfelf to ■the mercy of men or dogs, or to 
 be trampled on by horfes, than venture into 
 the element, where flie fees her mortal ene- 
 my foaring. 
 
 This bird makes excellent fport v/ith nets 
 and fpaniels, for when the dogs range the 
 field to fpring the fowl, the hobby foars 
 aloft over them ; the filly birds apprehen- 
 five of a confpiracy amongfl: the hawks and 
 dogs to their utter ruin^, dare not commit 
 themfelves to their wings, but think it fafer 
 to lie clofe to the ground, and fo are taken 
 in the nets : this fport is called daring. 
 
 HOG-STEER [amongft Hunters] a 
 wild boar three years old. 
 
 HOLD, as a mare holds. See Retain, 
 
 HOODING A Hawk ; when you have 
 feeled her, fit her with a large eafy hood, 
 which is to be taken otf and put on very 
 often, watching her two nights, and hand- 
 ling her frequently and gently about the 
 head : when you perceive flie has no aver- 
 fion to the hood unfeel her in an evening by 
 candle-light, continuing to handle, hood 
 and unhood her, as before, till at lafl; fhe 
 takes no oflencc, but will patiently endure 
 handling : after unfeeling, anoint with your 
 finger and fpittle the place where the feel- 
 ing-thread was drawn thro' ; then hood her, 
 and hold her on your fill all night ; as foon 
 as file is well reclaimed, let her fit upon a 
 jjerch, but every night keep her on the fill 
 three or four hours, fbroaking, hooding, 
 and unhooding her, ^c. 
 
 And thus you may do in the day-time, 
 when fhe hath learned to feed eagerly and 
 without fear. 
 
 HOOF OF A Horse, is all the horn that 
 appears when his foot is fet to the ground ; 
 the hoof fliould be of a figure very- 
 near round, and not longifli, efpecially to- 
 ward the heel, for long feet are worth no- 
 thing ' ^ '■ 
 
 The 
 
H O O 
 
 The horn of the hoof fliould be folid, 
 tough, high, Imooth, without any circles, 
 Ibmewhat fliining, and of a dark colour, 
 for the white is commonly brittle, and may 
 be known by many pieces being broke from 
 the horn round the foot : to be excellent, 
 the horn Ihould be of the colour of a deer's 
 hoof, and the whole foot rounc*, but a little 
 larger below than above. 
 
 The hoofs of a horfe are either perfeft or 
 imperfett ; the former, but now defcribed, 
 is lb difpofed, that the horfe may tread 
 more on the toe than the heel, being alfo 
 upright, and fomewhat hollow on the in- 
 fide. 
 
 1. As for the imperfedl hoof, it is that 
 which wants any of the afore-mentioned 
 qualities, particularly, if it be not round, 
 but broad, and fpreading out of tlie fides 
 and quarters ; that horfe, for the moft part, 
 has narrow heels, and, in procefs of time, 
 will be flat-hoofed, neither will he carry a 
 fhoe long, or travel far, but foon furbate ; 
 and by treading more upon the heels than 
 on the toes, iie will go low on the pafterns, 
 fo that his feet, through weaknefs, become 
 fubjeft to falfe quarters, gravelling, &c, 
 
 2. Others are rugged, or brittle-hoofed : 
 when the hoof is not fmooth, and full of 
 circles like rams horns, it is not only un- 
 feemly to the eye, but even a fign that the 
 foot is in no good temper, but too hot and 
 dry. 
 
 3. Some hoofs are long, which caufe the 
 horfe to tread all upon the heels, to go low 
 in the pafterns, and by that means to breed 
 wind-galls. 
 
 4. There are fome crooked hoofs, broad 
 on the outfides, and narrow on the infide, 
 whereby the horfe is fplay-footed j this will 
 oblige him to tread more inward than out- 
 ward, and go fo clofe with his joints to- 
 gether, that he cannot well travel without 
 interfering, or perhaps ftriking one leg fo 
 hard againft the other as to become lame ; 
 but if it be broad within, and narrow with- 
 out, that is not hurtful, yet will occafion 
 the horfe's gravelling more on the outfide 
 than the infide. 
 
 5. Others have flat hoofs, and not hollow 
 
 BOO 
 
 within, ■ whicli give rife to the inconveni- 
 encies above fpeciiied in the firft foit of im- 
 perfecl hoofs,; but if it be too hollow, it 
 will dry the f;ifter, and make him hoof- 
 bound, fince the too hollow hoof is a ftrait, 
 narrow one, and grows upright ; for though 
 the horfe treads upright, and not on his 
 heels, yet fuch kind of hoofs v/ill dry too 
 fall, if not continually flopped. 
 
 6. When the fiufh is broad, the heels 
 will be weak, and fo foft, that you may 
 almoft bend them together, then he will 
 never tread boldly on the ftones or hard 
 ground. 
 
 7. Some have narrow heels ; they are 
 tendereft, that at laft the horfe will grow to 
 be hoof-bound. See Shoeing. 
 
 HOOF .BONY, isaroundbonyfvvelling, - 
 growing upon the very top of an horfe's 
 hoof, and always is caufed by fome blow 
 or bruife, or by brui-fing himfelf in his ftall, 
 by endeavouring to tlrike at a horfe that 
 itands next him, and fo ftrikes againft the 
 bar that parts them. 
 
 The cure is, firft to digeft the fwelling, 
 either with rotten litter, or hay boiled in 
 old urine, or elfe witii a plaifter of wine- 
 lees and wheaten-fiower boiled together to 
 ripen it and bring it to a fuppuration, or 
 diflblve the tumour. 
 
 But if it come to a head, lance it in the 
 loweft part of the Ibftnefs, with a thin hot 
 iron to let out the matter. 
 
 Tent it with turpentine, deer's fuet and 
 wax, of each equal quantities melted to- 
 gether ; laying a plaifter of the fame falve 
 over it, to keep in the tent till it be tho- 
 roughly well. 
 
 HOOF-BOUND IN A Horse, isaftirink- 
 ing of the hoof at the top, and at the heel, 
 which makes the fkin ftare above the hoof 
 and fo grow over it. 
 
 It may happen to a horfe divers ways j 
 either by keeping him too dry in the ftable, 
 by ftrait fhoeing j or elfe by fome unnatural 
 heat after foundering. 
 
 The figns of it' are, he will halt much^ 
 his hoofs will be hot, and if you knock them 
 with a hammer, they will found hollow like 
 an ernpty bottle. 
 
 As 
 
HO O 
 
 As for the cure, that being the proper 
 bufinefs of the farrier, I lliall omit to pre- 
 fcribe for it here. 
 
 HOOF-BRITTLE, an infirmity in 
 horfes, proceeding either naturally or acci- 
 dentally i naturally fro«i the- fire or dam ; 
 accidentally from a furfeit, that falls down 
 into their ieet ; or elfe from the liorfe's hav- 
 ing been formerly foundered. 
 
 For the cure, take unwrought wax, tur- 
 pentine, fheep's-fuet, and hog's-greafe, of 
 each four ounces; fallad oil, a quarter of a 
 pint, and of dog's-grcafe, half a pound ; 
 boil them all together, and keep them in a 
 gally-pot for ufe. 
 
 With this anoint the hoof well for two or 
 three days, efpecially at the fetting on of 
 the hair, and ftop them with cow-dung and 
 hog's-greafe melted together. 
 
 HOOF-CAST, OR, Casting of the 
 Hoof, is, when the coffin falls clean away 
 from a horfe's foot. 
 
 HOOF-SWELLED; an infirmity that 
 fometimes happens to young horfes by being 
 over-ridden, or too hard wrought, which 
 caufes them to fwell in that part, by reafon 
 of the blood falling down arid fc':tling there, 
 which, if not fpeedily removed, will beget 
 a wet fpavin. 
 
 It proceeds from fome founder, prick, or 
 flap, breaking on the top round about the 
 coronet, which in time caufes it to fall 
 off. 
 
 For the cure, take the ftrongcfl aqua- 
 fortis you can get, and firft file or draw away 
 the old hoof fomewhat near with a file or 
 drawing-iron ; then touch the hoof, fo pre- 
 pared, three or four dreffings or more, with 
 the aqua-fortis, and anoint the foot with an 
 ointment made of one pound of hog's-greafe, 
 patch-greafe, three quarters of a pound ; 
 Venice turpentine, five ounces ; new wax, 
 three ounces, and fallad oil, three ounces ; 
 all melted together over the fire : the coffin 
 of the foot, up to the top, being anointed 
 with this, a new hoof will grow on it. 
 
 HOOF LOOSENED, is an infirmity in 
 a horfe ; it is a diflblution or dividing of 
 the horn or coffin of his hoof from the flefh, 
 at the fetting on of the coronet. 
 
 H O R 
 
 Now if the paring be round about the 
 coronet, it proceeds from his being foun- 
 dered ; if in part, then by a prick of fome 
 channel nail, quitter-bone, retreat, gravel- 
 ling, cloying, or the like. 
 
 When the hoof is loofened by founder- 
 ing, it will break firft in the fore part of the 
 coronet, right againft the toes, becaufe the 
 humours alio are difpofed to defcend toward- 
 the toe. 
 
 But if it proceeds from pricking, gravel- 
 ling, and the like, then the hoof will loofen 
 round about equally at firft; but if it be 
 caufed by a quitter-bone, or hurt upon the 
 coronet, it will break right aboN"^ the 
 grieved part, and is very rarely known to 
 go any farther : as for the cure of the for- 
 mer, they are properly the bufinefs of a 
 farrier. 
 
 HORN. See Floor. 
 
 HORN ; to give a ftroke with the horn, 
 is to blood a horfe in the roof of the mouth, 
 with the horn of a ftag or roe-buck, the 
 tip and end of which is fo ftiarp and pointed,.- 
 as to perform the office of a lancet. 
 
 We ftrike with the horn in the middle of 
 the fourth notch, or ridge of the upper 
 jaw. 
 
 HORNS OF A Deer casting, is a fin- 
 gular phasnomcnon, the true reafon of which 
 feerns to be a ftoppage of the circulation ; 
 fo that being deprived of the nourifhing 
 juice, they fall off much in the fame man- 
 ner as the leaves of trees do in autumn. 
 About ten days after the horns are caft, the 
 new ones begin to appear : thefe at firft 
 are foft and hairy, but they afterwards grow 
 hard, and the creattu-e rubs off the hair. 
 
 HORN-GELT, a tax within the bounds 
 of a foreft, for all manner of horned beafts. 
 
 HORSE, a four-footed animal, of great; 
 ufe to mankind, efpecially in the country ; 
 this creature being by nature valiant, ftrong, 
 and nimble, above all other beafts, moft 
 able and apt to endure the extremeft labours, 
 the moift quality of his compofition being 
 fuch, that neither extreme heat dries up his 
 ftrength, nor the violence of the cold freezes 
 the warm temper of his moving fpirits : he 
 is moft gentle and loving to man^ apt to be 
 
 taughtj 
 
H O R 
 
 tauglit, and not forgetful v?hen an impref- 
 fion is fixed in his brain, being -vvaLchful 
 above all other beafts, and -will endure his 
 l-ifaour with an empty fbomach. He is na- 
 turally given to cleanlinefs, and has an ex- 
 cellent fcent, even not fo nmch as to offend 
 any man with all his ill favours. For the 
 different fymptoms of licknefs, Jee Sick- 
 ness OF Horses. 
 
 Nov/ for his fhapes in general ; the ufual 
 charafter is, that lie muft have the eyes 
 and joints of an ox, the ftrength and foot 
 of a mule, the hoofs and thighs of an afs, 
 the throat and neck of a wolf, the ear and 
 tail of a fox, the bread and hair of a wo- 
 man, the boldnefs of a lion, the fliape and 
 quick-fightednefs of a ferpcnt, the face of 
 a cat, the lightnefs and nimblenefs of a hare, 
 a high pace, a deliberate trot, a pleafant 
 gallop, a fwift running, a rebounding leap, 
 and to be prefent, and quick in hand. 
 
 As to his colours, the Reader is referred 
 to the article, Colours of a Horfe -, only it is 
 fit to mention here, that the beft colours 
 are the brown bay, dapple-grey, roan, bright 
 bay, black v;ith a white near-foot behind, 
 white fore-foot before, white Rar; chefnut 
 or forrel with any of thefe marks, or dun 
 with a black lift. 
 
 But to return to the more particular 
 fliapes of a horfe, and fo fet them in view 
 in the beft manner, it is required that the 
 hoof be black, fmooth, large, dry, round, 
 and hollow ; the pafterns ftraight and up- 
 right, fetlocks fliort; the legs ftrait and 
 flat, called aifo hifli-legged ; the knees 
 bony, lean, and round ; the neck long, 
 liigh reared, and great towards the breaftj 
 the breaft large and round ; the ears long, 
 fharp, fmall, and upright ; the forehead 
 lean and large ; the eyes great, full, and 
 black ; the brows well filled, and fliooting 
 outwards ; the jaws flender and lean, v/ide 
 and open; the mouth great; the head large 
 and lean, like to allieep; the mane thin 
 and large; the withers Iharp and pointed; 
 the back fhort, even, plain, and double 
 chined ; the fides and ribs deep, large, and 
 bearing out like the cover of a trunk, and 
 clofe fhut at the huckle bone ; the belly 
 
 H O R 
 
 long and great, but hid ' under' the ribs ; 
 the flanks full, but yet gaunt; the rump 
 round, plain, and broad, with a large fpace 
 between the buttocks ; the thighs long and 
 large, with well falbioned bones, and thofe 
 fleftiy ; the hams dry and ftrait ; the trun- 
 cheon fmall, long, well fet on, and well 
 couched ; the train long, not too tl\ick, 
 and failing to the ground; the yard and 
 ftones fmall ; and he Ihould be well rifen 
 before. For his quality, yi-i? Vigour. For 
 the different paits of a horfe, fee the Article 
 Parts. 
 
 The horfe fliould have a broad forehead, 
 a great eye, a lean head ; thin, flender, 
 lean, wide jaws ; a long, high, rearing 
 neck ; rearing withers ; a broad, deep, cheft 
 and body, upright pafterns, and narrow 
 hoofs. 
 
 There are very many things relating to a 
 horfe, and very neceffary to be known, 
 which will be found under their proper 
 articles ; only there are a few which are not fo 
 conveniently reducible under fuch heads, 
 which muft have room here. 
 
 To begin with turning a horfe to grafs : 
 you ought, eight or nine days before you 
 do it, to take blood of hini} next day after, 
 give him the drink called diapente, and in 
 a day or two after his drink, abate of his 
 cloaths by degrees, before you turn him 
 out, left by taking them off" on a fudden 
 he ftiould take co!d; and curry him not at 
 all after his cloaths are taken off, but let 
 him ftand in his duft, for that will keep 
 him warm ; neither is it proper to put him 
 out till the middle of May., at fooneft, for 
 till that time grafs will not have bite enough ; M 
 and let the day be warm, fun-fliine, and 
 about ten o'clock, for horfes pampered in 
 ftables, and kept clofe, will be very fubjedt 
 to take cold. 
 
 To take him up from grafs, he muft be 
 very dry, elfe he will be fubjedl to be Icab- 
 by ; and that not later than Bartholoms'jj-tide, 
 when the feafon begins to let cold dews fall, 
 that caufe much harm to your horfe ; and 
 then alfo the heart of the grafs begins to fail, 
 inforauch, that the grafs which he then feeds 
 upon breeds no good nourilhment, but 
 
 grofs. 
 
H O K 
 
 •zrofs, phlegmatic^ and cold humours, which 
 putrify and corrupt the blood; alio take 
 him up very quickly, for fear of melting his 
 greafe, his fat gotten at grafs being very 
 tender : and a day or two after he is in the 
 liable, let him be fhod, let blood, and 
 drenched, which will prevent the ftaggers, 
 yellows, and the like diftempers, occafioned 
 by the gall and fpleen, which the heart and 
 ftrength of the grafs, through the ranknefs 
 of the blood, engenders in the body. 
 
 But the curious, after they have taken the 
 horfe into the ftable, before they either 
 blood or drench him, in a hot, fun-fhining 
 day, take him out into a convenient place, 
 and there trim him ; where taking ordi- 
 nary wafhing foap, anoinc his head and every 
 part of him with it all over, taking care 
 that none gets into his eyes and ears; then 
 they walli him very well all over with warm 
 water, wiping him with a warm linen 
 cloth, and afterwards rubbing him dry with 
 woollen cloths; then foap him ail over again, 
 efpecially his mane and tail, and wafh him 
 very clean with back lye, with a wifp or 
 woollen cloth, and when they have fuffi- 
 cientiy cleanfed him, dry him as before, and 
 leading him into the ftable, let him be 
 cleanfed with a clean, thin, foft cloth. 
 
 So much for turning in, and out of grafs. 
 There are two or three things more to be 
 added, that are of fome importance in re- 
 ference to this noble creature ; and the firft 
 is, to make a horfe follow his mafter, and 
 to find him out and challenge him amonsfl: 
 ever fo many people. 
 
 Take a pound of oatmeal, to which put 
 a quarter of a pound of honey, and half a 
 pound of liquorice, make a little cake 
 thereof, and put into your bofom next to 
 your naked flcin, then run and labour your- 
 ielf till you fweat, when fo, rub all your 
 fweat upon your cake; then keep the horfe 
 failing a day and a night, and give it him 
 to eat, which done, turn him loofe, and he 
 fhall not only follow you, but alfo hunt and 
 feek you out when he has loft you ; and 
 when he comes to you, fpit in his mouth, 
 anoint his tongue with your fpittle, and 
 thus doing, he will never forlake you. 
 
 H OR 
 
 Another thing, is to fncw how to make a 
 
 horfe look young : take a crooked iron, no 
 
 bigger than a wheat corn, and having made 
 
 it red hot, burn a little black hole in the 
 
 tops of the two outermoft teeth of each 
 
 fide the nether chap before, next to the 
 
 tufnes when the mark is worn out, then 
 
 pick it with an awl blade, m^aking the 
 
 Ihell fine and thin : then with a fnarp fcrap- 
 
 ing-iron make all his teeth v^'hite and clean; 
 
 this done, take a fine lancet, and about the 
 
 hollows of the horfe's eyes which are flirunk 
 
 down, make a little hole only through the 
 
 flcin, and put in the quill of a raven or 
 
 crow, and blow the flcin full of wind ; then 
 
 take the quill out, lay your finger on the 
 
 hole a little while, and the wind will ftay in, 
 
 and he will look as youthful as if he were 
 
 but fix years old. 
 
 This way of making a horfe look young, 
 is by horfe-courfers called biflioping, and 
 is neceflary to be known by countrymen and 
 others, not to cheat others with, but to pre- 
 vent their being cheated themfelves ; and 
 tliercfore they fhould have great regard to 
 the Pcules for buying Horfes, which is an 
 article by itfelf, and to which all perfons are 
 referred to. 
 
 There may be other lawful occafions, be- 
 fides fervice of war, to prevent a horfe 
 from neighing; for which end, take a lift 
 of woollen cloth, and tying it faft in many 
 folds about the midft of his voice, or wind- 
 pipe, and it will do, for it has been often 
 tried and approved. See Mares, Horse- 
 
 FkEDER, TjlAVELLING-HoRSE, DraUGHT- 
 
 HoRSE, Stallions, Horse's Age, Colours 
 OF A Horse, Colt-Taming, Stud, ^c. 
 You will likewife meet with the feveral 
 difeafes incident to horfes, under their 
 y\rticles, together with the feveral methods 
 and prcfcriptions for the cures, too long to 
 be here named. For his vices and how they 
 may be remedied, fee Vices. 
 
 HORSE-FEEDER : there are many ob- 
 fervations to be made by one engaged in 
 this office, in order to perform it well, ef- 
 pecially when he has the care of running- 
 horfcs, but we ftiall only mention a few. 
 
 I. As tojTieat or drink, if there be any 
 Dd fuch, 
 
H O R 
 
 fuch, or other noiiriflimcnt that he knows 1 
 good for a horl'e, which the bealt refufes, 
 you muft not thruft it violently upon him, 
 but by gentle enticements win him thereto, 
 tempting him wlien he is moft hungry or 
 moil dry; if he get but a bit at a time, he 
 will loon increafe to a greater quantity. 
 
 Ever let him have lefs than he defires ; 
 and that he may be brought tlie iooner to it, 
 mix the meat he loves beft with that he 
 loves worll, till both be equally familiar, fo 
 fnall he be a ftranger to nothing that is good 
 and wholelbme. 
 
 1. If he find;; a horfe fubjedl: to ftifFnefs 
 and lamenefs, to the furbate, or to tender- 
 nefs of feet, then he fnould give him his 
 heat upon fmooth, carpet earth, or forbear 
 ftrong grounds, hard high-ways, crofs-ruts 
 and furrov/s, till extremity compel him. 
 
 3. For the condition of a horfe's body, 
 he muft account the ftrongeft ftate which is 
 the higheft and fulleft of flefh, fo it be good, 
 hard, without inward fouinefs, to be the 
 beft and moft proper for the performing 
 of matches : and herein you muft confider, 
 firft, the fliape of a horfe's body, there be- 
 ing fome that are round, plump, and clofe 
 knit together, which will appear fat and 
 well fhaped, when they are lean and in 
 poverty; while others that are rav/-boned, 
 flender, and loofc knit, will appear lean and 
 deformed, when they are fat, foul, and full 
 of grofs humours. 
 
 So likewife for their inxlinations ; for 
 fome horfes at the firft, feed outwardly, and 
 carry a thick rib, when they are inwardly as 
 lean as may be ; whereas otliers appear lean 
 to the eye, Avhen they are only greafe. 
 
 In which cafe the feeder has two helps to 
 improve his knowledge, the our'A'ard, and 
 the inward one. 
 
 4. The firft is, the outward handling and 
 feeling the horfe's body all over his ribs, but 
 particularly upon his fliort and hindermoft 
 ribs, and if his flelli generally handle foft 
 and loofe, and the fingers fink therein as in 
 down, he is foul without all queftion ; but 
 if it be hard and firm, and only foft upon 
 the hinderm.oft rib, he has greafe and Ibul 
 matter within him, which muft be voided. 
 
 H O R 
 
 whatever comes of it. And for the inward 
 help, that is only fliarp exercife, and ftrong 
 fcouring, the firft to diflblve, and the latter 
 to bring it away.. 
 
 5. It is the feeder's bufinefs to obferve the 
 horfe's ftones, for if they hang downwards, 
 or low from his body, he is out of luft and 
 heart, and is either fick of greafe or other • 
 foul humours ; but in cafe they lie clofe 
 trufled up, and hid in a fmall room, then 
 he is healthful, and in good plight. 
 
 6. As to his limbs,, the feeder or groom 
 muft ever before he runs any match or heat, , 
 bathe his legs, from the knees and gambrels 
 downwards, either with clarified dog's- 
 greaie, trotter oil, or the beft hog's-greafe, 
 and work it in well with his hands, not Avith- 
 fire, for what he gets not in the firft night, 
 will be got in the next morning, and what 
 is not got in then, will be got in when he 
 comes to uncloath at the end of the courfe; 
 fo that the ointment need be ufed but once, 
 but the rubbing as often as there is oppor- 
 tunity. 
 
 7. The feeder may in any of the latter 
 fortnights of a running horle's feeding, if 
 he finds him clear, and his greafe confumed, 
 about fix in the evening, give him water in 
 a reafonable quantity, made luke-warm, 
 keeping him fafting an hour after : alio,- if 
 through the unfeafonablenefs of the weather 
 you cannot water him abroad, then at your 
 watering hours you are to do it in the houfe, 
 with warm water, and an handful of wheat 
 meal, bran, or oatmeal, finely powdered, 
 (which laft is the beft) put into the water, 
 which is very wholefome. 
 
 8. He muft have fpecial regard to all 
 airings, breathings, and other exercifes what- 
 ever; to the fweating of the horfe, and the 
 occafion, for if he fweat on little or no oc- 
 cafion, as v/alking a foot-pace, ftanding ttill 
 in the liable, and the like ; this fliews that 
 the horfe is faint, foul fed, and wants exer- 
 cife : but if upon good occafions, as ftrong 
 heats, great labour, and the like, he fweat,. 
 and it is a white froth like foap-fuds, he is. 
 inwardly foul, and alio wants exercife : 
 a<Tain, if the fweat be black, and as it were 
 only water thrown upon him, without any 
 
 frothi- 
 
H O R 
 
 frothinefsj then he is cleanfed, and in good 
 lull, and good cafe, and may be rid with- 
 out any danger. 
 
 9. And laftly, he fhoidd obferve his hair 
 in general, but efpecially on his neck, and 
 thofe parts that are uncovered, for if they 
 lie fleek, fmooth, and clofe, holding the 
 beauty of their natural colour, the horfe is 
 in good cafe ; but if rough and flaring, or 
 dilcoloured, he nnuft be inwardly cold at heart, 
 and wants both cloaths and warm keeping. 
 
 HORSE-HAIR NOOSES, are devices to 
 take birds by the ,neck or legs, fometimes 
 by both J the moft proper places .for that 
 purpofe, being amongft bulhes and fmall 
 coppices, and the manner thus : 
 
 Make little hedge-rows, about half a foot 
 high, by fticking hnall furz-bulhes, bram- 
 bles, or thorns, i^c. in direft or crooked 
 lines, of fuch a length and number as you 
 think fit, according to the game you fup- 
 pofe the place may afford ; and then at le- 
 veral diftances, leave little open fpaces big 
 enough for the birds to pafs through. The 
 letters A, B, C, fhew the paflages or void 
 fpaces, in every one of which you muft Hx 
 a fhort flick, of the bignefs of one's finger, 
 and tie thereto a noofe of horfe-hair, finely 
 twifled, with a flip-knot, that the fov/l en- 
 deavouring to pafs through may draw it 
 upon his neck, and lb be flrangled. See 
 Plate VII. 
 
 But for woodcocks, the fpringes are to be 
 laid flat on the ground, to catch thean by 
 the legs ; and good ftore of partridges may 
 alfo be taken by thefe devices, fet acrofs a 
 ploughed furrow, in the bottom, in cafe 
 there be any in the field. See Plate XVIII. 
 
 HORSE-LOCK and KEY, an inftru- 
 ment to open a horfe's fetter, or chain-lock. 
 
 It is a fquare iron plate, bent at one end, 
 having a fquare hole and nicks in one part 
 of it, to anfwer the fprings and wards v/ith- 
 in the bolt; the other end is bent half 
 round, with a fmall turn at the end to make 
 it look handfome. 
 
 HORSE-MEASURE, a rod of box to 
 Aide out of a cane, with a fquare at the end, 
 being divided into hands and inches, to 
 meafure the height of hoifes. 
 
 H O R 
 
 HORSE-SHOE; of thefe there are feve- 
 ral forts : i . That called the planch-flioe or 
 pancelet, which makes a good foot, and a 
 bad leg, by reafon it caufes the foot to grow 
 beyond the meafure of the leg ; though for 
 a weak heel it is exceeding good, and will 
 laft longer than any fhoe, being borrowed 
 from the moil, that has weak heels and 
 fruflies, to keep the feet from ftones and 
 gravel. 
 
 2. Shoes with calkins, which tho' they 
 be intended to fecure the horfe from Aiding, 
 yet they do him more harm than good, in 
 that he cannot tread evenly upon the ground, 
 whereby many times he wrenches his foot, 
 or flrains fbme finews, more efpecially upon 
 ftony ways, where the ftones v/ill not fuffer 
 his calkins to enter, the foot flips with mo^-e 
 violence ; though fomedo not think a horfe 
 well fliod unlefs all his fiioes be made with 
 calkins, either fingie or double ; however 
 the double ones are Icfs hurtful, for he will 
 tread evener with them than with fingie 
 calkins, but they mufl not be over long, 
 or fliarp pointed, but rather fhort and flat. 
 
 3. There are fliocs for rings, which were 
 firft invented to make a horle lift his feet 
 up high, though fuch flioes are more painful 
 than helpful, and it is an unpleafing fight: 
 this is ufed for horfes that have not found 
 hoofs, for tender (i^Qt fear to touch the 
 ground that is hard : but what is intended 
 for a remedy, proves a prejudice to the 
 horfe, by adding high calkins, or elfe thefe 
 rings to his flioes, for by that means he is 
 made to have weaker heels than before, 
 
 4. Shoes with fwelling welts, or borders 
 round about them, are ufed in Germany, ^c. 
 which being higher than the heads of the 
 nails, fave them from wearing ; and thefe 
 are the moft lafting flioes, if made of well 
 tempered fluff, for they wear equally in all 
 parts, and the horfe treads equally upon 
 them. 
 
 5. Others that ufe to pafs mountains 
 where fmiths are not fo eafily to be met v/ith, 
 carry flioes about them with vices, whereby 
 they faften them to the horfe's hoof without 
 the help of the hammer or nail, notwith- 
 flandlng it is more for fliew than any good 
 
 D d 2 
 
 fervice j 
 
H O R 
 
 fervice ; for though tliis fort of flioe may 
 fave his feet from ftones, yet it fo pinches 
 his hoof, that he goes with pain, and per- 
 haps injures it more than the ftones do : 
 therefore upon fuch emergent occalions, 
 it is better to make ufe of a joint-fnoe, 
 which is made of two pieces, with a Rat 
 rivet-nail joining them together in the toe, 
 fo that you may make it both wide and nar- 
 row to ferve any foot. 
 
 6. The patten-fhoe, is neceflary for a 
 horfe that is burnt in the hip, lliffle, or 
 fhoulder, which will caufe him to bear upon 
 that leg where the grief is, and confequently 
 ufe it the better. 
 
 7. A fhoe proper for flat feet. 
 
 8. The panton, or pantable-flioe, which 
 opens the heels, and helps hoof-binding. 
 
 Thefe are of admirable ufe, in regard 
 that they never fliift upon the feet, and con- 
 tinue firmly in one place. 
 
 9. And laftly, the half panton flioe. 
 HORSE-RACING ; a diverfion more 
 
 ufed in E?igh}!d than in all the world befide. 
 Horfes for "this ufe fliould be as light as pof- 
 fible, large, long, but well Ihaped ; with a 
 Jhort back, long fides, and a little long- 
 legged, and narrow-breafted, for fuch will 
 gallop the lighter and nimbler, and run the 
 fafter. Soleyjel fays, he fliould be fomewhat 
 long bodied, nervous, of great mettle, 
 good wind, good appetite, very fwift, and 
 fenfible of the fpurs ; that he ought to be of 
 an EnglijI} breed, or barb, of a little fize, 
 with pretty fmall legs, but the back finews 
 a good diftance from the bone, fliort-joint- 
 cd, and have neat well-fliaped feet. 
 
 The excellent breed we have of horfes 
 for racing in our own country, though 
 through feveral abufes they have been un- 
 fortunately mifchievous to a great many per- 
 fons, yet if rightly regulated and made ufe 
 of, might be very advantageous, as well as 
 pleafant and diverting to men of quality ; 
 and that is by having plates run for at feveral 
 times, and in feveral countries, by which we 
 may come exaftly to know the fpeed, wind, 
 force, and heart of every horfe that runs, 
 which direfts us infallibly in our choice, 
 when we would fiirnifli our felves for hunt- 
 
 H O R 
 
 ing, breeding, road, and the like ; whereas 
 without fuch trials, we muit ftand to the 
 h;'zard, and not be at any certainty to meet 
 with good ones. A horfe may travel well, 
 hunt v/ell, and the like, and yet when he 
 comes to be preiled hard, and forced to the 
 extremity of what he can do, may not prove 
 good at heart ; and more particularly, fome 
 racers have been beaten only by their hearts 
 linking in them (that have wanted neither 
 wind nor fpeed) when they come to be hard 
 preffed. 
 
 It were indeed to be wifhed, that our No- 
 bility and Gentry v^ould not make fo much 
 a trade of racing ; and when they run only 
 for plates, or their matches, that they 
 would do it for no more than may be loft 
 without damaging their eftates ; but to run 
 for fo great a fum, that the lofs cannot be 
 well borne, and confequently endeavourino- 
 to win the fame, if not more back ap-ain, 
 it draws them into valt expence by wav of 
 preparation for revenge, the confequeirces 
 of which need not be mentioned. On the 
 other hand, if a perfon proves fuccefsful, 
 lie is but too apt to fancy he fiiall prove fo 
 again, and fets up for a brother of the fpur, 
 but runs fo faft, that fometimes neither ef- 
 tate nor friends can keep along with him, 
 and fo turns his diverfion into misfortunes. 
 
 As to th€ method of ordered running- 
 horfes, or what is called keeping, fince No- 
 blemen and. Gentlemen will do fo, they 
 will find what is proper to be done in that 
 refpeft under the article running-horfes, 
 and therefore we will only here fuppofe 
 a horfe fet to run for a plate, and that the 
 hour of ftarting is at hand, when the drum 
 beats or the trumpet founds, according to 
 the cuftom of the place where you run, 
 to give notice for ftripping and weighing ; 
 be fuire in the firft place, to have your 
 ftomach empty, only take fomething to 
 keep out the wind, and to ftrengthen you : 
 if you are light, that you muft carry weight, 
 let it be equally quilted in your waiftcoat ; 
 but it is better if you are juft weight, for 
 then you have no more to do than to drefs 
 you, according to your own fancy ; your 
 cloaths Ihould be of coloured filk, or of 
 
 white 
 
HO K 
 
 wRite Holland, as being very advantageous 
 to the fpedators ; your waiftcoat and drawers 
 muft be made clofe to your body, and on 
 your head a little cap tied on ; let your 
 boots be gartered up faft, and your fpurs 
 muft be of good metal j then mount and 
 Gome to the ftarting place, where going 
 efFbrifkly or gently, as occafion requires, 
 make your horl'e perform the courfe or heat, 
 according to your intended defign, par- 
 ticularly, if you would win the fame, and 
 that your horfe excels in goodnefs more than 
 fpeed, ftart him off roundly, and run him 
 to the very top of what he can do, during 
 the whole courfe or heat ; and by that 
 means, if the horfe you run againft be not 
 fo good at the bottom, though he has more 
 fpeed, you fl:iall beat him, becaufe he will 
 be run off of it a great way before he comes 
 to the end. But on the contrary, if your 
 horfe's. talent be fpeed, all that you can do 
 is to wait upon the other horfe, and keep 
 behind till you come almoft to the ftand, 
 and then endeavour to give a loofe by him : 
 fometimes when you are to run more heats 
 than one, it will be your policy to lofe a 
 heat; and in that cafe you muft, for the 
 eafing and fafeguard of your horfe, lie be- 
 hind all the way as much as you can, pro- 
 vided you bring him in within diftance. 
 
 The pofture to be obferved is, that you 
 place yourfelf upon your twift, with your 
 knees firm, and your ftirrups juft at fuch 
 a length, that your feet, when they are 
 thruft home in them, you can raife your- 
 felf a little in the faddle, for your legs, 
 without that allowance, will not be firm 
 when you come to run ; the counter-poize 
 of your body muft be forward, to facilitate 
 your horfe's running, and your elbows muft 
 be clofe to your body ; but be fure, above 
 all things, that you do not incommode 
 your horfe by fwagging this or that way, as 
 fome do, for fince weight is a great matter 
 in running, and that a troubleforae rider is 
 as bad as fo much more weight, there is 
 no need to fay how neceffary it is to rake 
 great care of your feat and hand ; you muft 
 therefore beware of holding yourfelf by 
 the bridkj or ofjobbing your horfe's mouth 
 
 H O R 
 
 upon any occafion ; you muft take your 
 right rein in the fime hand, holding up the- 
 horfe, &c. as you find it neceffary, and, 
 every now and then remove the bridle in his. 
 m.outh: But thefe thinsrs are beft learned 
 by experience and praftice. 
 
 A plate being to be run for by heats, 
 every man that rides muft be juft weight' at- 
 ftarting, in great f cales for that purpofe, and 
 at the end of the fame heat ; for if you want- 
 of your weight at coming in, you fliall lofe 
 your heat, though you are the firft horfe :. 
 you have half an hour between the firft and 
 fecond, to rub your horfes, and at the warn- 
 ;i!g of the drum and trumpet again, you. 
 mount, &c. as before, and fo till all is. 
 done, which is three, and fometimes three- 
 heats and a courfe. 
 
 Nothing need be faid of the ceremonies, 
 relating to the judges, and the articles by. 
 which plate-races and matches are regulated,, 
 fuicc they are fettled according to the differ- 
 ent cuftoms of the places where you run. 
 
 If you do not breed racers yourfelf, be 
 fure you buy no horfe that has not extraordi- 
 nary good blood in his veins, for the charge- 
 of keeping is great, and a good one eats no 
 more than a bad, and requires no niore at- 
 tendance ; fome to fave twenty or thirty 
 guineas in the price of a young hjarfe, have 
 loft hundreds by him afterwards. 
 
 A horfe that you have tried once or twice 
 at a twelve-ftone plate, you may be fure 
 will make an extraordinary good hunter ;. 
 and you are to obferve, that the pofture, 
 manner of riding, i^c. is the fame in a match 
 as in a plate-race, only that there being 
 but a fingle courfe to be run, you muft pufti 
 for all at that one time ; whereas when there 
 are feveral heats, there is more faving, and' 
 variety of play.. 
 
 HOTTS OR HUTTS, are the pounces 
 and round balls of leather ftufted, and tied 
 to the fpurs of fighting cocks, to keep them 
 from hurting one another in fparring. 
 
 To HOVER, to flutter or iiy over, with 
 wings ftretched out ; to hang over. 
 
 HOUGFI, OR HAM OF A HoRSE, is ths 
 
 joint of the hinder quarter, which joins the 
 thigh to the leg. 
 
 lIOUGir 
 
H U N 
 
 HOUGH-BONY 
 
 or elbow of the 
 
 hough 
 
 a fwelling on the tip 
 in a hoife's hinder- 
 
 about as 
 
 bi^ 
 
 as 
 
 half 
 
 a tennis- 
 
 qu artcrs, 
 ball. 
 
 To HOUND A Stag, [among Hunters] 
 
 to call the dogs at him. 
 
 HOUND, a hunting dog. See the dif- 
 ferent kinds under the articles Gray-Houn-d, 
 Blood-Hound, &c. c.ljo a kiudoffifi. For 
 "Terms concerning Hounds, bcc. fee the Article 
 Terms. For their methods of entering for a 
 Hare, fee Hare-Hunting. 
 
 HOUZING, is either boot-houzing or 
 flioe-houzing ; the former is a piece of 
 ftuff made faft to the hinder-part of the 
 faddle, which covers the croupe of the horfe 
 either for ornament, or to cover the horfe's 
 Icannefs, or to preferve the rider's cloaths, 
 and keep them from being daubed with the 
 fweat of the horfe. 
 
 The houzing, for fuch as ride with fhoes, 
 is commonly a piece of fcarlet cloth embroi- 
 dered with gold fringe, and put round the 
 faddle fo as to cover the croupe, and def- 
 cend to the lower part of the belly to lave 
 the ftockings, when you mount in Ihoes. 
 
 HUNGRY EVIL, is an inordinate defire 
 in horfes, to eat. 
 
 It proceeds either from great emptinefs or 
 want of food, when the beaft is even at the 
 utmoft pinch, and almoll chapfallen ; tho' 
 it fometimes proceeds from cold outwardly 
 taken ; fometimes by travelling long in 
 froft and fnow, or through barren places : 
 this outward cold affecting the llomach fo 
 far, that it's aftion and faculties are de- 
 praved. 
 
 The tokens of this diftemper, are an al- 
 teration in the horfe's manner of feeding, 
 when he has loll all manner of temperance, 
 and chops at his meat, as if he would even 
 
 devour the manger, 
 
 For the cure: In 
 ftomach, give him 
 toafted and fteeped in 
 wheat-flower in wine. 
 
 order to comfort his 
 
 great dices of bread 
 
 fack , or give him 
 
 or wheat-meal in 
 
 milk, a quart at a time, or elfe let him eat 
 bread made of pine-nuts. 
 
 But there is nothing bettter than to feed 
 him moderately feveral times in a day with 
 
 H U 'N 
 
 good bean-bread well baked, or oats well 
 dried and fifted. 
 
 To HUNT ; the purfoing of birds or 
 four-footed beafts, of which tliere are fe- 
 veral forts, w"hich difier according as the 
 aniinals are, which you hunt, and the 
 places where they are ; four-foot«d beails 
 are hunted in the fields, woods, and thick- 
 ets : they kill them with guns, and others 
 llioot birds in the air, take them with nets, 
 or birds of prey ; make ufe of greyhounds 
 for deer, does, roebucks, and even foxes, 
 hares, and coneys, ^c. 
 
 Hunting indeed is a noble, manly recrea- 
 tion, not only commendable for princes 
 and great inen, but gentlemen, and others 
 too, there being nothing that recreates the 
 mind more, ftrengthens the limbs, whets 
 the llomach, and cheats up the fpirits ; fo ' 
 that it has merited the efteem of all ages 
 and nations, how barbarous foever they 
 might have been. 
 
 Hunting is defcribed under the heads of 
 animals which are hunted, whether with 
 dogs, taken with nets, or by birds of prey; 
 which the reader is referred to. 
 
 AH forts of weathers are not proper for 
 hunting ; high winds and rain are obllacles 
 to this diverfion. 
 
 In the fpring-time, you mull take it in 
 the night with nets; in the fummer, it is 
 the diverfion of the morning ; but in the 
 winter, it fhould not be followed but from 
 nine in the morning till two in the after- 
 noon. The general rule is, that you place 
 yourfelf under the wind where you feek to 
 wait for game ; and the way to know it is, 
 to take a piece of paper, and obferve which 
 way the wind blows it. For the terms ujed 
 hy Hunt/men, fee the Article Terms. 
 
 To HUNT Change, is when the hounds 
 or beagles take frefli fcent, and follow 
 another chace, till they flick and hit it 
 again. 
 
 To HUNT Counter, fignifies that the 
 hounds hunt it by the heel. 
 
 HUNTING THE Foil, is a term or 
 phrafe ufed of the chaces going off, and 
 coming on again traverfing the fameground 
 to deceive the hounds or beagles, 
 
 HUNT- 
 
HUN 
 
 HUNTING-HORSE -, a horfe defign- 
 ed for this manly excrcilcj whofe Ihape 
 fhoiild be generally ftrong and well knit 
 together, making equal proportions j for 
 you are to obferve, that which has unequal 
 fliapes fliew weaknefs, fo equal ones Vnev-r 
 Ilrength and durance ; and what we call 
 unequal, are a great head and a little neck ; 
 a big body, and a thick buttock ; a large 
 limb to a little foot, &c. whereas he fliould 
 have a large and lean head, wide nollriis, 
 open channelled, a big v/eafand, and fhait 
 windpipe. 
 
 To order the hunting-horfe : while he is at 
 reft, let him have all the quietnefs that may 
 be ; let him have much meat, mucli litter, 
 much dreffing, and water clofe by hirn ; let 
 him fleep as long as he pleafes ; keep hiiii 
 to dung rather foft than hard, and look that 
 it be well coloured, and bright, for dark- 
 nefs ihews greafe ; redncfs, inward heat : 
 and after his ufual fcourings, let him have 
 exercifes, and mafhes of fweet malt, or let 
 bread, or clean beans ; or beans and wheat 
 mixed together are his beft food, and beans 
 and oats the moft ordinary. 
 
 But Sir Robert Charnock's way of hunting 
 in buck-feafon, was, never to take his horfe 
 up into the liable during the feafon, but he 
 hunted him upon grafs, only allowing him 
 as many oats as he would well eat ; and 
 this he approved of as a very good way, for 
 if there be any molten greafe within him, 
 which violent hunting may raife up, this go- 
 ing to grafs will purge it out : it is aiBrm.ed, 
 the fame gentleman has rid his horfe three 
 days in a week during the feafon, and never 
 found any inconveniency, but rather good 
 from it, fo that care be taken to turn the 
 horfe out very cool. 
 
 You may furnifli yourfelf with a horfe 
 for hunting at fome of our fairs, which 
 Ihould have, as near as can be, the following 
 ft} apes : 
 
 A head lean, large, and long -, a chaul 
 thin ; and open ears, fmall, and pricked ; 
 or, if they be fomewhat long, provided 
 they (land upright, like thofe of a fox, it is 
 ufually a fign of m^ettle and toughnefs. 
 
 His forehead long and broad, not fiat. 
 
 H LT N 
 
 and, as It is ufually termed, hare-faced;^ 
 rifing in the midft like that of a hare, the 
 feather being placed above the top of his 
 eye j the contrary being thought by fome to 
 betoken blindnefs. 
 
 His eyes full, large, and bright; his 
 nollriis wide, and red within, for an open 
 noflril is a fign of a good wind. 
 
 His mouth large, deep in the wikcs and 
 hairy; his thropple, weafand, or wind-pipe 
 big, loofe, and llrait, when he is reined in 
 with the bridle; for if, when he bridles, it 
 bends like a bow, (which is called cock- 
 throppled) it very much hinders the free 
 palTage of his v/ind. 
 
 His head mull be fo fet on to his neck, 
 that a fpace may be fek between his neck 
 and his chaul ; for to be bull-necked is un- 
 comely to fight, and alfo prejudicial to the 
 horfe's wind. 
 
 His creft fliould be firm, thin, and well- 
 rifen, his neck long and ftrait, yet not loofe 
 and pliant, which the northern men term 
 withy-cragged. 
 
 His bread ftrong and broad, his cheft 
 deep, his chine fliort, his body large and 
 clofe fhut up to the huckle-bone. 
 
 His ribs round like a barrel, his belly 
 being hid within them. 
 
 His fillets large,, his buttocks rather oval 
 than broad, being well let down to the 
 gafcoins ; his cambrels upright, and not 
 bending, which fome call fickle-houghed ; 
 though fome look upon this to be a fign of 
 toughnefs and Ipeed. 
 
 His legs clean, flat, and ftrait; his joints 
 ftiort, well knit, and upright, efpecially be- 
 twixt the patterns and the. hoof, having but 
 little hair on his fetlocks ; his hoofs black, 
 llrong, and hollow, and rather long ami 
 narrow, than big and Mat. 
 
 Laftly, his mane and tail fnould be long 
 and thin rather than thick, which is counted 
 by fome a mark of dullncfs. 
 
 As to m.arks or colours, though tliey do 
 not abfolutely give teftimony of a liorfe's 
 goodnefs, yet they, as v/eil as his fiiape, In- 
 timate in fome part, his difpofition and 
 qualities : the hair itfelf oftentimes receives 
 the variation of it's colour, from the dif- 
 
 fi'rent 
 
H UT^I 
 
 •ftTent temperature of the fubjed- out of 
 ^vhich it is produced. 
 
 And Ibme do not fcruple to affirm, that 
 where ever you meet with a horle that ha's 
 no white about him, efpecially in his fore- 
 liead, though he be otherwiie of the bcft 
 reputed colours, as bay, black, orforrel, he 
 is of a dogged and full en difpofition, efpe- 
 cially if he have a fmall pink eye, and a 
 narrow face, with a nofe bending like a 
 iiawk's bill. 
 
 The age, &c. of a. Hunter. 
 
 Having procured a horfe fuitable to the 
 •former defcriptions, or your own fatisfac- 
 •tion at leaft, and which is luppofed to be 
 -already grounded in the fundamentals of 
 -this art, being taught fuch obedience, as 
 that he will readily anfwer to the horfeman's 
 helps and correflions both of the bridle and 
 hand, the voice, the calf of the leg, and 
 the fpurs ; that he knows how to make his 
 way forward, and hath gained a true temper 
 uf mouth, and a right placing of his head, 
 and that he has learned to ftop, and turn 
 readily; for unlefs he has been perfcftly 
 taught thefe things, he can never proceed 
 efFeftually. 
 
 The horfe being thus prepared, fhould be 
 five years old, and well v/ay'd before you 
 begin to hunt him; for although it is cuf- 
 tomary with fome to put him to hunt at 
 ■four years old, yet at that age his joints not 
 being well knit, nor he attained to his beft 
 •ilrength and courage, he is unable to per- 
 form any work of fpeed and toughnefs, and 
 will be in great danger of ftrains, and other 
 maladies, and alfo a daunting of his fpirit, 
 and abating his natural courage. 
 
 Your horfe being full five, you may, if 
 you pleafe, put him to grafs, from the mid- 
 dle of May till Bartholomew-tide, for then 
 the feafon will be fo hot, it will not be 
 convenient to work him. 
 
 Bartholomew-tide being now come, and 
 the pride and ftrength of the grafs nipped 
 by the fevere frofts and cold dews, fo that 
 the nourifhment of it turns to raw crudities, 
 and the coldnefs of the night abates as 
 
 HUN 
 
 much of his flcHi and luft as he p:eLS in a 
 day, take him from grafs while his coat lies 
 fmooth and flcek. See Stable. 
 
 Having brought him home, let your 
 groom fct him up that night in fome fecure 
 and fpacious houfe, where he may evacuate 
 his body, and fo be brought to warmer 
 keeping by degrees, and the next day liable 
 him. 
 
 It is indeed held as a general rule, among 
 the generality of grooms, not to clothe nor 
 drefs their horfes till two or three days after 
 they have ftabled them, (though there is 
 little reafon for it but cuRom); yet this cuf- 
 tom conducing little to cither the advantage 
 or prejudice of the horfe, I Ihall leave every 
 one to their own fancies. 
 
 But as to the cuftom of giving the horfe 
 wheat-ftraw, to take up his belly, (which is 
 alfo generally ufed by grooms at the firft 
 taking up and houfing a horfe) fome per- 
 fons very much difapprove of, for they fay, 
 that the nature of a horfe being hot and 
 dry, if he be fed with ftraw, which is fo 
 likewife, it would ftraiten his guts, and 
 caufe an inflammation of his liver, and by 
 that means diftemper his blood ; and befides, 
 it would make his body fo coftive, that it 
 would caufe a retention of nature, and 
 make him dung with great pain and diffi- 
 culty ; whereas fiill feeding would expel the 
 excrements, according to the true intention 
 and inclination of nature. 
 
 Therefore let moderate airing, warm 
 clothing, good old hay, and old corn, fup- 
 ply the place of wheat-ftraw. See Shoeing. 
 
 The firft fortnight' s Diet for a Hunting Horfe; 
 or, the ordering of a Hunter for the firft 
 
 fortnight. 
 
 Your horfe being fuppofed to evacuate all 
 his grafs, and his fhoes fo well fettled to his 
 feet, that he may be fit to be ridden abroad 
 without danger : I fhall now, in a more 
 particular manner, direft an unexperienced 
 groom how he ought to proceed to order his 
 horfe according to art. 
 
 Firft, he ought to vifit his horfe early in 
 the morning, to wit, by five o'clock in fum- 
 
 mer. 
 
-mcr, and f;x in winter; and having puf up 
 Jiis litter under his ftali, and made clean liis 
 ftables, to feel his ribs, his chaul, and his 
 fianl<, they being the principal figns by 
 -which he muil learn to judge ot the good or 
 ill ftate of a horfe's body. 
 
 He ought to lay his hands on his Ihort 
 ribs, near the flank, and if his fat feels to 
 be exceeding foft and tender, and to yield 
 as it were under his hand, then he may be 
 confident it is unfound, and that the leall 
 violent laboui" or travel will diffolve it ; 
 ■which being dilTolved before it be hardened 
 by good diet, if it be not then removed by 
 fcouring, the fat or greafe belonging to the 
 outward parts of the body will fiill down 
 into his heels, and fo caufe goutinefs and 
 fwclling. 
 
 After, by feeling on luis ribs, he has 
 found his fat foft and unfound, then let him 
 feel his chaul ; and if he finds any flefhy 
 fubftance, or great round kernels or knots, 
 he may be afTured that as his outward fat 
 has been unfound, fo inwardly he is full of 
 glut, and purfive, by means of grofs hu- 
 mours cleaving to the hollow places of his 
 lungs, ^c. 
 
 This fat is to be enfeamed and hardened 
 by moderate exercife, warm clothing, and 
 gentle phyfic, to cleanfe away his inward 
 glut. 
 
 The fame obfervations muft be taken from 
 the flank, which will always be found to 
 correfpond with his ribs and chaul, for till 
 it is drawn it will feel thick to your gripe, 
 but when he is enfeamed yoti will perceive 
 nothing but two thick fkins: and by thefe 
 three obfervations of the ribs, flank and 
 chaps, you may at any time pafs an indift^er- 
 ent judgment of the horfe's good or bad 
 condition. 
 
 Plaving made thefe remarks on your 
 liorfe's ftate and condition of body, then 
 .iift ahandiul or two (but not more) of good 
 old oats, and give them to him to preferve 
 his ftomach from cold humours which might 
 oppiefs it by drinking fafting, and likewife 
 to make him drink the better. 
 
 When he hath eaten them, pull off his 
 collar, and rub his head, face, ears, and 
 
 H tJ N 
 
 rtapc of the neck, with a clean rubbing-^ 
 cloth made of hemp, for it is fovcreign for 
 tile head, and diffolves all grofs and filthy 
 humours. 
 
 Then take a fnaflie, and wafli it in clean 
 water, and put it on his head, drawing the 
 rein through the head-ftall to prevent his 
 flipping it over his head ; and fo tie him up 
 to the rack, and drcfs liim thus : 
 
 Firft, take a curry-comb, fuitable to your 
 horfe's fkin, in your right-hand; that is, if 
 the coat of your horle be fliort and fmooth, 
 then muft the curry-comb be blunt; but if 
 it be long and rough, then the teeth muft 
 be long and fliarp: ftanding with your face 
 oppofite to the horfe's, hold the left cheek 
 of the head-ftall in your left-hand, and 
 curry him with a good hand from the root 
 of his ears, all along his neck to his llioul- 
 ders i then go over all his body with a more 
 moderate hand ; then curry his buttocks 
 down to the hinder cambrel with a hard 
 hand again ; then change your hand, and 
 laying your right arm over his bacl<, join 
 your right fide to his left, and fo curry him 
 gently from the top of his withers to the 
 lower part of his flioulder, every now and 
 then fetching your ftroke over the left fide 
 of his breaft, and lb curry him down to the 
 knee, but no farther. 
 
 Then curry him all under his belly, near 
 his fore-bowels, and in a word, all over, 
 very well, his legs under the knees and 
 cambrels only excepted , and as you drefs 
 the left fide, fo muft you the right alio. 
 
 In doing this, take notice whether your 
 horfe keeps a riggling up and down, biting 
 the rack-ftaffs, and now and then ofixninsr 
 to fnap at you, or lifting up his leg to ftrike 
 at you, when you are currying him : if he 
 do, it is an apparent fign, that the rough- 
 nefs of the comb difpleafes him, and there- 
 fore the teeth of it is to be filed more blunt ; 
 but if you perceive he plays thefe or fuch 
 like tricks 'through wantonnefs, and the 
 pleafure he takes in the friftion, then you 
 Ihould every now and then correft him with 
 your whip gently for his waggilhnefs. 
 
 This currying is only to raife the duft, 
 
 therefore, after the^ horfe has been thus cur- 
 
 E c ried, 
 
H ir N 
 
 Tied, take either a horfe-tail nailed to an 
 handle, or a clean dulling-cloth of cotton, 
 and with it iVriice off the loofe dull that the 
 curry-coaib has raifed. 
 
 Then drefs him all over with the French 
 brulli, both head, body, and legs, to the 
 very fetlocks, obferving always to cleanfe 
 the brufh from the filth it gathers from the 
 bottom of the hair, by rubbing it on the 
 curry-comb; then duft the horfe again the 
 fecond time. 
 
 Then having wetted your hand in water, 
 rub his body all over, and, as near as you 
 can, leave no loofe hairs behind, and with 
 your hands wet, pick, and cleanfe his eyes, 
 ears, and noftrils, fhcath, cods and tuel, 
 and fo rub him till he is as dry as at firft. 
 
 Then take an hair patch, and rub his 
 body all over^ but efpecially his fore-bowels 
 under his belly, his flank, and between his 
 hinder thighs : and, in the laft place, wipe 
 him over with a fine white linen rubber. 
 
 When you have thus drefled him, take a 
 large faddle-cloth (made on purpofe) that 
 may reach down to the fpurring-place, and 
 lap it about his body ; then clap on his fiul- 
 dle, and throw a cloth over him, that he 
 may not catch cold. 
 
 Then twift two ropes of ftraw very hard 
 together, and with them rub and chafe his 
 legs from the knees and cambrels down- 
 wards to the ground, picking his fetlock 
 joints, with your hands, from duft, filth, 
 and fcabs : then take another hair patch, 
 kept on purpofe for his legs, (for you muft 
 have tv/o) and with it rub and drefs his legs 
 alfo. 
 
 And while you are drefling your horfe, 
 let him not ftand naked, fo that his body 
 be expofed to the penetration of the air ; 
 but when he is ftrippbd, do your bufinefs 
 roundly, v/ithout any intermiffion, till you 
 have faddled him, and thrown his cloth over 
 him. 
 
 When you have done this, pick his feet 
 clean with an iron picker, comb down his 
 mane and tail with a v/et mane-comb, then 
 fpurt feme beer in his mouth, and fo draw 
 him out of the ftable. 
 
 Then mount him, rake or walk him either 
 
 HUN 
 
 to fome running river or frefli fpring, a mile 
 or two diftant from the ftable, and there let 
 him drink about half his draught at firft, 
 to prevent raw crudities arifing in his fto- 
 mach. 
 
 After he has drank, bring him calmly 
 out of the water, and ride him gently for a 
 while ; for nothing is more unbecoming a 
 horfeman than to put his horfe upon a fwift 
 gallop as foo^n as he comes out of the water, 
 for thefe three reaions : 
 
 I. Fie does not only hazard the breaking 
 of his wind, but affuredly hazards the in- 
 cording or burfting of him.. 
 
 1. It begets in him an ill habit of run- 
 ning away as foon as he has done drinking. 
 
 3. The forefight he has of fuch violent 
 exercife, m.akes him oftentimes refufe to jl 
 quench his thirft, therefore walk him a lit- 
 tle way, put him into a gentle gallop for 
 five or fix fcore paces, and give him wind; 
 after he has been raked a pretty while, fhew 
 him the water- again,, let him drink as much 
 as he will, and then gallop him again : re- 
 peat this till he will drink no more ; but be 
 fure to obferve always, that you gallop him 
 not fo much as to chafe or fweat him. 
 
 Here take notice, that in his galloping 
 after v/ater, (after the firft week's enfeaming) 
 if fometimes you give a watering-courfe 
 fliarply of twelve, or twenty fcore paceSy 
 (according as you find your horfe) it will 
 quench his fpirit, and caufe him to gallop 
 more pleafantly, and teach him to manage 
 his limbs more nimbly, and to ftretch forth 
 his body largely. 
 
 When your horfe has done drinking, then 
 take him to the top of an hill, (if there be 
 one near the watering-place) for there, in a 
 morning, the air is pureft ; or elfe to fome 
 fuch place, where he may gain the moft 
 advantage both by fun and air, and there air 
 him a foot-pace for an hour, or as long as 
 you in your judgment ftiall think fit for 
 the ftate of his body, and then ride him 
 home. 
 
 During the time of your horfe's airing, 
 you may eafily perceive feveral tokens of 
 your horfe's fatisfaftion, and the pleafure 
 that he takes in this exercife. 
 
 For 
 
 ) 
 
HUN 
 
 For he will gape, yawn, and as it were 
 ihrug his body. 
 
 If he offers to ftand ftill to dung or ftale, 
 which his airing will provoke, be fure give 
 him leave ; as alfo to ftare about, neigh, or 
 liften after any noife. 
 
 Thefe airing are advantageous to the horfe 
 on feveral accounts. 
 
 1 . It purifies the blood (if the hair be clear 
 and pure) ; it purges the body of many grofs 
 and fuifocating humours, and fo hardens 
 and enfeams the horfe's fat, that it is not 
 near fo liable to be diflblved by ordinary 
 exercife. 
 
 2. It teaches him how to let his wind rake, 
 and equally keep time with the other actions 
 and motions of his body. 
 
 3. It is of great advantage, both to hun- 
 ters and gallopers, which are apt to lofe 
 their ftomachs through excefs or want of 
 exercife, for the fharpnefs of the air will 
 drive the horfe's natural heat from the out- 
 "vvard parts to the inward, which heat by 
 furdiering concoftion creates appetite, and 
 provokes the llomach. 
 
 4. It increafes lull and courage in the 
 horfe, provided he be not aired too early. 
 
 When you are returned from airing, and 
 are difmounted, lead the horfe on the ftraw, 
 which Ihould always lie before the ftable- 
 door, and there by whiftling and ftirring up 
 the litter under his belly, you will provoke 
 him to ftale, which he will be brought to 
 do with a little praftice, and it will be ad- 
 vantageous to the health of tlie horfe, and 
 a means of keeping the flable die cleaner : 
 lead him into his ftall, (it having firft been 
 well littered) ; tie up his head to the empty 
 rack, take off the faddle, rub his body and legs, 
 all over with the flefh-brulh, then with the 
 hair-patch, and lail of all with the woollen- 
 cloth. 
 
 Then clothe him with a linen-cloth next 
 to his body, and over that a canvas-cloth, 
 and both made juft fit for him to cover his 
 breaft, and to come pretty low down to his 
 legs, v/hich is the •'Turkip way of clothing, 
 who (as the Duke of Newcaftle fays) are the 
 moft curious people in the world in keeping 
 their horfes. 
 
 HUN 
 
 Put over tlie before-mentioned a body- 
 cloth of fix or eight ftraps, which is better 
 than a furcingle and a pad ftuft with v/ifps, 
 becaufe this keeps his belly in fliapc, and is 
 not fo fubjeft to hurt him. 
 
 Now thefe cloths will be fufficient for him 
 at his firft ftabling, becaufe being inured 
 to the cold, he will not be fo apt to take 
 cold, the weather being indifterently warm ; 
 but when fliarp weather comes on, and you 
 find his hair rife about thofe parts that are 
 unclothed, as neck, gafcoins, l^c. then add 
 another cloth, u'hich ought to be of woollen ; 
 and for any horfe bred under our clim.ate, 
 and kept only for ordinary hunting, this 
 clothing will be fufEcient. 
 
 Having already given direftions as to the 
 clothing the horfe, I fhall only add this 
 one general rule ; that a rough coat is a 
 token of v/ant of cl oaths, and a fmooth 
 coat of clothing fufficient ; therefore if not- 
 withiianding what cloaths you have given 
 him, his coat ftill ftares, you muft add more 
 cloaths till it lie. 
 
 But if Vv'lien he has been in keeping fome 
 time, you perceive him apt to fweat in the 
 night, it is a fign he is over-fed, and wants 
 exercife ; but if he fwcat at his firft coming 
 from grafs, then there is reafon to add ra- 
 ther than diminifti the cloaths before direc- 
 ted for him at his firft- houQng; for it pro- 
 ceeds from the foul humours that opprefs 
 nature, and when they are evacuated by ex- 
 ercife, nature will ceafe working, and he 
 will continue in a temperate ftate of body 
 all the year after. 
 
 "When you have clothed him up, pick his 
 feet clean with an iron picker, and wafti his 
 hoofs clean with a fpunge dipped in clean 
 water, and dry them with ftraw or a linen 
 cloth, then leave him on his fnaffle for an 
 hour or more, which will aflift his appe- 
 tite. 
 
 Vifit him again, duft a handful of hay, and 
 let the horfe teaze it out of your hand, till 
 he hath eaten it ; then pull oft" his bridle, 
 and rub his head and neck clean with your 
 hempen-cloth ; pull his ears, and ftop his 
 noftrils, to caufe him to fnort, which will 
 bring awav the moift humours which opprefs 
 E e-2 his 
 
HUN 
 
 Jiis bruin, and then put on his collar, and 
 give him a quartern of oats clean drefied in 
 a lieve, having firft cleaned liis locker or 
 manger witli a wifp of ftraw and a cloth. 
 
 While he is eating his corn, fwcep out 
 your liable, and fee that all things arc neat 
 about him ; then turn up his deaths, and 
 rub his lillers, buttocks, and gafcoins, over 
 with the hair patch, and after that with a 
 woollen cloth ; then fpread a clean flannel 
 fillet cloth over his tiUets and buttocks, 
 (which will make his coat lie fmooth) and 
 turn down his houfmg-cloths UDon it; then 
 anoint his hoofs round from the coronet to 
 the toe with this ointment. 
 
 Take four ounces of Venice turpentine, 
 three ounces of bees-wax, two ounces of 
 the befl rofin, one pound of dog's-gi'eafe, 
 and half a pint of train oil ; melt all thefe 
 ingredients together, except the turpentine ; 
 •then take them off the fire, and put in the 
 turpentine, ftirring it till it be v/ell incor- 
 porated ; then pour it out into an earthen 
 gallipot, and keep it for ufe, but do not 
 cover it till it is cold. 
 
 After this, pick his (t&t. with your picker, 
 and flop them with cow-dung. If by this 
 time your horfe has eaten his oats with a 
 good ftomach, fift him another quartern, 
 -and fo feed him little and little, while he 
 -eats with an appetite; but if you find he 
 fumbles with his corn, give him no more 
 ibr that time, but always giving him liis 
 full feeding, for that will keep his body in 
 better ftate and temper, and increafe his 
 llrength and vigour. 
 
 "Whereas, on the contrar}', to keep your 
 horfe always fharpfet, is the ready way to 
 procure a furfeit, if at any time he can 
 come at his fill of provender. 
 
 But though you fliould perceive that he 
 gathers flelh too fail upon fuch home feed- 
 ing, yet be furc not to ftint him for it, but 
 only increafe his labour, and that will affift 
 both his itrength and wind. 
 
 Having done ail the things before direc- 
 ted, dull a large quantity of hay, and throw 
 it down to him on his litter, after you have 
 taken it up under him ; and then fliutting 
 ■lip the wiodows and itable-.doorj leave him 
 
 HUN 
 
 till one o'clock in the afternoon ; then vifi^t 
 him again, and rub over his head, neck,, 
 fillets, buttocks, and legs, as before, with 
 the hair patch and woollen cloth, and leave 
 him to the time of the evening-watering, 
 which fhould be about four o'clock in the 
 fummer, and three in the winter: when 
 having put back his foul litter, and fwept 
 away that and his dung, drefs, and faddle 
 him, as before, mount him, and take him' 
 to the water, and when he has drank, air 
 him till you think it time to go home ; Avhere 
 you are to order in all points, as to rub- 
 bing, feeding, flopping his feet, ^c. as 
 you did in the morning ; and having fed him 
 about fix o'clock, do not fail to feed him 
 again at nine, litter him well, give him hay 
 enough to ferve him all night ; and leave 
 him till the next morning. 
 
 After the direftions for this one dav, fo 
 muft you order him for a fortnight, and bv 
 that time his flefh will be fo hardened, and 
 his wind fo improved; his mouth will beib 
 quickened, and his gallop brought to fo 
 good a llroke, that he will be fit to be put 
 to moderate hunting. 
 
 During this fortnight's keeping, you arc 
 to make feveral obfervations, as to the na- 
 ture and difpofition of your horfe, the tem- 
 per of his body, the courfe of his digeflicn, 
 i^c. and to order him accordingly. 
 
 1. Whether he be of a churlifh difpofi- 
 tion ; if fo, you muft reclaim him by feve- 
 rity. 
 
 If of a gentle, familiar, and loving tem.- 
 per, you muft engage, and win him by 
 kindnefs. 
 
 2. You mull obferve, whether he be a 
 foul feeder, or of a nice flomach ; if he be 
 quick at his meat, and retain a good fto- 
 mach, then four times cf full feeding in a 
 night and a day are fufricient; but if he be 
 a flender feeder, and fiow at his meat, you 
 muft give him but a little at a time, and 
 often, as about every two hours ; for frefh 
 meat will draw on his appetite ; and you 
 miuft always leave a little meat in his locker, 
 for him to eat at leifure bet%vixt his feeding- 
 times ; if at any time you find any left, 
 fweep it av/ay and give him frcfii, and ex- 
 
 pofc 
 
HUN 
 
 pofe that to the fun and air, which v/ill re- 
 duce it again to it's firft fweetnefs. 
 
 His ftomach may alfo be fharpened by 
 change of meat, for by giving one meal of 
 clean oats, and at anotlier oats and fplit 
 beans, and whca you have brought him to 
 eat bread, you may give him another meal 
 of bread ; always obierving to give him of- 
 tcneft that which you find he likes beft; or 
 you may give him both corn and bread at 
 the lame time, provitled you give him tiiat 
 lalt which he cats belt, and is of the bcH di- 
 geftion. 
 
 It has been obferved of fome horfes, that 
 they are of fo hot a conftitution, that they 
 cannot eat without drinking at every bit ; 
 and thofc horfes ufually carry no belly. You 
 mult Itt a pail of water ftand continually 
 before fuch horfes, or at leaft give them 
 water at noon, befides what they have 
 abroad at their ordinary times. 
 
 In the next place, you are to obferve the 
 nature of his cligeftion, whether he retains 
 his food long, which is a fign of bad digef- 
 tion ; or whether he dungs frequently, 
 ■which if he does, and his dung be loofe and 
 bright, it is. a fign of a good habit of body ; 
 but if it be feldom, and hard, it is a fign of 
 a dry conftitution ; in order to remedy 
 which, give hiiii once a day a handful or 
 two of oats, well wailied in good frrong ale, 
 and this will loofen his body and keep it 
 moift ; and it will alfo be good for his wind. 
 
 The Jecond fcrtnighfs diet for a Hunthig- 
 Horje. 
 
 The horfe having been ordered for the 
 firfl fortnight according to the foregoing 
 rules, will be in a pretty good ftate of body, 
 for the grofs humours in him v,'ill be dried 
 up and his ?itCn. will begin to be hardened, 
 which you may perceive by feeling his 
 chaul, his fliort ribs and flank ; for the ker- 
 nels under his chaps will not feel fo grofs as 
 they did at firft, nor will his flefli on his 
 Ihort ribs feel fo foft and loofe,^ nor the thin 
 part of his flank fo thick, as at his firft hou- 
 iing, fo that you may now without hazard, 
 venture to hunt him moderateiv. 
 
 HUN 
 
 The time being now come that he may 
 be hunted, he is to be ordered on his days 
 of reft, in all points, as to his drefiing, 
 hours of feeding, watering, i^c. as in tlie 
 ^rft fortnight before directed ; but only fmce 
 his labour is now increafed, you mull 
 endeavour to increafe his ftrength and cou-- 
 rage likewife ; and this you may effed: by 
 adding to his oats a third part of clean old 
 beans, fpelted on a mill, and allowing him 
 befides the following bread : 
 
 Take two pecks of clean old beans, and 
 one peck of vv'hcat, and let them be ground 
 together, and fift the meal through a meal 
 fieve of an indifferent finenefs, and knead ic 
 widi warm water and good (lore of yeaft, 
 then let it lie an hour, or more, to fwell, 
 which will make the bread the lighter, and 
 have the eaner and quicker digellion j and 
 after it has been well kneaded, make it up 
 into loaves of a peck a piece, which will 
 prevent their being too much cruft, and 
 prevent its drying too foon ; let them be 
 well baked, and ftand a good while in the 
 oven to foak ; when they are drawn, turn 
 the bottom upwards and let them ftaad to 
 cool. 
 
 When the bread is a day old, chip away 
 the cruft, and you may give the horfe fome, 
 giving him fometimes bread, fometimcs 
 oats, and fometimes oats and fplit beans, 
 according as you find his ilomach : and this 
 feeding will bring him into as good condi- 
 tion as you need to delire for ordinary hunt- 
 
 The firft fortnight being expired, and the 
 bread prepared, you ought then to pitch 
 upon a day for his firft going abroad after 
 the dogs, and the day before you hunt, he 
 muft always be ordered after this manner : 
 
 In the morning proceed in your ufual 
 method as before, only obferve that day to 
 give him no beans, becaufe they are haj-d of 
 digeftion, but give him moft of bread, if 
 you can draw him on to eat it, becaufe it is 
 more nourifliing than oats ; and after the 
 evening, which ought to be fomewhat ear- 
 lier than at otiier times, give him only a 
 little hay out of your hand, and no more till 
 the next day that he returns from hunting ; 
 
 and . 
 
TI U N 
 
 and to prevent his eating his litter, or any 
 thing elfe but what you give him, infteadof 
 a muzzle put on a caveiFon, joined to a 
 headlb.ll of a bridle, lined with leadier, for 
 fear of hurting him, and tying it fo ftraight 
 as to hinder his eating ; and this will pre- 
 vent ficknefs in your horfe, which feme 
 horfes are incident to when their muzzle is 
 put on,~ notwithllanding the invention of 
 the lattice window, fo much ufed ; but by 
 taking this method, the horfe's noftrils are 
 at full liberty, and he will not grow fick. 
 
 But as to his corn, give him his meals, 
 both after his watering and at nine o'clock, 
 and at that time be fure to litter him well, 
 that he may take his reft the better that 
 night, and leave him till morning. 
 
 The next morning vifit him early, at 
 about four o'clock, and put a quarter of a 
 peck of clean drefled oats into his locker, 
 pouring into it a quart of good ftrong ale, 
 mixing the oats and ale well together ; then 
 put back his dung and foul litter, and clean 
 theftable: but if he will not eat wafhed 
 oats, give him dry, but be fure not to put 
 any beans to them. 
 
 When he has done eating, bridle im, 
 and tie him up to the ring and drefs him : 
 having drefied him, faddle him, throwing 
 his cloth over him, and let him ftand till 
 the hounds are ready to go out. 
 
 Take care not to draw the faddle-girths 
 too ftraight till you are ready to mount, 
 left that fhould caufe him to grow fick. 
 
 Though old horfes are generally fo craf- 
 ty, that when a groom goes to girt them up 
 hard, they will extend their bodies fo much 
 by holding their wind, (on purpofe to gain 
 eafc after they are girt) that it will feem 
 difficult to girt them, but when they let go 
 their wind th^ir bodies fall again. 
 
 When the hounds are unkennelled, 
 (which fliould not be before fun-rifing) go 
 into the field along with them, and rake 
 you.r horfe up and down gently till a hare 
 is ftarted ; always remembering to let him 
 fmcll to the dung of other horfes, if there 
 be any, which will provoke him to empty 
 himfelf J and fuffer him to ftand ftill when 
 he docs fo ; and if there be any dead fog, 
 
 ruflies, or tlie like, ride upon them, and 
 whiftle to him, to provoke him to ftale and 
 empty his bladder. 
 
 The hare being ftarted, folloAv the hounds 
 as the other hunters do ; but remembering 
 it to be the firft time of his hunting, he 
 is not fo well acquainted witli different forts 
 of grounds, as to know how to gallop 
 fmoothly and with eafe on them, and for 
 that reafon you ought not yet to put him to 
 above half his fj^>eed, that he may learn to 
 carry a ftay'd body, and to manage his legs 
 both upon fallows and green fvvarth. 
 
 Neither fliould you gallop him often, or 
 any long time together, for fear of difcou- 
 raging him, and caufing a difiike of his ex- 
 ercife in him : and take care to crofs fields 
 to the beft advantage ; you fhall make into 
 the hounds at every default, and ftill keep 
 your horfe (as much as thefe diredlions will 
 allow you) within the cry of the dogs, that 
 he may be ufed to their cry ; and by fo do- 
 ing, in a very fhort time he will take fuch 
 delight and pleafure in their mufic, that he 
 will be eager to follow them. 
 
 And if it happen that the chace is led 
 over any carpet-ground, or fandy highway, 
 on which your horfe may lay out his body _ 
 fmoothly, there you may gallop him for a If 
 quarter or half a mile, to teach him to lay 
 out his body, to gather up his legs, to 
 lengthen and fliorten his ftroke, and accord- 
 ing to the different earths he gallops on, 
 as if on green fwarth, meadow, moor, 
 heath, &'c. then to ftoop and run more on 
 the fhoulders; if amongft mole-hills, or 
 over high ridges and furrows, then to 
 gallop more roundly, or in lefs compafs, or 
 according to the vulgar phrafe, tzvo up end 
 two dcwri, that thereby he may ftrike his fur- 
 row clear, and avoid fetting his fore-feet in 
 the bottom of it, and by that means fall 
 over ; but, by' the way, galloping, tho' he 
 lliould happen to fet his feet in a furrow, yet 
 carrying his body fo round, and refting on 
 the hand in his g.dlop, would prevent his 
 falling; and to this perfection, nothing but 
 ufe, and fuch moderate exercife, can bring 
 him. 
 
 According to thefe directions, you may 
 
 hunt 
 
ITU vr 
 
 Runt till about three o'clock in the afternoon, 
 at which time ride him home in a foot- 
 pace, as you came out in the morning ; and 
 be fure that you let him walk out of the 
 fftld; and as you are going home, confider 
 whether he has fweat a little, (for you muft 
 not fweat him much the firll time) but if 
 not, then gallop him gently on fome i]s.elp- 
 ing earth, till he fweats at the roots of his 
 ears, a little on his neck, and in his flank -, 
 but it muft be done of his own voluntary 
 motion, without the compulfion of whip or 
 fpur ; then when he is cool as aforefaid, 
 have him home and ftable him, and by no 
 means walk him in hand to cool him, for 
 fear of his cooling too fafl, nor v^rafh him, 
 for fearof caufing an obftruftion of the natu- 
 ral courfe of the humovirs, and by that means 
 caufe an inflammation in his legs, which is 
 the original caufe of the fcratches. 
 
 His ftall bein" well littered aarainft he 
 comes home, fet him up, tying his head to 
 the ring v^ith the bridle, and then rub him 
 well with dry ftraw all over his head, neck, 
 fore-bowels, belly, flank, buttocks, and 
 legs, and after that rub his body over with 
 a dry cloth, till he has not a wet hair left 
 about him ; after you have done, take ofl-' 
 his faddle, and rub the place where the fad- 
 die was, dry, in like manner, and cloath 
 him immediately with his ordinary cloaths, 
 left he take cold : and if you fuppofe him to 
 be very hot, throw a fpare cloth over him, 
 that he may not cool too. faft, which you 
 may abate when you pleafe, and fo let him 
 ftand on his fnaffle, two hours or better, 
 now and then ftirring him in his ftall with 
 your whip, to prevent him from growing 
 {US' in the legs and joints. 
 
 "When that time is expired, and you think 
 he is thorough cold, draw his bridle, rub 
 his head, pick his feet from dirt or gravel, 
 put on his collar, and give him a quart or 
 three pints of fifted oats, mixt with a hand- 
 ful of clean dreflxcl hemp-feed ; but give 
 him not more than the quantity prefcribed, 
 for fear of taking away his ftomach, which 
 will be very much weakened through the 
 heat of his body, and want of water. 
 
 When take off the fpare cloth, (if it has 
 
 HUN 
 
 not been done before) for fear of keeping 
 him hot too long, and when he has eaten 
 his corn, throw a good quantity of hay, 
 clean dufted, on his litter, and let him reft 
 two or three hours, or thereabouts.' 
 
 Having prepared him a good mafti, made 
 of half a peck of malt, well ground, and 
 boiling hot water, fo m.uch as the malt 
 will fweeten and the horfe will drink, ftir 
 them well together, and cover it over with 
 a cloth, till the water has extracted the 
 ftrength of the malt, which will be almoft 
 as fweet as honey, and feel ropy like 
 birdlime ; being btit little more than 
 blood warm, give it the horfe, but not be- 
 fore, left the fteam go up his noftrils and 
 offend him, and when he has drank up the 
 water, let him, if he pleafe, eat the malt 
 too. 
 
 But if he refufes to drink it, you muft not 
 give him any other water that night, but 
 place this drink in fome place of his ftall, 
 lb that he may not throw it dov/n, and let- 
 it ftand by him all night, that he may drink 
 it when he pleafes. 
 
 This mafli, or, as it is called, horfe-caudle, 
 will comfort his ftomach, and keep his body 
 in a due temperate heat after his day's hunt- 
 ing ; it will cleanfe and bring away all man- 
 ner of greafe and grofs humours, which have 
 been diflx)lved by the day's labour; and 
 the fume of the malt-grains, after he has 
 drank the water, will difperfe the watery 
 humours, which might otherv/ife annoy his 
 head, and is allowed by all flcilled in horfes 
 to be very advantageous on that account. 
 
 After he has eaten his mafh, ftrip him of 
 his cloaths, and run him over with a curiy- 
 comb, French brufh, hair patch, and wool- 
 len cloth, and cloath him up again; and 
 cleanfe his legs as well as his body, of all 
 dirt and filth which may annoy them, and 
 then remove him into another ftall, (that 
 you may not wet his litter) and bathe his 
 legs all over from the knees, with wann 
 beef broth, or (which is better) with a 
 quart of warm urine, in which four ounces 
 offalt-petre has been diflTolved ; then rub 
 his legs dry, fet him again into his ftall, 
 and give him a good home-feeding of oats, 
 
 or 
 
HUN 
 
 in hi'oud, which he likes befl, or both, and 
 having fliook a good quantity of litter under 
 him, that he may reft the better, and 
 thrown him hay enough for all night, lliut 
 the liable door clofe, and leave him to his 
 relt till the next morning. 
 
 About fix or feven o'clock the nextmorn- 
 ing go to him again, but don't difturb him, 
 for the morning's rell is as refrefhing to 
 a horfe as of a man ; but when he rifes of his 
 own accord go to him, put back his duag 
 from his litter, and obferve what colour it 
 is of, whether it be greafy, and fliine out- 
 wardly, and alfo break it with your feet, to 
 fee if it be fo inwardly, for if it be greafy 
 and foul, (which you may know by it's fliin- 
 ing outwardly, and by the fpots like foap 
 that will appear within) or if it appear of a 
 dark brown colour, and harder than it v/as, 
 it is a token that the hunting of the day be- 
 fore has done him good, by difiblving 
 part of the inward glut which was within 
 him ; and therefore the next time you hunt 
 you fhould increafe his labour but a little. 
 
 But if you perceive no luch fymptoms, 
 but that his dung appears bright, butrather 
 foft than hard, without greaie, and in a 
 v/ord, that it holds the fame pale yellow 
 colour that it did before he hunted, then it 
 is a fign that a day's hunting made no dilTo- 
 lution, but that his body remains in the 
 fame ftate ftill, and therefore the next day's 
 hunting you may almoft double his labour. 
 
 Having made thefe remarks on his dung, 
 then you may proceed to order him as on 
 his days of reft ; that is to fay, you fnall 
 give him a handful or two of oats before 
 water, then drefs, water, air, feed, &c'. 
 as in the firft fortnight. 
 
 As to his feeding, you mull not forget to 
 change his food, as has been before direct- 
 ed : by giving him one while bread, 
 another oats, and a third time oats and 
 beans, Avhich you find he likes beft ; al- 
 ways remenibring, that variety will fliarpen 
 iiis appetite ; and bread being his chief food, 
 it 'oeing more nouriiliing and flrong than the 
 othersj feed him the oftener with it. 
 
 And as has been directed in the firft fort- 
 ..night, obferve Iiis digeftion, whether it be 
 
 HUN 
 
 quick -or flow ; fo likewife muft you do 
 when he begins to eat bread. 
 
 Ifyou find him quick, and that he retains 
 his bread but a little while, then only chip 
 his bread lightly ; but if it be flow, and he 
 retains it long, then cut away allthecruft 
 and give it to fome other horfe, and feed 
 the hunring-borfe only with the crum, for 
 that being light of digeftion, is foon coverted 
 into chyle and excrements, but the cruft be- 
 ing notfo foon digefti'oie, requires, by rea- 
 fon of it's hardnefs, longer time before it is 
 concofted. 
 
 The next day after your horfe has refted, you 
 may hunt him again as you did the firfl day, 
 obferving from the remarks you have made, 
 to hunt him more or lefs according as you 
 find his temper and conflitution ; and when 
 you come home, put in praiftice the rules juft 
 now given. 
 
 And thus you may hunt him three times 
 a week for a fortnight together, but dont 
 fail to give him his full feeding, and no 
 other fcourings but mefhes and hemp-feed, 
 which is equal in it's virtue with the former, 
 and only carries of? fuperfluous humours ia 
 the dung. 
 
 The third for tnigbfs diet, &c. for a Hunting- 
 Horfe. 
 
 By this time the horfe will be drawn fo 
 clean, his flefh will be fo enfeamed, and 
 his wind fo improved, that he will be able 
 to ride a chace of three or four miles with- 
 out blowing or fweating i and you may find 
 by his chaul and flank, as well as his ribs, 
 that he is in an indifferent good ftate of bo- 
 dy, and therefore in this next fortnight you 
 muft increafe his labour, and by that means 
 you will be able to m^ake a judgm.ent whaf 
 he will be able to do, and whether or no he 
 will ever be fit for running for pLates, or a 
 match. 
 
 When your horfe is fet over night, and 
 fed early in the morning, as has been direct- 
 ed for the fecond fortnight, then go into 
 the field with him, and when he is empty, 
 (as he will be by that time you have ftarted 
 your game) follow the dogs at a good round 
 
 ratej 
 
HUN 
 
 fate, as at half fpeed, and fo continue till 
 you have either killed or loft your firft 
 hare. 
 
 This will fo rack your horfe, and he will 
 have fo emptied himfelf, that he will be in 
 a fit condition to be rid the next chace 
 brifldy, which as foon as it is begun, you 
 may follow the dogs at three quarters fpeed, 
 and as neur as is ht for a good horfeman and 
 ikilful huntfman ; but be fure to take care 
 not to ftrain him. 
 
 During this day's riding, you ought 
 to obferve nicely your horfe's fv/eat un- 
 der his faddle and fore-bowels, and if it 
 appear white, like froth or foap-fuds, it is 
 afign of inward glut and fouJnefs, and that 
 your day's exercife was enough for him, 
 therefore ride him home, and order him as 
 before direfted. 
 
 But if it has happened that your exercife 
 has been fo eafy as not to fweat your horfe 
 thoroughly, then you ought to make a train 
 fcent of four miles in length, or thereabouts, 
 and laying on your fleeteft dogs, ride it 
 brilkly, and afterwards cool him in the 
 field, and ride him home and order him as 
 has been before direfted. 
 
 A train fcent, is the trailing of a dead 
 cat or fox, (and in cafe of neceffity a red 
 herring) three or four miles, according as 
 the rider fhall pleafe, and then laying the 
 dogs on the fcent. 
 
 It will be proper to keep two or three 
 couple of the fleeteft hounds that can pof- 
 fibly be procured, for this purpofe. 
 
 It is true indeed, fome flcilful fportfm.en 
 do make ufe of their harriers in this cafe, 
 for their diverfion, but it will not be con- 
 venient to ufe them to it often, for it will 
 be apt to induce them to lie off" the line, 
 and fling fo wide, that they will not be 
 worth any thing. 
 
 When you take off your horfe's bridle, 
 give him a good quantity of rye-bread, in- 
 ftead of hemp-feed and oats, and for that 
 purpofe bake a peck loaf; for this being 
 cold and moift, will be of ufe to cool his 
 body after his labour, and prevent c;)llive- 
 nefs, to which you will find him addided ; 
 thfn give him hay, and afterwards a mafli. 
 
 HUN 
 
 and order him in all things as before di- 
 rected. 
 
 The next morning, if you perceive by 
 his dung that his body is diftempered, and 
 that he is hard and bound, then take fome 
 crumbs of your rye-bread, and work it with 
 as much fv/eet frefli butter as will make it 
 into apafte, and make it up into balls about 
 the bignefs of a large walnut, of which 
 give him five or fix in a morning fafting.' 
 
 After this put the faddle on upon the 
 cloth, get up and gallop him gently upon 
 fome grafs-piat or clofe that is near at hand, 
 till he begin to fweat uiider his ears, and 
 then carry him into the ftable again, rub 
 him v/ell, and throw afpare cloth over him, 
 and a good quantity of frefn litter under 
 him, and let him (land two hours on the 
 bridle; give him a quantity of rye-bread, 
 and fome hay to chew upon, and give iiim 
 a warm mafli, feed him with bread and 
 corn, as much as he v.-ill eat, and alfo as 
 much hay as he will eat. 
 
 The next day water him abroad, and 
 order him as is before directed for d?ys of 
 reft. 
 
 The next day you may hunt him again, 
 but not fo hard as you did the time before, 
 till the afternoon ; but then ride hnn after 
 the dogs brifkly, and if that does not make 
 him fweat thoroughly, make another train 
 fcent, and follow tile dogs three quarters 
 fpeed, that he may fweat heartily : then 
 cool him a little, and ride him home, and 
 as foon as he is come inter the ftable, give 
 him two or three balls as big as walnuts., of 
 the foUowinp; excellent fcourlng. 
 
 Take of butter, eight ounces; lenitive 
 eleftuary, four ounces ; gromv/ei, broom, 
 and purfly-feeds, of each two ounces; an- 
 nifeeds, liquorice, and cream of tartar, of 
 each one ounce ; of jalap, two ounces; re- 
 duce the feeds to a powder, then ftir them 
 into a pafte with the eleftuary andbuLrtr, 
 knead it v/ell together, put it into a p \ 
 and keep it dole ['copped for ufe. 
 
 As foon as the horfe has taken thefe balls 
 
 rub him dry, drcfs him, cloath him warm,; 
 
 let him Itand two or three hours upon the 
 
 fnaffle ; afterwards give liim two or threa 
 
 F f hand- 
 
HUN* 
 
 hanJfuls of rye-bread, and order him as 3'ou 
 have been diredcd before, as to hay, pro- 
 vender, mafh, &c. and fo leave him till the 
 next morning. 
 
 In the morning take notice of his dung, 
 whether it (till retains the true colour, or 
 be dark, or black, or red and high coloured : 
 in the next place, whether it be loofe and 
 thin, or hard and dry. 
 
 If it be of a pale yellow, which is the 
 right colour, it is a fign of health, ftrength, 
 and cleannefs ; if it be dark, or black, then 
 it is a fign there is greafe and other ill hu- 
 mours ftirred up, which are not yet evacu- 
 ated : if it be red, and high coloured, then 
 it is a fign that his blood is feverifii and dif- 
 tempered, by means of inward heat : if it 
 be loofe and thin, it is a fign of weaknefs ; 
 but if hard and diy, it fhews the horfe to 
 be hot inwardly, or elfe that he is a foul 
 feeder: but if his dung be in a medium 
 between hard and foft, and fmell ftrong, it 
 is a fign of health and vigour. 
 
 When thefe obfervations have been made 
 on his dung, then feed, drefs, water, &'c. 
 as on his ufual days of reft, always letting 
 him have variety, and iiis iill of corn and 
 bread. 
 
 The next day have him abroad into the 
 fields gain, but do not by any means put 
 him to any labour more than raking him 
 from hill to hill after the dogs, keeping 
 him without found of their cry ; for the in- 
 tent of this day's exercife is only to keep 
 him in breath, and procure him an appe- 
 tite. 
 
 In riding, let him ftand ftill to dung, 
 and look back on it, that you may be able 
 to judge of his ftate thereby. 
 
 When the day is near fpent, ride him 
 home without the leaft iweat, and order 
 him as at other times, except that you are 
 net to give him any fcourings, or rye- 
 bread. 
 
 You may if you pleafe, this day, water 
 your horfe both at going into the field and 
 coming out, galloping him after it, to warm 
 the water in his belly. 
 
 The next day being to be a day of reft, 
 order him in the fame manner in every re- 
 
 H U N • 
 
 Ipecb as on other days of reft ; and, as you 
 have fpent this week, you muft fpend the 
 next, without any alteration ; and by this 
 time, and this management, you may de- 
 pend upon it that your horfe has been drawn 
 clean enough for ordinary hunting. 
 
 So that afterwards, only taking care to 
 hunt your horfe with moderation twice or 
 three times a week, at your pleafure, and 
 according to the conftitution of your horfe's 
 body, you need not queftion but to have 
 him in as good ftate and ftrength as you can 
 defire, without danger of his wind, eye- 
 fight, feet, or body. 
 
 Having thus drawn your horfe clean, ac- 
 cording to art, you will perceive thofe figns 
 before-mentioned very plainly, for his flelli 
 on his fliort ribs and buttocks will be as 
 hard as brawn, his flank will be thin, and 
 nothing to be felt but a double fldn, and 
 and chaps fo clean from, fat, glut, or ker- 
 nels, that you may hide your fifts in them ; 
 and above all, his exercife will give plain 
 demonftration of the effeftualnefs of this 
 method of ordering him, for he will run 
 three or four miles, three quarters fpeed, 
 without fweating, or fcarce fo much as 
 blowing. 
 
 When the horfe has been brought to this 
 ftate, you muft ufe no more fcourings after 
 hunting, (becaufe nature has nothing to 
 work on) but rye-bread and mafti, except 
 the horfe be now and then troubled with 
 fome little pofe in his head; then bruife a 
 little muftard-feed in a fine linen rag, and 
 fteep it in a quart of ftrong ale, for three 
 or four hours, and untying the rag, mix the 
 muftard-feed and the ale with a quarter of 
 a peck of oats, and give it to him. 
 
 In the laft place, the horfe having been 
 thus drawn clean, you ought to take care 
 not to let him grow foul again, through 
 want of either airing or hunting, or any 
 other negligence, left by that means you 
 make yourfelf a double trouble. 
 
 0/ Breeding Hunting and Race-Hor/es. 
 
 Procure either an Arabian, a Spanijh, a 
 Turkijh horfe, or a Barb, for a ftallion, which 
 
HUN 
 
 15 well fliaped, and of a good colour to 
 beautify your race; and fome advife that 
 lie be well marked alfo, though others are 
 of opinion, that marks are not fo fignificant 
 as Mr. Blundevile and Frederigo Grijfone 
 would have us believe. 
 
 Thofe who have travelled into thofe parts, 
 report, that the right Arabian horfes are 
 valued at an almoft incredible rate ; at five 
 hundred ; and others fay, even two or three 
 thoufand pounds an horfe ; that the Arabs 
 are as careful of keeping the genealogies of 
 their horfes as Princes are in keeping their 
 pedigrees ; that they keep them with me- 
 dals ; and that each fon's portion is ufually 
 two fuits of aims, two cymetars, and one 
 of theie horfes. The Arabs boaft, that they 
 will ride eighty miles a day without drawing 
 bitt; which is no more than has been per- 
 formed by feveral of our Englijh horfes. 
 
 But much more was performed by a high- 
 wayman's horfe, who having committed a 
 robbery, rode on the fame day from London 
 to I'srk, being an hundred and fifty miles. 
 
 Notwithftanding their great value, and 
 the difficulty in bringing them from Scande- 
 roon to England by fea, yet by the care and 
 charge of fome breeders in the north the 
 Arabian horfe is no ftranger to thofe parts. 
 
 A Sfanifi horfe (in the Duke of Ne-iv- 
 fafiles opinion) is the nobleft horfe in the 
 world, and the moft beautiful that can be ; 
 no horfe is fo beautifully fhaped all over 
 from head to croup, and he is abfolutely the 
 belt ftallion in the world, either for breed, 
 for the manage, the war, the pad, hunting, 
 or running-horfes ; but as they are excellent, 
 fo is their price extravagant, three or four 
 hundred piftolcs being a common price for 
 a S-panijlo horie. 
 
 Several have been fold for feven hundred, 
 eight hundred, and a thoufand piftoles a 
 piece. 
 
 The beft SpaniJIj hordes are bred in Anda- 
 hifm, and particularly at Cordoua, where 
 the King has many ftuds of mares, and i'o 
 have feveral of the Spauiflj nobility and 
 gentry. 
 
 Befides the great price they coft at firft, 
 the charges of the journey from Spain to 
 
 H U N 
 
 England is very confiderable; for they mull 
 travel from Andaliifia to Bilboa, or St. Sebaf- 
 tian, the neare(t ports to England, which is 
 at lead four hundred miles : and in that hot 
 country you cannot with fafety travel your 
 horfe above twenty miles a day; befides, 
 you muft be at the expcnce of a groom and 
 farrier, and the cafualty of ficknefs, lame- 
 nefs, and death : fo that if he fliould hap- 
 pen to prove an extraordinary good horfe, 
 by that time you have got him home, he 
 will alfo be an extraordinary dear one. 
 
 A Turkifj horfe is but little inferior to 
 the Spanijh in beauty, but fomewhat odd 
 fliaped, his head being fomething like that 
 of a camel ; he has excellent eyes, a thin 
 neck, excellently rifen, and fomewhat large 
 of body J his croup is like that of a mule, 
 liis legs not fo under-limbed as thofe of a 
 Barb, but very finewy, good pafterns, and 
 good hoofs : they never amble, but trot 
 very well, and are at prefent accounted 
 better fl:allions for gallopers than Barbs, 
 
 Some merchants tells us, that there can- 
 not be a more noble and diverting fight to 
 a lover of horfes, than to walk into the 
 paftures near Conjlantinoplc, about foiling- 
 time, where he may fee many hundred fine 
 horfes tethered, and every horfe has his at- 
 tendant or keeper, with his little tent placed 
 near him to lie in, that he may look to him, 
 and take care to fliift him to frefli grafs. 
 
 The price of a 'TurkiJiJ horfe is commonly 
 one hundred, or one hundred and fifty 
 pounds; and when bought, it is difficult 
 to get a pafs ; the Grand Signior being fo 
 very ftrift, that he feldom (but upon very 
 extraordinary occafions) permits any of his 
 horfes to be exported out of his doir.i- 
 nions. 
 
 But if you fhould attain a liberty fo to do, 
 and travel by land, unlcfs you have a I'urk 
 or two for a convoy, you will be furc to 
 have them feized on by the way. 
 
 And befides, you will find the fame dif- 
 ficulties of a long journey, through Ger- 
 many, great charges attending it, by having 
 a groom and farrier, who muft be careful 
 that they entruft no perfon whatfoever with 
 the care of him but themfelves, efpecially 
 
 F f 2 in 
 
H U N- 
 
 in Ihocing him, for 'tis the common prac- 
 tice beyond fea, as'well as here, wherever 
 they fee a fine horfe, to hire a farrier to 
 prick him, that they may buy him for a 
 ftallion. 
 
 But fome perfons chufe to buy horfes at 
 Siiiynia in Juatolia, and from thence, and 
 from Ccnfiantinofle^ to transport them to 
 Evgland by fea, which if the wind ferve right, 
 arrive in England in a month ; though ge- 
 nera' ly the merchants voyages are not made 
 in m.uch lefs than two or three months. 
 
 The Barb is little inferior to any of the 
 former in beauty; but our modern breeders 
 account him too (lender and lady like to 
 breed on, and therefore in the north of 
 England they prefer the Spanip and Turkifa 
 horfe before him. 
 
 He is fo lazy and negligent in his walk, 
 that he v/'ll ftumble on carpet-ground. 
 
 His trot is like that of a cow, his gallop 
 low, and with much eafe to himfelf ; but 
 he is for the moft part finev/y and nervous, 
 excellently winded, and good for a courfe if 
 he be not over weighed. 
 
 The mountain Barbs are efteemed the 
 beft, becaufe they are ftrongefc and largeft : 
 they belong to the Allarbes, who value them 
 themfelves as much as other nations do, 
 and therefore will not part with them to any 
 perfon, except to the Frince of the band to 
 which they belong, who can at any time at 
 his pleafure command them for his own ufe : 
 but for the other more ordinary fort, they 
 are to be met with very common in the 
 hands of our nobility and gentry ; or if you 
 fend to Languedoc, or Provence, in France, 
 they may be bought there for forty or fifty 
 piftoles a horfe. 
 
 Or if you fend to Barbary, you may buy 
 one for thirty pounds, or thereabouts; but 
 in this cafe too the charges and journey will 
 be great, for though it be no great voyage 
 from Tunis to Marjeilles in France, yet from 
 MarJ'eilL's to Calais, by land, is the whole 
 length of France, and from thence they are 
 iTiipped for England. 
 
 The next thing to be confidered, is the 
 choice of mares, and according to the Duke 
 of Neivcaftle's opinion, the fittelt mare to 
 
 HUN 
 
 breed out of, is one that has been bred of- 
 an Englijh mare, and a ftallion of either of- 
 thefe racers ; but if you can't get fuch a 
 mare, then get a right bred Englijh mare by 
 fi're and dam, that is well fore-handed, well 
 underlaid, and ftrong put together in gene- 
 ral ; but in particular, fee that fhe have a 
 lean head, wide noftrils, open chaul, a big 
 weafand, and the v/ind-pipe ftrait and loofe ; 
 and of about five or fix years old i and be 
 fure that the ftallion be not too old. 
 
 As for the Food of ths- SUiUion ; 
 
 Keep him as high as pofiibly you can,, 
 fov the fir ft four or five months before the 
 time of covering, with old clean oats and 
 fplit beans, well huU'd, and if you pleafe 
 you may add bread to them, fuch as you 
 will hereafter be direded to make; and 
 now and then a handful of clean wheat mav 
 be given him, or oats walhed in ftrong ale,, 
 for variety. 
 
 Mr. Morgan advifes to fcatter bay fait, 
 and annifeeds in his provender ; but others 
 are of opinion that this is fuperfiuous, w"hile 
 the horfe is in health. 
 
 Be fure to let him have plenty of good, 
 old fweet hay, well cleanfed from duft, and 
 good wheat ftraw to lie on ; water him 
 twice a day at fome running ftream, or elfe 
 in a clear ftanding pond of v/ater, if you can- 
 not have the firft ; and gallop him after he 
 has drank in fome meadow or level piece 
 of ground. 
 
 Do not fuffer him to drink his fill at his 
 firft coming to the water, but after his firft 
 draught, gallop and fcope him up and down 
 to \yfAxm. him, and then bring him to the 
 water again and let him drink his fill, gal- 
 loping him again as before; never leaving 
 the water till he has drank as much as he 
 will. 
 
 By this means you will prevent raw cru- 
 dities, which the coldnefs of the water 
 would othervvife produce, to the detriment 
 of his ftomach, if .you had permitted him 
 to drink his fill at firft; whereas you allow- 
 ing him his fill (though by degrees) at laft, 
 you keep his body from drjang too faft. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 ! 
 
HUN 
 
 Mr. Morgan indeed, directs the fweating 
 of him every day, early in the morning, 
 which he fays will not only perfedt digellion, 
 and exhauft the moifture from his feed, but 
 alfo ftrengchen and clsanfe his blood and 
 body from all raw and imperfefl humours : 
 but others are of opinion it will dry up the 
 radical moifture too fail; and likewife, in- 
 ftcad of heightening his pride and luft, 
 weaken him too niuch. 
 
 As for other rides for the ordering him 
 after watering, and the hours of feeding, 
 ^c. they will be more proper. 
 
 When the ftallion is in luft, and the time 
 of covering him is come, which is beft to 
 be in May, that the foals may fall in the 
 April following, otherwife they will have 
 little or no grafs. 
 
 Pull off his hinder fliocs, and lead him 
 to the place where the ftud of mares are 
 which you intend for covering; which place 
 ought to be clofe, well fenced, and in it a 
 little hut for a man to lie in, and a larger 
 Ilied with a manger to feed your ftallion 
 with bread and corn during his abode with 
 the mares, and fiieker him in the heat of 
 the day, " or in rainy weather: this clofe 
 ought to be of fufficient largenefs to keep 
 your mares well for two months. 
 
 Before you pull off his bridle^ let him 
 cover a mare or two in hand, then turn him 
 loofe amongft them, and put all your marcs 
 to him, as v/ell thofe that are with foal as 
 thole which are not, for there is no danger 
 in it; and by that means they v/ill all be 
 ferved in their height of luft, and according 
 to the intention of nature. 
 
 When your ftallion has covered them 
 once, he will try them all over again, and 
 thofe that will admit him, he will ferve, 
 and when he has done his bufmefs, he will 
 beat againft the pales, and attempt to be at 
 liberty, which v;hen your man finds, (who 
 is to obferve them night and day, and to 
 take care that no other mares are put to 
 your horfe, and to give you an account 
 which talce the horfe and which not, i^c.) 
 then take him up, and keep him well as you 
 did before, firft giving him a mafli or two, 
 to help to rellorc nature i for you will find 
 
 H U N 
 
 him little but flcin and bones, and his mane 
 and tail will fall off. 
 
 Re fure never to give him above ten or 
 twelve mares in a feafon at moft-, otherwife 
 ' ou will fcarce recover him againft the next 
 covering time. 
 
 \Vhen your ftallion is paft this ufe, then 
 buy another, for the beft kind will in time 
 degenerate. But the Duke of NeivcajtU 
 fays, you cannot do better than to let your 
 own mares be covered by their fires. 
 
 Some advife covering in hand, as th; 
 other is called covering out of hand, and is. 
 as follows : when you have brought both 
 your horfe and your mare to a proper con- 
 dition for breeding, by art and good feed- 
 ing, then fet fome ordinary ftone nag by 
 her for a day or two, to woo her, and that 
 will make her fo prone to luft, that Ihe will 
 readily receive your ftallion, v/hich you 
 ftiould prefent to her, either early in a 
 morning or late in an evening, for a day or 
 two together, and. let him cover in hand 
 once or twice, if you pleafe, at each time 
 obferving to give the horfe the advantage 
 of ground, and have a perfon ready with 
 a bucket of cold water to throw on the 
 mare's ftiape immediately upon the dif- 
 mounting of the horfe, which will make her 
 retain the feed flic received the better; ef- 
 pecially if you get on her back, and trot- 
 her up and down for a quarter of an liour, 
 but take care of heating or ftraining her ; 
 and it will not be amifs if you let them faft 
 two hours after fuch aft, and then give each 
 of them a warm malh, and it is odds but 
 this way your mares may be as well ferved 
 as the other, and your ftallion laft you much 
 longer. 
 
 If you take care to houfe the mares all 
 the winter, and keep them well, their colts 
 will prove the better. See Foals and. 
 Colts. 
 
 Of a Hunting-Match. 
 
 The firft thing that Is to be confiderad by 
 ope who defigns to match his horfe for his 
 own advantage, and his horfe's credit, is 
 not to flatter himfelf with the opinion of 
 
 hig 
 
H U N 
 
 his horfc, by fancying that he is a fwift, 
 when he is but a flow gallopper, and that 
 he is a whole running-horfe, (that is, that 
 he will run four miles without a fob at the 
 height of his fpeed) when he is not able to 
 run two or three. 
 
 Very probably fome gentlemen are led 
 into this error, by their being miftaken in 
 the fpeed of their hounds, who, for want 
 of trying them agalnft other dogs that have 
 been really fleet, have fuppofed their own 
 to be fo, when, in reality, they are but of a 
 middling fpeed ; and becaufe their horfe, 
 when trained, was able to follow them all 
 day, and upon any hour, to command them 
 upon deep as well as light earths, have 
 therefore made a falfe conclufion, that their 
 horfe is as fwift as the beft.j but upon trial 
 againfl: a horfe that has been rightly trained 
 after hounds that were truly fleet, have 
 bought their experience full dear. 
 
 Therefore it is advifable for all lovers of 
 hunting, to procure two or three couple of 
 tried hounds, and once or tvrice a week to 
 follow them after atrain-fcent, and when he 
 ^ is able to top them on all forts of earth, and 
 to endure heats and colds fboutly, therr he 
 may better rely on his fpeed and tough- 
 nefs. 
 
 That horfe which is able to perform a 
 hare chace of five or fix miles briflcly, till 
 his body be as it were bathed in fweat ; and 
 then, after the hare has been killed in a 
 nipping frofly morning, can endure to ftand 
 till the fweat be frozen on his back, fo that 
 he can endure to be pierced with the cold as 
 well as the heat ; and then even in that ex- 
 tremity of cold, to ride another chace as 
 briflcly, and with as much courage as he did 
 the former : that horfe which can thus en- 
 dure heats and colds, is mofl: valued by 
 fportfmen. 
 
 Therefore in order to make a judgment 
 of the goodnefs of a horfe, obferve him af- 
 ter the death of the firft hare, if the chace 
 has been any thing briflc ; if when he is 
 cold he fluinks up his body, and draws his 
 legs up together, it is an. infallible fign of 
 •want of vigour and courage : the like may 
 be done by the flackning of his girths after 
 
 HUN 
 
 the firft chace, and from the dullnefs of his 
 teeth, and the dullnefs of his countenance, 
 all which are true tokens of faintnefs, and 
 being tired; and fuch a horfe is not to be 
 relied on in cafe of a wager. 
 
 But if your horfe is not only in your own 
 judgment, but alio in that of flcilful horfe- 
 men, a horfe of -approved fpeed and tough- 
 nefs, and you have a mind to match him, 
 or to run for a plate, then you may hope for 
 the following advantages : 
 
 But firfl: it will not be im.proper to take 
 notice of the way of making matches in for- 
 mer times, and the modern way of deciding 
 wagers. 
 
 The old way of trial was, by running fo 
 many train-fcents after hounds, as was 
 agreed upon between the parties concerned, 
 and a beli-courfe, this being found not fo 
 uncertain, but more durable than hare-hunt- 
 ing ; and the advantage confifted in having 
 the trains led^on earth moft fuitable to the 
 qualifications of the horfes. 
 
 But others choofe to hunt the hare till 
 fuch aft hour, and then to run this wild 
 goofe chace. .S'ir Wild-Goose Chace. 
 
 But this chace was found by experience {o 
 inhuman, and fo dcllruftive to good horfes, 
 efpecially when two good horfes were match- 
 ed ; for neither being able to diftance the 
 other, till being both ready to fink under 
 their riders through weaknefs, oftentimes 
 they were obliged to draw the match, and 
 leave it undecided, after both the horfes 
 were quite fpoiled. 
 
 This induced them to run train-fcents, 
 which were afterwards changed for three 
 heats, and a {b\ait courfe ; and that thofe 
 who were lovers of hunting-horfes might be 
 encouraged to keep good ones, plates have 
 been ereftcd in many places in E?iglai!d, pur- 
 pofcly for the fake of hunting-horfes ; and 
 the articles of fome places exclude all others, 
 namely, gallopers, from running. 
 
 But whether you would match your horfe 
 againfl: a particular horfe, or put him in 
 for a plate, where he mull: run againfl: all 
 that come in general, you ought to know 
 the confl:itution and qu^ility of your horfe, 
 before you venture any wager on his head, 
 
 whether 
 
HUN 
 
 whether he be hot and fiery, or cool and 
 temperate in riding j whether he be very 
 fvyift, but not hard at bottom ; or flow, 
 but yet fure ; and one that will frick at 
 marks, or v/hat forts of ground he moil de- 
 lights to gallop ; whether he delights to go 
 up hill or down hill, or elfe to ikelp on a 
 flat ; whether to run on deep or light 
 grountl ; whether on rack ways or carpet 
 ground ; whetiier amongft mole-hills, or on 
 meadow-ground ; whether he be well- 
 winded or thick winded ; fo that though he 
 will anfwer a fpur, and mend upon lapping, 
 yet he rnuft have eafe by fobs. 
 
 All thefe particulars are neceflary to be 
 known, to the end you may draw thofe ad- 
 vantages from them which m.ay be ofiered 
 in making matches : As thus for exam- 
 ple; 
 
 If your horfe be hot and fiery, it is odds 
 but he is fleet withal, (for generally fuch 
 horfes are fo) and delights to run upon light 
 and hard flats, and mull be held hard by 
 the rider, that he may have time to recover 
 wind by his fobs, or elfe his fury will choak 
 him. 
 
 But whereas it is the general opinion, 
 that nothing that is violent can be lading, 
 and therefore that it is impollible that fuch 
 hot-mettled horfes can be tough and hard 
 at bottom : this is reckoned by fome to be 
 but a popular error : for that thefe two 
 qualities, have been reconciled at leall fo 
 far as to make the moft fiery horfe manage- 
 able, and to endure both whip and fpur ; 
 and if fo, although he fhould not prove at 
 bottom fo truly tough as the craving drudge, 
 yet his fpeed fliall anfwer for it in all points, 
 and ferve in it's Head by the management 
 of his rider. 
 
 The beft v/ay of matching fuch a horfe is, 
 to agree to run train-fcents, and the fewer 
 the better for you, before you come to the 
 courfe : alfoin thefe train fcents, the Ihorter 
 you make your diftance the better; and mind, 
 above all things, to make your bargain to 
 have the leading of the firft train, and then 
 make choice of fuch grounds where your 
 horfe may befl fhow his fpeed, and the 
 fleeteft dogs you can procure : give your 
 
 HUN 
 
 hounds as much law before you as your fry- 
 ers will allow, and then making a loofe, 
 try to win the match with a wind ; but if 
 you fail in this attempt, then bear your 
 horfe, and fave him for the courfe : but if 
 your horfe be flow, but well winded, and a 
 true-fpurred nag, then the more train-fcents 
 you run before you come to the ftrait courfe 
 the better : but here you ought to obferve 
 to gain the leading of the firft train ; which 
 in this cafe, you mufl: lead it upon fuch deep 
 earths, that it may not end near any light 
 groimd . 
 
 For this is the rule received among horfe- 
 men, that the next train is to begin where 
 the laft ends, and the lail train is to be 
 ended at the ftarting-place of the courfe, 
 therefore remember to end your laft on deep 
 earths as well as the firft. 
 
 In the next place, do not make a match 
 againft a horfe you do not know, without 
 having firft confulted fome fis.ilful friend, 
 on whofe judgm'ent and honefty you can 
 fafely rely, and who is able to give a good 
 account of the fpeed of your adverfary's 
 horfe, and his manner of riding ; and if 
 it appears that he is any ways anfwerable 
 to your own in fpeed or goodnefs, be 
 not too venturefome, without fome reafon- 
 able probabilities of winning. 
 
 Again, be fure at no time to give advan- 
 tage of weight, for you will fee the incon- 
 veniency of it at the latter end of the day j 
 for though a horfe does not feel it when he 
 is frelh, yet it will fink him very much 
 when he grows weak. The length of a 
 horfe loft by weight in the firft train, may 
 prove a diftance in the ftrait courfe at laft, 
 for the weight is the lame every heat, tho' 
 his ftrength is not. 
 
 If, on the other hand, you gain any ad- 
 vantage of weight, that the horfcmen lliall 
 ride fo much weight as you are agreed on, 
 befides the faddle ; for by this means the 
 rider, if he be no weight of himfelf, muft 
 carry the dead weight fomewhere about him^ 
 which will be troublefome to the rider, as 
 well as the liorfe ; and the more to the latter 
 becaufe it is more remote from his back, 
 thaa if it were in the faddle, and by confe- 
 
 quence- 
 
H U X 
 
 ■quciice will more diforder his flroke if the 
 rider incline to either fide than if it were 
 near the center; as is to be fecn in a pair of 
 fcales, v.'here if the pin be not placed exact- 
 ly in the middle of the beam, the longeft 
 part (as being fiirtheft diftant from the cen- 
 ter) will be the heavieft. 
 
 As to the time of dieting, that mufl: be 
 according to the nature of your horfe, and 
 the prcfent ftate of body he is in ; for tho' 
 he may be clean enough for ordinary hunt- 
 ing, yet he may be far enough from that 
 pcrfeft ftate of body that a match requires ; 
 •and to keep him in fuch ftridl diet all the 
 feafon (except on fuch extraordinary occa- 
 fions) would be an unnecefiary expcnce. 
 
 As to the difpofition of the horfe for run- 
 >ning, that is to be known by ufe and obfer- 
 vation, for, in this point, horfes differ very 
 much ; for fome run befi: when they are 
 high in cafe ; others when they are in a mid- 
 dling condition offlefh; and fome again, 
 when they appear to the eye poor and low 
 in fiefli : therefore according to the con- 
 dition and quality of, and the time required 
 to bring him into the beft flate, the day for 
 the trial of the match ought to be fixed on. 
 
 If you have a mind to put him in for fome 
 ■hunting-plate, there you have not at your 
 difpofal the choice of the ground, the 
 weight, nor the horfes you run againft, but 
 you mull talvC them as you find them ; only 
 the time for bringing your horfe into a good 
 condition is at yo«r difcretion ; in that you 
 may begin to keep him in flrift diet as foon 
 or as late as you pleafe, the time for all 
 plates being ufually fixed, and annually the 
 fame. 
 
 HURLE-BONE, in a Horse, a bone 
 near the middle of the buttock, very apt to 
 go out of it's fockets with a hurt or ftrain. 
 
 HUXING OF Pike ; a particular method 
 for the catching of this fort of fiflr. For 
 this ufe, take as large bladders as can be 
 crot ; blow them up, and tie them clofe, 
 and ftrong ; then at the mouth of each tie a 
 .line longer or fhorter, according to the depth 
 of water ; at the end of the line fallen an 
 armed hook artificially baited, and put 
 iheminto the water with the advantage; of 
 
 i* 
 
 JAR 
 
 the wind, that they may gently move up 
 and down the pontl. Now when one maf- 
 ter pike has ftruck himfelf, it is amoft plea- 
 fant diverfion to fee him bounce about in 
 the water with a bladder. When you fee 
 him ahr.oft fpent, take him up. SeePiK^. 
 
 TACK-DAW; a chattering, fubtil bird, 
 J that is a great devourer cf beans, cher- 
 ries, and other garden-fruits. 
 
 A very good method to catch them is, to 
 cirive a ftake into tlie ground about four feet 
 high, above the furface of the earth, but 
 fo picked at the top, that the jack-daw can- 
 not fettle on it; within afoot of which a 
 hole mufl be bored thro' three quarters of 
 an inch diam.eter, whereto you ihould fit a 
 pin or ftick fix or eight inches long ; then 
 make a loop or fpring of horfe-hair faflened 
 to a flick or wand of hazie, which may be 
 entered into the ftake at a hole near the 
 ground ; that done, by bending of the 
 flick, flip the horfe-hair loop thro' the up- 
 per holes, and put th« Ihort ftick fo, that 
 the jack-daw, when he comes, finding a 
 refting-place to Hand conveniently amongft 
 his food, perches on the fhort ftick, which 
 by his weight immediately falls, and gives 
 the fpring advantage of holding him by the 
 legs. 
 
 JATvDES, 1 are callous and hard 
 
 JARDONS, 1 fweliings in the hinder 
 legs of a horfe, feated on the outfides of the J 
 hough, as the fpavin is on the infide. It is 
 more to be feared than the fpavin. It is not 
 very comuion, fo that but few people know 
 it, though it be as painful as the fpavin, and 
 makes a horfe halt. In this cafe there is no 
 remedy but firing, which does not always 
 fucceed. 
 
 If upon the fore-finew of the leg, between 
 the fpavin on the infide and the jardon with- 
 out, there is a circle that joins them, and 
 incompafTes the nerve of the inllep, the 
 horfe is fpoiled and ruined paft all reco- 
 very. 
 
 JARRETIER ; an obfolete French word, 
 fignifying a horfe whofe houghs grow too 
 clofe together. 
 
 In, infide within ; and out,outfide without. 
 
 The 
 
JEN 
 
 The inner heel, the outer heel ; the inner 
 leg, the outer legj the in rein, the out 
 rein. 
 
 This way of fpeaking relates to feveral 
 things, according as the horfe works to the 
 right, or left, upon volts ; or as he works 
 •along by a wall, a hedge, or foine fuch 
 thing. 
 
 Thus it ferves to diftinguilh on what hand, 
 or what fide the horfeman is to give the aids 
 to a horfe upon a manage. 
 
 For along by a wall, the outer leg is the 
 -leg of a fide with the wall, and the other 
 leg is the in-leg. 
 
 And upon volts ; if a horfe works upon 
 the right, the right heel is the inner heel, 
 the right leg the inner leg ; and fo by con- 
 fequence, the left heel and left leg mull be 
 the outer heel and leg. 
 
 Now the downright contrary will happen, 
 if the horfe works to the left. 
 
 Now a-days, the riding-mafters, to be 
 eafier underftood, ufe the terms right and 
 ■left ; as for inftance, affift the horfe with 
 the right heel, with the right leg, with the 
 right rein ; taking the fituation of the heels 
 and legs, with refpeft to the volt. See 
 Enlarge, Gallop, False, r?;;i^ Large. 
 
 JAW-BONES OF A Horse, fliould be 
 .narrow and lean, but the diflance between 
 them and the throat, large and hollow, that 
 he may the better place his head : if the 
 jaw-bone be too fquare, that is, if there be 
 too great a diflance between the eye and 
 that part of it which touches his neck, it is 
 not only ugly and unfeemly, but even hin- 
 ders him from placing his head j and if 
 there be but little diftance betwixt the jaw- 
 bones, then as foon as you pull the bridle 
 to bring his head into it's moft becoming 
 pofture, the bone meeting with his neck 
 •will hinder him, efpecially if alfo he have 
 a fliort and thick neck, with that imperfec- 
 tion. 
 
 JAW-TEETH. .9,^^ Tketh of a Horse. 
 
 JAY. See Jack-Daw. 
 
 JENNY-WREN; a curious fine fung- 
 bird of a chearful nature, fo that none can ! 
 -.exceed him in his manner of finging. 
 
 This. bird is of a pretty fpeckled colour, 
 
 JEN 
 
 very pleafant to the eye, and when he fings> 
 cocks up his tail, throwing out his notes 
 with much pleafure and fprightiinefs. 
 
 The hen breeds twice a year ; firft, about 
 the latter end of y^pril ; malies her neft with 
 dry mofs and leaves fo artificially that it is 
 a very hard matter to difcovcr it, it being 
 amongft fhrubs and hedges, where ivy 
 grows very thick ; feme build in old hovels 
 and barns, but they are fuch as are not ufed 
 Co hedges. 
 
 They clofe their netl round, leaving but 
 a little hole to go in and out at, and will 
 lay abundance of eggs, fometimes to the 
 number of eighteen, nay, fixteen young 
 ones have been taken out of one nell, 
 which, confidering how fmall the bird is, 
 appears ftrange. 
 
 Their fccond time of breeding is in the 
 middle of June, for by that time the other 
 neft will be brought up, and fhift for them- 
 fclves ; but if you intend to keep any of 
 them, take them at twelve or fourteen days old 
 out of the neft, and give them flieep's heart 
 and egg minced very fmall, taking av/ay the 
 fat and the finews, or elfe fome of a calf's 
 or heifer's heart. 
 
 They are to be fed in their nefts very often 
 in a day, giving them one or two morfels at 
 one time, and no more, left they ftiould 
 caft it up again, by receiving more than 
 they can bear or digcfr, and fo expire. 
 
 They fnould be fed with a little ftick j 
 at the end whereof, take up the meat about 
 the bignefs of a white pea; and when you 
 perceive them to pick it up from the ftick 
 themfelves, put them into cages; after- 
 wards, having provided a pan or two, put 
 fome of the fame meat therein, and alfo 
 about the fides of every cage, to entice 
 them to eat; however, you muft ftill feed 
 them five or fix times a day for better fecu- 
 rity, left they fhould negleft themfelves and 
 die, when all your trouble is almoft paft ; 
 as ibon as they have found the way to feed 
 alone, give them now and then fome pafte : 
 if you perceive them to eat heai'tily, and 
 like it very well, you may forbear giving 
 them any awre heart. 
 
 Further, you muft once in two or three 
 G g days 
 
INN 
 
 days give them a ipider or two ; and if you 
 have a mind your bird ihould learn to whiftle 
 tunes, take the pains to teach him, and he 
 will anfvver your expeftation. 
 
 Now, for the dilliii^uilhino; of cocks 
 from liens, when you have got a whole neft, 
 obferve which are browneft and largeft, and 
 mark them : alfo take notice of their re- 
 cording ; for fuch of them as record them- 
 felves in the neft before they can feed them- 
 felves, and thofe whofe throats grow big as 
 they record, they are certainly cocks. 
 
 JESSES, Ribbons that hang down from 
 garlands, or crowns, in Falconry ; alfo fliort 
 llraps of leather faftened to the hawk's legs, 
 and fo to the vervels. 
 
 IMPING : this term in Falconry fignifies 
 the iiftcrting of a feather in the wing of a 
 hawk in the place of one that is broke. 
 
 IMPOSTHUME IN Horses, is an un- 
 natural fwelling of humours or corrupt 
 matter in any part of the body. 
 
 This diftcmper may happen to a horfe fe-. 
 veral ways, as by a coUedion of filthy hu- 
 mours, caufing fwellings, which in time 
 grow to an inflammation, and at lall break 
 out into foul, mattery, and running fores. 
 
 There are two forts of impofthumesj hot, 
 and cold. 
 
 The difeafe may be known by the burn- 
 ing heat of the part, and the horfe's being 
 unwilling to be handled about that part. 
 
 For the cure, among many remedies I 
 fhal! give but one, and particularly for the 
 ripening the impofthume. 
 
 Bruife mallow-roots, and lilly-roots, of 
 each a like quantity, boil them in hog's- 
 greafe, with linfeed-meal, till tliey are foft, 
 and apply them in the manner of a plaifber 
 to the part aggrieved, and it will ripen, 
 break, and heal it. 
 
 INCORDING, burftennefs in a horfe. 
 See Rupture. 
 
 INK, [in Falconry] the neck, or that 
 part from the head to the body, of any bird 
 that the hav/k preys upon. 
 
 INN OR INNER, in the manage, is ap- 
 plied differently according as the horfe 
 works to the right or left, upon the volt, or 
 as he works along by a wall, a hedge, or 
 
 I N T 
 
 the like : for in moving by a wall, the leg 
 next the wall is called the outer leg, and 
 the otlier the inner leg : and upon volts, if 
 a horfe works to the right, the right heel is 
 the inner heel, and the right leg the inner 
 leg; but if he works to the left, the left 
 heel is the inner heel, iSc. At prefent, rid- 
 ing-mafters, in order to be more eafily un- 
 derftood, generally ufe the terms right and 
 left, inftead of outer and inner. 
 
 INSTEP, is that part of the hinder leg 
 of a horfe that corrcfponds to the fhank in 
 the fore legs ; extended from the ham to 
 the paHern-joinr. It fhould be big, flat, 
 and in a perpendicular line to the ground, 
 when the horfe is in his natural pofture of jk 
 ftanding ; fo that when the infleps do not 
 ftand perpendicularly, it is a certain fign of 
 weaknefs, either in the reins or hinder quar- 
 ters. 
 
 INTERFERE, or Cut; to knock or 
 rub one heel againfl: another in going, as J 
 horfes fometimes do. ■ 
 
 There are four accidents that caufe a horfe 
 to interfere. 
 
 1. V\^earinefs. 
 
 2. Weaknefs in his reins.. 
 
 3. Not knovv'ing how to go. 
 
 4. His not being accuftomed to travel. 
 To which may be added, his being badly, 
 
 or too old fhod. 
 
 It happens more frequently behind than 
 before, and is eafily helped by (hoeing,^ ef- 
 pecially if the horfe be young. 
 
 It is foon difcovcred, by the flcin's being 
 cut on the infide of the paftern-joints, and 
 many times galled to the very bone, fo that 
 the horfe often halts with it, and has his 
 paftern-joints fwelled. 
 
 To redrefs his grievance, i. If a horfe 
 cuts through wearinefs, there is no better re- 
 medy than giving him reft, and feeding him 
 well, 
 
 2. If he cuts before, take off his two fore- 
 flioes, take down the out-quarter of each 
 foot very much, and place the inner edge 
 of the flioe, fo as it may exaftly follow the 
 compafs of his foot, without it's any ways 
 exceeding tov.'ards the heel, then cut the 
 fpunges equal with the heel, and rivet the 
 
 nails 
 
J o u 
 
 jiails fo nicely into the horn that they 
 may not at all appear above it, or elfe burn 
 the horn with the point of a red hot iron, a 
 little below the hole of each nail, which 
 done, beat down and rivet them in thofe 
 holes. 
 
 If after this method of fhoeing he ftill 
 continues to cut hinnfelf, you are to thicken 
 the inner quarters and fpunges of his flioes, 
 fo as they may double the thick of thofe on 
 the outfide, and always pSre dov.-n his out- 
 quarters even, almoft to the quick, with- 
 out in the leaft touching thofe on the infide ; 
 but be fure to rivet the nails very juitly and 
 clofe. 
 
 3. If the horfe cuts behind, unflioe him, 
 and pare down his out- quarters, even al- 
 moft to the quick, give his fhoes calkins 
 only on the infide, and fuch a turn as may 
 make them abfolutely follow the compafs 
 and fhape of his foot, without exceeding it, 
 efpecially in the inner quarters ; and above 
 all, rivet the nails exaftiy, for one fingle 
 rivet may caufe a great diforder. 
 
 4. If notwithftanding all thefe precautions 
 your horfe does not forbear cutting, you 
 muft (befides what has been already ordered) 
 take care that no nails at all be drove upon 
 the infide, but only make a beak at the toe, 
 to keep the fhoe firm in it's place, fo that 
 continuing this method for fome time, the 
 horfe will learn to walk, and no longer in- 
 terfere though he were afterwards .fhod in 
 the ufual manner. 
 
 5. To prevent this diforder, fome fix little 
 boots of leather, or of an old hat, about 
 the paftern-joints, which are made narrower 
 at top than bottom, and therefore only faf- 
 tened at top. 
 
 6. Others wrap about the paftern-joint, a 
 piece of Iheep's fkin, with the woolly fide 
 next to the horfe; and when 'tis worn out 
 apply a new one. 
 
 INTERMEWING, [amongft Falconers] 
 is th.e hawks mewing from the firft change 
 of her coat, till flie turn white. 
 
 JOCKEY, one that trims up horfes, and 
 rides about with horfes for fale. 
 
 JOUK [in Falconry]; a hawk is faid to 
 jouk when flie falls afleep. 
 
 J O U 
 
 JOURNEY, to travel by land, properly 
 as much ground as might be pafied over in 
 a day ; aifo a trafl or extent of ground, 
 way, or march. 
 
 DireSlions for preferving a Horfe found upon a 
 Journey. 
 
 See that his fhoes be not too ftreight, or 
 prefs his (t^t, but be exaftly fnaped ; and 
 let him be fliod fome days before you begin a 
 journey, that they may be fettled to his feet. 
 
 Obferve that he is furniflied v/ith a bitt 
 proper for him, and by no means too heavy, 
 which may incline him to carry low, or.to 
 reft upon the hand when he grows weary, 
 which horfemen call, making ufe of his 
 fifth leg. 
 
 The mouth of the bitt fliould reft upon 
 his bars about half a finger's breadth from 
 his tufhes, fo as not to make him frumble 
 his lips ; the curb fiiould reft in the hollow 
 of his beard a little above the chin ; and if 
 it gall him, you muft defend the place with 
 a piece of buff, or other foft leather. 
 
 Take notice that the faddle do not reft 
 upon his withers, reins, or back-bone, and 
 that one part of it do not prefs his back 
 more than another. 
 
 Some riders gall a horfe's fides below the 
 faddle with their ftirrup-leathers, efpecially 
 if he be lean ; to hinder it, you fhould fix 
 a leather-ftrap between the points of the 
 fore and hind bows of the faddle, and make 
 the ftirrup-leather pafs over them. 
 
 Begin your journey with fliort marches, 
 efpecially if your horfe has not been exer- 
 cifed for a long time : fuffer him to ftale as 
 often as you find him inclined, and not only 
 fo, but invite him to it ; but do not excite 
 your mares to ftale, becaufe their vigour 
 will be thereby diminiflied. 
 
 It is advifeable to ride very foftly, for a 
 quarter or half an hour before you arrive at 
 the inn, that the horfe not being too warm, 
 nor out of breath, when put into the ftable, 
 you may unbridle him ; but if your bufinefs 
 obliges you to put on fliarply, you muft 
 then (the weather being warm) let him be 
 walked in a man's hand, that he may cool 
 by degrees 1 otherv/ife if it be very cold*, 
 G g 2 lee 
 
J o u 
 
 let him be covered with cloths, and walked 
 up and down in fome place free from wind ; 
 but in cafe you have not the conveniency of 
 a Iheltered walk, ftable him forthwith, and 
 let his v/hole body be rubbed and dried 
 v,-ith ftraw. 
 
 Although Ibme people v,'ill have their 
 horie's legs rubbed down with ftraw as foon 
 as they are brought into the ftable, think- 
 ing to fupple them by that means ; yet it 
 is one of the greateil errors that can be com- 
 mitted, and produces no other effefts than 
 to draw down into the legs thofe humours 
 that are alv/ays ftirred up by the fatigue of 
 the iourney: not that the rubbing of horfes 
 legs is to be difaliowed, on the contrary, 
 we higlily approve of it, only would not 
 have it done at their firft arrival, but when 
 they are perfe&ly cooled. 
 
 Being come to your inn, as foon as your 
 horfe is partly dried, and ceafes to beat in 
 the flanks, let him be unbridled, his bitt 
 walhed, cleanfed, and wiped, and let him 
 eat his hay at pleafure. 
 
 If your horfe be very dry, and you have 
 not given him water on the road, give him 
 oats wafhed in good mild ale. 
 
 The duft and land will fometimes fo dry 
 the tongues and mouths of horfes, that they 
 lofe their appetites : in fuch cafe give them 
 bran well moiftened with water, to cool and 
 refreih their mouths ; or wafh their mouths 
 and tongues v/ith a wet fpunge, to oblige 
 them to eat. 
 
 The foregoing directions are to be ob- 
 ferved after moderate riding, but if you 
 have rid exceffive hard, unfaddle your h-orfe, 
 -and fcrape off the fweat with a fweating- 
 knife, or fcraper, holding it with both hands, 
 and going always with the hair ; then rub 
 his head and ears with a large hair-cloth, 
 wipe him alfo between the fore-legs and 
 hind-legs i in the mean while, his body 
 iliould be rubbed all over with ftraw, efpe- 
 cially under his belly and beneath the fad- 
 die, till he is thoroughly dry. 
 
 That done, fet on the faddle again, cover 
 him, and if you have a warm place, let 
 him be gently led up and down in it, for a 
 quarter of an hour, but if not, let him dry 
 where he iland^. 
 
 J O U 
 
 Or you may unfaddle him immediately:?^ 
 fcrape off the fweat ; let the oftler take a 
 little vinegar in his mouth and fquirt it into 
 the horfe's ; then rub his head, between the 
 fore and hind legs, and his whole body, till 
 he is pretty dry; let him not drink till 
 thoroughly cool and has eat a few oats ; for 
 many, bv drinking too foon have been 
 fpoiled. Set the faddle in the fun or by a 
 fire in order to dry the pannels. 
 
 When horfes are arrived in an inn, a man 
 fhouJd, before they are unbridled, lift up 
 their feet, to fee whether they want any of 
 tlieir fhoes, or if thofe they have do no-t 
 reft upon their fides, afterwards he fhould 
 pick and clear them of the earth and gravel, 
 which may be got betwixt their flioes and 
 foles. 
 
 If you water them abroad, upon their 
 return from the river, caufe their feet to be 
 ftopped with cow-dung, which will eafe the 
 pain therein ; and if it be in the evening, 
 let the dung continue in their ftct all night, 
 to keep them foft and in good condition.; 
 but if your horfe have brittle feet, it v/ill 
 be requifite to anoint the fore-feet, at the 
 on-letting of the hoofs, with butter, oil, or 
 hog's-greafe, before you water him in the 
 morning, and in dry weather they fl\ould be 
 alfo greafed at noon. 
 
 Many horfes, as foon as unbridled, in- 
 ftead of eating lay themfelves down to reft, 
 by reafon of the great pain they have in 
 their feet, fo that a man is apt to think them 
 fick, but if he looks to their eyes, he will 
 fee they are lively and good, and if he offers 
 them meat as they are lying, they will eat it 
 very willingly; yet if he handles their feet, 
 he will find them extremely hot, which dif- 
 covers their fuftering in that part. 
 
 You muft therefore fee if their flioes do 
 not reft upon their foles, which is fomewhat 
 difficult to be certainly l-znown, without un- 
 fhoeing them, but if you take off their 
 Ihoes, then look to the infide of them, and 
 you may perceive that thofe parts which 
 reft upon the foles, are more fmooth and 
 fhining than the others : in this cafe you are 
 to pare their feet in thofe parts, and fix on 
 their flioes again, anointing the hoofs, and 
 
 flopping 
 
J o u 
 
 flopping the fbles, with fcalding hot black 
 pitch or tar. 
 
 After a lon^^ days journey, at night fee! 
 your horfe's back, if it be pinched, galled 
 or fwelled, (if you do not immediately dif- 
 cover it, perhaps you may after fupper) 
 there is nothing better than to rub it with 
 good brandy and the white of an egg. If 
 the galls are between the legs, ufe the fame 
 remedy; but if the oilier rubs him well 
 between the legs he will feldom be galled in 
 that part. 
 
 In order to preferve horfes after travel, 
 take thefe few ufeful inftruftions. When 
 you are arrived, from a journey, immediately 
 drav/ the two heel nails of the fore-feet ; 
 and, if it be a large fhoe, then four: two 
 or three days after you may blood him in 
 the neck, and feed him for ten or tv/elve 
 days only v/ith wet bran, v/ithout giving him 
 any oats; but keep him well littered. 
 
 The reafon v/hy you are to draw the heel- 
 nails, is becaufe the heels are apt to fwell, 
 and if they are not thus eafed, the fhoes 
 would prefs and ftreighten them too much : 
 'tis alfo advifable to flop them with cow- 
 dung for a while, bux do not take the fhoes 
 off, nor pare th£ feet, becaufe the humours 
 are drawn down by that means. 
 
 The following bath will be very fervice- 
 able for preferving your horfe's legs. Take 
 the dung of a cow or ox, and make it thin 
 v/ith vinegar, lb as to be of the confiftence 
 of thick broth, and having added a handful 
 of fmall fait, rub his fore-legs from the 
 knees, and the hind-legs from the gambrels, 
 chafing them well v/ith and againft the hair, 
 that the remedy may fink in and flick to 
 thofe parts, that they may be all covered 
 over with it. Thus leave the horfe 
 till morning, not wetting his legs, but 
 giving him his water that evening in a pail : 
 next morning lead him to the river, or wafh 
 his legs in well-water, which is very good, 
 and will keeo them from fwelling, 
 
 Thofe perfons, who, to recover their 
 horfe's feet, make a hole in them, which 
 they fill with moillened cow-dung, and 
 keep it in their fore feet during the fpace of 
 a mont.hj do very ili, becaufe, though the 
 
 J o u 
 
 continual moiflure that ilPjes from the 
 dung, occafions the growing of the hoof", 
 yet it dries and flirinks it fo exce'Tively when 
 out of that place, that it fplits and breaks 
 like glafs, and the foot immediately fhait- 
 ens. 
 
 For 'tis, certain that cow-dung (contrary 
 to the opinion of many people) fpoils a 
 horfe's hoof; It does indeed moillen the 
 fole, but dries up the.^hoof, which is of a 
 different nature from it. 
 
 In order therefore to recover a horfe's 
 feet, inflead of cow-dung, fill a hole with 
 blue v.'et clay, and make him keep his fore- 
 feet in it for a month. 
 
 For a horfe that has been rid extremely 
 hard, that there is danger of foundering, 
 fee an excellent remedy under the head, 
 FouN'DERiNG IK the feet. 
 
 Moll: horfes that are fatig-ued, or over- 
 rid, and made lean by long iournies, have 
 their flanks altered without being purfy, el- 
 pecially vigorous horfes that have worked 
 too violently. 
 
 There is no better method to recover ' 
 them, than to give each of them in the 
 morning, half a pound of honey very well 
 mingled with fcalded bran, . and when they 
 readily eat the half pound, give them the 
 next time a whole one, and afterwards two 
 pounds, every day continuing this courfe 
 till your horfes are empty, and purge kindly 
 with it; but as foon as you perceive that 
 their purging ceafes, forbear to give them 
 any more honey. 
 
 You may adminifler powder of liquorice 
 in the fcalded bran for a confiderable time-; 
 and to cool their blood, it will not be im- 
 proper to let them have three or four glif- 
 ters : if their flanks do not recover, give 
 them powder for purfive horfes ; which fee 
 under that Article, 
 
 In cafe the horfe be very lean, it is ex- 
 pedient to give him fbme wet b^-an, over 
 and above his proportion of oats ; and grafs 
 is alfo extraoi-dinary beneficial, if he be not 
 purly. 
 
 If it be a mare, put her to a horfe, and 
 if fhe never had a foal before it will inlarge. 
 her belly. 
 
 Som«~ 
 
J u c- 
 
 Sometimes exceiTive feeding may do 
 horfcs more harm tb.an good, by rendering 
 them iu'oject to the farcy. 
 
 You fliould therefore be cautious in- giv- 
 ing them too great a quantity at a time, 
 and take a little blood from him now and 
 tl-rfn. 
 
 When a horfe begins to drink heartily, it 
 is a certain fign that he will recover in a 
 lliort time j but as to the method of giving 
 him water during a journey. See Watering 
 OF Horses. 
 
 ITCH IN Hawks, a diflemper with which 
 they are affecled ; and are alfo fometimes 
 troubled with a ranknefs in their feathers, 
 ■which caufes them to put them out all 
 bloody, and then they pull them off with 
 their beaks. 
 
 For the cure, anoint fiicTi places with fome 
 kind of naufeous bitter oils, or the like, to 
 keep the hawk from pulling them out ; be- 
 fides this the humour muft be dried up and 
 repelled, in order to which, boil two or 
 three races of beaten ginger in a pint of 
 ftrong vinegar, and add two or three fprigs 
 of rue; v/hen it is boiled to one half, put in 
 the quantity of a walnut of allum, and a 
 fpoonful of honey, let it boil a little, and 
 put it up in a bottle for ufe. 
 
 Anoint the parts affefted, with a feather 
 dipped in this water, and it will ftrengthen 
 any feather, tho' never fo much bruifed. 
 
 ITCH IN Horses, a diftemper which 
 may be perceived by their rubbing their legs 
 till the hair comes off. 
 
 For the cure, ufe a mixture of two ounces 
 of Sorbs, which muft be infufed for fix 
 hours in a pint of fbrong vinegar, and fet 
 it on fire; rub the part affefted with it 
 twice, and it will cure it. 
 
 It v/ill alfo be proper to bleed him in the 
 bows. 
 
 JUCKING-TIME, the feafon of going to 
 the haunts of partridges, very early in the 
 morning, or in the clofe of the evening, 
 there to lifcen for the calling of the cock- 
 partridge, which will be very loud, with no 
 fmall eagernefs, and will make the hen an- 
 fwer him., fo that they will foon come toge- 
 ther, as may eafily be known by their chat- 
 tering and rejoicing notes. 
 
 Whereupon you may take your range 
 aLout tli^m, drawing in, little by litticj j 
 to the place where you heard t;hem juck. % 
 
 JUKE [in Falconry] the fame as Ink. 
 
 To JUKE, OR JUG : to perch and roofc 
 as a hawk and other birds Co. 
 
 KEEPER OF THE Forest, otherwife « 
 called, chief warden of the foreft, is he m 
 that has the principal government of all 
 things belonging to a royal foreft, and the 
 check of all the other officers ; fo that the 
 Lord Chief- Juftice in Eyre of the foreft, 
 when h€ thinks fit to hold his juflice-feat, 
 fends out his general fummon to the keeper 
 forty days before, to warn all under offi- 
 cers to appear before him at the day affigned 
 in the fummons. 
 
 KENNEL, a place or little houfe for 
 hounds ; and in a metaphorical fenfe, ufed 
 for the pack of hounds itfelf. 
 
 To make a coiTipleat kennel, three con- 
 veniences ought to be oblerved, viz. a 
 fweetair, frefli water, and the morning-fun, 
 for which the follov/ing rules may be in- 
 ftruftive. 
 
 The court fliould be large, for the more 
 fpacious it is the better it will be for the 
 hounds to refreffi themfelves in ; and it 
 ftiould be v;ell walled, or fenced about, to ' 1 
 prevent their getting out, but not fo high as "" 
 to keep out the fun or wind. 
 
 The water, if poffible, ftiould run through 
 fome part of the court or yard ; or for want 
 thereof, have a well with a ftone trough 
 about a foot and a half high, always kept 
 with frefli. water, to the end the hounds may 
 drink when they pleafe ; and at one end of 
 the trough there muft be a hole to let out 
 the water for cleanfing it. 
 
 Let the kennel be built in the highefl 
 part of the court, in which there ffiould be 
 two rooms, one of which ftiould be larger 
 than the other, with a large chimney to make 
 a fire, when need requires. 
 
 This room ftiould be raifed about three 
 feet from the ground, and in the floor there 
 ftiould be two gutters for the conveyance of 
 the urine. 
 
 There muft be difperfed up and down 
 
 fmall 
 
KEN 
 
 fmall bedfteads raifed a foot from the floor, 
 with holes pierced thro' the planks for draw- 
 ing away their urine. 
 
 The other room mu(\: be for the huntfman 
 to keep his poles, whips, liams, falvcs, 
 and the like neceflaries ; there fhoiild be a 
 copper for the boiling, drefllng, and order- 
 ing of their food, when they come home 
 wet and weary : for at fuch times, they 
 fliould be cherifhed as inftruments of your 
 recreation and profit, that they may delight 
 in your fervice, and tafte of your bounty, 
 and you need not doubt but to have credit 
 of them in the field. 
 
 Be careful not to give them any thing to 
 drink in ve/Tels of copper ; and as to the 
 proportion and quality of allowance for 
 food, it mud be ordered with relation to the 
 nature of the hounds and their fizes : three 
 bulhels of oats, with a bufliel and a half of 
 wheat bran, will ferve ten couple and a 
 half of middling-fized hounds a week, 
 giving them fometimes beef broth, \vhey, 
 iiipt-milk, chippings of bread, bones, and 
 fometimes a little horfe-fleili ; for change of 
 food creates a good appetite, and preferves 
 health. 
 
 The oats and wheat-bran muft be boiled 
 and thickened with milk and butter-milk, 
 with fomc chippings, or foine broken meat 
 boiled therein. 
 
 As concerning horfe-flefli, thole beft flcil- 
 led this way, think of all their foods (pro- 
 vided it be given v/ith difcretion) horfe-flefli 
 the befc, and hotteft; but be lure to flea, 
 or flcin the beafts, left the dogs difcerning 
 the hair, may fall on them when living in 
 the field : as for dogs that are accullomed 
 to hunt the hare, it is not good to give them 
 any meat, becaufe it is laid to with-draw 
 their fcent or aftedions from the chace, as 
 their fiefh is not very fweet, nor their fcents 
 very ftrong. 
 
 It the Huntfman perceives that thro' long 
 and frequent chaces the hounds fall av/ay, 
 he muft be more careful in feeding and 
 cherifliing them up with fome good broth, of 
 boiled oxen or liieeps hearts. • 
 
 On fuch days as the hounds do not hunt, 
 the beft times to feed them are early, before 
 
 K N A 
 
 fun-rifing, and late in the evening, after 
 fun-fet; and on the days they hunt, they 
 ought to be rewarded as they come home, be 
 it when it will, with a good fupper, for no- 
 thing is a greater difcouragcment to a hound 
 than to goto flcep with an empty belly after 
 hard labour. 
 
 It' you have more dead flefli than you have 
 prefent occafion for, it may be preferved a 
 week or ten days fvveet,, by burying it under 
 ground. .y^c'ENXRiNG of Hounds. 
 
 To KENNEL ; a term applied by fox- 
 hunters to a fox when he lies in his hole. 
 
 KESTREL, a kind of hawk. See Cas- 
 
 TREL. 
 
 KICKER AGAINST TriE SpuRS". See Ra- 
 
 MINGUE. 
 
 KINDER, [amongft Hunters] a compa- 
 ny of cats. 
 
 To KINDLE, the term ufed for a rabbet 
 when (he brings forth her young. 
 
 KINK IN Angling, is a term ufed in 
 trowling, when the line is twifted between 
 the top of the rod and the ring, thro' which 
 it ought to run freely ; or Vv-hen part of the 
 line twifts about the other pait that is coiled 
 in your left hand. Silk lines are more apt 
 to kink than hair-lines. 
 
 KIPPER-TIiVIE, a fpace of time be- 
 tween the feftival of the invention of the 
 Holy Crofs, May 3, and Tivelftb-day, du- 
 ring which, falmon-fifliing in the* river 
 Thames-, from Grave/end to Henley, wa:s for- 
 bidden, by Rot. Pari. 50. Edi^. III. 
 
 KITES, hawks, and other birds of prey, 
 wait for chickens, pigeons, pheafants; and 
 upon whicli account it is neceffary that the 
 countryman be conftantly furniflicd with a 
 good fowling-piece to deftroyandfcare them 
 away. 
 
 You may alfo place fmall iron gins about 
 the breadth of one's hand, made like a fox 
 gin, and baited with raw-flefli, which is a 
 very good means to catch them ; and further 
 they may be frighted away by ftraining- 
 lines, or pieces of nets over the places where 
 you keep pigeons, pheafants, i^c. 
 
 TeKNAPi to fnap or break, to pick at j. 
 amcngft hunters, the fame as to browfe, 
 or to feed upon the tops of young leaves, tifc! 
 
 KNEE 
 
LAM 
 
 "KNEE OF A Horse, is the joint of the 
 fore- quarters, tliat joins the fore-thigh to 
 the fiiank. 
 
 LAIR, 7 [a term in Hunting] which 
 J LFF.R, J lignifies the place vv'here the 
 deer harbour by day. 
 
 LAME ; a hoife is faid to be lame of an 
 car, when he halts upon a walk or a trot, 
 antl Jceeps time in his Jialting with the mo- 
 tions of his head, for all lame horfes do not 
 keep time after that rate. See Halting. 
 
 LAME OF THE Bridle, is likewife ufed 
 by the way of raillery, to fignify the fame 
 thing. 
 
 LAMENESS IN A Horse, in any joint, 
 limb, or member of the body, may be found 
 out three ways : * 
 
 Caufe him to be turned at the halter's end, 
 on either hand, fuddenly and fwiftly, tipon 
 as hard a way as can be picked out : and if 
 he has any ache, wrench, or grief in his 
 fore-parts, it will appear ; for when he 
 turns upon that hand on which the grief is 
 he will favour that leg, and fo run both to- 
 wards, and from the man, efpecially if done 
 at a little yielding hill : but if you cannot 
 find it out this way. 
 
 Get upon the horfe's back, and ride till 
 you have heated him thoroughly, and izx. 
 him up for two or three hours, till he is 
 cold ; then turn him at the halter's end, or 
 ride him again, and the leaft grief that is in 
 him may eafilv be difcovered. 
 
 If you would know whether the grief pro- 
 ceeds from a hot or cold caufe ; obferve, if it 
 be from heat, he will halt moft when he is 
 hot; but if it be from a cold caufe he will halt 
 leaft when he is hot, and moft rid or tra- 
 velled ; and if it be from cold, he will do 
 it moft at his firll letting out, while he is 
 told. 
 
 Lamenefs in the Stiffie. 
 
 A horfe that has contrafted , a lamenefs in 
 the ftiffle generally treads on his toe, and 
 •cannot fet his heel to the ground without 
 great difficulty and pain. When you find 
 this is the cafe, . bathe it well with warm 
 
 L, A M 
 
 vinegar, and if a puffy fwelling appears, fo- 
 ment it vrell with a woollen cloth, wrung our 
 of hot vinegar, or a decoftion of wormwood, 
 bay leaves, and rofemary, adding half a 
 pint offpirit of wine to a quart of the de- 
 coftion. Let this operation be continued 
 till the fwelling difperfes, and then bathe the 
 part with the medicines above mentioned. 
 
 A 'LcMeneJs in the Whirlc-bone. 
 
 A lamenefs in this part and the hip is dif- 
 covered by the horfe's dragging his leg after 
 him, and dropping backward on his heel 
 when he trots. If the mufcles of the hips 
 only are injured the lamenefs is eafily cured -, 
 but if the ligaments of the joints are effeft- 
 ed, the cure is often very difficult, tedious 
 and uncertain. But whatever be the cafe 
 the method of cure is the fame ; which con- 
 fifts in bathing the parts well with cooling 
 medicines four or five times a day. If the 
 injury connfts in a mufcular ftrain only, this 
 bathing will remove the complaint, and 
 the horfe will be foon fit to do his bufinefs. 
 But if the ligaments are injured, time and 
 reft alone can reftore the proper tone of the 
 injured parts; and therefore the beft me- 
 thod will be to turn him to grafs. See 
 Strains. 
 
 LAMPAS, T is a fort of fwelling in 
 LAMPERS, f the palate of a horfe's 
 LAMPRASS, J mouth, /. e. an inflam- 
 mation in the roof of his mouth behind the 
 nippers of his upper jaw, fo called, becaufe 
 it is cured by burning with a lamp or hot 
 iron. 
 
 it is caufed by the fuper-abounding of 
 blood, and it's reibrting to the firft furrow 
 of the mouth, near to the fore-teeth, which 
 caufes the faid furrow to fwell as high as 
 the gathers, which will hinder him from 
 feeding, and caufe him to let his meat fall 
 half chewed out of his mouth again. 
 
 This is a natural infirmity with which all 
 horfes are atfefted fooner or later, and every 
 common farrier can cure it. 
 
 The ufual method of cure is, to take it 
 away with an inftrument of iron made for 
 that purpofe, and heated red hot. 
 
 But 
 
Tiao! rm. 
 
 -^ Xarks 
 
 
 A ''ihm^^M^^ 
 
 thWWMt^m. 
 
L A R 
 
 But in the operation great care mufl be 
 
 ■ taken, that in burning the flefh you do not 
 
 touch the bone ; for if you do, the bone 
 
 will fcale, and feveral dangerous confe- 
 
 quences mav follow. 
 
 LANDING-NET, in Angling, afmall 
 net extended upon a ring or hoop, and faf- 
 tened to the end of a long manageable pole, 
 to affift in bringing fifh to land. 
 
 LANDING-HOOK, in Angling, is alfo 
 neceflary to the fafe bringing large fifh to 
 fnore, and are made with a fcrew to fallen 
 into a focket at the end of a pole, which 
 when your fifh is entangled, you put it into 
 its mouthj and draw it to land. It is ufed 
 chiefly for barbel, falmon, and other ftrong 
 fifh. 
 
 LANNER, 7 OR Tunisian Falcon. 
 
 LANNERET,i The lunner is a hawk 
 common in all countries, efpecially in France, 
 maicing her eyrie on high trees in forefts, or 
 on high cliffs near the fea fide. 
 
 She is lefs than the falcon-gentle, fair- 
 plumed when at enter-mewer, and of fhorter 
 talons than any other. 
 
 LARGE; a horfe is faid to go large and 
 wide when he gains or takes in more ground 
 in going wider of the center of the volt, 
 and defcribing a greater circumference, 
 
 LARK, a fmall grey bird, that fings in 
 the morning when it is fair weather, and 
 breeds in May., July, and Augufi, when the 
 young ones are able to quit their nefls in 
 ten or twelve days : there are larks that fly 
 in flocks, and thefe are the nril birds that 
 proclaim the approach of fummer; and 
 others, that keep more clofe to the ground, 
 as the fky-lark, and wood-lark ; both forts 
 feed upon worms and ants : they are good 
 food, when young and well fed ; their flefh 
 is firm, brown, juicy, and eafy of digeftion. 
 They make ufe of the heart and blood of a 
 lark in the wind and ftone-choliclc : they 
 are alfo accounted good for thofc troubled 
 with the gravel, and phlegm in the kidneys 
 and bladder. 
 
 The way of taking larks is with nets, as 
 they do ortolans, only they ufe a looking- 
 glafs for the firfl:, known with us by the 
 name of doring, or daring, and the callers 
 
 L A R 
 
 are fet upon the ground; whereas thofe 
 for ortolans, are placed upon fmail wooden 
 forks. 
 
 The looking-glafs made ufe of for this 
 purpofe, is made of feveral pieces, defcribed 
 Plate VIII. by the figures i, 2, 3. Take 
 a piece of wood A, C, an inch and half 
 thick, and about nine inches long ; it mull 
 be cut in fuch a manner as to bend like a 
 bow, as you fee at A, B, C, and that it may 
 have fix faces according to it's length. 
 
 The figure marked i, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, re- 
 prcfents it's form or cut; that at 6 under- 
 moft, mufl be an inch and a half broad; 
 the faces ought fo to diminifh in thicknefs, 
 that the uppermoft at 3 fnould be but half 
 an inch broad ; the five corners, i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 
 muft be let in to receive as many pieces of 
 iooking-glais : in the middle of the lower 
 face, or corner of the v/ood marked 6, or 
 B, in the firft figure, a hole mufl be made 
 to receive a little wooden peg fix inches 
 long, and a finger thick, a little pointed at 
 the end, with a fmall hole in the middle i, 
 there to fallen a cord. 
 
 Then take another piece of wood, fix 
 inches thick, and a foot long, lliarpened at 
 tlie end Q^, in order to fix it to the ground ; 
 make a mortaife in it at IVI, O, about two 
 inches high, and one inch and a half deep 
 or broad ; then bore or pieree a hole in the 
 faid piece a'oove at N, and continue the 
 hole to the bottom of the notch M, O; 
 into this hole you are to put the peg I, B, 
 as reprefented in the third figure; when it 
 is thus fixed, put a fmall cord or line into 
 the hole, and twilling it about, your look- 
 ing-glafs is finiflied. You mufl place it 
 between the two nets, near the middle of 
 them, and carry the line to the edge; fo 
 that pulling the line, you may make the 
 looking-glafs play in and out, as children 
 do a whirly-gig : keep it always turning, 
 that the twinkling of the glals againfl the 
 I'un may provoke the larks to come and view 
 it. The right fealbn for this fport begins 
 in September^ and efpecially white frofly 
 mornings. 
 
 Some catch larks with a clap-net, 
 Thefe birds, when it freezes hard, go in 
 
 H h ere at 
 
L A R 
 
 great flocks, and fly from one field to ano- 
 ther, in queft of their food ; and they firll 
 fly low, near the ground, and alight where 
 they fee fome others : now, in order to take 
 them, you mufl: provide yourfelf with three 
 fticks, like to thofe here reprefented at D, 
 E, F, five or fix feet long, very (trait, and 
 ilrong enough, with a notch at each end ; 
 at the end of which fallen on one fide a 
 ftick, as at E, a foot and a half in length, 
 and on the other fide a fmall peg two or 
 three inches long ; one of thefe two poles 
 or fticks muft hav^e two fticks tied to the 
 end, oppofite to one another; and there 
 muft be two other fmall fticks or pegs faf- 
 tened to the fide of each ftake, as- you fee 
 defcribed in the figure marked G, L, X, I, H. 
 The ftick I, X, muft have two notches at 
 it's ends ; one at X, 'there to place the net, 
 and the end I, where the two fticks G, H, 
 are faftened, and to the fide of each ftick 
 the pegs L, I ; and when you intend to 
 catch larks, three or four men muft go 
 from one field to another, which muft be 
 prettv even, and not hilly, and pitch your 
 nets : the three fticks. muft be faftened to- 
 gether at both ends and in the middle, and 
 place the ftaff" with the two pegs in the 
 middle, that the net may the more eafily 
 and readily turn, being guided by this ftaff, 
 which will turn between the two fticks, 
 which you are to join in the ground : the 
 two other ends muft be oppofite to one 
 another, infomuch that the four fticks will 
 be found to be fixed in a ftrait line ; and 
 that the cord at the bottom of the net may 
 be very ftiff, get a ftrong cord, 3, 5, twelve 
 feet long, one end of which you are to faf- 
 ten to the ftick 3, and the other to that at 
 5, which you muft pitch in the ground over- 
 againft thofe at 4, 1,6: in like manner faf- 
 ten another cord, ten feet long, to the end 
 of the ftick or Itaft' 7, with a peg 8 at the 
 other end, which fix in the ground to the 
 right of the others ; pull it with all your 
 ftrength, that the upper cord or line may be 
 as ftiff" as that below; you muft have ano- 
 ther cord about ten or twelve fathoms long, 
 which put on a pully, and at one end faften 
 it to the ftick 7, and let the others be tied 
 
 L A R 
 
 ^o the ftake behind the ftand, which fhould 
 be made of ftubble put round fome fprigs. 
 or fmall branches of wood; the pully muft 
 be held at the place marked 10, fifteen feet 
 diftanc from the net, with a cord tied to the 
 ftake II, fo that the fpace between the pully 
 and it's ftake muft be a foot and a half long, 
 and the pully advanced to within two feet 
 in the infide of the bottom of the net, that 
 it may turn more expeditioudy. 
 
 The whole being fet in order, let the 
 perfon take his ftand ; and let the other 
 perfons poft- themfelves in fuch a manner^ 
 that the game 19, 20, may, as -it were, be 
 between them three :. I fuppofe one of them 
 advances from the place marked A, the 
 other from B, and third from C ; but thofe 
 at A and B, muft move more forward than 
 the middlemoft; and thus the larks feeing 
 themfelves hemmed in, as it were on all 
 fides, and being obliged to fly ftrait over 
 the nets ; to forward them the more there- 
 in, take a good long packthread, tie one 
 end of it to the point of the fmall peg 9, 
 and a foot and a half, or two feet high, 
 fixed upright in the ground, within two feet 
 of the nets, and pafs it from thence over a 
 fmall forked ftick, cut of the fame height 
 as the other ftick or peg, and fix it likewife 
 in the ground ; the other end of the pack- 
 thread muft be conveyed to the- ftand. To 
 this packthread, tie three or four birds, 1 r , 
 16, 17, 18, by the legs, with other fmall 
 packthreads, a foot and an half long ; and 
 when the perfon in the ftand fees the flock 
 of larks fly, he m.uft ftir the packthread a 
 little, and when thofe at large perceive it, 
 they will make diredlly thither, and then is 
 his time to hold the cord in both his hands 
 and draw it. Thofe live birds tied to the 
 packthreads, are termed calls. 
 
 Country people, when they are not pro- 
 vided with nets, make ufe of fprings, and 
 fuch like things, to take larks with. 
 
 When the weather is very cold, they ob- 
 ferve thofe places wherein they delight moft;, 
 and to allure them the more thither, they 
 ftrew fome oats in the place where they lay 
 their fprings, putting on feveral ridges of 
 earthj near one another, packthreads of 
 
 about 
 
LOO 
 
 about four or five fathom, to which they 
 fallen feveral fprings or collars, made of 
 -horfe-hair, and thereby take great numbers 
 of them. 
 
 LASK, OR I [in Horfes], is a diftem- 
 
 LOOSENESS J per occafioned by fuch a 
 tveaknefs of the ftomach, that their food 
 pafies through their guts without any alter- 
 ation, which is a very dangerous cafe, and 
 frequently fatal to them. It alfo fometimes 
 proceeds from the corruption of humours, 
 either colledled in the ftomach, or thrown 
 upon it fi-om other parts. 
 
 The external caufes, are eating too much 
 provender, feeding upon mouldy or rotten 
 hay, frozen grafs, rye, ftraw, and other un- 
 wholefome fodder, drinking very cold wa- 
 ter, or immediately after the eating of a 
 great quantity of oats, immoderate fatigue, 
 exceffive fatnefs, and fometimes want of 
 exercife. • 
 
 If the excrements voided, boil and work 
 upon the ground, it is a fign that the dif- 
 temper proceeds from over-heated choler, 
 which is feldom dangerous, nay it is fome- 
 times profitable. 
 
 Again, if the ordure be white, it is a fign 
 of crude, cold humours ; if watery, it be- 
 tolcens a great weaknefs of the ftomach. 
 
 Lafks occafioned by drinking cold water 
 in fummer, or melted fnow, or by eating 
 tender grafs, or other loofening things, are 
 not to be regarded ; but fuch as pi-oceed 
 without any manifeft outward caufe, are not 
 by any means to be neglefted. 
 
 For the cure. If the excrements appear 
 mixed with fmall pieces or fcrapings of the 
 guts, you ought immediately to endeavour 
 to prevent a deadly ulcer in thofe parts, by 
 giving him two or three times a day, a pint 
 of cooling, foftening decoftion, made as 
 follows, viz. two ounces of barley, two 
 ounces of marfli-mallow roots, and one 
 ounce of the powder of fal prunella, boiled 
 in three quarts of water to one quart. 
 
 If the diftemper is caufed by phlegm, 
 you may make ufe of cordial powders or 
 pills, and other hot medicines, proper for 
 ftrengthening the ftomach and relaxed parts. 
 
 Sometimes a lafk is a reafonable eftbrt of 
 
 LEA 
 
 nature, to free it felf from a troublefome 
 load of humours; but if it continues longer 
 than three days, with lofs of appetite, it 
 ought to be checked, for horfes are fome- 
 times foundered by it's long continuance. 
 
 In this cafe, give the horfe for his food, 
 bran moiftenedwith claret, or barley parched 
 and ground, and the beft hay; but oats are 
 in no wife proper. 
 
 LASSITUDE, OR Weariness iv 
 Horses, may proceed either from heat or 
 cold ; either when he has a retention of 
 urine, has drank after being heated, or has 
 been put to his utmoft fpeed at once after 
 long reft ; the remedy for which, is reft. 
 You may alfo give him hog's fuet mixed 
 with wine. 
 
 If the laffitude proceeds from cold, or be 
 in cold weather, make ufe of fomentations, 
 and anoint his head and baclv-bone with 
 ointment, in hot water or warm wine. 
 
 If he has retained his urine, ufe the fame 
 medicines, or rub his head and reins with 
 hot oil, mixed with hog's greafe or hog's 
 blood, and give it him to drink with wine. 
 
 LAUND 1 [in a Park], plain, untilled 
 
 LAWN i ground. 
 
 LA WING OF Dogs, a cutting out the 
 balls, or the three claws of his fore-feet. 
 See To Expediate. 
 
 LEAD, a horfe going upon a ftrait line, 
 always leads and cuts the way with his right 
 foot. 
 
 The Duke of Netvcajile was the firft that 
 made ufe of the term, and indeed it is very 
 expreffive. See Gallop United, and Gal- 
 lop False. 
 
 LEAD FOR Angling. To lead your line, 
 do it with a fliot cloven, and then clofed 
 exadlly on it, not above two on a line, and 
 about two inches diftant from each other, 
 and the loweft feven or eight inches from 
 the hook ; but for the running-line, either 
 in clear or muddy water, nine or ten inches, 
 and in a fandy bottom full of wood, fiiape 
 your lead in the diamond fafliion, or that of 
 a barley-corn or oval, and bring the ends 
 very clofe and fmooth to the line; but 
 make it black, or the brightnefs will fcare 
 the fifli. 
 
 n h 2 LEAD- 
 
LEE 
 
 LEADING OF LINES, The fmall round 
 pellet or lead-fliot is beil:, efpecially for 
 ftony rivers, and the running line. 
 
 LEAM, 1 [among Hunters] a line to 
 
 LIAM, i hold a dog in, othcrwile called 
 a Icafli. 
 
 LEAP, an air of a ftcp, and a leap. See 
 Step. 
 
 LEAPING- HORSE, one that v/orks in 
 the high manage, a horfe that makes his 
 leaps in- order, Vv'ith obedience, between 
 two pillars, upon a ftrait line, in volts, 
 caprioles, balotadcs, or croupades. 
 
 Ufe, which in moll things has a fove- 
 reign fway, excludes a gallop a terra a terra, 
 and corvets, from the number of leaps, 
 becauie the horfe does not rife fo very high 
 in thcfe. 
 
 Each leap of a leaping-horfe ought to 
 gain or make, not above a foot and a half 
 of ground forwards. 
 
 LEASH, I a fmall, long thong of lea- 
 
 LEASE, J ther, by which a Falconer 
 holds his hawk, twilling it about his fin- 
 gers. Alfo a line to hold in a hunting-dog. 
 
 LEASH ofGreyhounds, Foxes, Hares, 
 i^c, or three of any kind of game; the 
 term being now reftraincd to that number, 
 which was formerly double, or perhaps in- 
 definite. 
 
 LEATHER - MOUTHED. Leather- 
 mouthed fifh are fuch as have their teeth in 
 their throat ; as the chub, barbel, gudgeon, 
 carp, is'c. 
 
 LEEK-HEADS, a kind of warts, that 
 come about- a horfe's pafterns or pallern- 
 joints ; they are higher than the fkin, about 
 half the thicknefs of one's finger, throw 
 out filthy {linking ^luff^, fpoil the leg, and 
 are very difficult to cure. 
 
 Thofe that arife in the pafterns .are hid 
 beneath the long hair of the fetlocks, and 
 are fome of them fo extremely malignant, 
 that they make the hair fall oft' all round 
 them, and they themfclves grow up like 
 walnuts. 
 
 There are other again more flat, and not 
 fo much railed above the fldn, yet are more 
 dangerous than thofe that are the biggell 
 and rnoft elevated. 
 
 LEG 
 
 Thefe leek-heads are eafily difcover<?d, 
 being many mattery warts that touch one 
 another, and without hair : they fend forth 
 much matter for the raoft part, but may be 
 dried up for a rime. 
 
 LEDGER-BAIT. A bait that is fixed 
 or mr.de to reft in one place, when you 
 Hiall be abfent. It is bell to be a living 
 one, a filh or frog. Of fifh, a roach or 
 dace is befl. Cut off the fin on the back, 
 and make an incifion with a ftiarp knife, be- 
 tween the head and the fin on the back, and 
 put the arming-wire of your hook into it, 
 and carrying it along his back, unto the 
 tail, betwixt the fkin and the body, draw- 
 out your arming at another fcarnear the tail, 
 and then tie him about it with thread. 
 
 LEGS OF THE Horseman, the aflion of 
 the horfeman's legs given feafonably, and 
 with judgmentj is an aid that confilis with 
 approaching more or lefs with the calf of 
 to the flank of the horfe, and in bearing it 
 more or lefs off, as there is occafion. 
 
 This aid a horfeman ought to give verv 
 gently, in order to animate a horfe, for in 
 llretching the ham, he makes the horfe dread 
 the fpur, and this fear has as much effc(5l as 
 the fpur itfelf. 
 
 LEGS OF A Horse, fliould have a due 
 proportion of their length to that of the bo- 
 dy : the fore legs are iubjeft to many in- 
 firmities, as being the parts that iuffer moft:, 
 and are alfo commonly the fmalleft and 
 weakefc. 
 
 There are feveral marks of bad legs, viz. 
 if they appear altogether ftrait, or as if they 
 were all of one piece. 
 
 A horfe is laid to be ftrait upon iiis mem- 
 bers, when from the knee to the fore part 
 of the coronet, the knees, fliank, and co- 
 ronet, defcend in a fbrait or plumb-line, and « 
 that the paftern-joint appears more, or at 
 leaft, as much advanced as the reft of the 
 leg ; fuch legs are like thofe of a goat, 
 making a horfe apt to ftumbie and fall ; fo 
 that in time the paftern is thruft quite for- 
 ward out of it's place, and the horfe becomes 
 lame. 
 
 Horfes which are ftrait upon their mem- 
 bers, are quite contrary to thofe that are J 
 
 long- 1 
 
LEG 
 
 Ibng-jointed ; that is, whofe pafterns are 
 fo long and flexible, that the horle in 
 v/alking almoft touches the ground with 
 them. 
 
 This is a greater imperfeclion than the 
 former, becaufe fome remedy may be applied 
 to them, but there can be none for this ; 
 befides, it is a fign of little or no ftrength, 
 and fuch horfes are not fit for any fatigue or 
 toil. 
 
 Some horfes, though they be long-jointed, 
 yet do not bend their pafterns in walking, 
 being fomewhat long ; yet if they are not 
 too flexible, fuch a horfe will gallop and 
 run with a great deal more eale to his rider, 
 than if he were fhort jointed. 
 
 Thefe are the only horfes for perfons of 
 quality, who feek after their own eafe and 
 pleafure ; and indeed thofe horfes may be 
 compared to coaches with fprings, which 
 render them infinitely more eafy than thofe 
 without them. 
 
 LEGS IN A STRAIT Line, is an imperfec- 
 tion in a horfe, where his legs, from the knee 
 to the coronet, appear in a ftrait line as 
 the horfe Hands with them in their natural 
 pofition. 
 
 The remedy is flioeing ; in doing which 
 the heels muft be taken down almoH to the 
 quick, without hollowing the quarters ; 
 and if, when this has been done, the leg 
 does not fill back enough, but that the 
 horfe ftill carries his pallern-joint too far 
 forward, then the fhoe mull be fo made, 
 as to go beyond or exceed the toe, about 
 the breadth of half a finger; and alfo it 
 muft be thicker in that than in any other 
 part: and in the mean time, anoint the back 
 finews of Ifis legs with the ointment of 
 Moiitpe/Iio'!-; and thefe things will reduce 
 them to their proper pofition. 
 
 Of the four legs, the two before have fe- 
 veral parts, each of wliich has a peculiar 
 name ; fo that by the name of fore-leg, we 
 commonly underlland that part of the fore- 
 quarters that extends from the hough to 
 the paftern-joint, and call it the fliank. 
 The part that correfponds witli it in the hin- 
 der quarters, we call the inllep. 
 
 But in common difcourfe, we confound 
 
 L E S 
 
 the fore and hind quarters, and without any 
 diftindtion, fay, the four leg of a horfe. 
 
 A horfe is faid to want the fifth leg ; when 
 he is tired, and bearing upon the bridle, lies 
 heavy on the horl'eman's hand. 
 
 LENGTH ; to pafl^age a horfe upon his 
 own length, is to make him go round in 
 two treads, at a walk or trot, upon a fpot 
 of ground id narrow, that the horfe's 
 haunches being in the center of the volt, 
 iiis own length is about the femi-diameter 
 of the volt, the horfe ftill working behind 
 the two heels, without putting his croup,, 
 or going at laft-, fafter or flower tlaan at 
 firft. 
 
 LESSES [with Himters] the dung of a 
 wild boar, bear, or wolf. 
 
 LESSON, is a word ufed for the inftruc- 
 tion of both the horfe and fcholar. 
 
 LESSONS FOR A Horse ; when your 
 horfe will receive you to and from his back 
 gently, trot forward willingly, and ftand 
 ftill obediently, then fur what purpofe lo-- 
 ever he is intended, thefe general leflx)ns 
 may ferve him. 
 
 With a large ring, that is at leaft fifty 
 paces in circumference, labour him in fome 
 gravelly and fandy place, where his foot- 
 fteps are difcernable, and having trod it 
 about three or four times on the right hand, 
 reft and cherifn : afterwards chaniring the 
 hand, do as much on the left, then reft and 
 cherilh; change again, and do as much oi 
 the right ; ever obferving, vipon every Hop, 
 to make him retire and go back a ftep or 
 two : continue this till he trots his rina: on 
 what hand you pleafe, changing within it in 
 form of the capital Roman S ; and does it 
 readily and willingly : then teach him to 
 gallop them as he trotted them, and that 
 alfo with true foot, lotcy carriage and brave 
 rein, ever obferving when he gallops to 
 the right hand, to lead with his left fore- 
 foot; and when he gallops to the left-hand, ' 
 to lead with the right fore-foot. 
 
 Stopping ; for when you come to a place 
 of ftop, or would ftop, by a fudden drawing 
 in of the bridle-hand, fomewhat hard and 
 fharp, make him ftop clofe, firm, and ftrait 
 in an even line ; and if he err in any thing, 
 
 pvic 
 
L I C 
 
 ■put him to it an;ain, and leave him not till 
 you have made him underiland his error, and 
 amend it. 
 
 Advancing, with wliich if you acccmpa- 
 nv the aforementioned ftop a little from the 
 ■ ground, it will be better, and may be done 
 by laving the calves of your legs to his fides, 
 and ihaking the rod over him as he ftops : 
 and if he does not underftand it at firft, yet 
 by continuance, and labouring him therein 
 he will loon attain to it, efpcciaily if you do 
 not forget to eherifli him, when he fhews 
 tiie lead token of apprehending you. 
 
 Retiring is another leiTon, after flopping, 
 and advancing ; and this motion muft be 
 both cherifhed and increafed, making it fo 
 familiar to him, that none may be more per- 
 -fe6t; neither is he to retire in a confufed 
 manner, but with a brave rein, a confl:ant 
 "head and a direft line ; nor fliotild he di-aw 
 or fweep his legs one after another, but 
 take them clean, nimbly, and eafily, as 
 -\vhen he trots forward. 
 
 LEVERET, a young hare, fo called in 
 the firft year of her age. 
 
 LEVINER, 1 a hound of a very Angular 
 
 LYEMER, j fcent, and an incompa- 
 rable fwiftnefs : this as it were a middle kind, 
 betwixt a harrier and a grey-hound, as well 
 for his kind as the form or fhape of his body. 
 This dog, fortheexcellency of his condition, 
 viz. his fmelling and fwift running, fol- 
 lows the game with more eagernefs, and 
 taketh the prey with great quicknefs. 
 
 LIBERTY OF THE Tongue, is a void 
 fpace left in the middle of a bitt, to give 
 place to the tongue of a horfe, made by the 
 bitt's arching in the middle, and rifing to- 
 wards the roof of the mouth. 
 
 The various forms of the liberty gives 
 name to the bitt. 
 
 Hence we fay a fcatch mouth, a pigna- 
 telle, i. e. with the liberty of Pignatelie's 
 failiion ; a cannon-mouth, with the liberty 
 like a pigeon's neck. 
 
 LICE, hawks licedomofl infeft their heads, 
 
 the ply of their wings and train. In the 
 
 v/inter they may be killed in the manner 
 
 following : beat two drachms of pepper to 
 
 ,pov/der; and mingle it with warm water, 
 
 LI G 
 
 and with it walh the parts infefted with 
 thefe lice or mites ; then fet the hawk on 
 a perch, with her back and train againft 
 the fun, and holding in your hand a fmaK 
 ftick about a handful long, with a piece of 
 foft wax at the end of it ; with that (while 
 the hawk is weathering herfelf) you may take 
 away thofe vermin, which will be crawling 
 on the outfide of her feathers ; or you may 
 add to the pepper and water fome flaves- 
 acre, and it will do very well. 
 
 In the fun»mer-time thefe lice may be 
 killed with j^uripigmentum, powdered and 
 ftrewed on the places where they lie : Or, 
 
 You may mayl the hawk in apiece of cot- 
 ton, or in fbme woollen cloth, and put a 
 little wool or cotton between the head and 
 her hood j then take a pipe of tobacco, and 
 putting the little end in at the team, blow 
 the fmoak, and what lice efcape being killed 
 will creep into the cloth. This way is fafe, 
 eafy, and certain. 
 
 LIGHT Horse, is a fwift, nimble run- 
 ner. 
 
 We likewife call a horfe light that is 
 well made, though he is neither fwift nor 
 active; for in this lafh exprelTion we confider 
 only the fliape and make of a horfe, without 
 regard to his qualities. 
 
 LIGFIT UPON THE Hand ; a horfe is 
 faid to be fuch that has a good tractable 
 mouth, and does not reft too heavy upon the 
 bitt. 
 
 Your horfes that have a thin forehand, 
 that is, fmall fhoulders, are commonly light 
 upon the hand. 
 
 We call a coach-horfe light, when he 
 flirs nimbly, and dreads the whip; or, 
 when he has a light trot. 
 
 All your light coach-horfes are good ; and 
 a hard heavy coach-horfe, that takes the 
 lafhing eafily, is good for nothing. Light 
 Hand. See Hand. 
 
 LIGHTEN ; to lighten a horfe, to make 
 a horfe light in the fore-hand, is to make 
 him free and lighter in the fore-hand than 
 behind. 
 
 If you would make your horfe light, you 
 ought to find him always difpofed to a gal- 
 lop when you put him to a trotj and after 
 
 gallop- 
 
 V 
 
L I M 
 
 galloping fome time, put him back to a trot 
 again. 
 
 LIGHT-BELLY'D Horse, is one that 
 commonly has flat, narrow, and contracted 
 fides, which makes the flank turn up like 
 that of a greyhound. 
 
 Such a horie has but a little flank, he is 
 light bclly'd, he travels and feeds but little, 
 becaufe he has too much mettle. 
 
 LIGS IN A Horse, are little pufhes, 
 wheals, or bladders, within the lips of a 
 horfe, and are cured by bruifing v/ormwood 
 and flcirwort in a mortar, with a little ho- 
 ney, to anoint the fores with. 
 
 LIME-BUSH, a device to catch birds 
 with ; which is performed in this manner. 
 Cut down an arm or bough of any bufhy 
 tree whofe tv/igs are thick and long, yet 
 fmooth and llrait, then neatly cut ofi^ all 
 the fuperfluous twigs, and having your 
 ftrong birdlime well mixed, wrought to- 
 gether with capon's or goofe-greafc, warm 
 and fit the work by daubing over of an equal 
 thicknefs the twigs or branches that are left 
 within four fingers of the bottom, but the 
 body and arms muft be free ; place your 
 bufh thus prepared, on fome quick-fet or 
 dead hedge for a fpring-feafon ; near a 
 town's-end, a farm-yard, if^c. in fummer 
 and harvefb, in groves, in hedges, or corn- 
 fields, orchards, flax, halm, or rape-land ; 
 and in winter, about barns, flables, corn- 
 fields, and flracks of corn, where chaff and 
 grain are fcattered up and down. 
 
 The bufh being fo fet, place yourfelf in 
 fome convenient ftation, where you may lie 
 concealed, and near the bufh you are to 
 have about half a dozen fl:ales fixed, whofe 
 chirping and finging will entice others there- 
 to. You fliould alfo be provided with bird- 
 calls of feveral forts. The bufh m.ay alio 
 be ufed in taking field-fares, by fafcening it 
 upon a tree, and having fixed fome ftales, 
 beat the adjacent grounds to raile them, 
 and when they efpy the ftales, they will 
 light on the tree and bufli for company. 
 
 But for taking pheafants with thefe lime- 
 bufhes and rods, take your call and ufe it, 
 keep yourfelf fecret, and in one place, till 
 you. have inticed them about you, as they 
 
 L I M 
 
 are taken by the rods on the ground, fo 
 you'll furprize them witli your bufhes ; for 
 being feared from below, they will take 
 perch and fee what becomes of their fellows, 
 and v^hen one is limed, by her ftriving and 
 ftruggling, and the reft coming and gazing 
 to fee v/hat is befallen her, they will be in 
 danp-er of beina likewife limed. It is re- 
 quiiite to number the lime-rods, for v/hen 
 you have gathered up all the pheafants that 
 are caught and find rods wanting, you may 
 conclude that fome pheafants are run with 
 them into the buflies ; you muft hunt them 
 out with a good Ipaniel. 
 
 LIME-TWIGS ; fmall lime-twigs, about 
 three or four inches long, may be laid in 
 places where the birds haunt, or Ruck on 
 the tops of hemp-cocks, or wheat-flieaves ; 
 or little boughs may be ftuck among peas, 
 which the fmall birds will light upon ; 
 by which means the number of thefe de- 
 ftroyers of corn, grain, feed, i^c, may be 
 lefl"ened. 
 
 Aftale of one or two living night-bats is 
 proper to draw them to the fnare, but an 
 owl is much better. As for field-fares, 
 thrufhes, and the like, which in winter- 
 time uiually fly in great flocks, they are 
 eafrly catched, by liming two or three large 
 boughs, to be fixed on the top of fome tall 
 tree, placing in them two or three dried 
 ftales of that kind; the adjacent fields 
 where thofe birds feed may be beaten, and 
 they will in great flights take to the tree 
 where the ftales are. 
 
 To take great fowl with lime-twigs : get 
 plenty of rods, or long, fmall, and ftrait- 
 grown twigs, which are light, and apt to 
 ply to and fro. 
 
 Lime the upper part of thefe twigs, 
 holding the bird-lime before the fire, the 
 eafier to befmear them. 
 
 Having a knowledge of the place where 
 thefe fowl refort morning and evening, ob- 
 ferve (before day for the morning-flight, 
 and before fun-fet for the evening-flight) to 
 plant your lime-twigs at the haunt of thefe 
 fowl, ftaking down one of the lame alive, 
 which you have caught before for that pur- 
 pofe. 
 
 Prick 
 
1, "1 M 
 
 Prick diown your twigs m rows, a foot 
 diftant one from another, round about the 
 ftide, allowing iiirn room and liberty to 
 lUittef to and fro, covering all the place of 
 their haunt, fo that there fhall be no room 
 left, but tlicy muft of neccllity pitch on the 
 lime-twigs. 
 
 Let the twigs be ftuck.in the ground 
 Hoping, with their tops bending into the 
 wind, about a foot, or fomething more, 
 above the ground. It will likewife be beft 
 to prick the rods fo as to crofs one another, 
 that is, one point into the wind, and ano- 
 ther againlt the wind, by which means the 
 -fowls will be entangled which way foever 
 they go. 
 
 Alfo place a ftale at fome diftance from 
 the lime-twigs, and fallen fmall firings to 
 it, which, upon the fight of any fowl, you 
 are to pull, to make the ftale flutter, which 
 will allure them down agai-n. 
 
 When you fee any taken, you are not to 
 run inllantly and take them up, if at the 
 fame time you fee any fowl in the air, for 
 their fluttering will induce others to fwoop 
 in among them. 
 
 It will alfo be ufeful-to have with you a 
 well taught fpaniel, for the retaking of luch 
 fowl (as it is common) v/hich will flutter 
 away with the lime-twigs about them. 
 
 If you have a mind for to ufe the twigs 
 for the taking of fmailer wild fowl, and 
 fuch as frequent the water only, then you 
 mufl: fit them in length to the depth of the 
 water, and your rods muft be limed with the 
 ftrong water-birdlime, fuch as will not be 
 injured by wet. 
 
 Stick thefe rods in the water, after the 
 fame manner as thofe upon land, that part 
 of the rods that are limed above the watery 
 and alio ftake down a live ftale, as a mal- 
 lard, widgeon, or teal, here and there 
 amongft the rods. This may be done in 
 any fhallow plafh or fen. 
 
 It will not be neceflary for you to attend 
 continually on your rods, but only to come 
 three times a day to fee what are taken, 
 ■•viz. early in the morning, at noon, and late 
 in the evening; but bring your water-dog 
 -with youj for if you find that any of your 
 
 XT N 
 
 rods are miffing, you may conclude that 
 
 fome fov/ls being faftened to them, are crept 
 into fome hole, bufh, or hedge, by the 
 river-fide, and the dog will be very neceflary 
 to find them out. 
 
 Do not beat one haunt too much, but 
 when you find their numbers fail, find out 
 another haunt ; and in about three weeks 
 time the firll will be as good as before. 
 
 LIMER, ■) the fame as blood- 
 
 s' D J 
 
 LIMEHOUND, f hound, a great dog; 
 to hunt the wild boar. 
 
 LINES POR Fishing. To make them 
 after the beft manner, let the hair be round, 
 and tv\fift it even, for that ftrengthens the 
 line ; and fee that it be, as near as you can, 
 of an equal bignefs : lay them in water for 
 a quarter of an hour, by which means you 
 will find which of the hairs ftirink, and then 
 twift them over ao;ain. 
 
 Some mix filk in the twifting, others 
 again difapprove of this, but approve of a 
 line made all of filk j alfo of a line made 
 all of the fmalleft lute-ftring, as very near 
 as good, but it will foon rot in the water. 
 
 When you have prepared as many links 
 as will fuflice to make your line long enough, 
 you muft then tie them together in a water 
 knot, Dutch knot, or weaver's knot. Then 
 cut off" the fhort ends about the breadth of 
 a ftraw from the knot, and thus the line will 
 be even, and fit for filTiing. You may 
 make the top of your line, and indeed all 
 of it, except two yards next the hook, of a 
 coarfer hair. Always let the top of your 
 line, M'hether in muddy or clear waters, be 
 made of white hair, becaufe the motion of 
 the line, when the fifh bite, will be far 
 more difcernable. Never ftrain your hairs 
 before they are made into a line, for then 
 they will flirink when ufed. 
 
 To make the line handfome, and to twift 
 the hair even and neat, gives it ftrength : 
 for if one hair is long, and another fhort, 
 the fhort one receiving no ftrength froiri the 
 long one, confequentiy breaks ; and then 
 the other, as too weak, breaks alfo. There- 
 fore twift them flowly, and in twifting, keep 
 them from entangling, which hinders their 
 right plaiting or bedding together : twift 
 
 them 
 
L I N 
 
 them neither too hard nor too flack, but 
 even, fo as they may twine one with another, 
 and no more. When you have tied your 
 lengths together with the water-knot, cut 
 off the flio! t ends about the breadth of a 
 ftrav/ from the knot, tliat it may not undo 
 in the ufmg. 
 
 Do not arm, fix, or whip, hooks to any 
 line, either for ground or fly angling, that 
 confifts of more than three or four linlvS, at 
 the mofl:, the top of the uppermofl: link 
 having a fmall loop, or v/ater--ncofe, you 
 may fix it to any line, and as eafily remove 
 itj there being another v/ater-noofc at the 
 bottom of your line. 
 
 To angle for trouts, graylings, and fal- 
 mon fi-nelts, with the dub-fly; let the two 
 firft links next the hook be but of one - 
 hair a piece : but the hair mufl: be flrrong, 
 atid of the thick ends only, and chofen for 
 the purpofe. The next two links of two 
 hairs, and next to thefe one of three hairs ; 
 at the top of which have a water-noofe, or 
 loop, to put your line to ; which lowermofi: 
 link confifts of three hairs, and has another 
 water-noofe at bottom, or hook-link, to fix 
 your fly to. Then let tv/o of the next links 
 of your line be four hairs, and fo proceed, 
 by increafing one or two hairs till you come 
 to fix or fcven hairs at the top. Let the 
 fingle hairs, or three or four of the next 
 links, be of a white, or light colour. 
 
 The artificial-fly line fliould be very ftrong 
 at the top ; by this means any young Angler 
 will cafl; a fly well, . and may quiclily be- 
 come an accurate Artift ; and if he chances 
 to hden his hook, and cannot come to 
 loofen it, he will not lofe above one link, 
 or two at moft, though he pull to break it ; 
 becaufe the line is lb ftrong at the upper 
 end. You may angle with ttronger lines at 
 the caft-fly than at ground, in a clear water 
 for the trout. For in a clear v/ater at ground 
 for trouts, graylings, and falmon fmelts, 
 never ufe a line made otherwife than with 
 a fingle hair at hook, and fo on as above di- 
 redlied ; only never have above four hairs in 
 any one link of the line. At the bottom of 
 every line have a fmall water-noofe, or loop, 
 that you may hang on a hook of any fize, 
 
 L I >^ 
 
 whipt to a line, confiding of two or thr^c' 
 links. 
 
 In a muddy water, or one difcoloured by 
 rain, the running-line fhould be half th« 
 length of the rod, more or lefs, and the 
 two lov/ermofl: links of three hairs a piece. 
 Next fliouid be a link of four hairs, v/ith a 
 loop or water-noofe, to fallen it to another 
 of the fame number, having likewife a 
 water-noofe at its bottom. Then proceed 
 with links, o? five or fix hairs a piece, to 
 the end. The three iowermoit links, or 
 gildards, fhould be of a forrel, brown, or 
 chefnut colour. Youn cane or reed-rod 
 muiL have a top, neither too fl:ifi^ nor too 
 flender; tlie rod to be about three yards and 
 a half long, and the fop about one yard and 
 a half, or two yards, of hazle, either in 
 one or' two pieces, or five or fix inches 
 of whalebone, made round, fmooth, and 
 taper. All this will make the rod five yards 
 and a half long, or five yards at leaft. 
 
 The line fooukl have more lead in a great, 
 troublefome, rough river, than in one that 
 is fmaller and more quiet : as near as may 
 be, always juft fo much as will finl: the bait 
 to the bottom, and permit its motion, witli- 
 out any violent jog^ng on the ground. 
 Carry the top of your rod even with your 
 hand, beginning at the head of the ftream, 
 and letting the bait run downwards as far as 
 the rod and line will permit, the lead drag- 
 ging and rolling on the ground. No more 
 of the line mufc be in the water than will 
 permit the lead to touch the bottom ; for 
 you are to keep the line as fl;rait as poiTible, 
 yet fo as not. to raife the lead from the bot- 
 tom. When you have a bite, you may per- 
 ceive it by your hand, and the point of your 
 rod and line : then ftrike gently, and Ibait 
 upwards ; firfl: allowing the filh, by a little 
 flackening the line, a fmall time to take in 
 the bait. In a clear water, indeed, it has 
 been found beft to flrrike at the firft biting 
 of the filh, wdien you angle for trout, gray- 
 ling, or falmon fmelts. 
 
 The beft colour for lines, are the forrel, 
 
 white, and grey ; the two laft for clear 
 
 waters, and the firft for muddy riv^ers; nor 
 
 is the pale watery green to be flighted, 
 
 I i which 
 
L I N 
 
 ■which colour you may make after the fol- 
 lowing manner : 
 
 1 ake a pint of -ftrong ale, halT a pound 
 of foot, a fmall quantity of the juice of 
 walnut-leaves, and the like quantity of 
 alum J boil all thefe together in a pipkin 
 for half an hour, then take it off, fet it by 
 till it is cold, and then put in the liair. 
 
 Or thus i boil a large handful of marigold- 
 flowers in a quart of alum-water, till a yel- 
 low fcum arifes, then put in half a pound 
 of green copperas, and a like quantity of 
 verdigreafe reduced to a fine powder ; put 
 thefe with the hair into the alum water, and 
 let it lie ten hours or more, then take out 
 the hair and let it dry. 
 
 LINNET, a finging-bird, fo called be- 
 caufe fhe feeds upon linfeed, making her 
 neft in black-thorn, white-thorn, and fir 
 bullies, but upon heaths more than any 
 where elfe. 
 
 They build them with very fmall roots, 
 and other fort of ftuff like feathers, thofe 
 that build in the heath ; but fuch as do it in 
 hedges, build the outfides of their neft with 
 mofs, and line it within according as the 
 place will afford. 
 
 Some of thefe birds will have young ones 
 four times a year, efpecially if they be ta- 
 ken from them before they fly out of their 
 aefts ; and the better the bird is in mettle, 
 the fooner file breeds in the fpring : the 
 young may be taken at four years old, if 
 you intend they fhall learn to whiftle or hear 
 any other bird fing,. for they being then fo 
 young, have not the old bird's fong, and fo 
 arc more apt to take any thing, than if you 
 fuffer them to be in the neft till they be 
 almoft quite fledged i but when they are 
 taken out fo young, care muft be had to 
 keep them warm, and to feed them but a 
 little at a time; their m.eat muft be rape- 
 feed, foaked and bruifed, to which put fiiil 
 as much v/hite bread as feed; frefli alfo 
 fhould be had every day, for if it be four, 
 it immediatelv makes them fcour and die : 
 neither muft their meat be given them too 
 dry, for in fuch a cafe it will make them 
 vcBt-burnt, and that is as bad as if they had 
 been fcoured. Jf you intend to whiftle 
 
 L I N, 
 
 them, let it be done when you feed them, 
 for they will learn very much before they 
 can crack hard feeds ; and hang them under 
 any bird you have a mind fliould learn his 
 fong. Thefe birds, when young, are ex-" 
 ceeding apt for any fong or tone, nay, they 
 may be even taught to fpealc. The cocks 
 may be known from the hens, firft, by the 
 colour of the back ; for if it be of the dark 
 coloured linnets, the cocks are much 
 browner than the hens on the back, aiid on 
 the pinion of the wing: and fo of the 
 white-thorn linnets, the hens are much 
 lighter then the cocks : but this muft be 
 noted, that a hen linnet of the dark coloured, 
 is darker than the cocks of the light 
 coloured linnets. But the fecond, and fu- 
 reft way of all to know him, is by the 
 white in his v/ing.. 
 
 AVhereas this bird is fometimes troubled 
 with melancholy, when you find the end of 
 his rump fwelled, it muft be pricked v/ith 
 a needle, and the corruption let out, and 
 the fame fqueezed very well, with the point 
 of a needle, then anoint him with an oint- 
 ment of frefti butter and capon's greafe, and 
 for two or three days feed him with lettice, 
 beet-feeds, and leaves ; you may alfo give 
 him the feeds of melons chopped in pieces, 
 which he will eat very greedily, but when 
 you fi.nd him mend, take the melon feeds 
 away, give him his old diet again, and put 
 into his water two or three blades of faffron, 
 and w^hite fugar-candy, for a week or more, 
 till you perceive him perfeftly well. 
 
 The next difeafe he is infefted with, is a 
 fcouring; the firft fort thereof, which is 
 very thin, and with a black or white fub- 
 ftance in the middle, is not very injurious, 
 nor dangerous j but the other, Avhich is be- 
 tv/een black and white, not fo thin as the 
 former, but very clammy and fticking, is 
 never good in a bird. For his recovery, 
 give him at firft, melon-feed fhred with 
 lettice, and beet-feed bruifed, and in his, 
 v/ater, fome liquorice and white fugar-candy, 
 with a little flour of oatmeal therein; and 
 diligence muft be ufed to obferve him at firft 
 when he is fick, that fo he may have a fto- 
 mach to eat, for in two or three days it will 
 
 be 
 
LIN 
 
 Ids quite gone, and then it is difficult to re- 
 cover him. 
 
 The worft of all his difeafes is, the white 
 clammy fcouring, which is mortal if it be 
 not timely looked after-, this proceeds from 
 bad feeds, and many times -for want of wa- 
 ter ; and the badnefs of the feeds m.ay arife 
 from damage taken at fea, by over-flowing, 
 or laying in the wet too long before they 
 have been houfed : if the bird be not helped 
 at the nrft appearance, it takes away his 
 ftomach, and makes him droop and fall 
 from his meat ; therefore to cure him, give 
 him flax-feed, taking away all other feeds, 
 then fome plantain-feed, if it be green, or 
 elfe it will do him no good ; but if fuch 
 cannot be got, give him fome of the leaves 
 flired very fmall, and fome oatmeal bruifed, 
 with a few crumbs of bread ; in his water 
 give him fome white fugar-candy and liquo- 
 rice, with a blade or two of faffron. 
 
 Another diflremper is the phthifick, and 
 may eafily be perceived, by feeing the bird 
 pant and heave his belly fafl:, and fit me- 
 lancholy, with Jiis feathers Handing big 
 and flaring; it is likewife difcovered by his 
 belly, when it fliews itfelf more puffed than 
 ordinary, full of reddifh veins, and his 
 breaft very lean and fliarp ; he will now alfo 
 fplit and caft his feed about the cage, not 
 caring to eat at all. This difeafe often be- 
 fals them for want of water, having char- 
 lock-feeds mingled among their rape-feeds, 
 and for want of giving him a little green 
 meat in the fpring of the year. Vv'henyou 
 perceive your bird begins to be troubled with 
 this evil, cut the end of his rump, and 
 give him vv'hite fugar-candy, with tv/o or 
 three bits of liquorice, or for want of fuch 
 fugar-candy put in fine fugar; for his meat, 
 you fhould give him beet and Icttice-feeds 
 to feed on, or fome of the herb mercury, 
 which is very good againfl this diftemper 
 for any feed-bird. You may likewife give 
 him melon-feed cliopped fmall ; at the bot- 
 tom of the cage lay fome gravel, with a 
 little powdered fugar, and. a little ground 
 -oatmeal; you may alfo put in fome loain, 
 with which the country people daub 
 their walls inilead of moitar and fand, 
 
 L O A 
 
 bruifed fmall, and it will bring the bird 
 to his ftomach if he be notpaft cure. 
 
 This bird is fubjeft to' the ftrains, or 
 convulfions of the breaft ; for which you 
 are to feed him with lettice, beet, and 
 melon-feeds, bruifed : diflfolve fugar-candy 
 in his water, and fome of the nightingale's 
 pafte, with a little liquorice, fo much that 
 the water may tafte of it; continue this 
 courfe for the fpace of four or five days, 
 now and then taking it away, and giving 
 him plantain water ; and the fame day be 
 fure to give him beet or lettice leaf. 
 
 The linnet is fubjefc to a hoarfenefs in 
 his voice, v/hich many times comes through 
 his ftrainingit in finging; and he often gets 
 a hulk in his throat, which is feidom helped, 
 to come fo clear off" as at firft ; it frequently 
 alfo happens, if he be a ftrong mettled bird, 
 that he breaks ibmewhat within him, fo that 
 he will never come to fing again ; and far- 
 ther, the faid hoarfenefs proceeds from his 
 being kept up very hot, and on a fudden 
 his cage opened to the air, which immedi- 
 ately ftrikes a cold to his breaft and throat, 
 and often kills him ; for if you have a bird 
 in the moult, you muft not carry liim to 
 the air, but keep him from the air till he is 
 moulted off", then open him by degrees, that 
 he may not take cold, and after his moult, 
 give him beet leaves, or fome liquorice in 
 his water, to cleanfe him. Now to cure his 
 hoarfenefs, the beft remedy is, to put fome 
 liquorice and a few annife-feeds in his 
 water, and then to fet him in a warm place. 
 See Paste. 
 
 LIPS OF A Horse ; if thefe be thin and 
 little, they contribute to a good mouth, but 
 the contrary if they be large and thick. 
 
 LISTENING , a horfe is faid to go a 
 liftening pace. See Ecoute. 
 
 LOACEI; though it is a fmall, yet is a 
 fine filh ; his breeding and feeding, is in 
 little and clear fwift brooks or rivulets, and 
 in iharp ftreams ; gravel is his ufual 
 food. 
 
 He is fmall and flender, feidom exceed- 
 ing three inches in length : he is bearded 
 like a barbel, having two fins at his fides, 
 four at his beily, and only one at his tail, 
 .1 i 2 and 
 
LOW 
 
 and is freckled with many black and brown 
 fpots. 
 
 The loach is commonly full of fpawn, 
 wliich is, with the flefli, a very grateful food 
 to weak ftomacbs, affording great nourifli- 
 ment. He is to be taken with a very fmall 
 worm, fiear the ground, for he delights to 
 be near the gravel, and therefore is feldom 
 feen on the top of the water. 
 
 LOCKS, are pieces of leather tv^o fingers 
 brrfad, turned round, and ftuffed on the in- 
 fide, to prevent their hurting the paftern of 
 a horfe, round which they are clapped. 
 
 T"*? LODGE J [among Forefters,] a buck 
 is faid to lodge, when he goes fo reft. 
 
 LONG-JOINTED Horse, is one whofe 
 paftern is (lender and pliant. 
 
 LOW, to carry low. .^f^ Carry. 
 LOW-BELL AND Hand-Net; with thefe 
 fnftruments birds are taken in champain 
 countries, as alfo in ftubble lields, efpe- 
 cially that of wheat, from the middle of 
 OBober to the end of March, and after this 
 manner ; wlien the air is inild, about nine 
 o'clock at night, the moon not ftiining, 
 take the low- bell, which ftiould be of a 
 deep hollow found, and of fuch a reafonable 
 fize as may be well carried in one hand, 
 toll this bell juft as a weather-ftieep does 
 while he is feeding in pafture ground : you 
 muft alfo have a box much like a Ian- 
 thorn, about a foot and a half fquare, big 
 enough to hold two or three great lights, 
 let it be lined with tin, and one fide open 
 to fend forth the light ; fix this box to 
 your breaft to carry before you, and the 
 light will caft at a great diftance before 
 you, very broad, by which means you may 
 fee any thing on the ground within the 
 compafs of the light, and confequently the 
 birds that rooft therein. 
 
 For the taking of them you are to have 
 two men with you, one on -each fide, walk- 
 ing a little after you, that they may not be 
 within the refiefticn of the light that the 
 lanthorn or box cafts forth ; and each of 
 them fhould be provided with a hand-net, 
 about three or .four feet fquare, which mufb 
 be fixed to a long ftick, to carry in their 
 handsj fo that when either of them fees any 
 
 L O W 
 
 birds on his fide, he is to caft his net over 
 them, and fo talie them up, with as little 
 noifc as maybe; and let him that carries 
 the light and low-bell be the foremoft, to m 
 take them up, without being too hafty, for * 
 fear of raifing others. 
 
 The found of the low-bell caufes the 
 birds to lie clofe, and not to ftir while you 
 lay the net over them. 
 
 If you would praclife this fport by your- 
 felf, carry the low-bell in one hand, and 
 in the other a net, about two feet broad 
 and tliree long, with a handle, which is to 
 lay upon them as you efpy them : but fome 
 perfons, inftead of holding the light to 
 their breaft, tie the.low-beli to their girdle, 
 and their motion caufes the bell to ftrike : 
 and the light they carry in their hand, ex- 
 tending their arm before them ; but then 
 their lanthorn or box, is not fo large as 
 that huns: at the breaft^ 
 
 LOYAL ; a horfe is. faid to be loyal 
 that freely bends all his force, in obeying 
 and performing any manage he is put to^ 
 does not defend himfelf or refift, notwith- 
 ftanding his being ill treated. 
 
 A loyal mouth is an excellent mouth, 
 
 of the nature of fuch mouths as we call 
 
 mouths with a full reft upon the hand. 
 
 LUNES, 1 [in Falconry,] leaflies, or 
 
 LOV/INGS, i long lines to call in hawks. 
 
 LUNETS, a fort of leather fpcftacles for 
 
 vicious horfes. 
 
 LURCHER, a kind of huntins-doff 
 much like a mongrel greyhound, with 
 prickt ears, a fiiagged coat, and generally 
 of a yellowifli white colour : they are very 
 fwift runners, fo that if they get between 
 the burroughs and the conies, tiiey feldom 
 mifs ; and this is their common practice in 
 hunting; yet they ufe other fubtilties, as 
 tlie tumbler does, fome of them bringins 
 in their game, and thofe are the beft. It 
 is alfo obfervable that a lurcher will run 
 down a hare at ftretch. 
 
 LURE [in Falconry,] a device of leather, 
 in the ftiape of two wings, ftuck with fea- 
 thers, and baited with a piece of flefti, ta 
 call back a hawk wken at confiderable dif- 
 tance, 
 
 M.\D- 
 
MAG 
 
 MADNESS IN Dogs. See Dogs. 
 MAGGOT-riSHING begins with 
 May and continues till Chrijlmas ; but the bed- 
 time for taking grayling in rivers, is from 
 the middle of Augiiji till November,. Mag- 
 gots are confrantiy of ufe in fifliing; for all 
 forts of frefli-water fiih (except falmon, 
 pike, and fliad) will feed upon this bait in 
 a very plentiful manner. It is the beft bait 
 for quicknefs q{ Iport ; for upon throwing 
 in a few handfuls of them, by little and 
 little, before you begin to filli,, you will 
 by that means draw the filli together, and 
 they will pick up the baits from the bottoin, 
 juft as the poultry will pick up tiieir food 
 from the ground. 
 
 It was formerly the practice to bait the 
 hook with the maggot, and- to bait the 
 holes with other fort oF ground baits : which 
 could afford but little fport ; for neither 
 trout, grayling, nor perch v/ill cat grains; 
 ftewed malt, paftes, or any fuch dead baits, 
 and therefore it is neceffary to bait the hole, 
 with the fame you put upon your hook ; 
 living baits, when thrown in the water, 
 being much more tempting than dead ones, 
 and make the filh more eager. If you lofe 
 a hook in a grayling's mouth, there is great 
 probability that in five minutes you re- 
 cover it, by ufing more caution th.e next 
 time you ftrike ; for when the fifli are come 
 in flioals to your baitinai-place, the largeft 
 filh preffes molt forward, and fooaeft catches 
 your bait. 
 
 When you filh in rivers with this bait, 
 your line fliould be finer than for pool- 
 fifliing, and leaded pretty heavy : the lov/er 
 link muft be a fingle hair, or a fine filk- 
 worm gut ; and always obferve that your 
 fiiot drags upon the bottom efpecially in a 
 ilream. 
 
 MAGPIES, GLEADS, and CROWS, 
 TO TAKE : when you have found any car- 
 rion, upon which crows, pies, kites, i£c. 
 are preying, over night {ct your lime-twigs 
 everywhere about the carrion, but let them 
 be fmall, and not fet too thick; if they are, 
 they being fubtile birds, will fufpcdl fome 
 mifchief defigned againft them.. When you 
 perceive one to be fall, advance not to him 
 
 M A L 
 
 prefentlv, for moft commonly when thev 
 are fureiy caught, they are not fenfible of 
 \i. 
 
 They may be taken another way, and that 
 is by joining feveral noofes to a packthread, 
 and pegging it down about a yard from the 
 cai-rion ; for oftentimes when they have 
 gotten a piece of fiefh, they are apt to run 
 avvay to feed themfelvcs, and if the noofes 
 be thick, it is two to one but the noofes 
 catch fome of them by the les. 
 
 MAILED, fpeckled, or iuU of fpecks, 
 as the feathers of hawks, partridges, 'i3c. or ' 
 as the furs of fome vv-ild beafcs a-re. 
 
 MAKE-HAWK, [in Falconry,] an old 
 ftaunch hawk, which being ufed to fly, 
 will e:iiilv inftruft a young one. 
 
 MALANDERS, \ a difeafe in horfcs, 
 
 MALENDERS, I which takes it's nams 
 6^ melandare, Italian-, to go ill. They ate 
 certain chops or chinks, appearing on the 
 infide of the fore-legs, juft againft the bend- 
 ing of the knee, which difcharge a red iharp 
 pungent water. 
 
 They are painful, and make a horfe go 
 ftifi^", and Ibmetimes to halt at his firft fct- 
 ting out of the liable. 
 
 They are eafy to be difcovered, by the 
 ftaring and briftly hairs growing out of the 
 affected part, and they are frequently at- 
 tended with a fort of fcab, either bigger or 
 lelter, according to the various degrees of 
 this evil forrance. 
 
 They proceed fometimes from corrupt 
 blood, hard labour, or being over-ridden ; 
 fometimes from want of clean keeping or 
 rubbing; and moft commonly fuch horfes 
 as have the moft hairy legs (as the Flanders 
 and /■Vztj'?^?/^ horfes) are moft fubjeft to tt^s 
 difeafe. 
 
 Thofe things which are good for the 
 fcratches, and felandcrs, (ivbichfee) are 
 all good for this. 
 
 They proceed from the fame caufe, and 
 confequently require the fame method of 
 cure, which confifts in w^afliing the parts 
 with old chambcr-lye, or a lather of foap- 
 warmed ; and afterwards applying over thz 
 cracks a ftrong mercurial ointment fpread 
 on tow, and renewed night and morning 
 
 till. 
 
MALT-LONG, 7 is a cankerous for- 
 
 M A N ■ 
 
 till the fcabs fall off, and the cure is com- 
 plcated; when it will be neceliary to give 
 the creature a gentle purge or two, 
 
 Inftead of a compleat cure, you ought 
 rather only to endeavour to allay the hu- 
 mour, and qualify it's fliarpnefs; and there- 
 fore content yourfelf with keeping the part 
 ■very clean, by fcouring off the corruption 
 that fticks to the hair or flcin, with black 
 foap, rubbing the malanders with it, and 
 wafliing them with urine, or good lye, or 
 oil of nuts fliaken with water ; or elfe 
 to anoint them with butter fryed till it be- 
 comes black. 
 
 But the furefl method of cure, is to 
 mingle equal quantities of linfced oil and 
 aqua vitcc, ftirring them and fliaking them 
 till the mixture grows white, with which 
 anoint the forrance once a day, which will 
 dry a little, and allay the fharpnefs of the 
 humour, fo that the malanders will neither 
 caufe a fwelling nor pain. 
 
 MALT-WORM, J ranee about the hoof 
 of an horfe, juft upon the cronet, which 
 breaks out into knobs and bunches that run 
 with a waterifh, fliarp lye, and humour, 
 which will, if let alone, envenom the whole 
 foot. 
 
 For the cure : if it be in fummcr-time, 
 pound black fnails and burdock roots to- 
 gether, and lay them on the fore ; renew- 
 ing the application once in twenty-four 
 hours. 
 
 If in the winter-time, pound the fcrap- 
 ings of a pot or cauldron, with a handful 
 of the inner rind of the elder-tree, and 
 apply it to the forrance -, renewing the ap- 
 plication once a day. Or you may lay a 
 like quantity of garlic, pepper, and honey, 
 ftamped together, on the part affeifled. 
 
 To MAN A Hawk [in Falconry,] to 
 make her tractable, gentle, and tame. 
 
 MANAGE, is a word that fignifies, not 
 only the ground fet a part for the exercifc 
 of riding the great horfe, but likewife the 
 exercife itfelf. The manage, or ground 
 proper for managing horfes, is fometimes 
 a covered place, as riding-houfes in great 
 -Academies, for continuing the exercife in 
 
 MAN 
 
 bad weather; fometimes it is open, in or- 
 der to give more liberty and pleafure, both 
 to the horfe and horfeman. 
 
 We always fuppofe a center in the mid- 
 dle of the manage, for regulating the rounds 
 and volts. 
 
 Sometimes this center is diftinguiihed by 
 a pillar fixed in it, to which they tie the 
 horfe when he begins to learn : upon the 
 fide of the manage other pillars are placed, 
 two by two, in order to teach horfes to raife 
 the fore quarters, by tying them with ropes 
 See Pillar. 
 
 MANAGE, OR Exercise of a Horse, ig 
 a particular way of v/orking or riding him. 
 
 Make your horfes work upon the air 
 and the manage that you ufed to put them 
 moft to. 
 
 A horfe is faid to manage, when he works 
 upon volts and airs, which fuppofes him 
 broke and bred. 
 
 A horfe is faid to be thoroughly managed, 
 or a finiflied horfe, that is well broke and 
 bred, and confirmed in a particular air or 
 manage. 
 
 HIGH MANAGE, is the high or raifed 
 airs which are proper for leaping-horfes. 
 
 In chufmg a horfe for the manage, make 
 choice of a horfe of a middle fize, that is 
 lively, full of fpirit and adlion, fhort truf- 
 fed, well coupled, having good feet and 
 legs, and flioulders very eafy and fupple. 
 
 It ought alfo to be obferved, that horfes 
 which have thick, ftiff, and fhort joints, 
 that is no v/ays flexible or pliant, are unfit 
 for the maniige ; for glib and bending joints, 
 if they be not too long, are one of the chief 
 qualities requifite in a fine and delicate horfe 
 of manage. 
 
 As for the age moft proper to begin to 
 v/ork a horfe defigned for the manage, he 
 fliouid not be too young, not only becaufe 
 his apprehenfion is not yet come to him, 
 but alfo becaufe a horfe of three years old 
 being but a griftle, flopping and going back 
 will fpoil him, by flraiiiing his back and 
 ftretching his hams. 
 
 MANE, the hair hanging down on ahorfe's 
 neck, which fliould be long, thin and fine-; 
 but if it be frizzled, fo much the better. 
 
 Manginefs 
 
M A-N, 
 
 IVTangincfs in the mane, may be cured by 
 anointing it with butter and brimllone min- 
 gled together. 
 
 MANGE IN' A Horse, is caufed by over 
 heats or cold, hard riding or labour, by 
 which the blootl is corrupted ; or it may 
 be occafioned by eating unwholeforne 
 food. 
 
 The diflemper may be eafily known by 
 the flaring of the hair, it's coming off from 
 the fkin in many places, and a- fcurf ariHng 
 thereon. 
 
 When the diflemper is caught by infec- 
 tion, an ointment compofcd of flowers of ful- 
 phur and hogs-lard, will effectually cure it, 
 if rubbed in every day immediately after the 
 misfortune is perceived. In the mean time 
 fulphur and antimony fliould be given with 
 his feeds, and continued for fome weeks 
 after the cure is performed, in order to pu- 
 trify the blood. If the fulphur oinrment 
 fliould not be thought agreeable, a liquor 
 made by fteeping tobacco in ftale chamber- 
 lye, will anfwer the fame intention ; but the 
 fulphur and antimony fnould be given with 
 his feeds. 
 
 But if the diflemper has been of fomie con- 
 tinuance, or it it owed its origcn to lovv 
 feeding, and a poverty of the blood, other 
 methods muft be purfued, the diet muft be 
 mended and the horfe indulged with a fuf- 
 ficient quantity of hay and corn, and the 
 following ointment rubbed into the parts 
 afFefted every day j Take of fulphur vivum, 
 half a pound : of crude fal annoniac, one 
 ounce : and of hogs-lard a fufficient quanti- 
 ty to make the whole into an ointment. 
 
 Give him every day a feed of fcalded bran, 
 and when the difeafe begins to diiappear, 
 the following purge j Take of fuccotrine 
 aloes, ten drachms ; of diaphoretic antimo- 
 ny, half an ounce ; and of frefn jallop in 
 powder one drachm : make the whole into 
 a ball, v/ith a fufficient quantity of Barl'a- 
 does tar, and fixty drops of chemical oil of 
 annifecds. 
 
 When the horfe is thoroughly cured of 
 this diilemper, it will be neceffary to wafn 
 the floor of the liable very well with foap- 
 fuds. and fume it well with burning pitch or 
 
 MAR 
 
 charcoal. His cloaths alfo fhould be laid 
 in fcalding water, wafhed very clean with 
 foap and thoroughly dried, before they are 
 uied again j for if thefe precautions are not 
 ufed, other horfes will be liable to the in- 
 feftion. 
 
 Another method of cure is : Take flaves- 
 acre feed, two handfuls, infufe it in a quart 
 of ftrong vinegar and hot afhes ; wafli the 
 mangy parts with this liquor, and it will cui-e 
 it in twice bathing. 
 
 iVIANGE IN A Dog, a diflemper with 
 v/hich he is often affefted, for want of frefh 
 v/ater to- drink when he is thirfly, and 
 fometimes by not being kept clean in his 
 kennel, or by foundering and melting his 
 greafe. 
 
 For the cure: Take two handfuls of wild 
 crefTes, and as much elecampane, and alfo 
 of the leaves and roots ofroerb and forrel, 
 and tv/o pounds of the roots of fodrels j 
 boil all thefe well together in lee and vine- 
 gar, ftrain the decoftion, and put into it 
 tv/o pounds of grey foap, and when it is 
 melted, rub the dog with it four or five days 
 fuccefTively, and it will cure him. 6"^^ Spa- 
 NiFL, and Doc. 
 
 MANGER, is a railed trough under tha 
 rack in the ftable, made for receiving the 
 grain or corn that a horfe eats. 
 
 ro MANTLE ; [a term in Falconry] as 
 the hawk mantles, /. e. fpreads her wings 
 over her legs. 
 
 MARES, the female of the horfe kind, 
 is chiefly confidered here, under the notion 
 of breeding, in order to propagate their 
 fpecies j therefore fuch as are defigned for 
 this purpofe ought to be as free from defefls 
 as po.Tible, and fhonld, no more than the 
 ftallions, have either moon-eyes, watery- 
 tyes, or blood-fhot eyes ; they fhould have 
 no fplaint, fpavin, nor curb, nor any natu- 
 nil imperfedion,. for the colts will take af- 
 ter them ; but choice fhould be made of 
 ri^.e beft and ablefl, the high fpirited, befl 
 coloured, and fineil fliaped ; and the natu- 
 ral defefts that may be in theftallion, fliould. 
 be amended in tr;e mars, as v/ell as that 
 which is amifs in the mare, fhould be re- 
 paired in theftaliion. cVfc' Breeding. 
 
 No 
 
M A R 
 
 No mares in the world are certainly bet- 
 ter to breed on than our Englifb ones, pro- 
 vided you lliit theai to your particular de- 
 lign i as for inftancc, if you would breed 
 for the managCj or pads, let your mares 
 have fine foreheads, with their heads well 
 fet on, but not too long legs, broad breafts, 
 large and fparkling eyes, and great bodies, 
 that their foals may have room, enough to 
 lie, with good limbs and feet : let them be 
 of a gentle and good difpofition, and their 
 motions naturally nimble and graceful ; in 
 a word, remember always, that tlie more 
 good qualities your mares have, the becrer 
 your colts will generally prove. 
 
 But if you would breed for racing or 
 hunting, your mares mufc be ligliter, v/ith 
 fliort backs, and long fides ; their legs 
 muft be fomething longer, and their breafts 
 not fo broad ; and always chufe fuch as 
 you are fure have good blood in their veins. 
 
 If vou have ti ied tlie fpeed and wind of 
 any particular mare, and find it good, you 
 may the'furer cxpeft a good colt, provided 
 ihe be ftill in her full health and vigour, 
 and not above feven years old, or eight at 
 mofi; ; for the younger your breeders nre, 
 the better your colts will generally be. 
 
 A mare may be covered v/hen Ihe is 
 pafTed two years old, though the beft time 
 is after four years, when flie will nourifli 
 her colt beft; and though flie may breed 
 till thirteen, yet when Ihe is paft ten, it 
 does not do fo well, for commonly an old 
 mare's colt will be heavy in labour. The 
 proper time for covering, is reckoned from 
 the end of the firft quarter to the full moon, 
 or at the full ; for thofe colts will be ftrong- 
 er and hardier of nature ; whereas it is ob- 
 ferved in thofe that are covered after .the 
 change, that they will be tender and nice : 
 but before the mare is covered, flie fliould 
 be taken into the houfe about fix weeks, 
 and be well fed with good hay and oats, well 
 fifted, to the end fhe may have ftrength and 
 feed to perform the office of generation. 
 
 But if you would have your mare certain- 
 ly conceive, take blood from both fides 
 her neck, near a quart from each vein, 
 about five or fix days before covering. 
 
 M A R 
 
 As for the manner of covering, flie muft 
 be brought out into fome broad place, and 
 tied to a poft, then bring out fome ftone 
 jade to dally v/ith her, to proyoice her to 
 appetite ; after which let the ftallion be led 
 out by two men, and let him leap her in 
 the morning fafting, and when he is dif- 
 mounting, let a pail of cold water be thrown 
 upon her fhape, which by reafon of the 
 coldnefs, will make her flirink in and trufs 
 up her body, v/hereby llie is ca,ufed to re- 
 tain the feed the better. Take away the 
 ftallion, and let the mare be put out of the 
 hearing of the horfe, let her neither eat nor 
 drink .in four or five hours after, and then 
 give her a mafh and white water: you may 
 know if flie ftands to her covering, by her 
 keeping a good ftomach, and . her not 
 neighing at the fight of a horfe ; fo likewife 
 if Ihe does not ftale -often, nor frequently 
 open and fnut her fhape ; or that her belly 
 four days after covering be more gaunt, the 
 hair more fleek and clofe to her fkin, and 
 the like. Some there are whoput the horfe 
 and mare together into an empty houfe, for 
 three or four nights, and take the horfe av/ay 
 in the morning and feed him well, but the 
 mare fparingly, and efpecialiy they give her 
 but little water. 
 
 As for the ordering the mare after cover- 
 ing, let her be kept to the fame diet as be- 
 fore, for three weeks or a months left the 
 feed be impaired before it be formed in the 
 womb ; and let her be kept clean, without 
 any exercife, during three weeks or a month, 
 and in the houfe till Mid-day, with her feet 
 well pared, and witli a thin pair of fhoes on : 
 take her up again about the latter end of Sep- 
 temhei-y i-f not before, and keep her to the 
 end of her foaling. 
 
 If flie cannot foal, hold her noftrils lb 
 that flie cannot take her wind ; or if that 
 will not do, take the quantity of a walnut 
 of madder, difiblve it in a pint of ale, and 
 give ir warm to her ; and in cafe flie cannot 
 void her fecundine, then boil two or three 
 handfuls of fennel in running-water, put 
 half a pint thereof in as much fack, or for 
 want thereof, a pint of ftrong beer or ale, 
 with a fourth part of fallad oil, mixed to- 
 
 gether 
 
MAR 
 
 gcther, and give it her lukewarm in Iier 
 noftrils, holding them clofe for fome time j 
 or for want thereof, give her good green 
 wheat or rye, but the lafh is bcft, and they 
 are as effectual ; let her not eat her clean, 
 for it is very unwholefome, and will dry up 
 her milk. 
 
 When flie has foaled and licked her foal, 
 milk and ftroak her before the colt fucks, 
 which will both caufe her to bring dov/n her 
 milk and make it to multiply, and keep it 
 fo that it do not clod ; and in cafe fhe be- 
 comes dry, if there be need, boil as much 
 milk as you can get from her with the leaves 
 of lavender and fpike, and bathe the udder 
 with it warm, till it be broken, and the 
 knobs and knots diffolved : her water now 
 muft be white water, which is bran put in- 
 to water; and give her fweet maflies ; and 
 a month after foaling, let her have a mafh 
 with fome brimftone and favin in it, which 
 will be a great prefervation to the colt ; af- 
 ter which, if Ihe be moderately laboured at 
 plough or harrow, both fhe and the colt will 
 be the better, provided fhe be kept from 
 raw meats while flie remains in the liable, 
 which will both increafe her milk and caufe 
 her colt to thrive the better ; and care muft 
 be taken not to fuffer the colt to fuck her 
 when flie is hot, left you furfeit the colt. 
 
 Some are of opinion, that the winter-fca- 
 fon is a very improper time for foaling, be- 
 caufe of the coldnefs of the weather, and 
 fcarcity of grafs, fo that the mare muft ne- 
 ceffarily be houfed and fed with hard meat, 
 which will dry up her milk, and ftarve the 
 foal : yet experience teaches us, that not- 
 withftanding all this, it is certainly the bcft 
 time both for mare and foal too, beine: 
 kept in a warm houfe : and as for her milk, 
 fhe will have plenty, if well fed, and that 
 more nourilhing than what is got at grafs, 
 which will make him more lufty, of greater 
 bone and ftature, cleaner limbed, more neat- 
 ly jointed and hoofed, and in much better 
 liking, than the colt foaled in May or June, 
 or any other of the hot months ; and befides 
 other inconveniences by the colt's running 
 along with the mare, he becomes fo favage 
 and wild, tliat if any infirmity feizes him. 
 
 MAR 
 
 his own unrulinefs being fo great, the cure 
 may be very difficult ; for infinite are the 
 numbers that have periftied in this ftale. 
 
 Now in cafe fome time after the mare has 
 taken horfe, you are uncertain whether flie 
 be with foal or not, pour a fpoonful of 
 cold v/ater or vinegar into her ear, and if flie 
 only fhakes her head, it is a fign llie is with 
 foal ; but if fhe fliakes her head, body and 
 all, it is a fign fne is not ; or if fne fcours, 
 her coat grov/s fmooth and fliining, and that 
 flie grows fat, it is alfo a fign flie holds. 
 
 In cafe you are defnous no mare fliould 
 go barren, in the month of 7a/)', or the be- 
 ginning of Aiigujl, get a mare or two that 
 have not been covered the year before, and 
 enforcing them to be horfed -, when they 
 fliall be ready to be covered, you muft turn 
 them, with fome other which you efteem 
 nor as your beft horfe, among your ftud of 
 mares, and by his covering that mare or 
 mares you turned in with him into the ftud, 
 it will caufe the reft of them, if any of them 
 have not conceived at their firft coverino-s^ 
 to come to that horfe again ; and you will 
 be fure to keep no mare barren all the year, 
 but have a colt of every mare, though not 
 of your beft horfe. You may fuffer your 
 horfe to run amongft your mares three weeks 
 or a month ; but if you turn him into your 
 ftud, putting in no mare with him ready to 
 be covered. He will at his firft entering beat 
 all the mares, and perhaps hurt thofe that had 
 conceived before, and fo do more hurt than 
 good. 
 
 Some reckon the beft receipt to bring a 
 mare in feafon, and make her retain, is to 
 give her to eat, for the fpace of eight days 
 before you bring her to the horfe, about 
 two quarts of hemp feed in the morning, 
 and the fame at night : but if flie refufes to 
 eat it, mix with it a little bran or oats, or 
 elfe let her faft for a while ; and if the ftal- 
 lion eats alfo of it, it will contribute much 
 to generation. 
 
 It is a maxim, that a mare fhould never 
 be horfed while llie is bringing up her foal, 
 becaule the foal to which fhe is giving fuck, 
 as well as that in her belly, will receive pre- 
 judice thereby, and the mare herfelf will be 
 K k alfo 
 
M A R 
 
 alfo fooner Ipent ; but if you would have 
 your mare co\ered, let it be fcvcn or eight 
 days after flic has foaled, that flie may have 
 ■ time to cleanfe ; and if it may be conve- 
 niently done, do not give her the llaliion 
 till flic defires him, and increafe, by all 
 means pofllble, that paffion, by {trong feed- 
 ing, &c. 
 
 Mares, befides the many diftenipers they 
 are liable to in common with horfes, and 
 which will be found under their feveral 
 names, have fome others, peculiar to their 
 kind only, of which I fliall fpeak, and their 
 cure. If your mare be barren, boil a quan- 
 tity of the herb agnus in the water flic 
 drinks ; or ftamp a handful of leeks with 
 four or five fpoonfuls of wine, to v/hich piit 
 fome cantharides, and drain them all to- 
 gether, with a fufficient quantity of water 
 to ferve her two days together, by pouring 
 the fime into her nature, with a glifter-pipe 
 made for that purpofe ; and at three days 
 end offer the horfe to her, and if he covers 
 her, walh her nature twice together with 
 told water} or take a little quantity of 
 nitrum, fparrow's dung, and turpentine, 
 ■wrought together, and made like a ilippofi- 
 tory, and putting that into her nature, it 
 will do. 
 
 If you would have her fruitful, boil 
 good ftore of mother-wort in the water flie 
 drinks. 
 
 If {lie loofes her belly, which fhev/s a con- 
 fumption of the womb, give her a quart 
 of brine to drink, having mug-wort boiled 
 therein. 
 
 If through good keeping fhe forfakes her 
 food, give her for two or three days toge- 
 ther, a ball of butter and agnus caftus chop- 
 ped together. 
 
 If fhe be fubjeft to caft her foal, keep 
 her at grafs very warm, and once a week 
 give her a good warm malh of drink, which 
 fecretly knits beyond expe6bavion. 
 
 You are to obferve, that mares go with 
 foal eleven months and as many days as they 
 are years old; as for inflance, a mare of 
 nine years old, will carry her foal eleven 
 months and nine days ; fo that you may fo 
 order the covering of your mares, that their 
 
 MAR 
 
 foals may be l3rought forth, if you will, at 
 fuch time as there is abundance of grafs. 
 See Stallion and Colt. 
 
 MARK ; a horfe marks, that is, he fhews 
 his age by a black fpot, called the bud or 
 eye of a bean, which appears at about five 
 years and a half, in the cavity of the corner 
 teeth, and is gone when he is eight years 
 old ; then he ceafes to mark, and we fay, he 
 has rafed. See Teeth atid Rase. 
 
 FALSE MARK, /. e. counter-marked. 
 
 MARKS [amongfc Hunters], the foot- 
 prints and treadings of wild beafts. 
 
 MARTERN, is about the bignefs of a 
 cat, having a longer body, but fliorter legs, . 
 with a head and tail like a fox ; it's ikin is 
 commonly brown, white on tlie throat, and 
 yellowifli on the back; their teeth are ex- 
 ceeding white, and unequal, being unmea- 
 furably fliarp ; the canine teeth both above 
 and below hang out very long. At one 
 year old it is called a cub ; at two a mar- 
 tern. 
 
 This, and the wild cat, are a fort of ver- 
 min v/hich are commonly hunted in Englandy 
 and are as neceflary to be hunted as any 
 vermin can be, for it is doubtful whether 
 the fox or badger does more hurt than the 
 wild cat, there being fo many warrens every 
 where throughout the kingdom of England, 
 which are very much infeited with the wild 
 cat. 
 
 Experienced huntfmen are of opinion, 
 that fhe leaves as good a fcent, and makes 
 as great a cry for the tim.e, as any vermin 
 that is hunted ; efpecially the martern ex- 
 ceeds all other vermin for fweetnefs of fcent, 
 and her cafe is a noble fur. 
 
 The cafe of the wild cat is not fo beautiful, 
 but is very warm, and medicinal for feveral 
 aches and pains in the bones and joints; 
 alfo her greafe is good for finews that are 
 flirunk. 
 
 Thefe two chaces are not to be fought 
 for purpofely, unlefs they are feen where 
 they prey, fo that they may go readily to 
 them ; but if a hound happens to crofs him, 
 he will hunt it as foon as any chace, and 
 make a noble cry as long as they ftand up ; 
 when they can do it no longer, they will 
 
 take 
 
MAT 
 
 -take to ft tree and fo deceive the hounds s ' 
 but if the hounds hold in to them, and will 
 not give it over fo, then they will leap from 
 one tree to another, and make a great fliift 
 for their lives, with much paftime to the 
 huntfman. 
 
 When they are killed, you muft hold them 
 upon a picked ftafF, and halloo in all your 
 hounds, and then reward them with fome 
 meat, for the fiefn of thefe vermin is bad 
 for hounds. 
 
 MARTINGAL, a thong of leather f\ift- 
 ened to one of the girths under the belly of 
 a horfe, and at the other end to the mull- 
 roll, to hinder him from rearing. 
 
 MASH, a drink given to a horfe, made 
 of half a peck of ground malt put into a 
 pail, into which as much fcalding-hot water 
 is poured as will wet it very well, when 
 that is done, ftir it about, till, by tailing, 
 you find it as fweet as honey ; and when it 
 has fkood till it is luke warm, it is to be 
 given to the horfe. This liquor is only 
 ufed after a purge, to make it work the 
 better; or after hard labour, or inftead of 
 drink in the time of any great ficknefs. 
 
 MASTIGADOUR, or Slabbering- 
 BiTT, is a fnafBe of iron, all fmooth, and 
 of a piec«, guarded with pater-nofters, and 
 compofed of three halfs of great rings, 
 made into demi-ovals, of unequal bignefs, 
 the le.fler being inclofed within the greatell, 
 which ought to be about half a foot high. 
 A malligadour is mounted with a head-ftall 
 and two reins. 
 
 The horfe in champing upon the mafti- 
 gadour, keeps his mouth frelh and moift, 
 by virtue _ of the froth and foam that he 
 drav/s from his brain. 
 
 To put a horfe to the malligadour, is to 
 fet his croupe to the manger, and his head 
 between two pillars in the liable. 
 
 Horfes that- ufe to hang out their tongue, 
 cajinot do it when the malligadour is on, 
 for that keeps their tongue fo uiuch in fub- 
 jedion, that they cannot put it out. 
 
 To . MATCH, [amongft Cock-mailers],' 
 to match cocks, is to fee they be of an 
 equal heighth, length and bignefs in body.| 
 
 'To go te MATCH, [with Hunters]; a 
 
 M A T 
 
 wolf at nitting-time is faid to go to match, 
 or mate. 
 
 Of riding a Hunting-Match, or Heats for a 
 Plate. 
 
 In order to ride to the beft advantage, 
 either a hunting-match, or three beats and 
 a courfe for a plate. 
 
 The firft thing requifite is a rider, who 
 ought to be a faithful one, in whom you 
 can confide ; and he fliould have a good 
 clofe feat, his knees being held firm to his 
 faddle-flcirts, his toes being turned inwards, 
 and his fpurs outward from the horfe's fides, 
 his left hand governing the horfe's mouth, 
 and his right commanding the whip ; . tak- 
 ing care, during the v/hole time of the 
 trial, to fit firm in the faddle, without 
 waving, or Handing up in the ftirrups, which 
 a£lions do very much incommrode a horfe, 
 notwithftanding the conceited opinion ot 
 fome jockies, that it is a becoming feat. 
 
 In ipurring his horfe, he fhould not ftrike 
 him hard with the calves of his le^s, as if 
 he would beat the wind out of his body, 
 but juft turning his toes outwards, and 
 bringing his fpurs quick to his fides ; and 
 fuch a Iliarp llroke will be of more fervicc 
 towards the quickening of the horfe, and 
 fooner draw blood. 
 
 , Let him be fure never to fpur him but 
 when there is occafion, and avoid Ipurring 
 him under the fore-bowels, between his 
 flioulders and girths, near the heart, (which 
 is the tendereft place of a horfe) till the lad 
 extremity. 
 
 As to the whipping the horfe, it ought to 
 be over the flioulder on the near fide, ex- 
 cept upon hard running, and when you are 
 at all, then ftrike the horfe in the flank with 
 aftrongjerk, the Ikin being tendereft there, 
 and mod fenfible of the lalh. 
 
 He muft obferve, when he whips and 
 fpurs his horfe, and is certain that he is at 
 the top of his fpeed, if then he clap his ears 
 in his pole, or whiiks his tail, then he may 
 be fure that he bears him hard; and then he 
 ought to give him as much comfort as he 
 can, by fawing his fnaffle to and fro in his 
 K ik 2 mouth 
 
MAT 
 
 mouth, and by that means forcing him to 
 open his mouth, which will comfort him 
 and give him wind. 
 
 If in the time of riding there is any high 
 wind ftirring, if it be in his face, he Ihould 
 let the adverfary lead, he holding hard be- 
 hind him till he fees an opportunity of giv- 
 ing a loofej yet he muil take care to keep 
 fo clofe to him that his adverfary's horfe 
 may break the v*ind from his, and th'at he, 
 by ftocping low in his feat, may fhelter him- 
 felf under him, which will affift the ftrength 
 of his horfe. 
 
 But on the contrary, if the wind be at his 
 back, he muft rife exaftly behind him, that 
 his own horfe may alone enjoy the benefit of 
 the VN^ind, by being as it were blown forward, 
 and by breaking it from his adverfary, as 
 much as poffible. 
 
 In the next place, obferve what ground 
 your horfe delights moft to run on, and 
 bear the horfe (as much as your adverfary 
 will give you leave) on level carpet ground, 
 becaufe the horfe will naturally be defirous 
 to fpeed him more freely thereon ; but on 
 deep earths give him more liberty, becaufe 
 he will naturally favour himfelf thereupon. 
 
 If you are to run up hill, don't forget by 
 any means to favour your horfe, and bear 
 him, for fear of running him out of wind ; 
 but if it be down hill, (if your horfe's feet 
 and Ihoulders will endure it, and you dare 
 venture your neck) always give him a 
 loofe. 
 
 This may be obferved as a general rule, 
 that if you find your horfe to have the heels 
 of the other, that then you be careful to 
 preferve his fpeed till the laft train-fcent, 
 if you are not to run a ftrait courfe ; but if 
 fo, then till the end of the courfe, and fo 
 to hufband it then alfo, that you may be 
 able to make a pufli for it at the laft poft. 
 
 In the next place you are to acquaint 
 yourfelf, as v/ell as you can, of the nature 
 and temper of your adverfary's horfe, and 
 if he be fiery, then to run juft behind, or 
 juft cheek by joul, and with your whip make 
 as much noife as you can, that you may 
 force him on failer than his rider would have 
 him, and by that means fpend him the 
 
 MAT 
 
 fooner; or elfe keep juft before him, on 
 fuch a flow gallop, that he may either over- 
 reach, or by treading on your horfe's heels, 
 (if he will not take the leading) endanger 
 falling over. 
 
 Take notice alfo on what ground your 
 opponent's horfe runs the worft, and be fure 
 to give a loofe on that earth, that he being 
 forced to follow you, may be in danger of 
 ftumbling, or clapping on the back finews. 
 
 In the like manner, in your riding obferve 
 the feveral helps and corrections of the 
 hand, the whip, and the fpur, and when, 
 and how often he makes ufe of them ; and 
 when you perceive that his horfe begins to 
 be blown, by any of the former fymptoms, 
 as clapping down his ears, whifking his tail, 
 holding out his nofe like a pig, iic. you 
 may then take it for granted that he is at the 
 heighth of what he can do ; and therefore in 
 this cafe, take notice how your own rides, 
 and if he runs more chearfully and ftrongly,. 
 without fpurring, then be fure to keep your 
 adverfary to the fame fpeed, without giv- 
 ing him eafe, and by fo doing, you will 
 quickly bring him to give out, or elfe 
 diftance him. 
 
 Obferve at the end of every train-fcent 
 what condition the other horfe is in, and 
 how he holds out in his labour, of which 
 you may be able to make a judgment by his 
 looks, the working of his flank, and the 
 flacknefs of his girths. 
 
 For if he looks dull, it is a fign that his 
 fpirits fail him ; if his flanks beat much, it 
 is a token that his wind begins to fail him, 
 and confequently his ftrength will do fo 
 too. 
 
 If his wind fails him, then his body will 
 grow thin, and appear tuckt up, which will 
 make his girths, to the eye, feem to be 
 flack ; therefore you may take this for a 
 rule, that a horfe's wanting girting after the 
 firft fcent, provided he were girt clofe at his 
 firft ftarting,. is a good lign ; and if you 
 find it fo, you need not much defpair of 
 v/inning the wager.' 
 
 After the end of every train-fcent, and 
 alfo after every heat for a plate, you muft 
 have dry ftraw and dry cloths, both linen 
 
 and 
 
MAT 
 
 and woollen, which have been fleeped in 
 urine and fiilt-petre a day or two, and then 
 dried in the fun, and a!fo one or two of 
 each mufl: be brought into the field wet ; 
 and after the train has been ended, two or 
 three perfons mufl: help you, and after the 
 groom has with a knife of heat, (as it is 
 called by the Duke of Newcaftle) which is 
 a piece of an old fv/ord blade, fcraped ofl' 
 all the fweat from the horie's neck, body, 
 l£c. then they muft rub him well down 'dry, 
 all over, full; with the dry flraw, and then 
 with dry cloths, whillt others are bufy about 
 his legs, and as foon as they have rubbed 
 them dry, then let them chafe them with 
 the wet cloths, and never give over till you 
 are called by the judges to ftart again. 
 
 This will render his joints pliant and nim- 
 ble, and prevent any infiammation which 
 might arife from an old ftrain. 
 
 The next thing to be regarded, are the 
 Judges or Triers office, who are to fee that 
 all things are ordered according to the arti- 
 cles agreed on, which to that end ought to 
 be read before the horfes ftart. 
 
 That each Trier on whofe fide the train is 
 to be led, according to the articles give di- 
 reftions for it's leading, according to the 
 advice of the rider, or his knowledge of 
 the nature and difpoficion of that horie on 
 whofe fide he is chofe. 
 
 That each Trier be fo advantageoufly 
 mounted, as to ride up behind the horfes 
 (but not upon them) ail day, and to obferve 
 that the contrary horfe ride his true ground, 
 and obferve the articles in every particular, 
 or elfe not to permit him to proceed. 
 
 That after each train-fcent be ended, each 
 Trier look to that horfe againft Vv'hich he is 
 chofen, and obferve that he be no ways re- 
 lieved but with rubbing, except liberty on 
 both fides be given to the contrary. 
 
 As foon as the time allowed for rubbing 
 be expired, which is generally half an hour, 
 they fiiall command them to mount, and if 
 either rider refufe, it may be lawful for the 
 other to ftart without him ; and having beat 
 him the diftance agreed on, tihe wager is to 
 be adjudged on his fide. 
 
 The Triers fhall keep ofi' all other horfes 
 
 MAT 
 
 j from eroding the riders ; only they them- 
 felves may be allowed to inftru6l the riders 
 by word of mouth how to ride, whether 
 flov/ or fafr, according to the advantages he 
 perceives may be gained by his directions. 
 
 If there be any weight agreed on, they 
 Iliall {qz that both horfes bring their true 
 weight to the ftarting-place, and carry it to 
 the end of the train, upon the penalty of 
 lofing the wager. 
 
 The fame rules are to be obferved, efpe- 
 cially this lafc, by thofe gentlemen who 
 are chofen to be the judges at a race for a 
 plate, only they ufually ftay in a ftand, that 
 they may the better fee which horfe wins 
 the heat. 
 
 In running for a plate, there are not fo 
 many obfervations to be made, nor more di- 
 rections required, than what has been already 
 given, only this, if you know your horfe to 
 be tough at bottom, and that he will Hick 
 at mark, to ride him each heat according 
 to the beft of his performance, and avoid 
 as much as poflible either hiding at any par- 
 ticular horfe, or ftaying for any, but to ride 
 each heat throughout with the beft fpeed you 
 can. 
 
 But if you have a fiery Iiorfe to m.anage, 
 or one that is hard mouthed and difficult to 
 be held, then ftart him behind the reft of 
 the horfes, with all the coolnefs and gentle- 
 nefs imaginable ; and when you find that he 
 begins to ride at fome command, then put 
 up to the other horfes, and if you find they 
 ride at their eafe, and are hard held, then 
 endeavour to di-aw them on fafter ; but if 
 you find their wind begins to rake hot, and 
 that they want a fob, if your horfe be in 
 wind, and you have a loofe in your hand, 
 keep them up to their fpeed till you come 
 within three quarters of a mile of the end 
 of the heat, and then give a loofe and pufii 
 for it, and leave to fortune and the good- 
 nefs of your horfe, the event of your fuc- 
 cefs. 
 
 When either your hunting-match, or the 
 trial for the plate is ended, as foon as you 
 have rubbed your horfe dry, cloth hiiii up 
 and ride Iiim home, and the firft thing, give 
 him the following drink to comfort him : 
 
 Beat 
 
M A T 
 
 Beat the yolks of three eggs, and put 
 them into a pint and a half of fsveet milk, 
 warm it luke warm, put to it three-^penny 
 worth of faffron, and three fpoonfuls of 
 lallad oil, and give it him in a horn. 
 
 Having done this, drefs him (lightly over 
 with the curry-comb, brufli, and woollen- 
 cloth ; bathing the place where the faddle 
 ftood with v/arm fack, to prevent warbles ; 
 wafliing the fpurring-places with urine and 
 fait, and anoint them with turpentine and 
 powder of jett, mixed together; litter the 
 liable v/cll, clothing him up as quick as 
 pofilble, and let him ftand for two hours. 
 
 Feed him with rye-bread, with a good 
 mafli, giving him his belly full of hay, and 
 what corn and bread he will eat. 
 
 Bathe his legs well v/ith urine and falt- 
 petre, leave him corn in his locker, and fo 
 let him reft till the next morning, at which 
 time order him as before directed in his 
 days of reft. 
 
 How to order a Horfe for a Match or Plate. 
 
 When you have either matched your horfe, 
 or defign to put him in for a plate, you 
 ought to confider that you fliould referve a 
 month at leaft, to draw his body perfedlly 
 clean, and to refine his wind to that degree 
 of perfection "that is capable of being at- 
 tained by art. 
 
 Take an exact view of the ftate of his 
 body, both outwardly and inwardly, whe- 
 ther he be low or high in flefh, or whether 
 he be dull and heavy when, abroad, and if 
 this has been caufed by too hard riding, or 
 by means of fome greafe that has been dif- 
 folved by hunting, and has not been re- 
 moved by fcouring. 
 
 If he appears fluggifh and melancholy 
 from either of thefe caufes, then give him 
 half an ounce of diapente in a pint of good 
 old Malaga fack, which will both cleanfe 
 his body and revive his fpirits. 
 
 For the firft week, feed him continually 
 with bread, oats, and fplit beans, giving 
 him fometimes the one and fometimes the 
 other, according to what he likes beft, al- 
 ways leavino; him fome in his. locjcer to eat 
 
 MAT 
 
 at leifure when you are abfent ; and when 
 you return at your hours of feeding, take 
 away what is left, giving him frcfh, till you 
 have made him wanton and playful. j 
 
 To this purpofe, take notice, that though 
 you ride him every day morning and even- 
 ing, on airing, or every other day on hunt- 
 ing, yet you are not to fweat him, or put 
 him to any violent labour, the defign of this 
 week's ordering being to keep him in wind 
 and breath, and to prevent purfivenefs. 
 
 But take notice of this, that your oats, 
 beans, and bread, are now to be ordered 
 after another manner than what they were 
 before ; for the oats muft be well dried in 
 the fun, put into a clean bag and foundly 
 beat with a flail or cudgel, till you think 
 they are hulled, then take them out of the 
 bag and winnow them clean, both from hulls 
 and duft, and give them to your horfe as 
 occafion requires. j 
 
 After the fame manner muft you order 1 
 your beans, feparating them from the hulls, 
 which are apt to breed the glut, which muft 
 eitlier be thrown away, or given among chaff 
 to fome m.ore ordinary horfe. 
 
 The bread, which was only chipt before, 
 now the cruft muft be cut clean off, and be 
 otherwife difpofed of, it being hard of di- 
 geftion, and will be apt to heat and dry the 
 horfe's body ; and belides, you muft make 
 a finer bread than before, as follows : 
 
 Take two pecks of beans, and a peck of 
 wheat, let them be ground together, but 
 not too fine, to prevent too much bran 
 being in the bread ; drefs one peck of the 
 meal through a" fine range, and knead it up 
 with new ale yeaft, and the whites of a do- 
 zen new-laid eggs ; bake this in a loaf by 
 itfelf ; but drefs the reft of the meal through 
 a boulter, kneading it only with ale and 
 yeaft, and ufe it in all other points as the 
 former : the peck loaf is to be given the 
 horfe when you fet him, and the other at 
 ordinary times. 
 
 This bread afiifts nature, and much in- 
 creafes the ftrength, courage, and wind of 
 the horfe, (provided there be added to it 
 true labour) as any bread whatfoever. 
 
 Having treated of the condition of thofe 
 
 horfes 
 
MAT 
 
 Horfes which are melancholy and low of 
 flefli, I fliall now fpeak of thole which are 
 brific and lively : if your horfe when you 
 lead him out of the ftable, will leap and 
 play about you, you muftnot only omitgiv- 
 ing him the fcouring of fack and diapente, 
 but any ot-lier whatfoever, for there be- 
 ing no foul humours, nor fuperHuous matter 
 left in his body, for the phyfic to work up- 
 on, it will prey upon the ftrength of his bo- 
 dy, and by that means weaken it. 
 
 If your horfe be engaged in a hunting- 
 match, you muPc fweat him twice this week, 
 but not by hunting him after the hare, but 
 by train-fcents, fince the former on this oc- 
 cafion may prove deceitful : for though the 
 hounds fliould be very fwifr, yet the fcent 
 being cold, the dogs will very often be at 
 fault, and by that means the horfe will have 
 many fobs ; fo that when he comes to run 
 train-fcents in earneft, he will expefl eaie 
 for his wind. 
 
 Therefore lead your train-fcents with a 
 dead cat, over fuch grounds as you are like- 
 ly to run on, and beft agrees with the hu- 
 mour of your horfe ; aifo chufe the fleeted: 
 hounds you can get, and they will keep 
 your horfe up to the heighth of his fpeed. 
 
 As to the number of train-fcents that you 
 fhould ride at a time, they are to be ordered 
 according to the match you are to run, or 
 rather according to the ftrength of your 
 horfe, and ability for perform.ing his heats ; 
 for if you labour him beyond his ftrength, 
 it will take him off his fpeed, weaken his 
 limbs, and daunt his fpirit. 
 
 If you give him too little exercifc, it will 
 rencier him liable to be purfive, and full of 
 ill humours, as glut, i^v. and incline him 
 to a habit of lazinefs, fothat when he comes 
 to be put to labour beyond his tifual rate, he 
 will grow reftive and fettle. 
 
 But fo far may be faid by way of direflion, 
 tliat if you are to run eight train-fcents, and 
 the ftrait courfe, more or lefs ; and you are to 
 put him to fuch fevere labour,' not above 
 twice in the whole month's keeoinp;. 
 
 And if It be in the firft fortnight, it will 
 be the better, for then he will have a wli ;le 
 fortnight to recover his ftrength in again ; 
 
 MAT 
 
 as for his labour in his laft fortnight, let \t 
 be proportionate to his ftrength and wind; 
 fometimes half his tafk, and then three quar- 
 ters of it. 
 
 Only obferve, that the laft trial you make 
 in the firft fortnii?;ht, be a train-fcent more 
 than your match, for by that means you 
 will find what he is able to do. 
 
 As to the proportion of his exercife twice 
 a-week, that is fufficicnt to keep him in 
 breath, and yet will not dim.inilli or injure 
 his vigour. 
 
 But if your hunting-match be to run few- 
 er trains, then you may put !iim to his v>'holc 
 talk the oftener, according as yoti find him 
 in condition ; only obferve, that you are not 
 to ftrain him for tea days at leaft, before he 
 rides his match, that he m.ay be led into t!ie 
 field in perfeft ftrength and vigour. 
 
 If you defign your horfe for a p>late, let 
 him take his heats according to diredion, 
 only let him "be on the place, that he may be 
 acquainted with the ground ; and as for the 
 hounds, you may omit them, as not being 
 tied up to their fpeed, but that of your ad- 
 verfary's horfe. 
 
 As to the number of heats, let them be 
 according to what the articles exaft ; only 
 obferve, that, as to the ftiarpnefs of them, 
 they muft be regulated according to his 
 ftrength, and the goodncfs of his wind. 
 
 When you heat him, provide fome horfes 
 upon the courfe to run againft him ; this 
 will quinken his fpirits and encourage him, 
 when he finds he can command them at his 
 pleafure. 
 
 And here too you muft obferve the rule, 
 not to give the horfe a long heat for ten days 
 or a fortnight before the plate be to be run 
 for ; and let the laft heat you give him be- 
 fore the day of trial be in all his cloaths, 
 and juft ft'ielp it over : which will make him 
 run the next time the more vigoroudy, 
 when he fhall be ftript naked, and feel the 
 cold air pierce him. 
 
 During this month, and on his refting- 
 days, and after his fweats on heating-days, 
 (if there be any occafion for fweating him) 
 you muft obferve the fame rules which have 
 been given for the firft week of the third 
 
 fort- 
 
MAT 
 
 fortnight's keeping, only you nivift omit aU 
 Icourings but rye-bread and malhes, fmce 
 your horfe being in fo perfeft a ftate of" body, 
 has no need of any, except you fliall know 
 there is occafion ; and if the horfe proves 
 thirlly, about eight or nine o'clock at night, 
 you may give him the following julep, to 
 cool him and quench his tiiiill: 
 
 Make two quarts of barley-water, three 
 ounces of fyrup of violecs, two ounces of 
 fyrup of lemons, and having m.ixed them 
 together, give them the horfe to drink, and 
 if he refufes, place it fo that he may not 
 throw it down, and let it ftand by him all 
 night. 
 
 During the laft fortnight, you muft give 
 him dried oats that have been hulled by 
 beating, and having wafhed half a ftrike 
 of oats in the whites of a dozen or twenty 
 eggs, ftir them together, letting them lie all 
 night to foak, fpread them abroad in the fun 
 the next morning, till they are as dry as 
 they were at firft, and fo give thern to your 
 horfe : when thefe are fpent, prepare ano- 
 ther quantity after the fame manner. This 
 food is light of digeftion, and very good for 
 his wind. 
 
 You muft order "his beans as before, but 
 not give them fo often, if he will eat his 
 oats without them : as for his bread this 
 time, make that of three parts wheat to one 
 of beans, and order it as before diredted. 
 
 If you find your horfe inclinable to be 
 coftive, give him oats wafhed in two or three 
 whites of eggs and ale beaten together, to 
 cool his body and keep it moift. 
 
 Give him no mafh for the laft week, only 
 the barley-water before direfted, but let 
 him have his fill of hay, till a day before 
 he is to ride the match, when you may give 
 it him more fparingly, that he may have 
 time to digeft, what lie has eaten, and then, 
 and not before you may muzzle him v/ith 
 your cavelTon ; and be fure that day, and 
 not till the morning he is led out, to feed 
 him as much as poffiblc, for fuch a day's 
 labour will require fomething to maintain his 
 ftrength. 
 
 Therefore in the morning before you are 
 to lead out give him a toalt or two of white 
 
 MEL 
 
 bread fteepedin wine, which will invigorate 
 him and when you iiave done, lead him out 
 into the field. 
 
 But if you are to run for a plate, which 
 coinmonly js not till three o'clock in the af- 
 ternoon, by all means have him cut early 
 in the morning to air, that he may empty 
 his body, and when he is come in from air- 
 ing, feed him with toafts in wine; confider- 
 ing, that as too m.uch fullnefs will endan- 
 ger his wind, fo too long fafting will caufe 
 faintnefs. 
 
 When he has eaten what you thought 
 fit to give him, put on his caveiTon, and 
 having afterwards well chafed his legs with 
 piece-greafe and brandy warmed together, 
 or train oil (which likewife ought to be ufed 
 daily at noon, for a week before the match, 
 or longer, if you fee caufe) fhake up his 
 litter and fhut the ftable up clofe, taking 
 care that there is no noiie made- near him, 
 and let him reft till the hour comes that he 
 is to go out into the field. 
 
 MAY-FLY, an infeft fo called, becaufe 
 it is bred in the month of M^y, of the water- 
 cricket, which creeping out of the river, 
 turns to a fly. It ufually lies uiKcrrhe 
 ftones, near the banks, and is a good bait 
 for fome fort of filh. 
 
 To MAYL Hawks, [in Falconry] is .? 
 pinion their wings. 
 
 MELCERIDES in Horses, tumours fo 
 called, from their refemblance to an honey- 
 comb. 
 
 They attack the joints, and fend forth 
 a glewy matter like honey. 
 
 The way to cure them, is to burn them 
 with red hot irons, in order to bring away 
 all the matter, and to lieal the ulcers with 
 wax melted with hogs-greafe, and to wafti 
 them with cold water, but rather Wit.'> fca- 
 water, (ifitcanbe got). Some recom.nend 
 the burning them with brafs plates. 
 
 MELLIT, a diftemper in a horfe, being 
 a dry fcab growing upon the heels of his 
 fore-foot, which may be cured after the 
 following manner : 
 
 Take common honey, half a pint, black 
 foap, a quarter of a pound, mingle them 
 well together, adding four or five fpoontulsj 
 
 of 
 
M E R 
 
 of vinegar, and the fame quantity of alum, 
 finely powdered, foaked in a hen's egg, 
 with two fpoonfuls of fine fiotir. Let all 
 be well mixt together, clip away tlie hair 
 from the part afiecled, and apply it to the 
 ibrrance, after the manner of a plaifler, and 
 let it remain five days. 
 
 Then take it off, and having waflied all 
 the leg, foot, and fore, with broth of pow- 
 dered beef, rope up his legs with thumbands 
 of loft hay, wetted in the fame liquor, and 
 it will effeft a cure. 
 
 Whenever you drefs the forrance, do not 
 omit the pulliag off the fcab, or any crufty 
 fubftance that may be upon the fore, and al- 
 fo towalhit clean. 
 
 MERLIN, a fort of hawk the leafl: of 
 all birds of prey, which refembles the hag- 
 gard falcon in plume, fear of the foot, beak, 
 and talons, and is much like her in con- 
 dition. 
 
 If fhe be well manned, lured, and care- 
 fully looked after, fhe will prove an excel- 
 lent hawk : their flight is fwift, and they 
 naturally fly at a partridge, thrufli, and 
 lark ; but llie is a very bufy and unruly bird, 
 therefore care muft be had of her, left flie 
 unnaturally eat off her own feet and talons, 
 which they have often been found to do, 
 upon v<hich they ought not to be mewed or 
 intermewed, becaufe in mewins; thev often 
 fpoil themfelvcs. 
 
 This hawk is veiy venturefome, for fhe 
 will fly at birds as big, and bigger, than 
 herfelf, with fuch eagernefs, as to purfue 
 them even to a town or village ; but if you 
 would fly her at a partridge, chufe the for- 
 male or female, for the jack is not worth the 
 training. 
 
 Though the merlin is reckoned a hawk 
 of the fill, yet flie may be brought to take 
 much delight in the lure : . when you have 
 made her come to the lure, fo as patiently 
 to endure the hood, you fliould make her a 
 train with a partridge, if flie take and kill it 
 reward her well ; then fly her at the wild 
 partridge, and if flie take or make it at firft 
 or Iccond flight, being retrieved by the fpa- 
 nicls, feed her upon it with a reafonable 
 gorge, chearing her in fuch a manner with 
 
 L 
 
 MEW 
 
 the voice, that fhe may know it another 
 time, but if flie do not prove hardy the 
 fecond or third time, fhe will be good for 
 nothing. 
 
 When your merlin is thoroughly manned 
 and reclaimed, you may carry her into the 
 fields, where having found a lark or linnet 
 get as near as may be into the wind to the 
 bird, and as foon as the bird arifes from 
 the ground, unhood your caft of merlins 
 and caft them off, for they affeft to fly in 
 company ; bcfides it is a great pleafure to 
 the Ipeftators to fee them fly together, where 
 they may obfcrve one climbing to the 
 mountce above the lark, and the other lying 
 low for her beft advantage ; when they have 
 beat down the lark, let them feed a little 
 thereon 
 
 But the cut-larks, it is not advifaSle for 
 the falconer to let them fly at, for though 
 they do not mount as the long-fpurred lark 
 does, yet their flying ftrait forwards endan- 
 gers the lofs of the hawk. 
 
 MES-AIR, is a manage ha.\( terra a terra 
 and half corvert. 
 
 MESHES, the openings and vacancies in 
 nets, or net-works. 
 
 MEW, a place where a hawk is fet during 
 the time flie raifes her feathers. 
 
 Of tliefe mews there are two forts, one 
 at large, and the other at ftock and ftone ; 
 the firft is thus : 
 
 Ifj'ourroom be fpacious you may mew 
 four falcons at once, each partition confif- 
 ting of about twelve feet fquare, one as 
 much in height, with two windows, two 
 feet broad, one opening to the north, for 
 the benefit of the cool air, and the other to 
 the eaft, for the v/armth of the fun ; but at 
 tlie eaft window there fhould be a board 
 two feet broad, even with the bottom of the 
 window, withalalh, or ledge, roundabout 
 in the middle on which you are to fet a green 
 turf, with plenty of gravel and ftones upon 
 it, that your hawk may take them at her 
 pleafure. 
 
 If the falcon be a great bater, let her cham- 
 ber be on the ground-floor, covered four 
 fingers thick with grafs, fand, I5c. where 
 you are to fet a ftone, fomev/hat taper, a 
 L 1 cubit 
 
MEW 
 
 cubit high, on which flie will take delight 
 to fitj for its Goldncis. 
 
 Make her alio two perches at each window, 
 to rcfrefh herfelf as Ike pleafes, either with 
 heat or cold. 
 
 The time of mewing, fkould be about 
 the latter end ox April, v/hen you are to fct 
 down your hawks, diligently obferving 
 whether they are loufy or not, for which 
 give them pepper, and fcour them before 
 you call them into the mew. 
 
 Every week or fortnight, fet her a bafon 
 of water to bathe in, and when fhe is done, 
 take it away the night following. 
 
 Your mew, muft have a portal to con- 
 vey in the hawk, with a device, on which 
 her meat is to be ferved j and you fhould 
 keep one fet hour in feeding, and flic will 
 mew fooner and^better : v/hcn Ihe has fed 
 and gorged hcrfelf, remove the ftick from 
 the hawk, v/hereon the meat was faftened, 
 to keen her from draggins; it into the mew. 
 
 But moft falconers are of opinion, that 
 it is better mewing at ftock and ftone, in 
 the following manner: make choice of a 
 ground-room, remote from noife or con- 
 courfe of people, then fet a table, of what 
 length you judge moft convenient for the 
 number of your falcons, and about fix foot 
 in breadth, with thin boards along the fides 
 and ends, about four fingers high from the 
 furface of the table, which Ikould Hand 
 about tliree feet from the ground ; let the 
 table be covered indifferently thick with 
 great fand, rnixt with fmall pebbles, in the 
 midft whereof place a pyramidical free-ftone, 
 about a yard in height, to which tie your 
 falcon or gerfalcon, i^c. 
 
 Then raking a fmall cord, of the bignefs 
 of a bow-ftring, put it through a ring or fwi- 
 yel, and bind it about the ftone, in fuch 
 manner, that the fwivel may go round the 
 ftone without lett or hindrance, to which 
 faften the leafe of your hawk. 
 
 If you mew more than one hawk in a 
 room, you mud fet the ftones at a diftance 
 that v/hen they bate they may not crab one 
 another. 
 
 The reafon of placing this ftone, it be- 
 caufe the falcons delight to fit on it for it's 
 
 MEW 
 
 coolnefs fake, and the gravel ftones they fre- 
 quently fwallov/ to cool thernfelves : the 
 fand is necefTary to preferve their leathers 
 when they bate, and their rnewets are more 
 eafily cleanfeci ; the little cord with the 
 fwivel tied about the ftone, is to keep the 
 hawk from entangling when flie bates, be- 
 caule the ring will itiil follow her. 
 
 It is convenient to keep your hawk hood- 
 ed all the day, except only when you take 
 her on your fift to teed, but unhood her ix 
 night i and left any accident ftiould hap- 
 pen, prejudicial to the hawk, the falconer 
 ought to lie in the mew. 
 
 The gofhawk is to be miev.'cd in a more 
 particular manner when you have iiown her, 
 or the tiercel, foar, and haggard, till March, 
 give her Ibme quarry in her food, and hav- 
 ing feen that flie is clean from lice, cut off 
 the button of her jelTes, and throw her into 
 the rnew, the perches of which fliould be 
 lined with canvafs or cotton, and there feed 
 her with pigeons, or elfe with hot weather- 
 mutton. If about the beginning of October 
 you find her fairly mewed, and hard-penned, 
 give her chickens, lamb, or calves heart, for 
 about twenty days together, to fcour her, 
 make her flice out the fiimy fubftance and 
 glut of her panncl, and enfeam her, then 
 furnifli her with jeffes, iSc. again, and leal 
 her for two or three days, till Ihe endure the 
 hood patiently. 
 
 MEWING, a malady common to all 
 kinds of volatiles, being the cafting of their 
 feathers. 
 
 MEWING [with Hunters] a term ufed 
 ofaftag, i£c. Ikedding his horns: an old 
 hart calls his horns fooner than a young one, 
 which is commonly in the months of /^^Jr//^- 
 ry and March ; but it is to be obferved, that 
 if a hart be gelded before he has a head he 
 will never bear any, and if he be gelded 
 after he has a head, he will never mew or A 
 caft off his horns ; again, if he be gelded 
 when he has a velvet head, it will always be 
 fo, without fraying or burnifliing. 
 
 Thefe beafts have no fooner caft their 
 heads, but they immediately withdraw into 
 thickets to hide themfelves, in fuch conve- 
 nient places where tliey may have ftrong 
 
 feed- 
 
' M O L 
 
 feeding and good water; but young harts 
 do never betake themfelves to thickets till 
 they have born their third head, which is in 
 the fourth year. 
 
 After mewing they will begin to button, 
 in March or April; and as the fun grows 
 ftrong, and the feafon of the year puts forth 
 the crop of the earth, fo will their heads 
 grow, fo as to be fummed full by the mid- 
 dle of June. 
 
 MIDDLING-TEETH of a Horse, are 
 the fore teeth that come out at three years 
 and a half, in the room of other faur foal- 
 teeth, feated between the nippers and the 
 corner teeth, from which fituation they de- 
 rive the title of middling. 
 
 There is one above and one below, on 
 each fide of the jaws. See Teeth. 
 
 The MINNOW, is a filli without fcalcs, 
 and one of the leaft of fillies, but, (in the 
 opinion of fome) for excellency of meat, 
 he may be compared to any fifli of the 
 greateft value and largeft fize : the fpawners 
 are ufually full of fpawn all the fummer 
 long, for they breed often, as it is but necef- 
 fary, being both prey and baits to other filli. 
 
 They come into the river generally about 
 March and April, and continue there till 
 the cold Vv'eather drives them into their winter 
 quarters again. 
 
 This fifh is of a greenilTi colour, or v/avy 
 fky-coloured, his belly is very vvhitc, but 
 his back is blackifli ; and wUi bite fharply 
 at a worm. 
 
 Anglers find them oftner than they defire ; 
 they feldom frequent deep places. It is a 
 fifh not at all curious of his feeding, for 
 any bait pleafes him, if he can but fwallow 
 it, he will ftrain hard for Vvhat he cannot 
 gorge. 
 
 The chief food he loves, is a fmall red 
 worm, wafps, or cad-baits. 
 
 MOLES IN THE Fields, may be de- 
 ftroyed by taking a head or two of garlick, 
 onion, or leek, and put into their holes, 
 and they, will run out as if frighted, and 
 you may with a fpear or dog take them. 
 
 Or, pounded hellebore, white or black, 
 with wheat flour, the white of an egg, 
 milk and fweet wine or metheglin, make it 
 
 M O N 
 
 into a pafte, and put pellets as big as a fmall 
 nut into theii holes, they eat it with plea- 
 fure, and it will kill them. 
 
 In places you would not dig nor break 
 much, the fuming their holes v/ith brim- 
 ftone, garlick, or other unfavoury things, 
 drives them away; and if you put a dead 
 mole into a common haunt it will mal^e * 
 them abfolutely forfake it. 
 
 Or, take a mole fpear. or flaff, and where 
 you fee them caft, go lightly ; buc not on 
 the fide betwixt them and the wind, left 
 they perceive you ; and at the firfl: or fecond 
 putting up of the earth, ftrike them with 
 your mole Haft' downright, and mark which 
 way the earth falls moft : if fhe cafts to- 
 wards the left hand, ftrike fomewhat on the 
 right hand, and fo on the contrary to the 
 cafting up of the plain ground, ftrike down, 
 and there let it remain : then take out the 
 tongue in the ftaff", and with the fpactle or 
 flat edge dig round about your grain to the 
 end thereof, to fee if you have killed her; 
 and if you have mifled her, leave open the 
 hole, and ftep afide a little, and perhaps flie 
 will come to ftop the hole again, for they 
 love but very little air, and then ftrike 
 again ; but if you mifs her, pour into her 
 hole two gallons of water, and that will 
 make her come out for fear of drowning; 
 mind them going out of a morning to feed, 
 or coming home when fed, and you may 
 take a great many. 
 
 MOLTEN GREASE, is a fermentation 
 or ebullition of impure humours, which 
 precipitate and difembogue the guts, and 
 oftentimes kill a horfe. 
 
 This difcafe does not commonly feize 
 upon any but over-fat horfes, over-rid in 
 hot weather. See Grease. 
 
 MONTOIR, OR Horse-Block, is a 
 word derived from Italy, where the riding- 
 m.afters mount their horfes from a ftone as 
 high as the ftirrups, v/ithout putting their 
 foot into the ftirrups. 
 
 In France no fuch thing is ufed, but yet 
 the word montoir is there retained, and fig- 
 nifics the poife or reft of the horf^man's left 
 foot upon his left fcirrup. 
 
 MONTOR A DOS, or, a poil ; a French 
 L 1 2 ' expref- 
 
M O U 
 
 expreffion, fignifying, to mount a horfe bare 
 backed, or without a faddle. 
 
 MOON-EYES ; a horfe is faid to have 
 moon-eyes when the weaknefs of his eyes 
 increafcs or dccreafcs, according to the 
 coLirfe of the moon ; fo that in the wane of 
 the moon his eyes are muddy and troubled, 
 and at new moon they clear up, but ftil] he 
 is in danger of lofing his eye-iight quite. 
 
 MOOR's HEAD, implies the colour of 
 a RD<rn horfe, who befides the mixture or 
 blending of a grey and a bay, has a black 
 head, and black extremities, as the m.ane 
 and tail. See Roan 
 
 MOTION ; this horfe has a pretty mo- 
 tion. 
 
 This expref^on implies the freedom of 
 the motion of the fore-legs, when a horfe 
 bends them much upon the manage ; but if 
 a horfe trots quite out, and keeps his body 
 ftralt, and. his head high, and bends his 
 fore-legs handfornely, then to lay he has a 
 pretty motion with him, implies the liberty 
 of the aftion of the fore-hand. 
 
 MOUTH OF A Horse, fnould be mode- 
 rately well cloven, for when it is too much, 
 there is much difficulty to bitt a horfe fo as 
 that he may not fwallow it, as horfemen 
 term it. 
 
 And if he has a little mouth, it will be 
 difficult to get the mouth of the bitt rightly 
 lodged therein. 
 
 A horfe, to have a good mouth, fliould 
 have a well raifed neck, and if it be fome- 
 what large and thick, it ought to be at leall 
 well turned, his reins ftrong and well fhaped, 
 and legs and feet likewife. 
 
 If ail thefe prove right, no doubt but the 
 horfe has a very good mouth ; but if his 
 iaw-bones be too clofe, and he have alio a 
 Ihort and thick neck, fo that he cannot 
 place his head right, his having a good 
 mouth will avail but little, becaufe no ufe 
 can be made of it. 
 
 The compliance and obedience of a horfe, 
 is owing, partly, to the tender or quick 
 fenfe of his mouth, v^^hich makes him afraid 
 of being hurt by the bitt, and partly by 
 the natural difpofition of his members, and 
 his own inclinations to obey. 
 
 M o r 
 
 The mouth is called fenfible, fine, ten-- 
 der, light, and loyal. 
 
 Your horfe has fo fine a mouth, that he- 
 flops if the horfeman does but bend his 
 body behind, and raife his hand, without 
 flaying for the pull or check of the bridle, 
 
 A mouth is laid to be fixed and certain, 
 Y.'hen a horfe does not chack or beat upon 
 the hand. 
 
 A frefli, foaming mouth. 
 
 A flrong, defperate, fpoiled mouth; a 
 falfe mouth is a mouth that is not at all 
 fenfible, though the parts look well, and 
 are all well formed. 
 
 A mo]ith of a full appni,. or refl upon the 
 hand, is one that has not the tender nice 
 fenfe, of fome fine mouths, but neverthe- 
 lefs has a fixt and certain reft, and fuffers a 
 hand that's a little hard, witiiouc chacking: 
 or beating upon the hand, without bearing 
 down or refilling the bitt, infomuch that he 
 will bear a jerk of the bridle without being 
 much moved. 
 
 If you go to the army, provide yourfelf^ 
 a horfe with a mouth that bears a full refl 
 upon the hand, for if you take one of a fine, 
 nice,, tender mouth, and another horfe 
 comes to fliock or run againft him in a fight, 
 he will be apt to rife upon his two hmd- 
 feet, which a horfe of a harder mouth would, 
 not do. See Appui. 
 
 A mouth that bears more than a full reft 
 upon the hand, implies, a horfe that does 
 not obey but with great difficulty. 
 
 You will readily flop this horfe, for his 
 mouth is above a full appiii upon the hand. 
 See Appui, 
 
 MULE, 1 is of two forts, the one en- 
 
 MOIL, I gendered of a horfe and a fe- 
 male afs, and the other of a male afs and a 
 mare. 
 
 The firfl kind are generally very dull, as 
 partaking too much of the afs, nor are they 
 fo large as the fecond, for which reafon the 
 latter are much more ufed and propagated. 
 
 Though thefe mules are of both fexes, 
 yet being a mixt kind, they never breed ; 
 though Ibme Authors affirm, that there is a 
 fort of them in Syria that procreate in their 
 own kind. 
 
 Mules 
 
 i 
 
NEC 
 
 Mtiles excel horfes for burdens and fure- 
 footedncls, efpecially in ftony ways : they 
 are alfo very good for draught, being very 
 ftrong. 
 
 They go eafier, and are therefore much 
 better to ride than horfes for their walk or 
 trot ; but they are generally rough gallop- 
 ers, though fome of them that are of a long 
 make, are very fleet. 
 
 MULES IN THE Legs of a Horse. See 
 Scratches. 
 
 MUSEROLE, o^^f Nose-Band. 
 
 MUTE, [amongll Hunters], hounds or 
 beagles are laid to run mute, when they 
 courfe along without opening or making any 
 cry. 
 
 MUTE, OR Ordure, dung, more efpe- 
 cially of birds, 
 
 "To MUTE, to dung, or make dung as a 
 hawk does. 
 
 NA G, Little Nag, or Tit^ is a 
 horfe of a fmall low fize. 
 
 NARES [in Falconry], the holes in a 
 hawk's beak. 
 
 NARROW, a horfe that narrows, is one 
 that does not take ground enough j that is, 
 does not bear far enough out to the one 
 hand or to the other. 
 
 NAVEL-GALL, is a brulfe on the back 
 of a horfe, or pinch of a faddle behind, 
 which if left alone long will be hard to cure. 
 
 The hurt obtains this name, becaufe it is 
 over-againfc the navel. 
 
 The cure : take oil of bay, oil of coftus, 
 fox-greafe, oil of favin, of each an ounce, 
 a handful of great garden worms, fcour 
 them with fait and white wine, and put all 
 the ingredients together into an earthen 
 pipkin, ftop or cover it very clofe, and boil 
 them well ; then add an ounce and a half 
 of fallad oil, fet it upon the fire again, 
 and boil it till it become a perfect ointment, 
 ■which ftrain it into a gallipot : warm it 
 when you ufe it, and fo drefs the forrance 
 with lints or hards dipt in it. 
 
 If the place be only fwelled, and the fl^in 
 not broken, then rub it with your hand, or 
 a rag dipped in brandy, and it will take it 
 down. 
 
 NEE 
 
 NECK OF A Horse, flipuld be lean, and 
 but little flelh upon it; and to be well 
 fliaped, it lliould, at its going from the 
 withers, rife with a Hope upwards, dimi- 
 nifliing by degrees toward the head. 
 
 In mares, it is a good quality to have 
 their necks fomewhat grofs, and charged 
 with ficfli, becaufe their necks are generally 
 too fine and flender. 
 
 Deer Necks, or Cock-throppled, are 
 thofe, in which the fleih that fiiould be next 
 the mane, is f^t quite below, and next the 
 throat, which renders the neck ill-fhaped 
 and ugly. 
 
 A wcll-lhaped neck contributes very much 
 to the making him light or heavy of the 
 hand, according as it is fine or courfe. 
 
 NEEZINGS ; in order to purge a horfe's 
 head when it is Hopped with phlegm, cold, 
 and other grofs humours, and to make him 
 neeze, there is nothing better than to take 
 a branch of pellitory of Spain, and tying 
 the fame to a ftick, put it up his noftrils, 
 and it will operate upon him without hurt 
 or violence. 
 
 NEIGHING, is the cry of a horfe. 
 Such a horfe neighs. 
 
 NET-MAKING ; by nets here is meant, 
 fuch as are ufeful to take fowl with ; for the 
 making of which, the inilruments or tools 
 required, are wooden needles, v/hereof you 
 fhould have about half a dozen of divers 
 forts, fome round, and others flat; alfo a 
 pair of flat, round-pointed fcilTars, and a 
 wheel to wind off the thread : the pack- 
 thread muft be the bell and evened; that can 
 be got, greater or fmaller, according to the 
 fowl you defign to take : the meflles, muft 
 be about two inches from point to point, for 
 the larger they are, 'tis the better to entan- 
 gle fowl. 
 
 But the nets muft be neither too deep nor 
 too long, or that will render them trouble- 
 fome to manage, but let them be well 
 verged on each fide with a long twifted thread. 
 
 As for the colouring, the rufl^et ones are 
 made fo by putting them into a tanner's pit, 
 where they muft lie till they are well co- 
 loured ; and this tindure is alfo an excellent 
 prefer ver of them. 
 
 To 
 
NEE 
 
 ' To make them green ; chop and boil fome 
 green wheat in water, and rub your nets 
 therewith, letting them lie in it twenty- 
 four hours. 
 
 The yellow colour, is done by fteeping 
 the net in the juice of celandine, and then 
 drying it in the fhade, for it mull not be 
 over bright, but of the colour of ftubble in 
 harvelt-time, for \\hich feafon 'tis proper. 
 
 For preferving them, care muil be had to 
 keep them dry, for which end hang them 
 abroad in the fun, whenever you have ufed 
 them in the dew or rain j and fee the leaft 
 rent or breach be mended upon the firft 
 difcovery ; hang them at a diflance from the 
 wall, left they be injured by rats and mice. 
 
 The readieft way of taking great fowl 
 with nets, is the making of the nets, which 
 mufl be of the beft packthread, with great 
 and large m.eflies, at lealt two inches from 
 point to point ; for the larger the meflies 
 are, (fo that the fowl cannot creep through 
 them) the better it will be, for they entan- 
 gle them the more certainly. 
 
 Let not the nets be above tv/o fathom 
 deep, and fix in length, which is the great- 
 eft proportion that a common man is able 
 to overthrow. Verge the nets on the out- 
 fide with very ftrong cord, and extend it at 
 each end upon long poles made for that 
 purpofe. 
 
 Being provided vi-ith nets, obferve the 
 haunts of fowls, or their morning and 
 evening feeding-places, coming to them, at 
 leaft, tvi^o hours before thofe feafons, and 
 fpreading the net fmooth and flat upon the 
 ground, ftaking down the two lower ends 
 firm ; let the uppa- ends ftand extended 
 upon the long cord, the farther end thereof 
 being ftaked faft down to the earth, iwo or 
 three fathom from the net, and let the ftake 
 which ftakcth down the cord, ftand in a di- 
 reft and even line with the lower verge of 
 the net, ftill obfer/ing the diftance : then 
 the other end of the cord, which muft be 
 at leaft ten or twelve fathom long, the Fow- 
 ler muft hold in his hand, at the uttermoft 
 diftance aforefaid, v/hcre he ftiould make 
 fome artifical fnelter, either of grafs, fods, 
 earth, or fome fuch like matter, where he 
 may lie out of the fight of the fowl. 
 
 NEE 
 
 Take care that the net may lie fo ready 
 for the gam.e, that upon the leaft pull, it 
 may rife from the earth and fly over. 
 
 Strew over all the net, as it lies upon the 
 ground, fome grafs, that you may hide it 
 from the fowl. It will alfo be convenient 
 to ftake down a live hern near your net, or 
 fome other fowl formerly taken for a ftale. 
 
 When you fee a good number of fowls 
 come v/ithin the verge of the net, draw the 
 cord fuddeniy, and caft the net over them : 
 continue your fport till the fun be near an 
 hour high, and no longer, for then their 
 feeding is over for that tim.e ; but you may 
 go again in the evening, from about fun fct 
 till twilight. 
 
 By this means you may take not only 
 great quantities of large wild fowl, but alfo 
 plovers. 
 
 To take fmall water-fov/1 v/ith nets, make 
 your nets of the fmalleft and ftrongeft pack- 
 thread, but the mefties muft not be near fo 
 big as thofe for larger fowl, about two feet 
 and a half, or three feet deep. 
 
 Line thefe nets on both fides with fmall 
 nets, every mefti being about an inch and a 
 half fquare, each way, that as the fowl 
 ftriketh either througli ihem or againft them, 
 fo the fmaller net may pafs through the 
 greater mefties, and fo ftreighten and en- 
 tangle the fowl. 
 
 Thefe nets are to be pitched for every 
 evening flight of fowl, before fun-fet, ftak- 
 ing them down on each fide of a river, 
 about half a foot within the water, the 
 lower fide of the net being fo plumbed, 
 that "it may fi.nk fo far and no farther : place 
 the upper fide of the net fl ant- wife, fhoal- 
 ing againft the water, yet not touching the 
 water by near two feet, and let the ftrings 
 which fupport this upper fide of the net, be 
 faftened to fmall yielding fticks, pricked in 
 the bank, which as the fowl ftrikes, may give 
 liberty to the net to run and entangle them. 
 
 Thus place feveral of thefe nets over dif- 
 ferent parts of the river, about twelve fcore 
 fathom one from another, or as the river or 
 brook will allow; and you may depend 
 upon it, that if any fowl come on the river 
 that night, you will have your ftiare of them. 
 
 And 
 
N I G 
 
 And that you may attain your end the 
 fooner, take a gun, and go to all the fens 
 and plafhes that are at a diftance from your 
 nets, and fire three or four times, which 
 will fo affright the fowl, that they will fly 
 to the rivers ; then plant your nets upon 
 thefe fens and plafhes. 
 
 In the morning, go firft to the ri'v'er and 
 fee what fowls are caught there, and having 
 taken them up, with the nets, if you efpy 
 any fowl on the river, difcharge your gun, 
 which will m.ike them fly to the fens and 
 plaflies ; where go to fee what are taken. 
 By this means you will fcarce fail of catch- 
 ing fome, although there (hould be but very 
 few abroad. 
 
 NIGHT-ANGLING. See Angltng. 
 
 NIGHTINGALE, a fmall bird, in big- 
 nefs much refembling a lark ; it has a brown 
 back, and is afh-coloured tov/ards the belly. 
 
 The nightingale has the fuperiority above 
 all other birds, in refpe<5t to her finging with 
 fo much variety, the fweeteit and moft me- 
 lodioufly of all others. 
 
 Nightingales appear in England, about 
 the beginning of April, none as yet know- 
 ing where their habitations is during the 
 winter feafon ; and they ufually make their 
 nefts about a foot and a half, or two feet 
 above ground, either in thick quick-fet 
 hedges, or in beds of nettles where old 
 quick-fet hedges have been thrown together, 
 and nettles grown through ; and make them 
 of fuch materials as the place affords : but 
 fome have found their nefls upon the 
 ground, at the bottom, of hedges, and 
 amongft walle grounds ; and fome upon 
 banks that have been raifed, and then over- 
 grown with thick grafs. As for the number 
 of their eggs, it is uncertain, fome having 
 three or four, and fome five, according to 
 the ftrength of their bodies j and thofe that 
 make their nefts in the fummer, have fome- 
 times feven or eight : but they have young 
 ones commonly in the beginning of May. 
 
 The nightingale that is beffc to be kept, 
 fliould be of the earlieft birds in the fpring, 
 they becoming more perfect in their fongs, 
 and alfo hardier, for the old one has more 
 time to fing over, or continue longer in 
 
 NIG 
 
 finging than thofe that are later bred, and 
 you may have better hopes of their living. 
 The young ones muft not be taken out of 
 their nefts till they are indifferently well 
 feathered, not too little nor too much, for 
 if the laft, they v/ill be fullen, and in the 
 other cafe they are apt to die, and at the 
 beft they are as much longer in bringing up. 
 
 Their meat may be made of lean beef,. 
 Ihecp's heart, or bullocks heart, the fat fl<in 
 whereof that covers it, muft firft be pulled 
 off, and the finews taken out as clean as 
 poffibly ; then foak a quantity of white bread 
 in water, and chop it fmall, as it were for 
 minced meat, then with a ftick take up the 
 quantity of a grey pea, and give every one 
 three or four fuch gobbles in an hour's 
 time, as long as they fliall endure to abide 
 in their nefts. 
 
 When they begin to grow ftrong, and 
 ready to fly out, put them into the cage 
 with feveral perches for them to fit upon, 
 lined with fome green baize, for they are at 
 firft fubjeft to the cramp ; and put fome 
 fine mofs or hay at the bottom of the cage, 
 for them to fit on when they pleafe, always 
 obferving to keep them as clean as may be, 
 for if they are brought up naftily, they, 
 as well as all other birds, will always be fo ; 
 fome fuffer no day-light to come to them 
 only on one fide ; others, more curious, line 
 their cages on three fides with green baize. 
 
 For the difeafes incident to this delight- 
 ful bird ; as nightingales grow extraordinary 
 fat, both abroad in fields, as well as in 
 houfes where they are caged up, you are to 
 obferve, it is very dangerous when it be- 
 gins to abate, if they do not fing, therefore 
 they muft be kept very warm upon the fall- 
 ing of their fat, and muft have fome faffron 
 given them in their meat and water : but 
 when they ai-e perceived to grow fat, they 
 muft be purged two or three times a-week. 
 with fome worms that are taken out of pi- 
 geon-houfes, for four or five weeks toge- 
 ther ; and give them two or three fpeckled 
 fpiders a-day, as long as they laft, which 
 fpiders are found in Auguft. If they grow 
 melancholy, put into their water or drink- 
 ing-pot, fome white fugar-candy, v/ith a 
 
 (lice 
 
IS I G 
 
 nice or two of liquorice ; and if they ftill 
 coiiiipliiin, put into their pot lix or eight 
 chives of faflron, continuing to give them 
 Ihcep's heart and palle, alfo three or four 
 meal-v/orms a day, and a fev/ ants and their 
 eggs: farther boil a nev/-laid-egg very 
 hard, mince it fmall, and ilrew it amonglt 
 the ants and their eggs. 
 ■ Nightingales that have been kept two or 
 three years in a cage are very fubjeft to the 
 gout, in that cafe you muft take them out 
 and anoint their feet with frefh butter or 
 capon's greafe three or four days together, 
 v/hich is a certain cure. 
 
 The chief thing that caufes moll of the 
 difeafes, is for want of keeping them clean 
 and neat, whereby their feet become clog- 
 ged, and their claws rot off, which brings 
 the gout and cramp upon them : be fure 
 twice a week to let them have gravel about 
 the bottom of the cage, which muft be very 
 dry v^^hen it is put in, as it will not then be 
 fubject to clog. 
 
 Thefe birds are alfo fubjeftto apofthum.es 
 and breakings out above their eyes and 
 nebs, for which you are alfo to ufe butter 
 and capon's greafe. To raife nightingales 
 when they are very bare, give them new 
 eggs chopt very fmall, amongft their fheep's 
 heart and paRe, or hard eggs, and when 
 they are recovered, bring them to ordinary 
 diet again, that you m.ay continue to main- 
 tain them in their former plight ; but as 
 foon as you perceive them growing fat, give 
 them no more eggs. 
 
 There is another difeafe incident to thofe 
 birds, called the ttreightnefs, or ftrangling 
 in the breaft ; which proceeds very often 
 for want of care in preparing their food, 
 by mixing fat meat therewith ; and may be 
 perceived by the beating pain they were not 
 accuftomed to, which abides in this part, 
 and by his often gaping and opening his bill j 
 it may alfo be occafioned by fome finew or 
 thread of the flieep's heart (for want of fhred- 
 inf with a fliarp knife) that hangs in his 
 throat, or that many times clings about his 
 tongue, v/hich makes him forfiike his meat 
 and grow poor in a very Ihort time, efpe- 
 cially in the fpring, and when he is in the 
 
 NIG 
 
 fong-note ; as foon as you perceive the 
 fymptoms, take him gently out of his cage, 
 open his bill with a quill or pin, and un- 
 loofen anyftrjng or loofe piece of flefh that 
 may hang about his tongue or throat, and 
 when you have taken it away, give him 
 fome white fusrar-candy in his water, or 
 elfe diffolve it and mciften his meat with 
 it, which will prove a prefent remedy. 
 
 All that is to be faidmore concerning this 
 melodious bird, is touching the length of 
 his life ; fome live but one, fome three, 
 fome five, and otliers unto eight and twelve 
 years ; and they fing rather better and bet- 
 ter for the firft eight years, but then they 
 decline by degrees, but if they have good 
 keepers, it will prolong their lives three 
 or four years , and v/here there is one kept, 
 in a cage until that age, an hundred die : 
 yet the care of fome have been fuch^ that 
 it has been known nightingales have lived 
 to be fifteen years old, and to continue 
 finging, more or lefs, for the moft; part of 
 of the time. 'See Paste for Birds. 
 
 NIGHT-HOOKS, fhould be thus laid : 
 procure a fmall cord fixteen yai'ds long, and 
 at equal diltances tie to it five or fix hemp- 
 en lines, of the thicknefs of the trowling- 
 line, about eighteen inches long a-piece, 
 fattening them in fuch a manner as you may 
 eafily remove or put them to again. To 
 each of thefe whip a hook, and bait it with 
 a minnow, loach, or bull-head, his gillfins 
 cut off; or, for want of them, with a fmall 
 gudgeon, a fmall roach, a piece of feven 
 eyes, of about an inch, and the brighteft 
 coloured you can get, which is much the 
 moft preferable bait for eels, or one of the 
 fmall brood of eels, or with beef, or the pith 
 and marrow in an ox or cow's back-bone. 
 If you bait with any fifli, put the point of 
 the hook in at the tail and out at the mouth, 
 the head of the fifh refting on the hook's 
 bent ; and cover the point of the hook with 
 a fmall worm : then at one end of the cord 
 faften a ftone or a lead weight of about two 
 pounds, and throw it crofs the river in fome 
 ftill deep, or at the tail or fide of a deep 
 ftream. Faften the other end to fome 
 bough or fticii on the water-bank you ftand 
 
 on; 
 
OAT 
 
 OSS 
 
 on ; and in the morning you will feldom 
 fail to find fifli enfnared. Ufe a great filh 
 needle to draw the line through the bait, and 
 out at it's tail, and then let it flip down to 
 the hook's bent, the head being downwards, 
 tying the tail to the line with thread, and 
 the top of the hemp line to the cord. 
 
 Eels, chubs, large trouts, and pike, are 
 taken this way ; but if you lay for pike, 
 keep the bait with a float about a foot from 
 the bottom. For other filli let it touch the 
 bottom. 
 
 NIGHT-MARE, a malady incident to 
 horfes as well as human bodies, proceeding 
 from the melancholy blood cppreffing the 
 heart : it will caufe the horfe to fweat more 
 in the night than in the day, and thereby de- 
 prive him of his reft. 
 
 You may difcover it by obferving him 
 in the morning, whether he fweats on the 
 flanks, neck, and fhort ribs, which are fure 
 indications of it. 
 
 For the cure. Take a pint of fallad oil, 
 a quarter of a pound of fugar candy, put in- 
 to them a handful of fait, mix them well 
 together, warm them blood-warm, and 
 give it the horfe two miornings. 
 
 NIPPERS, are four teeth in the fore-part 
 of a horfe's mouth, two in the upper and 
 two in the lower jaw : a horfe puts them 
 forth between the fecond and third year. 
 See Teeth. 
 
 NIPPERS ; fmith's or farrier's nippers, 
 are the pincers with which they cut the 
 nails they have drove in, before they 
 rivet them, and which they ufe in taking off 
 ii fhoe. 
 
 NOSE-BAND, or Musroll, is that 
 part of a head-ftall of a bridle that comes 
 over a horfe's nofe. 
 
 NOSTRILS OF A Horse, fhould be large 
 and extended, fo that the red within them 
 may be perceived, efpecially when he 
 fneezes : the widenefs of the noftrils does 
 not a little contribute to the eafmefs of 
 breathing. 
 
 OATS, fown in Fehruary or March, are 
 of an opening nature, and fweet ; 
 they are the beft grain for horfes, others be- 
 
 ing apt to ftop, which mufl: be injurious ; 
 yet oats given in too great a quantity over- 
 heat a horfe. 
 
 Oats newly houfcd and threflied, before 
 they have fweat in tlie mow, or have been 
 otherwife thoroughly dried, are too laxative. 
 
 OBEY ; a horle is faid to obey the hands 
 and the heels, to obey the aids or helps. 
 Thus : 
 
 A horfe is faid to obey the fpurs, that is, 
 to fly from them. 
 
 OPENING or a Horse's Heels, is when 
 the fmith, in paring the foot, cuts the heel 
 low, and takes it down widiin a finger's 
 breadth of the coronet, fo that he feparates 
 the corners of the heel, and by that means 
 impairs the fubftance of the foot, caufing it 
 to clofe, and become narrow at the heels : 
 i!iis praClife therefore ought always to be 
 avoided, fince if there be any weaknefs in 
 the foot, it will of necefljty make it flirink 
 and ftreighten in the quarters, fo as abfo- 
 lutely to fpoU the foot. 
 
 ORTOLAN, a bird fomewhat fmaller 
 than a lark, having a red bill, legs, and 
 feet, the wings intermixt with black and yel- 
 low, the neck, head and belly of an orange 
 colour, the breaft yellow, with orange-co- 
 lour fpots. 
 
 It feeds upon millet, it is delicious food, 
 and cafl:s much fat ; they come to us in 
 Ap-il, and go away in September -, the time 
 to take them, is in July and Augaji. They 
 are taken in bow-nets : the places they moft 
 delight in, arevineyards, and oat-fields near 
 them. 
 
 OSSELETS, /. e. little Bones, are 
 hard excrefcences in the knees of fome horfes, 
 fo called in French. 
 
 There are alfo three kinds of oflTelets, 
 which are of the fame nature as fplents, and 
 fome perfons fake them for the.fame thing j 
 but there is this difference however between 
 them, that fplents come near the knees, and 
 ofl^elets near the fetlocks. Their feat is 
 indifferently within or without the leg. 
 
 The firft is the fimple offelet, which does, 
 not grow near the joint of the fetlock or the 
 nerve. 
 
 This need not hinder any man from buy- 
 
 M m 
 
 ing 
 
O T T 
 
 ing a horfe, becaufe icputs him to no incon- 
 venience, and very often goes away of itfelf 
 without a remedy. The fecond is that 
 which dcfcends into the fetlock, and hinders 
 the motion of that joint : this occafions a 
 horfe to fi:umble and fall, and xnth a very 
 little work to become lame. The third 
 has its feat between tiie bone and the nerve, 
 and fometiincs upon the nerve ; it fo much 
 incommudes a horfe, tliat he cannot (land 
 firm, but limps on every little occafion, 
 
 OTTER ; fame are of- opinion, that the 
 otter is of the beaver kind, being an am- 
 phibious creature, living both in the water 
 and (, n the land; bcfides, the outward form 
 of tiu' parts bears a likenefs of the beaver; 
 fome fay, were his tail off, he were in parts 
 like the beaver, differing in nothing but ha- 
 bitation, for die beaver frequents the fait 
 water as well as the frefh, but the otter ne- 
 ver goes to the fait. 
 
 Though the otter lives in the water, yet 
 he does not, like fiflies, breathe through 
 the benefit of the water, he taketh breath 
 like other four-footed bea(ts, yet will re- 
 main a Ions time underneath the water with- 
 out refpiration. 
 
 If he wants prey in the waters, then he 
 will quit them for the land ; and if by pain- 
 ful hunting on fhoue he cannot fill his belly, 
 he will feed on herbs, fnails, ot frogs; 
 neither will he take lefs pains in the water to 
 fatisfy his hunger, for he will fwim two 
 miles together againfb the ftream,« that fo, 
 when he has filled his belly, the current may 
 carry him down again to his defigned lodg- 
 ing, which is always near the water, very 
 artificially built with boughs, fprigs, and 
 ft:icks, couched together in excellent orr 
 defj wherein he fits to keep him from the 
 wet. 
 
 In the hunting of fifli, he often puts his 
 nofe above v/ater to take breath : he is a 
 creature of wonderful fwiftnefs and nimble- 
 nefs in taking his prey, and for greedinefs, 
 takes more than he knows what to do 
 with. 
 
 He is a very fubtil and crafty bead, and 
 endowed with a wonderful fagacity andfenfe 
 offnielling. 
 
 O T T 
 
 The flefh of this bead is both cold andi" 
 filthy, becaufe it feedeth on (linking filh^. 
 and therefore not fit to be eaten ; yet it is 
 eaten in Germany, and the Carthufian friars, 
 who are forbidden the eating of all man- 
 ner of flefli of other four-footed beafts, yet 
 they are not prohibited the eating of ot-- 
 ters. 
 
 OTTER-HUNTING; this is performed 
 by dogs, called otter-hounds, and with in- 
 ftruments, called otter-fpears, with which 
 when they find themfelves wounded, they 
 make to land and- fight with the dogs 
 furioufly, as if they were fenfible that- 
 the cold water would annoy their green - 
 wounds. 
 
 There is indeed craft to be ufed in the 
 hunting them : but they may be catched in; 
 fnares under water, and by river-fides ; 
 but great care muft be taken, for they bite 
 much and venomoufly, and if they remain 
 long in the fnare, they will not fail to get- 
 themfelves free by their teeth. 
 
 la hunting them, one man muft be on^ 
 one fide of the river, and another on the 
 other, both beating the banks with dogs, 
 and the beaft not being able to endure the.. 
 water long, you will foon difcover if there 
 be an otter or not in that quarter, for he ■ 
 muft come out to make his, fpraints, and in ■ 
 the niglit fometimes to feed. on grafs and 
 herbs. 
 
 If any of the hounds find out an otter,, 
 then view the foft grounds and moift places, 
 to find out which way he bent his head; if 
 you cannot difcover this by the marks, you 
 may partly perceive it by the fpraints ; and 
 then follow the hounds, and lodge him as. a 
 hart or deer. 
 
 But if you do not find him quickly, you 
 may imagine lie is gone to couch fomewhere 
 farther off from the river ; for fometimes 
 they vi^ill go to feed a confiderable way from 
 the place of their reft, chufing rather to go 
 up the river than down it. 
 
 Perfons that hunt otters, muft carry their 
 fpears, to watch his vents, that being the 
 chief advantage ; and if they perceive him 
 fwimming under water, they muft endea- 
 vour to ftrike him with their fpears, and if I 
 
 the>:- 
 
OWL 
 
 tliey mifs, mull purfue him with the hounds ; 
 ■which (if they be good and perfectly en- 
 tered) will go chanting and trailing along 
 by the river-fide, and will beat every root 
 of a tree, and ofier-bed, or tuft of bull- 
 ruflies ; nay, they will fometimes take water, 
 and bait the beaft like a fpaniel, by which 
 means he will hardly efcape. 
 
 OVER-DONE, Over-rid, or Over- 
 worked ; a horfe is fo called, when his 
 wind and ftrength are broke and exhaufted 
 with fatigue. 
 
 OVER-REACH, a horfe is faid to over- 
 reach when he brings his feet too far forwards, 
 and ftrikes his hinder toes againil the fpunges 
 of his fore-fhoe. 
 
 A horfe over-reaches througji^ a weaknefs 
 in the back, or by being fufFered to bear too 
 much upon the fhoulders. 
 
 OWL, Horn-owl, Horn-coot, a large 
 bird that keeps always in woods and great 
 forefts, being often bigger than a middle 
 fized goofe j with hairy eyes, and rough- 
 footed, great tufts of feathers on either fide 
 of his head, bearing out like horns, his face 
 broad and large, his eyes great and fpark- 
 ling, and his voice terrible ; but being a 
 bird that uiually fleeps by day ; when other 
 fowls efpy him, they gather about him, 
 both great and fmall, and attempt to kill 
 him. 
 
 When a fowler has got fuch a one as 
 this, he need not want recreation, after 
 having made him fit for his purpofe : to 
 v/hich end, let him firft teach him to come 
 and feed on his filt, and then put him into 
 fome I'oom or cock-loft where there are 
 placed two pieces of timber, one at each 
 end of the room, which fliould be two 
 feet high, and the upper fide cut like the 
 ridge of a houfe, declining on both fides, 
 that the horn-coot may perch thereon ; then 
 tie a cord from one end of the faid perches 
 to the other, having firft drawn it through an 
 iron ring, or fome ftrong leather ftrap, to 
 which fix a ftrap about three foot long, and 
 at the other end your horn-coot is to be faft- 
 ened by the legs, like a hawk, but the ring 
 or ftrap muft be loofe, fo as to play for- 
 wards and backwards from one billet to 
 
 PAD 
 
 another, that the bird may divert himfclf 
 v/hen he is minded to change places. 
 
 At firft, fet not your two perches or bil- 
 lets above fix or feven feet afunder, but 
 afterv/ards you may lengthen by little and 
 little, as you perceive he comes on. Let 
 him not reft at any time upon the ground i 
 and let the ftrap by which he is tied be 
 proportioned to the height of the perches. 
 
 You muft alfo teach him to fly from one 
 ftand to another, but never feeding him on 
 that perch v/here you find him, but only 
 ftiew him his food, to draw and entice him 
 to the other perch. 
 
 When he has had a reward of two or three 
 bits, remove yourfelf to the other end, cal- 
 ling him, and unlefs he come to the other 
 perch give him no more ; and hereby in a 
 lliort time you will find he v/ill be too quick 
 for you, and in two months he may be per- 
 fefted therein. 
 
 OX-FEET IN A Horse, is when the 
 horn of the hind-foot cleaves juft in the very 
 middle of the fore-part of the hoof, from 
 the coronet to the fiioe : they are not com- 
 mon, but very troublefome, and often make 
 a horfe halt. 
 
 OX-LEGS, an imperfe(5tion in fome 
 horfes, which, tho* they have the back fi- 
 new of their fore legs fomewhat feparate from 
 the bone, yet their finews art; fo Imail, and 
 fo little fet off", that their legs will become 
 round after fmall labour. 
 
 PACE OF Asses, a herd or company of 
 thofe beafts. 
 
 PACES OF A Horse : the natural picclS 
 of a horfe's legs are three, viz. a walK, 
 trot, and a gallop, to which may be added, 
 an amble, becaufe fome horfes have it na- 
 turally; and fuch horfes are generally the 
 fwifteft amblers of any. 
 
 Horfes which go fliuffling or mixt paces, 
 between the v/alk and amble, are fur the 
 moft part of no value ; and this oftentimes 
 proceeds from their fretful fiery temper, and 
 fometimes from a weaknefs either in their 
 reins or legs. 
 
 PADDOCK, -I a piece of 
 
 PADDOCK COURSE, J ground en- 
 M m 2 compaflf^d 
 
PAD 
 
 compafled with pales, or a wall, and con- I 
 veniently taken ouc of a park ; it mull be 
 a mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad, 
 but the farther end (hould be fomewhat 
 broader than the nearer, becaufe that moft 
 people defire to fee the end of a courfc, and 
 ■\vho wins the wager. 
 
 At the hither end is to be the dog-houfe, 
 where the hounds are to be kept that are to 
 run the courfe, which mult be attended by 
 two men, one of them to ftand at the door, 
 to flip the dogs, but the other mull be a 
 little without the door to flip the teazer, to 
 drive away the deer. 
 
 On the other lide are to be made three 
 pens, for as many deer as are defigned for 
 the courfe ; ahd there muft be alfo a keeper 
 or two, to turn the deer out from the courfe, 
 ■which the deer are to run all along by the 
 pale ; and on the other fide, at the fame 
 difl:ance, ftand the fpeftators : befides all 
 which, thefe pofts mull alfo be placed along 
 the courfe. 
 
 1. The law-poll, which is next the dog- 
 houfe and pens, and diftant from them about 
 an hundred and fixty yards. 
 
 2. The quarter of a mile poft. 
 
 3. The half-mile poft. 
 
 4. The pinching poft. 
 
 5. The ditch : which is in lieu of a poft, 
 being a place fo made to relieve the deer, 
 and to keep them from being farther pur- 
 fued by the dogs ; and near this place are 
 qiade feats for the judges to fit who are 
 chofen to decide the wager. 
 
 As foon as the greyhounds that are to run 
 for the plate or money, are led in the dog 
 houfe, they are delivered to the keepers, 
 who by the articles of all courfes, are to fee 
 them fairly flipt ; for which end tliere is put 
 about each dog a falling collar, which is 
 liipt thro' the rings, after the owners of the 
 dogs have drawn cuts which fhall have the 
 wall, by reafon that there fhall be no more 
 advantage to the one than the other ; then 
 the dog-houfe doors are fhut, and the keep- 
 er ordered to turn the breathed deer, out of 
 the pens, which is no fooner done, and the 
 deer gone twenty yards, but he that holds 
 the teazer, flips him, to force the deer for- 
 
 P A L 
 
 ward ; but when he comes to the law-poft,. 
 the dog-houfe door is opened, and the dogs- 
 let out and flipt. If the deer fwerve before 
 he comes to the pinching-poft, fo much 
 that his head is judged to be nearer the 
 dog-houfe than the ditch, then 'tis judged 
 no match , and in fuch a cafe it muft be run 
 again three days after : but if there be no 
 fuch fwerve, but that the deer runs ftrait, 
 beyond the pinching-poft, then that dog 
 that is neareft the deer, when he fwerves,. 
 or is blanched by any accident, wins the 
 match ; but if no fuch fwerve happen, then, 
 that dog that leaps the ditch firft, wins the 
 match. 
 
 PAINS IN Horses, is a diftemper, a. 
 kind of ulcerous fcab, full of a fretting 
 mattery water, breeding in the pafterns, be- 
 tween the fetlock and the heel ; which 
 comes for want of clean keeping and good 
 rubbing, after the horfes are come off" a 
 journey, by means of which, fand and dirt 
 remaining in the hair, frets the fkin and 
 flefli, which turns to a fcab ; and therefore 
 thofe horfes that have long hair, and are 
 rough about the feet, are more fubjefl to 
 this difeafe, than if they be not clean kept. 
 
 The figns are thefe, his legs fwell, with 
 the vehement heat that is caufed from the 
 venom and filthy water which iflues from 
 the fcabs, for it is fo fharp and fcalding that 
 it will fcald oft" the hair, and breed fcabs 
 as f^xr as it goes. That which cures the 
 fcrarchea will ferve to heal thefe. 
 
 PALATE, the upper part or roof of the 
 mouth. 
 
 In a horfe, the palate fliould be lean, for 
 if it be fat, i. e. full and high, fo as to be 
 almoll equal with the extremities of his up- 
 per teeth, the leaft height in the liberty of 
 a bitt will be troubleibme, and make him 
 either chack in the bridle and be always 
 throwing up his head, or otherwife carry it 
 too low, which, befides the unfightlinefs, 
 will much annoy the rider's hand. 
 
 Horfes are commonly bled in the palate 
 with a fharp-pointed horn, to refrelh and 
 give them an appetite. 
 
 PALSEY IN EIoRSES, a difeafe that 
 fometimes deprives the whole body of fenfe, 
 
 and 
 
PAN 
 
 and then it is called the general palky, 
 is incurable J but when the ufe of fome 
 part only is taken away, (which moft com- 
 monly happens in the neck) it is then called 
 a particular palfey. 
 
 The figns by which this diftemper is 
 known, are, that tlie horfe will go grovel- 
 ling and fide-ways like a crab, carrying his 
 neck as if it Avere broke, and will fet for- 
 ward crookedly, with his legs, and beat his 
 head agair.ft the wall. 
 
 The difeafe proceeds from foul feeding 
 in fenny grounds, which breed grofs and 
 tough humours, which being joined by cru- 
 dities and ill digeftion, affcdls the brain ; or 
 it may have been caufed by fome wound or 
 blow upon the temples. 
 
 In order to a cure, bleed him in the neck- 
 vein and temple-vein, on the contrary fide 
 to the way he turns his neck -, then anoint 
 his back all over with petroleum, or oil of 
 petrcj and fwathe his neck with a wet hay- 
 rope, even from his bread to his ears. 
 
 Then give him for three mornings toge- 
 ther a pint of old mufcadine, with a fpoon- 
 flil of the powder of opopanax, llaran, 
 gentian, manna, fuccory, myrrh, and long 
 pepper; but put not fo m.uch of the laft in- 
 gredients as of the refi:. 
 
 PANNAGE, 1 the mafl: of the woods, 
 
 PAWNAGE, i as of beech, acorns, &c. 
 
 which fwine or other cattle feed on ; or the 
 
 money taken for feeding hogs with the maft 
 
 of the King's foreft. 
 
 P ANN EL [in Falconry], is the pipe 
 next to the fundament. 
 
 PANNELS OF A Saddle, are two 
 cufhions or bolilers, filled with cow's, deer's, 
 or horfe-hair, and placed under the faddle, 
 one on each fide, touching the horfe's body, 
 to prevent the bows and hands from galling 
 or hurting his back. 
 
 PANTAS, OR Asthma, is a dangerous 
 diftemper, and few hawks efcape which are 
 afflifted with it. 
 
 It happens, when the lungs are as it were 
 fo baked by exceffive heat, that the hawk 
 cannot draw her breath, and when drawn 
 cannot well emit it again. 
 
 A judgment may be made of the begin- I 
 
 PAN 
 
 ning of this diftemper, by the hawk's la- 
 bouring much in the pannel, moving her 
 train often up and down at each motion of 
 her pannel ; and Ihe cannot many times 
 mute or flice, or if flie do, ftie drops it 
 dole by her. 
 
 It is known alfo by the hawk's frequently 
 opening her clap and beak. 
 
 The beft remedy is, to fcour the hawk 
 v/ith good oil-olive, well walhed in feveral 
 waters, till it becomes clear and white, which 
 is to be done after the following manner : 
 
 Take an earthen pot, v/ith a fmall hole in 
 the bottom of it, which ftop with your 
 finger, then pour in oil, with a quantity of 
 water, and coil thefe together with a fpoon 
 till the water grows darkilh, then take away 
 your finger and let the water run out, 
 but the oil will ftay behind fioating on the 
 top. Do this feven or eight times, till the 
 oil has been thoroughly purified. 
 
 Then for a falcon and golhawk, take a 
 flieep's gut above an inch long, but for lef- 
 fer hawks of a lefTer length, and fill the gut 
 with oil, and faften it with a. thread at both 
 ends. 
 
 The hawk having having firft caft, con- 
 vey this gut into her throat, holding her on 
 the fift till file make a mewt ; an hour after 
 fhe hath done mewting, feed her with calves 
 heart, or a pullet's leg, giving her every 
 third or fourth day a cotton cafting, with 
 cubebs and cloves. Or, 
 
 Pour oil of fweet almonds, (inftead cut 
 olive-oil) into a chicken's gut, waftied, and 
 give the hawk, whiclr is of great efficacy 
 for curing the pantas. 
 
 PANTONS, OR Pantable-Shoes, area 
 fort of horfe-flioes that ferve for narrow and 
 low heels, and to hinder the fole from grow- 
 ing too much downwards, fo that the foot 
 may take a better Ihape : thev alfo help 
 hoof-binding, and are good for Flanders 
 mares before their feet grow bad. 
 
 When a horfe is ftiod with a panton, it 
 muft follow the compafs of the foot, and 
 the branches muft not be ftreight: care 
 muft alfo be taken to keep the fole ftrong,. 
 without taking any thing almoft from it, 
 otherwife the horfe will halt. 
 
 PAR E 
 
PAR 
 
 PARE } to pare a horfe's footj is to cut 
 -the hom -and the fole of the foot, with a 
 'b'.ictricc, in order to faoe him. 
 
 PARKS AND Warrens, are places where 
 
 .dcers, hares, conies, iSc. are enclofed with 
 
 pales, or a wall, fo as it were a ftore-houfe, 
 
 ..to be' always ready to furnifli you with thofe 
 
 animals either for ufe or pleafure. 
 
 The firll Roman that inclofed wild beafts 
 was Fuhiiis Harpinus. Varro, who lived 
 .28 years before Chrift, had the firft hare 
 warren. The firlt park in Eiiglaiid was at 
 iVoodfiock in Oxfordflnre^ and was made 
 about the year 1.124. 
 
 A park fliould have three forts of land in 
 it, w'z. mountainous and barren, hilly and 
 yet fertile, plain and fruitful; the moun- 
 tainous part fhould be well covered with 
 high woods, at leaft a third part thereof; 
 the downs and hills, fhould have one-third 
 part coppices and low woods ; and the plains 
 at leaft one-third paj-t meadows with {bme 
 arable for corn. 
 
 A park fhould not want a river, to run 
 through fome part of it; alfo it ought to 
 have a fmall brook or fpring, but if nature 
 denies thefe convenienciesj art muft fupply 
 it by ponds, made to receive and preferve 
 rain that falls ; and fuch ponds will be verv 
 profitable for filh and fowl, in fome of which 
 may be made a decoy. 
 
 You iliould have your park well ftored 
 with many trees, as oak, beech, and chef- 
 .nut, which are not difficult to be had, and 
 are quick of growth, efpecially the twolaft, 
 and they exceed the former alfo in fweetnefs 
 and goodnefs ; neither fhould apple, pear, 
 .and plumb trees, be wanting, all affording 
 good food for them. 
 
 You fliould alfo have your park well in- 
 clofed, if pofTible, with a brick or ftone 
 wall ; or for want of that, with a pale of 
 found oak, {o high and clofe joined, that 
 neither badger nor cat can creep through, 
 .nor wolf nor fox can leap over; and for a 
 further defence, it is not amifs to have a 
 good quick-fet hedge, which fhould be al- 
 ways kept in good order. 
 
 Some part of the mountain and high- 
 wood, may afford a hernerv, and fome part 
 
 r A R 
 
 of th'C middle may be for a coney or hare 
 warren. 
 
 In the whole, you may breed young colts 
 ■and horfes, nor is it amifs that in fome part 
 of the low ground, you have a cow walk 
 during the fummer feafon. 
 
 There fliould be at leaft five or fix in- 
 clofures in your park, that you may ihut 
 out, and let in, your deer, as you fee occa- 
 fion ; fometimes all together in your high 
 woods, where in cold frofts and fnow they 
 may be fheltered, and fed by the keepers 
 with hay and provender. 
 
 You may alfo in I'ummer let fuch a pro- 
 portion as you intend to ufe, be fed in better 
 ground than the others which are for ftore. 
 
 Y'ou fhould alfo make artificial holes and 
 caverns for the deer to retire into, as well 
 in the hot as cold feafons. 
 
 It will alfo be proper to fow therein 
 gourds, mifceline-corn, barlev, peas, and 
 the like, in which hares generally delight, 
 and will thereby quickly grow fat. 
 
 And as for conies, if you found a trumpet 
 in fome of the burrouglis, there will be 
 fcarce one in the whole warren but will ftart 
 out. 
 
 PART OR Depart, a word ufed in the 
 Academies to fignify the motion or acftion 
 of a horfe when put on at fpeed. 
 
 Tarts of a Horfe's Body. 
 
 1. As to the hair. The hair and hide, 
 are in general all the hair and flcin of the 
 body of tire horfe. 
 
 2. The mane ; the long hair on the horfe's 
 neck. 
 
 3. The topping; or fore-top. 
 
 4. The fetter-lock, or fet-lock ; the hair 
 that grows behind the feet. 
 
 5. The coronet, orcronet; the hair that 
 grows over the top of the hoofs. 
 
 6. The brills; the hair on the eye -lids. 
 
 As to the Headi Neckj and Breafi. 
 
 I. The creft, or crift; the ridge on the 
 upper part of the neck, where the mane 
 grows. 
 
 2. The 
 
PAR 
 
 2. The neck : is acoounred all from the 
 head to the breafi; and flioulders. 
 
 3. The bread, briflcet or cheft, is the 
 fore-part of the neck at the Ihoulder down 
 the fore-legs. 
 
 4. The liar is in the forehead. 
 
 5. The rache down to the face; when the 
 hair there is of another colour, different 
 from the reft of the head. 
 
 As to the Body. 
 
 I. The withers; are the top of the 
 Ihoiilder-blades, at the fetting on of the 
 ueck. 
 
 I. The dock; is the place where the fad- 
 die is fet. 
 
 3. The navel-gall, on the back oppofite 
 the naveL 
 
 4. The reins ; is all the middle of the 
 back from the mane to the tail ; the ridge 
 of the back. 
 
 5. The docl: or ftrunt j is the tail of the 
 horfe. 
 
 6. The fundament, or tuel ; the arfe. 
 
 7. The fway, or fwayed-back; is the 
 hollow, or finking down of the back-bone. 
 
 8. The thropple, the wind-pipe. 
 
 9. The girth-place; is the fore-part of 
 the belly. 
 
 10. The belly ; the middle of the belly 
 where the navel is ; the navel-place. 
 
 II. The flank : is the hinder part of the 
 belly, next the Iheath* 
 
 12. The groins; are the hinder parts near 
 the thighs, on each fide the ilicath. 
 
 13. Thefheath; is the loofe fkin within 
 which the yard is. 
 
 14. The yard; is his byental. 
 
 15. The nut; is the bob at the end of his 
 yard. 
 
 16. The cods; is the fkin in which the 
 ftones are. 
 
 17. The fillets; are the fore-parts of the 
 fhoulders next the brcafts. 
 
 18. The fides; the nearer-fide, farther- 
 fide, rifing-fide. 
 
 19. The buttocks; are the hinder parts 
 of a horfe's body. 
 
 20. The top of the buttock ; is that part 
 next the ridge of the back and tail. 
 
 PAR 
 
 As to the Thighs and Legs. 
 
 I. The ftiffle, or ftiffle-joint ; is the firft 
 joint and bending next the buttock, and 
 above the thigh, which bends forwards. 
 
 I. The thigh ; is that part betv/een the 
 chambrel and ftiffle-joint. 
 
 3. The chambrel, or elbow; is the 
 joint, or the bending of the upper part of 
 the hinder-leg, that bends backv/ards from 
 the body. 
 
 4. The ham and bight, or bought ; is 
 the inward bent and bending of the cham- 
 brel ; it is alfo ufed for the bending of the 
 knees in the foremoft legs. 
 
 5. The hough, leg, or ftiank ; readies 
 from the chambrel to the fct-lock, or paf- 
 tern-joint of the foot. 
 
 6. The fmall of the leg; is the fmall 
 part of the legs, both in the hinder and 
 fore-legs. 
 
 7. The foul of the leg. 
 
 8. The back-finews of the leg; is the 
 back of the leg, above the fet-lock. 
 
 9. The paftern, fet-lock-joint, or ancle; 
 is the joint in the fet-lock, which bends in 
 all the feet forwards. 
 
 10. The coronet ;_ is the foot above the 
 hoof of the ancle-joint, fo called in all the 
 feet. 
 
 I I. The curb. 
 
 12. The llioulder; is that part which ex- 
 tends from the withers to the top joint of 
 the thigh. 
 
 13. The thigh ; reaches from the bent of 
 the thigh to the knee. 
 
 14. The knee ; is the middle joint of the 
 foremoft (eet, and bends inwards. 
 
 15. The farther leg before; is the right 
 leg before. 
 
 16. The next, or nearer leg before; is 
 the left leg of the rifing fide before, or the 
 
 rifing-fide. 
 
 As to the Feet. 
 
 1. The hoof, or horn. 
 
 2. The coffin; is the hollow of the hoof 
 in which the foot is fixed, the foot fallen 
 off". 
 
 -i. The . 
 
PAH 
 
 3. Thefrufli; is the tender part of tlie 
 hoot' next the heel. 
 
 4. The lole of the foot. 
 
 3. The frog of the feet; which fome call 
 the ball of the foot. 
 
 6. The rift of the hoof; is that part that 
 is pared or cut ofF, it being too long grown ; 
 the fpace between the friifh and the heel. 
 
 7. The heel; is the rifing in the middle 
 of the fole; the narrow heel. 
 
 8. The toes; are the fore-parts of the 
 hoofs, the quarters, the iniides of the hoofs. 
 
 9. The paftern, or feet ; is that part un- 
 der the fet-lock, to the hoof. 
 
 Parts of a Hcnfe's Body proper to bleed in. 
 
 It is ufual to bleed horfes in the jugular 
 veins, which lie on each fide of the neck, 
 for theflfercy, mange, repletion, and feveral 
 other diftempers; and alfo by way of re- 
 pletion twice a year, to all horfes that feed 
 well and labour but little. 
 
 Blood is ufually taken from the temples, 
 with a fmail lancet, for bites or blows on 
 the eyes. 
 
 Farriers have a lancet made on purpofe for 
 opening of veins beneath the tongue, for 
 head-aches, or for being difgufted or over- 
 heated by excefiive labour, or for cholics, 
 and the vives. . 
 
 It is ufual to bleed horfes in the griftle of 
 the nofe, v/ithout any regard whether they 
 bit the vein or not ; and this is alfo for cho- 
 lics, vives, and being much over-heated. 
 
 Horfes are let blood in the middle of the 
 palate, above the fourth bar, with a lancet 
 or fnarp horn, when they have been difguf- 
 ted, barraffed, or over- heated and dull. 
 
 Blood is taken from the bafilick, or thigh- 
 veins of horfes, for fhrains in tiie flioulders, 
 or the mange in thofe parts. 
 
 Horfes are blooded in the patterns, with 
 a Ilream or a lancet, for ftrains or infirmi- 
 ties in the hams or knees. 
 
 They are let blood in the toes, with a 
 buttrice, or drawing iron, for beating in the 
 feet, and infirmities in the legs, fuch as 
 fwellings and opprefficns of the nerves. 
 
 The flank-veins are fometimes opened. 
 
 PAR 
 
 1 with a fmall lancet made for that purpofe, 
 for the farcy. 
 
 Blood is drawn with fleams in the flat of 
 the thighs, for blows and ftrains in the 
 haunches. 
 
 They bleed in the tail or dock, with a 
 long lancet, for a fever and purfinefs. 
 
 PARTRIDGES, being naturally a cow- 
 ardly, fearful, Ample bird, are eafily de- 
 ceived or beguiled with any device what- 
 ever, by train-bait, engine, call, ftale, (^^. 
 
 I fliall in the firft place begin to confider 
 their iiaunts, which are not certain, but 
 various ; any covert will fcrve their turn, 
 and fometimes none at all. 
 
 The places they delight in moil, are 
 corn-fields, efpecially whilft the corn grows, 
 for under that cover they fnelter and breed: 
 neither are thcfe places unfrequented by. 
 them when the corn is cut down, by reafon 
 of the grain they find there, efpecially in 
 wheat-ftubble, the height of which they 
 delight in, being to them as a covert or 
 Ihelter. When the v^heat-ftubbie is much 
 trodden by men or beafts, they tlien betake 
 themfelves to the barley-ftubble, provided 
 it be frefii and untrodden ; and they v/ill, in 
 the furrows, amongft the clots, brambles, 
 and long grafs, hide both themfelves and 
 covies, which are fometmies twenty in num- 
 ber; nay, thirty in a covey. 
 
 Wlien the winter-feafon is arrived, and 
 thefe ftubble-fields are ploughed up, or 
 over-foiled with cattle, partridges refort 
 into the up-land meadows, and lodge in the 
 dead grafs, or fog under hedges, amongft 
 mole-hills, or under the roots of trees j 
 fometimes they refort to coppices and under- 
 woods, ef])ecially if any corn-fields are ad- 
 jacent, or where grows broom, brakes, 
 fern, i^c. 
 
 In the harveft-time, when every field is 
 full of men and cattle, in the day-time, J 
 you will find them in the fallow-fields which I 
 are next adjoining to the corn fields, where I 
 they lie lurking till evening or morning, 
 and then tlicy feed among the fheaves of 
 corn. 
 
 When you know their haunts, according 
 
 to the fitu:ation of the country aod feafon of 
 
 « the 
 
PAR 
 
 the year, yonr next care muft be to find 
 thenn out in their haunts, which is done fe- 
 veral ways. Some do it by the eye only j 
 and this art can never be taught, but learned 
 by frequent experience, diftinguifiiing there- 
 by the colour of the partridge from that of 
 the earth, and how, and in what manner 
 they lodge and couch together j by which 
 means you may come near enough to them, 
 they being a very lazy bird, and fo unwil- 
 ling to take the wing, that you may almoll 
 fet your foot upon them before they'll ftir, 
 provided you don't (land and gaze on them, 
 but be in continual motion, otherwife they 
 will fpring up and be gone. 
 
 Another way to difcover them, is by go- 
 ing to their haunts very early in the morn- 
 ing, or at the clofe of the evening, v/hich 
 is called the jucking-time, and there liften 
 for the calling of the cock partridge, which 
 is very loud and earneft, and after fome few 
 calls the hen with anfwer, and by this means 
 they meet together, which you may know 
 by their rejoicing and chattering one with 
 another; upon hearing of which take your 
 range about them, drawing nearer and nearer 
 to the place you heard them juck in ; caft- 
 ing your eye towards the furrows of the 
 lands, and there you will foon find where 
 the covey lies. 
 
 The beft, furefl, and eafiefl: way for find- 
 ing of partridges, is by the call, having 
 firlt learned the true and natural notes of 
 the partridge, knowing how to tune every 
 note in it's proper key, applying them to 
 their due times and feafons. 
 
 Being perfect herein, eiiher mornings or 
 -evenings, (all other times being improper) 
 go to their haunts, and having fecured 
 yourfelf in fome fecret place where you may 
 fee and not be feen, liften a while if you can 
 hear the partridges call, if you do, anfwer 
 them again in the fame notes, and as they 
 change or double their notes, fo muft you 
 in like manner; thus continue doing till 
 they draw nearer and nearer to you : having 
 them in your view, lay yourfelf on your 
 back, and lie without motion, as if you 
 were dead, by this means you may know 
 their whole number. 
 
 PAR 
 
 ■ How to take them with Nets. 
 
 The nets for taking of partridges muft be 
 every way like your pheafant nets, both 
 for length and breadth, except that the 
 meflies muft be fmaller, being made of the 
 fame thread, and dyed of the fame colour. 
 
 Having found out the covey, drav/ forth 
 your nets, and taking a large circumference, 
 walk a good round pace with a carelefs eye, 
 rather from than towards them, till you have 
 , trimmied your nets, and made them ready 
 for the purpofe ; which done, you muft 
 draw in your circumference Icfs and lefs, 
 till you come within the length of your net, 
 then pricking down a ftick about three ktt 
 long, faften one end of the line to your net, 
 and make it faft in the earth as you walk 
 about, for you muft make no ftop or fl!ay ; 
 then letting the net flip out of your hands, 
 fpread it open as you go, and fo carry and. 
 lay it all over the partridges. 
 
 If they ihould lie ftragling, fo that you 
 cannot cover them all with one net, then 
 draw forth another, and do with that as you 
 did with the former; and fo a third if there 
 be occafion ; having fo done, ruih in upon 
 them, who being affrighted, will fiy upj, 
 and fo be entangled in the nets. 
 
 How to take them with Bird-lime. 
 
 Gt^ the largeft wheat-ftraws you can, and 
 cut them off between knot and knot, and 
 lime them with the ftrongeft bird-lime. Go 
 to the haunts of partridges, and call, if you 
 are anfwered, prick at fome diftance from 
 you your lime-ftraws, in many crofs-rows 
 and ranks, crofs the lands and furrows, tak- 
 ing in two or three lands at leaft, then lie 
 clofe and call again, not ceafing till you 
 have drawn them towards you, fo that they 
 be intercepted by the way by your limed 
 ftraws, which they fliall no fooner touch but 
 they will be enfnarcd ; and by reafon they 
 all run together like a brood of chickens, 
 they will fo befmear and daub each other, 
 that very (ev7 will efcape. 
 
 This way of taking partridges is only to 
 
 be ufed in ftubble-fields, from Aiiguft till 
 
 N n Chriji- 
 
PAR 
 
 Chrijirr.as: but if you will take them in 
 ■woods, paftures, or mcadosvs, theij you 
 muft lime rods, tlie fame as for plieafants, 
 and ftick them in the ground after the fame 
 manner. 
 
 To drive Pa-rtridgeS'. 
 
 The driving of partridges is more agree- 
 able than any other way of taking them : 
 the manner of it is thus : 
 
 Make an engine in the form of a horfe, 
 cut out of canvas, and Ituff it with ftraw, 
 or fucli like matter, as in Plate XV. With 
 this ai-tificial horfe and your nets, go to the 
 haunts of partridges, and having found out 
 the covey, and pitched your nets below, 
 you mufi: go above, and taking the advan- 
 tage of the wind, you muft drive down- 
 ward : let your nets be pitched flope-wife, 
 and hovering. Then having your face co- 
 vered with fomething that is green, or of a 
 dark blue, you muft, putting the engine 
 before, ftaik towards the partridges with a 
 flow pace, raifing them on their iett, but 
 not their wings, and they will run naturally 
 before you. 
 
 If they chance to run a by-way, or con- 
 trary to your purpofe, then crofs them with 
 your engine, and by fo facing them, they 
 will run into that track you would have 
 them : thus by a gentle (low pace, you may 
 make them run and go which way you will, 
 and at lafl drive them into your net. 
 
 To take Partridges with a Setting-dog, 
 
 There is no method of taking them fo 
 good as by the help. of a fetting-dog, where- 
 fore before we proceed to the fport, you are 
 to underftand what few fportfmen but alrea- 
 dy know, that a fetting-dog is ahifty land- 
 fpaniel, taught by nature to hunt the par- 
 tridges more than any chace whatever, run- 
 ning the fields over with fuch alacrity and 
 nimblencfs as if there was no limit to liis 
 fury and defire, and yet by art, under fuch 
 excellent command, that in the very height 
 of his career, by a hem or found of his 
 mafter's voice, he fliall (land, gaze about 
 him, look in his mafter's face, and obferve 
 
 PAR 
 
 his directions, whether to proceed, ftand- 
 Ilill, or retire : nay, when he isevenjuft. 
 upon his prey, that he may even take it up- 
 in his mouth, yet his obedience is fo framed, 
 by art, that inftantly he will either ftand 
 ftill, or fall down flat on his belly, without 
 daring to malce any noife or motion till his 
 mafter comes to him, a,nd then he'll proceed, 
 in all things to follow his direftions. 
 
 Having a dog thus qualified by art and 
 nature, take him with you where partridges 
 haunt, there caft off your dog, and byfome 
 word of encouragem.ent that he is acquaint- - 
 ed with, engage him to range, but never 
 too far from you ; and fee that he beats his ,. 
 ground juftly and even, without cafting 
 about, or flying now here, .now there, 
 which the mettle of fome will do if not 
 corrected and reproved ; therefore when you 
 perceive this fault, you muft inftantly call, 
 him in with a hem, and fo check him that 
 he dare not do the like again for that day; . 
 fo he will range afterwards with more tem- 
 perance, frequently looking in his mafter's . 
 face, as if he v/ould gather from thence 
 whether he did well or ill. 
 
 If in your dog's ranging you perceive him . 
 to ftop on a fudden, or ftand ftill, you 
 muft then make up to him, (tor without 
 doubt he hath fet the partridge) and as foon • 
 as you come to him, conrunand him. to go 
 nearer it, but if he goes not, but either- 
 lies ftill or ftands ftiaking of his tail, and 
 now and then looking back, then ceafe 
 from, urging him further, and take your cir- 
 cumference, walking faft, looking ftrait be-- 
 fore the nofe of the dog, and thereby fee 
 how the covey lies, whether clofe or ftrag— 
 ling. 
 
 Then commanding the dog to. lie ftill, 
 draw forth your net, and prick one end to 
 the ground, . and fpread your net all open, 
 and fo cover as many of the partridges as. 
 you can; which done, make in v/ith a noife. 
 andfpring up the partridges, which fliall no 
 fooner rife but they will be entangled in the 
 net. And if you let go the old cock and 
 hen, it will be a means to increafe your.- 
 fport. 
 
 PASSADE, is a tread, or way, that a 
 
 horfe 
 
PAS 
 
 horfe makes oftener than once upon the fame 
 extent of ground, paffing and repaffing 
 from one end of it's length to the other, 
 -which cannot be done without changing the 
 .hand, or turning and malcing a demi-tour 
 at each of the extremities of the ground. 
 
 Hence it comes tliat tliere are feveral forts 
 of pafTades, according to the different ways 
 of turning, in order to part, or put on again 
 and return upon the fame pifle or tread, 
 which v/e call, clofing the pafTade. 
 
 A pafTade of five times, or a demi-volt 
 of five times, is a demi-tour made at the 
 end of the flrait line, one hip in five times 
 of a gallop upon the haunches, and at the 
 fifth time ought to have clofed the demi- 
 volt, and to prefent upon the pafTade-line, 
 flrait, and ready to return the demi-volt of 
 five times. Or periods ; are the mofl com- 
 mon airs of changing the hand or turning, 
 thac are pracflifcd in the Academies. 
 
 To make thefe pafiades, you put your 
 horfe ftrait forward, and tov/ards the extre- 
 mity of the line make a half flop, keeping 
 the horfe ftrait, without traverfing, when 
 you make the demi-volt at three times, in 
 fuch a manner, that the third time the horfe 
 prefents ftrait upon the paflade-line, and is 
 ready to fet out again upon a fliort gallop. 
 
 You continue this fliort gallop half the 
 length of the pafTade, then you put on fu- 
 rioufly at full fpeed, and at the end of the 
 palTade make a half ftop, and then a demi- 
 volt of three times. 
 
 This you continue to do as long as the 
 horfe's wind and ftrength will hold. 
 
 This pafTade at full fpeed, fuppofes that 
 the horfe has an excellent mouth, and re- 
 quires ftrength and agility both in the horfe 
 and horfeman. 
 
 There are but fev/ horfes that are capable 
 of it. 
 
 PASSADE OF ONE TIME : • a pafTade in 
 pirouette, or half pirouette of one time, is 
 a demi-volt, or turn made by the horfe in 
 one time of his flioulders and haunches. 
 
 To make this pafTade, (which is the per- 
 fefteft of them all) the horfe fhould ftand 
 flrait upon the pafTade-line, and then put- 
 ting forwards, he forms a half ftop, making 
 
 PAS 
 
 falcades two or three times, in fuch a man- 
 ner, that he is ftill ftrait upon the line ; and 
 at the laft time, he prepares to turn nimbly, 
 and retain or fix his haunches as a center; 
 fo that the demi-volt is performed in only 
 one time of the flioulder; and though the 
 haunches make likewife a time, they make 
 it in the center, or upon tlie faiiie fpot, and 
 de ferrae a ferme, as the French call it. 
 
 The raifed, or high pafTades, are thofe 
 in which the demi-volts are made into cor- 
 vets. 
 
 In all paiTages the horfe fhould, in mak- 
 ing the demi-volt, gather and bring in hitj 
 body, making his haunches accompany his 
 fhoulders, without falling back or not going 
 forward enough each time ; and he ftiould 
 go in a ftrait line, without traverfing, or 
 turning his croupe out of the line. 
 
 PASSAGE; to pafTage a horfe, is to 
 make him go upon a walk or trot upon two 
 piftes or trt-ads, between the two heels, and 
 fide-ways, fb that his hips make a traft pa- 
 rallel to that made by his flioulders, 'Tis 
 but of late that paffpging upon a trot has 
 been ufed, for fonp.erly the word pafTage 
 fignificd walking a horfe upon two treads 
 behind the two heels. 
 
 A horfe is pafTaged upon two ftrait lines 
 along a wall or hedge : he is likewife paf- 
 faged upon his own length upon volts, in 
 going fide-ways upon a circle, round a cen- 
 ter, the femi-diameter being above his o^-n 
 length, fo that he looks into the volt, j v' 
 half his flioulders go before the croupe. 
 
 In all pafTaging, the horfe's outward fore- 
 leg muft crofs or lap a great deal over the 
 inward fore-leg, at every fecond time he 
 marks. 
 
 In a pafTage of a walk, and that of a trot, 
 the motion of the horfe is the fame, only 
 one is Iwifter than the other. 
 
 PASSAGE UPON A STRAIT LINK, is a fort 
 of manage pradtifed but litiie xnFrance., but 
 very much in Italy, and yet more in Ger- 
 many. 
 
 For this manage they chufe a horfe that is 
 
 not fiery, but lias a good a6tive motion with 
 
 him ; and leadinj; upon a ftrait line, upon a 
 
 walk or trot, te^ch him to lift two legs 
 
 N n c together. 
 
PAS 
 
 together, one before and one beliind, in 
 the fi)rni of a St. /h'.drezv' s crofs, and in 
 fctting thele two to the ground, to raife the 
 other two alternately, and keep them a long 
 while in the air, and that in fuch a manner, 
 that every time he gains a foot of ground 
 forwnrds. 
 
 The beauty of paff.iging confifts in holding 
 the les?-s Ions in the air. 
 
 The motion of the legs in this palTage is 
 the fame with that of a walk or trot, for 
 they go in the fame order,, and the only 
 dilitrence is, that in palFaging upon a ilrait 
 line the legs are kept longer in the air. 
 
 Younproud flatelyhorfes, and thofc which 
 are acculiomed to this fort of paflage, 
 are proper for a caroufel, or a magnificent 
 Iliev/. 
 
 The difference of a proud {lately prancing 
 horfc, and a paffaging one, confifts only in 
 this, that your ftately horfes do the former 
 naturally, and do not keep their legs fo long 
 in the air as in paflaging right out. 
 
 But for a palfage there is fo much art re- 
 quired, that a horfe is two or three years 
 in breeding to that manage, and of fix 
 horfes, it is very much if two of them fuc- 
 ceed in it. 
 
 PASTES FOR Birds, this is a general 
 food, and is made as follows : 
 
 Grind half a peck of the fineft horfe-beans 
 well dried, very fine, and boult them thro' 
 a fine boulter, fuch as is ufed for wheat- 
 meal ; or if your ftock of birds do not re- 
 quire fo great a quantity, take in the fol- 
 lowing proportion, viz. 
 
 Of the laid meal, two pounds ; of the 
 bell fweet almonds blanched, one pound ; 
 beat thefe very well in a mortar, to which 
 put a.quarter of a pound of frefh butter that 
 is entirely witjiout any fait : all of wliichput 
 into a copper fauce-pan, well tinned, mix 
 all well together, and (et the pan over a 
 charcoal fire, tliat the palle may not fmell 
 of fmoke, and keep continually ftirring it 
 all the while it Hands upon the fire with a 
 wooden-fpoon, that fo it may boil gradual- 
 ly, and not burn to ; then take four yolks 
 of eggs, and a little faffron, and when the 
 butter is melted, having fome virgias honey 
 
 PAS 
 
 ready, drop in fome by degrees, continually^ 
 ftirring it, that all the ingredients may in- 
 corporate. 
 
 This being done, take a cullander, made 
 with fuch holes as v/ill let through thc- 
 compound, which fnould be thin, and not 
 lie in lumps; and the remainder of the pafte 
 is to be beat in a mortar again, and if it will 
 not pafs through the holes, fet it upon the 
 fire again, and let it boil gently, and then 
 try to force it through the cullander, till rt 
 comes in fuch a quantity and quality as is 
 fit for the number of birds you keep. Re- 
 peat this as often as you have occafion. 
 
 This pafte may be mixed with any bird- 
 meat whatever, and is a ftrengthening clean- 
 fingdiet, v/hich will continue good for fix 
 months if you pour a little melted clarified 
 honey upon it. 
 
 PASTES FOR Fishing, are varioully 
 compounded, qlmoft according to the an- 
 gler's own fancy ; but there fhould always 
 be a little cotton wool, fhaved lint, or fine 
 flax, tokeep the parts of it together, that it 
 may not fall ofi-'the hook. White bread and 
 honey will make a proper pafte for carp and 
 tench. Fine white bread alone, with a lit- 
 tle water, willferve for roach and dace ; and 
 mutton fuet and foft new cheefe for a barbeL 
 Strong cheefe with a little butter, and co- 
 loured yellow with faflTon, will malie a 
 good winter pafte for a chub. 
 
 Other partes are made as follow; Take 
 bean-flour, or, if that is not to be got, 
 wheat-flour, and the tendereft part of the 
 leg of a young rabbit, whelp, or kitten ; " 
 as much virgin-wax and fheep-fuet : beat 
 them in a mortar till they are perfeclly in- 
 corporated; then, with a litiie clarified ho- 
 ney, tamper them before the fire into a pafte. 
 Some omit the bean and wheat-flour, others 
 the virgin-wax and flieep-fuet, only when 
 they ufe it for carp. 
 
 Take flieep's blood, cheefe, fine white 
 bread, and clarified honey : make all into a 
 pafte. 
 
 Take cherries without ftones, fheep's 
 blood, fine bread, and faffron to colour it 
 with, and make a pafte. 
 
 Take fat old cheefe, ftrong rennet, mut- 
 ton. 
 
PAS 
 
 ton kidney-fuet, wheat-flour, and annifeed- 
 water ; beat thtm all into a pafle. If it be 
 for chub, add fome roafted bacon. 
 
 Take the fattefc old cheefe, the ftrongeft 
 rennet, mutton kidney-fuet, and turmeric 
 reduced into a fine powder ; work all into a 
 pafte. Add the turmeric only till the pafte 
 becomes of a veiy fine yellow colour. This 
 is excellent for chub, as are aJfo the two 
 following : 
 
 Take fome of the oldeft and ftronoreft 
 CheJInre cheefe you can get, the crumb of a 
 fine iTianchet, or French roll, and fome 
 fheep's kidney-fuet ; put thefe in a mortar, 
 and beat them into a pafte, adding as much 
 clarified honey as will be fuBicient to 
 fweeten it. 
 
 Take a few flrrimps or prawns, pull o?t 
 their Iliells and flcins, and beat the clear 
 meat in a mortar, with a little honey, till it 
 becomes a pafte. When you bait with a 
 piece of this, let the point of the hook be 
 but lightly covered. 
 
 Take fine flour and butter, with faftVon 
 to colour it, and make a pafte for roach and 
 dace. 
 
 But among all the variety of paftes, there 
 is none fo often ufed as that fimple and plain 
 one made with white bread and milk, which 
 requires only clean hands. 
 
 The following obfervations concerning 
 paftes may be of ufe to a young angler^ be- 
 ing all founded on experience : 
 
 In Septemher, and all the winter months, 
 when you angle for chub, carp, and bream, 
 with pafte, let the bait be as big as a large 
 hazle-nut : but for roach and dace, the 
 bignefs of an ordinary bean is fufficient. 
 
 You may add to any pafte, alTa-fcetida, 
 oil of polypody of the oak, oil of ivy, oil 
 of peter, gum*ivy, and many other things, 
 which fometimes wonderfuiily increafe your 
 fport. 
 
 When you angle with pafte, you fhould 
 chufe a ftill place, and ufe a quill-float, a 
 fmall hook, a quick eye, a nimble rod and 
 hand. The fame rules hold in regard to all 
 tender baits. 
 
 N. B. Thefpawnof any fifti, (falmon ef- 
 pecially) beat to a pafte, or boiled till fo 
 
 PAS 
 
 hard as to hang on the hook ; or the flefb oT 
 any fifli beat to paile, or cut into fmall bits, 
 is a choice bait for almoft allfifh. 
 
 Take coculus indicus, finely pounded, 
 four ounces, mix it with cummin, old 
 cheefe, and wheat-flour, about tv/o ounces 
 of each : work them into a paftx with white 
 wine, then divide it into pieces about the 
 fize of peafe, which throw into ftanding 
 waters; all that tafte will prefently be ftu- 
 pified and fwim to the top, fo that you may 
 catch them with your hands. 
 
 N. B. Some ufe brandy inftead of wine, 
 and put nux vomica, finely grated, into the 
 compofition. ' 
 
 Take goats blood, barley meal, and lees 
 of fweet white wine, mix them with the 
 lungs of a goat, boiled and pounded fine j 
 make the whole into pills, which throw in- 
 to ponds or pits, and you may foon catch 
 the fifli, who will prove intoxicated. 
 
 PASTERN OF A Horse, the diftanc^ 
 between the joint of that name and the co- 
 ronet of the hoof. 
 
 This part ftiould be fliort, efpecially in 
 the middle-fized horfes, becaufe long paf- 
 terns are weak, and cannot fo well endure 
 travel : fome have pafterns fo long and 
 flexible, that the horfe in walking almoft 
 touches the ground with them, which is a 
 great imperfeftion, and a fign of little or no 
 ftrength, fuch horfes not being fit for any 
 kind of toil and fatisue. 
 
 PASTERN-JOINT, the joint next a 
 horfe's foot, which is faid to be crowned, 
 when without beino; galled or hurt there is 
 a fwelling round it beneath the fkin, in form 
 of a circle, and about half the breadth of 
 one's finger. 
 
 It proceeds from a humour gathered by 
 much travel, and ftiews that the horfe's legs 
 have been too much ufed. 
 
 When the paftern-joint fwells after tra- 
 velling, chafe it every morning and even- 
 ing with a mixture of two parts of brandy and 
 one of oil of nuts. 
 
 If the fwelling be large, apply the red 
 honey charge, with a convenient bath ; and 
 if it be hard, lay on a poultice of me boiled 
 in thick wine. 
 
 PATER- 
 
P E A 
 
 PATKR-NOSTER-LINE, [in Angling] 
 iswhejifix or eight very fmall liooks are 
 fled along a line, ojie lulf foot above each 
 other. 
 
 PATTIN-SHOE, a horfe-fhoe fo called, 
 under which is loldered a fort of half ball of 
 iron, hollow within : it is ufed for hip-fnot 
 horfes, and put upon a found foot, to the 
 .^nd, that the horfe not being able to iland 
 upon that foot without pain, may be con- 
 ■llrained to fupport himfelf upon the lame 
 foot, and fo hinder the finews from fnrink- 
 ing, and the haunch from drying up. 
 
 They likewife clap pattin-fhoes upon 
 horfes that are fprained in the flioulders. 
 
 PAW THE Ground, a horfe paws the 
 
 • ground, when his leg being either tired 
 
 or painful, he does not reft it upon the 
 
 ground, and fear^ to hurt himfelf as he 
 
 walks. 
 
 PEACOCKS, are birds that ferve rather 
 .o delight the eye than for profit : the beft 
 .quality belonging to them is, that they 
 cleanfe and clear the yard from venom.ous 
 rCreatures, fuch as fnakes, adders, toads, 
 newts, fcff. which are their daily food ; 
 whence their fleih becomes very unv/hole- 
 fome, and is ufed at great feafts more as a 
 rarity than upon any other account. If you 
 roaft one of them ever fo dry, fet it by, and 
 look on it the next day, it will feem blood- 
 raw, as if it were not roafted at all. 
 
 The hens generally lay their eggs abroad 
 in hedges and bullies, where the cock can- 
 not find them, who otherwife will break 
 them ; therefore as foon as ihe begins to 
 lay, feparate her from the cock and houfe 
 her till fhe has brought forth her young, 
 and the coronet of feathers begin to rife in 
 their foreheads, then turn them abroad, and 
 the cock will cherifli them, but not before. 
 The hen's fitting-time is juft thirty days, 
 and then any fort of grain, with water, is 
 good for her : before the chickens go 
 abroad, feed them with frefh green cheefe, 
 and barley-meal, with water, and afterwards 
 .the dam will provide for them. The beft 
 time to fet a pea-hen, is at the new moon, 
 and if you fet hen-eggs with hers Ihe will 
 nourilh both equally : the chickens are fo 
 
 P E A 
 
 veiy tender, that the leaft cold will ki^l 
 them, therefore they fnould not go abroad 
 but when the fun fliines. As for the feed- 
 ing of peacocks, the labour may be faved 
 for if they go in a place wliere there is corn ; 
 ftirring, they'll take care to have part : and 
 as their flefli is feldom or never eaten, there 
 needs no care to be taken for tlie fattening 
 them. 
 
 PEARCFI, ? is a fifti that is hook-back- 
 
 P£RCH-» i ed, fomething like a hog, 
 and armed with ftiff griftles, and his fides 
 with dry thick fcales. He is a very bold 
 biter, which appears by his daring to ad- 
 venture upon one of his own kind with more 
 courage than even the pike. 
 
 Some fay there are two forts of pearches, 
 the one falt-water and the other frefh; the 
 firft has but one fin on his back, the latter 
 two, which is more than moft fiflies have. 
 
 Ele fpav/ns but once a year, in Feh-uary 
 or March, and feldom grows to above two 
 feet in length: his. beft time of biting is 
 when the fpring is" far fpent, at which time 
 you may take at one ftanding all that are 
 in one hole, be they ever fo many. 
 
 His. baits are a minnow, or a little frog: 
 but a brandling, is ' beft, if wellfcoured: 
 when he bites give him time enough. 
 
 He biteth well all day long in cool cloudy 
 weather, but chiefly from eight in the morn- 
 ing till ten, and from three till about fix in 
 the evening. 
 
 He will not bite at all times of the year, 
 efpccially in winter, for then he is very ab- 
 ftemious, yet if it be warm he will bite then 
 in the middle of the day, for in winter all 
 fifh bite beft in the heal of the day. 
 
 If you rove for a pearch with a minnov.-, 
 it muft be alive, ftickingyour hook through 
 his upper lip, or back fin, and letting him 
 fwim about mid-water, or fomewhat lower, 
 for which purpofe you mulb have a pretty 
 large cork, with a quill on your line. 
 
 You muft have a ftrong filk line, and a 
 good hook armed with wire, fo that if apike 
 fliould come, you may be provided for him ; 
 and by this means feveral have been taken. 
 Some carry a tin pot, orvelTel of about two 
 quarts or three pints, in which they keep 
 
 their 
 
P E A 
 
 their minnows or gudgeons alive j the !id of 
 the pot is full of little holes, fo that you 
 may give them frefli water without opening 
 it, which fhould be about every quarter of 
 an hour, left they die. 
 
 If you take a fmall cafting-net with you, 
 you may at a caft or two take baits enough 
 to ferve the whole day, without further 
 trouble. 
 
 "When you fiih with a frog, you muft faf- 
 ten the hook through the fl<in of his leg, 
 towards the upper part thereof. 
 
 The pearch is none of the leather-mouthed 
 fort of fiflies, and therefore when he bites 
 give him time enough to pouch his bait, 
 left when you think all fure he breaks hold, 
 and fo you lofe your fifh. 
 
 The beft place to fifh for him is in the 
 turning of the water, or eddy, in a good 
 gravel fcour, where you will not fail of 
 them, and ruffs. 
 
 If you would take a pearch, you muft 
 take notice, that this fiili feeds well and 
 bites freely. Bait the ground where you fifti, 
 over night, with lob-worms chopt in pieces ; 
 and in the morning when you come to the 
 place, firft plumb the depth, then gage your 
 line, and bait your hook with a red knotted 
 worm, or a minnow, which is reckoned the 
 beft ; put the hook in at the back of the 
 minnow, betwixt the filli and the fkin, that 
 the minnow may fwim up and down alive, 
 being buoy'd up with a cork or quill, that 
 the minnow may have liberty to fwim a foot 
 off" the ground. 
 
 Thefe direiflions being carefully followed, 
 the Angler need not fear his defired fuc- 
 cefs. 
 
 PEARL; called alfo pin, and web, or 
 any unnatural fpot or thick film over an 
 horfe's eye ; proceeds from iome ftroke or 
 blow received, or from the fire or dam. 
 
 The pearl is known by a little round thick 
 white fpot, like a pearl, (from which it 
 took it's name) growing on the fight of the 
 eye. 
 
 As for the cure, it is the fame as for 
 Blood-shotten Eyes, which fee. 
 
 PEARL [with Hunters], is that part of 
 a deer's horn which is about the bur. 
 
 PEA 
 
 PELT, the fidn of the beaft. 
 
 PELT [in Falconry], a name given to- 
 the carcafs of any fowl difmember'd. 
 
 PENDANT FEATHERS [with Falcon- 
 ers] thofe feathers that grow behind the 
 thighs of an hawk. 
 
 PERAMBULATION of a Forest, is 
 the furveying or walking about the foreft by 
 Juftices, or other officers thereto appointed, . 
 in order to fet down the limits or bounds of 
 it. 
 
 PESATE, Pesade, or Posade, is when 
 a horfe in lifting or raifing his fore-quar- 
 ters, keeps his hind-legs upon the ground 
 without ilirring, fo that he marks no time 
 with his haunches till his fore-legs reach the 
 ground. 
 
 This motion is the true means to fix his 
 head and his haunches, to make him ply 
 and bend his fore-thighs, and to hinder him 
 from ftamping and clattering with his (tet. 
 
 PFIEASANT, a bird about the bignefs 
 of a cock, having a crooked bill, and fea- 
 thers of various colours ; it's fiefh is deli- 
 cious, and much coveted. To judge aright 
 of this bird for eating, a cock, if young, 
 has a fliort fpur, if old, a fliarp fmall fpur j 
 fee that it be not cut or pared ; if fat, it 
 has a vein on tlie fide of the breaft under 
 the wing ; if new, a fat firm vent ; if you 
 touch it hard with your finger, it will peel; 
 then if young, it has a fmooth leg, and a 
 fine fmooth grain en the flefli ; if old, it 
 has a rugged wrinkled grain on the fleih, 
 and full of hairs, like an old yard-hen ; fo 
 if ihe be full of eggs, (lie will have a faft 
 and open vent ; if not full, a clofe vent. 
 
 PFIEASANT-TAKING -, a rural diver- 
 fion, performed with nets in their crow- 
 ing-time, which is about the end of Fcbnt- 
 ary, and in March, before tliey begin to 
 breed : it is done either generally or parti- 
 cularly; the firft is, when the whole eye, 
 viz. the old cock and hen, v/ith all their 
 young ones, or powts, as they flock or run 
 together in thick woods or coppices, are 
 taken ; or particularly, when none but the 
 old, and fuch of the yonng as are of age 
 fit for coupling, are taken ; fo that you can- 
 not have any affurance with yuur nets to 
 
 ftrike 
 
THE 
 
 ftrike at more than one or two at a time; 
 for the pheafant is of a melancholy fullen 
 difpofition, and when once they have cou- 
 pled, do not accompany in flocks as other 
 birds. 
 
 In order to the taking pheafants with the 
 greater cafe, you muft be acquainted with 
 their haunts and ufual breeding-places, 
 which arc in young thick and well grown 
 cop(pices, free from the annoyance of cat- 
 tle or path-ways ; for they being of a very 
 timorous nature, they efteem the ftrength of 
 their covert their only fafety, and do not 
 abide, or breed in open or plain fields, nor 
 under the covert of corn-fields, low flii-ub- 
 by bufhes, or in large and tall trees. 
 
 Having found their haunts, next you are 
 to find their eye, or brood j and here you 
 are to obferve, that pheafants come out of 
 the woods and coverts thrice a day, to feed 
 in frefh paftures, green wheat, or other 
 grain, and that is about fun-rifing, about 
 noon, and a little before fun-fet. Now the 
 courfe to be followed, is to a;o to that fide 
 of the wood v/here you fuppofe they mal-ie 
 their fallies, and watch the places where they 
 come out ; or by fearching their haunts ; for 
 you may fee the young powts in that feafon, 
 flock and run together after the hen like 
 chickens. Again, if you go to their haunts 
 earlv in the mornin"; or late in the evening-, 
 you will hear the old cock and hen call their 
 young ones, and the young ones anfwer 
 them, and accordingly direft your path as 
 near as you can to the place where they are, 
 then lie down as clofe as poffible, that you 
 may not be difcerncd; but withal, obferve 
 how they lodge together, the better to know 
 how to pitch your nets with the greater ad- 
 vantage, both of wind, weather, and place; 
 and take care that all be done as filently as 
 poffible, otherwife they will betake thcm- 
 felves to their legs, and not to their wings, 
 unlefs forced to it by a clofe purfuit. 
 
 But the ccrtaineft way to find them out, 
 is to have an artificial pheafant-call, where- 
 in a perfon fhould be very expert in the 
 imitation of their notes, and the time when, 
 and to what purpofe they ufe them, which 
 calls are much the fame as hens ufe in cluck- 
 ing their chickens. 
 
 P HE 
 
 The chief time for ufing the call, is in 
 the morning early, or about fun-fet, at 
 which time they feek their food, and then 
 the note muft be to tall them to feed ; but 
 though thefe are the beft times, yet the call 
 m.ay be ufed at other times, only altering 
 the notes for .calling them together, or the 
 like. 
 
 Having the perfect ufe of the call, the 
 knowledge of their haunts, and the times 
 to take them, chufe fome private place not 
 to be difcovered, and then call at firlt very 
 foftly, left any fliould be lodged very near 
 you, and be affrighted at your loud note ; 
 but if nothing reply, then raife your note 
 higher and higher till it be extended to the 
 utmoft compafs, and if any be within hear- 
 ing they will anfwer in as loud a note as 
 yours, provided it be tunable, or elfe all 
 will be fpoiled. 
 
 Asfoon as the pheafant anfwers, if it be ata 
 good diftance, creep nearer and nearer, Itili 
 calling, but not fo loud, and as you ad- 
 vance nearer, fo will the pheafant to you, 
 fo that you will come in fight of her, either 
 on the ground or at perch, always imitating 
 her in her true note ; then ceafe calling, 
 and fpread your net between the pheafant 
 and yourfelf in the moft convenient place 
 you can find, making one end of the net 
 faft to the groundj and holding the other in 
 your hand by a Jong line, fo that when any 
 thing ftrain it, you may pull the net clofe 
 together ; which done, call again, and as 
 foon as you perceive the pheafant come un- 
 der your net, rife up and ibew yourfelf, 
 upon which being afi^i-tghted, flae will fpring, 
 and fo become entangled in the net. 
 
 In cafe you have divers pheafants anfwer 
 the call, and that from feveral parts of the 
 wood, then keep your firit ftation, and as 
 you hear them to make towards you, fo 
 get your nets ready, fpreading them con- 
 veniently about you, viz. one pair of nets 
 on one fide and another on the other, lying 
 clofe without any noife, only of your call, 
 till you have allured them under your nets, 
 and then Hand up to affright them as afore- 
 faid, that they may be entangled in your 
 nets. 
 
 Another 
 

Tiat^rx:. - 
 
 JTie^trent ^et 
 
 j'l^.e. 
 
P H E 
 
 Another way to take pheafants, which is 
 reckoned much better than the former, is, 
 to be provided with a ftale pheafant, a live 
 cock, which mull be fecurely tied down to 
 your net, who by his crowing will draw 
 others in : you mud lie concealed in fome 
 bufli or fecret place, and when you fee any 
 pheafant come to your net, then draw your 
 line, and the net will fall on him and talce 
 him. 
 
 To take pheafants by fnares ; when you 
 have found their paflage out of the wood to 
 their ufual places of feeding, there plant a 
 little flake, with a cowple of fnares of horfe- 
 hair, -one to lie flat on the ground for their 
 feet, and the other about the height of their 
 head, to take them by the neck; and in 
 cafe there fhould be more pafles than one, 
 you muft do the like to every one of them ; 
 then fetch a compafs about, and when you 
 are in a direft line with the pheafant and the 
 fnare that you have fitted, there make a 
 gentle noife to affright them. 
 
 If by their dunging and fcraping you 
 perceive that they frequent any place, you 
 may then make ufe of fuch hedge-rows as 
 are diredled to take fowl with lines and 
 bird-lime, only plant your running-lines 
 from them, of a convenient height, and 
 ftill place one to lie flat to entangle tlieir 
 legs. 
 
 To take pheafants or partridges, and to 
 preferve the game in a man's own ground : 
 when you perceive any eye of pheafants, or 
 covey of partridges, frequent iuch and fuch 
 ground, go thither, and in fome place 
 thereof, diftant from an hedge, bulh, or 
 gate, about forty or fifty paces, pitch up 
 four flicks, each a foot long, in a fquarc, 
 and in the middle of the flicks fcatter four 
 or five handfuls of oats, barley, or wheat, 
 and as you walk through the grounds from 
 the flicks, fcatter a few corns, which may 
 fcrve as a train to draw on the game to the 
 great heap in the middle of the fticks : nov/ 
 the pheafants and partridges coming to feed 
 according to their cuftom, will foon find 
 out the train, and confequently .the great 
 bait; they will not fail to return thither 
 next morning, in hopes of another repau. 
 
 P H E 
 
 againfl which time let it be laid ready for 
 them, and pitch by every one of the four 
 flicks, a bulh of furz ; if they eat the fe- 
 cond time, which you may difcern by their 
 dung, notwithilanding tiie furz-bufhes, then 
 againll their next coming crofs fome lines of 
 packthread, in form of a net ; and if for 
 all this they come and eat, you may be fure 
 to take them when you pleafe with the fol- 
 lowing device. See Plate IX. 
 
 Take away the flicks, furz-buflies, and 
 packthread, and there pitch the net defcribed 
 as follows : 
 
 The four main fupporters of the net, 
 A, B, C, D, mufl be fixed flrongly in the 
 ground, that the net may be lightly fpread 
 on the top : the four fides of the net muft 
 be ordered in the fame manner as fhall be 
 now direfted by the example of one of them 
 according to the defcription of the aforefaid 
 figure ; lift up the fide of the net defigned 
 by the letters E, F, over the top of the nee 
 that is fpread, for the fide mull lie flat, but 
 Hand floping like a pent-houfe, fupported 
 by fmall twigs, the bottom faftened in the 
 earth, and the cord or verge of the net ref- 
 ting on them ; then place the four furz- 
 buflies at each corner of the net, the more 
 to embolden them ; and be fure the run- 
 ning-cord of the net be exact and right ; the 
 two ends thereof muft be tied to a ftrong 
 cord, defcribed by the letter G, wliich cord 
 muft reach to the next bufh or f belter where 
 you lie concealed, but wit'iin view of the 
 net ; when all is fixed, fpread the bait as for- 
 merly, but try once or twice how the net 
 will draw, that upon occafion all may ht in 
 good order; the beft time to wait ;'"':;:• 
 coming is at break of day, when they ;. 
 all bufy in eating the bait; then dr^w yoi. 
 line with a quick motion, and prei'ently fix 
 it to the bufh where you are; and make all 
 pofllble hafte to the net to prevent their ef- 
 caping. 
 
 l( you would preferve a breed in your 
 grounds, kill the cocks, and keep the 
 hens till towards Letit, in fome convenient 
 room, and then put them out into your 
 grounds, aad they will foon find cocks for a 
 breed. 
 
 O o 
 
 There 
 
P H E 
 
 There is another way found moft effeflual 
 for the taking of pheafants in the winter- 
 fealon, provided there is no fnow : get a net 
 in the form o{ a cafting-net, but larger, 
 with the mt fhes about five inches wide ; 
 then take fome peas or wheat, and knowing 
 thcit haunts, which will be in young coppi- 
 ces of about three or four years growth ; in 
 fuch places fcek out rheir path, by theirdrop- 
 pings or dung, which paths generally lead 
 from the young coppices to thofe that are 
 older ; and having found out any path, lay 
 about a pint of the corn in the place, ob- 
 ferving where you lay it, fo that they may 
 come to eat j thus do for feveral days for 
 about a fortnight, by which time they will 
 be fo accuftomed to it, that they will come 
 to expeft fome food, and by this means, 
 all, or moft of the pheafants in that part, 
 will be gathered to it. 
 
 Having thus trained them, and that you 
 certainly know when you come in the morn- 
 ing that they have been there, which will 
 be found by their eating and the dung, then 
 in fuch places {et your nets, only one in 
 one place, which is done thus ; tie the top 
 of your nets to a bough, then fpread it at 
 the bottom, and peg it down to the ground 
 on all parts except one, which mull be 
 raifed up above a foot and a half, like an 
 arched door, with an afhen Itick j alfo fix to 
 the faid arch feveral rods made of hazle, 
 with the taper ends to the earth, within the 
 net, fo that the pheafants may tome in by 
 parting the fticks, but not get out again. 
 
 Having thus fet your nets, which muft 
 be made of coarfe thread, fuch as rabbet- 
 bays, and of a tanned colour, by putting 
 them into a tan-pit, cover your nets with 
 boughs to prevent them from feeing them; 
 and be fure to kt them fome difbance in the 
 wood. The ufe of the nets is from the be- 
 ginning of May to the latter end of OSiober. 
 
 PHEASANT-HAWKING, a rural di- 
 verfion, managed with a gofhawk in coverts, 
 of which none but thofe of a ftrong and able 
 body, with fpirit and courage, are fit ; for 
 this flight is different from that in the 
 champagne fields, v/here the hawk and the 
 game are always in fight; fo that you are to 
 
 P H E 
 
 make her to the pheafant and fuch like fort 
 of fowl, that always frequent the woods, 
 coverts, and the like obfcure places, which, 
 hinders the fight, which fhould be your 
 guide in the flight. For the better effeftina 
 of this, you muft be very circumfpeft as to" 
 the place you firft enter in, to the end fhe 
 may be well guarded, and kept from taking 
 any diflike or offence at the dogs, which if 
 fhe does at the firft entrance, it will be dif- 
 ficult to "bring her to endure them again; 
 therefore to divert any fuch ill quality at 
 firft, fhe muft be better manned, followed 
 and governed, than in the field; fo that if 
 you would have her make a perfcdl hawk, 
 and to be bold and venturous in thick woods, 
 with the Falconer, the dogs, and the game, 
 you muft make a good choice of the time, 
 place, and dogs. 
 
 The time ftiould be early in the year, about 
 January, February, or March, before the 
 approach of the leaf; but the beft months 
 for pheafant-hawking, are November, De- 
 cember, and January, after which you muft 
 be preparing her for the mew, that fhe may 
 be early mewed, to fly in the field the next 
 feafon for partridges. 
 
 Having made choice of the place to fly 
 your hawk in, and that you have let her go 
 into her flight, be fure to command your 
 dogs behind you until you have found her, 
 and if fhe has killed the game, it is fufE- 
 cient ; if not, but that you find her on the 
 ground, out of an eagernefs of the fport, 
 (as many will be at the firft entrance) if 
 there be any tree that fhe may well fee from 
 it, fet her thereon, otherwife keep her on 
 your fift, and beat for it again, then if fhe 
 flies and kills it, keep the dogs back until 
 you have found her, and fuffer her to plume 
 and take her pleafure for a time; then 
 gently call in your dogs and walk about her, 
 encouraging her with your voice, that fhe . 
 may be acquainted with the noife; and when 
 you fee it convenient, ftoop to it upon your 
 knees, and rending the chaps, give her blood 
 in the throat, which will much pleafe her; 
 pare away alfo the hard brain-pan from the 
 reft, and give her the head in her foot to 
 eat, the ground hiding the body from her : 
 
 thea 
 
P H E 
 
 then having your dog (which mufl: be under 
 great command) clofe by, when flie has 
 done, and begins to look about her, then 
 throw the pheafant amongft them, that fhe 
 may, together with fome words of rebuke 
 from you, make them give way with fear 
 unto her ; but let them be in her fight, and 
 having fufficiently taken her pleafure, take 
 the pheafants gently from her, leaving the 
 head in her foot, and let her eat it on the 
 gfound where the quarry lay, only refjr- 
 ving a little to take her to your fill withal ; 
 then put on her hood and reward her, by 
 which means you will much win her love to 
 you. She will, according to thefe direc- 
 tions, with a good keeper, fair flying, and 
 two or three (launch fpaniels, be brought in 
 a fhort time to good perfection in this 
 fport, 
 
 'Again, in order to embolden your hawk, 
 to make her take a pheafant from the perch 
 ■with courage, obferving the direftions fol- 
 lowing J before you fly her, provide a dead 
 pheafant, or a live one, which is befl ; take 
 it with you into the wood, and when you 
 are difpofed to call your hawk for her fup- 
 per, and as fhe is drawing and attending af- 
 ter you for the fame, having a convenient 
 pole ready for your purpofe, call your fpa- 
 niels about you to make them bay, and fu3- 
 denly breaking the neck of the pheafant, lift 
 it up upon a bough, that the hawk may 
 have fight of it, and with your voice call 
 and encourage her to come in and feize it, 
 and if flie pulls it down, be fure that you re- 
 buke the dogs in fuch manner, and keep 
 them fo at command, that they give her 
 way at her defcending, and that flie may 
 plume and take her pleafure thereon, which 
 will fo embolden her in a fmall time, that 
 when flie fees a pheafant take perch flie will 
 immediately feize it and pull it down ; nor 
 will flie be afraid of the dogs, forv/hen they 
 are once managed and brought into good 
 fubjeftion, they will know their duty, and 
 be JFearful of tranfgrefllng, fo that if you are 
 abfent you may venture them but remem- 
 ber by all means to have no fl:range dogs, 
 for one may fpoil your fport by drawing the 
 rell into errors, and caufmg them to hunt 
 
 P H E 
 
 after any thing ; nor is it convenient to hunt 
 with many fpaniels, for two or tliree couple 
 is enough to range and beat about a large 
 wood, and to perch a pheafant. 
 
 PHEASANT-POWTS, young phea- 
 fants; for the driving and taking of which 
 with in-nets, when you have found out an 
 eye of them, place vour nets crofs the little 
 paths and ways they have made, which are 
 much like llieep-trafts ; and if poffible, 
 you fliould find out one of their principal 
 haunts, which may be eafily known by the 
 barcnefs of the ground, their mutings, and 
 the feathers which lie fcattered about; and 
 always take the wind wifh you, for it is their 
 cullom to run down the wind ; place the 
 nets hollow, loofe, and circular-v/ife, the 
 nether part mufl be fattened to the ground, 
 and the upper fide lie hollow, fo that when 
 any thing ruflies in, it may fall and entangle 
 it. 
 
 Having fo fixed the net, go to the haunts, 
 and if you find the eye fcattered, with your 
 call draw them together, and when you find 
 they begin to cluck and pipe to one another, 
 then forbear calling, and take an infl:rument 
 by fome called a driver, See Plate V. fig. 
 6. which is made of ftrong white wands, 
 or ofiers, fuch as balket-makers ufe, which 
 mull be fet in a handle ; in two or three 
 places it mufl: be twifl;e«l or bound about 
 with fmall ofiers, according to the figure. 
 With this driver, fo foon as you fee the 
 pheafants gathered together, make a great 
 noife on the boughs and buflies about you, 
 which will fo frighten them, that they will 
 all get clofe togetiier, and run away a little 
 dift:ance, and fl:and to hearken ; then make 
 the fame noife a fecond time, which will 
 make them run again, and continue the 
 fame till you have driven them into your nets 
 for tliey may be drove like flieep; but if it 
 happens that they take a contrary way, then 
 make a croaking noife, as it were in their 
 faces, which will prefently turn them the 
 right way, as you would have them ; but in 
 ufing the driver, nrfl: obferve fecrecy, in 
 keeping your feif out of their fight, for if 
 theyfpy you, they will run and hide them- 
 felves in holes under flirubs, and will not 
 O o 2 Ilir 
 
PIG 
 
 ftir tHl night. Secondly, take time and 
 Icifiire., for rafhnefs and over-much hafte 
 JptZ-ls the fport. See Pheasants. 
 
 PIAFiEUR, is a proud ftately horfc, 
 ■who being full of mettle or fire, reftlefs 
 and forward, with a great deal of motion, 
 and an exceflive eagernefs to go forwards 
 makes this motion i the more that you en- 
 deavour to keep him in, he bends his leg up 
 to his belly : he fnorts, traverfes, if he 
 can, and by his fiery aftion lliews his reft- 
 j%'enefs, whence fome, tho' very improperly, 
 fay he dances. 
 
 Such horfes as thefe, or fuch as are bred 
 to paflage upon a ftrait line, are much 
 admired in caroufcls and magnificent fef- 
 tivals. 
 
 PICKER, Horse-picker, is an iron in- 
 ftrument five or fix inches long, bent or 
 crooked on one fide, and flat and pointed 
 on the other, ufed by grooms to cleanfe the 
 infide of the manage horfes feet, and pick 
 out the earth and fand that has got into 
 them. 
 
 PIGEON, a domeftic bird, very well 
 known, and fed in order to be eaten : I fliall 
 chiefly mention thofe that are bred in pi- 
 geon or dove-houfes ; forne there are, for 
 want of the conveniency of fuch houfes, 
 that are bred in coops and dove-cotes ; in 
 general we reckQii*but two forts of pigeons, 
 the wild and the tame ; the tame rough- 
 footed ones differ not much from the wild, 
 only they are fomewhat bigger, and more 
 familiar: the wild ufually perch upon trees, 
 being feldom feen on the ground, and are 
 very good food. 
 
 By wild pigeons, are meant thofe that 
 breed in woods, fea-rocks, i^jc. and by the 
 tame, fuch as are bred in dove-houfes. 
 
 There are indeed many forts of pigeons, 
 fuch as carriers, croppers, powters, horfe- 
 men, runts, jacobins, turbits, helmets, 
 nuns, tumblers, barbs, p'etits, owls, fpots, 
 trumpeters, fhakers, turners, finikJns, &"€. 
 from which proceed, when they are con- 
 trary matched together, baftard-bred pi- 
 geons, fuch as are called, from the cropper 
 or powter and the carrier, powting-horfe- 
 men j from the tumbler and the horfeman. 
 
 FI G 
 
 dragoons : of the generality of thefe 1 fhall 
 fay but little, they being only kept for fan- 
 cy, and not for the profit of the table, tho' 
 the fame method is to be ufed in breeding 
 them. 
 
 There are different forts of runts, one 
 called Spanijh runts, generally of a blood- 
 red, or mottled colour : they are very loofe 
 feathered, and large bodied, but breed 
 not fo often as the fmaller forts. 
 
 Horfemen are excellent breeders, and 
 are not eafily took ; the common Englijh 
 runt is a good lized pigeon, and breeds 
 well. 
 
 The pigeon called the leghorn^ is a fort 
 of runt, only diftinguiffied by a little wat- 
 tle over his noftril : he is a full bodied pi- 
 geon, whofe feathers lie clofe to his body, 
 and is an excellent breeder, and generally 
 of a grizzled colour, ermined round the 
 neck. 
 
 To thofe who keep pigeons for the fake of 
 good breeding, I would recommend baf- 
 tard-bred pigeons, fuch as powting-horfe- 
 men, powting dragoons, from a powter or 
 cropper, and a leghorn ; the reafon is, fuch 
 pigeons will breed nine or ten pair of young 
 ones in a year, for the little puff" of wind 
 thrown in from the powter, gives them a 
 heat and mirth ; they will continu&lly be 
 playing or courting, and when they have 
 young ones, will feed them well, with a 
 cropper, by reafon of the bignefs of his crop,, 
 feldom doth. 
 
 Carriers breed birt flowly, three or four 
 pair a year for them is much, by reafon of 
 their cold nature : they are conftant lovers, 
 and very rarely tread any but their own mate, 
 and therefore hard to match when leparate ; 
 they will often take three months time. 
 
 On the contrary, a powter will tread any 
 hen that will let him, at any time ; and 
 take him from his own mate, and he will 
 match to another in a day or two j for that 
 baftard-bred pigeons are moft ferviceable 
 for thofe who breed them to fupply the 
 table. 
 
 Great care muft be taken to make con- 
 venient places to breed in ; each pair of pi- 
 geons muft be fure to have two nefts, with 
 
 baikets 
 
FI G 
 
 Bafkets in them is befl, for before one pair 
 can go out of the neft, or feed themfelveSj 
 the old ones will lay, and befetting : nay I 
 have often feen a fecond pair hatched before 
 the firfl: could feed themfelves, and the old 
 ones feed both pair. Be fure when you take 
 the young ones, clean the neft, or put in a 
 clean baflcet, for cleanlinefs is a great help. 
 
 Never let tliem want nneat, for if you do 
 they cannot be provided with foft meat in 
 tiieir crop when the young hatch, which 
 if wanting, the young ones certainly die ; 
 or if you feed the old ones by hand, they 
 will go feed their young immediately with 
 what they get, which they not being able to 
 digeft, kills them j fo that the beft way is 
 to let them have meat always by them in 
 a box, with a hopper in it made for that 
 purpofe. 
 
 Breed young ones for ftock in the fpring, 
 thofe bred in the winter being generally 
 crampt, and never prove good breeders. 
 
 The reafon why I recommeed bafl^ets to 
 breed in, is, tame pigeons feldom build their 
 nefts, the want of which a bafket fupplies. 
 Be fure take care no vermin come among 
 them. 
 
 Of thofe bred in pigeon-houfes, the grey 
 pigeon, inclining to afh-colour and black, 
 is befl ; and Ihe generally ihews her fruit- 
 fulnefs by the rednefs of her eyes and feet, 
 and by the ring of gold colour which i-s 
 about her neck. 
 
 There are two fe?,fons in the year wherein 
 you may ftock your pigeon-houfe, the firfl is 
 May i for as thele firft pigeons having much 
 flrengthened themlelves during the winter, 
 they are in a condition foon to yield protit-to 
 the buyer. Secondly, in ^iugujl there are 
 a great number of young pigeons that liave 
 been well fed with the corn which their dams,, 
 both cocks and hens> have plentifully fup- 
 plied them with, from the harvefl in that 
 feafon. 
 
 You muft take care to furnifh your pi- 
 geon-houfe according to the bignefs of itj 
 if you put but a few in it, it will be a great 
 while before you will have the pleafure of 
 eating young pigeons, for you muft take 
 none out of the pigeon-houfe before it is well 
 ftocked. 
 
 P I G 
 
 Be fure to feed them in hard weather, 
 and in benting-time, which is when the 
 corn is in the ear, and keep out the vermin, 
 and you will never want flock. 
 
 It is good to give them loom, mixed with 
 fait and'cummin feed, mixed well, made up 
 in lumps and dried ; it: provokes luft, and 
 helps them in breeding. 
 
 Be lure never to let them want frefla water. 
 The beft food is tares ; the mornings and 
 evenings are proper times to give them their 
 meat, and never at noon, for fear of break- 
 ing their reft, which they ufually take at that 
 hour, v.'hich roofl is very neceffary to make 
 them thrive with the food which they eat. 
 
 To hinder pigeons- from quitting tlie pi- 
 geon-houfe, take the head and feet of a 
 gelt goat, and boil them together till the 
 flefh feparates from the bone : take this flefh 
 and boil it again in the fame liquor, till the 
 whole is confumed ; bruile into this decoc- 
 tion, which is very thick, fome potter's 
 earth, out of which you are to take all the 
 flones, vetch, dung, hemp, food and corn; 
 the whole muft be kneaded together and re- 
 duced to a pafte, or dough, which form iil- 
 to fmall loaves about the thicknefs of two 
 fifts, and dry them in the fun or oven, and 
 take care it do not burn ; when thcv are 
 baked, lay them in feveral parts of the pi- 
 geon-houfe, and as foon as thevare fet there 
 the pigeons will amufe themfelves with 
 pecking them, and finding fome tafte there- 
 in which pleafes them, they will keep fo 
 clofe to it that they will not afterwards leave 
 it but with regret. Others take a handful 
 of falt> which they candy, and afterwards 
 put into the pigeon-houfe. Some take a 
 goat's head and boil it in water, with fair, 
 cummin, hemp, and urine, and then ex- 
 pofe it in the pigeon-houfe, with which they 
 amufc the pidgeons. Laftly, there are thofe 
 who fry millet in honey, adding, a little 
 water to prevent it's burning tooj this pre- 
 paration is a repaft to them, and will caufe 
 them to have fuch an aftedion for their or- 
 dinary habitation, thst they will be fo tar 
 from abandoning it themfelves that they will 
 draw ftrange pigeons to it. 
 
 Pigeons will live eight years, but they on- 
 
PIG 
 
 ly prolific for the firft four years, afterwards 
 they are worth nothing, for when they are 
 once paft that age, all they do is to deprive 
 you of the prolic you might reap by others 
 that are younger. It is fomething difticult 
 to know how to diftinguifli their age. 
 
 If you would furnilli your table with 
 young ones in the winter, and feed daintily, 
 you mull not tarry for them till they can fly, 
 Idu: take them when they are grown pretty 
 ftrong ; pluck the largeii quills out of their 
 wings, which will confine them to their 
 neils ; others tie their feet, or elfe break 
 the bones of their legs, by which means they 
 will be fat in a very ihort time, becaufe the 
 fubftance of the nourifliment they receive be- 
 ing then not fo much difperfed, turns into fat. 
 
 PIGEON-HOUSE, a piece of ceconomy 
 ofv/'iich a great dtal maybe faid, there 
 bein» an iniinire number of things to be 
 obferved, in order to get a pigeon-houfe 
 that may be advantageous and profitable to 
 you. To begin therefore : the firil thing 
 is to pitch upon a convenient place, of 
 which none is more proper than in the mid- 
 dle of a court-yard, which is fuppofftd to be 
 fpacious enough, or without the houfe, by 
 reafon pigeons are naturally of a fearful dif- 
 pofition, and the leaft noife they hear 
 frightens them ; hence it is, that they al- 
 v/ays make pigeon-houfes with much care 
 and a great deal of reafon, at fuch a ditlance 
 that the rufling noife of the trees fhaken by 
 the wind, and the over-murmurings of the 
 water may not affright them. 
 
 As to the bignefs of the pigeon-houfe, 
 that depends upon the fancy of thofe who 
 build them: but it is better they ihould be 
 fpacious than too little; and for it's form, 
 the round is to be preferred before the fquare 
 ones, becaufe rats cannot fo eaiily come at 
 the one as at the other ; and the round houfe 
 is alfo more commodious, becaufe you may 
 by the means of a ladder turning upon an 
 axis, eafily vifit all that is within the pigeon- 
 houfe, and come near the neft:s without being 
 propped, and take the pigeons in them ; fo 
 rhat you may effeft that by the conveniency 
 of this ladder in a round one which cannot 
 be done in a fquare pigeon-houfe. 
 
 P I G 
 
 To hinder rats from getting upon the 
 outfide into a pigeon-houfe, they fallen tin 
 places CO a certain height, and in fuch places 
 where they forefee the rats might pals, at 
 the outward angles of a fquare pigeon-houfe j 
 thefe plates ought to be a foot high, and 
 raifed above half a foot on the fides, fo that 
 when the rats come to them and cannot catch 
 hold of them, they fall upon the iron fpikes 
 which are ufually fixed at the bottom, or the 
 place where you forefee they may fall. , 
 
 Care fliould alfo be had that' the pigeon- 
 houfe Ihould be placed at fome fmall dif- 
 tance from water, that the pigeons' may 
 carry it to their young ones : and the fame 
 being a little warmed in their bills, it will 
 be more wholefome for them than when it 
 is cold. 
 
 The boards which cover the pigeon-houfe 
 fliould be well joined together, in fuch man- 
 ner that neither rats nor vyfind can pafs thro'j 
 the covering alfo fliould be fuch that no rian 
 may penetrate through it ; efpecially, it 
 ought to be raifed on good folid founda- 
 tions, the floor good, the building folid, 
 and well cemented, becaufe pigeons dung 
 has an ill property of ruining foundations; 
 they muft be hard plaiftered, and white- 
 Wi'liied within and without, that being the 
 colour moll ple.tfing to the pigeons. It muft 
 be a conftant caution, that there be no 
 window o>" opening of the pigeon-houfe to 
 the eafcvi'aid, but they mull have always, 
 as much as m.ay, be placed to the fouth, 
 for pigeons love direftly to feel the fun, and 
 efpeciaily in winter; but if by reafon of the 
 fituationof the place, you can do no other- 
 wife than make the window of the pigeon- 
 houfe to face to the north, you mult always 
 keep it fhut clofe in cold weather, and open 
 it in fummer, that the cooling air may have 
 paflage into the place, which is refrefhing J 
 and delightful to pigeons in that feafon of ' 
 the year. 
 
 The pigeon-houfe Ihould have two cinc- 
 tures built without, eitlier ot free-ftone or 
 parget, one of which is to reach to the mid- 
 dle o^ the pigeon-houfe, and the other un- 
 der the window, through which the pigeons 
 gp in and out ; thefe two inclofures are made 
 
 oa 
 
? I G 
 
 on purpofe that the bh-ds may reft upon 
 them when they return out of the fields : 
 you fliould have a portcullis at the window 
 before-mentioned, for the egrefs and re- 
 grefs of the pigeons, which portcullis muft 
 be fomething larger than the window or 
 aperture, which fhould be lined with tin, 
 well fattened to the wall, to keep the rats 
 from coming up: this portcullis may be 
 raifed up or pulled down every morning and 
 evening, by the means of a board faftened 
 to a pully, which is to be fixed about the 
 faid window ; and this cord may hang down 
 fo low, that it may be reached without any 
 trouble. 
 
 To manage this affair well, the door 
 fhould be always placed in fight of the 
 dwelling-houfe, whether the pigeon-houfe 
 be built within or without the court-yard, 
 though you are obliged to make the door to 
 open on the north fide, from whence the 
 wind that blows is very incommodious to 
 the pigeons, becaufe the mafter of the fa- 
 mily may keep in awe thofe that go in and 
 come out of the pigeon houfe ; and to pre- 
 vent the inconveniency that may arife from 
 the north wind, make a double door to it, 
 and by that means defend your pigeon- 
 houfe from the feverity of the cold air. 
 
 As to the nefts, or coves of the pigeon- 
 houfe, fome build them in the wall with fiat 
 bricks, in fuch a manner, that they are long 
 and fquare, and darkifh at the bottom, 
 which is a thing thefe birds covet : thofe 
 nefts would have continued to be among the 
 firft rank, if arnongft others, the invention 
 of earthen pots had not been found out; 
 befides thofe built in the wall have very of- 
 ten fome chink or other through which rats 
 may get into them, whereas the pot being 
 all of a piece, entirely keeps them out, un- 
 iefs it be at the mouth. Others make ufe 
 of round tiles, placed one upon another, 
 reprefenting the fhape of a pipe to receive 
 water in, and they range them half a foot 
 diftant from each other upon bricks, fitted 
 above as well as below to the roundnefs of 
 thefe tiles, which alfo ferve to feparate the 
 nefts : but this is not fo good as either of 
 the others. Be fure their nefts or holes be 
 
 P 1 G 
 
 made difh-fafhioned at the bottom, (as 
 they do not always build nefts) then 
 the eggs will keep in the middle, and 
 the pigeon muft fit true upon them, which 
 if otherwife they will roll afide, and for 
 want of proper heat, even though the pi- 
 geon fits well in her neft, will chill and cer- 
 tainly fpoil. But in what manner foever 
 thcle nefts are made, you muft be very ex- 
 act, that they ftiould be rather too big than 
 too little, to the end that the cock and the 
 hen may have room to ftand in them. 
 
 The firft range of thefe nefts, be they 
 made as they pleafe, muft always be four 
 feet diftant from the ground, fo that the 
 wall underneath being very fmooth, the rats 
 may not be able to get up. You muft ob- 
 ferve in the firft place, that if you build 
 thefe nefts or coves with earthen pots, to 
 place them chequer-wife, and not fquare 
 one over another : in the next place, you 
 muft not raife their nefts any higher than 
 within three feet of the top of the pigeon- 
 houfe ; and thirdly, you muft cover the lafl: 
 range of thofe nefts with a board a foot and 
 a half broad, and fet fianting, for fear the 
 rats, which may happen to come down from 
 the top, may get in to them. All thefe 
 nefts fliould be built level with the wall, 
 which fliould be fmooth and well v/hitened. 
 You may, and it will be very much to the 
 purpofe, place before every neft door or 
 mouth, a finall flat ftone, which comes out 
 of the wall three or four fingers broad, for 
 the pigeons to reft upon when they go in or 
 come out of their nefts, or when bad wea- 
 ther obliges them to keep to the pigeon- 
 houfe. 
 
 TAME PIGEONS ; of thefe there are 
 feveral fpecies. 
 
 Runts, the largeft kind of pigeons, called 
 by the ItalianSy tronfo ; but thele may again 
 be diftinguiftied into greater or fmaller: 
 thofe which are commonly called the Spanijb 
 runts are much efteemed, being the largeft 
 fort of pigeon, but are fluggifii, and more 
 flow of flight than the fmalkr forts of runts ; 
 but the fmaller runts are better breeders, 
 and quicker of flight, for which they are 
 efteemed. As for the colours of their 
 
 feathers. 
 
P 1 G 
 
 fcailiers, they are uncertain, lb tliat a 
 iu-'gment cannot be made of the fort by 
 them. 
 
 The next which makes the largeft figure, 
 but is not in reality the largeft bird, is the 
 cropper, fo called, becaufe they ufually do, 
 tiy attracling the air, blow up their crops 
 to an extraordinary bignefs, even fo as to 
 be fometimes as large as their bodies. This 
 fort is the more valued according as' it can 
 fwell up it's crop to the larger fize. 
 
 The bodies of this fort are about the big- 
 nefs of the fmaller runt, but are fomewhat 
 more flendcr ; this fort alfo is of various 
 colours in the feathers. 
 
 The fhakers ; thefe are of two forts, viz. 
 the broad tailed fliaker, and the narrow 
 tailed fhaker: thefe are fo called, becaufe 
 they are almofi: conitantly wagging their 
 'heads and necks up and down ; the broad 
 are diftino-uifhed from the narrow, in that 
 the broad tailed fort ^bounds with tail-iea- 
 thers, about twenty-fix in number ; but the 
 narrow tailed Ihakers have not fo many. 
 
 Thefe, when they walk, carry their tail- 
 feathers and creft fpread abroad like a turky- 
 cock ; they have likewife a diverfity of fea- 
 thers. 
 
 The iacobines, or cappers ; which are fo 
 called on account of cei'tain feathers which 
 turn up about the back part of the head : 
 fome of this fort are rough footed ; they are 
 fhort billed, the iris of their eye of a pearl 
 colour, and the head is commonly white. 
 
 The turbit, which fome fuppofe to be a 
 corruption of the word cortbeck, or curtheke, 
 as they are called by the 'Dutch, which feems 
 to be derived of the French, court-bee, and 
 fignifies a fhort bill, for which this pigeon 
 is remarkable ; for the head is flat, and the 
 feathers on the bread fpread both ways. 
 Thefe are much of the fame fize with the 
 jacobines. 
 
 The carriers, are pigeons fo called from 
 the ufe which is fometimes made of them 
 in carrying of letters to and fro ; certain it 
 is that they are very nimble meflengers, for 
 fome authors affirm that it has been found 
 by experience, that one of thefe pigeons 
 will liv three miles in a minute, or from 
 
 PIG 
 
 St. yllbcns to London in feven minutes ; thi? 
 has been tried by experiments. 
 
 We have an account of their pafiing and 
 repafling with advices between Hirtius and 
 Brutus, at the fiege of Modena, who had, 
 by laying meat for them in fome high places, 
 ■ufed their pigeon* to fly from place to place 
 for their meat, they having before kept 
 them hungry, and in a dark place. 
 
 Thefe pigeons are about the fize of com- 
 mon pigeons, and of a dark blue, or 
 blackifii colour, which is one way of dif- 
 tinguifiiing them from other forts : they are 
 alfo remarkable for having their eyes com- 
 pafled about with a broad circle of naked 
 fpungy fkin, and for having the upper chap 
 of their beak covered more than half from 
 the head., with a double crufl of the like 
 naked fungous body. The bill or beak is 
 moderately long, and black. 
 
 Thefe birds have this qjjality, that though 
 they are carried many miles from -the place 
 where they are bred or brought up, or have 
 themfelves hatched or bred up any young 
 ones, they will immediately return home as 
 foon as they are let to fly. 
 
 When perfons would ufe them for car- 
 riers, they muft order them after the follow- 
 ing manner : 
 
 Tv/o friends muft agree to keep them, the 
 one at London, and the other at Windjor, or 
 at any other place ; he that lives at Windjor 
 mufi; take two or three cocks or hens which 
 were bred at his friend's at London, and the 
 other two or three that were bred at Windjor: 
 when the perfon at Londofi has occafion to 
 fend any advice to his friend at Windjor, he 
 mufl: roll up a little piece of paper, and tie 
 it gently with a fmall ftring pafled through 
 it, about the pigeon''s neck. 
 
 But here you muft remember, that the 
 pigeons you defign to fend with a letter, 
 muft be kept pretty much in the dark, and 
 without meat for eight or ten hours before 
 they are turned out, and then they will rife 
 and turn round till they have found their 
 way, and- continue their flight till they have 
 got home. 
 
 With two or three of thefe pigeons on 
 each fide, a correfpondence might be carried 
 
 on 
 
P I G 
 
 -on in a very expeditious manner, eipecially 
 in matters of curiofity, ^c. 
 
 The Barbary pigeon, or barb, is anotlier 
 fort, whofe bill is like that of the turbit, 
 fhort and thick, having a broad and naked 
 circle of a fpungy white fubftance round 
 about the eye, like that of the carrier pi- 
 geon ; the iris of the eye is white, if the fea- 
 thers of the oinion are inclinable to a darker 
 colour, but is red if the feathers are white, 
 as is obferved in other birds. 
 
 Smiters, are fuppofed to be the fame that 
 the Dutch call dragers ; this fort fliake their 
 wings as they fly, and rife commonly in a 
 circular manner in their flight, the males, 
 for the moft part, rifing higher than the fe- 
 males, and frequently falling and flabbing 
 with their wings, which makes a noife 
 that may be heard a great way off, which 
 often is the caufe of their breaking or fliat- 
 tering their quill-feathers. 
 
 Thefe very much refemble the Tumbler 
 pigeon, the difference chiefly is, that the 
 tumbler is fomething fmaller, and in it's 
 flight will tumble itfelf backward over it's 
 head ; the diverflty of colours in the feathers 
 •makes no difference. 
 
 The Helmet pigeon, is diflinguifliedfrom 
 the others, becaufe it has the head, the 
 quill-feathers and the tail-feathers, always 
 of one colour, fometimes black, fometimes 
 white, or'red, or blue, or yellow, but the 
 other feathers of the body are of a different 
 colour. 
 
 The Light Horfeman ; this is fuppofed 
 to be a crofs ttrain, between a cock Cropper 
 and a hen of the Carrier breed, becaufe they 
 feem to partake of both, as appears from 
 the excrefcence of flelh upon their bills, 
 and the fwcllings of their crops; thefe are 
 not inclined to leave the place of their birth, 
 or the houfe that they have been ufed to. 
 
 The Baftard-bill pigeon, is fomething 
 bigger than the Barbary pigeon ; they have 
 fliort bills, and are generally faid to have 
 red eyes, though probably thofe coloured 
 eyes belong only to thofe that have white 
 feathers. 
 
 There is a pigeon called the Turner, which 
 'i^ faid to have a tuft of feathers hanging 
 
 P I G 
 
 backwards on the head, which parts like a 
 horfe's mane. 
 
 There is alfo a pigeon of a fmaller fort, 
 called the Finikin, but in other refpefts like 
 the former. 
 
 There is another pigeon called the Spot, 
 fuppofed, (and with judgment) to take it's 
 name from a fpot on the forehead, juft above 
 the bill, and the feather of it's tail always 
 of the fame colour with the fpots, and all 
 the other feathers are white. 
 
 The Mahomet, or Mawmet pigeon, fup- 
 pofed to be brought from Turkey, which is 
 Angular for it's large black eyes, but the 
 other parts are like thofe of the Barbary 
 pigeon. 
 
 To difl:inguifli which are the males and 
 females among pigeons, it is chiefly known 
 by the voice and cooing, the females having 
 a fmall weak voice, and the male a loud 
 and deep voice, 
 
 The food which is generally given to 
 pigeons is tares, but if fpurry feeds were 
 mixed with them, or buck-wheat, thofe '1 
 grains would forward their breeding ; how- 
 ever, with only tares they may be expefted 
 to breed eight or nine times a year ; but 
 perhaps they feldom hatch above one at a 
 time, though if they be in full vigour they 
 will breed a pair at one fitting. 
 
 In the feeding of pigeons, it is advifeable 
 not to let them have more meat at onetime 
 than they can eat, becaufe the/ are apt to 
 tofs it about and lofe a great deal of it ; fo 
 that the contrivance of filling a ftoiie bottle 
 with their meat, and placing the mouth 
 downwards, fo that it may come within an 
 inch of a plain or table, will give a fupply 
 as they feed. 
 
 And fomething of the fame method 
 fliould be ufed about their water, by the 
 bottle to be reverfed with the mouth into a 
 narrow fliallow cifliern ; but they muft by 
 no means be without water, they being of 
 themfelves a dry bird, and fubjett to con- 
 trail dirt and fleas. 
 
 To take Pigeons, Rooks and Crows upon 
 new ploughed or Jow: ground. 
 
 Take a good number of fmall twigs, or 
 P p llroiig 
 
P I K 
 
 ftrong ,wh?aten ftraw of a good length, 
 bird-iime them well, lay tliem on the 
 ground where pigeons, ^c. frequent, and 
 they will foon be entangled with them; and 
 in order to allure to your twigs or ftraws, 
 you may tie two or three jiigeons to the 
 ground among the twigs. 
 
 Another Way. 
 
 Cut fome fheets of thick brown. paper, 
 each into about eight pai-ts, making them 
 vip in the lliape of a fugar-loaf, and lime 
 the infide of them three or four days before 
 you intend to ufc them ; put into each pa- 
 per near the bottom three or four grains of 
 corn, and lay thefe papers up and down the 
 ground, as much as you can under clods of 
 earth, early in the morning before the pi- 
 geons, i^c. come to feed. The more pa- 
 pers you lay tlic greater you may expeft your 
 fport. When the pigeons come to feed they 
 ■will fee the corn, and by thrufting in their 
 heads to reach it will get hood-winked by 
 the paper fticking to their heads, which 
 ■will occaJion them to take wing, and fly 
 bolt upright till they have fpent themfelves, 
 Tvhen they "will come tumbling down and 
 may be eafily taken. 
 
 PIKE, a very long lived fifh, according 
 to Lord Bacon and Gefjur, who fay he out- 
 lives all other fifh, which is a pity, as he is 
 an abiblute tyrant of the frefh water. The 
 largcft are the coarfer food, and the fmalleft 
 are always accounted belt : this fiHi never 
 fwims in Ihoals, but refts by himfelf alone, 
 being naturally very bold and daring, and 
 ■will feize almoll upon any thing, even de- 
 vour his own kind: he breeds but once a 
 year, andfpawns m February or March. The 
 beft fort is found in rivers, the worft in meres 
 and ponds. His common food is either 
 pickerel-weed or frogs, or what fifh he can 
 
 act. 
 
 " PIKE-FISHIN.G ; there is two ways to 
 take the pike, by the ledger and the walk- 
 ing-bait. The ledger-bait is fixed in one 
 certain place, and may continue while the 
 Angler is abferi't; this muft be a live bait,, 
 of fifn or frogi gf filhj. the beft is a dace. 
 
 p r K 
 
 roach, or perch ; of frogs, the yelloweft arer 
 beft. In ufing the ledger-bait, if it be a 
 fifh, ftick your hooks through his upper lip, 
 and then faftening it to a ftrong line, at 
 leaft twelve or fourteen yards long, tie the 
 other end of the line, either to fome ftake 
 in the ground, or to the bough of a tree 
 near the pike's ufual haunt; which done, 
 wind your line on a forked fticl<-, big enough 
 to keep the bait from drawing it under wa- 
 ter, all except half a yard, or a little more ; 
 and your ftick muft have a fmall cleft at the 
 end, into which faften your line, but fo, 
 that when the pike comes, he may eafily 
 draw it forth, and have line enough to go ta> 
 his hold and pouch the bait. 
 
 But if the bait be a frog, put the arming- 
 wire in at his mouth, and out at his gills, 
 then with a fine needle and filk fow the up- 
 per part of his leg, with one ftitch only, to 
 your arming-wire, or tie his leg gently 
 above the upper joint to the wire.. 
 
 There is a way of trolling for pike, with 
 a winch to wind it up ; this fifti being very 
 ftrong, your rod muft not be too flender at 
 top, where ftiould be placed a ring for your 
 line to run through^ which line is to be of 
 filk two yards and a quarter next the hook, 
 it muft be double, and ftronglv armed with 
 wire about ieven inches : faften fome fmooth 
 lead upon the ftiank of the hook, and hav- 
 ing placed it in the monjth of your fifli-bait. 
 with your lead fink it with his head down- 
 wards, fo move your bait up and down, and 
 if you feej the fifh at the hook, give him 
 length ensugh to run away with the bait 
 and pouch it, then ftrike him. with a fmarc 
 jerk. Obferve in trolling to put your arm- 
 ing-wire in at the mouth of the gudgeon, 
 (the beft bait) and thrufting it along by the 
 back, bring it out again by the tail, and 
 there faften it with a thread, having your 
 reel in your hand^ and your line fixed to 
 your hook through a ring at the top of your 
 rod ; when move your bait up and down in 
 fome likely place in the water, as you walk 
 gently by the river-fide. When \x)u feel him 
 bite, be fure to give him line enough, and 
 not to ftrike him too quick or too fiercely, 
 left you endanger your tackle and lofe your 
 
 fifti ; 
 
P I L 
 
 fiih : if yoa fift at fnap, give him leave to 
 run a little, and then ftrike the contrary 
 way to which he runs : but for thismethod 
 of angling a fpring hook is beft, and your 
 tackle mull be much more ftrong than for 
 the troll. 
 
 If yon fifli with a dead bait for a pike, 
 take minnows, yellow frogs, dace, or roach, 
 and having diflblved gum of jey in oil of 
 fpike, anoint your bait therewith, calling 
 it where pikes frequent j after it has lain a 
 little while at the bottom, draw it to the 
 top, and fo up the ftream, and you will 
 quickly perceive a pike very eagerly follow- 
 ing it. They bite beft about three in the 
 . afternoon, in clear water, with a gentle gale, 
 in the m.iddle of fummef to the latter end 
 of autumn, and in winter, all day long ; 
 and in the latter end and beginning of the 
 fpring, he bites moft eagerly early in the 
 ■morning, and late in the evening. See 
 HuxiNG, &r. 
 
 PILLAR ; moft great manages have pil- 
 lars fixed in the middle of the manage- 
 ground, to point out the center; but all 
 manages in general have, upon the fide or 
 circumference, other pillars placed two and 
 two, at certain diftances, from whence they 
 are called the two pillars, to diftinguifti 
 Tthem from that of the center. 
 
 When we fpeak of the former, we call it 
 Avorking round the pillar, and when we refer 
 •to the other two, we call it, working be- 
 tween the two pillars. 
 
 The pillar of the center ferves to regulate 
 and adjuft the extent of ground, to the end 
 that the manage upon volts may be per- 
 formed with method and juftnefs, and that 
 they may work in a fquare by rule and mea- 
 fure, upon four lines of the volt, which 
 ought to be imagined at an equal diftance 
 from the center. 
 
 It ferves likewife to break unruly high 
 •mettled horfes, without endangering the ri- 
 der, the horfe being tied to a long rope, 
 Qne end of which is made faft to a pillar, and 
 managed by a man placed by the pillar, 
 -which keeps the horfe in fubjeftion, and 
 iiinders him from flying out. 
 
 To break fuch an unruly fiery horfe, and 
 
 P I N 
 
 make him go forwards, put the caveflion 
 upon him, and make faft the rope to the 
 middle ring and to the pillar, trot him round 
 the pillar without any pcrfon on his back, 
 and fright him with the fhambrier or rod, 
 that he may know it, and fly from the leaft 
 appearance of a blow. 
 
 This done, you may mount him round 
 the pillar, and put him on, fo as that he 
 fhall not be able either to rear up or to ftop, 
 in order to do mifchief, for the dread of the 
 fhambrier will prevent ail diforders, and 
 hinder him from ftopping. 
 
 The Duke of Neivcajlle fays, this is tlit 
 onlr cafe in which the ufe of the pillar 
 ftiouid be fuffered, for in general, he is fo 
 far from approving of the pillar, that he 
 affimns, it only fpoils horfes, becaufe round 
 it they only work by rota, and having their 
 eyes always fixed upon the fame objedls, 
 know not how to manage elfewhere, but 
 inftead of obeying the hand and the heels, 
 know nothing but the rope and the Iham- 
 brier. 
 
 In fuch manages as have not this pillar, 
 you muft imagine a place where it fliould 
 be, that is, you muft confider the middle of 
 the ground as the center, in order to regu- 
 late and facilitate manages upon rounds. 
 See Rope and Ropes. 
 
 The two pillars are placed at the diftance 
 of two or three paces the one from the 
 other. 
 
 We put a horfe between thefe with a 
 cavefl"on of leather, or cord, mounted with 
 two big ropes, that anfwer from the one 
 pillar to the other. 
 
 You muft ply your horfe \yith the caveiTon 
 ropes, and make him rife between the two 
 pillars : when once he has got a habit of 
 curvetting with eafe, he will give you a 
 good feat on horfeback, and by the liberty 
 of his pollure make you keep the counter- 
 poife of your body, and teach you to ftretch 
 out your hams. 
 
 PINCHING [inHorfemanfhip], is when 
 a horfe ftanding ftill, the rider keeps him 
 faft with the bridle-hand, and applies the 
 fpurs juft to the hair 9f his fides. 
 
 PIP, a difternper incident to hawks ; ic 
 P p 2 pro- 
 
PIT 
 
 proceeds from cold and moiflnefs in the head, 
 or by feeding on grofs meats in the fummer- 
 time, that have not been wafhed well in cold 
 water. 
 
 For the cure : give the hawk with her 
 carting at night, a fcouring pill of agaric, 
 or hiera picra, for two or three days toge- 
 ther, and walh her tongue with rofe-water, 
 and anoint it for three or four days with oil 
 of fweet almonds ; and when the pip is 
 thoroughly ripe, i. e. when it is white and 
 foft, take it off with a fharp awl or bodkin, 
 and afterwards anoint the v/ound with oil of 
 fweet almonds. 
 
 If the hawk has the pip in her foot, then 
 call her, and cut out the core or corn in the 
 ball of it, and apply a plaifter of galbanum, 
 white pitch, and Peuicd turpentine, fpread 
 on foft leather, and tied on fo fad that it 
 may not come off, but yet not fo ftreightas 
 to hurt her, then let her Hand on a perch 
 foft lined, keep her warm, and drefs her 
 three or four times a v/eek till fhe is well. 
 
 PISSING OF Blood [in Horfes], may 
 proceed from divers caufes, fometimes by 
 being ridden over-hard, or laboured beyond 
 his ftrength, and by carrying too heavy 
 burdens on his body ; at other times it may 
 be by fome vein broken in his body, on 
 which blood will frequently iffue out of his 
 body; or it may proceed from fome ftone 
 fretting upon his kidneys, and from feveral 
 other caufes. 
 
 For the cure: take knot-grafs, fhepherd's 
 purfe, bloodwort of the hedge, polypody 
 of the wall, comfrey, and garden bloodwort, 
 of each an handful. Hired them fmall, and 
 boil them in a quart of beer, to which add 
 a little falt-leaven and foot, and give the 
 horfe. 
 
 PISTE, is the tread, or traft, that a horfe 
 makes upon the ground he goes over. 
 
 PIT-FALL, a cheap device, with which 
 you may take a whole covey of partridges, 
 as well as fingle ones, or indeed any other 
 birds: there are pit-falls above, and under 
 ground: the machine rcprefented by the 
 cut, is a fort of cage, and made thus : See 
 Plate IX. No. I. 
 
 This device is compofed of four fticks. 
 
 P I T 
 
 or pieces of wood. A, B, A, D, D, C, C, E, 
 
 each about three feet long, and bored thro' 
 within two inches of the end, with a hole 
 big enough to turn one's little finger in it ; 
 they muft be placed on each other, in a 
 fquare upon the ground, and let into each 
 other about half the thicknefs of the flick, 
 that they may hold together, in fuch man- 
 ner as to make four angles ; then take two 
 hazle tough rods, about the bignefs of one's 
 finger, each four or five feet long, which 
 mufl be fixed in the fore-mentioned holes, 
 croffing them over each other, that their 
 other ends may be fixed in their oppofite 
 angles, as the corner flicks in cages ufed 
 to be laid ; then you muft have fome light 
 firrait fticks, longer than each other by de- 
 grees, and about the bignefs of one's finger, 
 which you muft compile one over another, 
 the longeft firft, and the fhorteft laft, up to 
 the height of the croffing of the two rods, 
 fo that the whole will refemble a kind of 
 bee-hive ; but you muft remember to leave 
 a hole at the top, to be covered or uncovered 
 with fome ftone, or the like, to take out the. 
 birds when they are in the pit-fall. 
 
 You muft at leaft bind the end of your 
 fticks to the two rods with ofiers, ftrong 
 packthread, or fmall cord, and this is all 
 that belongs to the pit-fall ; but for the 
 eredting or piling it up, do thus : take a 
 ftick of about three feet long, and about 
 the bignefs of one's little finger, which 
 muft be fmoothed above and below, then 
 tie the end F, No. 2, with a little cord, to 
 the middle of the foundation-ftick A, B, 
 the other end of the ftick F, G, muft have 
 a fmall notch in it about two inches from 
 the end ; then provide another ftick I, K, 
 about a foot and a half long, with a fmall 
 cord fixed at the upper end thereof, where 
 you may place another little ftick H, half a 
 foot long, having the end G fhaped like the 
 fharp end of a wedge ; the lower end of 
 the ftick K muft be fixed in the ground, 
 which being done, the fore-part of the pit- 
 fall D, C, will come to be lifted up, and 
 then place the end H of the little ftick un- 
 der the cage to fupport it, and the other 
 endj fhaped like a wedge, into the notch of 
 
 the 
 
P I T 
 
 the flick F, G, then let the pit-fall reft gent- 
 ly on it, and it will be ready fet, with one 
 fide lifted up about a foot high, and the 
 ftick F, G, will be about three inches froin 
 the ground, then ftrew your bait under the 
 cage. 
 
 The fame pit-fall will ferve to take fmall 
 birds, hares, rabbets, or vermin. 
 
 When you have found out that par- 
 tridges frequent either vineyards, woods, 
 or fome other place, you mull, before you 
 fpread your net, pitch upon a proper fland 
 for yourfelf, either near a hedge, a knot of 
 ofiers, or fome bulhes, that fo your pit-fall 
 may not be openly feen, and frighten the 
 partridges : When the place is fixed, take 
 five or fix handfuls of barley or oats, parch- 
 ed in a frying pan, or elfe fome wheat, 
 ftrew fome grains here and there, and make 
 a pretty long train, fo as to lead the par- 
 tridges to the heap; and when you know by 
 their dung that they are come thither^ then 
 lay your pit-fall at the place where they have 
 dunged, covering it with fome leaved 
 branches, or broom, or leaved vine branch- 
 es, if the feafon allows it, and lay down fe- 
 ven or eight handfuls of corn under it, with 
 along train ; the partridges having been re- 
 galed there before, will not fail foon to get 
 under the cage to eat, and being greedy will 
 jump upon one another, fo that coming to 
 touch the little fl:ick F, G, which keeps the 
 machine extended, it will by that means fall 
 upon them. When the covey is large, fome 
 often happen to be without the reach of the 
 pit-fall, but he that is dexterous, at this 
 fport, will know how to catch them another 
 time. 
 
 The two figures No. i and 2 defcribe the 
 pit-fall two ways ; the firll Ihews how it is 
 extended front-ways, and the other fide- 
 ways, and they are marked with the fame let- 
 ters ; the letter E fhews you, that when the 
 pit-fall is light, and the covey large, that 
 you muft put a fl:one upon the top of the pit- 
 fall, the weight of which prevents a fingle 
 partridge from letting down the cage or 
 trap, for otherwife you may take but one or 
 two : this artifice is well known to thofe who 
 follow the fport. 
 
 PIT 
 
 Befides thispit-fall, for the taking of par- 
 tridges, there are others of the like nature 
 with which they take fmall birds ; the for- 
 mer was above the earth, but thefe in, and 
 under it, and are excellent for taking black- 
 birds, thruflies, field-fares, and the like 
 birds that feed upon v/onns. The beft 
 time for this fport, is from the beginning 
 of November, to the end of March ; the 
 device is cheap, profitable, and pretty 
 common ; neverthelefs, in order to omit 
 nothing that may be ufeful in this work, the 
 following figures will dcmonftrate it to you. 
 
 The figure marked A, is a plain paddle- 
 ftafF, fuch as country-men ufe to carry iii 
 their hands as they go about their grounds : 
 with this you are to cut up turfs, with whic i 
 the pit-fall is to be clofed, which turf muf: 
 at leaft be cut two inches larger than the pit : 
 the faid paddle may likewife ferve to dig 
 your pits, which fliould always be made in 
 the fun, near fome hedge where birds fre- 
 quent : they may alfo be made in great 
 woods, ncai- holly-buflies, for birds in hard 
 weather refort to fuch places, in expeftation 
 of worms, by picking up and removing the 
 dead leaves that lie on the ground : the 
 holes may be about feven inches deep, on the 
 oppofite fide let it be about four or five 
 inches long, as is defigned by xhtjig. VI. 
 and from X, to O, there may be a diftance 
 of about fix inches ; then take a fmall ftick 
 X, being tapered, or cut fmall by degrees, 
 prick the fmall end X, into the fide of the 
 pit marked M, and let the end V, lie upon 
 the ground ; fee fg. 8. then have ano- 
 ther ftick marked as S, T, about the big- 
 nefs of a fwan's quill, and four inches long, 
 which cut flat and fmooth on one fide, and 
 cut a notch at the end S, on the other fide. 
 See Plate IX. fig. 7. 
 
 In the next place you muft have a forked 
 ftick marked as Y, and Z, fig. 9, fomething 
 bigger than the other fticks, and about five 
 or fix inches long, the end Z, being cut 
 Uke the end of a wedge. The next thing is 
 to make ufe of your turfs, which muft be 
 four or five inches thick, the bigger fide to 
 be laid over the largeft fide of the pit. 
 
 Take 
 
 k 
 
T I T 
 
 Take the end S, of yoi.ir little fl:ick, and 
 lay the flat fide on the place M, upon the 
 end of tlie ftick whicli is pricked int'o the 
 ground; then place the end Z, of your 
 forked ftick into tlie notch S,' and lay on 
 the turf, making the end of the forked llick 
 marked Y, to be jull under the place of the 
 turf marked K, then move and place the 
 fmali ftick which holds the fork, in fuch 
 ■manner that by the leaft bird that comes to 
 tread upon the end of the fticks, che turf 
 may fall down, and fo catch the birds in the 
 hole. 
 
 That you may induce the birds to come 
 to you pit-fallsj get fome earth-worms 
 and ftick four or five of them through the 
 body with fome long thorns, or fmall fticks 
 for that purpofe, and fo fet them in your pits 
 to be feen by the birds that come near it; 
 and take care that the birds cannot come to 
 the pits any other way than that marked O ; 
 you may plant a little hedge row of ftiort 
 fticks about the two fides of the pit. If it 
 be hard frolly weather, ftir up fome frefli 
 earth about the front of the pit, which will 
 much entice the birds to come. 
 
 There is another fort of pit-fall which is 
 not fo troublefome as the former, and not fo 
 many fticks or devices required; you may 
 uk it in any hedge, bufti, tree, or the like, 
 and in all weathers. It is to be made and 
 ufed according to the following defcrip- 
 tion : 
 
 Take a hoUy-ftick about the bignefs of 
 one's middle finger, and about a foot and a 
 half long, alfo another ftick of the fame 
 bignefs, but about two inches ftiorter, bend 
 them both like a bow, with a good double 
 packthread, between which place a flat ftick 
 about eighteen inches long, as the letters 
 P, M, K, G,fg lOj fhew ; then tie the end of 
 the faid ftick G, to the middle of tlie leflTer 
 bow, to try if it be right, and with one hand 
 hold the end P, of the flat ftick, and with 
 the other hand pull the lefTer bow towards 
 you, and if when you let it fly back it re- 
 turns with a good force, it is a fign it is 
 well done. 
 
 Then tie upon your flat ftick, about three 
 inches fi-om the end of it, at the letter P, a 
 
 PT. A 
 
 fmall paclvthread about nine Inches long, 
 and as big as a good quill, betv/een the 
 faid packthread at P, and the letter K, 
 about the letter M tie the thread double, 
 as N, O, then fpread a fmall net over two 
 bows, and let the whole be like a folding- 
 ftooi : the way to bend it is thus, lift up 
 the greater of tlie bows, and bring it over 
 the little ftick Q^ R, then pafs a-thwart the 
 net the double thread N, O, with the bait 
 faftened therein at N, and opening the end 
 O, put it on the end of the ftick R, and it 
 is ready fet. 
 
 For the better comprehending it, there 
 are three figures defcribed, (the letters are 
 all tlie lame) one fhews how to make it, the 
 other how to bend it or fet it, and the laft 
 fliews it ready bent. See PJai£ IX, ^g. lo, 
 1 1, afni 12. 
 
 When you fix it in any place, ftrew fome 
 leaves behind it, and alio upon the bottom 
 of it before, to the end the birds may not 
 unbend it, except in the fore-part : you 
 muft bait according to the different feafons 
 and natures of thofe birds you defign to 
 take ; in May and 7«k^, for pies and jays, 
 in gardens and orchards, either two or 
 three cherries, or a piece or two of green 
 pear or apple, may do well : in winter, for 
 black-birds, thrufhes or the like, two or 
 three worms will do the bufinefs ; at other 
 times, and for fome birds, an ear or two of 
 wheat or barley is very good. 
 
 PLANET-STRUCK, or Shrew-run- 
 NiNo, as it is called by fome, is a diftem- 
 per in iiorfes, being a deprivation of feeling 
 or motion, not ftirring any of the members, 
 but that they remain in the fame form as 
 when the beaft was firft feized with it. 
 
 It proceeds Ibmetimes from choler and 
 phlegm, fuperabundantly mixed together; 
 fometimes from melancholy blood, being a 
 cold and dry humour which aftecls the hin- 
 der part of the brain j fometimes from ex- 
 treme heat and cold, or raw digeftion, ftri- 
 king into the veins fuddenly ; or laftly, from 
 extreme hunger, occafioned by long faft- 
 ing. 
 
 If the difeafe proceeds from heat, it, may 
 be known by the hotnefs of the horfe's 
 
 breath, 
 
FLA 
 
 breathj and the free fetching of his wind ; 
 bm if from cold, by a fluffing and poze in 
 his head. 
 
 For the cure. Some prefcrlbe to hang a 
 fiint-fbone over his head, or fome cold iron, 
 as an old fcythe, &c. others, to give him 
 fifteen feeds of fingle piony; others pref- 
 cribe exercife before and after water, to mix 
 hemp-feed in his provender, and to caufe 
 him ro fweat, by giving him mifletoe of the 
 oak, muftard-feed, kcd of black-poplar, 
 cinquefoil, germander, hyflbp, and St. 
 Jchn'% wort. 
 
 PLANTED [with Farriers] a term ufed 
 of a horfe, who is faid to be right planted 
 on his limbs, when he (lands equally firm on 
 his legs, and not one advanced before the 
 other ; his legs fhould be wider above than 
 below, that is, the diltance between his feet 
 fhould be lefs than between his fore-thighs, 
 at that part next to the flioiilders; the knees 
 ought not to be too clofe, but the whole leg 
 fhould defcend in a (Irait line, to the very 
 paftern-joint, and the ^ett flioujd be turned 
 neither out nor in, the paftern being placed 
 about two fingers breadth more backwards 
 than the coronet. 
 
 As for the hind-hand, his jarrets or hams 
 fhould not be too clofe, and the inftep, 
 which is betwixt the hock and the pallcrn- 
 joint, fhould lland perpendicular to the 
 ground. 
 
 PLANTED-COAT. See Staring-Hair. 
 
 PLATE-LONGE, is a woven flrap, 
 four fathom long, as broad as three fingers, 
 and as thick as one, made ufe of in the ma- 
 nage for raifing a horfe's legs, and fome- 
 times for taking him down, in order to fa- 
 cilitate feveral operations of the farrier. 
 
 PLAT -VEIN IN A Horse, is a vein on 
 the infide of each fore-thigh, a little below 
 the elbow, fo called among common far- 
 riers ; fome call it the bafilic vein. 
 
 The bleeding of this vein may be flopped 
 when cut, by filling the orifice with the 
 wool of a rabbit, or hare, and afterwards 
 fewing up the fl<in in two parts ; upon which 
 a little matter will gather together, but by 
 greafing the wound it will be healed in eight 
 ct nine days; 
 
 P L 6 
 
 PLOVER, a travelling bird, about the 
 bignefs of a pigeon; it has yellow, white, 
 and dark red feathers ; his bill is black, 
 fliort, fharp-pointed and a little crooked at 
 the end. There is alfo another fort of plo- 
 ver which is fomething bigger, and from 
 it's afh-colour, called the grey plover, 
 marked with chcfnut-coloured fpots ; his 
 bill is alfo whiter and longer. It is good 
 food, efpecially for thofe that are troubled 
 with the falling ficknefs, and a retention of 
 urine. The flefh of it has. the virtue to purify 
 the blood. 
 
 Plovers ufually fly in exceeding great 
 flocks together ; that tbey have been feen to 
 the number of thirty thoufand of them in 
 one day. They generally come to us about 
 September, and leave us in or abowt March ; 
 in cold and frofty weather they go in quefl 
 of their food on fuch lands as lie near and 
 adjoining to the fea ; in thaws and open fea- 
 fons they go higher up in the country, fo 
 that their whole labour is to rife and fall. 
 They delight much to feed in ploughed 
 lands, efpecially if fowed, and having fed, 
 they prefently leek out for water to wafii 
 their beaks and feet that are full of dirt. 
 When they fleep they don't perch upon any 
 thing, but couch or fit on the ground like 
 ducks or gecfe, far from trees and hedges- 
 when the wind does not blow. They fleep, 
 indeed, only in calm weather, otherwife they 
 pafs mofl of they night in running up and 
 down to feek for worms as they creep out of 
 the ground, and then they always make a 
 little cry, on p\irpofe to keep clofe together, 
 for at day-break they all unite into one bo- 
 dy, and lb depart ; if in their flight they 
 chance to fpy any others on the ground, 
 they ufually call them fo them, and if they 
 refufe to go, they malice a flay, expecling 
 fome booty. There are many other fov>'l 
 that accompany them, as lap-wings, teal, 
 and the like. 
 
 They are eaflefb to be taken when not in- 
 termixt v\^ith other fowl, efpecially in Otlo- 
 her, foon after their coming, as being un- 
 acquainted with the inftrun-ienti of their 
 deftrudlion : they are alfo eafily taken in the 
 month of Mrfrchi for then they begin to: 
 
 (^ouplr. 
 
P LO 
 
 toriple. It is not advilable to fet your nets 
 for them in long frofts, and continued cold 
 Teafons, but intermixt with weathers ; of 
 all winds, tite north-weft is the worft to take 
 them ; and as you ought not to let your 
 nets in fome winds, fo you ought exaftly to 
 place your nets according to the wind, of 
 which more will be faid by and by. All fea- 
 fowl fly againft the wind whenever they de- 
 fign to reft on land, and therefore obferve 
 to fix your nets accordingly, to play with 
 the wind. 
 
 There are many little neceflary things to 
 be uled in the taking of plovers : you muft 
 have two poles or ftaves, marked i and 2, 
 in Pliite X, about as thick as your arm, and 
 of a different length, one of which muft be 
 nine feet three inches long, and the other 
 nine feet -, let both of them be a little 
 notched at the fmalleft end. 
 
 Then you muft have two pieces of fome 
 pipe-ftave, as marked 3, a foot long, and 
 three inches broad, and pointed at one end ; 
 in the next place you muft have a couple of 
 ftaves about the bignefs of one's thumb, 
 ten or twelve inches long, and pointed at 
 one end, as that marked 4 ; get three other 
 pieces of wood, marked W-5, each two 
 feet in length, and about the bignefs of a 
 pitch-fork, fliarpened -at the end : then you 
 muft provide yourfelf with a fmall hatchet, 
 marked 6, the fharp fide not above three 
 inches deep, with a ftrong head to beat in 
 the ftaves : you muft have a bill, or large 
 knife, marked 7 ; alfo a ftick in the faftiion 
 of a billiard-ftick, as reprefented by W-8, 
 which muft be two feet long, from the let- 
 ter A, to B, ending in a point at A, the 
 other end B, C, muft be a foot long, bend- 
 ing, and it muft be cut in three angles at 
 the letter C. 
 
 In the fecond cut is defcribed a pipe or 
 whiftle, No. i. wherewith you call the 
 plovers i it may be made of the thigh- 
 bone of a goat, or a large flieep, and cut 
 off at both ends, about three inches long, 
 fill it at the end H, with wax, at the open- 
 ing E, then make the hole F, plain under 
 the bone, that the wind may come; next 
 make a hole at the middle F, juft above. 
 
 P L O 
 
 big enough to receive a fmall goofe-quil), 
 and another a pretty deal bigger, towards the 
 end G, to give it the clearer found ; and 
 likewife pierce a fmall hole at H, to receive 
 a packthread, that you may hereby hang it 
 about your neck. 
 
 Then provide a fmall pannier, or baflcet, 
 as in the figure W-2, fomewhat in the form 
 of an egg, which muft be big enough to 
 hold three or four live lap-wings with a hole 
 in the top to put them in, v/ith fomething 
 to ftiut it, and a cord to carry it. 
 
 Be provided with three fmiall reels, as re- 
 prefented by the third figure, which ferve to 
 wind your lines upon : they confift of two 
 pieces of wood, I, K, L, M, half an inch 
 broad, and fix inches long, which muft be 
 bored near the ends, in order to fit the two 
 ftaves I, L, K, M, which muft be fmaller 
 than one's finger ; you muft pierce the two 
 flat pieces of wood in the middle P, O, into 
 which put two other pieces which may eafily 
 turn, as you may fee in Plate X. No. 3. 
 
 You muft have a commodious fack, or 
 wallet to carry your tilings in, as the birds 
 you have taken and killed, the packthreads, 
 and other neceflary utenfils ; it is made ac- 
 cording to the defcription in Plate X, No. 
 10 of three pieces of fquare wood, B, F, C, 
 D, A, E, two itzx. long, and an inch and 
 half thick; they muft have three feveral 
 holes bored an inch big, take three or four 
 thick ftaves, three feet long, and bent like 
 a bow, which thruft into the holes in the 
 middle marked I, half in, then fix one of 
 the ends in the hole K, and the other in the 
 hole L, which faften with fmall wooden 
 wedges ; you muft pafs the other two above 
 and below in the fame manner, and place 
 three fticks more, T, H,V, eighteen inches 
 long, between the two pieces B, F, and A, 
 L, which fliculd enter into the holes made 
 on purpofe to keep the reft in order : you 
 muft tie tvvo girths, leather ftraps, or cords 
 to the ftaff L, I, in the middle, and the 
 other two ends ftiould be furniftied with the 
 flioe-buckles F, and D ; or elfe tie a cord, 
 two feet long, to the letter D, by one end, 
 and the other end faften at C ; and wlien 
 all this is done, cover it with fome coarfe 
 
 linnen 
 
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P L O 
 
 llnnen cloth, or canvas, as you fee is repre- 
 jented in the cut and leave a piece of the 
 cloth above, as A, B, C, which muft be few- 
 ed about a wooden bow -, it will ferve for a 
 lid or cover. 
 
 Some make ufe of another fort of pipe, 
 reprefented in the next cut, 4, being no- 
 thing but a piece of wood, lefler than one's 
 little finger, and three inches long, cleft at 
 the end, unto the middle T, wherein fix a 
 bay leaf, to imitate the cry of lapwings. 
 
 Befides this, you muft have two rods, as 
 in the fecond figure, each five foot and an 
 half long, and ftrait, light, and flender, 
 having at the bigger end B, a peg faftened, 
 three orfour inches long, with a packthread, 
 and pretty clofe to the rod ; at the middle 
 C, that is, nearer the great end, tie a cou- 
 ple of packthreads, each two feet long, with 
 a peg at each end D, and E, of the fame 
 fize v/ith the former at B ; at the fmall end 
 of the rod A, faften another flender pack- 
 thread, with a double at the end, to clap 
 about the body of a lapwing, and the other 
 end, which is fingle, muft be a good deal 
 longer, to faften the tail of the bird. 
 
 Take an holm-ftick, about four or five 
 feet long, indiff'erent ftrong, at the great 
 end'of which faften two pegs, B, C, at each 
 fide, about the bignefs of one's little finger, 
 and fix inches long ; about a foot and a 
 haff from thence faften two packthreads, 
 each two feet and a half long, with a peg at 
 each end F, and G, about the fame fize 
 with the former. Thefe are the main im- 
 plements to be ufed ; now we come to treat 
 of their ufe. 
 
 After having provided yourfelf, befides 
 thefe implements, with a net or two, which 
 are known by the name of leap-nets, whofe 
 mefties are lozenge wife, and two inches 
 broad, and whofe lenoth Ihould be about two 
 fathom, and eighteen inches deep; the beft 
 place to pitch them for plovers and fuch like 
 fowl, is in large common fields of green 
 corn, where there are neither trees nor 
 hedges, at leaft within three or four hundred 
 paces of the place where you defign to go to 
 work : if there be any water in the place, 
 endeavour to pilch near it, for plovers, 
 
 P L O 
 
 as before hinted, delight to wa(h their beaks 
 and feet after they have dirted thcmfelves 
 with turning the earth up and down for 
 feeds and worms : you muft take care that 
 the plot where you pitch be a little lower 
 than your lodge, or at leaft equal with it, 
 foritmuftnot behigher. See Plaie'Xl.Jig.S. 
 Nowfuppofe the Plate reprefents the form 
 of the meadow or field, arid that the place 
 where you defign to pitch, reaches from A, to 
 B, that the diftance between B, and E, be the 
 fpace between the plat-form and your lodge, 
 and that the wind blows foutli ; you muft 
 have a packthread about fourteen or fifteen 
 feet long, and faften it to a couple of pegs, 
 A, B ; the pricked line A, B, is done on pur- 
 pofe to reprefent this packthread, which 
 faften in the ground, to line out the place 
 for your net ; then take the billiard ftick, A 
 8, B, C, defigned in one of the preceding 
 figures, and beat the earth with the triangu- 
 lar end, as if you would cut it, and fo pafs 
 along the whole length of the packthread, 
 which is about twelve or fourteen fathom, 
 the exaft length of the net : when your 
 border is made, then take away the pack- 
 thread, and take the fliorter of the two 
 fticks marked 2, and drawn in the figures 
 before, reprefenting the utenfils ; place 
 the fmall end at the bottom o( the border i, 
 and the bigger at number 8, not diredily 
 ftrait, but bending at leaft two feet inwards, 
 as you may fee by the pricked line traverfing 
 from the cypher i, to 7, v/hich is ftrait, 
 and not the line 8 O ; being thus laid, hold 
 it faft with one hand, and with one finger 
 of the other, or with the handle of your 
 knife, trace cut the form of it's pofition, 
 that it may reft imprinted on the earth ; 
 then with your great knife marked 7, in the 
 preceding figure, cut along your trace 
 or border of your faid ftick, and v/ith your 
 hatchet marked 6, cut out the earth between 
 the two traces or lines, a i, 80, beginning 
 at the I, and ending with 8, in fuch a man- 
 ner, that at the end i, the earth may be 
 taken out but one inch over, and at the end 
 8, four or five inches large, that your ftick 
 may be hid as it were in a gutter. 
 
 This being done, carry the other ftick, 
 Q^q the 
 
P L O 
 
 the longer of the two, unto the other end 
 of your long border, and plant it in the 
 felf-famc falliion at 3, 9, that it may be, as 
 it were, in a gutter, like the other ; then 
 talvc your ftick marked 3, which drive into 
 the ground at the end of your two gutters, 
 as 8 and 9, to hinder the two main fticks 
 from beating into the ground, with the 
 force of the net j drive alfo youi- two fticks 
 into the ground, about half a foot from your 
 border, at _;' and 3, a little inclining in- 
 wards ; the intention being to prevent your 
 main fticks from returning back when the 
 net is ftreightened, until the cord be pulled; 
 befides, ftiould you place them outwards 
 upon the lines 9, 6, and 8, 2, it would be 
 impoITible to make your net play, for then, 
 the more you ftrained the cord, the clofer 
 would your main fticks come under the other 
 fticks. 
 
 The next thing is to remove all the loofe 
 earth, except an handful or two, which lay 
 on the tv/o ends 5 and 7, the better to raife 
 theo;her ends of the main fticks; and then 
 your plat-form is ready fixed. 
 
 Now if you make two other gutters, as 
 2, 8, 4, 9, on the other fide of your bor- 
 der, oppofite to the two firft, then your 
 plat-form will ferve for two contrary v/inds, 
 ■viz. north and fouth. 
 
 It remains, you fliould fix tl^e ftakes in the 
 neceflfary places; the firft that is behind, 
 marked 14, which muft be pitched feven or 
 eight paces diftant from the end of the bor- 
 der 3, 4, and on one fide is at about half a 
 foot oft ; the fecond is a ftrong peg marked 
 13, which ought to be driven into the 
 ground fix or feven paces from the end of 
 the border i, 2, and as the other fliould be 
 on one fide about half a foot from the palet 
 9, fo Ihould this from that at 8, and the laft, 
 H, muft be thruft into the earth behind the 
 lodge, about a fathom of, more or lefs, 
 over-againft the two palets 8, 9; but if it 
 be anorth-eaft wind, you muft pull up thefe 
 ftakes, and turn them to the other fide of 
 the plat-form, placing them at the fame dif- 
 tanccs as before-mentioned ; and that at H 
 rnuft alfo be carried to G, and the lodge E 
 to F, and all will be right. 
 
 P L O 
 
 It you intend to take any plovers, be orv 
 the place where your plat-form is ready 
 made, with, all your implements, early in 
 the morning. The cut following reprefents 
 a fimple plat-form for a weft wind. See 
 Plate Y^\, fig. 7. 
 
 Place the main ftick in the gutters, and 
 take your net on your left fiioulder, or arm, 
 and go towards the lodge, which rs about 
 fifteen or fixteen fathom from the plat-form, 
 and there place the buckle which is at the 
 end of the cord of your net, and fo go 
 backwards towards your plat-form, letting 
 the cord trail all along ; and being at the 
 ftake, or ftrong peg S, fallen thereto the 
 cords of the pully T, lb that the puUy may 
 be in a dired: line with the two palets or 
 pieces of wood Q^O ; then when you come 
 to the form, let your net itfelf fall by de- 
 grees, and ftill retire backwards; when you 
 are at the peg behind, which is at R, ftrain 
 the cord until it be right and ftrait, and 
 then fix it to the faid peg, that it may not 
 flip back. 
 
 It will not be amifs to defcribe to you the 
 manner of the knot, with which you fhould 
 fixften your cords upon this occafion ; fup- 
 pofe that the peg 7 be the piece to which 
 you have a mind to faften your cord 1, 4, 
 take it in one of your hands, at i, and 
 bring over the thread 2, in order to form 
 the buckle or knot 5, which pafs over the 
 peg 7 ; then make another bow or buckle, 
 as 6, "wherein the thread 4 is paiTed under, 
 and fo clap over your peg upon the top of 
 the other bow ; then ftrain the two ends 2 
 and 4, and your knot will be compleat, and 
 will fooner break than get loofe : you muft 
 be very exa6l and ready at it. 
 
 When the ends of the cords of the net 
 are thus fartened, lift up your main ftick 
 P, Q^ and place the great end in the gutter 
 Qj and drawing the cord of your net to- 
 wards the border, force it into the notch in 
 the fmall end of your main ftick, and let 
 fome body hold it there j but in cafe you 
 have no help, lodge it in the gutter under 
 the peg P, and drive the fliarp end of the 
 billiard into the ground to ftay there, till 
 you go to the other main ftick N, O, and 
 
 there 
 
P L O 
 
 there fix your cord in the notch at the end 
 M; it miift be fo ftraitened, that a great 
 deal of itrength may be ufed to get it into 
 the no^ch ; then place your main flick in 
 the gutter under the peg N, remove your 
 billiard from your main ftick V, Q^ and 
 force your net into the plat-form, fo that it 
 be hid under the cord. 
 
 The next thing is to direct you in the 
 placing your call-plovers and artificial lap- 
 wings, which muft be difpofed as you fee 
 in the cyphers o o o : in cafe the wind be 
 ■not direftly eaft, but inclined a little to the 
 fouth, then your firft pelt, or counterfeit 
 bird, which is only the fkin of a bird fluffed 
 with chaff, or the like fluff, marked Z, Hiall 
 •be placed half a foot from the border, and 
 about eight or nine {eet from the end V ; 
 •the reft you may range in fuch order as they 
 •are defigned by the figure, at about two or 
 three feet diftance from each other : where- 
 as, in cafe the wind be north-eaft, place 
 your birds a good deal further from the end 
 V, that is to fay, about fix feet further, 
 becaufe wild fowl always fly againft the 
 wind ; and then, as they ufually pafs over 
 the flales or artificial birds that is between 
 them and the hinder ftake R, it may fo fall 
 out, that they may pafs under the cord, for 
 that will be fliorter by a third part when it is 
 let loofe, and by half a part when the wind 
 is flrong, which you mufl diligently ob- 
 ferve ; but then when there is but little 
 wind ftirring, you may place two thirds of 
 your birds behind the net, and if the wind 
 be ftrong one third pare is enough, the reft 
 fliould be before, becaufe plovers will come 
 where your birds are. 
 
 But for as your lapwings, let them not be 
 mixed with your plovers, but place them 
 jufl by your gutter, as the fmall letters g, g, 
 import. 
 
 The next thing to be difpofed of is your 
 live birds ; if you intend to life two, drive 
 cne before and the other behind ; if you 
 have only one, place it behind in this man- 
 ner ; force your little picked ftaff C into the 
 ground, which is tied to the bigger end of 
 the rod, and then holding up the little end 
 E, fee if it Hands right with the lodge, and 
 
 P L O 
 
 if lb, hold it a foot high, while you flick 
 the two pegs A, B, into the earth, then tie 
 a live lapwing to it, with a loop of the 
 packthread about it's leg, which packthread 
 fliould be pretty long, to the end the lap- 
 wing may not hurt itfelf ; then put the tail 
 about the end of the rod, and faftcn it with 
 another packthread, and fo taking one of 
 the reels, fallen the end of the thread, 
 which is above a quarter part of the length 
 of your rod, to the place marked E, 
 and the reel to the lodge ; if you place a 
 couple of lapwings, you muft place the 
 other in the fame manner before your plat- 
 form. 
 
 Your holm-flick muft be placed about 
 three or four fathom from the border, and 
 about fix feet above the laft pelts or arti- 
 ficial birds : to fet it in right order, do 
 thus ; drive into the ground the two pegs 
 marked at the great end M, in fuch a man- 
 ner, that the holm-ftick may move like the 
 axle-tree of a cart between two wheels : 
 take the little end X, and lift your rod al- 
 moft ftrait up, that it may be right to the 
 lodge, and then faften your two pegs H, I, 
 in the ground, to which the ends of the 
 packthreads are tied ; then faflen the end of 
 your line to one of the reels, at the middle 
 L of the rod, and carry the other end to 
 your lodge ; the holm-Hick muft be tied at 
 the end X of the rod, and covered with 
 fome boughs, ft-raw, or the like, that the 
 birds may not be frightened at the fight 
 thereof. 
 
 This holm-ftick is nothing but the two 
 wings of a kite or buzzard, which are tied 
 with two or three hawk's bells, at the end 
 of tlie rod, for the purpofe which fliall be 
 fhevved hereafter. 
 
 The lodge is to be made after this man- 
 ner ; take five or fix boughs, about three 
 feet high, and ftick them in the ground like 
 a hedge; it muft be open at top, that you 
 may hear and fee the birds that pafs near 
 you ; the perfon muft be neither clad in 
 white, nor any bright coloured cloaths : the 
 lodge may be eafily comprehended without 
 giving any defcription of it ; you may 
 fee it in Plah' XI. which reprefents two 
 Q^q 2 nets 
 
P L O 
 
 nets managed by a fingle perfon at the fame 
 time, from one and the fame lodge; the 
 feat muft be of turf, about a foot fquare, 
 and three or four inches thick, which put 
 beneath the cord, in the place marked C, 
 where your cords crofs each other, and 
 where one may touch the hold-fafts/, g, to 
 ftrain the nets j you muft lay a good hand- 
 ful of ftraw under the cord, upon the turf, 
 to prevent dirting the cord, as well as 
 fpoiling the turf, and you had need of a 
 good arm-full in your lodge, to keep you 
 warm and dry, as occafion requires : you 
 muft lilcewife cut two little holes in the 
 ground, d, e, to reft your feet when you 
 ftrain your cords. The fame things muft be 
 well obferved if you ufe but one net, but 
 he that will undertake to manage two nets, 
 had need to fee firft the manner of it, at 
 leaft obfervc the dire6lions following : 
 
 Take a long cord, reprefented by the 
 pricked line K, I, which faften at one end 
 to the peg M, about two or three feet from 
 the fide of the peg Y ; the other end faften 
 to the peg H, fo that the place K of the 
 packthread may be between five and fix fa- 
 thom diftant from the end of the gutter O, 
 when the fhorter of your two main fticks is 
 fixed, one end at K, and the other at Q^ 
 carry the bigger of them ten or twelve fa- 
 thom diftant, the one end being {et at I, 
 within half a foot of the packthread, and 
 the other towards L ; let them be ftooped 
 down, and then fix another packthread, re- 
 prefented bv the pointed line S, T, which 
 muft be ftrained hard, after which, with 
 your billiard-ftick, make your border of 
 plat-form, Qj R, P, then cut out your gut- 
 ters, and place your pegs and fticks as in 
 the former net. 
 
 You may make this form ferve for two 
 winds if you make the gutters V, X, Z, R, 
 juft oppofite to the others, and then place 
 your main fticks in them ; when you would 
 change your wind, you muft alfo turn about 
 your cords and tranfplant your lodges ; as 
 for example, the foregoing figure reprefents 
 two nets, which are fet for a wefterly wind ; 
 fuppofe the wind fliould chop about, and 
 turn eafterly, you muft then firft of all put 
 
 P L O 
 
 the end of the cord M to the letter C, the 
 ftrong peg A to the little p, and the ftake 
 H, to the little m, the main ftick K to the 
 letter X, the other I to the letter V, and 
 your net will then be fet to the eaft wind. 
 You may likewife tranfpofe the other net, 
 by turning the cord Y to the little a, the 
 ftrong peg to the little o, and that ftake be- 
 hind the letter N : you muft alfo turn your 
 main fticks about, and make a low feat at 
 the little letter h, and drefs up your lodge 
 there ; the two pointed lines, a, b, ?, w, and 
 ^, i>, p, m, do finally demonftrate how the 
 nets fhould be placed when the wind is turn- 
 ing about ; your birds, both alive and dead, 
 muft be fo altered as you fee, and you muft 
 fet two or three counterfeit birds before the 
 firft border with a lapwing or call-bird, and 
 another behind the platform : the reft of the 
 artificial birds may be fet before the border 
 P, Q^ and the holm-rod behind the laft 
 net. 
 
 In the next place, we proceed to give 
 fome inftrucflions when and how to call, and 
 alfo when and how to draw the nets for 
 plovers, and the like birds. Your imple- 
 ments being all difpofed in good order, as 
 already direfted, betake yourfclf to your 
 lodge, having your pipe hanging at your 
 neck ; and being every way watchful, when 
 you efpy any game on the wing, give them 
 a call, and caufe your call-birds to fly a 
 turn or two as often as occafion may of- 
 fer ; for the game perceiving the lapwings 
 to ftir, and fly from place to place, and 
 your other birds ftand as it were feeding, 
 they will be decoy'd thither in expeflation 
 of fome food : when they approach, be fure 
 you do not make your birds ftir at all, for 
 in that cafe, they would foon perceive, by 
 the forcednefs of the motion, that they were 
 tied, and they would fly away for fear of 
 being furprized themfelves; neither muft 
 you with your pipe give them fuch loud 
 calls as if at a remote diftance, but lefl'en 
 your notes by degrees. 
 
 It is very difficult exaftly to imitate the 
 notes, without good obfervation and prac- 
 tice ; but as near as you can, call in the 
 fame notes as you hear them, as they pafs 
 
 by 
 
P L O 
 
 by you ; and be fure not to let fly your net, 
 though there were many of them, and that 
 they were juft at the net, unlefs they come 
 flying againfl; the wind : when you perceive 
 they begin to defcend, and that they come 
 within eighteen or twenty feet of the plat- 
 form, let go your pipe, and lay both hands 
 on your cord, to let fly with all the force 
 you can, jufb as you perceive the firft of the 
 flock between the two flakes K, I ; if they 
 are about, or above eight feet high from the 
 ground, let them pafs on, for they will 
 wheel about and take another turn, nay, 
 they will often pafs by you nine or ten times 
 before you find t-hem right for your pur- 
 pofe ; you will find that, generally, they 
 will pitch a good way from your net ; if 
 you perceive them fo inclined, make a little 
 noife to prevent them ; if neverthelefs they 
 take ground, then get your afllftants (for it 
 is proper there be two at the fport) to fl:eai 
 out at the backfide of your lodge, and 
 fetch a great compafs behind the plovers ; 
 and if you had for that purpofe your arti- 
 ficial ftalking-horfe, or cow, it would be of 
 great ufe ; but for want thereof, let him go 
 on all fours, or at leafl: ftooping with his 
 head down, by which means, he may by 
 degrees drive them from fide to fide, within 
 ten or twelve feet of the border, at which 
 time let him throw up his hat and give a 
 great fliout, upon which they will take wing 
 to fly over your nets, at which inftant of 
 time, draw in your cords very briflcly, and 
 take up all thofe that are under the nets. 
 
 When you have gathered up all, clear 
 the place of all the loofe feathers that 
 lie on the ground, and then {et your net 
 again in it's former pofition, in order to catch 
 more. 
 
 When you have two nets planted, and 
 that a flock comes, do not prefently draw, 
 but let your anifl:ant fetch a compafs and 
 raife them, by v/hich means you may be af- 
 fured of them. 
 
 When you fee a great flock coming, your 
 afl"ifl:ant mult hold the cord of your holm- 
 rod, that is, the kite's wings, and draw it 
 jufl; when you direft him, that is to fay, 
 when the firfl: birds of the flock fly low, and 
 
 t 
 
 P O C 
 
 are within about fix feet of the form ; for 
 as foon as ever they perceive the holm-rod 
 aloft, the lafl: of the flock will firfl: pafs on, 
 and all of them come within a foot of the 
 ground, fo that you may take the greatefl; 
 part of them, were they ten or fifteen do- 
 zen : you muft be fure not to fl:ir the holm- 
 rod till the birds are within feven or eight 
 feet of the Q;round. 
 
 When fome guinets get mto your nets, 
 (which are birds not much bigger than larks) 
 do not bufy yourfelf v/ith killing them as 
 you do the plovers, one after another, but 
 give them hard blows with your hat, as you 
 would do flies, for they will very readily flip 
 through a net that has large meflies; you 
 will fometimes get above five hundred of 
 them at once in your nets, and yet perhaps 
 not take above thirty. 
 
 PLUMAGE, the feathers of a bird, or 
 a bunch of feathers. 
 
 PLUMAGE [in Falconry] the feathers 
 under a hawk's wing. 
 
 PLUME [in Falconry] the general co- 
 lour or mixture of the feathers of a hawk ; 
 which fliews her conftitution. 
 
 To PLUME, to pick or plume the fea- 
 thers ofl^. 
 
 PLUMING [among Falconers] is when 
 a hawk feizes a fowl, and pulls the feathers 
 from it's body. 
 
 POCKET-HAYES, are certain fliort nets 
 to take pheafants alive, without hurting 
 them; whofe haunts being found out, place 
 yourfelf for the better view, on fome tree, 
 without noife ; and when you find they are 
 there, fl:rew a little barley, oats, or wheat, 
 for a train, and in fome likely place lay five 
 or fix handfuls together, to which they will 
 come, as being drawn thither by the train. 
 
 Then plant the pocket-net defcribed un- 
 der the Articles Calls Natural and y^rti- 
 ficial, Plate IIL and fo you may lay two or 
 three of them in other places, and plant 
 crofs their walks. 
 
 Thefe pockct-hayes are about a yard long, 
 and fixteen inches deep : you may alfo in 
 other paths, place two or three of your col- 
 lars of horfe-hair, in fit places, athwart 
 their paths, to take them by the legs i and 
 
 be 
 
P O I 
 
 be fure to watch very narrowly : the firft 
 that is taken will flruggle very hard to get 
 off, and will alio make a great cry, which 
 may occafion the frightening away of the 
 refb that are near at hand, fo that nimble- 
 nefs is requifite; befides, if they be taken 
 by the fcrings, tliey hazard the breaking the 
 lines ap.d their own legs. 
 
 POGE, a cold in a horfe's head. 
 
 POINSON, is a little point, or piece of 
 fharp-pointed iron, fixed in a wooden han- 
 dle, which the Cavalier holds in his right- 
 hand when he means to prick a, leaping- 
 horfe in the croupe, or beyond the end of 
 the faddle, in order to make him yerk out 
 behind. 
 
 POINTS, or toes of a bow of a faddle. 
 See Bows. 
 
 POINT ; a horfe is faid to make a point, 
 wlien in working upon volts he does not 
 obferve the round regularly, but putting a 
 .'little out of his ordinary ground, makes a 
 fort of angle, or point, by his circubj- 
 tread. 
 
 POINTERS. Their great utility and 
 excellence in fhooting partridges, moor, or 
 heath ^ame, which make them worthy our 
 regard, are well known. There is fo great 
 a variety of pointers of different make and 
 lize, and fome good of each kind ; that it 
 is no wonder men fliould differ in their opi- 
 nions concerning them. The pointers belt 
 approved are not fmall, nor very large ; but 
 fuch as are well made, light and ftrong, and 
 Avill naturally ftand. A fmall pointer, tho' 
 ever fo good in his kind, can be but of lit- 
 tle fervice in hunting, particularly through 
 a ftrong piece of turnips, broom or heath; 
 and the feet of a large heavy dog, will foon 
 be tired by his own weight. 'Tis proper 
 for a young fportfman to procure a dog that 
 is v/ell broken, and to enquire the method 
 and words he has been ufed to by his former 
 mafter in breaking and hunting with him : 
 otherwife the dog will have a new leffon to 
 learn. But if a young fportfman isdefirous 
 of breaking his own dogs, the following is 
 the rpethod advifed. 
 
 Havjng made choice of a whelp of a 
 known good breed, begin when about three 
 
 P O I 
 
 or four months old to teach him to couch 
 at a piece of bread, caufing him to lie, 
 whilft you walk round him at fome diftance, 
 and come nearer to him by degrees : when 
 he has lain as long as you think proper, re- 
 ward him with the piece of bread and fpeak 
 kindly to him. Teach him to fetch and 
 carry, to bring a glove or a bird of any 
 fort after you ; always obferving to cheer 
 him with kind exprelTions when he does well, 
 and check or fpeak roughly to him when he 
 does not obey. Ufe him to obey by whif- 
 tle and figns with your hand as much as 
 poffible; for it is a bad way to make more 
 hallooing in the field -than is neceffary. 
 When you chaftife him, it fliould be with a 
 whip, fo as to make him remember it, 
 ufing a rough voice at the fame time ; but 
 the chaftifcinent fliould not be too fevere, 
 and the words you ufe to him as few as pof- 
 fible. When he is about five months old, 
 ufe him frequently to be tied upj let him liave 
 off his chain for half an hour or an hour 
 morning and evening. It is beft to give 
 him. his leffons in a morning before you feed 
 him, with your own hand, that it may feem 
 as a reward, the more to endear you to him ; 
 but do not overfeed him. Take him out 
 whenever you walk, fometimes leading hiin 
 in a ftring; fuffer him to go a little before 
 you, and fometimes behind ; but when 
 loofe never fuffer him to go far from you, 
 unlefs you hunt with him; and oblige him 
 to come to you at the word back, or here ; 
 train him thus by continual leffons, till his 
 attention is always on you to know what 
 he is to do. It will not be amifs frequently 
 to fire off a little powder, and to make him 
 lie down whilft you load again, which will 
 not only teach him to ftand fii-e, but will 
 alfo make him acquainted with his bufinefs 
 in the field ; from the negledt of which he 
 would frequently fpring birds whilft you are 
 loading. At fix, feven, or eight months 
 old (for all dogs will not begin to hunt 
 alike early) take him into the field the latter 
 end of Auguji ; and if you have an old 
 ftaunch pointer, take him with you at firft 
 to teach the other to hunt off. When your 
 old dog makes a point, if the young one be 
 
 not 
 
P O I 
 
 not near, bring him up by degrees 'till he 
 fpring the birds, and let him enjoy the 
 fcent ; which will encourage him to hunt. 
 When you find he knows birds, and will 
 hunt, it is bell to take him out alone : ob- 
 ferve which way the wind lies, and if you 
 can conveniently, enter on that fide of the 
 .piece you intend to hunt in, which is oppo- 
 iite the wind, and do not fufrer your dog 
 to go in before you, caft him off to the 
 right or left, crofs before the wind,, walking 
 Howly the fame way 'till he be got to the 
 fide oi' the piece, then whiftle or give the 
 word back, at the fame time walking the 
 contrary way, pointing with your hand the 
 way you would have him go; bring him 
 back till he comes to the other hedge or fide 
 of the field ; advancing forward ten or 
 twelve yards, every time he crofles you ; 
 repeat this till you have regularly hunted 
 through the whole field ; by which means 
 you will certainly find birds if there be any. 
 "When he points, walk up to him, and go 
 forward flcwly towards the birds : when you 
 think you are within a few yards of them, 
 if they lie and your dog be fteady, walk in 
 a circle round them, coming nearer by de- 
 grees 'till you fpring the birds. If your 
 dog runs after them (as mod young dogs 
 will do) check him with rough words ; but 
 if he continues doing lb you muft chaftife 
 him fmartly with your whip 'till you break 
 him of that fault. It is very common with 
 young dogs that will ftand at firft, after- 
 wards, to break in and fpring the birds ; 
 which you muft never indulge him in. Put 
 a few fmall ftones in your pocket, and when 
 he ftands, endeavour to head him, that is, 
 to get before him, holding up your hand 
 with a fione ready to throw at him, to deter 
 him from fpringing the birds, whilft you 
 can walk round him ; or if it be convenient, 
 take a perfon with you on horfeback, and 
 when your dog commits a fault, or does 
 not obey your call or whiftle ; let him ride 
 after and whip him : and at the fame time, 
 if you whiftle or call, he will naturally come 
 to you for proteftion. Thus he will learn to 
 come to you, as he always fhould do, when 
 he has committed a fault; for if he was pu- 
 
 P O I 
 
 nifhed feverely by yourfelf, you would find 
 he would not come near you when he knew 
 he had done wrong : which would render it 
 difficult to break him ; but if this method 
 be obferved ; by harfli words and moderate 
 corredion he will foon get the better of the 
 foible and become ftaunch. When he com- 
 mits a fault, command your temper in cor- 
 rcfting him, and let it be without paffion, 
 and let no fault provoke you to kick or 
 ftrike fo as to hurt him. , 
 
 Tlie breed of pointers which has been 
 mixed with EngiiJI:) fpaniels, fuch as are for 
 fetting-dogs, (in order to have fuch as will 
 run faft and hunt brificly) are according to 
 the degrees of fpaniel in them, difficult to 
 be made ftaunch, and many of them never 
 will ftand well in company, The method 
 already given is the moft likely to fucceed 
 with thefe, but I would by no means advifc 
 a young fportfman to meddle with fuch. If 
 you find your dog refractory, and cannot 
 eafily make him ftand, yet find fome quali- 
 ties that induce you to take a good deal of 
 trouble with him (fuch as a very extraordi- 
 nary fagacity in fcent and that of aftiong 
 bold hunter) when he knows birds well you 
 may hunt him with a leather ftrap three or 
 four yards long, faftcned to his collar, which 
 by his treading on it frequently will ftiorten 
 his fpeed, and render him the eafier to be 
 ftopped. Some will hunt him with a collar 
 lined with another, through which feveral 
 clout-headed nails are put, the points in- 
 ward, and a line faftened thereto : which 
 will not only check his running too faft, but 
 when he ftops, if the line be long enough 
 for you to get fo near as to fet your foot on 
 or take hold of it, if he bolts forward he 
 will be pricked fo as to make him remem- 
 ber it, and will endeavour to avoid the re- 
 petition of that punifliment. You muft oe 
 very Ariel with him, and not hunt him in 
 company with any other dog, 'till lie be 
 quite ftaunch : it often cofts a great deal of 
 trouble to make him fo ; but fucli dogs when, 
 broken, do often turn out the beft. 
 
 Some are of opinion that the way to 
 make pointers ftand well in company is, 
 v/hen they arc young, to,take them out 
 
POL 
 
 conftantly with your old Haunch dogs, and | 
 they will learn by degrees to ftand both 
 with or without company. But unlcfs he is 
 of a breed known to ftand naturally, you 
 will find more difficulty in breaking a vici- 
 ous dog in company than by hiuifelf. 
 
 It is alfo common, not to begin to enter 
 Pointers 'till near a year old ; becaufe ufing 
 them very young fiiortens their fpeed. Sup- 
 pofe there is truth in this maxim, and your 
 dog Ihould not hunt altogether fo faft, a 
 fuffcienc amends will be made for his want 
 offwiftnefs, by hunting more carefully, nor 
 will he run upon birds or pafs then unno- 
 ticed as dogs which run very faft are apt to do. 
 Fcr ;«cr^/^£; Setting-dog. 
 
 POLL-EVIL IN Horses, is a fort of 
 fiftula, or deep ulcer between the ears of the 
 pole, or napeof thehorfe's neck, v/hich pro- 
 ceeds from corrupt humours falling upon it, 
 or perhaps from fome bruife or blow, or fome 
 other caufe. 
 
 This difeafe is produced by different 
 caufes, and therefore muft be differently 
 treated. If it proceeds from blows, bruifes, 
 or any other external violence, let the fwel- 
 ling be often bathed with hot vinegar: and 
 if the hair be fretted off" by an ouzing thro' 
 the flitn, inftead of vinegar alone, ufe a 
 mixture compofed of two quarts of vinegar, 
 and one of fpirit of wine. Sometimes the 
 part v/ill be affis6led with a troublefome itch- 
 ing, attended with heat and inflammation ; 
 in this cafe let the creature be blooded, and 
 poultices compofed of bread, milk, and el- 
 der flowers, applied. And if this be per- 
 formed at the beginning of the difeafe, and 
 at the fame time proper phyfic given the 
 creature, the fwelling will be often difperfed 
 and the difeafe cured without fuppuration. 
 
 But when the fwelling appears to be cri- 
 tical, and alfo to have matter formed in it, 
 the beft, and indeed the only effedlual me- 
 thod, is to apply proper poultices, in order 
 to facilitate the fuppuration, and affift the 
 burfting of the tumour. Sometimes it will 
 be neceflary to open it with a knife, in order 
 to evacuate the morbid matter. In this cafe 
 you muft be very careful not to wound the 
 tendinous ligament, that runs along the 
 
 POL 
 
 neck under -the mane : and when the matter 
 is formed on both lides, two apertures will 
 be ncceffary ; for you muft by no means di- 
 vide the ligament, though it will be necef- 
 fary to give vent to the matter formed on 
 each fide. 
 
 Sometimes the matter will flow in large 
 quantities, refembling melted glue, andbeof 
 an oily confiftence. When this happens, 
 a fecond incifion will be neceffary, efpecially 
 if you difcover any cavities. The orifices 
 muft be made in the moft depending parts, 
 and the wound dreffed at firft with the com- 
 mon digeftive linament compofed of turpen- 
 tine, honey, and tindure of myrrh j and 
 after digeftion, with the precipitate ointment. 
 Experience has alfo proved the following 
 medicine to be of very great ufe in the poll- 
 evil. 
 
 Take of vinegar or fpirit of wine half a 
 pint ; of vitriol diflblved in fpring-water, 
 half an ounce j and of tinfture of myrrh, 
 four ounces. 
 
 Wafli the wound with this mixture twice 
 a day, and lay over the part a fufHcient 
 quantity of tow foaked in vinegar, and the 
 white of eggs beat together ; obferving 
 that if the flefii be very luxuriant, to pare it 
 down with the knife, before you walh the 
 wound. And by this application alone, you 
 may often cure the poll-evil, without the 
 trouble and expence of other medicines. 
 
 But the fhorteft method of curing this 
 difeafe, is what the farriers call fcalding; 
 and this will fucceed when the wound is foul, 
 of a bad difpofition, and a large flux of mat- 
 ter. The fcalding mixture, generally ufed, 
 is made in the following manner : Take of 
 corrofive fublimate, verdigreafe in fine pow- 
 der, and Roman vitriol, of each two 
 drachms ; of green vitriol, or copperas, half 
 an ounce ; of oil of turpentine and train 
 oil, of each eight ounces j and of resSbified 
 fpirits of wine, four ounces : mix the whole 
 together in a bottle. 
 
 This is the ftrongeft compofition of what 
 is termed the fcalding mixture : and very 
 often a milder will be fuflicient, which may 
 be made by changing the corrofive fubli- 
 mate for red precipitate, and the Roman for 
 white vitriol. • The 
 
Qziail^f 
 
 rr^/rlTTT 
 
 M. 1 
 
 Th^2Jelr oal/ed aMaUler 
 
POL 
 
 The manner of ufing the above compofi- 
 tion is this : they firft clean the abfcefs very 
 ■well with a fpunge dipt in vinegar j then 
 they put a proper quantity of the mixture 
 into an iron ladle, with a fpout to it, make 
 it fcalding hot, pour it into the abfcefs, 
 and clofe the lips together with one or more 
 ftitches. They let this continue two or 
 three days, when they open the orifice, and 
 examine the abfcefs; if they find it good 
 matter and not in too great quantity, they 
 conclude that the difeafe will be cured with- 
 out any other application, except bathing it 
 with ipirits of wine. But if, on the con- 
 trary, the matter flows abundantly, and at 
 the fame time appears of a thin confidence, 
 the operation muft be repeated till the flux 
 of matter leflens, and acquires a thick con- 
 fiftence. 
 
 POLE-CATS, Weasels, &c. thefe crea- 
 tures are very injurious to warrens, dove- 
 houies, hen-roofl:s, i£c. but the method 
 to take them, in hatches and fmall iron 
 gins, like thofe made for foxes, are fo well 
 known that nothing need to be faid of 
 •them; only for preferving dove-houfes 
 from being deftroyed by pole-cats, they 
 muft be erefted where a ditch or channel 
 may be had to run round them, and this 
 will keep thofe vermin from making their 
 boroughs under ground. 
 
 FISH-PONDS; as for the making of 
 thefe ponds, it is agreed, thofe grounds are 
 beft which are full of fprings, and apt to be 
 moorifh, for the one will breed them well, 
 and. the other will preferve them from fleal- 
 
 ing. . 
 
 The fituation of the pond is alfo to be 
 confidered, and the nature of the currents 
 that fall into it ; likewife that it be re- 
 freflied with a little water, or with the 
 rain-water that falls from the adjacent hilly 
 ground. 
 
 It has been obferved, that thofe ponds 
 which receive the ftale and dung of horfes, 
 and other cattle, breed the largeii and fatteft 
 fifh. 
 
 As to making a fifh pond, let the head 
 of it be the loweft part of the ground, and 
 the trench of the flood-gate or tluice have 
 
 POL 
 
 a good fwift fall, that it may not be too 
 long in emptying when you have a mind to 
 draw it. 
 
 The beft way to make the pond-head 
 fecure, i^ to drive in two or three rows of 
 ftakcs, of about fix feet long, at about 
 four feet diftance from each other, the whole 
 length of the head, the firft row of which 
 is to be rammed, at leaft, four feet deep, 
 that they may ftand ftrong and fure. 
 
 Or if you happen to find the bottom falfe, 
 efpecially if it confifts of a running-fand, 
 you may befides lay the foundation with 
 quick-lime, which flacking will make it as 
 hard as a ftone. 
 
 Then dig your pond, and caft the earth 
 among the piles and ftakes, and when they 
 are well covered over, drive in another 
 row or two over them, ramming in the 
 earth in the void fpaces, that it may lie 
 clofe and keep in the water ; and fo you 
 may continue ftakes upon ftakes, ramming 
 in the earth till your pond-head be of the 
 heighth you defigned it. 
 
 The infide of the dam muft be very 
 fmooth and ftrait, that no current may have 
 power over it. 
 
 If the pond carry fix feet water, it is 
 enough ; but it muft be eight feet deep, to 
 receive the freflies and rains that fhould fall 
 into it. 
 
 It would alfo be advantafreous to have 
 flioals on the fides, for the fiili ro fun them- 
 felves on, and lay their fpawn on, befides 
 on other places, ibme holes, hollow banks, 
 fhelves, roots of trees, iflands, i^c. to ferve 
 as their retiring places. 
 
 Befides, it is to be confidered, whether 
 or not you defign your pond for a breeder, 
 if you do, never expeft any large carps from 
 thence, for the greatnefs of the number of 
 the fpawn will over-ftock the pond, and a 
 ftore-pond has always been accounted the 
 beft for large carps. 
 
 If you would make a breeding-pond be- 
 come a ftore-pond, when you fue, fee v/hat 
 quantity of carp it will contain and then put 
 in either all melters, or all fpawners, by 
 which means, in a little time, you may have 
 carps that are both large and exceeding fat 
 R r thus 
 
PON 
 
 thus by putting in but one fcx, thei-e is 
 an impoflibility ofcheincreafc of them ; yec 
 the roach -will notwithftaading multiply 
 aSundaiitly. 
 
 As to the fituation and difpofition of the 
 principal waters, a method mult be obfer- 
 ved, to refcrve fome great waters for the 
 jiead quarters of the filh, from whence you 
 may take, or wherein you may put, any or- 
 dinary quantity of ^Ih. You Iliould alfo 
 have ftews, and other auxiliary waters, fo 
 that you qiay convey any part of the ftock 
 from one to the other, by which means 
 you will never want, and need not abound ; 
 and farther, lofe no time in the growth of 
 the filh, but employ the water, as land is 
 employed, to the be ft advantage. 
 
 You are to view the o;ro\inds, and find out 
 fome fall between the hills, as near a flat as 
 may be, fo as to leave a proper current for 
 the water. 
 
 If there be any difficulty in making a 
 judgm.ent of this, take an opportunity after 
 fome fudden lain, or the breaking up of a 
 ;great fnow in winter, and you will plainly 
 fee v/hich way the ground cafts, for the 
 water will take the true fall, and ruo ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 The condition of the place muft determine 
 the quantity of the ground which is to be 
 covered with water. 
 
 For example, we may well propofc in all 
 fifteen acres in three ponds, or eight acres 
 in two, and not lefs ; and thefe ponds 
 fhould b placed one above another, fo that 
 the point of the lower may almoft reach the 
 bank of the upper : which contrivance is no 
 lefs beautiful than advantageous. 
 
 The head, or bank, which by flopping 
 the current is to raife the water, and fo make 
 a pond, muft be built with clay, and earth, 
 taken out of the pan or hollow digged in the 
 loweft ground above the bank ; and that 
 pan fbould be fhaped as a half oval, the flat 
 of which comes to the bank, and the longer 
 diameter runs fquare from it. See Banks. 
 
 POND-HEADS, to make and raise : 
 it is evident that if a dam be made acrofs a 
 valley, or low marfli, where the water runs, 
 it will produce ^ pond; and ^ the daai or 
 
 PON 
 
 bank is highcf than the center-point, which 
 lies againft the loweft ground, io much the 
 deeper is the pond; and if the hills on each 
 fide rife ^eep and quick, the water ftopt will 
 cover ids ground than if they had a flow or 
 gentle afccnt. 
 
 Fr; tlie rnakirg of die bank head; be fur* 
 it be firm, and not apt to leak, which 'twill 
 certainly do if made of only earth ; there- 
 fore it is necefiary to carry up a bed or wall 
 of clay, the v/hole length of the bank, with 
 a good ramming a foot or two from below 
 the furfdcc of the ground, to fuch a height 
 as the water is defigncd to ftand, allowing 
 a^|)fct or two at leaft, for that purpofe, »- /«* 
 otherwife the water lying under a great 
 weight from it's depth, v/ill work itfelf un- 
 derneath. 
 
 As the clay is rammed, take ca.-e that 
 earth be brought to carry up the bank with 
 it, in orcier to prevent it's being fearchfd and 
 cracked by the heat of the fun, which is of 
 very ill confequence ; and therefore whea 
 come to it's full height, it muft forthwith be 
 covered and clofed with mould: you muft 
 allow three feet to the breadth of this clay- 
 bed, rifing it to fuch a height as you would 
 have the water ftand, and raife it with earth 
 thi'ee feet higher j though two feet would 
 ferve, were it not that the unavoidable 
 finking of the bank, will require at leaft, 
 one foot. 
 
 When feveral ponds or ftews are project- 
 ed to be funk at the fame time, there will 
 be had great advantage by the clay taken out 
 of them, that will be much more than is 
 neceflary for the bed, and which may 
 ftrengthen the bed, upon account of it's be- 
 ing prefled down by the tumbrels or carts, 
 on each fide of it, and the bank will be 
 made very firm ; it will likewife fave the 
 breaking of the ground within the pond, 
 which is a great benefit in the feed of the 
 fifti. 
 
 As to the dimenfions, they are governed 
 by the manner of the hills rifing : for if it 
 befteep, then in order to cover a fufficient 
 quantity of ground, you muft raife t!'e bank 
 higher, and of confequence it mufb be made 
 ftronger than when the ground has a gentle 
 
 aicentx 
 
 i 
 
P o u 
 
 xicent, fo as a moderate height would throAV 
 the water upon ground enough : of this there 
 is a great difference, for in fome places ten 
 feet high may cover as much as twenty feet 
 in others, which may beeafily difcovered by 
 the water-level, v/hereby you may feake the 
 water-line upon the ground to any height, 
 and fix the determined height of the bank. 
 
 PONT-LEVIS, is a diforderly refilling 
 aftion of a horfe, in difobedience to his ri- 
 der, in which he rears up fevcral times run- 
 jiing, and raifes fo upon his hind-legs that 
 he is in danger of coming over. 
 
 POPE, OR Ruff ; this fifli with a double 
 name, Is fmall, and rarely grows bigger 
 than a gudgeon i in lliapc not unlike the 
 pearch, but reckoned better food, being 
 pleafant in tafte. His haunts are the deepeft 
 running places in a gravel river, the eitad- 
 •bottom whereof having found by plumbing, 
 and your hooks being baited with fmall red 
 worms, or brandling worms, you may fifh 
 with two or three hooks, and you will have 
 excellent fporc ; for he is a greedy biter, 
 and they arc in great fhoals together, where 
 the water is deep, fmooth, and calm; fo 
 that if you would take a good quantity of 
 them, bait the ground with earth, and filli 
 for them with a fmall red worm. 
 
 PORTER TO CARRY, ufcd in the French 
 tnanage, for directing or pulhingon a horfe 
 at pieafure, whether forwards, upon turns, 
 
 POULTRY, is a term given to ajl kinds 
 of domefbic fowls brought up in a farm yard, 
 as cocks and hens, ducks, geefe, turkeys, 
 idc. all of which we Ihall fpeak of and begin 
 with 
 
 Dunghill Cocks and Hens, generally termed 
 Fowls. 
 
 The country yard cannot be faid to be 
 compleat till well flocked with fowl, which 
 advantag€will appear to eveiy one who keeps 
 them. The pooreft villager may reap the 
 fame benefit from the produfts as the moft 
 fubftantial farmer, they being able to fliift 
 for themfelves the greatefl part of the year, 
 by their feeding on infefts, corn, or any thing 
 almoft that is edible by any fort of animal. 
 
 P O U 
 
 I fliall not enter into a minute defcription 
 of the feveral forts of cocks and hens, only 
 advife you to chufe thofe that are the 
 beftbreeders, and the bell layers ; the old- 
 eft being always reckoned the belt litters, 
 and the youngeft the belt layers ; but no 
 fort will be good for either, if they are kept 
 too fat ; the bell age to fet a hen for chick- 
 ens is from two years old to five, and the 
 befl month to itt ther^ is Fehriiary ; thougii 
 any month between that and Michaelmas \% 
 good. A hen fits twenty-one day^j, whereas 
 geefe, ducks, and turkeys, fit thirty. Ob- 
 ferve to let them have conftantly meat and 
 drink near them while they fit, that tn.ey may 
 not llraggle from their eggs and chill them. 
 
 One cock will ferve ten hens. 
 
 If fowls are fed with buck or French wheat, 
 or with hemp feed, it is faid they will lay more 
 eggs than ordinary ; and buck wheat, either 
 whole or ground, made into pafte, which is 
 the bell way, is a grain that will fatten 
 fowls or hogs very fpeedily ; but the com • 
 mon food ufed is barley meal, witii milk or 
 water, but wheat flour moiftened is bell. 
 
 A good hen fhould not differ from the na- 
 ture of the cock -, ihe fhould be working, 
 vigilant, and laborious, both for herfelf and 
 her chickens j in fize, the biggeft and largeft 
 are the befl, every proportion anfwerable 
 to thofe of the cock, only inflead of a comb, 
 fhe fliould have upon her crown a high thick 
 tuft of feathers. 
 
 She fliould have many and ftrong claws p 
 but it will be better if Ihe has no hinder 
 claws, becaufe they often break the eggs, 
 and befides, fuch as have, do fometimes 
 prove unnatural. 
 
 Crowing hens are neither good layers nor 
 good breeders. 
 
 The elder liens are rather to be chofen for 
 hatching than the younger, becaufe they 
 are more conflant, and will fet out their 
 time ; but if you chufe for laying, take the 
 youngeft, becaufe they are lufcy, and prone 
 to generation ; but do not choofe a fat hen 
 for either of thefe purpofes; foriffhebe 
 iet, fhe will forfake her neft ; the eggs Ihe 
 lays will he without fhells, and befides Ihb 
 will grow Qothful and lazy. 
 
 Rr 2 
 
 Thofe 
 
P o u 
 
 Thofe eggs that are laid when the hens are 
 n year and a half, or two years old, are the 
 bell ; you muft at that time give the hens 
 plenty of" viftuals, and Ibmetimes oats with 
 funegreek to heat them, if you would have 
 large eggs ; for thofe that are fat commonly 
 lay but fmall ones; mix fome chalk with 
 their food, or mix fome bruited brick with 
 their bran, moiftened with a little water, and 
 give them their belly , /till of half-boiled bar- 
 ley, with vetch and millet. 
 
 Some hens have the ill faculty of eating 
 their eggs : to prevent this take out the 
 white of an egg, and put moift plaifter round 
 about the yolk, and fuffer it to* grow hard ; 
 and when the hen attempts to eat it, and 
 finds fhe cannot do it, fiie will foon give 
 over breaking her eggs. 
 
 You may likewife pour a clear plaifter 
 upon the yolk of an egg, and let it harden, 
 fo that it may ferve for a ftiell, and put into 
 the neft ; or you may fliape an egg of plaif- 
 ter, or chalk, and let that be for a neft egg. 
 
 Thofe hens that have fpurs often break 
 their eggs, and generally will not hatch them, 
 and they will fometimes eat them ; thefe muft 
 be fcowered as well as thofe that fcratch and 
 crow like a cock ; firft, by plucking their 
 great quills out of their wings, and by feed- 
 ing them with millet, barley and pafte, cut 
 into bits, pounded acorns and bran, with 
 pottage, or crumbs of wheat bread, fteeped 
 in water or barley meal. 
 
 Keep them in a clofe place, and at reft, 
 and pull the feathers from their heads, thighs, 
 and rumps. If a hen be too fat, or has a 
 loofenefs, flie will lay windy eggs. 
 
 A hen will fit well from the fecond year 
 of her laying, to the fifth : the beft time to 
 fet a hen, that the chickens may be large 
 and moft kindly, is in February, in the in- 
 creafe of the moon, that ftie may difclofe the 
 chickens in the increafe of the next new 
 moon, being in March; for one brood of 
 this month's chickens is worth three of thofe 
 of any other month. 
 
 Hens may fet from March to October., and 
 have good chickens, but not after that time, 
 for the winter is a great enemy to their breed- 
 ing. 
 
 P o u 
 
 A hen fits juft twenty-one days, and if 
 you fit a hen upon the eggs of ducks, geefe^ 
 or turkies, you muft fet them nine days be- 
 fore you put her own eggs to her, of which 
 a hen will cover nineteen j but always fet an 
 odd egg, what number foever you fet her 
 with. 
 
 It will alfo be proper to mark one fide ot 
 the eggs when you put ihem under the hen, 
 and to obferve whether fhe turns them from 
 the one fide to the other, and if fhe does 
 not, then take an opportunity when fhe is 
 from them to turn them yourfelf. But a hen 
 that does not turn them herfelf is of the lefs 
 value. 
 
 Take care that the eggs you fet a hen on 
 be new, which may be known by their be- 
 ing heavy, full and clear, which may be 
 known by looking through them in the fun ; 
 nor do you choofe the largeft, for they have 
 oftentimes two yolks, and though fome are 
 of opinion that fuch will produce two 
 chickens, it proves commonly a miftake, 
 and if they do, they generally prove abor- 
 tive and monllrous. 
 
 A hen muft not be taken off or difturbed 
 from her neft, for that will make her utterly 
 forfake it. 
 
 "While flie is fitting you muft place her 
 meat and water near her, that her eggs may 
 not cool while fhe is gone to feek her food'. 
 If fhe ftiould be abfent from her neft, ftir 
 up the ftraw, and make it foft and hand- 
 fome, and lay the eggs in the fame order fhe 
 left them. 
 
 It is very neceflary to perfume her neft 
 with rofemary or brimftone, and you muft 
 take care that the cock does not come at the 
 eggs and fet upon them, for he will endan- 
 ger the breaking of them, and caufe the 
 hen not to like her neft fo well as before. 
 
 When hens are laying, the oU ftraw fhould j 
 be taken away, and frefh put in, that it may \ 
 not breed fleas, or other vermin, which 
 much incommodes them. 
 
 The maladies incident to hens are as fol- 
 low : 
 
 Setting hens are fometimes troubled with 
 lice and vermin ; for the cure : pound 
 burnt cummin and ftapnifgar, of each equal 
 
 quanti- 
 
P o u 
 
 quantities, and mix it with wine, and rub 
 the hens with it, or wafh thenn with a de- 
 coction of wild lupines. 
 
 If hens are troubled with a loofenefs, mix 
 a handful of barley meal, and as much wax, 
 in fome wine, make it into a mafs, and 
 give it them in the morning before they 
 have any other meat, or elfe let them drink 
 a decoftion of apples or quinces. 
 
 Hens, by laying too many eggs, fome- 
 times exhault their ftrength and languifh : 
 the fame likewife happens by hens fitting 
 too long i to remedy this, take the white 
 of an egg, which you mult roaft till it looks 
 as if it was burnt ; mix this with an equal 
 quantity of dried raifins, alfo burnt, and 
 give the hens this falling. 
 
 Your hen-houfe muft be large and fpa- 
 cious, with a pretty high roof and ftrong 
 walls, to keep out both thieves and vermin ; 
 let there be windows on the eaft fide, that 
 they may enjoy the benefit of the rifing fun, 
 ftrongly lathed and clofe fhut -, upwards, 
 and round about the infides of the wall upon 
 the ground, fliould be made large pens of 
 three feet high, for geefe, duclcs, and large 
 fowls to fet in, and near unto the covering 
 of the houfe fliould be long perches, reach- 
 ing from one fide of the houfe to the other, 
 on which fuould fet cocks, hens, capons 
 and turkies, each on fuch perches, as they 
 are difpofed. 
 
 At another fide of the houfe, at the darkeft 
 part of the ground pens, fix hampers full 
 of ftraw for nefts, in which hens fliould lay 
 their eggs ; but when they fit to hatch 
 chickens, then let them fit on the ground, 
 otherwife it will be dangerous. 
 
 Alfo let there be pins ftuck in the walls, 
 that the poultry may climb to their perches 
 with the greater eafe. 
 
 The floor mufl; not be paved, but made 
 of earth fmooth and eafy. Let the fmaller 
 fowl have a hole made at one end of the 
 houfe, to go in and come out at when they 
 pleafe, or elfe they will feek out roofts in 
 other places; but of larger fowl, you may 
 open the door morning and evening. 
 
 It would be the better if the hen-houfe 
 •vas fituated near fome kitchen, brew-houfc, 
 
 P O U 
 
 Tsake-houfe, or kiln, where it may have the 
 heat of the fire, and be perfumed with 
 fmoak, which is to pullets both delightful 
 and wholefome. 
 
 As foon as your chiclcens are hatched, if 
 any be weaker than the rell, wrap them, in 
 wool, and let them have the heat of the 
 fire ; it v/ill alfo be very good to perfume 
 them with rofemary ; the firft hatched chick- 
 ens may be kept in a fieve till the reft are 
 difclofed, for they will not eat for two days ; 
 fome fliells being harder than others, they 
 will require fo much more time in opening; 
 but unlefs the chickens are weak, or then 
 unkind, it will not be amifs to let them 
 continue under her, for ftie will nourifh 
 them kindly. 
 
 When they are two days old, give them 
 very fmall oatmeal, fome dry, and fome 
 fteeped in milk, or elfe crumbs of fine whits 
 bread ; and v/hen they have gained ftrength, 
 curds, cheefe parings, white bread, crufts 
 foaked in beer or milk, barley meal/ or 
 wheaten bread fcalded, or the like foft 
 meat, that is fmall and will be eafily di- 
 gefted. 
 
 It is necefiary to keep them in the houfe 
 for a fortnight, and not fuffer them to go 
 abroad with the hen to worm. Green chives 
 chopped among their meat is very good, and 
 will preferve them from the rye or other dif- 
 eafes in the head, and never let them want 
 clear water, for puddle water will be apt 
 to give them the pip. 
 
 Nor muft you let them feed upon tares, 
 darnel, or cockle, for thefe are very dan- 
 gerous to young ones, nor let them go into 
 gardens till they are fix weeks old. 
 
 If you would have them crammed, coop 
 them up when the dam has forfaken them, 
 and cram them with dough made of wheat- 
 en meal and milk, which dip in milk, and 
 thruft- down their throats, but let them not 
 be too big, left you choak them ; and they 
 will be fat in a fortnight. 
 
 To diftinguifli v/hether a chicken is good 
 or not : after a chicken is killed it will be 
 ftiff and white, and firm in the vent, if 
 new killed ; but tender, and green in the 
 
 vent, if ftale. 
 
 If 
 
IP QU 
 
 It* you rub your finger on the bread of a 
 fcaldcd chicken, if it be new killed it will 
 feel rough i but if llaie, flippcry and flimy. 
 
 A crammed chicken, if it be fat, will 
 have a fat rump, and a fat vein upon the 
 fide of the breaft of her, like a puik't. 
 
 In Older to fatten chickens, you mult put 
 them into croups, and feed them with bar- 
 ky meal ; put likcwife a fmall quantity of 
 brick-duil into their water, which they 
 ought never to be without : this laft will 
 ■give them an appetite to their meat, and 
 fatten them very foon -, for in this cafe it 
 muft be confidered, that all fowls and birds 
 hAve two liomachs, as they may be called, 
 the one is their crop, that foftens their food, 
 and the other the gizzard, that macerates the 
 food i in the lait we always iiad fmall ftoaes 
 and lliarp fand, which help to do that ofhce, 
 and without them, or fornething of that 
 kind, a fowl will be wanting of its appetite 
 to eat; for the gizzard cannot matticate, 
 or, as it may be laid, grind the food faCt 
 ■enough to difcharge it from the crop, with- 
 out fuch fand or Itones : and in this cafe the 
 brick-dult is affifling. 
 
 DUCKS. 
 
 Ducks are very necelfaiy for the hufband- 
 man's yard, in that they require no charge 
 in keeping; they live on loit corn, worms, 
 fnails, iffc. for which reafon they are very 
 good for gardens. Once in a yeai- they are 
 very great layers of eggs, efpecially a fort 
 of duck that turi"i up the bill more than the 
 common kind; and when they fit they need 
 little attendance, except to let them have a 
 little barley, or offal corn and water near 
 them, that they may not ftraggle far from 
 their neft to chill their eggs. 
 
 In general it is found more profitable to 
 fet a hen upon the ducks eggs, than any 
 kind of duck whatever, becaufc the old one 
 leads them v/hen hatched, too foon to the 
 water, where, if the weather be chill, fome 
 will be loli. They follow the hen a good 
 while upon the land, and fo get hardy be- 
 fore they venture to the water. 
 
 About thirteen eggs is the proper number 
 
 P O U 
 
 to let a duck fit upon ; the hen will cover a.% 
 many of thele as of her own, and will bring 
 them u^ well : fo that every way fhe is more 
 profitable for that purpofe. 
 
 When the ducklings are hatched they re- 
 quire no care, if the weather be tolerably 
 good; but if they happen to be produced 
 in a very rainy feafon, it would be right to 
 keep them under cover a little, efpecially in 
 the night ; for, though the duck naturally 
 loves water, it requires the afii ':ance of its 
 feathers, and, till they are grown, is eafily 
 hurt by the wet. 
 
 The fattening of ducks at any age is very 
 eafy, and whether it be the duckling, or the 
 grown duck, the method to be ufed is ex- 
 actly the fame. They are to be put in a 
 quiet dark place, and kept in a pen, where 
 riiey are to have plenty of corn and water: 
 any kind of corn will do, and "with this 
 fmglc dircftion, they will fatten themfelves 
 extremely well in fifteen or twenty davs; 
 and will bring a price that very well repays 
 their feeding. 
 
 GEESE. 
 
 The benefits arifmg from geefe ar?, for 
 food, their feathers, and their greafe. They 
 will live upon commons, or any fort of pas- 
 ture, and need little care and attendance.; 
 only they fhould have plenty of water. The 
 largeft geefe are reckoned the beft, but 
 there is a fort of Spamjh geefe that ai-e much 
 better layers and breeders than the Ettglifo, 
 efpecially if their eggs are hatched under an 
 Englijh goofe. 
 
 Geefe lay in the fpring, the earlier the 
 better, becaufe of their price, and of their 
 having a feeond brood. They commonly 
 Jay twelve or fixteen eggs each. You may 
 "know when they will lay, by their carrying 
 of ftraw in tlicir mouths, and when they 
 will fit, by their continuing on their neft 
 after they have laid. A goofe fits tliirty 
 days; but if the weather be fair and warm, 
 flae will hatch three or four days fooner. 
 After the goflings are hatched, fome keep 
 them in the houfe ten or twelve days, and 
 feed them. Ayith inirds, barley meal, bran. 
 
P o u 
 
 &?f. After they have got forrre ftrength, let 
 tliem out three or four hours in a day, and 
 take them in again, till they are big enough 
 to defend themfelves from vermin. One 
 gander will ferve five geefe. 
 
 If you would fatten green geefe, youmuft 
 fliut them up when they are about a month 
 old, and they will be fat in about a month 
 more. Be fure to let them have always by 
 them in a fmall rack fome fine hay, which 
 wij'l much haften their fatting. But for fat- 
 ting of older geefe, it is commonly done 
 when they are about fix months old, in or 
 after harveft, when they have been in the 
 ftubble fields, from which food fomc kill 
 them, which is. a good way ; but thofe who 
 have a mind to have them very fat, fhut 
 them up for a fortnight or three weeks ; and 
 feed them with oats, fplitted beans, barley 
 meal, or ground malt mixed with milk, the 
 beft thing to fatten them with being malt 
 mixed with beer. But in fatting of all wa- 
 ter fowl you may obferve, that they ufually 
 fit with their bills on their rumps, where 
 they fuck out moft of their moifture and 
 fatnefs, at a fmall bunch of feathers, which 
 you will find (landing upright on theirrumps, 
 and always moift, with which they trim their 
 feathers, which makes them oily and flip- 
 pery more than other fowls feathers are, 
 that the v/ater may (lip off tlaem, which, if 
 cut away clofe, will make them fat in lefs 
 time, and with lefs meat than otherwife. 
 Geefe will likewife feed on and fatten well 
 with carrots, cut fmall, and given them ; 
 or if you give them rye before or about 
 Midfinnmery it will ftrengthen them, and 
 keep them in health, that being commonly 
 their fickly time. 
 
 In fome countries they fliear the geefe for 
 their feathers, and fome pull them twice a 
 year ; but this latter way is more injurious 
 to them, and therefore it is better llaying 
 till moulting time, or till their death for 
 their feathers. 
 
 T U R K I E S. 
 
 Turkies are fowls that profper very well 
 in open countries, where there is not rauch 
 
 P O U 
 
 Hielter to hnrbour vermin to deftroy themi 
 for they are naturally inclined to ramble. 
 The hens likewife are fo negligent of their 
 young, that whilft they have one to follow 
 them, they never take any care of t\\<i reft ; 
 and therefore there muil be a great deal of 
 care taken of them while they are young, 
 to watch them, and to. keep them warm, 
 they being a bird that cannot bear the cold. 
 But fome, where they have a conveniency 
 cf a fmall cover near the houfe, let them 
 take their liberty, and feek their own neils j 
 but it is only in fome particular places that 
 they do well w"ith fuch management. I 
 knew a gentleman that had a hen turkey of 
 the wild kind from Virgiuia, of which, and 
 an Englifh cock, he raifed a very fine breed, 
 that bred wild in the fields, and always be- 
 came tame when grown up ; they were a 
 very hardy breed, and much larger than 
 ours, and reared their young ones without 
 any care or trouble, breeding much better 
 than our En£lifb, 
 
 If you keep them with corn, they are very 
 great feeders, and will devour a great deal ; 
 but if left to their liberty when grown up, 
 they will get tlieir own living, without ei- 
 ther trouble or charges, by feeding on herbs, 
 feeds, i^c. 
 
 Turkies being very apt to ftraggle, v/ill 
 often be laying their eggs in fecrct places, 
 and therefore the common fort of them mull 
 be often watched, and made to lay at home. 
 They begin to lay in March, and will fit in 
 April. Eleven or thirteen eggs are the rhoft 
 they fit on. They hatch in between twenty- 
 five and thirty clays ; and when they have 
 hatched their brood, you muft be careful to 
 keep the young ones wnj-m, for the lead cold 
 kills them. Feed them either v/ith curds, or 
 green ficlli cheefe cut in fmall pieces. Let 
 their drink be new milk, or milk and water. 
 Some give them oatmeal and milk boiled 
 -thick together, into which they put worm- 
 wood chopped fm»ll, and fometimes eggs 
 boiled hard, and cut in little pieces. You 
 muft feed them often, for the hen will not 
 take much care of them, and when they have 
 got fome ftrcngth, feed them abroad in a 
 clofe walled place, where they cannot ftray; 
 
P R I 
 
 you miift not let them out till the dew is off I 
 the grafs, taking care to have them in again 
 before night, becaufe the dew is very preju- 
 dicial to them. 
 
 For the fatting of turkies, fodden barley 
 is very excellentj or fodden oats for the 
 firft fortnight, and for another fortnight 
 cram them as you do capons. They are on- 
 ly to be crammed in a morning, which muft 
 be given to them warm, and let out all day, 
 being fometimes fed with corn while out ; 
 becaufe, being a fuUen bird, they are apt 
 elfe not to fat fo kindly. 
 
 Their eggs are reckoned very wholefome, 
 ^nd a great rellorer of nature. 
 
 POUNCES, the talons or claws of a bird 
 of prey. 
 
 PRESS UPON THE Hand : a horfe is faid 
 to refill:, or prefs upon the hand, when 
 cither through the fliffnefs of his neck, or 
 from an ardour to run too much a-head, he 
 ftretches his head againft the horfeman's 
 hand, refufes the aid of the hand, and with- 
 ftands the effefts of the bridle. 
 
 To prefs or pufli a horfe forwards, is toaf- 
 fifl: him with the calves of your legs, or to 
 Ipur him to make him go on. 
 
 'To PRICK, OR Pinch, is to give a horfe 
 a gentle touch of the fpur, without clapping 
 them hard to him. 
 
 Prick with the right ; pinch with the left : 
 pinch with boch> 
 
 To PRICK, OR Pinch, is an aid ; but to 
 bear hard with the fpur, is correftion. 
 
 PRICKING OF A Horse's Foot, is the 
 hurt received by a nail drove too far into the 
 foot, fo as to reach the quick, or prefs the 
 vein in the horfe's foot v/henhe is fliod. 
 
 PRICKER, [Hunting-cerm] a hunter on 
 horfeback. 
 
 PRICKET, afpitter, or young male deer 
 of two years old, that begins to put forth the 
 head. 
 
 PRICKING [with Sportfmen] the foot- 
 ing of an hare when flie beats on the hard 
 heath way, and her fooling can be per- 
 ceived. 
 
 PRICKT, otherwjfe called accloyed, 
 CLOYED, or RETRAiT, ^c. in rcfpeft to 
 horfes, fignifies only the having a prick by 
 
 PUR 
 
 the negligence of the farrier in driving the 
 nails, by their weaknefs, ill pointing or 
 breaking them, which if not prefently taken 
 out, will, in time, break out into a foul 
 fore : you may difcern it by the horfe's go- 
 ing lame ; but if you would know it more 
 certainly, pinch him round the hoof with a 
 pair of pincers, and when you come to the 
 place aggrieved he will fhrink in his foot; 
 or elfe you may try where he is pricked by 
 throwing water on his hoof, for that place 
 where he is hurt will be fooner dry than the 
 reft. 
 
 PUNCH, a well-fet, well-knit horfe, 
 is fhort backed, and thick fhouldered, with 
 a broad neck, and well lined with fle(h. 
 
 PURLIEU, all that ground near anyfo- 
 reft, which being antiently made foreft, is 
 afterv/ards, by perambulations, feparated 
 again from the fame, and freed from that 
 fervitude which was formerly laid upon it. 
 
 PURLIEU-Man, one that has land 
 within the purlieu, and forty fhiliings a 
 year freehold i upon which account he is 
 allowed to hunt or courfe in his own purlieu, 
 with certain limitations. 
 
 PURSE-NET, a net ufed for taking both 
 hares and rabbets, at certain times, and 
 three or four dozen of them are fufficient to 
 lay over their holes : they are to be faftened, 
 by tying ftrings to fticks thruft into the 
 earth, otherwife v;hen the rabbets bolt out, 
 they will run away and get out of the nets ; 
 but when the nets are fixed, and all things 
 in order, there muft be one or two to lie 
 clofe, to fee what game comes home, while 
 in the mean time you beat the bulhes, to 
 force them homewards. 
 
 Another way to take rabbets with thefe 
 nets, is at their coming cut of their par- 
 races : and they fhould be fecreted in this 
 manner. 
 
 Firft hunt them up and dov/n, to force 
 them all in, then put in a ferret with a bell 
 about her neck, which gives the rabbet 
 notice of her coming, who endeavouring to 
 avoid her, will bolt out into the purfe-net, 
 from whence you muft imm.ediacely take 
 the purl*e-net before the ferret feize her j 
 and when the ferret comes out of the bur- 
 rows. 
 
PUT 
 
 rows, put her in again ; but remember to 
 cope her mouth, that is, tie her chaps with 
 fine packthread, which will hinder her from 
 fcizing the rabbet and fucking her blood. 
 
 PURSINESS IN Horses, is a fliortnefs 
 of breath, either natural or accidental. The 
 natural is when the horfe is cock throppled ; 
 for that his thropple or wind-pipe being fo 
 long, he is not able to draw his breath in 
 and out with fo much eafe as other horfes do 
 which are loofe throppled, becaufe the 
 wind-pipe being too ftreight, that fhould 
 convey the breath to the lungs, and vent it 
 again at the nofe, makes him pant and fetch 
 his breath iliort ; and in like manner when 
 his pipe is filled with too much fat, or other 
 flegmatic ftufi^, which fuffocates him, and 
 makes his lungs labour the more. 
 
 Purfinefs accidental is fometimes caufed 
 by a horfe's being hard ridden after a full 
 ftoinach, or prefently after drinking, which 
 caufes phlegmatic humours to diflil out of 
 the head into the wind-pipe, and fo fall 
 upon the lungs, where they fettle and con- 
 geal. 
 
 It alfo proceeds from heats and colds, i^c. 
 caufes dullnefs and heavinefs in travelling, 
 makes him fweat much, and ready to fall 
 down upon every ftrain. 
 
 For the cure : pound annifeeds, liquo- 
 rice, and fugar-candy, to a fine powder, 
 and put four fpoonfuls into a pint of white- 
 wine ; brew them well, and mix with them 
 half a pint of fallad oil. Give this to the 
 horfe ever after a travel, and a day before he 
 fets out on a journey. 
 
 PUT ; it is ufed for the breaking or ma- 
 naging of a horfe ; as. Put your horfe to 
 corvets, put him upon caprioles. 
 
 'To put a horfe upon hishaunchesy is to make 
 him bend them in galloping in the ma- 
 nage, or upon a Hop. i'ff? Haunches. 
 
 To put a horfe to the zvalk, trot, or gallop, 
 is to make him walk, trot, or gallop, 
 
 PUT OVER [in Falconry] ufed of a 
 hawk, when fhe removes the meat from her 
 gorge into her bowels, by traverfing with 
 her body, but chiefly with her neck. 
 
 PUTTOCK, a kind of long winged kite, 
 a bird of prey. 
 
 Q^U A 
 
 PYE-BALD Horse, is one that has 
 white fpots upon a coat of another colour. 
 
 Thus there are pve-bald bays, pve-bald 
 forrels, and pye-bald blacks, and fo of the 
 reft. 
 
 PYROET J [in Horfemanfhip] fome are 
 of one tread orpiRe, fome of two. 
 
 Thofe of one tread are othcrwife called. 
 Pirouettes de la tete a la queve, which are in- 
 tire and very narrow turns m.ade by the horfe 
 upon one tre;'d, and almofl In one time, in 
 fuch a manner, tl.at his head is placed 
 where his tail was, without putting out his 
 haunches. 
 
 To make horfes take this pyroet with more 
 facility, they ufe in the manage to put them 
 to five or fix of them all running, v/ithout 
 fvirring offthe fpot. 
 
 In duels they are of ufe to gain the ene- 
 my's croupe. 
 
 Pyroets of two pi (Is or treads, are turns 
 of two treads upon a fmall compafs of 
 ground, almofl: of the length of the horfe. 
 
 OUAIL, a fmall bird with fpeckled fea- 
 thers, and one of thofe we call paflTen- 
 gcrs, dwelling in corn fields, or meadows. 
 Quails begin to fing in April; they make 
 their nefls on the ground, and fit in the 
 month oi May, at which time you mufrnot 
 difl-urb them : you may know the hen by her 
 flender neck, and that flie is not black un- 
 der the chin, but of the colour of baked 
 earth, and fo up to the head, her breafl: and 
 belly are almofl: white, her back and wings 
 of a dark yellow colour j but the head, 
 neck, back, tail, and wings of the ccck, 
 are almofl; black} his beak is alfo black, 
 and feet fhining. 
 
 Quails are to be taken by calls, while they 
 are in their wooing-timc, which is from 
 April till Augufl ; the qiiail will call ar fun- 
 rifing, about nine o'clock, about twelve, 
 about tliree in the afternoon, and at fun- 
 fet. The notes of the cock differ much 
 from the hen, fo that you mull; be expert in ' 
 both, if you intend to do any good in taking 
 them ; and when you hear the cock call, 
 anfwerin the hen's note; and fo on the con- 
 trary, anfwerthe hen in the cock's note, and 
 S s they 
 
QJJ A 
 
 they V, ill both come to you, that you may 
 .call vour net over and take them. 
 
 If it be a finglc cock-quail, he will come 
 at the firft call, but if he has a hen with 
 him, he will not foriake her: fometimes 
 you fhall only hear one to anfwer your call, 
 yet three or four will come to your net, fo 
 that you need not make too much halle when 
 you find one entangled, for fome more may 
 be taken in a Ihort time. 
 
 Quails are neat cleanly birds, and will 
 not run much into dews or wet places, but 
 chufe rather to fly, that they may not dirty 
 themfelves j you muft therefore at fuch^ 
 times place yourfelf as near your nets as 
 pofTible, and if by accident the quail pafles 
 by one end of the net, lie clofe for fome 
 time, and let her go a little way; then 
 gently removing yourfelf on the other fide 
 of the net, call her back again, and llie will 
 foon come to your net. 
 
 The form of the calls, and how to make 
 them, are defcribed Pl^Je XII. viz. the 
 firft A, is made of a fmall leather purfe, 
 about two fingers wide, and four long, in 
 fliape much like a pear; it muft be ftufTed 
 half full of horfe-hair; they place in the 
 end a fmall whittle or device, marked C, 
 made of a bone of a cat'^s, hare's, or coney's 
 leg, or rather of the wing of an old hern, 
 which muft be about three fingers longj and 
 the end C, muft be formed like a flagelet, 
 with a little foft wax ; put alfo in a little to 
 clofe up the end B, which open a little with 
 a pin, to caufe it to give the clearer and 
 more diftinfl found : faften this pipe in your 
 purfe, and then to make it fpeak, hold it 
 full in the palm of your left-hand, putting 
 one of your fingers over the top of the wax; 
 you muft ftiake on the place marked A, 
 with the hinder part of your right thumb, 
 <and fo imitate the call of the hen-quail. 
 
 The form of the other quail-call, de- 
 fcribed Plate XII. fg. 2. muft be four fin- 
 gers long, and above an inch thick, made 
 pf & piece of wire turned round, as if it 
 were curled ; it muft be covered over with 
 leather, and one end thereof clofed up with 
 a piece of flat wood, marked 2 ; about the 
 middle you muft hAve a Caiall thready or 
 
 leather ftrap 7, wherewith you may hold it,, 
 fo as to ufe it with one hand ; and at the 
 other end, place juft fuch a pipe as is de- 
 fcribed before in making up the firft call. 
 
 Now for the calling with it, hold the ftrap 
 or piece of leather with your left-hand, 
 clofe by the piece of wood marked 2, and 
 with your right-hand hold the pipe, juft 
 ■where it is joined to the flagelet, marked 3, 
 and make the fame noife as the hen does 
 v/hen flie calls the cock. 
 
 The net commonly ufed, is called a hal- 
 lier, or bramble-net., which is managed as 
 in the following figure. 
 
 If you know where the cock is alone, get 
 within fifteen paces : fuppofe the pricked 
 lines, marked with the letters. A, B, C, D, 
 E, F, G, H, were the borders of the corn- 
 field, and that the quail fhould be at the 
 letter P, fpread your net on the top of the 
 ridge adjoining to the corn, and pitch vour 
 hallier, and fo the bird running crofs the 
 corn, may get into the net without perceiv- 
 ing it ; then draw back into the bottom of 
 the third or fourth line O, where you muft 
 ftoop and hide yourfelf over-againft the 
 middle of the net,, in order to call the quail. 
 
 QUARTER; to work from quarter to - 
 quarter, is to ride a horfe three times in end,, I 
 upon the firft of the four lines of a fquare : 
 then changing your hand, and riding hiir. 
 three times upon a fecond ; at the third line 
 changing your hand^, and fo pafling to the- 
 third and fourth^ obferving tJie fame order. 
 
 J Falfe QUARTER, is when the hoof 
 has a kind of cleft occafioned by a horfe's, 
 cafting his quarter, and getting a new one, 
 for then the horn beginning to grow, is un- 
 even and ugly, as alfo bigger and fofter than 
 the reft of the hoof; and fuch feet fhould be 
 fhod with half panton fhoes; but if the 
 cleft be confiderable, and take up a quarter 
 part of the hoof> the horfe will not be fer- 
 viceable, and is not worth buying. 
 
 QUARTER Behind, is when ahorfehas 
 the quarters of his hind-feet ftrong; that is 
 to fay, the horn thick, and fo capable of ad- 
 mitting a good gripe by the nails. 
 
 When a horfe's quarters or i^tt are wafted 
 and fbrynk : For the cure : rage the whole 
 
 foot 
 
R A B 
 
 Foot with a red hot knife, making large 
 'vazes of the depth of a crown piece, from 
 the hair to the fhoe ; and, avoiding the co- 
 ronet, then apply a proper poultice, and 
 charge the foot with a remolade. See Remo- 
 LADE Poultice /(??' the hoof-bound, 
 
 QUARTERS of a Saddle, are the pieces 
 of leather, or ftufF, made faft to the lower 
 part of the fides of the faddle, and hanging 
 down below the faddle. 
 
 QUARTERS of a Horse, fore-quarters, 
 ;A ^nd hind-quarters j the fore-quarters are the 
 fhoulders and the fore-legs; the hind-quar- 
 ters, are the hips and the legs behind. 
 
 QUARTERS of a EIorse's foot, are 
 the lides of the coffin, comprehended be- 
 tween the toe and the heel on one fide, and 
 the other of the foot : the inner-quarters are 
 thofe oppofite to one another, facing from 
 one foot to the other j thofe are always 
 weaker than the outfide quarters, which lie 
 on the external fides of the coffin. 
 
 QITARTER-CAST ; a horfe is faid to 
 ■call his quarters, when, for any diforder in 
 his coffin, we are obliged to cut one of the 
 •quarters off the hoof, and when the hoof is 
 ■thus cut, it grows and comes on a-new. 
 
 QUITTER-BONE, a hard round Iwel- 
 ling upon the coronet, between a horfe's 
 heel and the quarter, v/hich moft common- 
 ly grows on the infide of the foot. 
 
 It is contrafted many ways, fometimes by 
 -gravel underneath the flioe, and fometimes 
 by fome bruife, flub, prick of a nail, or the 
 like, which being neglefted, will impollhu- 
 mate, and break out about the hoof: now 
 and then it comes from evil humours, which 
 defcend down to that nart. 
 
 QUITTER, the matter of an ulcer or 
 ibre. 
 
 RABBETS. The rabbet or coney is an 
 -animal about the bignefs of an ordi- 
 nary cat, who hides herfelf in the woods, 
 or makes burrows in the ground, to retire 
 into for fafety : flie has long ears, and a fliort 
 tail, but well covered with wool, and is 
 moftly of a grey and white colour. The 
 young ones are called fucking-rabbets. 
 There arc two forts, viz. the wi^d, and the 
 
 R A B 
 
 ' tame; thofe that are wild are bred in war- 
 rens, and are fmaller and redder, have na- 
 turally more aftive bodies, are more fliy and 
 watchful, and their flefli is more delicious, 
 from the air of liberty wherein they breathe, 
 and are not fo melancholic : but the tame 
 ones are quite contrary ; yet, they make ufe 
 of them in fortie places, to fupply their v/ar- 
 rens ; and there, in procefs of time, com- 
 ing to be diveiled of their heavy nature, 
 become more and more aflive than before. 
 
 The rabbet begins to breed at fix months 
 old, bears at lead ieven times a year; Ihe car- 
 ries her young in her belly thirty days, if 
 file litters in the month of March , and as 
 foon as (he has kindled, goes to buck 
 again, but it is better not for the fpace of 
 two or three weeks. Tame rabbets, above 
 all other beads, delight in imprifonment 
 and iblitarinefs; they are violently hot in 
 the aft of generation, performing it with 
 fuch vigour and excefs, that they fwoon, 
 and lie in trances a good, while after the 
 aft. 
 
 The males being given too much to cru- 
 elty, kill all the young ones they can come 
 at, therefore the females, after they have 
 kindled, hide them, and clofe up the holes 
 in fuch manner, that the buck may not find 
 them : they increafe wonderfully, bringing 
 forth every fix weeks, therefore when kept 
 tame in huts, they mufl: be watched, and as 
 foon as they have kindled, may be put to the 
 buck, for they will otherwife mourn, and 
 hardly bring up their young. 
 
 The huts in which tame rabbets are to be 
 kept, fliould be made of thin wainfcot 
 boards, fome about two ieet fquare, 
 and one foot high, which fquare mull be 
 divided into two rooms, one with open win- 
 dows of wire, through which the rabbet may 
 feed; and alefs room without light, wherein 
 flie may lodge and kindle ; and a trough, 
 wherein to put meat and other neccflTaries for 
 her, before the light one; and thus you 
 may make box upon box, in divers ftories, 
 keeping the bucks by themfelves, as alfo the 
 does, unlefs it be fuch as have not bred, 
 with which you may let the buck lodge. 
 Further, when a doe has kindled one neft, 
 
 S s 2 .inj 
 
R A B 
 
 and then kindled another, the firft muft be 
 taken from her, and be put amongil: rabbets 
 of their own age, provided the boxes be 
 not peftered, but that they have eafe and 
 liberty. 
 
 For the choice of tame rich conies, it 
 needs not to look to their fhape, but to their 
 richnefs ; only that the bucks muft be the 
 largelt and richeft you can get; and that 
 fkin iselieemed the beft, that has the equal- 
 left mixture of black and white hair toge- 
 ther, yet the black ftiould rather ftaadow the 
 white : a black fldn with a few filver hairs, 
 being much richer than a white Ikin with a 
 few black ones. 
 
 As to the profit of tame rich conies, eve- 
 ry one that is killed in feafon, that is, from 
 Mariimnas till after Co.ndlemas, is worth five 
 others, being much better and larger; and 
 when another fkin is worth two-pence, or 
 three-pence at the moft, thefe are worth a 
 fnilling or upwards. Again, the increafe is 
 more ; the tame ones, at one kennelling, 
 bringing forth more than the wild do ; be- 
 fides, they are always ready at hand for the 
 difh, winter and fummer, without the charge 
 of nets, ferrets, i£c. and their fkins always 
 paying their keeper's expence, with intereft. 
 
 The beft food for your tame conies, is 
 the fweeteft, Ihorteft, and beft hay you can 
 get ; one load will feed two hundred couple 
 a year, and out of the ftock of two hun- 
 dred, may be fpent in the houfe as many as 
 are fold in the market, and yet a good ftock 
 maintained to anfwer all cafualties. The 
 hay muft be put to them in little cloven 
 fticks, that they may with eafe reach and 
 pull it out of the fame, but fo as not to 
 fcatter or wafte any ; fweet oats, and water, 
 fhouid be put for them in the troughs un- 
 der the boxes •, and this fliould be their or- 
 dinary and conftant food, all other being to 
 beufed phyfically; you may, twice or three 
 times in a fortnight, to cool their bodies, 
 give them mallows, clover-grafs, four docks, 
 blades of corn, cabbage, or colewort leaves, 
 and the like, all which both cools and nou- 
 rifties exceedingly; but fweet grain fhouid 
 be feldom ufed, fince nothing rots them 
 fooner. Great care muft be had, that when 
 
 R A B 
 
 any grafs is cut for them where are weeds, 
 that there is no hemlock amongft it, for 
 though they will eat it greedily, yet it is 
 prefcnt poifon to them. Their huts alfo 
 muft be kept fweet and clean every day, for 
 their pifs and ordure is of fo ftrong and vio- 
 lent a favour, as will annoy them. 
 
 The infirmities to which tame conies are 
 fubjeft, are the rot; which comes by giving 
 them green meat, or gathering greens for 
 them, and giving them to them with tlie 
 dew on ; therefore let them have it but fel- 
 dom, and then the drynefs of the hay will 
 even dry up the moifture, knit them, and 
 keep them found. 
 
 There is a certain rage of madnefs, en- 
 gendered from corrupt blood, fpringing 
 from the ranknefs of their keeping, and J 
 which is known by their wallowing and 1 
 tumbling with their heels upv/ards, and 
 leaping in their huts ; to cure which, give 
 them tare thiftle to eat. 
 
 Wild rabbets do great damage to vine- 
 yards, and all forts of corn, their teeth 
 fparing nothing that they come near ; and 
 in fuch countries as abound with vineyards^ 
 they will eat the young ftioots as foon as 
 they begin to appear, and will do them fo 
 much damage, that it will endanger their 
 ruin without fome proper remedy; to pre- 
 vent which, take fome very fmall fticks of 
 willow, well dried, dip one end of them, 
 into fome melted brimftone, and ftick the 
 other into the ground ; let them be about a 
 fathom diftant from each other, and {(tl fire 
 to them ; and this will prevent the rabbets 
 (who hate the fmell) from entering into any 
 vineyard, on the fide of which thofe fticks 
 are fet : the fmell will laft four or five days, 
 at the expiration of which you muft renew 
 it, and fo a third time, infomuch, that in 
 about fixteen days, the fhoots of the vine 
 will be fo ftrong as not to be in danger of 
 the infults of thefe animals. 
 
 The ways of taking thefe creatures are 
 various, particularly fuch as ftray from their 
 burrows may be taken with fmall grey- 
 hounds, or mungrels, bred up for that pur- 
 pofe; their places of hunting are among 
 bufties, hedges, corn-fields, and frefh paf- 
 
 tures ; 
 
R A B 
 
 tures ; and though you fhould mifs killing 
 them, yet they are thereby drove back to 
 their burrows, over whofe holes you may 
 lay purfe-nets, and then put in a ferret clofe- 
 mufBed, which will quickly make them bolt 
 out again to the net, and fo are caught. 
 
 The ferret fometimes finds a rabbet afleep, 
 which flie furprizes and kills, fucks her 
 blood, lies upon her, and lleeps there ; in 
 which cafe you are obliged either to kill her, 
 or wait till Ihe awakes, which will be often 
 five or fix hours ; and therefore you muft fire 
 five or fix times into the hole to awake her, 
 upon which flie will come out; but you 
 muft always let her fleep an hour before you 
 fire, or elfe the noife will fignify nothing. 
 
 When you take any of the does, you 
 muft turn them loofe, that you may not de- 
 populate your warrens, and flit their ears, 
 that they may not be killed by others, who 
 fometimes lie in wait to iTioot them. 
 
 To force rabbets out of their burrows 
 without a ferret, take fome powder of orpine 
 and brimftone, old flaoes, parchment, or 
 cloth, and burn them at the mouth of the 
 burrow, upon that fide which the wind 
 blows, and fpread your purie-net under the 
 v/ind. Some put a crab or two into the 
 holes, which will force them out. 
 
 Nets to take rabbets and hares ; thefe nets 
 muft be made in the fame manner as halliers, 
 wherewith they take partridges. You have, 
 reprefented in Plate VII, two fimple nets, 
 made of mefhes lozenge-wife; you may 
 make them of fquare ones : the mefh iTiould 
 be an inch and half broad, made of good 
 ftrong thread, and treble twifted : but If you 
 would make mefl^ies lozenge-wife, you muft 
 allow four and twenty, and three fathom in 
 length, and let them be well verged with 
 long twifted thread, and of a bi-own colour. 
 
 But the net with fquare meihes will do 
 better, in which cafe tjiey allow five feet m 
 breadth- or height, and three or four faciiom 
 in length, according to the place j and in 
 this no verging is required. 
 
 The firft of thefe nets Mre to be placed in 
 any path or traft, in any coppice or furrow ; 
 for rabbet and hares always follow the moft 
 cafy and beaten path : you muft take notice 
 
 R A B 
 
 how the wind fits, that you may fo fet the 
 net, that the creature and wind may come 
 together ; if the wind be fide-ways, it may 
 do well enough, but never if the wind blows 
 over the net into the creature's face, for he 
 will fcent both it and you at a great diftance, 
 efpecially a hare. Suppofe A, B, to be the 
 foot-path by which the game ufe to pal's, 
 take three or four Itaves, C, C, C, each four 
 feet long, and about the thicknefs of one's 
 thumb, fharpened at the greater end, and a 
 little crooked at the fmaller; ftick them in 
 the ground, fomewhat Hoping, as if fo 
 forced by the wind, in a ftrait line, and at 
 equal diftances from eacli other; thefe muft 
 only hold the net from falling, but in a very 
 flight manner, that if the game run againft 
 it, it may eafily fall down, and fo entangle 
 him. Be fure to hide yourfelf in fome ditch 
 or bulh, or behind fome tree, as at D, for 
 fliould you be perceived, your expetftation 
 will be fruftrated ; nor fhould you walk in 
 the path-way by which you expett the game 
 to come, for it will have fome imperfedt 
 fcent of you : when you perceive the game 
 to be paft you, fire a fhot, flinging your hat 
 at them, which will put them into fuch a 
 furprize, that they will fpring on, and run 
 juft into the net; fo you muft be nimble to 
 take them, left they break out and make 
 their efcape : yet this is not fo good in 
 windy, as in calm weather. 
 
 The fecond net is more ufed, and indeed 
 more certain, but alfo more embarrafllno- 
 than the former. This net muft be placed 
 in the fame manner as the former, in refpeft 
 to the way and wind : obferve, the lines 
 A, B, and C, D, denote the extremities of 
 the path, and having two fticks K., L, IM, N, 
 each about four feet long, and three times 
 as taick as one's thumb, they muft be cut 
 exactly fmooth at each end ; and when you 
 are upon the place, take the two ends of the 
 packthreads which are on the faine fide with 
 the net, tie them together to the ftock of 
 fome tree, or a ftake, within a foot and a 
 hai+" of the ground, but on the outfide of 
 the path, as at the letter H. Do the fame 
 on tlie other fide at I, and let the pack- 
 threads be fo loofe in the middle, that they 
 
 may 
 
■R A C 
 
 mriv bear the fticks between them, which 
 you are to adjuft in the following manner : 
 
 Ta'ke the (lick K, L, and put it on the 
 edge of the way, at the cord or packthread, 
 T,, which is at the bottom of the net ; the 
 other cord muft be placed on the top of the 
 Hick at K, then go along behind the net, 
 fupporting it with your hand, and place your 
 fecond flick M, N, juft as you did the firft; 
 vou fliould endeavour to let your net lean a 
 little towards the way by which you expeft 
 your game to come, for the game running 
 fiercely againft the net, will force the fticks 
 to give way, and fo the net falls upon him. 
 
 Thefe two nets are as ufeful for the tak- 
 ing wolves, foxes, badgers, and pole-cats, 
 as conies and hares; but the following is 
 only fit for the two lad. 
 
 This net is not fo troublefome as either of 
 the former, only it may be farther difcerned ; 
 neverthelefs it is excellent for rabbets, in 
 fuch foot-paths where you have fometimes 
 three or four couple running after one ano- 
 ther, all which may be taken at once, for it 
 does not fall like the two former. 
 
 You may obferve what has been men- 
 tioned before, that the pointed lines, marked 
 A, B, C, D, denote always the edges of the 
 way; flick one of your fticks at the letter 
 E, and another in the middle E, and fo do 
 by the reft; when the pafTage is quite fhut 
 up, withdraw to fome bufh, or in fome tree, 
 as aforefaid ; but you mull keep at a greater 
 diftance from this net than the other. 
 
 The right time to fct thefe nets, is at 
 break of day, until half an hour before fun- 
 rifing : and from about half an hour before 
 fun-fet, till dark night, 
 
 R A C E - H O R S E, fliould be fomewhat 
 long- bodied, nervous, of great mettle, very 
 fwift, and fenfible of the fpurs ; he fhould 
 alfo be tradable, and no ways reftive or 
 fkittifh ; his head fliould be fmall and flen- 
 ■der, with wide noftrils, and a large throp- 
 ple. 
 
 He fhould be of an Eiiglijb breed, or a 
 harb of a little fize, with a pretty large 
 reach, his legs fomewhat Imall, but tlie 
 back finews at a good diftance from the 
 
 bone; fhort jointed, and neat fliaped feet. 
 
 "R A C 
 
 for large feet are not at all fit for this ex-. 
 ercifc. 
 
 Tie lliould be at leaft fix vears old, no 
 horfe under that age having fuiBcientftrength 
 for a fix mile courfe, without running the 
 hazard of being over-f trained. 
 
 The next tiling to be confidered, is the 
 limitation of time for preparing a horfe for 
 a match ; which is generally agreed by ju- 
 dicious horfemen, that (unlets the match be 
 for an extraordinary fum) two months is 
 fuflicient ; but in this proper regard is to be 
 had to the ftate of the horfe's body. 
 
 If he be very fat, foul, or taken from 
 gfafs. 
 
 If he be extremely lean and poor. 
 
 If he be in good cafe, and has had mo- 
 derate exercife. 
 
 For the firfl, you muft take two months 
 at leaft, to bring him into order, for he will 
 require much airing, great carefulnefs in 
 heating, and difcretion in fcouring. 
 
 For the horfe that is very poor, get as 
 long time as you can, and let his airings be 
 moderate, and not- before or after fun^-fet- 
 ting, feeding him liberally, but not fo as to 
 cloy him. 
 
 As for the horfe that is in good cafe, and 
 which has moderate exrercife, a month of fix 
 weeks may be fuflicient. 
 
 You are alfo to confider liis particular 
 conftitution; if he be fat, and foul, yet of 
 a free and wafting nature, apt quickly to 
 confume and lofe his f^cfh ; in this cafe you 
 are not to have ib ftridl a hand, neither can 
 he endure fb violent exercife as if he were 
 of a hardy difpofition, and v/ould feed and 
 be fat upon all meats and exerciies. 
 
 Again, if he be in extreme poverty, and 
 yet by nature very hardy, and apt focn to 
 recover his flefli, and to hold it long; then 
 by no means fliould you have too tender a 
 hand, nor forbear that exercife you would 
 give a horfe of a nicer conftitution, weak 
 ftomach, and free fpirit. 
 
 As for the ordering a horfe for a race, .S"^ 
 Hunting-Horse, Match, z^c. 
 
 RACK, a wooden frame made to hold 
 hay or fodder for cattle. 
 
 RACK, a pace in which a horfe neithei- 
 
 trots 
 
 J 
 
RAF 
 
 trotfrnor ambles, but fhuffles as it •were be- 
 tween. 
 
 The racking-pace is indeed inucli the 
 fame as the amble, only it is afwifter time 
 ^nd Iliorter tread. 
 
 RAFFLE-NET, an implement to catch 
 fifli with both by night and day; but tho' 
 the way of making this net, is touched un- 
 der the Article Net-making, yet it will not 
 be amifs to give you the form of it. See 
 Plate XIII. 
 
 Now as to it's ufe : you mufl; be provided 
 vv'iih five or fix poles of fallow, or Inch like 
 wood, which is flrong witlial, and each of 
 nine or ten feet long, but more or Icfs, ac- 
 cording to the depth of the v/ater ; Parpen 
 them at the great end, the better to fix them 
 into the ground at the bottom of the water i 
 you muft alfo have a paring-knife, in order 
 to cut away all the weeds, roots, flumps, 
 boughs, or the like, which are in or near 
 tlie places where you defign to pitch your 
 net, for they mufl: be removed out of tlie 
 wav. 
 
 Faften one of your poles at either end of 
 the net, at either of the two wings; viz. 
 the cord below where the lead is, unto the 
 bigger end of the pole ; and the upper cord 
 where the cork is, to the fmaller end of the 
 pole; then in cafe you have no bait, con- 
 trive to get fo.me man on the oppofite fide 
 of the river, with a cord in his hand, one 
 end whereof mull be faftened to one of the 
 poles, which are fixed to the net, accord- 
 ing to this figure of the pole. 
 
 The man having drawn over that wing, 
 inull: force the great end A of the pole in 
 the laid net, into the ground, at the bottom 
 of the water C ; the like mull be done v/ith 
 the other pole of the faid net, marked Z h, 
 on the faid water, juft over-againft the 
 former. 
 
 Then he mufl: throw over one end of the 
 cord, which faften to the wing of the faid 
 netjyC, when it is drawn over, you muft go 
 along the whole length of the net. Your 
 poles being ready fallened at the two former, 
 and ftraining the cords of your net indif- 
 ferent ftiff, drive the two latter poles into 
 the ground, as you did the tv/o firft. Be 
 
 R A r 
 
 fure all be v/ell and ftrongly done, that the 
 current may not force away your fupporters ; 
 then with the faid long pole, you may fpread 
 the grafs you before pared away, all over the 
 net, as well to fecure it from the fight of 
 thieves, as to give a fliade to the fifh, for 
 thc-y covet fliade, efpecially in hot weather. 
 The cord N, O, is your lock and key, for 
 by it you arc fure no fifh can efcape that are 
 in your net, you muft therefore be careful 
 to hide if. you may let the net ftand a day 
 and a night, and if the place be well ftoi'ed 
 with fifli, you will hardly mifs them. But 
 if you defign to fifli only by day, and not 
 to let the net lie in the water, then after the 
 net is planted, let a couple of men beat up 
 and down with long poles, taking a good 
 circumference, and beating towards it about 
 the fides of tlie water, every now and then 
 thrufting their poles into the bottom of the 
 water; and when you are minded to draw, 
 be fure in the firft place to ftrain in the lock 
 and key N, O, and then having a cord at 
 each wing of the net, from the other fide 
 draw them both at once gently towards you, 
 and when they are near at hand, make what 
 hafte you can ; and thus you may make fe- 
 veral fets in one day. 
 
 There is a tripple, or counter-mefli net, 
 called by fome a raffle, wherewith they alfo 
 catch birds. 
 
 RAG, ? a company qr herd of young;: 
 
 RAKE, S colts. 
 
 RAGGED Hawk, a hawk that h'as his 
 feathers broken. 
 
 RAGOT, is a horfe that has ftiort legs, a 
 broad croupe, and a ftrong thick body, dif- 
 fers from a goufiaut in this, that the latter 
 has more flioulders, and a thicker neck. 
 
 RAILS, Quails, Moor-Pouts, ^r. 
 are very good flights for hawks. 
 
 Their haunts ai'e much the fame with thofe 
 of the pai-tridge, only the quail loves the 
 wheat-fields moil; the moor-pout the heath 
 and foreft-grounds ; and the rails love the 
 long high grafs,, where they may lie ob- 
 fcure. 
 
 The way of finding them is like that of 
 partridge, by the eye and ear, and haunt ; 
 but the chief way of all to, find them out, 
 
 is 
 
R A K 
 
 is the call or pipe, to which they liften with 
 luch earneftncis that you can no Iboner imi- 
 tate their notes but they will anfwer them, 
 and purfue the eall with iuch grcedinefs, 
 that they v.-ill play and iKip about you, i;uiy, 
 run over you, eipecially the quail. 
 
 The notes of the male and female differ 
 very much, and therefore you mull have 
 them both at your command ; and when you 
 hear the male call, you mult anfwer in the 
 note of the female ; and when you hear the 
 female call, you muft anfwer in that of the 
 male ; and t!^us you v.'ill not fail to have 
 them both come to you, -Nho will approach 
 and liilen till the net is caft over them. 
 
 The way of taking thefc birds, is the fame 
 with that of the partridge, and they may be 
 taken with nets or lime, either buHi, or 
 rod, or engine, which you mull ftalk with ; 
 or by a fetting-dog. 
 
 RAISE ; to raife a horfe upon corvets, 
 upon caprioles, upon pefades, is to make 
 him work at corverts, caprioles, or pefades. 
 Sometimes we fay, raife the fore-hand of 
 your horfe. 
 
 Raife is likcwife ufed for placing a horfe's 
 head rigiit, and making him carry v/ell; 
 and hindering him from carrying low, or 
 arming himfelf. 
 
 RAISED IN Flesh, [with Falconers] a 
 term ufed of an hawk v/hen fhe grows fat or 
 profpers. 
 
 RAISING, [with Horfemen] is one of 
 the three aftions of a horfe's legs, the other 
 two being the ftay, and the tread, v/hich 
 fee in their proper places : the raifing, or 
 lifting up his leg, is good, if he perform it 
 hardily, and with eafe, not crofling his legs 
 nor carrying his feet too much out or in : 
 and that he alfo bend his knees as much as 
 is needful. 
 
 RAISTY 1 a term ufed in refped of a 
 
 RESTIVE I horfe, when he will go nei- 
 ther backwards nor forwards. 
 
 RAKE ; a horfe r.akes, when being 
 fhoulder fplait, or having ftrained his four 
 quarters, he goes fo lame, that he drags 
 one of his fore-legs in a femicircle, which is 
 more apparent when he trots than when he 
 paces. 
 
 RAM 
 
 RAKE OF Colts. See Rag. 
 
 To RAKE A Horse, is to draw his ordure 
 with one hiind out of his fundament, when 
 he is collive, or cannot dung ; in doing this 
 the hand is to be anointed with fallad oil, 
 butter, or hogs greafe. 
 
 RAKEE, [in Falconry] a term applied to 
 a hav/k that flies out too far from the 
 fowl. 
 
 RAMAGE, boughs or branches of trees. 
 
 RAMAGE Hawk or Falcon, is one 
 that is wild and coy, as having been long 
 amidft th; boughs, preying for itfelf. All 
 falcons retain this name when they have left 
 the aery J being fo called in May, June, 
 July, and Ailguji. Thefe are very rarely 
 reclaimed. 
 
 If a falconer chance to recover a ramage 
 hav/k that was never handled before, let 
 him iminedit:tely feel her, and at that inftant 
 put on her jelies, made of foft leather, at 
 the end of which ht: tv/o varvels, the one to 
 bear your coat of arms, and the other your 
 name, that if fue cliance to be loft, tliey 
 who take her up may know where to return 
 her ; put her on alfo a pair of bells, with 
 two proper bewets. 
 
 Having furniflied her as before directed, 
 begin the manning her by gentle hand- 
 ling. 
 
 To avoid the danger of her beak, provide 
 yourfelf with a fmooth Hick, about half a 
 foot in length, with which you muil fhroke 
 your hawk about the pinions of her wings, 
 and fo downwards athwart her train. 
 
 If fhe offer to fnap at the flick, withdraw 
 not your hands, but let her bite thereon, 
 the hardnefs of which will foon cure her of 
 that trick. 
 
 If you would man her well, you muH 
 watch her all the night, keeping her conti- 
 nually on your fill. 
 
 You muft teach her to' feed feeled, and 
 having a large and eafy rufter hood, you 
 muft hood and unhood her often, feeled as 
 fhe is, handling her gently about the head, 
 coying her often, to the intent fhe may not 
 be difpleafed at her keeper. 
 
 Let her plume and tire fometimes upon 
 a wing on your fift, keeping her fo day and 
 
 night. 
 
RAT 
 
 •night, without perching, until fhe is wea- 
 ry, and will fufFer you to hood her without 
 •ilirring. 
 
 If the hawk be fo ramage, that fhc will 
 not leave fnapping or biting, then take a 
 little aloes fuccotrina, and when fhe offers to 
 fnap, give it her to bite, and the bitternefs 
 of this will foon make her leave that ill 
 quality : and fome fay garlic will do the 
 like, the ftrong fcent thereof being equally 
 offenfive. 
 
 RAMINGUE ; a horfe called in French, 
 ramingue, is a reftive fort of horfe, that re- 
 Ilfts the fpurs, or cleaves to the fpurs, that 
 is, defends himfelf with malice againft the 
 fpurs, fometimes doubles the reins, and 
 frequently yerks, to favour his dilbbedi- 
 ence. 
 
 RANGER, a fworn officer of a foreft or 
 park, whofe bufinefs it is to walk daily thro' 
 his charge, to drive back the wild beafts out 
 of the purlieus, or disforefted places, into 
 forefted lands, and to prefent all trefpafles 
 done in his bailiwick, at the next court held 
 for the foreft. 
 
 RANGIFER, a kind of ftag, fo called 
 from his lofty horns, refembling the branch- 
 es of trees : the blood of this beaft is ac- 
 counted an excellent remedy for the fcurvy, 
 and his hoofs are efteemed good for the 
 cramp. 
 
 RANGLE [in Falconry] is when gravel 
 is given to a hawk to bring her to her fto- 
 mach. 
 
 RASE ; to rafe, or glance upon the 
 ground, is to gallop near the ground, as our 
 Englijh horfe s do. 
 
 To RATTLE [with Sportfmen] a term 
 ufed of a goat, who is faid to rattle, when it 
 cries or makes a noife through defire of co- 
 pulation. 
 
 RATTLING in the Sheath, a term 
 ufed of a horfe when he makes a noife in the 
 fkinny part of his yard. 
 
 RATS-TAILS, a moft venomcais dif- 
 feafe in horfes, not unlike fcratches, pro- 
 -ceeding fometiines from too much reft, 
 and the keeper's negligence in not rubbing 
 and .dreffing them well : aifo by reafon of 
 '^ood keeping, without exercife, the blood 
 
 R E A 
 
 corrupting in his body, falls down into his 
 legs, which caufes the diftemper. 
 
 Thefe rat-tails come upon the back fi- 
 news, and may be known by the part be- 
 ing without hair, from two or three fingers 
 breadth below the ham to the very paftern- 
 joint ; they are fometimes dry and fome- 
 times moift, but always accompanied with 
 crufts and hard callofities, more raifed than 
 the reft of the leg ; when moift they fend 
 forth a ftiarp humour. 
 
 Coach-horfes of a large fize, that have 
 their legs charged wit!i ftefli, hair, ^c. are 
 moft fubjcft to this, and fuch like infirmities, 
 which feidom happen 'to middle-fized horfes. 
 
 The cure : ride the horfe well till he be 
 warm, which will make the veins fwell and 
 appear better : afterwards bleed him well 
 on the fetlock veins, on both fides, and 
 next day wafh the fores with warm water, 
 and then clip away all the hair about it, and 
 anoint the part aggrieved with die following 
 ointment. 
 
 Take green copperas and verdigreafe, 
 of each four ounces, of common honey, 
 half a pound ; reduce the copperas and ver- 
 digreafe to a fine powder, and worlc them 
 up with the honey to a due confiftencej ufc 
 tiiis ointment till the fore be healed. Or, 
 take a quarter of a pound of flanders oil of 
 bays, a quarter of an ounce of oil of turpen- 
 tine, and fix drachms of quickfilver, mix 
 the quickfilver and oil of turpentine well to- 
 gether, and then add the oil of bays, andftir 
 all together till you cannot difcover any of 
 the particles of the quickfilver j with which 
 anoint the horfe's legs twice a dav ; and 
 when he comes from exercife let his legs be 
 well waftied with foap and warm water and 
 wiped dry. 
 
 RAT-TAIL; a horfe is fo called when 
 he has no hair upon his tail. 
 
 RAZE ; a horfe razes, or has rafed, that 
 is, his corner teeth ceafe to be hollow, fo 
 that the cavity where the black mark was, 
 is now filled up, the tooth is even, fmooth, 
 and rafed, or fliaved as it were, and the 
 mark difappoars. 
 
 RE-AFFORESTED, is where a foreft 
 
 has been difafforefted, and again made foreft, 
 
 T t OS 
 
RED 
 
 as the foreft of D.-fj?; was by an A£l of Parll- 
 'ilment, in the 20th of King Charles II. 
 
 REARING AN End [in HorfcinanOiip] 
 is when a horfe rifes fo high before, as to 
 endanger his coming over upon his rider ; 
 in that cafe you muft give him the bridle, 
 and leaning forwards with your whole 
 weight, give him both your fpurs as he ie 
 falling down, but fpur him not as he is ri- 
 ling, for that may caufe him to come over 
 upon you. 
 
 "To RECHASE, [among Hunters] is to 
 make homewards, to drive through the place 
 where the game was firft rouzed or ftarted. 
 
 RECHASING, driving back the deer, 
 on other beafts. into the forefts, chaces, i^£. 
 from whence they had ftraycd. 
 
 RECHEAT, a certain leiTon which huntf- 
 men wind upon the horn* when the hounds 
 have loft their game, to call them back from 
 purfuing a counter fcent. 
 
 To RECLAIM [in Falconry] a partridge 
 is faid to reclaim, when fhe calls back her 
 young ones, upon their being fcattered too 
 much from her. 
 
 "To RECLAIM A Hawk, is to tame or 
 make her gentle and familiar. 
 
 To REDRESS a Stag, [Hunting term] 
 is to put him off his changes. 
 
 RED-SHANK, a bird that has red legs 
 and feet. 
 
 RED-START, a bird fo named from it's 
 red tail, the word Stert in Saxon, fignifying 
 a tail. This bird is of a very fullen temper, 
 for if taken old, and not out of the neft, he 
 is very hard to be tamed, and will befo vex- 
 ed fometimes aSi is hardly credible j it is a 
 fore-runner of the nightingale, and comes 
 four or five times before he is generally 
 heard, being of a chearful fpirit abroad, and 
 having a very pretty melodious kind of 
 whiftling fong : the cock is very fair, beauti- 
 fully coloured and exceeding pleafant to the 
 eye j they breed thrice a year, viz. the lat- 
 ter end of y^W/, xnMayy andtoward the lat- 
 ter end of June-y this being their ordinary 
 courfe, except fome body fpoil or touch 
 their eggs, and then they may come later. 
 They commonly build in holes of hollow 
 irees, or under houfc-eves, and make their 
 
 REG 
 
 nefts with all forts of things, fuch as dry 
 grafs, fmall roots of herbs, and leaves, 
 horfe-hair, and wool, and fuch as the place 
 affords them. It is one of the Ihyeft of 
 birds, for if flie perceives you to mind her 
 when fhe is building, flie will forfake ir, 
 and' if you touch an egg, fhe never comes to 
 her neft any more, for you can fcarce go to 
 it but fhe'll immediately fpy you, and if fhe 
 fhould chance to have young ones, ilie will 
 either ftarve them, or break their necks by 
 throwing them over the neft ; but if you 
 bring them up young, they change their 
 tempers, and become tame and familiar to 
 the keeper; they muft be taken out of the 
 neft at about ten days old, for if left there 
 too long, they are apt to learn fome of the 
 old bird's temper, and be very fullen ; they 
 are fed with fheep's heart and egg, minced 
 very fmall, and given at the end of a ftick 
 when they gape, about the quantity of three 
 white peas ; for if you clog their ficmachs, 
 they will prefently caft their meat, and die 
 in a fhort time. When you perceive them 
 to eat off the meat from the ftick, cage 
 them up, putting their meat into a pan, and 
 about the fides of the cage, not ceafing, tho' 
 they feed themfelves, to give them a bit or 
 two three or four times a day, for they will 
 hardly eat their fill for a long time, when 
 they begin to feed alone.* But when you 
 have ufed your bird to eat five or fix days 
 without feeding, give him fome pafte, and 
 you'll find him delight much therein : he 
 may be kept in what cage you pleafe, only 
 let him be kept warm ia the winter, and he 
 will fing in the night as well as the day. 
 
 REGARD, has a fpecial fignification, 
 when it is ufed in inatters offoreft, of which 
 Mr. Manivood fpeaks. That the Eyre General 
 Sejfions of the foreft, or Jujlice-Seat, is to be 
 kept every third year, and of necejfity, the 
 Regarder of the foreft muft firft make his re- 
 gard, or view, mhich is to be done by the King's 
 writ ; and that Regarder is to go through 
 the whole fore/i, and every bailiwick, to fee and 
 enquire of the trefpaffes therein. 
 
 REGARD OF THE Forest, is alfo takent 
 for that ground which is a part or parcel 
 thereof. ^ 
 
 RE- 
 
K E M 
 
 REGARDER, is an officer of the King's 
 ■foreft, who is fworn to ovcrfee or make the 
 regard of it ; as alfo to view and enquire of 
 all offences or defaults, committed by the 
 forefters, is'c. within the foreit -, and of all 
 the concealments of them, and whether all 
 other officers do execute their refpeftive of- 
 fices or not. 
 
 REINS, two long flips of leather faftened 
 on each fide of a curb or fnaffle, which the 
 rider holds in his hand to keep his horfe in 
 fubjedlion. 
 
 The Duke o{ Newcqfile he{\:o\fed the name 
 of reins upon two ftraps, or ropes of the 
 caveflbn, which he ordered to be made faft 
 to the girths, or pommel of the faddle, with 
 intent that the rider fhould pull them with 
 his hand, in order to bend and fupple the 
 neck of the horfe. 
 
 Fal/e REIN, is a lathe of leather palTed 
 ibmerimes through the arch of the banquet, 
 to bend the horfe's neck. The Duke of 
 Newcaflle difapproves the ufeof it, and fays 
 it flacks the curb and makes the bit no more 
 than a trench that has no curb. 
 
 REINS, OR KiDMIES OF A HoRSE ; a 
 horfe ought to have double reins, which is 
 Avhen he has them a little more elevated on 
 each fide of the back-bone, than upon it ; 
 the back ought to be ftrait, and not hollow, 
 becaufe fuch faddle- back'd horfes, though 
 they are generally light, and having their 
 necks raifed high, yet they feldom have 
 much flirength ; and it is alfo difficult to fit 
 the faddle that it do not gall them; befides, 
 they have exceeding big bellies, which ren- 
 ders them very unfightly. 
 
 RELAY, [Hunting-term] the place 
 where the dogs are fet in readinefs to be cait 
 off when the game comes that way ; alfo 
 the kernel or cry of relay hounds : relays are 
 alfo fometimes ufed for frelh horfes, or the 
 ftage where they are kept. 
 
 REMOLADE, is a lefs compounded ho- 
 ney charge for horfes. To prepare it, take 
 three pints of lees of wine, half a pound of 
 hog's greafe, boil them together for half an 
 hour till they be well incorporated one with 
 another -, add black honey, pitch, Burgundy 
 .^pLtch pounded, common turpentine, of each 
 
 REM 
 
 half a pound ; ftir thefe with the other over 
 the fire, till they are all melted and well 
 mixt, then add bole-armoniac, or bole of 
 Blots, of each a quarter of a pound ; taka 
 the velfel off the fire, and ftir it for a quar- 
 ter of an hour longer. If the charge is not 
 thick enough, it may be brought to a due 
 confiftence with a little wheat flour j and if 
 it be too thick, it may be thinned with wine, 
 or lees of wine. 
 
 If to this charge an ounce of quickfilver 
 be added, it will be little inferior to the red 
 honey charge, in removing old griefs of the 
 ftioulders, legs, fwaying of the back, and 
 fuch like infirmities. 
 
 You may firft kill the quickfilver in a 
 fmall quantity of turpentine, and then incor-. 
 porateit by ftirring it well with the other in- 
 gredients. ♦ 
 
 A Remalade for the hoof-bound : take a 
 pound of Burgundy pitch, half a pound of 
 common turpentine; a quarter of a pound 
 of olive oil, and thicken it all with a fuf- 
 ficient quantity of wheat flour j charge 
 the whole foot of the horfe with this remo- 
 lade lukewarm, after you have applied the 
 following poultice. 
 
 Take two parts of flieep's dung, and one 
 part of hen's dung, boil them with water 
 and fait to the thicknefs of paflre ; in another 
 pot boil as many mallows as is proper to 
 make a mafli, then add a convenient quan- 
 tity of linfeed, powdered, and boil it a little 
 longer : afterwards pound them in a mortar 
 vvith an eighth part of raw garlic, to a paftej 
 incorporate this with the following poultice, 
 adding a little oil of lillies, and make a 
 poultice : to be applied very hot to the foot, 
 and cover it with fplents. 
 
 Renew the application five or fix times, 
 once in two days, ever obferving to heat 
 the following poultice, and to mix a little 
 frefli with it. 
 
 A Remolade to difl*olve kernels to the 
 glanders before they come to an hardnefs : 
 reduce half a pound of linfeed to fine flour, 
 and mix it with a quart of ftrong vinegar, 
 and boil it over a clear, but gentle fire, 
 flirring it continually till it begin to grow 
 thick, and then add fix ounces of oil of lilies. 
 T t 2 Another 
 
REP 
 
 Another Remclade : mix half a pound of 
 wheat flour with white wine, to the conlift- 
 «nce of gruel, and boil it over a gentle fire, 
 ftirring it without intermiffion till the whole 
 is united; then having melted half a pound 
 of Burgundy pitch, add half a pound of 
 common turpentine, and incorporate all to- 
 gether: mix this with the gruel moderately 
 hot, take the vefiel off the fire, and add a 
 pound of the oriental bole in powder, and 
 make a charge. 
 
 This will bring down fwellings in the 
 legs, occafioned by blows, fcff. This is to 
 be applied hot, and repeated till the fwel- 
 iing be affwaged. 
 
 Another cheap Rsmolade for fwellings in 
 the legs, occafioned by blows : Chafe the 
 part hard with ftrong brandy, and then 
 charge the whole leg with common honey : 
 renew the application once a day for fix or 
 feven days, wafhing the horfe in a river or 
 pond twice every day. See Swelled Legs. 
 
 Or, Take half a pint of good vinegar, 
 mingled with half a pound of tallow, and 
 an ounce of flour of brimftone ; or a mix- 
 ture of common bole,, honey and water, for 
 fmall fwellings. 
 
 RENETTE, is an inllrumentof polifhed 
 fteel, with which they found a prick in a 
 horfe 's foot. 
 
 REP ART, is to put a horfe on, or mal<.e 
 him part a fecond time. 
 
 REPOLON, is a demi-volt ; the croupe 
 is clofed at five times. , 
 
 The Italians are mightily fond of this fort 
 of manage. In making a demi-volt, they 
 ride their horfes fhort, fo as to embrace or 
 take in lefs ground, and do not make way 
 enough every time of the demi-volt. 
 
 The Duke of Ne-wcajile does not approve 
 of the repolons, alledging, that to make 
 repolons, is to gallop a horfe for half a mile, 
 and then to turn aukwardly and mal^e a falfe 
 manage. 
 
 REPOSTE, is the vindiftive motion of 
 a horfe, that anfwers the fpur with a kick of 
 his foot. 
 
 REPRISE, is a leflbn repeated, or a ma- 
 nage recommenced j as, to give breath to a 
 liorfe upon the four corners of the volt. 
 
 REV 
 
 with only one reprife ; that is, all with one- 
 breath. 
 
 RESTY, a refty horfe, is a malicious un^ 
 ruly horfe, that fbrugs himfelf Ihort, and 
 will only go where he pleafes. 
 
 RETAIN, is what we call hold in, fpeak* 
 ing of mares that conceive and hold after 
 covering. 
 
 RETRAITS, OR Pricks; if aprickv/itlt 
 a nail be neglefted, it may occafion a very 
 dangerous fore, and feller fo into the flefh, 
 that the foot cannot be faved without ex- 
 treme difficulty, and therefore great care 
 ought be taken to avoid fuch fatal confe- 
 quences. 
 
 When a farrier infhoeing a horfe, perceives 
 that he complains and fhrinks at every blow 
 upon the nail, it fhould be immediately 
 pulled out, and if the blood follow there is 
 no danger, only he muft not drive another 
 nail in the fame place ; fuch an accident 
 feldom makes a horfe halt, and he may be 
 ridden immediately after it. 
 
 "When a horfe halts immediately after he 
 is fliod, you may reafonably conclude, that 
 fome of the nails prefs the vein,, or touch 
 him in the quick. 
 
 To know where the grief lies, take up 
 his lame foot, and knock with your Ihoeing 
 hammer at the found foot, (for fom.e fkit- 
 tilh horfes will lift up their footrwhen you 
 touch it, though it be not pricked) that yoii 
 may be the better able to judge whether the 
 horfe be pricked when you touch the lame 
 foot ; then lift up the found foot, and knock 
 gently upon the top of the clenches. on the 
 lame foot ; then lift up the others, and if 
 you perceive that he fhrinks in "when you 
 ftrike any of the nails, you may conclude 
 him to be pricked in that place. 
 
 REVENUE, [in Hunting] a flefhy lump 
 formed chiefly of a clufter of whitilh worms 
 on the heads of deer, fuppofed to occafion 
 their calling their horns by gnawing them 
 off the roots. 
 
 REVENUE, is alfo ufed for a new tail of 
 a partridge, growing after the lap of a for- 
 mer ; this is meafured by fingers ; and thus 
 they fay a partridge of two, three, or four 
 
 fingers revenue. 
 
 RHEUM, 
 
T? I D 
 
 RHEUM, is a flowing down of humours 
 froiTi the head, upon the lower parts. 
 
 This diftemper in horfes proceeds from 
 cold, which makes his teeth loofe, and feem 
 long by the fhrinking up of his gums, which 
 will fpoil his feeding, fo that the meat will 
 iie in a lump in his jaws. 
 
 RHEUMATIC eyes in Horses, are 
 caufed by a flux of humours difl:illing from 
 the brain, and fometimes by a blow ; the 
 figns ai'e the continual watering of the eye, 
 and his clofe fliutting the lids, and fome- 
 times attended with a little fwelling. 
 
 Inorderfor thecureof it, i. mix common 
 bole armoniac in powder, with vinegar, 
 and the whites of two eggs, till it be re- 
 duced to a kinc^ of pafte; and apply it in 
 the morning about the eye, for the compafs 
 of half an inch round, and bathe the eye 
 with aqua vitce : or, 
 
 Roaft a new-laid egg hard,, take off the 
 ihell, and cut it through the middle, and 
 having taken out the yolk, put white vitriol, 
 about the bignefsof a nut, in the middle of 
 it, then join the two halves of the egg, and 
 wrap all in a piece of clean fine linen, infufe 
 it in half a glafs of rofe-water, for the fpace 
 of fix hours, then throw away the foaked egg, 
 and put eight or ten drops of the water into 
 the eyes of the horfe with a feather, morning 
 and evening, and it will quickly compleat 
 the cure. 
 
 RIBS OF A Horse, fhould be circular 
 and full, taking their compafs from the very 
 back-bone. 
 
 RICHES, [hunting term] a company of 
 marterns or fables. 
 
 To RIDE, is ufed for learning the ma- 
 nage. 
 
 RIDGES, OR Wrinkles of a Horse's 
 MOUTH, are the rifings of the flelh in the 
 roof of his mouth, which run a-crofs from 
 one fide of the jaw to the other, like flefliy 
 ridges with interjacent furrows, or finking 
 cavities : 'tis upon the third or fourth ridge 
 that we give a ilroke with the horn in or- 
 der to blood a horfe whofe mouth is over- 
 heated. 
 
 RIDGELING, the male of any beaft 
 ihac has been but half cut. 
 
 R O A 
 
 Bloody RIFTS in the palate of h 
 Horse. Firfi: wafli the fore place with vi- 
 negar and fait till it be raw, then rub the 
 fore place with honey and the powder of 
 jet, and this will foon heal it : or elfe you 
 may boil a handful of the inward bark of 
 elm in a pint and z half of fpring water, 
 till it is half wa(lcd> and to this add a little 
 honey, and ufe it warm two or three times 
 a-day. 
 
 RIG, a horfe that has had one of his 
 flones cut out, and yet has got a colt. 
 
 RING-BONE IN A Horse, is a hard, 
 callous, or brawny fwelling, growing on 
 one of the tendons, between the coronet 
 and pafcern-joint, and fl:icks very faft to the 
 paftern i fo that if it be not talien care of 
 betimes, it caufes incurable lamenefs j fome- 
 times it appears at firft no bigger than a 
 bean, but afterwards rifes to half the big- 
 neis of a fmall apple, fpreading on both 
 fides the partem, with a little rifing between 
 them. 
 
 This evil comes both naturally and acci- 
 dentally, the firft being from the ftallion or 
 mare ; whereas the other proceeds from 
 fome blow of a horfe, or a fl:rain caufed b/ 
 curvetting, bounding turns, or races. 
 
 RING-TAIL, a kind of puttock orkite, 
 having whitifh feathers about the tail. 
 
 RING-WALK, a round walk made by 
 Hunters. 
 
 RIVET, is that extremity of the nail thar 
 refts or leans upon the horn when you fhos? 
 a horfe. 
 
 ROACH ; this fifh is not accounted a 
 delicate fifh : and is reckoned as fimple 
 as the carp is crafty. 
 
 They are more to be efteemed which are 
 found in rivers than in ponds, though thofe 
 that breed in ponds are much larger; yet 
 the Thames, below bridge, abounds with 
 very large and fat ones, fiich as even ex- 
 ceed in bignefs all others, either in pond$ 
 or other rivers. 
 
 Tl^e roach is a leather-mouthed filTi, hav- 
 ing his teeth in his throat, as all leather- 
 mouth fifli have. 
 
 In April, the cad-bait, or worms, are 
 proper baits for him -, in fummer angle for 
 
 him 
 
R O A 
 
 him with fmall wliite fnails, or flies, but 
 obiervc they mull be under water, for he 
 will not bite at the top : or you may take a 
 Miiy fly, and with a plumb fink it where 
 you imagine roaches lie, whether in deep 
 water, or near the pofts and piles either of 
 a bridge or wear ; having fo done, do not 
 haftily, but gently pull up your fly, and if 
 there be any roach there, you will fee him 
 purfue and take it near the furface of the 
 water. 
 
 In autumn you may angle for him with 
 pafte only, made of crumbs of fine white 
 bread, moulded with a little water in your 
 hands, till it become tough pafte, and co- 
 lour it, but not very deep, witli red lead, 
 with which you may mix a little fine 
 cotton, or lint, and a little butter; thefe 
 lall are to make it hold on, and not wafh 
 off your hook, with which you mutt filh 
 with much circumfpection, left you lofc 
 your bait. In winter you may aifo fifli for 
 roach with pafte j yet gentles are then the 
 better bait. 
 
 There is another excellent bait expe- 
 rienced to be very good, either for winter 
 or fummer, viz. 
 
 Take a handful of well dried malt, and 
 put it into a difti of water, and having 
 grubbed and walhed it between your hands 
 till it be clean and free from hufks, pour 
 that water from it, and put it into a little 
 frefh water, let it over a gentle fire, and let 
 it boil till it is pretty foft, then pour the 
 water from it, and with a fharp knife turn- 
 ing the fprout end of the corn upward, take 
 off the back part of the hufk with the point 
 of your knife, leaving a kind of inward 
 hufk on the corn, otherwife you fpoil all ; 
 then cut off a little of the fprout end, that 
 the white may appear, and alfo a very little 
 of the other end, for the hook to enter. 
 When you make ufe of this bait, now and 
 then caft a little of it into the water, and if 
 your hook be fmall and good, you will find 
 it an excellent bait either for roach or dace. 
 
 Another good bait, is the young brood of 
 wafps or bees, if you dip their heads in 
 blood. As likewife the thick blood of a 
 fheep, being half dried on a trencher, and 
 
 ROB 
 
 then cut into fmall pieces, as will beflr fit 
 your hook; a little fait will preferve it 
 from turning black, and make it the bet- 
 ter. 
 
 Or you may take a handful or two of the 
 largeft and beft wheat you can get, boil it 
 in a little milk till it is foft, then fray it 
 gently with honey and a little beaten faffron 
 diffolved in milk. 
 
 The way of fifhing for roach at London- 
 bridge^ is after this manner : in the months 
 of June and "July, there are a great many of 
 thofe fifti refort to that place, where thofe 
 that make a trade of it, take a ftrong cord 
 at the end whereof is faftened a three pound 
 weight, and a foot above the lead is faftened 
 a packthread of twelve feet long to the 
 cord, and unto the packthread, at conveni- 
 ent diltances, are faftened a dozen ftrong 
 links of hair, with roach-hooks at the end, 
 baited with a white fnail, or perri winkle ; 
 then holding the cord in their hands, the 
 biting of. the filh draweth the packthread, 
 and the packthread the cord, which is a 
 fignal to pull up, by which means they 
 fometimes draw up half a dozen, but feldom 
 lefs than two or three at a draught. 
 
 ROAN ; a roan horfe is one of a bay 
 forrel, or black colour, with grey or white 
 fpots interfperfed very thick : when this 
 party-coloured coat is accompanied with a 
 black head, and black extremities, he is 
 called a roan with a blackamoor's head; and 
 if the fame mixture is predominant upon a 
 deep forrel, 'tis called claret roan. 
 
 ROBIN-RED-BREAST; thefe birds are 
 feen in winter upon the tops of houfes, and 
 roofs, and upon all forts of old ruing, 
 moft commonly on that fide that the fun 
 rifes and fhines in the morning, or under 
 fome covert, where the cold and wind may 
 not pinch him; and therefore his cage 
 fiiould be lined. 
 
 It will fing fweetly ; they breed in the 
 fpring, and commonly three times a-year, 
 vi%. April, May, and June: they make their 
 nefts with dry greenilh mofs, and quilt them 
 within with a little wood and hair ; they have 
 feldom above five young ones, and not un- 
 der four, and build ^n fome old hay-houfe, 
 
 or 
 
ROB 
 
 or barn, or reek of hay ; the young may be 
 taken when they are about ten days old, 
 and kept in a little bafket or box; but if 
 they are let alone to lie too long in the neft, 
 they will be fullen, and confequently more 
 troublefome to bring up. 
 
 They muft be fed with Iheep's heart and 
 egg, minced fmall, as nightingales are, but 
 a little at once, by reafon of their bad di- 
 geftion, for they are apt to throw up their 
 meat again. 
 
 Be fure they lie warm, efpecially in the 
 night ; when you find them begin to be 
 ilrong, they may be caged, with fome mofs 
 put at the bottom of the cage, that they 
 may hang warm, and put fome meat into a 
 pan or box, both of Iheep's heart and egg, 
 and alfo pafte ; and let them have fome of 
 the wood-lark's mixed meat by them. 
 
 To take a robin with a pit-fall, is fo well 
 known, that I need fay nothing of it ; but 
 with a trap-cage and a meal-worm many 
 may fometimes be taken in a day : make 
 choice of the bird you hear fing, and to 
 know whether it be a cock or a hen, you'll 
 find the breaft of the cock more of a dark 
 red than the hen's, and his red go up farther 
 on the head. 
 
 This bird is incident to the cramp, and a 
 giddinefs of the head, which makes him 
 pften fall off from his perch upon his back, 
 and it is prefent death unlefs he has fome 
 help fpeedily given him. 
 
 As for the cramp, the beft remedy to 
 prevent it, is to keep him warm and clean 
 in his cage, that his feet be not clogged, 
 whereby the joints are frequently eaten off, 
 and the dung is fo fall bound on, that it 
 makes his nails and feet rot off, which takes 
 away the very life and fpirit of the bird. 
 
 If you perceive him drooping and fickifh, 
 give him him three or four meal-worms and 
 fpiders, and it will refrefli him. 
 
 But for the giddinefs in the head, give 
 him fix or feven ear-wigs in a week, and he 
 ■will never be troubled with it. 
 
 If you find he has little appetite to eit, 
 give him now and then fix or feven hog- 
 jice ; and let him never want water that is 
 frefh two or three times a week. 
 
 ROC 
 
 And to make him chearful and long wind- 
 ed, give him once a week, in his water, a 
 blade or two of faffron, and a fiice of li- 
 quorice, which will advance his fong or 
 whifiling much. 
 
 As to the extent of the bird's life, he 
 feldom lives above feven years, he isfo fub- 
 jeft to the falling-ficknefs, cramp, and op- 
 preffion of the ftomach. 
 
 ROCK-FISHING, is to be followed only 
 during the fummer feafon, and is chiefly 
 praclifed in the fouth and fouth-weft parts 
 of England, and in fome places in Ireland. 
 In this lafl mentioned country, the rocks of 
 Dunleary, which are eight or ten miles in 
 length, and the nearefi: part about five miles 
 eafhvard of Dublin, are remarkable- for this 
 way of fifhing. 
 
 When you fifh for haddocks, your lines 
 muft be deep in the water, and your hook 
 baited with two or three lob-worms : your 
 tackle muft be flrong; for they ftruggle 
 hard, efpecially if they have arrived to a 
 tolerable growth. 
 
 As to the other part of fea-fifliing, name- 
 ly, in a fhip under fail, your line ought to 
 be fixty fathom in length, having a large 
 hook affixed to it, and a piece of lead fuf- 
 ficient to keep it as deep under water as 
 polTible. Your line muft be made of hemp, 
 and faftened to the gunwale of the ibip. 
 
 Cod, Mackerel, and large Haddock, are 
 the fifli ufually taken in this way, and fome- 
 times ling : the bait for them, except for 
 the mackerel, is a piece of raw beef, and it 
 is fcarce poffible to feel either of them bite, 
 even though you hold the line in your hand, 
 bv reafon of the continual motion of the 
 niip. 
 
 It is in vain to fifti for Mackerel, except 
 when the ftiip lies by, or is becalmed. A 
 piece of fcarlet cloth hung upon a hook, is 
 the firft bait that is ufed, which never fails 
 of anfwering the intent it was defigned for. 
 And when you have taken a mackerel, cut 
 a thin piece off from the tail, a little above, 
 the fin, and place it upon your hook, and 
 you need not fear taking many of them. 
 Thus one or two will ferve for baits, till 
 you are tired with she fport. One mackerel, 
 
HOD 
 
 if drefled as foon as it is taken, will be 
 preterable" to a dozen that are brought to 
 ihore. 
 
 They who divert themfelves with catch- 
 ing crabs, fliould bait their hooks with 
 chicken-guts, or with the guts of filh ; and 
 when they bring a crab near the furface of 
 the water., have their landing-net ready, or 
 ■AV'eigh him on Ihore with all the expedition 
 imaginable. 
 
 RODS, [in Angling] if you fifh with 
 more than one hair, or with a filk-worm 
 gut, red deal is much the befl, with hickery 
 top,' and about four yards long the whole 
 rod; but for fmall fly, with fmgle hair, about 
 three yards, very flender, the top of the 
 yellowifh hickery, with whalebone about 
 nine inches, and very near as long as the 
 flock ; the ftock of white deal, not too 
 rufh-grown ; let it be thick at the boftom, 
 which will prevent it from being top-heavy, 
 and make it light in the hand. 
 
 A rod for Salmon, or large Chub, the 
 ftock of red deal or afh, about ten feet, the 
 top about feven, proportioned asabov€; the 
 top of the beft cane or yellow hickery, but 
 not too flender; get it well looped^ and ufe 
 a wheel. 
 
 The time to provide joints for your rods 
 is near the winter folftice, if poffible be- 
 tween the middle of November and Chriji- 
 fnas-Day, or at furthefb between the end of 
 O£foher ami the beginning of January, the 
 ■fap continuing to defcend till towards No- 
 -vember, and beginning to rife again when 
 January is over. The Hocks or buts fliould 
 be of ground hazle, ground~afh, or ground 
 willow; thouoh very goodones are fome- 
 times made ofjuniper, bay-tree, or elder- 
 •ihoots. Stocks ought not to be above two 
 or three feet in length, and every joint be- 
 yond it fnould grow gradually taper to the 
 end of the top, Chufe the wood that flioots 
 dire(5lly from the ground, and not from any 
 ftump, becaufe thefe latter are never fo ex- 
 actly liiaped. 
 
 Hazle-tops are preferred to all others; 
 and the next to them are yew, crab-tree, or 
 black-thorn. Some, indeed, ufe the Bam- 
 ioo cane, and fay it exceeds the beft hazle. 
 
 R O D 
 
 But as the hazle is freeft from knots, and 
 of the fineft natural ftiape, it feems fitteft 
 for the purpofe. If they are a little warped, 
 you may bring them ftrait at a fire ; and if j 
 they have any knots or excrefcences, you '\ 
 muft take them off with a fliarp knifes 
 though, if pofiible, avoid gathering fuch a& 
 have either of thofe defects. 
 
 For the ground angle, efpecially in mud- 
 dy v/aters, the cane or reed is preferred for 
 a ftock. It fhould be three yards and a half 
 long, with a top of hazle, confifting of one, 
 two, or three pieces, all of them together 
 two yards, or one yard and a half long at 
 leaft, including the whalebone. Your rod 
 will then be in all five yards and a half, or 
 five yards long at leaft. The ftiffnefs of the 
 cane is helped by the length and ftrength of 
 the top, the pliant and regular bending of 
 which preferves the line. 
 
 Having got an hazle-top, made of your 
 defired length, cut off" five or fix inches of 
 the fmall end : then piece neatly to the re- 
 maining part, a fmall piece of round, 
 fmooth, and taper whalebone, of fiv« or fix 
 inches long, and whip it to the hazle with J 
 itrong filk, well rubbed with the beft ftioe- * 
 maker's wax. At the top of the whale- 
 bone, whip a narrow, but ftrong noofe of 
 hair, with waxed filk, to put your line to. 
 
 The beft method to piece hazle and bone, 
 is, firft whip the end of the hazje with 
 thread, and bore it with a fquare piece of 
 iron of a fuitable fize, and then make the 
 thick end of the bone to go into it, after it 
 has been dipt in pitch ; then fcrape off, file 
 the hazle, and whip it neatly. 
 
 But the neateft rod is thus made : get a 
 white deal, or fir-board, thick, free from 
 knots and frets, and feven or eight feet 
 long : let a dextrous joiner divide this with 
 a faw into feveral breadths : then, with his 
 planes, let him ftioot them round, fmooth, 
 and rufli-grown, or taper. One of thefe 
 will be feven or eight ictx. of the bottom of 
 the rod, all in one piece : faften to it an 
 hazle of fix or feven feet long, proportioned 
 to the fir, and alfo rufti-grown. This hazle 
 may confift of two or three pieces ; to the 
 top of which fix a piece of yew, about two 
 
 f(^es 
 
ROD 
 
 feet long, made round, taper, and fmooth ; 
 and to tjie yew a piece of fmall, round, and 
 fmooth whalebone, five or fix inches long. 
 This will be a curious rod, if neatly 
 worked : but be fure that the deal for the 
 bottom be ftrong and round. 
 
 The rod for a fly, and running worm, in a 
 clear w^ater, muft by no means be top hea- 
 vy J but very well mounted, and exactly 
 proportionable, as well as {lender and gentle 
 at top : otherwife it will neither caft well, 
 ftrike readily, nor ply and bend equally, 
 ■which will very much endanger the line. 
 Let both the hazle and yew top be free and 
 clear from knots, they will otherwife be of- 
 ten in danger to break. 
 
 As the whitenefs of the fir will fcare away 
 filh, you muft colour your ftock in this 
 manner : warm the fir at the fire, when 
 finifhed by the joiner; and then, with a fea- 
 ther dipped in aqua-fortis, ftroke it over and 
 chafe it into the wood, which it will make 
 of a pure cinnamon colour. 
 
 It is found very ufeful to have rings, or 
 eyes, made of fine wire, and placed upon 
 your rod from one end to the other, in fuch a 
 manner as that when you lay your eye to one, 
 you may fee through all the reft. Through 
 thefe rings your line muft run, which will 
 be kept in a due pofture by that means : 
 and you muft have a winch, or wheel, af- 
 fixed to your rod, about a foot above the 
 end, by which you may, if it flaould be 
 proper, give liberty to the fifti. 
 
 Rods for Roach, Dace, Tench, Chub, 
 Bream, and Carp, fhould not have the top 
 fo gentle as thofe for fly, but pretty ftiff, 
 that fo the rod may exaftly anfwer the mo- 
 tion of the hand : for roach and dace only 
 nibble, and if you ftrike not in that very 
 moment, efpecially if you fifh with pafte, 
 or any very tender bait, you mifs them : 
 and a flender top folds and bends with a 
 fiidden jerk. 
 
 In a time of drought, fteep your rod in 
 water a little before you begin to angle. 
 Faften to the top of your rod, or fin, with 
 ihoemaker's wax and filk, a noofe or loop 
 of hair, not large, but ftrong and very 
 ilraightj to fix your line to. 
 
 R O U 
 
 Your top for the running line muft be 
 always gentle, that the filli may tlie more 
 infenfibly run away with the bair, and not 
 be feared with the ftifl^nefs of the tackle. 
 
 To preferve hazles, whether frocks or tops, 
 from being worm-eaten, or rotten; twice or 
 thrice in a year, as you think fit, rub tliem 
 all over with fdlad-oil, tallov^, or fweet 
 butter, chafing it in with your hand : but, 
 above all, keep them dry, to prevent their 
 rotting, and not too near the fire, left they 
 grow brittle : and in the fpring, before you 
 begin to angle, fteep them at leaft twelve 
 hours in water. See Angling. 
 
 ROD, is a fwitch carried by the horfe- 
 man in his right hand, partly to reprefeat a 
 fword, and partly to condiidl the horfe, and 
 fecond the efi^efls of the hand and heels. 
 
 ROD-NET, a kind of net for catching 
 black-bird and woodcocks. 
 
 RODGE, a fort of water-fowl, {bme- 
 what like a duck, but of a lefier fize. 
 
 ROE, the fpawn or feed of fifli ; that of 
 the male fiflies is ufually diftinguifhed by 
 the foft-roe, or melt, and that of the fe- 
 male, by hard-roe, or fpawn. 
 
 ROE-BUCK, is called a hind the firft 
 year; a gyrle the fecond; a hcmufc the 
 t'lird; a roe-buck the fourth; and a fair 
 roe-buck the fifth. 
 
 ROPE, Cord, or Strap, is a great ftrap 
 tied round a pillar, to which a horfe is faf- 
 tened when we begin to quicken and fiipple 
 him, and teach him to fly from the fliam- 
 brier, and not to gallop falfe : in manages 
 that have no pillar, a man ftands in the cen- 
 ter of the ground, holding the end of the 
 rope. 
 
 ROPES OF TWO Pillars, are the ropes 
 or reins of a caveflbn, ufed to a horfe that 
 works between two pillars. 
 
 ROOKERY, a place where rooks build 
 their nefts, breed their young, and ufually 
 inhabit and reft in the night, after they have 
 been abroad a feeding in the day. They 
 may be taken the fame way as pigeons j 
 which fee. 
 
 ROUND, OR Volt, is a circular tread. 
 
 To cut a ROUND. See Cut. 
 
 To ROUND A Horse, or make him 
 
 U U ROUND, 
 
ROW 
 
 ROUND, is a general expreflion for all forts 
 of manage upon rounds ; fo that to round a 
 horfe upon trot, gallop, or otherwife, is to 
 make him carry his flioulders and his 
 haunches compaftly or roundly, upon a 
 greater or fmaller circle, without traverfing 
 or bearing to a fide. 
 
 To round your horfe the better, make ufe 
 of a cord or ftrap, held in the center, till he 
 has acquired the habit of rounding and not 
 makino; of points. 
 
 ROUSSIN, is a ftrong, well knit, well 
 flowed horfe, which are commionly carried 
 into France from Germany and Holland ; tho' 
 it is true, France itfelf produces feme fuch. 
 ROUSE, [among Falconers] is when a 
 hawk lifts up andfliakes herfelf. 
 
 ROWEL, the goad or pricks of a fpur, 
 fhaped like the figure of a ftar. 
 
 ROWELLING of Horses; firft caflrthe 
 horfe upon fome foft place, make a little flit 
 through the fl<in, three or four inches below 
 the part aggrieved; but let it be no bigger 
 than that you caa thruft a fwan's quill into 
 it ; then raife the fkin from the flefli a little, 
 with the coronet, and put in the quill, 
 blowing the fl<.in from the flefli upwards, 
 even to the top, and all over the flioulder ; 
 ftop the hole with your finger and thumb, 
 and beat the place blown all over with a 
 hazle ftick, and with your hand difperfe the 
 wind into every part, and let it go. 
 
 When this is done, take horfe-hair, or red 
 farfenet, half the thicknefs of your little fin- 
 ger, and having put it into a towelling nee- 
 dle of feven or eight inches in length, thrufl: 
 itinat thefirfl;hole, and put it upwards, and 
 draw it out above, at leaft fix inches : and if 
 you will, you may put in another above that, 
 and then tie the two ends of the rowel toge- 
 ther ; move and draw them to and fro in the 
 fkin; but before you put them in you mufl: 
 anoint them with fweet butter and hog's 
 greafe, and every day after likewife, for 
 that will make the corruption run out the 
 better. 
 
 Others, difliking thefe rowels, as making 
 too large a fore and fear, ufe the French 
 rowel, which is around piece of ftiff leather, 
 with a hole in the midlt, laying it flat be- 
 
 R U L 
 
 tween the flefli and flcin, the hole in the row- 
 el juft againfl: that in the flcin, fewing it with 
 a needle and thread drawn thro the hole and 
 the flcin, cleaning it once in two or three 
 days, and then anointing it afrefli. 
 
 ROYAL, [among Hunters] one of the 
 ftarts of a flag's head. 
 
 RUBICAN COLOUR of a Horse, is bay 
 forrel, or black, with a little grey, or 
 white upon the flanks, but fo that this grey 
 or white is not predominant there. 
 
 RUFTER-HOOD, [among Falconers] 
 a plain leathern hood, large and taper be- 
 hind, to be worn by an hawk when flie is 
 firll drawn. 
 
 RULES FOR BUYING HoRSES. What has 
 been treated of under the name ofdraught- 
 horfe, concerning buying, fliape, ufage, 
 i^c. being confined, in a manner, wholly 
 to thofe employed for plough and cart, 
 thefe rules are more general and compre- 
 henfive; and many things under this headj 
 are of great ufe, and therefore mufl: be par- 
 ticulariz'd : as, 
 
 Eledtion ; which is the end for which 
 a man buys, and is a thingonlyfliut up in 
 his breaft. 
 
 Breed ; which mufl be either taken 
 froiVi faithful report, a man's own know- 
 ledge, or from fome known and certain 
 charadlers, by which one ftrain, oronecoun^ 
 try is didinguiflied from another. 
 
 As the Neapolitan horfe is known by liis 
 hawk nofe, the Spanijh by his fmall limbs, 
 the Barbary by his fine head, and deep hoof, 
 the D«/f^ by the roughnefs of hislegs, -ancl 
 the Englifi, by his general ftrong knitting 
 together; and fo of divers others. 
 
 The Colour; and tho' there are none ex- 
 empt from goodnefsj yet fome are account- 
 ed better than others, as the dapple grey for 
 beauty ; the brown bay for fervice ; the 
 black, with filver hair, for courage , and 
 the Hard, and true mixt Roany for counten- 
 ance : as for the forrel, the black without 
 white, and the unchangeable iron grey, they 
 are reckoned choleric ; the bright bay, flea- 
 bitten ; the black with white marks, are 
 fanguinifts ; the black, white, yellow, dun, 
 kite-glu'd, and the pye-bald, are phleg- 
 matic J 
 
R U L 
 
 matic ; and the chefnut, the moufe-dun, 
 the red bay, and the blue grey, are melan- 
 choly. 
 
 For Pace in general, with either trot, 
 amble, rack, or gallop ; it muft be referred 
 to the end for which a horfe is bought, par- 
 ticularly, if it be for the war, running, 
 hunting, or for a man's ov/n plcafure, the 
 trot is mod tolerable ; and this motion is 
 known by a crofs moving of the horfe's 
 limbs, as when the fore-leg, or near hinder- 
 leg, or the near fore leg and the fore hin- 
 der leg, move and go forward in one in- 
 ftant ; and in this motion, the nearer the 
 horfe takes his limbs from the ground, the 
 opener, the evener, and the fhorter is his 
 pace ; for to take up his feet flovenly, lliews 
 Humbling and lamenefs ; to tread narrow, 
 or clofe, Ihews interfering or falling ; to ftep 
 uneven, indicates toil and wearinefs ; and to 
 tread ftrong, fliews over-reaching. 
 
 Ambling j which is chofe for eafe, great 
 men's feats, or long travel, is a motion 
 contrary to trotting ; for now both the feet 
 of one fide mull move equally together, that 
 is the far fore-leg and the far hinder-leg, 
 and the near fore-leg and the near hinder- 
 leg; and this motion muft be juft, fmooth, 
 large and nimble, for to tread falfe takes 
 away all eafe, to tread fliort rids no ground, 
 to tread rough fliews rolling, and to tread 
 flow Ihews a falfe pace, (which never con- 
 tinues) as alfo lamenefs. 
 
 Racking j a pace required for buck- 
 hunting, galloping on the highway, poft, 
 hackney, or the like : and it is the fame 
 motion as ambling, only it is a fweeter 
 time, and a fliorter tread ; and though it 
 rids not fo much ground, yet it is a little 
 cafier. 
 
 Galloping is the laft, and muft be 
 joined to all the other paces ; and this every 
 trotting and racl<ing horfe naturally does, 
 but the ambler is a little unapt to it, be- 
 caufe the motions are both one, fo that be- 
 ing put to a greater fwiftnefs or pace than 
 •formerly he had been acquainted with, he 
 manages his legs confufedly and diforderly, 
 but being trained gently, and made to un- 
 derftand the motion, he will as well under- 
 
 R U L 
 
 take this as any trotting horfe whatever. 
 Now in a good gallop, you muft obfervc 
 firft, that the horfe that takes up his feet 
 nimbly from the ground, but does not raife 
 them high, that neither rolls norbeats him- 
 felf, that ftretches out his fore-legs, follows 
 nimbly with the others, and neither 
 cuts under his knee, (which is called the 
 fwifti-cut) nor crofles, nor claps one foot 
 on another, and ever leads with his fore- 
 foot, and not with the near ; fuch an one , 
 is faid ever to gallop comely and true, and 
 he is fitteft for fpeed, or any fwift employ- 
 ment ; but if he gallops round, and raifes 
 his fore feet, he is then faid to gallop ftrong- 
 ly, and not fwiftly, and is fittelt for the 
 great laddie, the wars, and ftrong encoun- 
 ters ; if he gallops flow, yet fure, he will 
 lerve for the high road ; but if he labours 
 his feet confufedly; and gallops painfully, 
 then the buyer may conclude, he is good 
 for no galloping fervice, befides, it betrays 
 fome hidden lamenefs in him. 
 
 His Nature ; which muft be referred 
 to the end for which a horfe is bought, ever 
 obferving, that the biggeft are titteft for 
 ftrong occafions and great burdens, ftrong 
 draughts, and double carriage : the middle 
 fize for pleafure and general employments ; 
 and the leaft for eafe, fweet walks, and 
 fummer hacknies. But to be yetfomething 
 more particular as to the rule of choice, it is 
 contained in the difcovery of natural defor- 
 mities, accidental outward forrances, or in- 
 ward hidden mifchiefs, which are fo many 
 and fo infinite, that it is very tedious, though 
 exceeding neceflary, to explain them. 
 Wherefore you are, upon this occaflon, 
 to 
 
 Obferve how a horfe ftands to view, that 
 is fee him ftark naked before you and placing 
 yourfelf before his face, take a ftridt view of 
 his countenance, and the chearfulnefs there- 
 of, that being an excellent glafs wherein to 
 difcern his goodnefs and perfecftion. 
 
 On ordering him out, let no one be the 
 laft in the ftable but yourfelf; you Ihould 
 alfo, if polTible, be the firft in, left the 
 owner, or fomc of his quick emiffaries, 
 take an opportunity to fig him ; a praftife 
 U u 2 commoo 
 
R U L 
 
 common among dealers, in order to make 
 the tail ihew al if carried very higli, when, 
 in reality, the day after he will in appear- 
 ance be five pounds worfe. 
 
 His Ears ; which if they are fmall, thin, 
 fhort, prick'd, and moving, or if they be 
 long, be well fet on, and well carried, it 
 is a'mark ofbcautv, goodnefs and mettle; 
 but if they are thick, lav'd or lolling, wide 
 fet, and iinmoving, then they are figns of 
 diillnefs, doggednefs, and ill nature. 
 
 His Face, which, if wan, his forehead 
 fwelling outward, no mark or feather in his 
 face fet high as above his eyes, or at the top 
 of his eyes ; if he has a white ftar, or white 
 ratch of an indifferent fize, and placed even, 
 or a white fnip on his nofe or lip, they are 
 all marks of beauty and goodnefs : but if his 
 face be fiat, cloudy, or fcouling> his fore- 
 head flat as a trencher, which is called mare- 
 raced, for the mark in his forehead fl:ands 
 low, as under his eyes ; if his ftar or ratch 
 (land awry, or in an ill pofture, or inftead of 
 a fnip, his nofe be raw or unhairy, or his 
 face generally bald, they all denote defor- 
 mity. 
 
 The proper time to examine his Eyes, is 
 in a dark ftable, with a candle, or rather in 
 the day time when he is led from the ftall ; 
 caufe the man who leads him to ftop at the 
 ftable door juft as his head peeps out, and 
 all is body his ftill within. Never look at the 
 eye full ; but let your obfervations be ob- 
 lique. If the white of the eye appears red- 
 d\{h at the bottom, or of a colour like a 
 withered leaf, I would not advife you to pur- 
 chafe him. A moon-eyed horfe is known 
 by his weeping, and by keeping his eyes al- 
 moft fliutat the beginning of the diftemper : 
 as the moon changes, he gradually recovers 
 his fight, and in a fortnight or three weeks 
 fees as well as before he had the diforder. 
 Dealers, when they have fuch a horfe to fell, 
 at the time of his weeping always tell you 
 that he has got a bit of ftraw or hay in his 
 eye, or that he has received fome blow : 
 they alfo take care to wipe away the humour, 
 to prevent its being feen ; but a man ftiould 
 ■ truft only himfelf in buying of horfes, and 
 above all^ be very exad in { examining the 
 
 R U L 
 
 eyes. In this he muft have regard to time- 
 and place where he makes the e>tamination. 
 Bad eyes may appear good in winter, when 
 fnow is upon the ground ; and often good 
 ones appear bad, according to the pofition 
 of the horfe. Never examine a horie's e/ts 
 by the fide of a white wall, where the deal- 
 ers always choofe to fhew one that is moon- 
 eyed. 
 
 The moon-eyed horfe has always one 
 eye bigger than the other, and above his 
 lids you may generally difcover wrinkles or 
 circles. 
 
 If you obferve a flefliy excrefcence that 
 proceeds from the corner of the eye, and 
 covers a part of the pupil, and is in fliape 
 almoft like the beard of an oyfter, though 
 feemingly a matter of no great confequcnce, 
 yet it is what I call a whitlow in the eye, and 
 if fuffered to grow, it draws away a part of 
 the nouriftiment of the eye, and fometimes 
 occafions a total privation of fight. 
 
 His eyes : which, if round, big, black, 
 fhining, ftarting or ftaring from his head j 
 if the black of the eye fills the pit, or out- 
 ward circumference, that in the moving, 
 very little, if any, of the white appears, 
 they are all figns of beauty/ and goodnefs. 
 But if his eyes are uneven, and of a wrinkled 
 proportion, or if they be fmall, (which in 
 horfemanfiiip is called pig-eyed) both are un- 
 comely figns of weaknefs : if they be red 
 and fiery, beware of moon-eyes, which is 
 next door to blindnefs ; if white and walled 
 it betrays a weak, flight and unneceflTary 
 ftarting, or finding of baggards : if with 
 white fpecks, take heed of the pearl, pin, 
 and web: if they water or appear bloody, it 
 indicates bruifes; and if any m.atter, it fhews 
 old age, over-riding, feftering, rheums, 
 or violent frrains : if they look dead 
 or hollow, or much funk, beware of blind- 
 nefs at the beft : if the black does not fill 
 the pit, but that the white is always appear- 
 ing, or if in moving the white and black 
 be feen in equal quantity, it is a fign of 
 weaknefs, and a dogged difpofition in 
 him. 
 
 Cheeks and Chaps i upon the handling 
 
 whereofj 
 
R U L 
 
 •wHereof, if you find the bones lean and thin, 
 the fpacf wide betv/een them, and the throp-, 
 pie or wind pipe as big as a man can gripe, 
 and the void place without fpots or kernels, 
 and the jav/s generally To great that the neck 
 feems to couch within them, they are ex- 
 cellent figns of great wind, ccrurage, and 
 ibundnefs of heart and body ; but if the 
 chaps are fst and thick, the place between 
 them clofed up with grofs fubftance, and 
 the thropple little, they all are fighs of iTiort 
 wind and much inward foulnefs ; if the void 
 place appears full of knots and kernels, be- 
 ware of the ftrangles and glanders, the for- 
 mer of which may be eafily difcovered by a 
 fwelling between the two nether jaw bones, 
 which difcharges a white matter. This dif- 
 orderufually appears about three, four, or five 
 years old j there is no young horfc but what is 
 fubjeft to it either perfeftly or imperfectly ; 
 - there is alfo a diforder which is called the 
 baftard llrangles, which appears fometimes 
 like, and fometimes difi^erent from the true 
 ftrangles. The baftard ftrangles are what 
 proves the horfe has not thrown offJus true 
 ftrangles, but that fome foul humours are 
 ftill left behind j this diforder may come at 
 four, five, fix, or feven years of age. A 
 continual languor at work, and feemingly 
 perpetually weary, without any viable ail- 
 ment, is a certain fign that he is not clear 
 of this diforder, which fometimes will affeft 
 the foot, the leg, the ham, the haunch, 
 the Ihoulder, the breaft, or the eye, and 
 without care in this latter cafe, may corrupt 
 the pupil of the eye, as the fmall pox does in 
 men. 
 
 Feel if he has any fiat glands faftened to 
 the nether jaw, which givehiin pain when 
 you prefs them, and remember they indicate 
 the glanders. 
 
 There is alfo another diforder, much like 
 » the fl:rangles, which is called morfoundering, 
 and appears by a running at the nofe, but 
 the fwelling under the jaw is lefs. If his 
 jaws be fo ftrait that his neck fwells above 
 them, if it be no more than natural, it is 
 only a fign of fhort wind and purfinefs, or 
 grofifnefs ; but if the fwelling is long, and 
 dole by his chaps^ like a whetftone, then 
 
 R U L 
 
 take care of the vivers", or fome natural 
 impofthume. 
 
 His Noftrih ; which, if open, dry, wide, 
 and large, fo as upon any ftraining the inter- 
 nal rednefs is difcovered, and if his muzzle 
 be fmall, his mouth deep, and his lips 
 equally meeting, then all are good figns of 
 wind, health and courage ; but if his nofl:rils 
 are ftrait, his wind is but little ; or if his 
 muzzle is grofs, his fpirit is dull; if his 
 mouth be Ihallow, he will never carry a bitt 
 well ; and if his upper lip will not reach his 
 nether, old age or infirmity have mark/d 
 him out for carrion : if his nofe be moifb 
 and dropping, when it is clear water, 'tis a. 
 cold ; if foul matter, then beware of the 
 glanders. 
 
 His Breaft ; look down from his head 
 thereto, and fee if it is broad, out-fwelling, 
 and adorned with many features, for that 
 fhews ftrength and durance ; whereas the 
 little breaft is uncomely, and denotes 
 weaknefs; the narrow breaft is apt to ftum- 
 ble, fall, and interfere before; that which 
 is hidden inwards, and wants the beauty and 
 divifion of nnany features, indicates a weak- 
 armed heart, and a breaft- that is unwilling^ 
 and not fit for any violent toil or ftrong la- 
 bour. 
 
 In fiiewing a horfe, a dealer or jockey will 
 generally place him with his fore feet on a 
 higher ground than his hind ones, in order 
 that the fiioulder may appear further in his 
 back, and make him higher in fight than he 
 really is ; but be lure to caufe him to be led 
 on level ground, and fee that his fljoulders 
 lie well into his back ; for an upright flioul- 
 dered horfe carries his weight too forward, 
 which is difagreeable, and unfafe to the . 
 rider. Have his fore legs (land even, and 
 you will then have it in your power to judge 
 of his fhoulders. If you do not obfei-ve this, 
 the dealer will contrive that his near leg 
 ftands before tlie other, as' the fiioiilders,- in 
 that pofition, appear to lay further in the 
 back. If his knees ftand nearly clofe, and 
 his toes quite in a line, not turning in, nor 
 yet turning out, be affure'd he will not cur : 
 if he takes his legs up a. moderate height, 
 and neither clambers, not yet goes too near 
 
 tils 
 
R U L 
 
 the groimdj he will moft likely anfwcr your 
 puipofe. 
 
 JHis Thighs ; look down from his elbow to 
 his knees, and fee that his fore-thighs are 
 rufli-grown, well hardened within, finewed, 
 flefliy, and out-fwelling, they being good 
 figns of llrcngth ; whereas the contrary be- 
 tokens weaknefs, and are unnatural. 
 
 His Knees; which, you arc to fee if they 
 carry a proportion, be clean, finewy, and 
 clofe knit, for then they are good and come- 
 ly, but if one be bigger and rounder than 
 the other, the horfe has received fome mif- 
 cliief; if groi's, he is gouty; if feared or 
 hair-broken, it is a true mark of a tumbling 
 jade, and a perpetual fuller. 
 
 His Legs ; which look down to from his 
 knees to his pafterns, and if they are found 
 to be lean, flat, and finewy, and the inward 
 bow of the knee without feams or hair- 
 broken, it fhews a good fliape, and found- 
 nefs ; but if there are hard knots on the in- 
 fide of the legs they are fpleints, if on the 
 outfide they are fcrews or excretions; if 
 fcabs be under his knee on the infide, it ijs 
 the fwift-cut, and he will badly endure gal- 
 loping : but if above his pafterns, on the in- 
 fide, fcabs are found, it fhews interfering : 
 again, if the fcabs be generally over his 
 legs, it is extreme foul keeping, or elfe a 
 fpice of the mange : if his legs be fat, round 
 and flefhy, he will never endure labour : 
 and if feams, fcabs, and hair-brokennefs, 
 be found on the inward bow of his knees, it 
 Ihews a malander, which is a cancerous ul- 
 cer. 
 
 Circled Feet are very eafy to be known : 
 they are when you fee little excrefeences 
 round the hoof, which enclofe the foot, and 
 appear like fo many fmall circles. Dealers, 
 who have fuch horfes, never fail to rafp 
 round their hoofs, in order to make them 
 fmooth ; and to conceal the rafping ; when 
 they are to fhev/ them for fale, they black 
 the hoofs all over, for without that, one 
 may eafily perceive what has been done, and 
 feeing the mark of the rafp, is a proof that 
 the horfe is fubjeft to this accident. As to 
 the caufe, it proceeds from the remains of 
 an old dillemper, or from having been 
 
 R U L 
 
 foundered ; and the difeafe being cured, 
 without care being taken of the feet, where- 
 upon the circulation of the blood not being 
 regularly made, efpecially round the crown, 
 between the hair and the horn, the part 
 lofes its nourifhment, and contrafts or en- 
 larges itfelf in proportion as the horfe is 
 worked. If thefe circles were only on the 
 furface, the jockies method of rafping them 
 down would then be good for nothing ; but 
 they form themfelves alfo within the feet, as 
 well as without, and confequently prefs on 
 the fenfible part, and make a horfe limp 
 with ever fo little labour. One mayjuftly 
 compare a horfe in this fituation, to a man 
 that has corns on his feet, and yet is obli- 
 ged to walk a long way in Ihoes that are too 
 tight and ftubborn : a horfe therefore is 
 worth a great deal lefs on this account. 
 
 After having well examined the feet, ftand. 
 about three paces from his lliouidcrs, and 
 look carefully that he is not bow-legaed, 
 which proceeds from two different cauTvri ; 
 firft, from nature, when a horfe has been 
 got by a worn-out ftallion : and fecondly, 
 from his having been worked too young; 
 neither in the one cafe nor the other is the 
 horfe of any value, becaufe he never can be 
 fure footed; it is alfo a difagreeable fight if 
 the knees point forwards, and his legs turn 
 in under him, fo that the knees com^e much 
 further out than the feet ; it is called a bow- 
 legged horfe, and fuch an one ought to be re- 
 jefted for any fervice whatfoever, as he never 
 can ftand firm on his legs; and how hand- 
 fome foever he may otherways be, he fhould 
 on no account beufed for a ftallion, becaufe 
 all his progeny will have the fame defor- 
 mity. 
 
 Pattern and Paftern-joints : the firft of 
 which muft be fhort, ftrong, and upright 
 ftanding; thefecond, clear, and well knit 
 together, for if they are fwelled or big, be- 
 ware of finews-ftrains, and gourdings : and 
 if the other be long, weak, or bending, the 
 limbs will hardly be able to carry the body 
 without tiring. 
 
 The Hoofs : which Ihould generally be 
 black, fmooth, tough, ratlier a little long, 
 than round, deep, hollow, and full of found- 
 ing* 
 
R U L 
 
 ing, for white hoofs are tender, and carry 
 the Ihoe ill : a rough grofs-feamed hoof 
 difcovers old age, or over-heating : a brittle 
 one will carry no fhoe at all, and an ex- 
 traordinary round one is bad for foul ways 
 and deep hunting : a flat one that is pumi- 
 ced, fhews foundering ; and a hoof that is 
 empty and hollow founding, betokens a de- 
 cayed inward part, through fome dry wound 
 or founder. Then as for the crown of the 
 hoof, if the hair lies fmooth and clofe, and 
 the flefh flat and even, the hoof is perfeft ; 
 but if the hair be ftaring, the fkin fcabbed, 
 and the ficfh rifing, you may expeft a ring- 
 bone, crown-fcab, or quitter-bone. 
 
 You are to conlider the fetting on of his 
 Creft, Head, and Mane. As for his head, 
 ftand by his fide, and fee that it does not 
 (land too high nor too low, but in a direft 
 line : that his neck be fmali at the fetting on 
 of his head, and long, growing deeper to 
 the fhoulders, with an high, ftrong and thin 
 mane, long, foft, and fomewhat curling, 
 they being beautiful charafters, whereas to 
 have the head ill fet on, is the greateft de- 
 formity : for if thick fet, be afTured it will 
 caufe him to tofs up his nofe for want of 
 wind, which caufes a horfc, to carry his 
 head difagreeably high, and occafions a 
 ticklifli mouth. To have any bignefs or 
 fwelling in the nape of the neck, fliews the 
 poll-evil, or beginning of a fiftula : to have 
 a fhort thick neck, like a bull, to have it 
 falling at the withers, to have a low, weak, 
 a thick or falling creft, fliews both the want 
 of Itrength and mettle : to have much hair 
 on the mane, denotes intolerable dulnefs : 
 to have it thin, fhews fury ; and to be with- 
 out any, or fined, fliews the worm in the 
 mane, the itch or elle plain manginefs. 
 
 In the next place, you are to confider his 
 Back, Ribs, Belly, and Stones. Firft view 
 his chine, that it be broad, even, and ftrait ; 
 that the ribs are well compafled, and bend- 
 ing outward ; that the fillets be upright, 
 ftrong and fliort, and not above a handful 
 between his laft rib and huckle-bone : his 
 belly fliould be well laid down, yet laid 
 •within his ribs, and his ftones well trufled 
 £0 his body, which are all good marks of 
 
 R U L 
 
 health and perfeftion ; be careful in obferv- 
 ing that he has no fwelling in his tefticles, 
 a diforder that ufually proceeds either from 
 fome ftrain in working, or from the horfe's 
 having continued too long in the ftable, or 
 from putting one leg over any bar, and be- 
 ing checked by the halter, or from any other 
 accident that confines a horfe, makes him 
 kick or fling, and bruife his cods, and there 
 is no other way of knowing this diftemper, 
 but by fome outward fwelling upon the part. 
 To have his chine narrow, he will never 
 well carry a faddle without wounding ; and 
 to have it bending or faddle-back'd, fliews 
 weaknefs : to have his ribs flat, there will 
 be no liberty for wind ; to have his fillets 
 hanging, long, or weak, he will never 
 clamber a hill, nor carry a burden ; and to 
 have his belly clung up or gaunt, or his 
 ftones dangling down, loofe or afide, are both 
 figns of ficknefs, tendernefs, foundering of 
 the body, and unfitnefs for labour. 
 
 You muft view his Buttocks, that they 
 are round, plump, full, and in an even level 
 with his body, or if long, that they be well 
 raifed behind, and fpread forth at the fetting 
 on of the tail, which is comely and beautiful, 
 v/hereas the narrow-pin buttock, the hog 
 or fwine rump, and the falling and down- 
 let buttocks, are full of deformity, and 
 fliew both an injury in nature, and they are 
 neither fit nor becoming for pad, foot-cloth 
 or pillion. The horfe that is deep in his 
 girthing-place is generally of great ftrength. 
 His Hinder Thighs, or Gafl-iins ; which ob- 
 ferve that they be well let down, even to the 
 middle joint, brawny, full and fwelling, 
 which is a very good fign of ftrength and 
 goodnefs, whereas the lank, flcnder thighs 
 Ihew the contrary. 
 
 View his Cambrels ; from the thigh bone 
 to the hock it fliould be pretty long, but 
 fliort from the hock to the paftern ; have an 
 eye to the joint behind, and if it be but 
 fls-in and bones, veins and finews, or rather 
 fomewhat bending than too ftrait, it is then 
 perfeft, and as it ought to be ; but if it hag 
 chaps or fores on the inward bow or bend- 
 ing, then it is a felander: if the joint i% 
 fwelled generally all over, then it betokens 
 
a blow or bruifc : if the fwellhig be parti 
 ciilar, as in the pit Or hollow part, or on 
 the infide, and the vein full and proud, and 
 that it be foft, it is a blood-fpavin; if hard, 
 a bone-fpavin : but if the Avelling be juft 
 behind, before the knuckle, then you may- 
 know it is a curb. 
 
 Hi; Hinder-Legs; which, fee if they be 
 lean, clean, flat and finewy, then all is 
 well, but if fat they will not endure labour: 
 if fwelled, the grcafe is melted in them: if 
 the horfe be fcabbcd above the paflerns, he 
 has the frratches : if chapped under his paf- 
 tcrns, he has rains, and none of thefe are 
 noifome. 
 
 There is alfo a defeft which is more com- 
 mon in the hind than the fore-legs, though 
 the latter are not quite exempt from it, and 
 it is called the rat's tail, and is thus knov/n. 
 When you fee from the hind parts of the 
 fetlock, up along the nerves, a kind of line 
 or channel that feparates the hair to both 
 fides, this is a rat's tail ; and in fummer there 
 appears a kind of fmall dry fcab along this 
 channel ; and in v/inter there ilTues out a 
 humidity, like the water from the legs. A 
 horfe may v/ork notwithftanding this difor- 
 der, for it feldom lames him ; it fometimes 
 occafions a ftiffnefs in her legs, and makes 
 them trot like foxes, without bending their 
 joints. The hind legs fliould be lean, clean, 
 flat, and finewy ; for if fat, they will not 
 bear labour, if fwelled, the greafe is molten 
 into them ; if fcabbed above the pafterns, 
 it is the fcratches, and if he hath chops un- 
 der his pafterns, he hath what is generally 
 called the rains. If he has a good buttock, 
 his tail cannot ftand ill, but it will be broad, 
 high, flat, and couched a little inward. 
 
 Having with care examined the horfe, let 
 him be run in hand a gentle trot ; by this 
 you will foon perceive if he is lame or 
 not. Make the man lead him by the end of 
 the bridle, as in this cafe you cannot be de- 
 ceived by the man's being too near him. 
 The far fore-leg, and near hind-leg, or the 
 near fore-leg, and far hind-leg, fhould 
 move and go forward at one and the fame 
 time; and in this motion, the nearer the 
 horfe taketh his limbs from the ground, tlie 
 
 R U L 
 
 opener, the evener, ajid the fhorter in his 
 pace. 
 
 If he takes up his feet flovenly, it Ihews 
 flumbling or lamenefs ; to tread narrow, or 
 crofs, fliews interfering, or failing; to ftep 
 uneven, fhews wearinefs, and if he treads 
 long, you may be apprehenfrve he forges ; 
 by which I mean, that when he walks, or 
 trots, he ftrikes the toes of his hind -feet, 
 againfl the corners of his flioes before, which 
 occafions a clattering noife as you ride ; and 
 this proceeds generally from the weaknefs of 
 his fore-legs, he not having flrength in them 
 to raife them up fufficiently quick to make 
 way for the hind ones. A horfe of this kind 
 is not near fo ferviceable as the horfe exempt 
 from it, and the dealers, to get rid of him, 
 will make abundance of pretences: if he 
 has been juft ilioed, they will fay the farrier 
 has put him on too long fhoes ; if his flioes 
 are old, they will tell you h'e is juft come off 
 a long journey, and is much fatigued; you 
 muft not therefore be over credulous to any 
 thing a jockey or dealer affirms, for what 
 they fay in this manner, is too often with, 
 intent to deceive ; and it is very certain that 
 a horfe who forges can never be fure-footed, 
 any more than one who has tottering or 
 bov/-legs. 
 
 On his being mounted, fee him walk. 
 Obierve his mouth, that he pulls fair, not 
 too high, nor bearing down : then (land 
 behind him, and fee if he goes narrower 
 before than behind, as every horfe that goes 
 well on his legs goes in that manner. Take 
 notice that he brufhes not by going too 
 clofe; a certain fign of his cutting, and 
 tiring in travelling. Have nothing to do 
 with that horfe who throws his legs confu- 
 fedly about, and croffes them before : this 
 you may obferve by Handing exactly before 
 or behind him, as he is going along. In 
 his trot he fhould point his fore-legs well, 
 without clambering, nor yet as if he were 
 afraid ; and that he throws well in his hind- 
 legs, which v/ill enable him to fupport his 
 trot, and flioot his fore-parts forwards. 
 
 In his canter, obferve he ^oes not fret, 
 but goes cool in this pace; and in his gal- 
 lop, he fliould taJce his feet nimbly from the 
 
 groundj 
 
RUN 
 
 ground, and not raife them too high, but 
 that he ilretcheth out his fore-legSj and fol- 
 lows nimbly with his hind ones, and that he 
 cutteth not under his knee, (which is called 
 the fwift or fpeedy cut) that he croffes not, 
 nor claps one foot on another, and ever lead- 
 eth with his far fore-foot, and not with the 
 near one. If he gallops round, and raifes 
 his fore-feet, he may be laid to gallop 
 ftrongly, but not fwiftly ; and if he labours 
 his feet confufedly, and feems to gallop 
 painfully, it fhews Ibme hidden lamcnefs ; 
 for in all his paces, you fhould particularly 
 obferve that his limbs are free, without the 
 Icaft ftiffnefs. 
 
 After that he has been well exerclfcd in 
 thofe different paces, it is your time to ex- 
 amine for an infirmity, not eafily difcovercd, 
 and that is what I call tottering legs : you 
 cannot perceive it till after a horfe has gal- 
 loped for fome time, and then, by letting 
 him reft a little, you will fee his legs trem- 
 ble under him, which is the diforder I mean : 
 how handfome fbever the legs of fuch a 
 horfe may be, he never can ftand well on 
 them ; you are therefore not to mind what 
 the jockey fays when he talks of the beauty 
 of the limbs, for if you oblige him to gal- 
 lop the horfe, or fatigue him pretty much, 
 (which is commonly done in order to try the 
 creature's bottom) you will in all likelihood 
 difcover this defeft, unlefs you fuffer the 
 groom to gallop him to the liable door, and 
 put him up in a moment, which he will cer- 
 tainly endeavour to do, if he is confcious of 
 it, wiiile the mafter has another horfe ready 
 to fliew you, in order to take off your at- 
 tention from what he is afraid you fliould fee. 
 
 RUN : to run a horfe, is to put him to 
 his utmoft fpeed, a furious, quick, and re- 
 folute gallop, as long as he can hold it. 
 
 Some take running for a gallop, but in the 
 academies it fignifies as above. 
 
 RUNNING-HORSE; if you would 
 chufe a horfe for running, let him have all 
 the fineil fliapes that may be, nimble, quick 
 and fiery, apt to flv with the leaft motion : 
 long fhapes are fufferable, for though they 
 are a fign of weaknefs, yet they are alfo 
 tokens of a fudden fpeed, 
 
 RUN 
 
 As for the ordering of fuch a horfe, let 
 him have no more meat than v,i]l fuiHce 
 nature, drink once in twenty-four hours, 
 and drefi; ig every day, once at noon only. 
 Give ,him moderate exercife morning and 
 evening, airings, or the fetching in of his 
 water ; and let him know ho other violence 
 than in his courfts only. 
 
 In cafe he is very fat, fcour him often, - 
 if of reafonable cafe, feldom : if lean, then 
 fcour him with a fweet mafli only, and let 
 him ftand dark and warm, having many 
 clothes and much I:t:er, and that of wheat- 
 ftraw only. 
 
 He ought to be em]:ty" before you run 
 him, and his food the fineil, lighteff, and 
 quickett of digeilion that m:iy be. 
 
 Thofe fweats are more wholefome that 
 are given abroad, and the coolings moft 
 natural that are given before he comes to 
 the ftaule : his limbs muft be kept fupple 
 with cool ointments, and let not any hot 
 fpices come into his body. 
 
 If he grows inwardly, walhed meat sare 
 molt proper ; if loofe, give him wheat 
 llraw in more abundance ; and be fure to do 
 every thing neat and cleanly about him, 
 which will nourifli him the better. See 
 Horse-RaCing. 
 
 RUNNING-KNOTS ; thefe fort of knots 
 may be otherwife called flipping-knots, col- 
 lars, i^c. which are ufed in taking of hares 
 and conies; in the fetting of which, rub 
 them over (as' alfo the handles and foles of 
 your fhocs) with the crofieis ot a hare, or 
 ibme green wheat, or the like, for they are 
 of fo quick a fjTiell, that you will elfe be 
 difcovered; and in placing the co'ii,:r, make 
 the leaft alteration imaginable, for old hares 
 are very fubtile, and therefore it will not 
 be amifs to plant a fecond running-knoi. flat 
 on the ground, juft under than which you 
 fpread abroad, by which means the hare 
 may be talcen by the hinder pairs ; this fe- 
 cond being intended to furprizt him by the 
 foot, and one or the othe*^ will feldom fail. 
 
 But as it IS the nature of a hare, being once 
 
 taken in any of thefe knots, to pull with all 
 
 his ftrcngth, and feldom or never turns 
 
 about like a rabbet to bite off the hold-faff, 
 
 X X yoii 
 
R U P 
 
 you fliould therefore ufe wlrej double 
 twilled. 
 
 Set your knots thus, viz. Take a little 
 flick twice as big as your thumb, and about 
 a foot long ; at the upper end make a hole 
 big enough to receive the tip of your little 
 finger, then pr«pare the collar of firing, 
 parkthreadj or wire j if of the latter, tie 
 the end thereof to any ftrong packthread, 
 draw it through the hole of the ftick, and 
 fallen i: to fome flrong bough, which muft 
 be bent down towards the ftick. 
 
 After this put a fhort peg in it about an 
 inch long, fo that the branch being let go 
 may notllip your knot, but may Hand bent^ 
 that being done, open your collar to the 
 largenefs of the mefli, and if any hares or 
 rabbets be taken, and they turn about to 
 bite off their chain, they prefently rub out 
 the little peg, whereupon the bough flies 
 \]p and (Iranglcs them. 
 
 RUPTURE, Incording, or Bursten- 
 •NESs IN A Horse, is when the rim, or thin 
 film or caul which holds up his entrails, is 
 broken, or over-ftrained, or ftretched fo that 
 the guts fall down. 
 
 This comes either by fome blow, or by 
 fome ftrain in leaping over a hedge, ditch, 
 or pale, or by teaching him to bound when 
 he is too young j or by forcing him when he 
 is full to run beyond his ftrength : fome- 
 times by a fudden ftopping upon uneven 
 ground, where by his Ilraddling and flip- 
 ping, his hinder feet tear the rim of his 
 
 belly. 
 
 The figns to know it, are his forfaking his 
 meat, and fl:anding fiioring and leaning on 
 the fide where he is hurt. 
 
 If on that fide you fearch with your hand, 
 between his ilones and his thighs upwards, 
 towards the body, and fomewhat above the 
 Hone, you may find the gut itfelf big and 
 hard in the feeling, whereas on the other 
 fide you will find no fuch thing. 
 
 For the cure : take common pitch, dra- 
 gon's blood, powder of bole armoniac, 
 maftic, and frankincenfe, of each an ounce ; 
 of which make a plaifter and lay it to the 
 horfe's loins, and upon the rupture, and let 
 it remain till it falls off of itfelf, and it 
 
 RYE 
 
 will cure him ; yet conditionally that you givt 
 him fome ftrengthening things inwardly. 
 
 Some prefcribe a bag to cover his ftones 
 with, in the manner of a quilt; the method 
 of preparing whicli you will find under tht 
 article Stone-Swelling. 
 
 RUT, [in Hunting] the venery or copu- 
 lation of deer. See Deer. 
 
 RYE, [in Hawks.] a difeafe which pro- 
 ceeds from fudden coldj after heat and la- 
 bour; it produces a continual floppage in 
 the head, which in a fhort time caufes the 
 frounce, or a perpetual dropping humour, 
 and of very difficult cure. 
 
 In order to prevent this difeafe, hawks 
 fhould not be fet in any cold place, as in a 
 damp room ; but on a warm perch, which 
 at fuch time fliould be a little higher than is 
 ufual. 
 
 The cure : if fhe be taken in time, is to 
 give her reft, and keep her warm, and by 
 orderly feeding according to thefe direc- 
 tions. 
 
 Let her food be opening, and of eafy di- 
 geftion, hot and moift, and it will be pro- 
 per to give her fometimes at her meals, two 
 or three blades of mace bruifed ; you muft 
 alfo give her conftantly wirji her meat, a 
 confection of clarify'd buticr with rue, faf- 
 fron, and fugar-candy in powder, finely 
 made up into pellets ; giv« her alfo good 
 ftore of plumage, and keep her warm ; 
 thefe things will loofen and open her, and 
 caufe her to throw with her head, and when 
 flie once comes to do fo, then blow the juice 
 of daify-roots, with a quill or ftraw, into 
 her nares an hour before you feed her, and 
 alfo blow the juice of fage into her nares 
 thrice a week in the morning ; thefe are both 
 good to purge away tough, flimy, corrupted, 
 congealed filth, the body being pre-difpofed 
 to evacuate it. 
 
 The cold or rye in her head, being apt in 
 time to fall into her eyes, you muft in that 
 cafe apply the remedy for curing the rye, 
 which is the caufe thereof} but if it has 
 caufed any film or web in the eye, then take 
 fome fine ginger finely fcraped, and blow it 
 into the eye with a quill; it will break the film, 
 and then the juice of 'ivy will be fufficient. 
 
 3ACCADE, 
 
SAD 
 
 SAC CADE, is a jerk more or lei's vio- 
 lent given by the horfernan to the horle 
 in pulling or twitching the reins of the 
 bridle on a fudden, and with one pull, 
 and that when a horfe lies heavy upon the 
 hand, or obftinately arms himfclf. 
 
 This is a correcftion ufed to make a horfe 
 carry well, but it ought to be ufed difcreetly, 
 and but feldom. 
 
 SACER, [in ornithology] the EngUJlj 
 name for the blue-legged falcon, with a 
 dufl<y ferrugineous back. See Falcon. 
 
 SADDLE, is a feat upon a horfe's back, 
 contrived for the conveniency of the rider, 
 
 A hunting-faddle- is compofed of- two 
 bows, two bands, fore-bolfters, pannels, 
 and faddle-ftraps ; and the great faddle has 
 befidesthefe parts, corks, hind-bolfters, and 
 a trouflequin. 
 
 The pommel is common to both. 
 
 A horfernan that would fit a horfe well, 
 ought always to fit on his twift, and never 
 on his buttocks, which ought never to touch 
 the faddle ; and whatever diforder the horfe 
 commits, he ought never to move above the 
 faddle. 
 
 The ancient Romans are fuppofed not to 
 have made ufe of faddles and ftirrups, and 
 that they did not come into ufe till the time 
 of Covfiantine the Great, A. C. 340. as ap- 
 pears from the Greek Hiftorian, Zonaras, 
 who (throughout his whole hiftory) makes 
 no mention of a faddle for a horfe, before 
 fuch time as Conjlans attempting to deprive 
 his brother Confiantine of the empire, made 
 head againft his army, and entering into the 
 fquadron where he himfelf was, caft him 
 befide the faddle of his horfe. But now 
 there are feveral forts of faddles in ufe, viz. 
 
 T. The running-faddle ; which is a fmall 
 one with round fkirts. 
 
 a. The Bur ford faddle; which hath the 
 feat and the ikirts both plain. ' ' . " 
 
 3. The pad-faddle ; of which there are 
 two forts, fome made with burs before the 
 feat, and others with bolfters under tlie 
 thighs. 
 
 4. A French pad-faddle; of which the 
 burs come wholly round the feat. 
 
 5. The portmanteau-faddie J that has a 
 
 SAL 
 
 can tie behind the feat, to keep the portman- 
 teau or other parcel off from the back of 
 the rider. 
 
 6. A war-faddle ; which has a cantle and 
 a bolfter behind and before ; alfo a fair 
 bolder. 
 
 7. The pack-faddle. 
 
 As for the feveral parts of a faddle, and 
 the defcription of them, they are to be 
 found under their feveral heads, as they fall 
 out in their alphabetical order, as Bars, 
 Buckle, Civet, Crupper, Buckle and. 
 Straps, Girth, Girth-Web, i^c. 
 
 SADDLE-GALL ; when a horfe's back 
 is hurt or fretted by the faddle, it may be 
 cured by bathing the part with urine, or 
 warm wine ; and fometimes when the fore is 
 large, with the fecond water, ftrewing over 
 it the powder of an old rope, or flax, and 
 eating av/ay the proud flefa with vitriol, or 
 colcothor. 
 
 SAL POLYCRESTUM, a peculiar me- 
 dicine for horfes, and is prepared as follows : 
 
 Set a crucible, or iron pot, in the mid(t 
 of a heap of live coals, till it is all over red 
 hot, even at the bottom ; then caft into ic 
 with a fpoon, a mixture of fulphur, or 
 brimftone and fine falt-petre, both in pow- 
 der, of each half an ounce, which will im- 
 mediately breali out into a flame. 
 
 When the flame difappears, ftir the mat- 
 ter at the bottom with an Lion, to caufe the 
 fire to penetrate it more effedlually; then 
 caft in more of the fame mixture by fpoon- 
 fuls, ftirring the matter as before, after tiie 
 flame has difappeared, between every fpoon- 
 ful, and continue to do the fame till the 
 whole mixture is caft in. 
 
 Then cover the cructble and lay coals on 
 the top, and every where round the fidei, 
 fufi^ering it to cool of itfelf : when it is cold 
 pound the matter to powder, which, if it 
 be prepared rightly, will be of a pale rofe- 
 colour, or elfe white, when the falt-petre 
 is not very pure ; but if it be greyifli it is 
 bad. 
 
 Two pounds of mixture will yield three 
 quarters of a pound of this fait : this fait 
 will diffolve in water, and grow red ixj the 
 fire without wafting. 
 
 X X a It 
 
S A L 
 
 It is fo very cooling that it nuift not be 
 given alone, but corrected w'hh half an 
 ounce of juniper-berries to an ounce of the 
 fait; or v/ich fcrapings of nutmeg in moif- 
 tened bran. 
 
 If t!ie horfe will not e it it fo, infufe it 
 all night in a quart of v/ine, and give it 
 him lukewarm falling. 
 
 And for a beating of the flanks, and a 
 baked drincfs of his dung, three or four 
 glifters, with two ounces of fal polycreftum 
 to each, will be very ferviceable. 
 
 SAILS, [in Falconry] the wings of a hawk 
 are fo termed. 
 
 SAKER Hawk, is a pafTenger, or pere- 
 grin hawk, for her eyrie hath not been found 
 by any. They are found in the Ifles of the 
 Levant, Cyprus, Rhodes, and Ccnadia, and 
 in feveral other Iflands in the fea. 
 
 Of all birds the faker hath the longefl: 
 train : this hav/k will fly at hern, kite, 
 pheafant, partridge, quail, and fometimes 
 at the hare, but her chiefeft excellency con- 
 fifl:s in her flying at the crane ; we have but 
 few of them in England. 
 
 SALMON, is a large fifli, always breed- 
 ing in rivers that are not brackiih, yet dif- 
 charge themfelves into the fea, fpawning 
 commonly in Augtift, which become famlets 
 in the fpring following. 
 
 The milter and fpawner having both per- 
 formed their natural office or duty, betake 
 themfelves to the fea; and fome tell us, 
 they have known that when they have been 
 obftrufted in their paflage, they have grown 
 fo impatient, that clapping their tails to 
 their mouths, with a fudden fpring they 
 have leaped clear over a v/ear or any other 
 obfl:acle which fl:ood in their way ; and fome 
 by leaping fliort have been by that means 
 taken. 
 
 If they happen to meet with fuch ob- 
 flrudlions that they cannot get to the fea, 
 they become fick, lean, and pine away, and 
 die in two years time. 
 
 But if they fpawn in the mean time, from 
 thence proceeds a fmall falmon, called a 
 Ikegger, which will never grow large. 
 
 It is the fea that makes them grow large, 
 but the frefli rivers make them go fat , and 
 
 SAL 
 
 by how much the farther they are from the 
 fea up the river, by fo much the fatter they 
 grow, liking their food there the better. 
 
 From a famlet (which is but little bigger 
 than a minnow) they grow to be falmon, in 
 as fliort a time as a goflin will gro%y to be a 
 goofe. 
 
 SALMON-FISHING ; they bite bell at 
 about three o'clock in the afternoon, in the 
 months of May, June, July, and Augujl, if 
 the water be clear and fome fmall breeze of 
 wind be fl:irring, efpecially if the wind 
 blows againft the ftream, and near the fea. 
 
 A falmon is catched like a trout, with 
 worm, fly, or minnow, and the garden 
 worm is an excellent bait for him, if it be 
 well fcoured and kept in mofs twenty days, 
 in which time the worms will be very clear, 
 tough, and lively. 
 
 That the falmon hath not his conftant re- 
 fidence like the trout, but removes often, 
 coveting to be as near the fpring head as 
 may be, fwimming generally in the deepeft 
 and broadefb parts of the river, near the 
 ground. 
 
 There is a particular manner of fifliino- 
 for the falmon, with a ring of wire on the 
 top of the rod, through which the line may 
 run to what length is thought convenient, 
 having a wheel alfo near the hand. 
 
 Some fay there is no bait more attradlive, 
 and more eagerly purfued by the falmon and 
 moft other fifh, than lob-worms fccnted 
 with the oil of ivy-berries, or the oil of 
 polypody of the oak, mixt with turpentine ; 
 and that afla foetida is alfo incomparably 
 good. 
 
 The artificial fly is a good bait for a fal- 
 mon, but you mufl then ufe a troll as for 
 the pike, he being a ilrong fifli, as the fal- 
 mon is a large fifli, fo mufl: your flies be 
 larger than for any other, with wings and 
 tails very long. 
 
 Though when you fl:rike him, he will 
 plunge and bounce, yet he does not ufually 
 endeavour to run to the length of the line, 
 as the trout will do, and therefore there is 
 lefs danger of breaking your line. 
 
 If you would angle for falmon at ground, 
 lake three, or four garden-worms, well 
 
 fcoured. 
 
S C A 
 
 fcoured, and put them on your hook at 
 once, and fifli with them in the fame man- 
 ner that you do for trouts. 
 
 Be fure to give the fahnon (as well as all 
 other filTi) time to gorge the bait, and be 
 not over hafty, unlefs your bait be fo tender 
 it will not endure nibbling at. 
 
 SALMON-PEEL, is a fifla that agrees 
 with the falmon in the red colour of it's 
 flefh, and perhaps alfo in kind : of thefe' 
 there is fo great abundance in fome rivers in 
 Wales, that they are very little valued, and 
 the fifliermen fometimes throw them to the 
 hogs. 
 
 SALMON -PIPE, an engine for catching 
 falmon and fuch like filli. 
 
 SALMON -SEWSE, the young fry of 
 falmons. 
 
 SALTS, [in Horfemanfhip] the leaping 
 and prancing of horfes, a kind of curveting. 
 
 SCAB OR Itch, a diftemper in horfes, 
 proceeding from their being over-heated, 
 and corrupt blood ; to cure which you mufl: 
 let him blood and purge him : for this take 
 of the root of wild cucumber, and reduce 
 it to powder ; infufe it in a pint and a half of 
 white wine for three hours,' and give it him 
 to drink, and he will foon be well. 
 
 If the diftemper appears outwardly, rub 
 all the parts of the horfe's body that are af- 
 fedled, with ointment called, jEgyptiaami, 
 or U'liguentum Apofiolorum. 
 
 SCABBARD, is the fl<in that ferves for a 
 fheath or cafe to a horfe's yard. 
 
 SCABBED HEELS in Horses, a dif- 
 temper, called alfo the frufh. 
 
 Sometimes the frufh falls away by degrees, 
 by reafon of an eating fcab which penetrates 
 to the quick, and caufes fo great an itching 
 that the horfe cannot walk without halting ; 
 but thefe fores are not fo dangerous as they 
 are troublefome. 
 
 Before the horfe grows lame, his feet will 
 {link like old rotten cheefe, fo that you may 
 cafily difcover the nature of the grief, fince 
 you cannot poffibly come into the liable 
 without fmelling it; and befides the horfe 
 will fometimes beat the ground with his 
 feet, by reafon of the intenfenefs of the 
 itching. 
 
 S C A 
 
 To begin the cure, you mufl pare the 
 frxifh as near as you can with a buttrefs, and 
 having quenched a good quantity of un- 
 flalced lime in vinegar, and drained it, boil 
 it, and throw it boiling hot upon the frufh : 
 after you have done this, apply a reftringent 
 charge of powder of unflaked lime, mixt 
 with the fecond water, or the black reftrin- 
 gent, made of foot, vinegar, and whites of 
 eggs. 
 
 The following ointment, called the Coun- 
 tefs's ointment, is alfo very ufeful in thefe 
 cafes: in. half a pint of aqua vits boil a 
 pound of honey, in a clean glazed pot, over 
 a gentle fire, ftirring it till the honey is 
 thoroughly heated and incorporated with the 
 aqua vitae, then add verdigreafe, Venetian 
 borax, and gall, of each two ounces, fearfed 
 through a fine fearfe, with two ounces of 
 white vitriol pounded. 
 
 Boil thefe all together over a fmall-coal 
 fire, ftirring them till they be well incorpo- 
 rated, and keep the ointment for ufe : this 
 will cure in three or four applications, but 
 the drcffing mufl be kept on with fplents. 
 
 If the dileafe return after the fore has been 
 cleanfcd, then apply the following ointment, 
 which is called the neat-herd's ointment. 
 
 Take burnt alum and borax in fine pow- 
 der, of each two ounces, white vitriol and 
 verdigreafe, of each four ounces, very finely 
 powdered j put thefe into a very clean pot, 
 with two pounds of honey, and boil them 
 over a clear fire, ftirring all well together, 
 till they be well incorporated; when the 
 ointment is cool, ftir two ounces of flrong 
 aqua fortis ; keep it well covered for ufe, 
 and ftir it once a day, for the firft fix days. 
 
 This ointment will heal them, though 
 the internal caufe can hardly be removed, 
 and befides, the horfe may be let blood in 
 the toe, from time to time. 
 
 For prefervation, the frufh ought to be 
 pared often, and the place rubbed once or 
 twice with the fecond water, which will 
 wafte away part of the corruption, and dry 
 up the root of the fcabs fo etfeftually, that 
 they will not break forth again for a long 
 time; then bathe the ittx. daily with the 
 following water : 
 
 Boil 
 
SCO 
 
 Boil allum and white vitriol, of each a 
 pound and a half, in a gallon of water, till 
 it be wailed to two quarts at ieaft ; when you 
 perceive the itching to be gone, melt tar, 
 or black pitch, upon the fcabs, and keep 
 the horfe's feet well picked, and free from 
 duft, or anv other filth that may dry them. 
 
 SCATCH-MOUTH J is a bitt-mouth, 
 differing from a cannon-mouth in this, that 
 the cannon is round, and the other more 
 oval. 
 
 That part of thefcatch-mouth which joins 
 the bitt to the branch, is likewife different; 
 a cannon being ftaid upon the branch by a 
 fonceau, and a fcatch by a caperon, which 
 furrounds the banquet; the efFeft of the 
 fcatch-mouth is fomewhat bigger than that 
 of the cannon-mouths, and keep the mouth 
 more in fubjedlion. 
 
 Commonly your fnaffles are fcatch- 
 mouths. 
 
 SCIATICA or RHEUMATISM. A dif- 
 erder horfes are liable to, to cure which take 
 half an ounce of oil of turpentine, and two 
 ounces of camphorated fpirits of wine, with 
 which rub the part well, and let the horfe 
 have reft for a fortnight and the complaint 
 will be removed. 
 
 SCOWRJNGS FOR Horses ; are tliofe 
 o-entle, wliolefome, and natural medicines, 
 which, not ftirring up any great flux of hu- 
 mours, only keep the body clean from fuch 
 as are apt to rife or grow, being every way 
 as wliolefome in health as ficknefs, and may 
 moft properly be termed preparatives or pre- 
 parers of the body, to entertain ftronger re- 
 medies. 
 
 There are feveral kinds of them prefcribed 
 but the moft gentle and natural is grafs, 
 which you fhould give him for fifteen days 
 to2;ether, after which time it will fatten him. 
 
 The beft grafs for this purpofe, is that of 
 a new mown meadow, for that will rake his 
 o-uts very well, and not fatten ; but if you 
 would have him fatten, you mufl: put him 
 into fome other pafture, which has not been 
 mown, next to this forage, /. e. only the 
 blades of green corn, as wheat, rye, barley, 
 i^c. given him from feven days, and no more 
 will cleanfe and cool his body j the li ke al- 
 
 S CO 
 
 fo will the leaves of fallow, the dm, or green 
 thiftle, do. 
 
 A mafh of malt, taken in a larger pro- 
 portion than is diredled under that head, 
 mixed with an handful, or more, of beaten 
 hemp-feeds is alfo a gentle medicine in this 
 cafe. 
 
 Other forts of fcowrings there are ; parti- 
 cularly after fweat, take half an ounce of ro- 
 fin, or jalap in powder, as much of cream 
 of tartar powdered, as alfo of liquorice in 
 powder, make them into balls with frefh 
 butter, of about the bignefs of a fmall wal- 
 nut, and give him four or five at a time in 
 a hornful of beer, one after another. 
 
 One of a ftronger nature is to mix a hand- 
 ful or two of hempfeed, with oats, or take a 
 handful of the powder of dried box leaves, 
 and as much of brimftone, and mix it a- 
 mongft his provender ; thefe two purge the 
 head, ftomach, and entrails, will kill all 
 kind of worms, and dry up fiegm. 
 
 Another prefcription is, to take fallad- 
 oil half a pint, a pint of new milk from the 
 cow, brew it together, and give it him luke- 
 warm ; or elfe take a pint of mufcadine, 
 and half a pint of fallad-oil, and give it him 
 to drink ; or the fame quantity of oil and 
 fack, mixed together, and give it luke- 
 warm; this has much the fame-effeft as the 
 others, and is good for any manner of cold, 
 flopping the wind-pipe, and, if you add 
 a quantity of fugar-candy thereto, it will be 
 better. 
 
 But for fuch horfea, whofe greafe mufl 
 necelTarily be melted, as running, hunting 
 horfes, and the like, firft take twenty rai- 
 fins of the fun, with the ftones picked out 
 of them, ten figs fplit round-wiie, boil them 
 in two quarts of running water, till the water 
 be confumed and thickened; then take 
 powder of liquorice, anifeed, and fugar- 
 candy, finely fearfed, and mix it with the 
 raifins and figs, ftamping and working them 
 together till they become a flitF pafle, then 
 making round balls thereof, of a tolerable 
 bignefs, roll and cover them all over with 
 frefh butter, and give as many of them to 
 the horfe as you fhall think fuits his flrength, 
 provided the day before you give him fuch 
 
 exercifc 
 
 \ 
 
SCR 
 
 exercife as will raife his grcafe, and that im- 
 mediately before you give him the medicine, 
 you aifo warm him thoroiighly, that the hu- 
 mours being again ftirred up, it may the 
 more effectually work. 
 
 Another very good receipt to purge a 
 horfe from all greafe, glut, or filthinefs 
 within his body, is to take three ounces of 
 anifeed, fix drachms of cummin feed, a 
 drachm and an half of cathamus, an ounce 
 and two drachms of fenugreek feed, an 
 ounce and a half of brimltone, all which 
 beat to p. fine powder, andfearfe them; then 
 take a pint or two of fallad oil, a pound and 
 a half of honey, and of white wine two quarts; 
 and this with as much fine wheat flour as 
 is fufficient, make all into a (liff pafle, and 
 knead and work it well, which you are to 
 keep in a galley-pot, clofe covered, for your 
 ufe. 
 
 Now when the horfe has been hunted, 
 and is at night, or in the jnorning, very 
 thirfty, take a ball of it as big as a man's 
 fill, and diflblve it in a gallon or two of cold 
 water, and it will make the water look as 
 white as milk; then give it him in the 
 dark, left the colour difpleafe himj if he 
 drinks it, then feed him ; if he does not, 
 let him faft till he takes it, which certainly 
 he will do at twice or thrice offering ; and 
 when he has once taken it, he will rcfufe all 
 other drink for it ; and you cannot give him 
 too much nor too often of it, if he has ex- 
 ercife. 
 
 For another fort of fcowring, when others 
 will not work : take a quarter of a pound of 
 fweet butter, as much of cailile-foap, and 
 half an ounce of aloes ; beat them together, 
 and add two fpoonfuls of beaten hemp-feed, 
 andofrofin half a fpoonful, offugar-candy 
 an ounce, bruifed ; work them all into a 
 pafte, and immediately after his heat, give 
 it him in balls, having firft warmed him, 
 and ftirred up the greafe and foulnefs within 
 him. 
 
 SCRATCHES in Horses, a diftemper 
 of feveral forts and kinds, diftinguilhed by 
 various names, viz. crepances, rat-tails, 
 mules, kibes, pains, &c. being no other 
 than the fcratches, which are certain dry 
 
 ^ 
 
 SCR 
 
 fcabs,. chops, or rifts, that breed between the 
 heel and paftefn joints, and do many times 
 go above the paftern, to the very hoof of 
 tlie hinder legs, and fometimes are upon all 
 four legs, though this is not very common. 
 
 They proceed from dry, melancholy hu- 
 mours, which fall down upon the horfe's 
 legs ; or from the fuming of his own dung 
 lying under his heels, or near them : fome- 
 times by his heels not being cleaned, ef- 
 pecially after a journey or hard labour, they 
 not being rubbed dry from fand and dirt, 
 after he is brought in from watering ; 
 which burns and frets them, and To caufes 
 fwrllings, andthofe fwellings the fcratches. 
 
 Sometimes they proceedfrom a corruption 
 of blood, after great heats, taken now and 
 then by being bred in fenny, marfiiy, watery 
 grounds ; or lallly, by over-hard riding, 
 v.'herebv his greafe being melted, it falls 
 down and fettles in his paftern and fetlock>y 
 and thefe produce this forrance. 
 
 The figns to know this diftemper, are 
 the ftaring, dividing, and curling of the 
 hair. It begins firft with dry fcabs in the 
 paftern joints, like chops or chinks, in fe- 
 veral fliapes and forms; fometimeslong-ways, 
 fometimes downright, and at other times 
 over-thwart, which will caufe the legs to 
 fwell and be very gouty, and run with fret- 
 ting, watery matter, and offenfive ftuff 
 which will make him go lame at firft fetting 
 out, that he will be hardly able to go. 
 
 For the cure you muft be fure to keep 
 his legs from wet, all the while you ufe anv 
 application to them ; clip away the hair very 
 clofe from his heels, or elfe that will poifon 
 his legs ; and before you apply any re- 
 medy to them, fcrape off the fcabs, and 
 wafti the blood off with chamber-lee, and 
 fait of brine. 
 
 There are a multitude of receipts for this 
 purpofe, but I Ihall prefcribe only fome of" 
 the chief. 
 
 Sometimes indeed the fcratches prove ve- 
 ry obftinate, in which cafe the following 
 ointment lliould be ufcd : obferving that if 
 any cavities fhould be formed, to lay them 
 open ; for it is in vain to expecl a cure un- 
 lefs you drefs the wound to the bottom. 
 * Take 
 
SCR 
 
 Take of Venice turpentine, four ounces ; 
 of crude mercury, one ounce ; incorporate 
 them well top;ethcr by rubbing them a 
 conrider.ible time in a glafs or iron mortar ; 
 and then add to the mixture honey and 
 Iheepb fuet, of each two ounces. 
 
 Anoint the parts afi'efted once a day : and 
 if the horfe be full of flefn, it will be necef- 
 fary to bleed and purge. 
 
 1. Take brimftone finely powdered, mix 
 it with fweet butter, and anoint the pare 
 with this once a day. 
 
 2. Take a handful of the tender tops of 
 elder-buds, and as many bramble-berries, 
 and before they are ripe, and when they 
 are. red, bake them in two quarts of wort, 
 and about the quantity of an egg-fhell of 
 alum, widi which water, very hot, wafh 
 the forrance twice a day, 
 
 3. Let the horfe blood in the fliackle- 
 veins, fpur-veins, and the fore-toe veins, 
 only let it be three days between the bleed- 
 ing of the one toe and the other; then rub 
 the fores till they be raw and bleed, with a 
 thin hay rope. 
 
 Having boiled half a pound of allum, in 
 a quart of ftale urine, and a quart of ftrong 
 brine, till they come to a quart, wafh the 
 fores well wich the liquor ; afterwards hav- 
 ing procured the fperm of frogs, in the 
 month of March, and put them into a pot, 
 and let it ftand for a week, in that time it 
 will look like oil: fpread this, with what 
 round things appear in it, on a cloth, and 
 bind it on the fores, repeating this feveral 
 times. This has cured, v/hen the difeafe 
 has been thought incurable. 
 
 But the belt of all medicines, and which 
 fcarcely ever fails to cure the fcratches, is, 
 if the horfe be of a ftrong body and good 
 ftature, give him an ounce and a half of the 
 beft aloes that you can get, pound it to a 
 very fine powder, and mix it with very 
 good butter, working and mixing it very 
 well with a knife, then divide it into three 
 parts, every one of which cover again with 
 frefli butter, and make them as big as a good 
 middling wafh-ball ; give the horfe one of 
 thefe in the morning falling, upon the point 
 of a ftick, and a little while after ride him 
 
 S E Y 
 
 to warm his body, which will caufe them to 
 work the better ; then bring him into the 
 ftable and keep him warm, and let him 
 fait two or three hours, when you are to 
 give him a mafh of malt, let him eat a lit- 
 tle hay, and then ride him foftly for two or 
 three hours. 
 
 After the balls, pour d.own a horn or two 
 of warm beer, and if you find him purge too 
 much, fo that it takes his ftomach quite 
 away, give him two wild briar-balls, pound- 
 ed to powder, in a quart of warm beer, and 
 it will foon flop it ; or if you have not the 
 briar-balls, boil fome cinnamon, pepper, 
 nutmeg, ginger, and bay-berries, in the 
 beer. 
 
 But if the horfe does not purge at all, 
 ride him to fome green corn that is not cut, 
 or for want of that, to fome four grafs, 
 and let him feed on it for about a quarter of 
 an hour, then ride him gently home, fet him 
 up warm, and he will purge very kindly 
 without danger. 
 
 SCRY [in Falconry] a great flock of 
 fov/ls. 
 
 SCULK [with Hunters] a company, or a 
 fculk of foxes. 
 
 SCUT J the tail of a hare or rabbet. i 
 
 SEA DRAGON; a fort offiih that de- \ 
 lights to fwim in a ftrong ftream, called al- 
 fo a quaviver. 
 
 SEAMS 7 IN Horses, are certain clifts 
 
 SEYMS 5 in their quarters, caufed by 
 the drynefs of the foot, or by being ridden 
 upon hard ground ; they are eafily perceived 
 by the horfe's not fetting his feet firm down 
 in walking. 
 
 You may know them by looking upon 
 the quarters of the hoofs on the infide, 
 which will be cloven from the coronet to 
 the very flaoe, quite through the horn, and 
 fuch quarters are commonly ftraitened. 
 
 Some of thefe clefts do not rife fo high as 
 the coronet, and therefore are the left dan- 
 gerous ; fo that though they may be re- 
 covered, yet is an imperfedlion in the (eeXt 
 efpecially in fat ones, which have a thin 
 horn, where fuch clefts frequently caufe the 
 fcratches on the coronet. 
 
 Thofe horfes that are troubled with feams, 
 
 cannot 
 
S ER 
 
 cannot work but on very foft ground, for 
 upon fiony hard pavements the blood will 
 often times iffue out of the clefts. 
 
 For the cure of this malady, fee false 
 Quarter. 
 
 SEAN ; a kind of long and large fifhing 
 net. 
 
 SEAT ; is the pofture or fituation of a 
 horfeman upon the faddle. 
 
 SEELING A Hawk, [in Falconry] is 
 when a hawk firft taken, is fo blinded with 
 a thread run thro' the eye-lids, that flie 
 fees not at all, or very little, the better to 
 make her endure the hood. 
 
 SEELING ; a horfe is faid to feel, when 
 upon his eye-brows, there grows white hairs, 
 mixed with thofe of his ufual colour, about 
 the breadth of a farthing, which is a fure 
 mark of old age. 
 
 A horfe never feels till he is fourteen 
 years old, and always before he is fifteen, or 
 iixteen at furtheft ; the light, forrel, and 
 black, feel fooner than others. 
 
 Horfe- courfers ufually pull out thcfe 
 white hairs with pincers, but if there be fo 
 many that it cannot be done, without making 
 the horfe look bald and ugly, then they colour 
 their eye-browsj that they may not appear 
 .olcL 
 
 SEIZING [in Falconry] is when a hawk 
 gripes her prey, or any thing elfe faft, with- 
 in her claws. 
 
 SELENDERS, are chops or mangy fores 
 in the bending of the horfe's hough, as the 
 iinallenders are in the knees, 
 
 SEPARATERS. See the Teeth of a 
 Horse. 
 
 SERCIL FEATHERS OF A Hawkj are the 
 fame that are called pinions in other fowls. 
 
 SERE ; the yellow between the beak and 
 eyes of a hawk. 
 
 SERPEGER ; the riding of a horfe in 
 the ferpentine way, as in a thread with 
 waved turnings, like the pofture of a fer- 
 pent's body. 
 
 SERPENTINE : a ferpentine tongue is 
 afrifking tongue that is always in motion, 
 and fometimes paffes over the bitt, inftead 
 of keeping in the void fpace^ called the li-^ 
 berty of the tongue. 
 
 SET 
 
 SET-FAST. ^^^ Warbles. . 
 
 SETTER; a fetting dog to catch fowl 
 with. See Pointer, and Setttng-Dog. 
 
 SETTING DOWN [with Falconers] is 
 the putting a hawk into the mew. 
 
 SETTING [with Cock-fighters] is a term 
 ufed after a cock has fought fo long that he 
 is not able to ftand, or gives over fight ; 
 then he is brought to the other cock, and 
 fet beak, to beak, and if he does not ftrike, 
 the battle ii lod. 
 
 SETTING-DOG ; a dog trained up to 
 the fetting cf partridges. i£c. from a whelp, 
 till he comes to perfeftion. You muft pitch 
 upon one that has a perfcifl and good fcent 
 and is naturally addicted to the hunting of 
 fowl, and this dog mdy be either a land-fpa- 
 niel, water fpaniel, or a mungrel, between 
 both, or indeed the fiiallow-flewed hound, 
 tumbler, lurcher, or fmall badard-maftiff^ 
 but none is better than the land fpaniel; 
 he fhould be of a good nimble fize, rather 
 fmall than thick, and of a courageous 
 mettle, which tho' not to be difcerned, be- 
 ing very young, yet you may very well know- 
 it from a right breed, which have been 
 known to be ftrong, lufty, and. nimble ran- 
 gers, of active feet, wanton tails, and bufy 
 noftrils. 
 
 Having made choice of a dog, begin x.o 
 inftruft him at four months old, or fix ac 
 the fartheft; and the firft thing you faould do, 
 is to make him loving to, and familiar 
 with, you ; the better to eftecl: this, let him 
 receive his food, as mucli as can be, from 
 no other hand but your own, andccn icl: hitn 
 rather with words than blows. Wh-^n he is 
 fo far trained as that he will follow n^^nc but 
 yourfelf, and can diftinguifli your frown 
 from your fmile, and fmooth words froni 
 rough, teach him to couch and lie down 
 clofe to the ground, firft by laying him often 
 on the ground, and crying lie clofe, and 
 then rewarding or chaftizing him, accord- 
 ing as he defervcs ; in the next place teach 
 him to come creeping to you, and If he of- 
 fer to raife his body or head, you muft not 
 only thruft therifing part down, but threat- 
 en him with an angry voice, wliich if lie 
 feemto flight, give liim a fmall jerk or two 
 Y y with 
 
S H E 
 
 with a whip-cord lafli, and often renew 
 his lelTons, till he become very perfeft in 
 them. 
 
 Then teach him to lead in a firing or line, 
 and to follov; you clofe at your heels, with- 
 out trouble or ftraining his collar ; after he 
 has learned ihefe tilings, take him into the 
 field, and give him his liberty to range, but 
 ftill in obt liience to your command, and if 
 he commits a fault, give him due correc- 
 tion. 
 
 As foon as you fee him come upon the 
 hr.unt of any partridge (which may be known 
 by his greater eagcrnefs in hunting, as alfo 
 by a liind of whimpering and whining voice, 
 being very defirous to open, but not daring) 
 you ought then to fpeak to him, bidding 
 him take heed, or the like ; but yet, if he 
 either rufli in, or fpring the partridge, or 
 open, and fo the partridge efcapes, then he 
 ought to be feverely corre£bed, and call him 
 off again, and let him hunt in fome place 
 where you know a covey lies, and fee whe- 
 ther he has mended his fault; and if you 
 catch any with your nets, give him the heads, 
 necks, and pinnions, for his encouragement. 
 For mere fee Pointer. 
 
 SEVIL OF THE Branches of a Bridle; 
 is a nail turned round like a ring, with a 
 large head made faft in the lower part of the 
 branch, czA^tA. gargoullle. 6"^^ Banquet. 
 
 SEWEL, [with Hunters] that which is 
 fet or hanged up to keep a deer out of any 
 place. 
 
 SHAMBRIER 
 ther, made fafc to the end of a cane or ftick, 
 in order to animate a horfe, and punifh him 
 if he refufes to obey the rider. 
 
 SHANK IN A Horse, is that part of the 
 fore-leg, which is between the knee and fe- 
 cond joints, next to the foot, called a fet- 
 lock, or paflern-ioint. 
 
 • SHAW-FOWL ; an artificial bird made 
 on purpofe for fowlers to flioot at. 
 
 SHEDDING OF the Hair. See Cast. 
 
 SHEDDING OF the Seed, [in Horfes] 
 proceeds fometimes frorn the abundance and 
 rankncfs of it, and alfo from ftrains, or 
 being over loaded, and fometimes froni an 
 'infirmitv in the flones and feed vefTelsj not 
 
 is a long thong of lea- 
 
 S H E 
 
 being able to retain the feed till it be dl- 
 gefted and thickened. 
 
 For the cure ; take a pound of Venice or 
 common turpentine, and the fame quantity 
 of bole armoniac finely powdered, and as 
 mucli v/heat flour as will fuffice to make it 
 up into a ftiff palle ; roll it out between your 
 two hands, and break it off about the quan- 
 tity of a fmell wafh-ball, and give the horfe 
 three of them morning and evening, upon 
 the end of a ftick, or in a horn full of ftrong^ 
 beer, till the flux of feed fVop, which will 
 be effefted in a week or ten days, or at moft 
 in a fortnight ; but before you give him the 
 balls, it will be proper to purge his reins 
 very well, for this will not only haften, but 
 perfeft the cure. 
 
 For the fliedding of feed, or colt evil ; 
 mix Venice turpentine and fugar together, 
 and give the horfe every morning a ball, 
 until the flux be flopped. 
 
 If you add a little of the inner bark of 
 oak, or the powder of an acorn, they will 
 be very good. 
 
 This diflemper happens commonly in 
 Augufi, and in very hot weather in May. 
 
 For the colt evil take the powder of ani- 
 feeds, and leaves of betony in equal pro- 
 portion, flamp them with white wine, tifl 
 they come to be a very thick pafte ; anoint 
 the fore with this, and it will cure that im- 
 perfetlion in the yard of the colt. 
 
 SHELL-TOOTHED Horse; is one 
 that from four years,, to old age, naturally, 
 and without any artifice, bears a mark in all 
 his fore teeth, and there flill keeps that hol- 
 low place with a black mark, which we call 
 the eye of a bean, infomuch that at twelve 
 or fifteen he appears with the mark of a 
 horfe that is not yet fix. 
 
 For in the nippers of other horfes, the n 
 hollow place is filled, and the mark difap- 
 pears towards the fixth year, by reafon of 
 the wearing of the tooth. 
 
 About tlie fame age, 'tis half worn out 
 in the middling teeth, and towards the 
 eighth year, it difappears in the corner teeth ; 
 bur after a fhell-toothed horfe has marked, 
 he marks flill equally in the nippers, the 
 middling, and the corner teeth j which pro- 
 ceeds 
 
S H O 
 
 cceds from this, that having harder teeth 
 than the other hoiTes, his teeth do not wear, 
 and fo he does not lofe the black fpot. 
 
 Amongft the Pelijh, Hungarian, and Cro- 
 atian horfes, we find a great many hollow 
 toothed horfes, and generally the mares are 
 more apt to be fuch, than the horfes. 
 
 SHOEING OF Horses, a work properly 
 belonging to the Smith, but as Noblemen, 
 Gentlemen, and others who are owners of 
 horfes, ought to be able to know and dif- 
 tinguiih, at leaft in fome degrees, when 'tis 
 well or ill done, it is judged neceflary to be 
 a little particular concerning it. 
 
 This art confifts in paring of the hoofs 
 well, in the flioe's being made of good 
 fluff, in the well fafliioning the web there- 
 of, and well piercing the fame, in fitting it 
 to the horfe's hoof, in making nails of good 
 ftufi', and well fa{hioning them j and laftly, 
 in the well driving and clenching of them. 
 
 But forafmuch as horfe's hoofs are either 
 perfect or imperfeft, and thefe laft alfo ei- 
 ther rugged, long, crooked, or flat, and 
 that the bruflies may be broad, or the holes 
 narrow, refpeft mult be had unto them in 
 -this work. 
 
 Firft then for the. paring of the perfect 
 foot, and the fore feet, the feat of the flioe 
 muft be pared as even and plain as may be, 
 that it may fit clofe, and not bear more upon 
 one place than another, and more muft be 
 taken off the toes than the heels, for the 
 heels muft be higlier than the toes, becaufe 
 all the weight of the horfe's fore-body lies 
 upon the quarters and them. 
 
 Next, the fhoe muft be made of Spanifa 
 iron, with a broad web, fitting it to the 
 hoof; and let the fpangles be thicker and 
 more fubftantial than any other part of the 
 fhoe J and alfo fomething broad, fo that the 
 quarters on both fides may appear without 
 the hoof, about a ftraw's breadth, to guard 
 the coffin, which is the ftrength of the hoof; 
 and in piercing, pierce it from the quarter 
 to the hard toe, but not backwards towards 
 the heel, that the holes may be wider on 
 the outfide than on the infide, and that the 
 circle of the piercing may be more diftant 
 ij-om the edge of the toe than from the edge 
 
 S H O 
 
 of the quarter where it begins, becaufe the 
 hoof is thicker forwards than backwards, 
 and therefore more hold to be taken : make 
 the nails of the fame ftufF with the heads, 
 fquare, and not quite fo broad beneath as 
 above, but anfwerable to the piercing-holes, 
 fo as the heads of the nails may enter in and 
 fill the fam.e, appearing fomewhat above the 
 fhoe, and then they will ftand fure without 
 fiiogging-, and endure danger ; and that 
 v.'hich pierces them muft be of the fame fize 
 with the nails, that is, great above and 
 fmall beneath, which is ufually but little 
 regarded by our fmiths, who make the holes 
 as wide on the infides as on the outfides, 
 and their nails of a great fhouldering, by 
 drivin 'j them over hard upon the nail-hole, 
 that tlic heads, or rather necks of them, 
 cannot enter into the holes; whereas a good 
 nail fiioLild have no fhoulderina: at all, but 
 be made with a plain fquare neck, fo as it 
 may juftly fill the piercing-holes of the 
 fhoe, for otherv/i;';- the head of the nail 
 ftanding high, and the neck thereof being 
 weak, it either breaks off or elfe bends upon 
 any light occafion, fo as the fhoe ftands 
 loofe from the hoof, and is quickly loft. 
 
 Again, the fhanks of the nails fnould be 
 fomewhat flat, and the points fharp, with- 
 out hollownefs or flaw, and ftifter towards 
 the head, above then beneath ; and when 
 you drive, drive at the firft with foft Itrokes 
 and a light hammer, till the nail is fome- 
 what entered ; and in fhoeing fine and de- 
 licate horfes, their poinds muft be greafed 
 with foft greafe, that they may the more 
 eafily enter, and the two talon-nails muft 
 be drove firft- ; then fee whether the fhoe 
 ftands right or not, which may be feen by 
 beholding the frufh, that it is right; if not, 
 it muft be fet to rights, and fo another nail 
 d'riven in ; when that is done, let the horfe 
 fet down his foot again, and look round 
 about it, to fee whether it fits his foot in all 
 places, and whether he treads juft and even 
 upon it, or otherwife ; and if it appears that 
 it does not furnifh every part equally, but 
 that it appears more on one fide than another, 
 lift up tb.e horfe's other foot, that fo he may 
 ftand fteadily on that foot, ftrike him on the 
 Y y 2 hoof 
 
S H O 
 
 hoof with the hammer, on that fide the fhoe ' 
 is fcanty, and that will make it come right. 
 
 When the race itands itrait andjud, let 
 all the reft of the nails be drove in, to the 
 number of eight, four on each fide, fo that 
 their points may fcem to ftand in the out- 
 lide of the hoop, even and juft one by ano- 
 ther, as it v/ere in a circular line, and not 
 out of order like the teeth of a faw j then 
 cut them otf and clinch them, fo as the 
 clinches may be hidden in the hoof, which 
 by cutting the hoof with the point of a 
 knife, a little beneath the appearance of the 
 nail, you may eafiiy do. This done, pare 
 off the hoof with a rape, fo as the edge of 
 the fiioe may fcem round about it. 
 
 Now for ilioeing imperfcft hoofs ; as to 
 the broad one, in paring, as much muft be 
 taken off the toe with a butteris as poffibly 
 may be, keeping it always under; but the 
 heels and quarters muft not be touched at 
 all, unlefs it be to make the feat of the 
 flioe plain, and that muft be done as fuper- 
 ficially as may be, whereby the hoofs ftall 
 always remain ftrong: then make a good 
 ftrong flioe, with a broad web and broad 
 fpunges, pierced as before, fitting to the 
 pared hoof, and let it appear from the talon- 
 nail towards the heel, a ftraw's breadth 
 v/irhout the hoof; and let it be fet in fuch 
 order, and with fuch nails as appertain to 
 the pcrfedt hoof, laving that five nails muft 
 be fet on the outfide of the hoof, and four 
 on the infill.', becaule he wears more with- 
 out than within. 
 
 2. The rough and brittle hoof, which is 
 generally weaker without than within, and 
 for the moft part better than the other hoofs ; 
 tlie heels may be more opened than the 
 oth.er, that fo they may the more eafily be 
 ftopped with cow-dung or other ointment, 
 to keep them moift : the raggednefs alfo on 
 the outfide of the coffin, fhould be filed 
 away with a rape, and made fmooth, and it 
 muft alfo be anointed oftner than other 
 hoofs ; but as for the reft of the hoof it 
 muft be pared as the perfeft one, for which 
 the fhoe muft be made neither too light, 
 but fo that it may bear the horfe, nor yet 
 too heavy, for then the hoof being weak. 
 
 S H O 
 
 will foon caft it; and this fhoe muft be 
 pierced to be fet on with nails, five without 
 and four within. 
 
 3. The long hoof, reckorted imperfed, 
 may be helped by cutting away the toe, for 
 the Ihorter foot a weak and tender leg has, 
 tlie better; and the rell of the hoof may be 
 pared like the perfed: one, for which hoof 
 make as round a flioe as you can at the toe, 
 that the breadth may take away the ill fight 
 of the length ; if the foot be very narrow, 
 let the flioe difboard without the hoof, 
 pierce the deeper, and fet it backward 
 enough ; becaufe fuch kind of feet tread 
 moft on the heels, and let it be fet on with 
 eight nails, like the perfeft hoof. 
 
 4. The crooked hoof; to pare which, 
 look on that fide of the hoof which is high- 
 eft and leaft worn, then pare all that awav, 
 and make it equal with the lower fide which 
 is moft worn, without touching the worn 
 fide at all, unlefs it be to make the feat of 
 the flioe plain ; and for the reft, it muft be 
 pared like the perfeft hoof; then having an 
 indifferent ftrong flioe, with a broad web 
 ready, let it be fitted to the .foot, and pare 
 it not till you have laid the fhoe to the 
 foot, to the intent you may pare it to the 
 horfe's beft advantage, which may be done 
 if the fcant-fide be pared ; that is, moftly 
 the infide, more towards the toe than tke 
 fuller and ftronger fide ; and where the hoof 
 is weakeft, there alfo the flioe muft be made 
 ftrongeft- , and fet this on with nine nails, 
 viz. five on the ftrongeft, and four on the 
 weakeft fide. 
 
 5. In that imperfeft hoof, called the flat 
 hoof, otherwife the promifed hoof, make 
 the feat of the flioe plain, and take fome- 
 what o.ff the toe, but the heel and ball of 
 the foot muft not be touched, but both of 
 them left as ftrong as they can be ; and the 
 flioe for it muft be made with a very ftrong 
 web, for the more it covers the weak fblcj 
 the better; and let the mid part of the 
 web that covers the ball of the foot, be 
 much thicker than the outfides, where the 
 piercings be ; and let it be fo hollow as to 
 touch no part of the ball of the foot, and 
 let it be large and long enough in all places, 
 
 fo 
 
S H O 
 
 {o that the horfe may go at eafe ; and it muft 
 be pierced round about the toe, to favour 
 the heels, and make ten holes for ten nails, 
 viz. five on every fide. 
 
 6. For the over-hollow hoof, and confe- 
 quently in imperfect ones, pare it round 
 about, efpecially the feat of the fhoe, round 
 about by the edges, that fo the hollownefs 
 thereof within may not be fodeep, but 
 fliallower than it was before, and let it be 
 always kept moift with flopping it, for fear 
 of hoof-binding, obferving as even a hand 
 as may be in your paring, in all points like 
 unto the perfect hoof; and in like manner 
 make for it fuch a (hoe in order and form, 
 as was faid before, to fcrve the perfeft hoof. 
 
 7. As to broad fruflies, which caufe weak 
 heels, there is little or no need of paring at 
 all ; wherefore the toe muft only be pared, 
 an-d alfo the feat of the fhce, as much as 
 fhall be judged neceflary to the even (land- 
 ing of the fhoe, leaving the heels as ftrong 
 as may be j but for this fort of hoof, the 
 flioe muft be ftronger towards the heel than 
 towards the toe ; and alfo let the web be 
 fomewhat broad towards the heels, to fave 
 them from the ground ; and it muft be fet 
 on with nine nails, becaufe it is moft com- 
 monly a great foot ; but in all other refpefts 
 let it be made like the fhoe for the perfeft 
 hoof. 
 
 .8. The imperfefl hoof, with narrow heels, 
 muft have the toe pared fliort, and the feat 
 of the flioe muft be made plain and fair, 
 and open only {o much that there may be 
 fbme little fpace between the frufh and the 
 heel, for the lefs you take off the heel, the 
 better : for this, a light flioe muft be made, 
 •with a broad web ; and the fpunges muft be 
 fo broad as almoft to meet together, to de- 
 fend the heel from the ground, and pierce 
 it all towards the toe, fparing the heels as 
 much as may be : you muft fee that the 
 fhoe be long enough towards the holes ; let 
 it be fet on with eight nails, like the flioe 
 that fits the perfeft hoof. 
 
 9. Now as to the paring and flioeing of 
 the hinder foot, which is clear contrary to 
 the fore feet, for the weakeft part of the 
 hinder foot is the toe, and therefore in par- 
 
 S H O 
 
 ing them, you muft always pare it more 
 than the heels ; but in all other points ob- 
 ferve the order of paring according to the 
 perfeftion or iraperfeftion of the hoofs, be- 
 fore declared. 
 
 Then in flioeing, it muft be here ftronger 
 at the toe, and pierced nigiier the heel than 
 the toe, and the outfide of the flioe iliould 
 be made with a calkin, not over high, but 
 let the other fpunge be agreeable to the cal- 
 kin, that is, as high in a manner as the cal- 
 kin, which is to keep the horfe from Hid- 
 ing ; but then it muft not be fliarp-pointed, , 
 but rather flat, and handfomely turned up- 
 wards, which is the heft fort of calkin.. 
 
 But in cafe of a falfe quarter, if the horfe 
 halts, then make him a flioe fitting to his 
 foot, tacking it on the quarter, on that fide 
 the falfe quarter is ; but if he does not halt, 
 then make it with a button or fhouldering, , 
 on the infide of the flioe, and next to the 
 fole of the foot, fomewhat diftant from the 
 falfe quarter, towards the toe, which will 
 defend the fore place, that the flioe touch it 
 not ; and you may travel your horfe where _ 
 you pleafe with this fort of flioe. 
 
 10. For the hoofs that interfere ; as they 
 are moft commonly higher on the outfide 
 than on the infide, you fliould therefore take 
 off" the outfide with a butteris, to the intent 
 that the infide may be fomewhat higher, if 
 it will be, than the outfide ; and then mak- 
 ing a flioe for his foot, which fliould be 
 thicker on the infide than on the outfide, it 
 muft never have any calkin, for that will 
 make the horfe tread awry, and the fooner 
 to interfere. See Interfering. 
 
 Laftly ; for paring and ihoeing the foot 
 that is hoof-bound; firft pare the toe as 
 fliort as may be, and the fole fomewhat 
 thin ; then open the heels well, and make 
 him a half flioe, like a half moon. See 
 HooF-BouND. 
 
 And for the flioeing of a coach horfe, Su. 
 Coach-Horse. 
 
 SHOLE, a company of fifh. 
 
 SHOOT, [with Hunters] a young boar, 
 
 SHOOTING OF Fowl; whether the 
 game be flying, or on a hedge or tree, al- 
 ways endeavour to flioot as near as yovi pof- 
 
 fibly, 
 
sua 
 
 fibly can, with the wind, and rather fide- 
 ways, or behind the fowl, than in their face ; 
 nor Ihoot at a fingle bird, if you can coni- 
 pafs more within your level. 
 
 If they be on a tree, hedge, or the ground, 
 leek out for the moft convenient ilielter you 
 can, of a hedge, bank, tree, iyc. that you 
 maybe concealed from the fight of the fowl, 
 and being within fliot, and having a fair 
 mark, lofe no time, but let fly. 
 
 SHOOTING I'LYiNG, is by experience 
 found to be the beft and moft diverting way 
 of fliooting : it is neceffary for any gentle- 
 man who fporto much to have two guns ; 
 the barrel of one about two feet nine inches, 
 which will ferve very well for the beginning 
 of the feafon, and for wood-iliooting ; the 
 other about three feet three inches, for 
 open-fliooting after Michaelmcs : the birds 
 by that time are grown fo ihy, that your 
 fhoots muft be at longer diftances. But if 
 you intend one gun to ferve for all purpofes, 
 then a three feet barrel, or thereabouts, is 
 moft proper. 
 
 You fliould always have it cocked in rea- 
 dinefs, holding your thumb over the cock, 
 left it fliould go off when you would not 
 have it. 
 
 It is generally accounted the beft way to 
 aim at the head, if the game flies over your 
 head; but to aim as it were under the belly, 
 if it flies from you ; and it will be beft to 
 let the game fly a little paft you before you 
 let fly, for fo doing the ftiot will the better 
 enter the body. Shot delivered from a gun 
 in general lofe or decreafe half the quantity 
 every ten yards, or thereabouts ; fo that at 
 forty yards there will not be thrown in above 
 a fourth of what would be into the fame 
 fpace at twenty yards. From which it ap- 
 pears, that if you talsie aim a foot before a 
 crofs fhoot at forty yards, you will be the 
 m.oft likely to meet the bird with the center 
 fhot ; and which is looked upon to fly the 
 ftrongeil, and to be the moft efficacious at 
 long diftances than the diverging fliot ; for 
 whether it be the fliot ftriking againft each 
 other, or againft the air, at firft coming out 
 of the muzzle, or whatever be the caufe of 
 their diverging, it muft in fome degree re- 
 
 S H O 
 
 tard their motion. But if there be a brifk 
 wind, it v/ill certainly bend the courfe of 
 the fliot; you muft therefore confider, whe- 
 ther the wind blow with the bird, or againft 
 it ; if it blow with it, you need little more 
 than to obferve the general rule ; becaufe 
 the wind helps the bird forward nearly as 
 much as it diverts the fliot: but if it fly 
 againft the wind, the fliot decline more 
 than the bird is retarded, and therefore you 
 ought to take aim at a greater diftance be- 
 fore the bird. 
 
 One good pointer in the field at a time, 
 if you have patience to attend him, will 
 be fufficient for two men to ftioot with ; 
 but if you have an old fpringing fpaniel, 
 that is fo well under command that you can 
 always keep him near you ; fuch a dog may 
 be ufed with your pointer with great ad- 
 vantage : as he will better find birds that 
 are wounded, and alfo fpring fuch as are 
 near you, v/hich you otherwife might pais. 
 But if you fliould be fond of hunting many 
 pointers together in a field, as is frequently 
 done ; you lliould not have more than one 
 amongft them, who has been taught to 
 fetch his game ; left by endeavouring to get 
 it from each other, they fliould tear it. 
 
 Two perfons in the field with guns are 
 better than more at partridge-fliooting ; who 
 fliould v/ith patience pay a due attention to 
 each other. When your dog points, walk 
 up without any hurry, feparating a few yards 
 one to the right and the other to the left of 
 your dog : if a covey fprings never flioot 
 into the midft of them, but let him on the 
 left fingle out a bird which flieth to the left, 
 and him on the right a bird to the right, 
 that you may not interrupt each other, nor 
 both flioot at the fame bird, and readily 
 let fly at the firft aim. Let each of you 
 mark the fall of his bird, and immediately 
 run to the place ; and if the dog does not 
 fecure it,, or the bird fliould be only wound- 
 ed and have run, put him upon the fcent; 
 but if your dog underftands his bufinefs, 
 and will fetch his game, it is better to 
 truft to him and load again as quick as you 
 can. It will always be of great ufe and 
 fave much time and trouble, to have a per- 
 
 foa 
 
S H O 
 
 fon without a gun to mark the flight of the 
 birds. 
 
 If a fingle bird be fprung, let him take 
 the fhoot to whofe fide it flies : the bird be- 
 ing killed, caufeyour dog to lay by it whilfl: 
 you load, left he fpring other birds that 
 are near you. 
 
 If you trace the birds to a hedge, double 
 the row by walking one on each fide, taking 
 your dog on the ditch fide : here if you have 
 a fpaniel he will be of great ufe; as you 
 may make him go along in the ditch, and 
 your pointer on the other fide ; by which 
 means you will not pafs a bird, and one of 
 you will mofl: likely get a good flioot at it. 
 Your own judgment, with very little expe- 
 rience will bcft direft where the birds are 
 mofl" likely to be found at difi^erent times of 
 the day, according to the grounds you have 
 to hunt i«^ 
 
 Of Theajant and Woodcock Jhootbig. 
 
 Pheafants or Woodcocks generally lie in 
 carrs or vroods vvhere there is much cover. 
 Spaniels are therefore the dogs mofl: proper 
 for this kind of fliooting. Some pointers 
 indeed, that are bold fpirited and have been 
 a great deal ufed to this work, will follow 
 a pheafant very well ; but from the gene- 
 rality of flow fl:aunch pointers a pheafant 
 will get ofi^ fo fait, as when fprung to be 
 out of i:he reach of gun-fliot ; befides they 
 are not hardy enough to go into thick cover. 
 
 The fpaniels proper for this work are of a 
 middling fize, their legs rather fliort and 
 very ftrong : they mufl: be hardy, able to 
 bear great fatigue, difpofed to go into cover 
 freely and undaunted, to hunt very briflcly, 
 and yet go very flow when upon fcent of 
 game. You cannot begin too early with 
 thefedogs, to teach them to fetch a bird and 
 bring it after you : which will prevent their 
 getting a habit of tearing or breaking, the 
 game. One of this kind mufl: be always 
 obliged to lay dov/n v,'hilfl: you load : and 
 as his bufinefs is to fpring game, you fliould 
 never fufi^er him to go above ten or fifteen 
 yards from you ; and therefore take him out 
 with others that are brought under command 
 
 S H O 
 
 as foon as he is able to hunt. For to have- 
 good fpaniels, they muil be ufed a great 
 deal. If you find any difficulty in keeping- 
 him to hunt near you, put one of his feet 
 into his collar, and hunt him fo for an hour 
 or two. Frequent repetitions of this pu- 
 nifliment v/ill bring him to a fenfe of his 
 duty. One, two or three brace of fpaniels 
 well broken, may be ufed together ; and 
 they will find work enough in a large wood, 
 or thick cover. If two perfons intend hunt- 
 ing in a wood, it is befl: for one to go round 
 it on the outfide firfl, whilfl: the other goes 
 oppofite to him a litle way into the wood, 
 and afterwards to fink in deeper as you fliall 
 find occafion : unlei's you know the mofl: 
 likely part to find game in : in which cafe you 
 may hunt the interior part firfl. Some per- 
 fons when they want to hunt a very large 
 wood approve of taking a brace of high 
 mettled fpaniels that have not been broken, 
 to hunt clofe, and turn them into the mid- 
 dle of the wood ; whilfl: they with their well- 
 broken fpaniels hunt outwards. But unlefs 
 you have any extenfive woods to hunt, fuch 
 dogs are more likely to hinder than add to 
 your fport ; and it will be better to hunt with 
 patience with only fuch dogs as are under 
 good command, let the woods or cover be 
 ever fo large. 
 
 If you defign to flioot Ducks, ufe no dogs 
 to range, but only to follow you clofe be- 
 hind, for thofe kind of fowls will rife fafl; 
 enough. 
 
 This method of fliooting fiying may alfo 
 be performed on horle-back, whicli is more 
 commodious and lefs toilfome, 
 
 SHORT-JOINTED ; a horfe is faid to 
 be ftiort-jointed that has a fliort pattern. 
 
 When the joint or the paflern, is too 
 fliort, the horfe is fubjedl to have his fore- 
 legs from the knee to the cronet in a fl:raic 
 line. 
 
 Commonly your fliort-jointed horfes do 
 not manage fo well as the long-iointedj but 
 out of the manage, the fliort-jointed are the 
 befl: for travel or fatigue. 
 
 SHOT-MAKING; fliot for fowling 
 fliould be well fized, and of a moderate 
 bigncfs, for fhould it be too great, then it 
 
 flies 
 
S H O 
 
 flies tliin and fcatters too much, or if too 
 Imall, then it hath not weight and ftrength 
 to penetrate far, and the bird is apt to tiy 
 away with it : in order therefore to make it 
 fuitable to the occafion, it not being always 
 to be had in all places, fit for your purpofe ; 
 I have therefore fet down the following true 
 method of making all forts and fizes under 
 the name of mould-fhot. Its principal good 
 properties are to be round and folid. 
 
 Take any quantity of lead you think fit, 
 and melt it down in an iron velTel, and as it 
 melts keep it ftirring with an iron ladle, 
 Ikimming ofF all impurities whatfocver that 
 may arife at the top : when it begins to look 
 of a greenifh colour, ftrew on it as much 
 auripigir.entum, or yellow orpiment, finely 
 powdered, as will lie on afliilling, to every 
 twelve or fourteen pound of lead ; then 
 ftirring them together, the orpiment will 
 flame. 
 
 The ladle fhould have a notch on one fide 
 of the brim, for the eafier pouring out the 
 lead ; the ladle mull remain in the melted 
 lead, that its heat may be agreeable to that 
 of the lead, to prevent inconveniences 
 which otherwife may happen by it's being 
 either too hot or too cold : then to try your 
 lead, drop a little of it into the water, 
 which if the drops prove round, then the 
 temper of heat is right j if otherwife, and 
 the fhot have tails, then add more orpiment 
 to increafe the hear, till it be found right. 
 
 Then take a plate of copper, about the 
 bignefs of a trencher, which muft be made 
 with a hollownefs in the middle, about 
 three inches compafs, within which muft 
 be bored about forty lioles according to the 
 fize of the ftiot which you intend to caft : 
 the hollow bottom fhould be thin, but the 
 thicker the brim, the better it v/ill retain 
 the heat. Place this plate on a frame of 
 iron, over a tub or veflTel of water, about 
 four inches from the water, and fpread 
 burning coals on the plate, to keep the lead 
 melted upon it : then take fome lead and 
 pour it gently on the coals on the plate, 
 and it will make its way through the holes 
 into the water, and form itfelf into fliot j do 
 thus till all your lead be run through the 
 
 S H O 
 
 holes of the plate, taking care by keeping 
 your coals alive, that the lead do not cool, 
 and fo ftopup tlie holes. 
 
 While you are cafting in this manner, 
 another perfon with another ladle may catch 
 fome of the ftiot, placing the ladle four or 
 five inches (underneath the plate) in the 
 water, by which means you will fee if they 
 are defective, and redlify them. 
 
 Your chief care is to keep the lead in a 
 juft degree of heat, that it be not fo cold 
 as to ftop up the holes in your plate, nor 
 fo hot as to caufe the lliot to crack : to re-, 
 medy the heat, you muft refrain working 
 till it is of a proper coolnefs ; and to reme- 
 dy the coolnefs of your lead and plate, you 
 muft blow your fire, obferving that the 
 cooler your lead is the larger will be your 
 fhot, as the hotter it is, the fmaller they 
 will be. 
 
 After you have done cafting, take them 
 out of the water, and dry them over the fire 
 with a gentle heat, ftirring them continually 
 that they do not melt; when dry, you are to 
 feparate the great fliot from the fmall, by 
 the help of a fieve made for that purpofe, 
 according to their feveral fizes. But thofe 
 who would have very large fliot, make the 
 lead trickle with a ftick out of the ladle into 
 the water, without the plate. 
 
 If it ftop on the plate, and yet tlie plate 
 be not too cool, give but the plate a little 
 knock, and it will run again ; care muft be 
 had that noneof your implements begreafy, 
 oily, or the like; and when the fliot, being 
 feparated, are found too large or too fmall 
 for your purpofe, or otherwife imperfect, 
 they will ferve again at the next operation. 
 
 SHOULDER OF a Horse, is the joint 
 in the fore-quarters that joins the end of the 
 ftioulder-blade with the extremity of the 
 fore-thigh. 
 
 SHOULDER OF a Branch, is that part 
 of it which begins at the lower part of the 
 arch'of the banquet, over-againft the mid- 
 dle of the fonceau, or chaperon, and forms 
 another arch under the banquet. 
 
 The flioulder of the branch cafts a greater 
 or lefler circumference, according as ir is 
 defjgned to fortify or weaken the branch. 
 
 SHOULDER 
 
S H O 
 
 SHOULDER OF a Horse, is alio that 
 part of his fore-hand that lies between the 
 withers, the fore-thigh, the counter and the 
 ribs. 
 
 SHOULDER-PEGGED Horses, are fo 
 called when they are goiirdy, ftifF, and al- 
 moft without motion. 
 
 A horfe charged with fhoulders, is a horfe 
 that has thick, flefny, and heavy fnonl- 
 ders. 
 
 SHOULDER-SPLAIT, a horfe is faid 
 to be fuch when he has gi/en his fhoulders 
 fuch a violent Ihock, as to disjoint the flioul- 
 der-bone from the bodv. 
 
 SHOULDERS of k Horse, fhould be 
 fharp and narrow at the withers, of a mid- 
 dle fize, flat, and but little flelliuiion them J 
 for if he be charged with fhoulders, he will 
 not only be heavy on the hand, and foon 
 weary, but trip and fi:umble every minute, 
 efpeciall/ if with fuch fhoulders his neck be 
 thick and large. 
 
 Some faddle-horfes, on the contrary, are 
 too fmall in the fhoulders ; that is, when 
 their brealts are fo narrow that their fore- 
 thighs do almoft touch : fuch horfes are 
 of little value, becaufe they have a weak 
 fore-hand, and are apt to cut by crofTing 
 their legs, and carry their legs fo confufedly 
 in galloping that they are fubjeft to fall. 
 
 The fhoulders of a well fhaped horfe are 
 compared to thofe of a hare, and the dif- 
 tance between them fhould be little more 
 than half the breadth of his hind-quarters. 
 
 SHOULDER-PIGHT m a Horse, is a 
 malady, being the difplacing the point of 
 the fhoulder by fome great fall, rack, or 
 pain, which may be known by one fhoulder- 
 point's flicking out farther than it's fellow, 
 and alfo he will halt downright. 
 
 As for the cure, fwim the horfe up and 
 down in deep water a dozen times, which 
 will caufe the joint to go back into its right 
 place again. 
 
 Then take two pins of afhwood, about 
 the bignefs of a finger, about five inches 
 long, and fliarp-pointed j Hit the fkin an 
 inch above and beneath the point of the 
 fhoulder, and from above thruft one of 
 thefe pins dov/nwards, fo that both the ends 
 
 S H O 
 
 may equally flick within the fl<in : but if the 
 wooden pin will not pafs through eafilv, you 
 m.ay firft make way for it v/ich an iron pin. 
 
 When you have done , this, make two 
 other holes crofs to the firft, fo that the other 
 pin may crofs the firft pin right in the midft, 
 with a right crofs, and the firft pin fnould 
 be fomewhat flat in the midft, to the end 
 that the other being round, may prefs the 
 better without Kop, and ciofc more exadlly 
 together. 
 
 Then take a piece of a line, a little big- 
 ger than a whip-cord, and make a loop at 
 one end, which being put over one of the 
 ends of one of the pins, fo that it may lie 
 between the pin's end and the Ikin ; faften 
 this laft end with your packthread to the 
 relt of the cord, fo that it may not flip : 
 both the pins and the cord fliould be firft 
 anointed with hos's i?reafe. 
 
 Then bring the horfe into the ftable, and 
 let him reli; for nine or ten days, but let him 
 lie down as little as may be: put a paftern 
 fhoe on the fore-leg, and after nine or ten 
 days anoint the fore place with a little 
 dialthsea, or hog's greafe, fo turn him out 
 to grafs, and let him run there till the pins 
 are rotted off"; if he be worked in a cart 
 after the end of a month, it will fettle his 
 fhoulder the better, and make him the fitter 
 for riding. 
 
 SHOULDER-PINCHING, a misfortune 
 that bcfals a horfe by labouring or ftiaining* 
 when too young, or by being over-loaded. 
 
 This malady may be known by the nar- 
 rownefs of his breaft, and by tlie confump- 
 tion of thoflefli of the fhoulders, infomuch 
 that the fore part of the fhouldcr-bone will 
 ftick out and be higher than the flelh ; and 
 if it be of a very long ftanding, the horfe 
 will be very hollow upon the brifliet, to- 
 wards the arm-holes, and go wider beneath 
 the feet than above the knee. 
 
 For the cure, give him a flit with a fharp 
 knife an inch long, upon both fides, an 
 inch under the fhouider-bone; when that is. 
 done, with a large quill put into the flit, 
 blow up firft one fhoulder and then another, 
 as big as pofTibly you can, and even up to 
 the withersj and with your hands ftrike the 
 Z z wind 
 
SH O 
 
 wind equally into every part of the (Tioiil- 
 dtrs, and when they are bcth fullj beat all 
 the windy places with a hazle wand, over all 
 the fhaukicr; after that, with a flat iron 
 fl-ice, loofen the Piiin within from the flefli. 
 
 Then rowel the two flits or cuts with two 
 round rowels, made of the upper leather of 
 an old fhoe, with a hole in the midft, that 
 the corruption may run out; let the rowels 
 be three inches broad,, and put in flat and 
 plain within the cut; this may be as large 
 as you think fit to lay the fame open. 
 
 SHOULDER-SPLAITING, i a malady 
 
 SJ^OULER-TORN, 5 that may 
 
 befal a horfe by fome dangerous Aiding, ei- 
 ther at home or abroad, by which the fhoul- 
 der is parted from the brealt, and fo leaves 
 an open rift, not in the flcin but in the flefh, 
 and the film next under the fl-cin, which 
 renders the horfe fo lame that he is not able 
 to go; and it may be known by his trailing 
 his legs after him in going. 
 
 For the cure, put a pair of ftraic pafterns 
 on his feet, and keep him in the ftable with- 
 out difturbing him. Then take a pint of 
 fallad oil, one pound of dialthasa, half a 
 pound of oil of bayes, and as much frefli 
 butter, which melt all together in a pipkin ; 
 and with this anoint the part, and alfo 
 round about the fide of the flioulder : this 
 will caufe both the faid places and all the 
 Jhoulder to fwell in two or three days time ; 
 ♦hen prick all the fwoUen parts with ahamet, 
 or fleam., or a fharp hot iron, and anoint 
 the parts with the before-mentioned oint- 
 ment. 
 
 But if it ftill continues to fwell and gather 
 to a head, you rnufl: lance it where the fwel- 
 ling gathers mod and feels fofteft under 
 your finger, and tent it with green oint- 
 ment. 
 
 SH0ULDE:R-WRENCH, a misfortune 
 that befals horfes feveral ways, fometimes 
 by turning or Hopping too fuddenly upon 
 fome uneven ground, fometimes by running 
 too haftily out at fome door; at other times 
 by flipping or fliding either in the Arable or 
 abroad, and by feveral others. 
 
 The beft receipt for the cure of it, is to 
 take up the horfe's found leg before, to 
 
 S H O 
 
 double it backwards in the joint, arrd fo tie. 
 it with a lill, or fome foft thing, fo fafl: that 
 it will not untie, and then to force him to 
 go upon his three other legs till he fvveats 
 at the roots of his ears, flanks, and between 
 his legs ; then untie his leg and let it dowi;, 
 and this will caufe the blood to defcend into 
 the plate-vein, that it will be more vifibly 
 feen when it is tied up; but if it does not 
 appear fo plain as you would have jt, wet it 
 with warm water with your hand, and fl:roke 
 it downwards towards the place where you 
 are to let him blood, and tliis will caufe it 
 to appear more vifibly. 
 
 Tlien tie up his leg again, and bleed him, 
 in the common bleeding-place, between his 
 chefl: and lame leg, taking away two quarts 
 or more, according as the ll:rain is great or 
 fmall : fave a quart of the blood, and put a 
 handful of fait in it, ftirring it while it is 
 running, that it may not clod ; and when 
 he has done bleeding, and you have pinned 
 up the mouth of the plat -vein with a leaden 
 pin or needle, to prevent it from bleeding, 
 and bound fome hairs of the mane or tail 
 about the pin, to keep it fafl: and flieady, 
 till a day or two after that you take it out, 
 fmear him with the blood ; but before yoy 
 pin him up, anoint him all over the fhoul- 
 der and breafl:, between his legs, and down 
 to his knee, with oil of turpentine and 
 ftrong beer or ale, in equal parts, fhaked and 
 mingled together very well in a glafs vial,^ 
 clapping and dabbing it well with your 
 hand; then fmear all the faid places anoint- 
 ed, with the blood and fait, chafing and 
 dabbing this alfo very well with your hand ; 
 then fet him up to his meat, and with a lifl:, 
 or garter, tie both his legs together as clofe 
 as you can ; then the next day untie him and 
 walk him out, and if you find that he goes 
 pretty well, ride him gently about a mile, 
 and then fet him up again, tying his fore- 
 feet together as before. 
 
 But if he does not go well the firfl: day, 
 do not ride him, but only walk him, the 
 fecond ; and the third day, after his drefling, 
 do not only tie his legs, but flat a ftick on 
 both fides, like a wedge, about the bignefs 
 of a fix-pence, drive this between the toe 
 
 of 
 
S 1 G 
 
 -of his fhoe and the toe of his foot, faft, fo 
 that it may not come out ; and always while 
 he Hands ftill in the ftable, tie his legs clofe, 
 and peg him with the wedge j and when you 
 take him out to walk or ride^ untie his legs 
 .and take out the wedge. 
 
 Do this every night and morning until he 
 is cured, which will be in a few days, if the 
 hurt has been newly received. 
 
 The Sieur de Solley/el, and others, pre- 
 fcribe the following medicine for thefe ma- 
 ladies : 
 
 Take half a pound of new wax, the fame 
 -quantity of rofin, pitch, and common tur- 
 pentine ; apoundof oil of olives, two pound 
 and a half of capon's greafe, the fame quan- 
 tity of badger's, horfe's, and mules, and 
 of the marrow of a flag : oil of turpentine, 
 two ounces ; caftor, worms, camomile, St. 
 Johns wort, linfeed, and of foxes, two 
 ounces : fet the olive oil in a bafon over a 
 clear fire, with the wax, rofin, and pitch 
 pounded together, Itirring them over the 
 flame till they are difTolved ; then add the 
 fats and Itag's marrow, and then the tur- 
 pentine, and let the whole incorporate over 
 a gentle fire. 
 
 Then pour in the oils, keeping llirring 
 them for half a quarter of an hour, then 
 take it off the fire, and keep ftirring it till 
 it is cold. 
 
 When you apply this ointment, rub the 
 affefted part with a wifp of ftraw, and hav- 
 ing warmed your hand, chafe in the oint- 
 ment as hot as the horfe and your hand is 
 able to bear it, holding a hot fire-fhovcl 
 .near the part to caufe it to penetrate : repeat 
 ihis once in two days. 
 
 SHRAPE, 1 a place baited with chaff or 
 
 SCRAPE, I corn, to entice birds. 
 
 To SHRIEK, 1 [with Forefl:ers] to cry or 
 
 To SHRIKE, j make a noife, as a badger 
 does at rutting-time. 
 
 SIGNS OF Sickness IN Horses. The firft 
 fign of a horfe's indifpofition, is his loath- 
 ing his food; then it muft be obferved, 
 ■whether he has a wild and haggard look, for 
 the eye of a horfe is, as it were, a glafs, 
 through which you may difcern the inward 
 »difpofition of his bodyj obfeive likewife, 
 
 S I G 
 
 whethe? liis ears be cold, his mouth hot and 
 foaming, or clammy, the hair of his flanks 
 rough and fl;aring, and paler than ufual 
 about the ends ; his dung hard or black, 
 or gi'eenifli, and his urine clear and undi- 
 gefted, like water. 
 
 In this caTe his eyes are fubjeit to weep, 
 his head heavy and hanging down ; he is apt 
 to Rumble as he walks ; he is flow and dull, 
 though he was vigorous before ; he never 
 minds other horfes, contrary to his former cuf- 
 tom, herifcs and lies down often in the fl:able, 
 looking towards his flanks, which are doubled 
 and folden in ; his heart beats, which may 
 be perceived, by laying your open hands 
 between the flioulder and fengle, on the left 
 fide; and he is alfo indifierent and uncon- 
 cerned at what is done to him. 
 
 The Sicur SoHejfel obferves, when a horfe 
 has been long fick, ftales without ftriding, 
 and even without thrufl:ing forth his yard, 
 letting the water drop from the fl-cin or ihearh, 
 it almofh always portends death, unlefs in 
 fuch horfes as have that cuftom when they 
 are in health j in which cafe, you muft draw 
 no conjeftures from this fign, though they 
 continue to ftale after the fame manner dur' 
 ing their ficknefs. 
 
 Another no lefs fatal fign is, when the 
 hair of his tail, and on his fliull, be eafily 
 plucked off- 
 It is a dangerous fign, when a horfe either 
 never lies down, or ftarts up immediately, 
 not being able to breathe freely in a lying 
 pofture ; whereas if in the declenfion of this 
 difeafe he lie down, and continue long in 
 this pofture, it is a very good fign. 
 
 When a fick horfe turns up the whites of 
 his eyes, you may conclude that he is in 
 pain, and that his difeafe is of long conti- 
 nuance. 
 
 From thefe figns, you may conjefture in 
 general, that your horfe is fick, and after- 
 wards you muft endeavour to difcovcr his 
 particular diftemper, that you may be able 
 to apply fuitable remedies j for a difeafe that 
 is known, is half cured. 
 
 But to be more particular: heavinefs of 
 
 the countenance, extreme loofenefs, or cof- 
 
 tivenefs, fhortnefs of breath, loathing of 
 
 Z 2 2 meat. 
 
S I G 
 
 ment, a rotten cough, flownefs of pace, 
 hoUownefs of flanks, hanging down of ears, 
 &c. but efpccially if an horfc, who before 
 was ufually of a cliearful countenance, hangs 
 down his head, it is a fign of a fever, h'r'ad- 
 ach, the ftaggers, or fore eyes. 
 
 If he turns his head backwards on the 
 right fide, to the part aggrieved, it indi- 
 cates an obRruftion in the liver, but if down 
 to his belly, of the cholic, bots, or worms. 
 
 If Vvater run out of his mouth, it is a 
 fign of the Itas-gers, or wet-coush. 
 
 The hollownefs of a horfe's temples, is a 
 fign either of the flrangles, or old age. 
 
 A fwcUing about the ears indicates the 
 poll-evil, if it be under them, it is a fign 
 of the vives ; and in the mouth, of the 
 canker, flaps, or lampers. 
 
 If he have a flinking breath, or foul mat- 
 ter iflues from his nollrils, it is an indication 
 that he has an ulcer in his nofe or head ; if 
 the matter be black, it is a fign of the 
 mourning of the chine, or the like ; and if 
 white, of the glanders ; if yellow, it Ihews 
 a confumption of the liver, and rottennefs 
 of the lungs. 
 
 If his breath or body be hot, they indi- 
 cate a fever and heat of the ftomach ; when 
 a horfe's tongue hangs out and is fwelled, it 
 indicates the fl:ronger that his liver is in- 
 flamed ; if befides he forfakes his meat, 
 that he has either the dry or moifl; yellows. - 
 
 Shortnefs of breath, and beating of the 
 flanks, indicate a fever, or the flrrangles ; 
 but if the pafl'age of his throat be ftopped, 
 :.it is a fign that the film of the lungs is 
 broken, and the fpleen is troubled, or elfe 
 that he is broken winded. 
 
 If a horfe eats and drinks little, it is a fign 
 of a cold liver: but if he covets to drink 
 much, and eats a little, it is either a fign of 
 a fever, rotten lungs, heat in the fliomach, 
 heat in the liver, or the dry yellows. 
 
 If there be afwelling under his throat, it 
 is an indication of the glanders : if about 
 the roots of the tongue, of the flrangles ; 
 but if there be nothing but little knobs, 
 like wax kernels, they indicate no more than 
 that he has a cold. 
 
 Cougl:iing, or an offering to cough, is a 
 
 S I G 
 
 fign of the glanders, or a wet or dry cough, 
 or a confumption, or foundering of the 
 body. 
 
 If a horfe be fcabby, and ulcerous all over 
 his body, and about the neck, it is a plain 
 indication that he has the mange ; an ulcer 
 full of knots, creeping about the veins, 
 fliews the farcy ; if it fpread abroad only in 
 one place, it is canker; when hollow and 
 crooked, a fifl:ula ; but if it be a fpungy 
 wart, full of blood, it is an anbury. 
 
 A fv/elling on the left fide, is an indica- 
 tion of a fick fpleen ; in the flank, of a cho- 
 lic ; but if in the belly and legs, of the 
 dropfy. 
 
 The hollownefs of the back is an indica- 
 tion of the dry malady of the dropfv. 
 
 Staring of the hair indicates a bad ftomach, 
 or a foundering in the body ; but generally 
 a cold, or want of cloathing. 
 
 Leannefs and gauntnefs, indicate him to 
 be hide bound, in a confumption, that he is 
 troubled with a dry malady, inflammation 
 of the liver, foundering in the body, worms, 
 cholic, or the yellows. 
 
 Staling with pain, fhews foundering in 
 the body, the ftone or wind cholic j and if 
 his urine be blackifli and thick, a pain in 
 thekidnies; but if yellow, the glanders. 
 
 Trembling is an indication of a fever, or 
 of foundering in the body ; and if a horfe 
 trembles after drinking, it fliows he has an 
 ague fit upon him, and he will afterwards 
 glow, and fometimes he will fweat after- 
 wards. 
 
 Laxativenefs, or loofenefs of body, is an 
 indication of the heat of the liver; and on 
 the contrary, coftivenefs indicates the dry 
 yellows, or difeafes of the gall. 
 
 If a horfe ftrikes at his belly with his foot, 
 i t is a fign of the cholic ; but if in ftriking he 
 fiflis his tails alfo, then either bots or worms 
 are indicated. 
 
 If a horfe lie much on his left fide, it is 
 a fign of the fpleen ; and if on the right 
 fide, of the heat of the liver ; and if he be 
 refl:lefs, it is probable it may be caufed by 
 bots and worms, cholic or griping in the 
 belly ; but if he fpreads himfelf abroad, it 
 indicates the dropfy , aijd if he groans when 
 
 he 
 
S 1 G 
 
 he is down, it betokens a fick fpleen, molft 
 yellows, bots, or film broken ; but if he is 
 not able to rife when he is down, it is a fign 
 either of a mortal weaknefs, or foundering 
 in the body and legs. 
 
 Signs may alfo be taken from the urine 
 of a horfe ; thefe, according to fome au- 
 thors, are accounted not fo material and cer- 
 tain as thofe from the dung are, yet othei^s 
 again fiy, ' they are more certaiii. And 
 
 That if a horfe in his ficknefs ftales clear, 
 and it being laved and fee by, there be no 
 fediment in it, it is an indication of a grow- 
 ing diftemper ; but if the urine turn of a 
 reddifh or yellowifh colour, and' has either 
 a cloud fwimming in it, that is not black or 
 earthy, and a fediment falling to the bot- 
 tom, and begins to haVe;a rank fmHl, it 
 fliews that the difeafe is beginning to break ; 
 but if the cloud be of an earthy or black 
 colour, cohering in a body without parting, 
 it is a lign that tlie dijijafe will prove mor- 
 tal. ' ■■- ; 
 
 Again, if a horfe's urine be different at 
 different times, fometimes giving indica- 
 tions of foundnefs, and at other times of 
 ficknefs, it then intimates there is a maligni- 
 ty in the difeafe, proceeding from an inequa- 
 lity of the compofition of the blood, which 
 alfo caufes an inequality in it's motion. 
 
 Urine of a yellowilli colour, rather thick 
 than thin, of a flrong fmell, and piercing 
 quality, is reckoned healthful, found, 
 and good; but, on the contrary, if it be of 
 a deep red tinfture, eithei* like or inclining 
 to blood, then the horfe has either had too 
 great heats, by being over ridden, or ridden 
 too early after winter grafs. 
 
 If a horfe's urine be of a high colour, 
 clear and tranfparent, like old March beer, 
 it is a fign there is an inflammation in his 
 body, and he has taken a furfeit; ifitbeara 
 little cream at the top, it indicates a weaknefs 
 in the back, or confumption of the feed ; but 
 ' a green one is a fign of a confumption in the 
 body ; with bloody ftrokes, is a fign of an 
 vilcer in the kidnies : and ont that is black, 
 thick, and cloudy, indicates approaching 
 death. 
 
 The dang of a horfe is the bed difcoverer 
 
 S I G 
 
 of his inward parts ; the colour or complex- 
 ion of which ought to be well obferved, 
 when he is in befl: Iiealth, and at beft feed- 
 ing j aftd as he is found to alter, fo a judg- 
 ment is to be made, either of his health or 
 ficknefs. But to be more particular; 
 
 If his dung be clear, crifp, and of a pale 
 yellowifli caft, hanging together, and not 
 feparating, more than as it is broke by it's 
 own weight in falling, and is neither fo thick 
 nor fo thin, but that it will flat a little on 
 the ground, and indeed both in fcent and 
 fubflance, refemble the ordure of a found 
 man, then he is clean, well fed, and with- 
 out imperfeftion. 
 
 If again his firft and fecond dung be well 
 coloured, yet fall from him in round knots 
 or pellets, and the refb be good, it is not 
 much matter ; for it is only an indication 
 that he has eaten hay lately, and that will 
 al\vays come away firft ; but if all his dung 
 be alike, then it is a fign of foul feeding, 
 and that he has eaten either too much hay,, 
 or too much litter, and too little corn. 
 
 When his dung is in round pellets, and 
 blackifh or brown, it is a fign of inward 
 heat in the body ; if it be grcafy, of foulnefs, 
 and that the greafe is melted but cannot 
 come away. 
 
 If he voids greafe in gro& fubn:ance with 
 his dung, and it is white and clear, and 
 comes away kindly, he is in no danger ; but, 
 on the contrary, if it be yellow or putrified, 
 then it is a fign that the greafe has lain long 
 in his body, ' and, if not prevented, that 
 ficknefs will enfue. 
 
 Again ; if the dung be ftrong and hard, 
 it indicates that he has had too ftrong heats,, 
 and that he will afterwards be cofl:ive, if 
 it be not prevented ; if it be pale and loofe, 
 it indicates either inward coldnefs of body, 
 or too much moilb and corrupt feeding , 
 but if the dung is fl:inklng, it Ihews the 
 heat of the Irver : but on the contrary, if it 
 have no fmell, the coldnefs of tie liver; 
 but if it be indigefted, then it is an indi- 
 cation either of a confurr, non,. or of a dry 
 malady. 
 
 Signs may alfobe 'taken' from the pulfe of 
 a horfcj which may be very plainly felt up- 
 
 oa 
 
on hi3 temples, and fpre-legs ; but as that 
 niethod has not yet, obtained, amorig the 
 experienced in that_i\y,iy, 1 fliall pafs it over. 
 3ut notwithftanding what has been fald, 
 in a more pai-ticular manner, 3S to the 
 figns of ficknefs in horfes, it ought to be ob- 
 ferved in general, that it is a very diffi- 
 cult tafk to arriye at .any certain knowledge 
 of the difeafes of brute ibe^ft?, and .therefore ' 
 it ouo-ht not to be v/ondered at, that even , 
 farriers thcimfelycs are ,often miftaken, as I 
 to thefign?^ becaufe they can only judge by 
 outward appearances ; and efpecially becaufe 
 there are many dileafes, that have the ,fame 
 common fymptoms • and although a perfon 
 mayj by ;:hem, be affured that a horfe has a 
 fever, or a ftrangury, yet he can fcarcely, 
 at thefametimcj be , certain, without a very 
 nice examination, >vhither he may not have 
 an inflammation in the -pleura, or -in his 
 kidnies; for all the figns that thefe animals 
 ufually give in the affedions of particular, 
 parts, is their turning their heads towards 
 that part, and indeed that is not always to be 
 depended on ; for a horfe may turn his head 
 to the right fide of his belly, and thereby a 
 perfon may be miftaken, in fuppofing the 
 dillemper to be a difeafed liver, in that the 
 horfe often gives the fame fign in the cho- 
 lic. 
 
 SIDE ; to ride a horfe fide-ways, is to 
 paflage him, to make him go upon two treads, 
 one of which is marked by his Ihoulders, 
 and the other by his haunches. 
 
 SIDE-LAYS [with Hunters] dogs fet in 
 the way to be let Qip at a deer as he paffes 
 
 by. 
 
 SIGUETTE ; is a caveffon with teeth or 
 notches, that is a femi-circle of hollow and 
 vaulted iron, with teeth like a faw, confift- 
 iag of two or three pieces joined with 
 hinges, and mounted with a head-ftall, and 
 two ropes, as if they were the cavefibn that 
 in former times were wont to be put upon 
 the nofe of a fiery, iliff-headed horfe, in 
 order to keep him in fubjedtion. 
 
 There is a fort of figuette, that is around 
 iron, all of one piece, fewed under the nofe- 
 band of the bridle, that it may not be in 
 
 SINEW, to unfinew a horfe, is to cut 
 the two tendons on the fide of his head. 
 
 A horfe is faid to be finew fiirunk whe« he 
 is oyer-rid, and fo born dovm with fatigue, 
 that he becomes gaunt-bellied, through a 
 ftifFnefs and contraftion of the two finews, 
 that are under his belly. 
 
 SINEW SPRUNG, is a-VLolent attaint, or 
 over-reach, in which a horfe ftrikes his to?, 
 or hinder-fe«t, againlt the finewof the fore- 
 leg. 
 
 For Cramps orConvulfions in the finews : 
 thefe are violent contradlions, or drawings 
 together of the limbs, either throughout 
 the whole body, or particularly in one limb 
 or member J and proceed from caufes eitlier 
 natural, or accidental ; if from natural 
 caufes, they proceed e-ither from too great 
 fulnefs or emptinefs. 
 
 When they proceed from fulnefs, -they 
 are caufed by a furfeit, either in eating or 
 drinking, or the want of proper evacuation. 
 When from emptinefs, they proceed from 
 too. frequent, and too plentiful blood-let- 
 tings, or too much and violent purgings, 
 or too hard labour; all which fill the hol- 
 lownefs of the finews, with cold, windy va- 
 pours, which are the only great caufes of 
 convulfions. 
 
 If they proceed from accidental caufes, 
 then it is either from Ibme wound received, 
 where a finew has been but half cut afunder, 
 or only pricked, which prefently caufes a 
 convulfion all over the body. 
 
 The fignsof the diftemper are, the horfe 
 will carry his neck ftiff, and will nor be 
 able to ilir it ; his back will rife up like 
 the back of a camel, or like a bended bow ; 
 his crupper will flirink inward, his fore-legs 
 will ftand clofe together, and his belly will 
 be clung up to his back-bone ; when he lies 
 down he will not be able to rife, efpecially 
 frorn the weaknefs of his hinder limbs. 
 
 The cure. Fu-ft fweat him, either by 
 burying him in a horfe-dunghill, or elfe 
 by applying hot blankets doubled about 
 each fide of his heart and bodyj then after 
 his fweat, anoint his body 3II over with oil 
 of Petroleum, for that is much better than oil 
 of bay, or oil of cj'prefs. 
 
 Then 
 
 I 
 
SKI 
 
 Then give him to drink the following II- 
 qtior : 
 
 Take one, drachm of AJfa Fcetidn, vvith 
 annifeeds, feeds of fenugreek, and cummin 
 feeds, of each half an ounce ; put thefe 
 into a quart of ftrong white wine, and add 
 to them three or four large fpoonfuls of olive 
 oil, taking care to keep him warm after 
 the drin!:, and to feed him with good bean 
 bread, and warm mafnes, made of male 
 ground, and warm water ; and this will, in 
 a little time, reduce his fmews to their for- 
 mer ability. 
 
 But if the convulfion come accidently, as 
 by the prick, or half cut of a finew, then 
 fearch for the wounded finew, and, with 
 a pair of flieers, clip it afunder, and the con- 
 vulfion will ceafe. 
 
 But if it be only a cramp, and fo but in 
 one limb, tiien rub or chafe the grieved 
 part with a hard wifp, or a hay-rope, and 
 the pain will ceafe. 
 
 SINGLE [with Hunters] the tail of a 
 roe-buck, or any other deer. 
 
 SIT-FAST, T a malady in an horfe, 
 
 STICK-FAST, \ being an hard knob, 
 even as hard as a horn, that grows on a 
 horfe's fkin, under the faddle, faft to his 
 flelh, which comes by a faddle-gall, or 
 bruifej which not impofthumating, the ikin 
 falls down, and looks like a hard piece of 
 leather. 
 
 The method of curing it, is to take along 
 nail, with the point turned inwards, and 
 with that, to take hold of the edge of the 
 dead ^in oi" horn, Vyfhich will rife from the 
 found fkin, and, with a iliarp knife, to cut 
 away the dead and hard fkin from the found 
 flefh, and to heal it up, by pouring hot but- 
 ter into it morning and evening, and when 
 the flefli is made even, dry and flcin it, either 
 with the powder of honey and lime, or with 
 foot and cream mixed together, or wafh the 
 wound either with urine or white wine, and 
 dry it up with the powder of oyfter-fhells 
 burnt, or bole armoniac. 
 
 SKITTISH Horse ; is one that leaps 
 inftead of going forward, and does not fet 
 out or part from the hand freely, nor em- 
 ploy himfelf as he ought to do. 
 
 SKY 
 
 SKY-LARK ; there is a great difFerenc*- 
 between one fky-lark and another, for one 
 may not be worth two-pence, when another 
 fhall be worth two pounds. 
 
 This bird is very hardy, and v/ill live up- 
 on any food, in a manner, fo that he have 
 but once a week a turf of three leaved- 
 grafs. 
 
 This bird is later than the wood-lark hj 
 almofl two months, for as the wood-lark 
 hath young ones in March, the fiiy-lark 
 hath rarely any till the middle ol May. 
 
 But though in winter we fee great flocks 
 of thefe birds yet we find the fewefl of their 
 nefts of any birds, that are known to be fo 
 plentiful. 
 
 They commonly build in corn, or high 
 grafs meadows, and have ufually three or 
 fourinaneft, rarely, if ever, exceeding that, 
 number. 
 
 The young may be taken at a fortnight- 
 old, and will be brought up almoft with any 
 meal ; but if they have at firfl flieep's heart, 
 and egg chopped together, till they be about 
 three weeks old, or till they will feed them- 
 felves, it will not not be amifs ; and when 
 they come to feed themfelves,. give them 
 oatmeal, hemp-feed, and bread, mingled to- 
 gether with a little egg, but let the hemp- 
 feed be bruifed; but you mufi: be fure at 
 firft to chufe fuch feed as have good fweet 
 kernels, or it will do them no good. 
 
 Being brought up young, thefe birds, 
 may be trained to any thing, but ycu mufl 
 be fure to give them fand at the bottom of 
 their cage, and to let them have a frefh' 
 turf every week ; but they mull have no 
 perches in their cages, as the wood-larki 
 for thefe are field birds. 
 
 Nov/ as to the manner of taking an old 
 fky-lark, it may be done v/ith an hobby and 
 nets, as the wood-lark is catched. See 
 Wood-Lark. 
 
 But there are alfo other ways for it in darfc- 
 nights with a trammel net, of thirty fix-" 
 yards long, and fix yards over, run through: 
 with fix ribs of packthread, which ribs at* 
 the ends are put upon two poles, fixteen feet 
 long, m.ade leffer at each end, and fo drawn 
 between two men, half a yard from the- 
 
 ground 
 
SKY 
 
 ground every fix fteps, .touching the ground 
 to caufe the birds to l^y up, otherwiie the 
 net may be carried over them, without dif- 
 turbing them ; lo when you hear them fly 
 againll the net, clap it down, and they are 
 fate under it. 
 
 This nee will not only take Iky larks, but 
 all other forts of birds that come near, fuch 
 as partridges, quails, wood cocks, fnipes, 
 fieldfares, ^c. and almoll in every dark 
 night. 
 
 Another way of taking them, is with a 
 pair of day nets, and a glafs, which is fine 
 Iport in a clear frofty morning ; thefe nets 
 are commonly feven teet deep, and fifteen 
 long, knit with French mefli,' and very fine 
 thread j thefe nets take all fores of birds 
 that come within their compafs. 
 
 Thefe larks are alfo taken with a low bell, 
 with^ great light carried in a tub, both by 
 one man, and the net by another, or the 
 bell is carried by one man, as alfo the tub 
 and candles, and the net by another ; and 
 the light and thefe little bells together, fo 
 amazes the birds, that they lie for dead, 
 and fo the net is tofled over them. 
 
 This method of birding has a great con- 
 veniency beyond the trammel net ; for with 
 the bell the fowlers can go among the 
 buflies, by rivers, and fliaw-fides, where the 
 fnipes and woodcocks commonly lie, and 
 it is a fure way of taking a covey of par- 
 tridges. 
 
 The iaft way of taking larks, is in a great 
 fnow, by taking an hundred, or two hun- 
 dred yards of pack-thread, fattening at every 
 fix inches a noofe made of horfe-hair, two 
 haiji's are fufficient, if they be twilted to- 
 gether ; the more line the better, becaufe it 
 will reach the greater length, and of con- 
 fequence afford the more fport. 
 
 Then at every twenty yards you mufl 
 have a little ftick to thrull into the ground, 
 and fo go on till it be all fetj when you 
 have done this, fcatter fome white oats 
 among the noofes, from one end to the 
 other, and you will find the larks flock 
 thither ; when three or four are taken, take 
 them out, or elfe they will make the others 
 ily ; and when you are at one end, they will 
 
 S L U 
 
 be at the other end feeding ; fo that you 
 need not fear fearing them away, for it 
 makes them more eager at their food. 
 
 If the fnow fall not till after Chrijlmas, 
 thefe birds feldom or never prove good for 
 finging; as for thofe you intend to keep for 
 finging, take them in O^oher, and then 
 they will fmg a little after Chriftmas. 
 
 Of thofe chufc out the ftraiteff, largefl: 
 bird, and he that has the mofl: white upon 
 his tail, for thefe are the mofl; ufual marks 
 of a cock. 
 
 As for a cage, you mufl: let it be a large 
 one, with a difli in the middle of it, or at 
 one end, and put alfo fome water, when 
 you place the turf in it, for the water caufes 
 the turf to grow in the cage. 
 
 If you find him. wild, tie his wings for 
 two or three weeks, till he becomes both 
 acquainted and tame ; as foon as you per- 
 ceive him pretty orderly, untie his wings, 
 fl:ill letting him hang at the fame place that J 
 he did. 1 
 
 This old bird's food mufl: be hemp-feed, 
 bread, and a fev/ white oats, for he takes 
 great delight in huflcing the oats ; and when 
 he begins to fing, give him once a week a 1 
 hard egg, or Hired him a little boiled mut- 
 ton, or veal, or fheep's heart ; but you mufl: 
 not give him, or any other bird, any fait 
 meat, nor bread that is any thing ialt. 
 
 SLABBERING-BIT. See Mastigadour. 
 
 SLAK A Leg, is faid of a horfe, when he 
 trips or fl:umbles. 
 
 SLACK THE Hand, is to flack the bridle, 
 or give the horfe head. 
 
 SLIMING [in Falconry] a term ufed of 
 a hawk, muting long-ways in an entire fub- 
 ilance without dropping any thing. 
 
 SLOT [with Hunters] the view or print 
 of a fl:ag's foot in the ground. 
 
 SLOUGHT [Hunting-term] a herd, or 
 company of fome fort of wild beafl:s, as a 
 flought of bears. 
 
 SLOUTH-HOUND, 1 a dog fo called 
 
 SLUTH-HOUND, J in Scotland, fome- - 
 what larger than a rache, and in colour, for 
 the moft part, brown or fandy, fpotted. 
 
 Thefe animals are endowed with fo exqui- 
 fiteafenfe of fmelling, that they will follow the 
 
 foot 
 
SNA 
 
 foot-fteps of thieves, and purfue chem with 
 violence, till they overtake thenn -, nay 
 though a thief fhould take the water, they 
 will follow him, and never be quiet, till 
 they have got what they feek for ; for it was 
 a common cuftom in the borders of Englmid 
 and Scotland, where the people were ufed to 
 live too much upon thefi, that if fuch a 
 dog brought his leader to any houfc, where 
 entrance was denied them, then they took 
 it for granted, that both the ftolen goods, 
 and the thief alfo, were therein. 
 
 SNAFFLE, after the Eiiglijh falhion, is 
 a very (lender bitt-mouth, without any 
 branches : the Englifh make much ufe of them 
 and fcarce ufe any true bridles, but in the 
 fervice of war. 
 
 SNAFFLE, OR Small-watering Bitt, 
 is commonly a fcatch-mouth accounted, 
 with two very little ftraight branches, and a 
 curb, mounted with a head-ftall, and two 
 long reins of Hungary leather. 
 
 SNAKES AND Adders. To drive them 
 from the garden plant wormwood in various 
 parts of it, and they will not come near it. 
 Or, fmoak the place with hartfhorn, or 
 lily roots, burnt in a fire-pan, and they will 
 fly from the place. 
 
 Or, old fhoes burnt, or other {linking 
 fluff, will drive them away ; or afla-trce 
 boughs, while green leaves are on them, laid 
 about your ground will have the fame effedl. 
 
 Or, take a handful of onions, and ten 
 river crab fifh, beat them well together, and 
 lay it in the place where they come, and I 
 you may kill many of them together. 
 
 SNAP. Snap-Angling is with two large 
 hooks tied back to back, and one fmaller to 
 fix your bait on. Your tackle mull be very 
 ftrong, and your line not quite fo long as 
 your rod, with a large cork float, leaded 
 enough to make it fwim upright.. Your 
 bait muft not be above four inches long. 
 As foon as ever you perceive the cork to be 
 drawn underwater, flrike very llrongly with- 
 out giving the fifh time, otherwife he will 
 throw the bait out of his mouth. When 
 you find he is hooked, mafter him as foon 
 ^s you can, and with your landing-net under 
 liim get him out of the water. Some pre- 
 
 S N I 
 
 j fer a double fpring hook, and put the bait 
 on by thrufting the wire into the middle of 
 its fide and through its mouth, fewing up 
 the mouth afterwards. .Sf? Angling. 
 
 SNARE ; a trap or gin to catch beads, 
 birds, ij^c. among filliennen, a, wire-gin, 
 flail-net, or wile. 
 
 SNET [Hunting-term] the fat of all forts 
 of deer. 
 
 SNIGGLING OR Broggling for eels, is 
 another remarkable method of taking them, 
 and is only to be praclifed on a warm day 
 when the waters are low. This requires a 
 ftrong line of filk, and a fmall hook baited 
 with a lob-worm. Put the line into the 
 cleft of a flick, about a foot and a half from 
 the bait, and then thruft it into fuch holes 
 and places before-mentioned where he is 
 fuppofcd \:o lurk ; and if there be one there, 
 it is great odds but he takes your bait. Some 
 put that part of the line nex^ the hook into 
 the cleft J but however that be, it muft be 
 (o contrived that the line may bedifengaged 
 from the Hick, without checking the eel 
 when he takes the bait. When he has fwal- 
 lowed it, he is not to be drawn out haftily, 
 but after he is prety well tired with pulling, 
 and then you will make him more fecure. 
 
 A^. B. When you broggle under a bridge 
 with a boat, take care it does not flrike 
 againfl the bridge, nor difturb the water; 
 either of which will drive them into their 
 holes, fo far, that they will fcarcely ever 
 bite. The befl and largeft eels are caught 
 in xht Merjey by this method. 
 
 SNIPES ; in order to take fnipes, take 
 a large number of birchen twigs, as fifty 
 or fixty, or more, at your pleafure, and 
 lime them very v/ell togeriier. 
 
 Having done this go in fearch after >fuch 
 places, where fnipes do ufually frequent, 
 which may be known by their dung. 
 
 They will lie very thiclc in thofe places, 
 where the water lies open in hard, frofty, 
 or fnowy weather ; and having taken notice 
 of the place where they moftly feed, fet 
 what number of your twigs you pleafe, at a 
 yard diftance one from another, and fet them 
 floping, fome one way, and fome another ; 
 then retire to a convenient diflance from the 
 A a a place. 
 
S O A 
 
 place, and you will find there will be fcarce 
 one ihipe in ten will mifs tlie lime twigs, by 
 reafon that they fpread their wings, and 
 fetch a round dole to the ground, before 
 they alight. 
 
 "VN'hen you fee any taken, do not ftir at 
 firft, for he will feed with the twigs under 
 his wings, and as others come over the place, 
 he will be a means to entice them down to 
 him. 
 
 When you fee the coaft clear, and that 
 there are not many that are not taken, you 
 may then take them up, fattening one or 
 two of them, that the others flying over, 
 may alight at the fame place. 
 
 If there be any other open place, near to 
 that where you have planted your twigs, 
 you muft beat them up : the reafon why 
 they delight to haunt open places, and 
 ■where fprings run with a gentle ftream, is 
 becaufe they cmnot fejsd, by reafon of their 
 bills, in places that are hard and (lony, and 
 about thefe plafhes in fnowy weather, they 
 very much refort. 
 
 'To SNITE, 1 [with Falconers] a hawk 
 
 To SMITE, J is faid fo to do, when ilie 
 wipes her beak or bill, after feeding. 
 
 SNORT ; is a certain found, that a horfe, 
 full of fire, breathes through his noftrils, 
 and founds as if he had a mind to expel 
 fomething that is in his nofe, and hindred 
 him from taking breath. 
 
 The noife, or found, is performed by the 
 means of a cartilage within the noftrils. 
 
 Horfes of much mettle, fnort when you 
 offer to hold them in. 
 
 To SOAR ; to fly high as fome birds do. 
 
 SOAR- AGE [in Falconry] a term ufed of 
 hawks, to fignify the firft year of their age. 
 
 SOAR-FIAWK ; is a hawk fo called from 
 the firft taking he"r from the eyrie, till fhe 
 has m.ewed, orcaft her^feathers : thefe as well 
 as the branchers, are to be diligently taught, 
 and the falconer muft bring them off" from 
 their ill cuftom of carrying, by giving them 
 iarge trains, by which means they will learn 
 to abide on the quarry. See the article Spar- 
 row-Hawk. 
 
 SOLDIER'S Ointment ; a medicine for 
 % horfe that is ihoulder-fplaited, which you 
 
 S O R 
 
 may prepare after the follov/ing manner : 
 Take twelve ounces of frefh bay-leaves, ten 
 ounces of rhue, four ounces of mint j fage, 
 wormwood, rofemary, and bafil, of each 
 two ounces, five pounds of olive oil, one 
 pound of yellow wax, and half a pound of 
 Malaga wine ; bruife all the leaves, and boil 
 the whole to the confiftence of an ointment, 
 and keep it for ufe. 
 
 SOLE OF A Horse ; Is a fort of a horn, 
 that is much tenderer then the other horn that 
 encompafies the foot, and by reafon of it's 
 hardnefs, is properly called the horn or hoof. 
 
 To TAKE OUT THE SOLE; is to do it 
 without touching the horn of the hoof, for if 
 you take off the horn, you make a hoof caft. 
 
 The fole is taken out for feveral infirmi- 
 ties, and a horfe that has been unfoled, will 
 recover in a month's time. 
 
 The fole ought to be thick and ftrong, 
 and the whole lower part of the foot, where 
 the fhoe is placed, hollow ; when a flioe is 
 right fet, it Ihould not at all reft upon the 
 fole, and but very feldom touch it. 
 
 Crowned SOLE ; is when the foot is 
 fhaped like the back part of an oyfter-lhell, 
 and the fole higher than the hoof; fo thac 
 the whole foot is quite filled up on the lower 
 part. 
 
 High SOLED; a horfe is faid to be fo, 
 whofe fole is round underneath, fo that it 
 is higher than the hoof, which oftentimes 
 makes a horfe halt, and hinders the ftioeing 
 of him, unlefs the flioe be vaulted. 
 
 The flioe of a horfe ought to be fo fet 
 upon the hoof, as not to bear upon the fole; 
 for otherwife the fole would be hurt, and 
 not only make the horfe lame, but corrupt the 
 flefti that feparates it from the coffin bone. 
 
 SORE [with Hunters] a male deer from 
 four years old. 
 
 SORING [with Sportfmen] the footing 
 of a hare in open fields ; for then the huntf- 
 men fay flie fores. 
 
 SORRANCES: maladies incident to 
 horfes, and are accounted two fold, as either 
 an evil ftate or compofition of a horfe's 
 body, which is to be difcerned either by the^ 
 fhape, number, quantity or fight of the 
 member difeafed -, or it is the loofening and 
 
 divifioa 
 
SPA 
 
 div'ifion of an unity, which as it may change 
 diverfely, fo it has divers names according- 
 ly; for if fuch a loofening and divifion be 
 in the bone, then it is called a frafture, if 
 in any flelhy part, a wound or ulcer; if in 
 the veins, a rupture ; if in the finews, a con- 
 vulfion or cramp ; and if in the ik'in an ex- 
 coriation. For the cuj-e, See Water for 
 
 SORRANCES. 
 
 SORREL ; is a reddifh colour, with 
 which the mane ought to be red or white ; 
 it is diftinguifhed according to the degrees 
 of it's deepnefs, into a burnt forrel, and a 
 bright or light forrel ; but,' generally fpeak- 
 ing, it is the fign of a good horfe. 
 
 SOUND ; a horfe is fuch, that does not 
 halt. 
 
 When a jockey fells a horfe, he warrants 
 him found, hot or cold ; that is, that he 
 does not halt, neither when you mount him, 
 nor when he is heated, nor yet after alight- 
 ing, when he flands and cools. 
 
 SOUND, J [with Hunters] a term ufed 
 
 SOUNDER, 3 for an herd, or company of 
 wild hogs, boars, or fwine. 
 
 SOURIS ; is a cartilage in the noftrils of 
 a horfe, by the means of which he fnorts. 
 See Snort. 
 
 SPADE ; a gelded beaft, alfo a deer of 
 three years old. 
 
 SPANIEL ; there are two forts of dogs 
 which neceffarily ferve for fowling ; the firft 
 •findeth the game on the land and the other 
 on the water. See Water-Spaniel, Dog, 
 
 Such fpaniels as delight on the land, play 
 •their parts either by fwiftnefs of foot, or by 
 often quefting to fearch out and to fpring the 
 bird for further hope of reward, or elfe by 
 Tome fecret fign and privy token difcover die 
 place where they fall. 
 
 The firft kind of fuch ferve the hawk, the 
 fecond the net or train. 
 
 The firft kind have no peculiar names af- 
 figned them, except they are named after 
 the bird, which by natural appointment he 
 ■is allotted to take ; upon which account 
 fome are called dogs for the falcon, the 
 ■pheafant, the partridge, and the like: they 
 are commonly called bv ons name, -uiz. 
 
 SPA 
 
 fpaniels, as if they originally came from 
 Spain. 
 
 The fpaniel requifite for fowling on the 
 water, partly by natural inclination, and 
 partly by diligent teaching, is propeily called 
 a water-fpaniel, becaufe he has ufual re- 
 courfe to the water, where all his game lies, 
 namely, water-fov/1, which are taken by their 
 help in their kind. 
 
 His fize is fomewhat large, but not ex- 
 traordinary, having long, rough, and curled 
 hair, which muft be clipt at proper times, 
 for by leflening the fuperfluity of his hair, 
 they become more light and iwift, and are 
 lefs hindered in fwirnming. 
 
 The principal game of thefe dogs are duclcs 
 and drakes, whence he is called aduck-dog, or 
 dog for a duck, becaufe his excellency lies 
 in that fport. See Worms in Dogs, how ta 
 cure. 
 
 The Diftemper of Sfanids. 
 
 The mange is a capital enemy to the quiet 
 and beauty of a good fpaniel, which not 
 only torments them, but frequently affeds 
 others. 
 
 For the cure ; take a pound of barrow- 
 flick, three ounces of common oil, four 
 ounces of brimftone well powdered, two 
 ounces of fait well powdered, and the fame 
 quantity of wood-aflies well fifced and fearfed ; 
 boil all thefe in a kettle, or earthen pot, 
 and when they are all well incorporated to- 
 gether, anoint the fpaniel therewith three 
 times every other day, either in the fun, or 
 before the fire, then wafli him all over with 
 good ftrong lee, and this will kill the 
 mange. 
 
 But do not forget to Ihift his litter and 
 kennel often. 
 
 If the fpaniel lofes his hair, as it often 
 happens, then bathe him in the water of 
 lupines and hops, and anoint him with ftale 
 and barrow-flick. 
 
 This ointment, befides the cure, will 
 make his fkin look fleek and beautiful, and 
 kills the fleas that are difquieters of dogs, 
 and enemies to their eafe. 
 
 If this be not ftrong enough to root out 
 
 this malady, then take two quarts of ftrong 
 
 A a a 2 vine- 
 
\ 
 
 / 
 
 SPA 
 
 vinegar, common oil fix ounces, brimftone 
 three ounces, foot fix ounces, two hundfuls 
 of fait pounded, and fifted fine; boil all 
 thefe together in the vinegar, and anoint the 
 dog as before direfted. 
 
 But this medicine muft not be ufed in 
 cold weather, for it may then endanger the 
 dog's life. 
 
 Bur if the fpaniel be not extremely af- 
 flifted with the mange, then he may be ea- 
 fily cured as follows : 
 
 Make bread with wheaten bran, with the 
 roots, leaves, and fruit of agrimony well 
 povTnded in a mortar, and made into a pafte 
 or dough, and then baked in an oven ; give 
 this to the dog, and let him have no other 
 bread for fome time, letting him eat as 
 much and as long as he will. 
 
 The formica is alfo a fcurvy malady, which 
 very much afl"'e<fls a fpaniel's ears, and is 
 caufed byfiies, and their own fcratching 
 ■with their feet. 
 
 In order to the cure, infufe gum tra- 
 gacanth four ounces,, in the ftrongeft vine- 
 gar you can get, for the fpace of a week, 
 and afterwards p;rind it on a marble ftone, as 
 painters do their colours, adding to it roach- 
 allum, and galls reduced to powder, of each 
 two ounces ; mingle all thefe together, and 
 lay them on the part affefted. 
 
 For a Swelling in the 'Throat in Spaniels.' 
 
 By reafon of a humom- diftilling from the 
 brain, the throat of a fpaniel will often fwell 
 unreafonably. 
 
 In order to a cure, anoint the part ag- 
 o-rieved with oil of camomile, then wafli it 
 with vinegar, mixed with fait, but not too 
 itrong. 
 
 I'o help a Spaniel that has loft his Senje of 
 Smelling. 
 
 Spaniels do fometimes lofe their fenfe of 
 fmelling, by reafon of reft and greafe, fo 
 that they will not be able to fpring or re- 
 trieve a fowl after their ufual manner. 
 
 In order to recover it again, take agaric 
 two drachms, fal gemma one fcruple, beat 
 thefe into powder, and mix them well with 
 oxymel, making a pill as big as a nut, cover 
 
 SPA 
 
 it with butter, and give it the dog either by 
 fair means or foul. 
 
 This will bring him to a quick fcent, aj 
 has been often experienced. 
 
 The benefit of cutting off the 'Tip of the Spaniel's 
 Tail or' Stern. 
 
 It is necefi^ary that this be done when he 
 is a whelp, for feveral reafons : firfc, by fo 
 doing worms are prevented from breeding 
 there ; and in the next place, if it be not 
 cut he will be lefs forward in preffing haftily 
 into the covert after his game, and befides 
 it v»fill make the dog appear more beauti- 
 ful. 
 
 To SPARE A Cock, in the general, fig- 
 nifies to breathe him. 
 
 SPARING, [with Cock-fighters] a ternt 
 ufed to fignify the fighting of a cock with 
 another to breathe him, in which fights they 
 put hots on their fpurs, that they may not 
 hurt one another. 
 
 SPARROW, afmall bird, dwelling about 
 houfes, and frequenting barn-doors and the 
 like places for food ; but upon the gather- 
 ing in of the corn-harveft, they retire into 
 the fields for their fuftenance, and if any 
 thing remote from their ufual places of 
 abode, will .in the night take up their lodg- 
 ings or rooft in the neighbouring hedges, 
 and when no more food is left, or that it 
 grows fcanty in the fields, they return to 
 their former habitations : there are many 
 devices found out to catch fparrows, and 
 among the reft, that called the fparrow-net 
 is ufed after fun-fet and before fun-rifing, 
 being the time when thefe birds are at rooft. 
 See? late 'YAW. 
 
 The fparrov/-net is thus made; firft have 
 a long pole, much like a hawk's pole, and 
 there muft be faftened ftrongly at the upper 
 end, either with one, two, or more grains, 
 a fmall, fquare, crofs piece of wood, like 
 unto the head of an ordinary hay-rake, but 
 much larger for length and fize, and of a 
 little longer fquare, according to the figure. 
 See the plate. 
 
 Then take another ftaff" like unto this, 
 but not above one third in length, and join 
 it to the longeft with a ftrong cord, fo 
 
 loofely 
 
,^i^« 
 
 
 li"y 
 
 Mr; 
 
 r-: 
 
Fla,: XTJ 
 
 IRarffeJSTet 
 
 ifparrow Wet 
 
SPA 
 
 loofely that it may fall at pleafure to and 
 fro from the longer crofs-ftaff, and when 
 botii the crofs-ftaves meet together, they 
 may be both of equal length and heighth, 
 and join together without any difference, 
 for otherwife they will prove ineffeftual. 
 See the form of the Jecond crojs-ftaff. 
 
 Thefe two crofs-ftaves being joined in this 
 manner, fit to meet together, fix both to 
 the one and the other a large and wide 
 purfe-net, having this liberty at the top that 
 the crofs-ftaves may fall, and part the one 
 from the other a pretty diftance ; and the 
 lower end of the net mull be ftrait and nar- 
 row, and made fall to the fame hole in the 
 lower crofs-ftaff, to which the fhorter crofs- 
 ftaff before was faftened : then take two 
 fmall cords or lines, which muft be fallened 
 with knots to each of the fhorter crofs-ftaves, 
 pafling through the two holes, and fo thro' 
 the holes of the lower crofs-ftaff, through 
 which they may go and come at pleafure, 
 ^nd then fliall the two ends of the wards be 
 tied on a knot together, at fuch an even 
 diftance, that the fhorter ftaft' may fall at 
 pleafure from the lower, as far as is conve- 
 nient, or the widenefs of the net permits j 
 and then another fingle ward being made 
 faft to the lad knot of the two cords, (which 
 fingle ward always carry in your right hand) 
 draw the crofs-ftaves .clofe together, and 
 clofe up the net as you find occafion ; and 
 make with it the ftaves and net to fly open 
 and widen, as the place requires where you 
 are about to fet it: here is the form and 
 manner of the fparrow-nets as it is fixed to- 
 gether. See the ■plate. 
 
 This fparrow-net is to be ufcd early in the 
 morning or late at night, as already noted, 
 and muft be fet or fixed againft the eaves of 
 houfes, barns, dove-houfes, and fuch like 
 places i as alfo againft ftacks of corn or hay ; 
 and if they were thatched it would be bet- 
 ter ; and being fet clofe againft them, to 
 knock and thruft the crofs-ftaves clofe againft 
 the fame, making a noife to force them to 
 fly out into the net, and immediately draw 
 the long fingle line and fhut up the crofs- 
 ftaves' clofe, and fo take the birds out. 
 HEDGE-SPARROW ■■, this is not fo 
 
 SPA 
 
 deljsicabJe a bird as fome imagine, for ifyou 
 will mind it's fong, you will find very de- 
 lightful notes J and it fings early in the 
 fpring with great variety. 
 
 Old or young become tame very quickly, 
 and v/ill fing in a ftaort time after they are 
 taken, if they have been taken at the latter 
 end of January, or beginning of February : 
 they will feed almoft on any thing you can 
 give them. 
 
 They commonly build in a white thorn, 
 or private hedge, laying eggs much different 
 from other birds, being of a very fine blue 
 colour. 
 
 This bird is traclable, and v/ill take any 
 bird's fong almoft, if taken out of the 
 neft. 
 
 SPARROV/-HAWKS are of feveral 
 kinds, and of different plumes. 
 
 Thefparrow-hawk juftly obferves this cha- 
 rafler in general, that Ihe is in her kind, and 
 for that game her ftrength will give her leave 
 to kill, a very good hawk : and befides, he 
 who knows how to man, reclaim, and fly a 
 fparrow-hawk, may eafily know how to keep 
 and manage all other hawks. 
 
 The feveral kind of fparrow-hawks may 
 be comprehended under thefe five heads, the 
 Eyefes or Nycffes, Branchers, Soar, Mew'd, 
 and Haggard. 
 
 Eyefles are mow'd in the wood, and are 
 taken in the eyrie. 
 
 Branchers are thofe which have forfaken 
 the eyrie, and are fed near it by the old 
 ones, on boughs and branches. 
 
 Soar Hawks are fo called, becaufe having 
 forfaken the eyrie, and beginning to prey 
 for themfelves, they foar up aloft for their 
 pleafure. 
 
 Mew'd Hawks, are fuch which have once» 
 or oftner, ftiifted their feathers. 
 
 Haggard Hawks are they which prey for 
 themfelves, and do a]fo mew in the wood, 
 or at large. 
 
 This diftinftion of hawks is not peculiar 
 to fparrow-hawks only, but common to all. 
 
 SPAVIN, a difeafe among horfes, which 
 is a fwelling or ftiffnefs in the hams, which 
 caufes them to halt, and is either the blood- 
 fpavin, which is a foft fwelling growing 
 
 througli 
 
S P A 
 
 jlu-(M.)gh the hoof of a horfe, and is com- 
 monly full of blood, and is bigger on the 
 infide, being fed by the mafter-vein, which 
 makes it larger than the fwelling on the 
 outfide. 
 
 It runs on the infide of the hoof down to 
 the paflern. 
 
 This malady proceeds from a corruption 
 of the blood, caufed by hard riding when 
 the lioof is young and tender, which by 
 over-heating it, renders it thin and flexible, 
 io that the humour defcending, lodges in 
 the hoof, makes the joint ftiftj and caulcs 
 the horfe to go with great pain and diffi- 
 culty. 
 
 As foon as you perceive the tumour, 
 "bathe it with hot vinegar^ and apply a tight 
 ■bandage round the part; and this method 
 will in general be fufficient to reduce the 
 vein to its original fize, and confequently to 
 cure the djfeafe. But if this method fliould 
 not fucceed, you muft make an incifion in 
 the fliin, lay the vein bare, and tie it both 
 above and below the fwelling by means of a 
 needle and waxed thread. When you have 
 performed the operation, drefs the part daily 
 with a compofition of turpentine, honey, 
 and fpirits of wine. By this means the tur- 
 gid part will digefl: away, together with the 
 ligatures, and the cure be compleated ; or 
 
 Firft {have the hair away on both fides the 
 fwelling, as far as it goes, then take up the 
 thigh-vein and bleed it well; when that is 
 .done, the vein above the orifice, and let it 
 bleed as much as it will, then make two in- 
 cifions in the lower part of the fwelling, as 
 ■far as it goes, and after that prick two or 
 three holes in each fide of the hoof where 
 the fpavin is, that fo the medicine may take 
 the better effeft ; and when the blood and 
 water have evacuated as much as they will 
 do, having beaten together bole armoniac 
 and the whites of eggs, bind the part about 
 with them plaifter-wife, upon linen cloth, 
 and make it fad about the hoof, to keep on 
 the plaifiier ; the day following take it off, 
 and bathe the fore place with the following 
 bath : 
 
 Boil mallow tops and nettles In water till 
 they are foft, and with this bathe the fore j 
 
 5 P A 
 
 then having boiled togethei" a fufficient 
 quantity of mallow roots, branck urfine, 
 oil, wax, and white wine, bind this warm 
 on the fore, round about the hoof, and few 
 a cloth round it, and let it lie on three days 
 more, and eveiy morning ftroke it down 
 gently with your hand, that the bloody hu- 
 mour may iflue out, and the fourth day 
 bathe and wafh it clean with the former 
 bath. 
 
 Then take gum creana and ftone pitch, of 
 each an ounce, and brimftone a quarter of 
 an ounce, pound them to a very ftne pow- 
 der, and melt them all together on the fire; 
 and iuft before you take them oflT, add half 
 an ounce of Venice turpentine, and having 
 made a plaift:er, fpread it upon leather and 
 lay it warm to the place, and round about 
 the hoof, letting it remain till it fall off of 
 itfelf ; but if it happens to come off too 
 foon, clap on another of the fame. 
 
 This is efteemed to be the bell method of 
 cure for this malady. 
 
 When this fwelling appears on the inward 
 part of the hoof, the method is to talce up 
 the thigh-vein, and to bleed it from the 
 nether part of the leg till it will bleed no 
 longer, and after to give fire to the fpavin 
 both long-ways and crofs-ways, and then to 
 apply a rertringent charge to the part. 
 
 BoG-SPAVIN : the very nature of the 
 tumour called the bog-fpavin, points out 
 the mofl: proper method for cure ; for as it 
 is filled with a gelatinous matter, it is ne- 
 cefTary to remove it before we can hope for 
 a cure. Let therefore the tumour be opened 
 by incifion, and the gelatinous matter dif- 
 charged. When this is performed, let the 
 wound be dreffed with doffils dipped in oil 
 of turpentine, and once in three or four 
 days a pov/der compofed of calcined vitriol, 
 allum, and bole, be put into it. By pur- 
 fuing this method, the bag will flough away, 
 and the cure be completed without leaving 
 any fear. If through the pain attending the 
 operation or dreffings, the joint fhouldfwell 
 or inflame, it muft be fomented twice a day, 
 and a poultice applied over the dreffings, 
 till it is reduced. 
 
 BoNE-SPAVIN, a malady to which horfes 
 
 are 
 
SPA 
 
 are incident; it is a great cruft as hard as a 
 bone, which if let run too long, will ftick, 
 or rather grow on the infides of the hoof, 
 under the joint, near the great vein, and 
 will caiife the horfe to halt very much. 
 
 It comes at the firft like a tender griftle, 
 which arrives by degrees to this hardnefs, 
 and may be caufcd feveral v/ays either by 
 immoderate riding or hard labour, which 
 diflblving the blood into thin humours, it 
 falls down and lodges in the hoof, caufingit 
 firft to fwell and afterwards to grow as liard 
 as a bone; fometimes it is hereditary, either 
 from the fire or the dam. 
 
 Bliftering and firing are the only remedies 
 that can be relied on in this diforder. And 
 when a fulnefs on the fore part of the hock, 
 comes on after hard riding, or any other 
 violence, which threatens a ipavin, tlie part 
 fhould be bathed with coolers and repeilers. 
 In young horfes milder medicines fliould be 
 applied, as they will, in a fhort time, wear 
 the tumour down by degrees, which will be 
 much better, than to remove it at once by 
 more fevere methods, which too often have 
 a very bad effedl: on young creatures, and 
 produce worfe confequences than thofe they 
 were intended to remove. 
 
 But in full grown horfes bliftering is ab- 
 folutcly neceffary ; and accordingly various 
 authors have given prefcriptions for com- 
 pounding a medicine that vnll anfwer the 
 intention. I Ihall not however enumerate 
 them here, as the bliftering ointment, with 
 the addition of one drachm of fublimate, 
 is the beft yet known, and has often been 
 ufed with the greateft fuccefs. 
 
 Before it is applied the hair muft be cut 
 off as clofe as poffible, and then the oint- 
 ment laid on very thick over the affeifted' 
 part. It will be proper to make this appli- 
 cation in the morning, and keep the creature 
 tied up during the whole day without any 
 litter ; but at night he muft be littered, and 
 fuffered to lie down; when in order to pre- 
 vent the ointment being rubbed off, a pitch 
 plaifter fhould be laid over it, and a bandage 
 of broad tape applied upon it to keep all 
 faft and firm. 
 
 After the blifter has done running, and 
 
 SPA 
 
 thefcabs begin to dry and peel ofr, it fhouJd 
 be applied a fecond time, in the very fame 
 manner as before ; for this fecond applica-- 
 tion will often have a much greater efl'e£l 
 than the firft; and in colts and young horfes 
 generally compleats the cure. 
 
 But when the fpavin has been of long 
 ftanding, it will require to be often re- 
 newed, perhaps five or fix times. It will 
 however be neceffary to obferve, that after 
 the fecond application, a greater interval of 
 time muft be allowed, becaufe, it will other- 
 wife have a fear, or at leaft a baldnefs in the 
 part, therefore, once a fortnight, or three 
 v/eeks, is often enough to renew the appli- 
 cation, which will prevent all blemifties of 
 that kind, and at the fame time procure the 
 fuccefs defired. 
 
 In full aged horfes the fpavins are gene- 
 rally more obftinate, as being feated more 
 internally; and when they run among the 
 finuofities of the joint they are commonly 
 incurable, as they are then beyond the reach 
 of medicines, and become of an impene- 
 trable hardnefs. 
 
 Violent cauftic medicines are generally 
 made ufe of to cure thefe cafes ; but it is a 
 dangerous praftice, and often deftroys the 
 limb. The only method is to try the blif- 
 tering ointment, continuing according to 
 the direftions already given for fome months, 
 if neceffary : the horfe being worked mode- 
 rately in the intervals : by this means the 
 hardnefs will be diffolved by degrees, and 
 wear away in an infenfible manner. 
 
 Sometimes the fpavin lies very deep, and 
 penetrates a confiderable way into the hollow 
 of the joint. When this is the cafe it will, 
 be in vain to expeft fuccefs from the medi- 
 cines already defcribed. The moft violent 
 cauftic ointments prepared with fublimate, 
 are the only preparations that can fucceed, 
 and thefe are fo dangerous, that a careful 
 pracflitioner would not chufe to ufe them. 
 Perhaps a proper cautery made in the form 
 of a fleam, may, by a dexterous hand, be 
 applied to the fpavin in fuch a manner as. 
 not to injure either the tendons or nerves; 
 by this means the fubftance of the fwelling 
 will be penetrated, and the running may be 
 
 eafily 
 
SPA 
 
 cafily continued by the help of the precipi- 
 tate ointment. This metiiod is fafe, and 
 therefore worth trying ; as horfes of great 
 value are often by this difeafe rendered unfer- 
 viceable. 
 
 In defperate cafes the following has been 
 ufed ; Take up the veins that feed it, as 
 well below as above, and give it fire, then 
 charge the place with pitch made hot, and 
 clap flax upon it; after four days anoint 
 it with oil of populeon and frefh butter, 
 melted together over a gentle fire ; and when 
 the fear is fallen off, apply bianco, or a 
 white ftuffmade ofjeffoes, continuing toufe 
 this till it is healed. 
 
 Cleanfe elecampane root very well, wrap 
 it up in a paper, and road it till it is foft, 
 then gall, rub, and chafe it well, clap 
 •it on and bind it hard, but not fo hot as to 
 fcald off the hair ; this will take it away at 
 twice dreffing. 
 
 Mix two-pennyworth of oil of turpentine 
 and as much oil of camomile together in a 
 glafs viol, and anoint, the part aggrieved 
 with it and it will do. 
 
 Make a (lit of the length of a barley-corn, 
 or longer, with a knife, upon the top of the 
 excrefcence^ then raife the Ikin from the 
 bone with a fine cornet, hollowing it round 
 the excrefcence and no more ; then having 
 fome lint dipped in oil of oriaganum, thruft 
 it into the hole, cover the knob, and let it 
 lie till you fee it rot, and that nature has caft 
 forth both the medicine and the core. 
 
 Put an ounce of common pepper pow- 
 dered, and as much roch-allum, into a pint 
 of anifeed-water, and boil them together 
 till one half is confumed, then drain it and 
 pour it into a glafs for ufe. Apply this 
 to the part once or twice as tliere is occafion. 
 
 There is alfo the ox-fpavin, which is a 
 callous and griftly fwelling, Jiard as a bone, 
 and fo painful that it makes a horfe lofe his 
 belly; fome horfes halt with it only at firft 
 coming out of the ftable, when tiiofe tu- 
 mours are but young : a fpavin at it's rife, 
 is larger towards the ply and bending of the 
 ham than behind it, and by degrees it in- 
 creafes fo'far, that it will at length make the 
 horfe quite lame. 
 
 S P I 
 
 Tke dry fpavin, which may be perceived 
 by the moft unfkilful; for when a horfe in 
 walking, with a twitch lifts one of his hind- 
 legs higher than the other, he is faid to have 
 this kind of fpavin, and will often be affect- 
 ed with it in both legs. 
 
 Thefe frequently degenerate into ox-fpa- 
 vins ; and there is no cure for them but ap- 
 plying the fire, even that does not always 
 effeft the cure. 
 
 SPAYARD 1 [with Hunters] aredmale 
 
 SPAID J ... 
 
 old. 
 
 deer that is three years 
 
 SPEAR ; the feather of a horfe, called 
 the ftrake of the fpear, is a mark in the neck, 
 or near the fhoulder of fome barbs ; and 
 fome Turkey and SpaniJIj horfes reprefent the 
 blow or cut of a fpear in thofe places, with 
 fome appearance of a fear as it were. 
 
 This feather is an infiliible fign of a good 
 horfe. 
 
 SPEAR-HAND, or Sword-Hand, of a 
 horfeman^ is his right hand. 
 
 SPEAR-FOOT OF a Horse, is his far 
 foot behind. 
 
 SPIRT -NET OR Caralet, a device 
 wherewith great fifh as well as fmall may 
 be taken, which is alfo known by other 
 names ; this is a common fort of net, and 
 made according to the figure in Plate III. 
 
 The mefhes of this net mufl be pretty 
 large that you may the more eafily lift it 
 out of the water, or elfe great fifh will be 
 fure to leap over it: you muft alfo do thus j 
 take a needle and thread, which draw 
 through the fides of your common earth- 
 worms, but in fuch a manner as not to hurt 
 them much, to the end that they may move 
 their heads and tails with llrength and vi- 
 gour, that the fifh at the fight of them may 
 imagine they are at liberty ; then tying 
 both ends of the threads together, hang it 
 at Q_, juft over the middle of the net, with- 
 in eight inches of the bottom ; you mufl al- 'm 
 fo have a long pole, as O, P, N, and within 
 a foot of the fmaller end faften two crofs 
 flicks of the net, in fuch a manner that they 
 may hang about tv/o inches loofe from the 
 pole, that fo the net may play the better. 
 When you put the net into the water, make 
 
S P L 
 
 ^ little dafliing noife therewith, for the fifli 
 are very inquifitive after fuch novelties, and 
 coming to fee v/hat the matter is, will per- 
 ceive the rolling of the worms : then they 
 will chafe after the fmaller fifli, and each at 
 his fide begins to pull for the worms : you 
 may know there are great ones, and good 
 Ilore of them, by their pulling and tugging 
 the net, upon which the great end of the 
 pole muft be clapped between your legs, 
 and a fudden mount with both hands be 
 given to the net, and you may be fure of all 
 within the compafs of it : in holding the 
 net, it feems to be moft for your eafe to let 
 the end reft between your legs, with both 
 hands a little extended on the pole, for the 
 better fupporting it j and let it fometimcs 
 be fuffered to lie flat on the ground, as the 
 place will permit. See the Plate III. 
 
 SPITTER [with Hunters] a male deer 
 near two years old, whofe horns begin to 
 grow up fharp and fpit-wife ; the fame is al- 
 fo called a brocket, or pricket. 
 
 SPI£EN IN Horses, a difeafe cured as 
 follows: boil a handful of agrimony in the 
 water which the horfe is to drink mornings 
 and evenings, chopping the leaves fmall 
 when they are boiled, and then mix them 
 well with frefh butter, to be made into balls 
 of which give the horfe two or three at a 
 time, in the manner of pills, with a horn of 
 old ftrong beer after each pill. 
 
 SPLENTS ; a difeafe in horfes, which is 
 a callous, hard, infenfible fwelling, or 
 hard griftle, breeding on the lliank bone, 
 which when it grows big fpoils the fliape of 
 the leg, and generally comes upon the in- 
 fide J but if there be one oppofite to it on 
 the out-fide, is called a peg, or pinned 
 fplent, becaufe it does as it were, pierce 
 the bone, and is extremely dangerous. 
 
 The fimple fplents are only faftened to 
 the bone, at a pretty diftance from the knee, 
 and without touching the back finew, and 
 have not a very bad confequence ; but thofe 
 that touch the back finew, or are fpread on 
 the knee, will make a horfe lame in a fliort 
 time.- 
 
 Horfes are alfo fubjeft to have fuzes in the 
 fame place, which are two fplents joined by 
 
 S P L 
 
 the ends, one above the other, and are more 
 dangerous than a fimple fplent. 
 
 For the cure of this malady, fhave away 
 the hair, and rub and beattlie fvvelling with 
 the handle of a fhoeing hammer ; then hav- 
 ing burnt three or four hazle fticks, while 
 the fap is in them, chafe the fplent with the 
 juice, or water that iflTues out at both ends, 
 applying it as hot as you can, without fcald- 
 ing the part; after that, rub or bruife the 
 fwelling with one of the flicks, and conti- 
 nue frequently to throw the hot juice upon 
 the part, but fo as not to fcald it, and 
 continue ftill rubbing it, till it grows 
 foft. 
 
 Then dip a linen cloth, five or fix times 
 double, in the hazle juice, as hot as your 
 hands can endure it, and tie it upon the 
 fplent, where let it remain for twenty four 
 hours, keeping the horfe in the ftable for 
 the fpace of nine days, not fuffering him to 
 be either ridden or lead to water; by which 
 time the fplent will be diflTolved, and the 
 hair will afterwards grow on it again. 
 
 If the hazle be not in full fap, it will not 
 operate fo effedlually, neverthelefs it may be 
 ufed ; but then the part mufi:be rubbed and 
 bruifed more ftrongly. If the fplent be not 
 quite taken away, but only diminiflied, re- 
 peat this operation a month after. 
 
 Another remedy, that is an approved one, 
 is the ointment of beetles ; in April or Majy 
 you may find a little black, longifh infeft, 
 about the foot of the ftalk of the bulbous 
 crow-foot. It is no bigger than a fmall 
 bean, having legs, but no wings, and fo 
 hard, that you can with difficulty bruife it 
 your fingers. 
 
 Take three or four hundred of thefe, 
 and mix them with hog's greafe in a pot, 
 cover it very clofe, till they are quite dead, 
 aid then ftamp them to an ointment with 
 greafe, which, the longer it is kept, the 
 better it will be. 
 
 Then firft you are to foften and prick the 
 fplent, after the ufual manner, then apply 
 this ointment to it, of the thicknefs of a 
 half penny, caufing it to fink in, by hold- 
 ing a hot fire-fliovel againft it : this will 
 draw out a red water, which will turn to a 
 B b b fcurf 
 
S P L 
 
 fcurf or fcab, in about nine or ten days, and 
 afterwards fall off. But before you apply 
 this ointment, you mutt foften the callous, 
 or hard fwelling, with a poultice made of 
 two ounces of lilly-roots, the fiime quantity 
 of marfli-mallows ; of the leaves of mallow 
 and violets, twohandfulsj one handful of 
 dill, of wild marjoram, wild penny royal, 
 or corn-mint. 
 
 Boil the roots in water for about an hour, 
 then mix tlie water with about three parts of 
 oil J then put the herbs to it, and when 
 they are well boiled, ftamp all to mafh, 
 ihave off the hair, and apply it warm to the 
 part. 
 
 SPLINT; a malady incident to horfes; 
 this is very much like the fj)lent, though 
 fome authors take it to be different from 
 that difeafe. 
 
 This begins at the very griftle, and will, 
 if it be let alone too long, become as hard 
 as a bone, growing either bigger or fmaller, 
 according to the caufe from which it pro- 
 ceeds. 
 
 It is found, for the moft part, on the in- 
 fide of the fliank, between the knee and the 
 fet-Iock joint, and is very hard to be cured; 
 it is fo painful to a horfe, that it will not 
 only caufe him to halt, trip, and fhumble, 
 but alfo to fall in his travelling. 
 
 This malady is occafioned by too hard 
 travelling, and much labour, or by his being 
 over-loaded, which offends the tender finews 
 of his legs ; though fome horfes are affeded 
 ■with it hereditarily, from their fire or dam's 
 being troubled with it. 
 
 It may be known both by the fight or 
 feeling, for if it is pinched with the thumb 
 or finger, the horfe will flirink up his leg. 
 
 For the cure : firft wafli the place, and 
 Jbave off the hair, as is done in fplents, and 
 boney excretions ; knock and rub it with a 
 blood-ftaff, or hazel ftick, and then prick 
 it with a fleam ; and having pounded toge- 
 ther vervain and fait, of each a handful, 
 to an ointment, apply it to the place, bind- 
 ing it up with a roller, and fewing it faff 
 on, where let it lie for twenty-four hours. 
 
 Another method of cure is, to dip a ftick 
 or feather into_ a glafs of oil of vitriol, and 
 
 S P R 
 
 and to touch the place with it, and it will 
 eat it away ; but if it happens to eat too 
 much, put a ftop to it, by bathing the part 
 with cold water, or you may wafli it with 
 green copperas, boiled in water, which will 
 not only cleanfe it from any piece of the 
 remaining fplcnt, but alfo heal it up. 
 
 In order to take away the fplent, fo as to 
 leave no fear behind it, take a red hazel 
 ftick, about the bignefs of one's thumb, 
 about a quarter of a yard long, and firft 
 knock the fplent very well with it, cut one 
 end of it very fmooth, and ftick a needle in 
 the pith of it, leaving out juft fo much of 
 the point, as will prick through the ficin ; 
 with this prick the (kin of the part full of 
 holes, and then rub it all over with oil 
 of perre, bathing it in with a hot fire- 
 ftiovel, for four or five days fucceffively. 
 
 You may here take notice, that the fall- 
 ing down of new humours may be ftopped 
 by binding plaifters, as pitch, rofin, ma- 
 ftich, read-lead, oil, bole armoniac, and 
 the like. 
 
 Then to draw outfuch matter as is gather- 
 ed, you may make ufe of drawing fimples, 
 as wax, turpentine, ijjc. and laftly, to dry 
 up the remainder, ufe drying powders, as 
 lime, oyfter-fhells, foot, &'c. 
 
 But remember that all fplints, fpavins, 
 and knobs, ought to be taken away at their 
 fij'ft beginning* 
 
 SPRAIN, 1 [in Hawks] a diftemper in- 
 
 STRAIN, J cident to their feet and legs, 
 and may be difcovered by it's heat and 
 burnings. 
 
 For the cure ; anoint and rub the place> 
 morning and evening, with oil of Exe- 
 ter, binding about it a fine cloth, dipped- ia 
 the fame oil, and keep it warm and fupple. 
 
 If the fprain happens to be in any of the 
 talons, or pounce-joints, cut the talons to 
 the quick with a coping-iron, and let out a 
 good quantity of the enflamed corrupt blood, 
 which would otherwife endanger the lofs of 
 the foot. 
 
 The blood may be ftanched by fearing 
 the place v;ith a hot iron, and anointing it A 
 with the oil of Exeter, and tying a linnen 1 
 cloth dipped in the faid oil, about the fore, 
 
 and 
 
S T R 
 
 and over all the finger of a glove, witli a 
 hole for the talons to come out, which fin- 
 ger muft be made with a drawing thread, 
 that it may the eafier be opened morning 
 and evening, for the putting three or four 
 drops of the oil in it, without being obliged 
 to take it quite off. 
 
 But if the fwelling has been caufed by a 
 blow, or any other accident on the hawk's 
 •leg'^, or feet, then anoint the place with the 
 oil b'f bays only, mixed with brandy, and 
 tie over it a cloth dipped in the fame, ?nd 
 a leather over that, to keep it warm. 
 
 And in all thefe cafes, give her reft and 
 due feeding, or elfe it will be to little pur- 
 pofe. 
 
 SPRAIN, 7 [in Horfes] a misfortune 
 STRAIN, 3 which is the extenfion or 
 ftretchingof ihe finews beyond their ftrength, 
 by reafon of a (lip or wrench, 
 
 Thofe in the back are cured after the fol- 
 lowing manner: 
 
 If it be newly done, take a quart of 
 grounds of ale or beer, a large handful of 
 parfley, and grafs chopped ; boil them toge- 
 ther till the herbs are foft, then add a quarter 
 of a pound of fweet butter j when it is melt- 
 ed take it off the fire, and put it into 
 a pint of white wine vinegar, and if it be 
 thin, thicken it with wheat bran, and lay it 
 upon hurds, poultice-wife, as hot as the 
 horfe can bear it ; remove it once in twelve 
 hours, and give the horfe a moderate ex- 
 ercife. 
 
 Others take five quarts of ale, and a 
 quarter of a peck of glovers fpecks, and 
 boil them till it comes to a quart, and then 
 apply it hot to the grief, and remove it not 
 in five days, 
 
 Som.e beat Venice turpentine and brandy 
 together, into a falve, and with it anoint 
 the grieved part, and heat it with a fire- 
 fhovel, and in two or three days doing it 
 will have a good effedt. 
 
 For a STRAIN in the Shoulder, or 
 elfewhere; that is either hid or apparent: 
 take ten ounces of prew-greafe, melt it on 
 the fire, and put to it four ounces of oil of 
 fpike, and one of the oil of origanum, one 
 and an half of the oil of Efceter, and three 
 
 S P R 
 
 of that of Si. John'?, wort -, ftir them all to- 
 gether, and put them into a gallipot, with 
 which (being made hot) anoint the place, 
 rubbing and chafing it in very well, hold- 
 ing a hot fire-fliovcl before it j do this 
 every other day, rubbing and chafing it in 
 twice a day, and give the horfe moderate 
 exercife. 
 
 For a STRAIN in the Pastern-joint, 
 OR Fetlock-joint j make a poultice of the 
 grounds of ftrong beer, hen's-dung, hog's- 
 greafe, 'and nerve-oil, boiled together, and 
 applied two or three times, bound in a rag, 
 will do. 
 
 For an old STRAIN on the Leg ; clip 
 the hair off fo clofe that you may fee the 
 paftern-joint, then ftrike it with your fleam, 
 and let it bleed well, then having fhaken 
 oil of turpentine, and ftrong ale or beer, 
 very well together in a glafs, anoint the 
 grieved part very well with it, chafing it in, 
 with a hot fire-fliovel held before it; and 
 when you find that the fwelling is abated, 
 lay the common charge of foap and brandy 
 upon it, and wet a linnen rag in the 
 fame, and bind about it, and when the 
 charge begins to peel off anoint it once or 
 twice with the oil of trotters. 
 
 SPREAD-NET, i a partridge-net, which 
 DRAG-NET, j may be made with four 
 fquare meftaes ; fee it defcribed in the plate 
 XIV. No. J. 
 
 It is made of three pieces, the greateft, 
 A B F G, muft be fix feet long, and four 
 broad; the other two, PQIH, and KLXY, 
 four feet long, and one broad ; let the 
 grand beginning of them be faftened at the 
 letter Q, and then from Q^R, to the end 
 G ; leave as much length or fpace as the 
 fmall net is broad, which is a foot: this 
 length terminates at the point R, from 
 whence begin to fow the two pieces, C^and 
 R, together, and go to the letters P S, leav- 
 ing alfo an equal length of the great net 
 from S to B, to that from Q^to G: few 
 the other piece X Y, over-againft- Y T, in 
 the fame manner. 
 
 When you have joined the nets together, 
 
 get four ftakes, the form of which is reprer- 
 
 fented at C E N ; let tliem be eighteen 
 
 B b b 2 inches 
 
S P R 
 
 nches long, and a finger thick, with a notch 
 at the end N, in order to faften them at 
 each corner, as R, S, T, U, where the nets 
 are joined together; each of thefe ftakes 
 mull have a little hole bored in them, with- 
 in half a foot of the end C, that you may 
 put in the buckle or ring E, made of iron 
 or copper, and refembling the rings of bed- 
 curtains. 
 
 Then take a pretty ftrong packthread, the 
 end of which you muft thruft into the ring 
 of the ftake to be tied to the corner of the 
 net Q, R, and from thence to the corner of 
 the fmall net, thrufling it through all the 
 mefhes of the edge, and bringing it out at 
 the melh I, and then put it through the 
 ring of the ftake, at the corner P, S, and 
 from thence into the mefh, at the corner of 
 the fmall net B, and fo quite about to the 
 laft corner G, and finally into the ring with 
 the other end ; let each of thefe two ends 
 hang four or five feet in length, and then tie 
 them together, as at M. 
 
 The following figure reprefents the drag- 
 net, fpread in order to catch partridges. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 But you fliould firft, a little before fun- 
 fet, go into fome field, or place where you 
 think to find fome fport, and there hide 
 vourfelf, and you may loon know if there 
 be any partridges, by their calling and 
 jucking, and then they will take a fmall 
 flight, and fometimes two or three before 
 they go to rooft ; and be lure to obferve ex- 
 aftly'the place where they rooft, by making 
 fome mark at a diftance, to the end that you 
 may not be to feek the place in the dark ; 
 then prepare two ftrait light poles, which 
 muft be as long as the net is broad, which, 
 to do well, fhould be about fifteen or twenty 
 fathoms or more : they muft be as ftrong at 
 one end as the other, they need not be all of 
 one piece, but of two or three well joined ; 
 take your net, poles, and companion, with 
 you to the place, for the fport cannot well 
 be performed without an afliftant. 
 
 Now the figure above, more particularly 
 reprefents a piece of corn, where partridges 
 have been difcovered; the ridges are de- 
 noted by the prick'd lines, and the ground 
 
 S P R 
 
 between the ridges, is the fpace you find 
 between thefe prick'd lines ; and laftly, the 
 letter R is the place where the partridges 
 are fiippofed to ftop. 
 
 The net muft be fpread upon the ground 
 (by two men) in a place where there are 
 neither buflies, nor other incumbrances, to 
 entangle it, and hinder the eftecfls of it ; 
 then faftening the poles A, D, and B, C, 
 to each end, they fix the net all along to 
 the places marked, by the fmall ends of the 
 thread, as in the figure ; then they put 
 pack-threads into the bottom of the net, 
 which they faften all along the edge, at the 
 places O, P, Q_. Thefe packthreads ought 
 to be about two feet and a half, or three 
 feet long, with fmall bufties at the other 
 end, to trail on the ground, that the par- 
 tridges may be forced to fpring, when they 
 hear the ruftling noife ; and it may here be 
 particularly noted, that the red partridges 
 are not fo forward to fpring, as the grey 
 ones. 
 
 When the net is extended, each perfon 
 muft take hold of the middle of the poles, 
 lifting up the higher end of the net, about 
 five or fix feet from the ground, and letting 
 the lower part follow Hoping about half a 
 foot from the ground, upon which nothing 
 muft drag but the three fmall branches O, 
 P, Q_£ the cord and the buflies muft drag 
 on the ground, and fhould not be above two 
 feet long ; when the partridges rife, both 
 muft let go their hands, and let the net fall 
 on the ground upon them. 
 
 Sometimes it fo happens, that the par- 
 tridges rife before the net is over them, 
 which may be occafioned by the too great 
 noife you make ; tlierefore be as ftill as pof- 
 fible, and if fo, let them reft two or three 
 hours, before you attempt any thing again, 
 then march over the whole field with your 
 net ready fet, and it is a great chance but 
 you meet them at laft. 
 
 This fport muft not be followed neither 
 when the moon fliines, nor when it fnows ; 
 fome carry a light, or fome fire with them, 
 the better to difcover the partridges : which 
 when they fee, they take it to be day-light, 
 and are difcovered by the noife they make in 
 
 waking. 
 
Tiu^xn^. 
 
 
 Sprea^i Nct> 
 
 :Fiir.4 
 
S P R 
 
 waking, and ftretching out their wings; 
 then they hide the light, and draw the net 
 over them. 
 
 In order to carry fuch a light, they fallen 
 the bottom of a corn-biifhel, or the like, to 
 the breafi", and the mouth thereof being 
 turned towards the partridges, they place a 
 tin lamp, made on purpofe, in the bottom 
 thereof, with a wick or match, as big as a 
 man's little finger, fo that the light can only 
 be feen right forward, and not flde-w.iys. 
 Other inventions there are, and more may 
 be found out, to carry lights for this purpofe, 
 with which I fhall not amufe the reader : 
 that perfon who has a mind to take a covey 
 of partridges alone by himfelf, mull: prepare 
 two polesx made of a willow, or fome other 
 wood both ftrait and light, bigger at one 
 end than at the other, and about twelve or 
 fifteen feet long, to which he is to fatten his 
 net, as may be feen by the figure. No. i. 
 
 The poles muft be fattened along the fides 
 Q^ S, and T, R, with pack-threads, in fuch 
 a manner that their thickeft ends may be at 
 S, T, the narroweft part of the net ; which 
 fpread-net being adjufted, let the fportfman 
 go into the field, and obferving where the 
 partridges are, let him carry the net in fuch 
 a manner, that the edge S, T, being againft 
 his belly, the ends of the poles, S and T, 
 rub againft his fides ; and extending his 
 arms, let him, with both his hands, lay hold 
 on the two poles as far as he can, to the end 
 that preffing the cord S, T, againft his bel- 
 ly, he may have the more ftrength ; then 
 holding up the net four, five, or fix feet 
 from the ground, let him walk along the 
 fide of the corn-field, and let the edge of 
 the net Q^ R, trail on the ground on the 
 right and left, without quitting it, if no 
 partridges are found under it ; but if any, 
 let him drop the poles and net, and hafte to 
 catch the game. 
 
 To SPRING Partridges or Pheasants, 
 is to raife them. 
 
 SPRINGES ; certain devices for the tak- 
 ing of fowl and bird, both great and fmall ; 
 they are ufually made and accommodated 
 thus : firft, knowing well the fowls haunts, 
 and the places where the flocks and couples 
 
 S.P R 
 
 do ufually feed mornings and evenings, and 
 obferving well the furrows and water- traftsj 
 where they ufually ftalk and paddle for 
 worms, flat-grafs, roots, and fuch like 
 things, on which they feed ; be fure to take 
 notice where feveral furrows or v/ater-drains 
 meet in one, and after a fmall courfe, divide 
 themfelves again into other parts, or bran- 
 ches, this middle part being the deepeft, 
 and, as it were, feeding the reft; and alfo 
 obferve which is moft paddled, anfl fitteft 
 for them to wade in ; for fuch are the moft 
 likely places for your purpofe. Then take 
 fmall and ftiort fticks, and ftick them crofs- 
 wife, over-thwart all the other paflTages, one 
 ftick within about half an inch of each 
 other, making, as it were, a kind of fence, 
 to guard every way, except one, through 
 which you would have the fowl to pafs. 
 
 This being done, take a good ftiff" ftick, 
 cut flat on each fide, and pricking both ends 
 into the water, caufe the upper part of the 
 flat fide of the ftick to touch the water, and 
 no more ; then make a bow of a fmall hazel 
 or willow, in the form of a pear, broad and 
 round at one end, and narrow at the other, 
 and at leaft a foot long, and five or fix in- 
 ches wide, and at the narrow end a little 
 nick or dent; then take a good ftiff" young 
 grown plant of hazle, elm, or withy, being 
 buftiy grown, and clear without knots, three 
 or four inches about at the bottom, and 
 about an inch at top, and having made the 
 bottom end ftiarp, fatten at the top a very 
 ttrong loop, of about a hundred horfe-hairs, 
 platted very faft together with ftrong pack- 
 thread, and made fmooth and pliable, to 
 flip and run at pleafure," and this loopfliould 
 be of the juft quantity of the hoop, made 
 pearwife, as before-mentioned ; then hard 
 by this loop, with ftrong horfe-hair, within 
 an inch and a half of the end of the plant, 
 faftcn a little broad, but thin tricker, made 
 ftiarp and equal at both ends, after the 
 following proportion defcribed in the firft 
 figure. 
 
 And then the bigger fliarp end of the 
 plant being thruft and fixed into the ground, 
 clofe by the edge of the water, the final left 
 end with the loop and the tricker fliall be 
 
 brought 
 
"Virouglu down to the firll bridge; and the 
 hoop inAde peai'-wHe being laid upon the 
 brjdgcj one end of the tricker fhall be fet 
 upon the nick of the- hoopi and the other 
 end again (I the nick made on the fmall end 
 of the plate, which by the violence and bend 
 of the plant, fliall inake themftick and hold 
 together until the hoop be moved : this , 
 done, the loop mull be laid on the hoop in 
 fuch fafliidn' 'as the hoop is proportioned ; . 
 then n-om each lide of the hoop prick little 
 fnchs as aforefaid, as it were making an 
 impaled path-way to the hoop, and as you 
 go farther and farther from the hoop or 
 fpring, lb fhall you widen the way, that the 
 fowl may be entered a good way in before; 
 they perceive the fence, the firft entrance; 
 being about the width of an indifferent fur- 
 row, fo that any fowl falling, they may be 
 enticed to go and wade upon the fame, 
 where they fliall no fooner toucli the fpringe 
 with their heads, feet; or feathers, but they 
 ihall be caught ; and according to tlie 
 ftrength of the plant, you may catch any 
 fowl great or fmall. 
 
 For the taking fmaller fowl with this en- 
 gine, as the fnipe, woodcock, pewit, or the 
 like, that ufe to feed in wet and marflry 
 grounds, and amongft water-furrov/s or ril- 
 lings, fucking from thence the fatnefs of the 
 foil, the device or engine is the fame, with- 
 out any alteration, except that it may be of 
 much lefs ftrength and iubflance, according 
 to the fowl it is fet for, efpecially the 
 fweeper or main plant, which, as before 
 ordered, is to be of elm, hazel, or withy, 
 and fo in this cafe may be of willow, fallow, 
 or Ilrong grown ofier, or any other yielding 
 plant that will bend and recover it's ftrait- 
 nefs again : this kind of engine is only for 
 the winter feafon, v/hen much wet is on the 
 ground; but if there happens many great 
 frofts, fo that you arc deprived of the ad- 
 vantage of the waters, then find out where 
 thofe llanding waters have any defcent or 
 fmall paflages, fo as by the fwift current the 
 water is not frozen, and there fet your 
 fpringes, and the greater is the froft, the 
 more apt they are to be taken. 
 
 Now to take birds and fowl on trees. 
 
 •5 P R 
 
 boughs or hedges, with fuch or the like de- 
 vice, after you have obferved any fuch to 
 which birds refort, as in the figure you fee 
 reprefented, then chufe any branch thereof; 
 for example : See Plate XIV. Fig. 4. 
 
 The letter O, which is tall and ftrait, cut 
 off all the little twigs that grow about it, 
 from the bottom until you come within four 
 or five foot of the top, then pierce a hole 
 through the faid branch with a wimble, at 
 the letter H, whrch muft be about the big- 
 nefs of a goofe-quill; then chufe out ano- 
 ther twig, about four feet diftant from the 
 former, as marked N, and pare away all the 
 little branches; at the end L tie a fmall 
 packthread, half a foot long, at which tie 
 one of the running bows of horfe hair, fine- 
 ly twifted, as the letter M : you may alfo 
 have a little ftick P, O, four fingers long, 
 with a little hook at the end O, and the 
 other end round pointed ; ftoop down your 
 branch or twig N, to which your horfe-hair 
 collar is faftened, and pafs the collar thro' 
 the hole H, and draw it until the knot M 
 be likewife drawn through ; then faften very 
 gently the end of the fmall ftick P in the 
 hole H, which muft be fo neatly done as 
 only to ftop, and no more, the drawing back 
 of the branch N ; then fpread abroad the 
 collar upon your little ftick P, O, and tie 
 fonie bait, either of green pears, cherries, 
 wheat, worms, or the like, according to the 
 nature of the birds for which you fet your 
 device, at the letter Q^ fo that no bird can 
 come to touch them unlefs he fets his foot 
 on the fmall ftick, which will prefently fall, 
 and fo give way to the knot M, then follows 
 the branch or twig N, and the bird remains 
 fnapt by the legs. 
 
 The defcription and figures are fo plain, 
 that a miftake cannot well be made ; how- 
 ever, here is the form of three of them, 
 two ready bent, one before and the other 
 behind, and the third unbent, that you may 
 obferve all the feveral pieces. See Fig. 4. 
 Plate XIV. 
 
 Another way of taking fowl and birds by 
 fpringes, fuch as black-birds, thruflics, par- 
 tridges, pheafants, or the like,' is defcribed 
 by.the following figure, which may be placed 
 
 accord- 
 
according to the game defigned to be taken, 
 cither on the ground, or on a tree, bufh, 
 hedge, or the like, See Fig. 5. Plate XIV. 
 
 Take a flick of fallow, or willow, five or 
 fix feet long, (li ait and fmooth, about the 
 bignefs of an ordinary walking cane, as R, 
 Z, Iharpened at the end Z ; and at the end 
 R faften or tie a fmall wooden crook, as the 
 letter G, then nnake a little hole at Y, about 
 the bignefs of a fwan's quill, and another 
 hole half as big at V, then take any ftick, 
 •which, being bent, ■ will fpring back again 
 and become fcrait, as holly, or the like, let 
 it be about three feet long, and thruft the 
 great end of it into the hole op; tie a fmall 
 packthread at the other end, with a collar of 
 horfe-hair, which draw through the hole V, 
 and flop it here, by pegging it in very gently 
 with a fmall flick' T, lb that it may only 
 keep it from flying back, and no morej 
 then open your running collar of horfe-hair, 
 as at S, and fpread it over the little ftick T; 
 then tie at the letter R the bait you intend 
 to ufe, and let it hang down within three, 
 four, or five inches of the fmall flick T, 
 according to the bignefs of the bird for 
 which it is fet. 
 
 SPUNGE OF A Horse-Shoe, is the ex- 
 tremity or point of the fhoe that anfwers to 
 the horfe's heel, upon which the calkins are 
 made. 
 
 SPUR, a piece of metal, confifling of 
 two branches encompafTing a horfeman's heel, 
 and a rowel in form of a liar, advancing out 
 behind, to prick the horfe. 
 
 SQUIRREL, is larger in compafs than a 
 ■weefel, but the weefel is longer than the 
 fquirrel ; the back parts and all the body is 
 reddifh, except the belly, which is white. 
 
 In Helvetia they are black and branded, 
 and are hunted at the fall of the leaf, when 
 the trees are naked, for they run and leap 
 from bough to bough with a furprizing agi- 
 lity, and when the trees are clothed with 
 leaves they cannot be fo well feen. 
 
 They are of three colours, in the firfl age 
 black, in the fecond of a rufty iron colour, 
 and when they grow old they are full of 
 ■white hoary hairs. 
 
 Their teeth are like the teeth of mice, 
 
 S QJJ 
 
 having the two under teeth very long and 
 fharp. 
 
 Their tail is always as big as their body, 
 and it lies continually on their back when 
 they fleep or fit ftill, and it feems to have 
 been given thern for a covering. 
 
 In the fummer-time they build their nefls 
 (which fom.e call drays) in the tops of the 
 trees, very artificially, with flicks, mofs, 
 and other things which the wood affords, 
 and fill it with nuts for their winter provi- 
 fionsj and like the y^/«^ moufe, they lleep 
 moft part of the winter very foundly, fo that 
 they do not awake 'though you beat at the 
 outlide of their drays. 
 
 When they leap from tree to tree they ufe 
 their tail inflead of wings, leaping at a 
 great diflance, and are borne up without any 
 finking, in appearance ; nay, they will fre- 
 quently leap from a very high tree down to 
 the ground, and receive no harm. 
 
 To hunt this little animal many perfons 
 ought to go together, and carry dogs with 
 them ; and the fittefl place for the exercife 
 of this fport, is in little and fmall flender 
 woods, fuch as may be Ihaken by the hand. 
 
 Bows are necefTary to remove them v/hen 
 they refl in the twifls of trees, for they will 
 not be much terrified with all the hallooing 
 you make, unlefs they are now and then hit 
 by one means or another. 
 
 They feem to be fenfible what a defence a 
 high oak is to them, and how fecurely they 
 can lodge there fi^om men and dogs j where- 
 fore fince it is too troublefome to climb 
 every tree, you muft inflead of that labour 
 ufe bows and bolts, that when t^e fquirrel 
 refts you may prefently give him a thump 
 by an arrow; the Ihooter need not fear 
 doing them much arm, except he hit them 
 on the head, for by reafon of a flrong back- 
 bone, and flefhy parts, they will bear as 
 great a flroke as a dog. 
 
 If they be driven to the ground from the 
 trees, and fo creep into hedges, it is afignthat 
 they are tired j and fuch is the lofty fpirit of 
 this animal, that while her flrengih falls her, 
 Ihe will fave herfelf in the tops of high trees, 
 butbeingtired, fhe defcends andfallsintothe 
 mouths of thofe yelping curs that perfecute 
 her. If 
 
If what Js reported of thern be true, the 
 admirable cunning of die fqiiinei appears in 
 her Avimming or pafTing over a river; for 
 when {he' is conftraincd by hunger fo to do, 
 Ihe feeks out fome rind or fm.all bark of a 
 tree, which fhe fets upon the water, and 
 then goes into it, and holding up her tail like 
 a fail, lets the wind drive her to the other 
 fide, and carries meat in her mouth, to pre- 
 vent being familhed by the length of the 
 voyage. 
 
 STABLE ; as to the fituation of a liable 
 it fhould be in a good air, and upon 
 hard, firm, and dry ground, that in the 
 winter the horfe may come and go clean in 
 and out; and, if it may be, it will be beft 
 if it be fituated upon an afcent, that the 
 \irine, foul water, or any wet, may be con- 
 veyed away by trenches or finks cut out for 
 that purpofe. 
 
 By no means let there be any hen-roofts, 
 hog-fties, or houfes of eafement, or any 
 other filthy fmells near it, for hen-dung 
 or feathers fwallowed, oftentimes prove 
 mortal, and the ill air of a jakes fometimes 
 caufes blindnefs; and the fmell of fwine 
 is apt to breed the farcin ; and there is no 
 animal that delights more in cleanlinefs, nor 
 is more ofi^ended at unwholefome favours 
 than a horfe. 
 
 Brick is better for building ftables than 
 ftone, the latter being fubjeft to fweating in 
 wet weather, and the dampnefs and moifture 
 caufes rheums and catarrhs. 
 
 Let the walls be of a good convenient 
 thicknefs, at lead a brick and half, or two 
 bricks thick, both for the fake of fafety 
 and warmth in winter, and to defend him 
 from being annoyed with the heat in fum- 
 mer, which would hinder his digefting his 
 food. 
 
 It will be proper to have windows both 
 on the eaft and on the north fides, that he 
 may have the benefit of the north air in fum- 
 mer, and of the morning fun from the eaft 
 in the winter. 
 
 Let the windows be glazed, and if they 
 be fafhed it will not only be the handfomer, 
 but will be more convenient to let in air at 
 pleafure : and let there be clofe wooden 
 
 S T A 
 
 fliuttcrs, that you may darken the ftable in 
 the middle of the day, which will incline the 
 horfe to take his reft as well in the day as in 
 the night. 
 
 That part of the floor on which the horfe 
 is to ftand fhould be made of oaken planks, 
 for they will be both eafier and warmer for 
 the horfe to lie upon than fiones ; and be 
 fure to lay them level, for if they are laid 
 higher before than behind (as they general- 
 ly are in Inns and Horfe-courfer's ftables, 
 that their horfes may appear to more advan- 
 tage in ftature) his hinder legs will fwell, 
 and he can never lie eafily, becaufe his hin- 
 der parts will be ftill flipping down. 
 
 Lay the planks crofs-ways, and not length- 
 ways, and fink a good trench underneath 
 them, which may receive the urine through 
 holes bored in the planks, and convey it in- 
 to fome common receptacle. 
 
 Raife the ground behind him even with 
 the planks, that he may continually ftand 
 upon a level; and let the floor behind him 
 be paved with fmall pebble ; and be fure to 
 let that part of the ftable where the rack 
 ftands be well wainfcotted. 
 
 Place two rings at each fide of his ftall 
 for his halter to run through, which Ihould 
 have a light wooden logger at the bottom- 
 of it, to poife it perpendicularly, but not fo 
 heavy as to tire the horfe, or to hinder him 
 from eating. 
 
 Some recommend a drawer or locker made 
 in the wainfcot partition, rather than a 
 fixt manger, for him to eat his corn out of, 
 which may be taken out to cleanfe at plea- 
 fure. 
 
 This need not to be made large, and 
 therefore will not take up much room. 
 
 They alfo advife not to make any rack at 
 all, but infteadof it, (according to the Ita- 
 lian fafhion) to give the horfe his hay on 
 the ground, upon the litter : or elfe you may, 
 if you pleafe, nail fome boards in the form 
 of a trough, in which you may put his hay, 
 and the boards will prevent him from tramp- 
 ling on and fpoiling it. 
 
 Some again disapprove of this way of 
 feeding, thinking it may fpoil his cheft, 
 and that his blowing upon his hay will make 
 
 it 
 
S T A 
 
 it naufeous to his palate : But others again 
 anlwer, that as to the fpoiling of his cheft, 
 it rather ftrengthens it and makes it firm; 
 •whereas on the contrary, the lifting of his 
 head up high to the rack, will make him 
 withy cragged. But the way before men- 
 tioned he will feed as he lies, which will be 
 for his eafe. And as to the hay, that may 
 be given him but by fmall quantities at a 
 time ; and there will be this advantage in 
 receiving his hay on the ground, the prone 
 pofture will cleanfe his head from rheum 
 or pofe, which he may happen by any ways 
 to have gotten, andinduce him to fneeze and 
 throw out all manner of watery humours 
 that may annoy his head. 
 
 If you have ftable-room enough you may 
 make partitions, and at the head, towards 
 the manger, board them to that height 
 that one horfe may not moleft or fmell to 
 another, allowing each horfe room enough to 
 turn about and lie down at pleafure. 
 
 One of thefe ftalls may be made conve- 
 nient for your groom to lie in, in cafe of a 
 match, or the ficknefs of a horfe. 
 
 Behind the horfes may be made a range of 
 prefles, with pegs to hang up faddles, 
 bridles, &c. and Ihelves for other utenfils, 
 pots of ointment, &c. 
 
 And in order that the ftable may not be 
 encumbered with oat bins, you may make 
 life of the method of a certain Gentleman, 
 defcribed by Dr. Plott in his hiftory of O.v- 
 fordjhire, as follows. 
 
 Make a conveniency to let the oats down 
 from above, out of a veflel like the hopper 
 of a mill, whence they fall into a fquare 
 pipe let into the wall, of about four inches 
 diagonal, which comes down into a cup- 
 board, alfo fet into the wall, but with its 
 end fo near the bottom, that there Ihall never 
 be above a gallon or fuch a quantity in the 
 cupboard at a time, which being taken 
 away and given to the horfes, another gal- 
 lon prefently fucceeds, fo that in the lower 
 part of the ftable where the horfes and there 
 is not an inch of room taken up for the whole 
 provifion of oats j which hath alfo this fur- 
 ther conveniency, that by this motion the 
 oats are kept conftantly fweet, the taking 
 
 S T A 
 
 away of one gallon moving the whole mafs 
 above, which otherwife, being laid in great 
 quantities, would be apt to grow mufty. 
 . There may alfo be two of thefe made, 
 the one for oats and the other for fplit-beans, 
 and both let into the range of prefles, the 
 oats and beans being feparated above by par- 
 titions. 
 
 Let the floor over the ftable be deled, 
 whether you make it a granary, or a lodging- 
 room for your groom, that no duft may fall 
 from it upon vour horfes. 
 
 There are alfo other requifltes, as a dung- 
 yard, a pump, a conduit ; andif fome pond 
 or running river were near, it were the bet- 
 ter. 
 
 STABLE-STAND, [in the Foreft-law] 
 a term ufed when a man is found at his ftand 
 in the foreft, with a crofs-bow or long bow, 
 ready to flioot at a deer, or elfe ftanding clofe 
 by a tree with greyhounds in a leafli, ready 
 to be let flip. 
 
 This is one of the four evidences or pre- 
 fumptions by which a man is convided of 
 intending to fteal the King's deer, the other 
 three being back-berond, bloody-hand, and 
 dog-draw. 
 
 STAG, a red male deer of five years 
 old. 
 
 STAG-EVIL IN A Horse, a diftemper 
 which is a kind of palfey in the jaws, he be- 
 ing fometimes feized with fuch a ftiffhefs in 
 the neck and jaws that he cannot move them, 
 but turns up the white of his eyes, and is 
 feized with a palpitation of the heart and 
 beating of the flanks at uncertain intervals, 
 which difeafe frequently proves mortal if it 
 fpreads all over the body. 
 
 It chiefly proceeds from the horfe's being 
 expofed to cold after a great heat. 
 
 The firft remedy is to bleed plentifully, 
 unlefs the horfe be old, low in flefli, or 
 lately taken from fome hard duty, when you 
 mull not take away too much of his blood. 
 After bleeding give the following ball : 
 Take of aflTa foetida half an ounce; caftor 
 powdered two drachms ; valerian root 
 powdered one ounce : make the whole in- 
 to a ball, with honey and oil of amber. 
 
 This ball may be given twice a day at firft, 
 C c c and 
 
S T A 
 
 and afterwards once, wafliing it down \vith a 
 decodion of valerian fweetened with liquo- 
 rice or honey. 
 
 Care mult alfo be taken to keep the body- 
 open with laxative purges, and emollient 
 clyiters. And after this method has been 
 continued for eight or ten days, the follow- 
 ino- ball fliould be given, and waflicd down 
 with the valerian decoclion : Take of cinna- 
 bar of antimony fix drachms, of aflfafoetida 
 half an ounce; of birthwort root, myrrh and 
 bay-berries, of each two drachms : make 
 the whole into a ball with treacle and oil of 
 amber. 
 
 By purfuing this method the horfe, if he 
 flands the firft fliock of the difeafe, will, 
 in all probability, recover, unlefs the dif- 
 temper proceeds from bots in the ftomach, 
 •which is often the cafe ; when mercurial me- 
 dicines, laid down in the article Bots ind 
 "Worms, are to be ufed ; after which the 
 above balls may be continued till the convul- 
 fions are removed. 
 
 It will alfo be necefTary to chafe and rub 
 the feveral parts that are contrafted ; and al- 
 fo to rub into the cheeks, temples, neck, 
 llioulders, fpines of the back and loins, the 
 following linament : Take of nerve and 
 marfnmallow ointment, of each four 
 ounces ; and oil of amber, two ounces : 
 make the whole into a linament, with afuf- 
 ficient quantity of camphorated fpirit of 
 wine. 
 
 In this terrible diftemper the jaws are 
 fometimes fo faft locked, that medicines 
 cannot be given by the mouth, and then they 
 muftbe given by way of clyfter ; for the me- 
 thod too often pradtifed, of forcing the jaws 
 open, increafes the fymptoms, by putting 
 the creature into the greatefl agonies, and 
 therefore fhould not be attempted. The 
 following infufion may be given for this pur- 
 pofe : Take of rue, penny-royal, and cha- 
 momile flowers, of each a handful, of vale- 
 rian roots two ounces ; boil thefe in five 
 pints of water till one pint is wafted ; ftrain 
 the liquor from the ingredients, difix)lve it 
 in an ounce of afla foetida, and add four 
 ounces of common oil. This clyfter muft 
 be given once a day. 
 
 S T A 
 
 But as the horfc, while he continues in 
 this melancholy condition, cannot feed, he 
 muft be fupported by nourifhing clyfters, 
 made 6i' milk, pottage, broths, and the like, 
 given to the quantity of three or four quarts 
 a day ; Jby which means the creature will be 
 fupported till the diftemper abates fo far as 
 to be able to eat his food. 
 
 It has alfo been obferved, that the ftifFnefs 
 of the jaws has continued, even after the con- 
 vulfions has been removed, in which cafe 
 the following medicines fliould be given : 
 Take of Matthew's pill and afla fcetida, of 
 each one ounce : make the whole into a 
 balk 
 
 I his ball will generally be fuflicient to 
 remove the ftiffnefs : but if not, it muft be 
 repeated the following day, and the nervous 
 decoftions recommended above, continued. 
 It is very common to make rowels in this' 
 difeafe ; but they are generally unfuccefsful, 
 and often mortify : fo that if they are ap- 
 plied at all, they fliould be made under the 
 jav/s and in the breaft. 
 
 STAGGARD [with Hunters] a young 
 male deer aged but four years. 
 
 STAGGERS 1 in Horses, a difeafe, 
 STAVERS J being a giddinefs in the 
 brain, which when it feizes the beaft often 
 proceeds to madnefs. 
 
 It owes its original to corrupt blood, 
 or grofs and ill humours which opprefs the 
 brain; fometimes from his being too foon 
 turned out to grafs before he is cold, or by 
 hard riding, or hard labour. 
 
 The figns of it are dimnefs of fight, reel- 
 ing or ftaggering, and his beating his head 
 againft the wall, by reafon of violent pain, 
 and thrufting it into his litter; he will 
 likev/ife forfake his meat, and have waterifti 
 eyes. 
 
 For the cure of this diftemper tliere are 
 various prefcriptions, fome of which are, 
 firft to bleed the horfe, then to diflTolve the 
 quantity of a hazel-nut of fweet butter in a 
 faucer full of wine ; when take lint, or fine 
 flax, dip it in it and ftop his ears with it, and 
 ftitch them for twelve hours. 
 
 Some boil an ounce and half of bitter al- 
 
 Imonds, two drachms of an ox-gall, half a 
 penny 
 
S T A 
 
 penny-worth of black hellebore, made into 
 powder, grains of caftoreiim, vinegar and 
 varnifh, of each five drachms, which they 
 boil and ftrain, which put into his ears as 
 before. 
 
 Soleyfel directs to bleed the horfe in the 
 flanks and plate veins of the thighs, and 
 then to give him a glifter of two quarts of 
 emetic wine, lukewarm, with four ounces 
 of the ointment of populeum, and afterwards 
 to let him repoie a little j and when he has 
 voided that glyfter about an hour, to give 
 him the following dofe : 
 
 Take two ounces of the fcorise of the li- 
 ver of antimony, finely powdered, in five 
 pints of beer, after it has had five or fix 
 v/alms over the fire, then add four ounces 
 of unguentum rofatum, and injeft this luke- 
 warm. 
 
 Repeat this often, rubbing his legs ftrong- 
 Jy with wifps of ftraw moiftened in warm 
 water, to make a revulfion : feed him with 
 bran and white bread, and walk him from 
 time to time in a temperate place. 
 
 But if notwithftanding thefe applications 
 the difeafe does ftill continue, then give him 
 an ounce of Venice treacle, difTolved in a 
 quart of fome cordial waters, and injeft the 
 following glifter lukewarm. 
 
 Diflblve two ounces of Sal Polycreftum 
 and Venice treacle in two quarts of the de- 
 coftion of the foftening herbs, and with 
 a quarter of a pound of the oil of rue, 
 make a glifter. Or, 
 
 Take the feeds of crefty, poppies, fmal- 
 lage, parfiey, dill, pepper and faffron, 
 of each two drachms, pound them all to 
 a fine powder, and put them into two quarts 
 of water, boiling hot from the fire, and l«t 
 them infufe together for three hours ; ftrain 
 it and give him one quart ; fprinkle his hay 
 with water, and the next day give him ano- 
 ther quart fafting ; let him have no cold 
 water for four or five days, only white water, 
 unlefs fometimes a mafli. Or, 
 
 Make a fmall tough oaken or afhen ftick 
 fharp, and make a notch at one end of it, 
 like a fork, to prevent it from running too 
 far into the horfe's head : put it up his nof- 
 tril, jobbing it up and down to the top of 
 
 S T A 
 
 his head, which will fet him to bleedin^ 
 freely. 
 
 Then in the morning fafting give him a 
 drink well brewed together, compounded 
 of an ounce of turmeric, and the fame quan- 
 tity of anifeeds, in a quart of ftrong beer or 
 ale, a pint of verjuice, and a quarter of a 
 pint of brandy, and ftop his ears with aqua 
 vita and herbage, well beaten together ; put 
 of this an equal quantity into each ear, and 
 ftop flax or hurds upon it to keep it down, 
 then ftitch up his ears for twenty-four 
 hours. 
 
 The next day bleed him in the neck, and 
 give him his blood with a handful of fait in 
 it, ftirring it well together, to prevent it 
 from clodding ; four or five hours after give 
 him fweec hay, and warm water and bran at 
 night. 
 
 Then tie up one of his fore-legs, and 
 ftrew ftore of litter under him, and leave 
 him to take his reft, and hewill either reco-r 
 ver in a day or two or die. 
 
 The vinegar will make him ftale, and the 
 aqua vitce caufe him to fleep ; if he does not 
 come to hisftomach, give him honey, white- 
 wine, and a cordial. 
 
 A STALE, a living fowl put in any place 
 to allure other fowls, to a place where they 
 may be taken -. for want of thefe, a lark or 
 any other bird may be fliot, his entrails 
 taken out and dried in an oven in his fea- 
 thers, with a flick thruft through him to 
 keep in a convenient pofture, which may 
 ferve as well as a live one. 
 
 STALING OR Dunging, a fupprelTiori 
 or ftoppage of thefe m.ay happen to a horfe 
 feveral ways; fometimes by being too high 
 kept and having too little exercife, fome- 
 times by being travelled fuddenly after he 
 has been taken up from grafs, before his 
 body has been emptied of it, and has had 
 dry meat inftead of it. 
 
 The figns of knowing this is, that he will 
 lie down and tumble about, by reafon of the 
 extremity of pain, juft as if he v/ere troubled 
 with bots. 
 
 In fuch cafe to caufe a horfe to ftale, do 
 as follows : 
 
 Put a quart of ftrong ale into a two quart 
 C c c 2 pot. 
 
S T A 
 
 pot, with as many radilli roots, waflied, (lit 
 and bruiled, as will fill up the pot, ftop the 
 pot cloie and let it ftand twenty-four hours, 
 tiien ftrain out the liquor, fqueezing the 
 roots very hard, and give it the horfe fafting; 
 then ride him a little up and down, fet him 
 up warm, and he will quickly ftale. 
 
 Take three or four fpoonfuls of burdock 
 feeds, bruife them, and put them into a 
 quart of beer, and a good piece of butter, 
 heat it lukewarm and give it the horie. 
 
 Kill a fufficient number of bees, dry them 
 well and reduce them to powder, and put 
 them into a pint of white-wine (nr ale, and 
 give him about an ounce of them at a time ; 
 this will open the paflages of the primary 
 veins, by his having taken two or three 
 dofes, and make him ftale freely. 
 
 STALING OF Blood j a horfe fometimes 
 happens in the midft of fummer to ftale pure 
 blood, by rcaion of immoderate exerciie ; 
 if a veflel or member be broke, it is mortal ; 
 but if it only proceeds from the heat of the 
 kidnies, he may be eafily cured ; for in this 
 cafe, all the urine that is tinged like blood 
 is not blood, for a fmall flux of blood will 
 give a red tinfture to a great quantity of 
 urine. 
 
 For the cure : firft bleed the horfe, then 
 give him every morning three pints of the 
 infufion of crccus metallorirm in white wine, 
 for fix or feven days fucceffively, keeping 
 him bridled four hours before and after it ; 
 this will both cleanfe his bladder, and heal 
 the part afFeded. 
 
 If the diftemper be attended with heat, 
 and beating of the flanks, give him a cool- 
 ing glyfter; bleed him again, and give him 
 two ounces o'i fal polychrejium, diffolved in 
 three pints of emetic wine, which is to be 
 got ready to be given him in the morning. 
 
 If xhtjal folychreftum takes away his ap- 
 petite, or the emetic wine do not effefl the 
 cure, give him the following medicine. 
 
 Take two ounces of Venice treacle or (for 
 want of that) of dint e£or urn-, with common 
 honey and fine fugar, of each four ounces -, 
 incorporate all thefe v/ell together in amor- 
 tar, then add anifeeds, coriander-feeds, and 
 liquorice powderj of each two ounces. 
 
 S T A 
 
 Mingle the mafs well, and give it the 
 horfe, diffolved in a quart of claret, keep- 
 ing him bridled for three hours, both before 
 and after; and the next day bleed him. 
 
 On the third day injeft the following glyf- 
 ter : take two ounces of the fcoris, or drofs, 
 of liver of antimony, in fine powder; boil 
 it in five pints of cow's-miik-whey, and as 
 foon as the liquor begins to rife in great 
 bubbles, take it from the fire, and add to it 
 a quarter of a pound of olive-oil ; give this 
 glyfter luke-warm. 
 
 The virtue of thefe medicines have been 
 experienced ; but if the difeafe fliould ftill 
 continue, you muft again repeat the whole 
 courfe. 
 
 STALING Blood ; this diftemper is of- 
 ten caufed by a ftrain : for the cure, bleed 
 the horfe, and give him forrie of the hyfte- 
 ric liquor, about a large fpoonful, in a pint 
 of ftrong beer warm, and it v/ill bring him 
 into order. 
 
 STALLION; is an ungelt horfe, de- 
 figned for the covering of mares, in order 
 to propagate the fpecies; and when his 
 ftones are taken away, and he is gelt, is 
 called a gelding. 
 
 Now in the chufing ftone horfes, or ftal- 
 lions for mares, you ought to take great 
 care that they neither have moon-eyes, wa-* 
 tery-eyes, blood-fhotten-eyes, fplents, fpa- 
 vins, curbs, nor, if pofTible, any natural 
 imperfedlion of any kind whatfoever ; for if 
 they have, the colts will take them heredi- 
 tarily from their parents. 
 
 But let them be the beft, ableft, higheft 
 fpiiited, faireft coloured, and fine ftiaped j 
 and a perfon fhould inform himfelf of all 
 natural defeds in them, of which none are 
 free. 
 
 As for his age, he ought not to be younger, 
 to cover a mare, than four years old, from 
 which time forward he will beget colts till 
 twenty. 
 
 Let the ftallion be fo high fedj as to be 
 full of luft and vigour, and then brought to 
 the place where the mares are ; take off his 
 hinder fhoes, and let him cover a mare in 
 hand twice or thrice, to keep him fober ; 
 then pull off his bridle, and turn him loofe 
 
 to 
 
S T A 
 
 to the reft of the mares, which muft be in a 
 convenient clofe, with ftrong fences and 
 good food, and there leave him till he has 
 covered them all, fo that they will take 
 horfe no more ; by which time his courage 
 will be pretty well cooled. 
 
 Ten or twelve mares are enough for one 
 horfe in the fame year ; it will alfo be necef- 
 fary to have fome little fhed or hovel in 
 the field, to which he may retreat to defend 
 him from the rain, fun, and wind, which 
 are very weakening to a horfe: let there be 
 likewife a rack and manger to feed him in, 
 during his covering-time, and it would not 
 be amifs if one were to watch him during 
 that time, for fear of any accident, and the 
 better to know how often he covers each mare. 
 
 When he has done his duty, take him 
 away from the mares, and remove them into 
 fome frefh pafture. 
 
 Take notice, that when you would have 
 mares covered, either in hand or otherwife, 
 that both the ftallion and mare to have the 
 fame feeding, viz. if the horfe be at hay 
 and oats, which are commonly called hard 
 meats, the mare Ihould be alfo at hard meat, 
 ctherwife fhe will not be fo fit to hold. 
 
 In the like manner, if the ftallion be at 
 grafs, you muft alfo put the mare to grafs. 
 
 Thofe mares which are in middling cafe, 
 conceive the ijaoft eafily ; whereas thole that 
 are very fat hold with great difficulty ; thofe 
 of them that are hot and in feafon, retain a 
 great deal better; their heat exciting the 
 ftallion, who, on his part, performs the 
 aftion with greater vigour and ardour. 
 
 And when you cover a mare in hand, in 
 order that fhe may the more certainly hold, 
 let the ftallion and the mare be fo placed in 
 the ftable, that they may fee each other, 
 keeping them fo for fome time, which will 
 animate them both, and then they will 
 hardly fail to generate. 
 
 For the ordering of a ftallion, fome give 
 the following inftrudtions. 
 
 Feed the ftallion for three months at leaft, 
 before he is to cover, v/ith good oars, peafe, 
 or beans, or with coarfe bread, and a little 
 hay, but a good deal of wheat ftraw; car- 
 rying him twice a day out to water, walking 
 
 S T A 
 
 him up and down for an hour after he has 
 drank, but without malting him fweat. 
 
 If the ftallion be not thus brought into 
 Vifind before he covers, he will be in danger 
 of becoming purfey, and broken winded ; 
 and if he be not well fed, he will not be 
 able to perform his talk, or at beft the colts 
 would be but pitiful and weak ones j and 
 though you Ihould take great care to nourifii 
 him, yet you will take him in again very 
 weak. 
 
 If you put him to many mares, he will 
 not ferve you fo long, but his mane and tail 
 will fall away by reafon of poverty, and it 
 will be a difficult matter to bring him to a 
 good condition of body, againlt the year 
 following. 
 
 Fie ought to have mares according to his 
 ftrength, as twelve or fifteen, or at moft not 
 above twenty. 
 
 As to Foreign Horfes. The Spanijh horfe, 
 or Spanijh jennet, is a creature of great fire, 
 of a middle ftature, and generally well 
 made in his head, body, and legs ; and 
 though his buttocks are fomething long, yet 
 they are ftrong and well fhaped. 
 
 After one of thefe horles has been well 
 taught, there is none make a better fhow 
 upon the parade; but he is not a horfe that 
 will hold long in his full ftrength, becaufe 
 he has rather too much fpirit ; for about half 
 a mile, there is not a fwifter creature in a 
 race, but then his ftrength fails. 
 
 A Spanijlo horfe is not generally thought 
 fit for adlion, till he is fix years old, for 
 they are not till that time grown to their full 
 perfection or beauty, and their too great 
 fire or mettle is not till then abated fuffi- 
 cient to render him ferviceable. 
 
 The laft thing that is compleat in Spaniflj 
 horfes, is the creft ; the horfes of this breed 
 are naturally inclined to bound ;md to make 
 faults, raifing all four feet at once from the 
 ground ; but their limbs being weak and 
 finall, thdy are very fubjeft to be 'finew- 
 ftrained, or otherwife lamed, in a fhort time 
 after they are come to be fit for lervice. 
 
 No kind of horfe has fuch open noftrils, 
 nor fnorts more in ail his goings, than the 
 Spamjh horfe; his trot is fomewhat long, 
 
 irregular 
 
"S T A 
 
 "irregular or waving, for v;Iiich reafon fotr.e 
 jockics have chofe to bring thcrn to the 
 pace or amble. 
 
 The German Horfe. Thefe liorfcs are, for 
 the mofl: parr, very tali, and large of body, 
 not very beautiful in make, but fcem to be 
 of great ftrcngth, and being brought into 
 the manage, perform for.ie of the mofl dif- 
 ficult lelfons with agility enough: they gal- 
 lop very flow or heavy, and trot very high ; 
 but they are firong, and better for the 
 draught or burden, than the manage. 
 
 Tlie Hungarian Horfe. Thefe horfes are 
 generally hook nofrd, and have thick heads, 
 large eyes, broad jaws, but narrow noftrils ; 
 their mains are rough and thick, commonly 
 reaching near the ground ; their tails, in 
 like manner, are bufliy and long; for the 
 nioft part of lean and thin bodies, but weak 
 pafterns : but although fome parts of them 
 are not to be liked, yet the deformities are 
 generally fo well put together, that, taken 
 all together, the horfes are agreeable enough. 
 
 They are of a tolerable good courage, and 
 will endure labour and fatigue, and for that 
 reafon are ferviceable in war. 
 
 The SwediJJ} Horfe. Thefe are of fmall 
 ftature, their fliape indifferent, and are of 
 but fmall fervice. 
 
 The horfes natural to Sweden, are, for the 
 mofl part, either white, dun, or pyed, and 
 wall-eyed ; fo that unlefs they are improved 
 by other breeds, they are not to be ranked 
 with them that are of good elteem. 
 
 The Polip Horfe. Thefe are much like 
 the DaniJJj horfe, and are generally about 
 the fize of the Sp anijh ]enneK, are of a mid- 
 dle llature, but their limbs are much bejrter 
 knit together, and are of a much ftronger 
 make, than the SpaniJIo ones. 
 
 This horfe is in many refpefbs, like our 
 natural Englifi horfe, except that their heads 
 are fomewhat flenderer, like the Irijh hobby; 
 but t^ir necks and crefts are raifed upright, 
 and very firong ; their ears are very fliort 
 and fmall, and their backs capable of bear- 
 ing any weight ; their chines are broad, and 
 their hoofs are judged to be as good as thofe 
 of any horfe in the world. 
 
 They are very good for a journey, and will 
 
 S T A 
 
 endure long ones, with more cafe than any 
 other horfes. 
 
 Flanders Horfes. Thefe differ in fliapc 
 but little from the German breed, they are 
 tall in ftature, have fhort and thick heads, 
 bodies deep and long, buttocks round and 
 iiat, their legs thick and rough. 
 
 Thefe horfes, and the mares of the fame 
 kind, are efleemed chiefly for the draught, 
 in which, for flatelinefs, they excel mofl 
 horfes in Europe; but are to be rejedled for 
 the faddle, being both fluggifh and uneafy. 
 
 The Flanders horfe, and mare both, have 
 a hard trot, but are much ufed in the harnefs 
 with us in England. 
 
 The Neapolitan Horfe. Thefe horfes are 
 highly efteemed for their flrength and cou- 
 rage, which, together with their gentle dif- 
 pofitions, make them more valued. 
 
 His limbs are ftrong, and well knit to- 
 gether; his pace is lofty, and he is very 
 docible for the performance of any exercife i 
 but a nice eye may difcover that his legs are 
 fomething too fmall, which feems to be his 
 only imperfeftion. He may be known by 
 his head, which is long, lean, and flender, 
 bending from the eyes to the noftrils, like a 
 hawk's beak ; he alfo has a very full eye, 
 and a fharp ear. 
 
 The Sardinian Horfe. Thefe, and thofe 
 of Corftca, very much refemble the Neapoli- 
 tan., but are fomewhat fhorter bodied, and 
 of a more fiery difpofition ; but by good 
 management may be brought to very good 
 difcipline. 
 
 ^Turkijlj Horfes. Thefe horfes are origi- 
 nally natives of Greece, and bear an extra- 
 ordinary price with us, partly becaufe of 
 their extraordinary beauty, and partly 
 becaufe of the great expence of bringing 
 them over. 
 
 Thefe lurkijh horfes have fine heads, fome- 
 what like Barbary ones, beautiful fore-hands, 
 and ftrait limbs, rather fmall than large, are 
 of a moft delicate fliape, their pace is gen- 
 teel and graceful, and befides they ar-e 
 horfes of good fpirit. 
 
 Their coats are fmooth and fhort, and their 
 hoofs long and narrow, which is a fign of 
 fwiftnefs ; in a word, they are horfes of groat 
 beauty, courage, and fpeed. 
 
S T A 
 
 I'heir colour is, for the mofl part, grey 
 or flea-bitten, though they are forne of a 
 bright bay colour; but moft of t'hefe we 
 have now in Englandy a<re grey. 
 
 Englifl} Horfes. The true bred Englip 
 horfe, has been accounted a creature of great 
 ftrength and fJDirit, and he has been (by 
 fome authors) reprefentcd as of a very large 
 fize ; but at prefent we have hardly any that 
 can be called a true bred Englijh horfe, or 
 that can be faid to be the offspring of an 
 horfe and mare, that were both lineally de- 
 fcended from the original race of this coun- 
 tiy ; unlefs we may account thofe horfes to 
 ■be fuch that are bred wild in fomc forefts, 
 and among mountains. 
 
 Among them, perhaps, the m.ares and 
 horfes were both of the firft Englip race, 
 without mixture : however it is not certain, 
 but fome horfes of foreign countries, of 
 which many have been, and ftill are, fre- 
 quently brought over, were turned "into 
 thofe wild places, as convenient pafture, and 
 have mixed with the natives of Britain. 
 
 However, feeing we cannot feek for En- 
 gUp horfes any where elfe than in forefts, 
 and wild places, v/e will fuppofe thofe to be 
 the true Englifi race of horfes. 
 
 Thefe we find to anfwer the charafter, fo 
 far as relates to ftrength and good fpirit ; 
 but they are not large, though very hardy, 
 and will always keep good flefti on their 
 backs, and thrive v;here other horfes can 
 fcarce live. 
 
 It is not improbable but that the race might 
 have been much larger than they now are, 
 becaufe in the firft time they were at liberty 
 to range any where, and take their pleafure 
 where it pleafed them bcft, becaufe all 
 grounds then lay open, or elfe there were 
 but very few inclofures, in comparifon to 
 what they are now. And when they had 
 that plentiful ftiare of food, we may natu- 
 rally imagine that their bodies were much 
 larger than they are at prefent ; for it is a 
 certain rule, that the lefs ftiare of nourifh- 
 ment any creature has during the time of its 
 growth, fo much the fmaller will he be in 
 ftature. 
 
 But there are now very few of this wild 
 
 S T A 
 
 fort in ufe, in comparifon to what there 
 were a hundred and fifty, or two hundred 
 years ago ; and thofe that are now taken up, 
 are not eafily tamed : but when they are 
 once difciplined, they will endure more 
 labour than any horfes in the known part of 
 the world. 
 
 Irifi Hobbies. Thefe are alfo of a wild 
 breed, and are generally well made, much 
 after the manner of the EngUJJy wild horfes ; 
 they have fine heads, ftrong necks, and well 
 turned bodies, quick eyes, good limbs, and 
 other good qualities fufficient to recommend 
 them ; are brilk and courageous, and very 
 fure footed : but both thefe are fubjeft to 
 ftart, which, I fuppofe, proceeds from their 
 wild way of living, where they have not had 
 the opportunity of knowing or feeing any 
 thing but trees and buftics, and therefore 
 every thing elfe fceming ftrange and flaock- 
 ing to them. 
 
 But if they happen to be young,' when 
 taken from the foreft, or other wild paftures, 
 this may probably be overcome ; but if they 
 are not fo, then I judge it impoffible ever 
 to break them to it ; for they having never 
 known any thing but wild fccnes, and been 
 a long time habituated to them, fo everv 
 thing that differs from them, will feem 
 ftrange, if not monftrous, and will ftrike them 
 with fear and horror, never to be corrected. 
 
 We are informed that thefe Iri/lj horfes are 
 fo wild, that the only way of taking them, 
 is by affembling a great number of people 
 together, and driving the whole ftud, both 
 horfes and mares, colts and fillies, into a^. 
 bog, where they caft halters over the heads 
 of thofe they think fit for fervice, letting 
 the others run again into the country. 
 
 Our EngliJJj horfes in forefts are not taken 
 with lefs labour, for many artful devices 
 muft be ufed, and a great deal of labour too 
 is required, in the taking them. 
 
 And after all, great care muft be taken 
 that they have moft gentle ufage, to 
 make them as familiar as polTible; and at 
 the firft, not letting them have any thing to 
 eat, but what we feed them with out of 
 the hand, till thev are grown very well ac- 
 quainted with their keepers. 
 
S T A 
 
 It is not to be cxpeiSted that tliey will all 
 of a fiidden quit their wildncfs, but thus 
 feeding them, and Iceeping them awake for 
 feme time, will tame them by degrees. 
 
 It ousht t'j be obferved, both in the 
 taming or teaching of horfes, that they are 
 to be ufed with tcndernefs, rather than 
 rouglincfs, and no paffionate perfon ought to 
 be concerned in their breaking or manage- 
 ment ; but a man that undertakes this bu- 
 finefs ought to be patient, and a mailer of 
 realbn ; and for want of thefe qualifications 
 being put in praftice in the management of 
 them, many a good horfe has been fpoiled, 
 having either been pufhed on by the pafiion- 
 atencfsof the rider lo over-ftrain themfclves, 
 or elfe to ilarc and fly out of the way, at 
 the leaft touch of a whip or fpur, and thereby 
 endangers the rider j or to hate the rider, 
 and take every opportunity of doing him 
 a mifchief, either in mounting, or when he 
 is on his back, or at difmounting. 
 
 There are many inllances to prove that 
 horfes have a memory, and will refent inju- 
 ries that have been offered them. I have 
 known forne horfes would not ftand ftill to 
 be fhod by a farrier, of whom they have be- 
 fore received fome violent ufage ; when at 
 the fame time would freely fufter themfelves 
 to be fliod by ftrangers. Others have been 
 fo provoked at the fight of a farrier, with a 
 leather apron, that they have endeavoured all 
 they could to do him a mifchief, cither by 
 biting or kicking. Nor are we without the 
 knowledge of melancholy accidents that have 
 happened to grooms, who have ufed their 
 horfes with too great feverity. 
 
 On the other hand a horfe is a generous 
 creature, and fo tradable, that by treating 
 him with difcretion, and managing him with 
 gentlenefs, he may be brought to be very 
 obedient to you. 
 
 I Ihall conclude what has been faid of fo- 
 reign horfes, the natural bred in Englijh 
 horfes, and MJh hobbies, with faying, that 
 when we fee a fine horfe now a-days which 
 was foaled in England, and bred of a mare 
 and horfe that was likewife bred in the fame 
 place, we cannot be certain that fuch a horfe 
 Ts of a true Englijh breedj unlefs we could 
 
 S T A 
 
 know farther of his generation; his grandfire 
 or grandam might, perhaps, be both fo- 
 reigners. 
 
 But we may fay thus much of horfes which 
 are foaled or bred in England, though they 
 are the offspring of foreigners, they will 
 be ftronger, and have a "better fpirit, than if 
 the fame had been abroad ; becaufe the food 
 in England for horfes is more hearty and 
 nourilhing, than in any other country in 
 Europe, efpecially our grafs, which is the 
 principal food for horfes, is in greater plenty 
 in Britain and Ireland, than in any other Eu- 
 ropean nation befides. 
 
 For which reafon in the hotter countries, 
 they are forced for v/ant of grafs, to cultivate 
 clover, faintfoin, ^c. and feed their horfes 
 v/ith thefe and chopt flraw and corn ; but 
 chopt draw is only for them when they are 
 grown fit for ufe, they having only during 
 their fii-ft two or three years, clover, faint- 
 foin, feff. 
 
 Of the crofs {trains of horfes. It is well 
 known that in Britain have been bred horfes 
 of all the kinds beforementioned, which 
 have not only been as good as thofe bred in 
 their refpeftive countries, but have been al- 
 lowed to exceed them in flrength and 
 beauty. 
 
 But this fhould be remembered, that of 
 every kind of horfe mentioned before, it has 
 been thought proper in our trading, fporting, 
 and warlike country, to compofe out of the 
 variety, fuch horfes as may prove ufeful to 
 every fort of bufinefs. 
 
 We have fome for carrying burdens, fome 
 for the road, fome for hunting, others for 
 ambling, and others for the coach, and 
 other carriages ; forne likewife for "racing, 
 and fome for the manage, to be trained 
 either for the war, ordiverfion of great men. 
 
 As to the mixing of breeds, fome arc of 
 the opinion that fuch horfes defigned to be 
 trained for the war, Ihould be bred from a 
 Neapolitan ftallion, and an EngliJJj mare, or 
 of a Titrkifi ftallion, and an Englijh mare. 
 
 The next breed to be defired, is between 
 a Turkijh ftallion, and a Neapolitan mare, 
 which produce a fine race, and of great 
 value. 
 
 Some 
 
S T A 
 
 Some fay that ftallions o£ Corjica and S(t>-- 
 dinia, coupled with Turkijh mares, will 
 produce a fine breed -, and that the Spanijh 
 jennet, and Flanders mare, produce an ex- 
 cellent offspring. 
 
 But this we are certain of, that any of the 
 aforefaid kinds of horfes, covering true born 
 Englijh mares, will beget a better colt or fil- 
 ly, than if they had coupled with their own 
 race, in their own country. 
 
 And there is good reafon for this, be- 
 caufe no race of horfes in the vrorld have 
 fuch hearty feedings as thofe of Britain, 
 where liberty renders every farmer capable 
 of cultivating his lands, and providing plen- 
 tifully for himfelf, and all about him. 
 
 This caufes all of our breed to be flrong 
 and hearty, and when the mare is fo, the 
 race that proceeds from her mufl be fomuch 
 better, as fhe is ftronger than the mares 
 that are fed in other countries, where the 
 provender is more coarfe, andlefs nourifli- 
 ing. 
 
 As 10 the breeding of horfes for racing, 
 fome gentlemen chufe X.O'^yMz.Barbary horfe 
 to an Engli/h mare ; others will have both 
 the fire and dam to be Barbs ; others again 
 are for coupling the Barbary horfe with the 
 Turkifi mare, and indeed any of thefe coup- 
 lings do produce horfes of great fpeed. 
 
 The crofs flrains of horfes we now have, 
 are not to be numbered ; but if we were to 
 trace the breeds of the belt running horfes, 
 we fhould find them to proceed from fuch 
 mixtures 
 
 The many horfe races, fo frequently 
 the diverfion of our Englijh nobility and 
 gentry, are chiefly performed by fuch mix- 
 tures in breed. 
 
 For though one horfe truly bred of one 
 particular country, may be fwifter than 
 another, yet if he wants flrength he will be 
 a lofer in the courfe, and will fall from his 
 fpeed if the courfe happens to be wet and 
 heavy ; but the couplings beforementioned, 
 when brought together by a man of a right 
 judgment that way, may produce fomething 
 admirable at Newmarket, &c. 
 
 As to hunting horfes, which are chiefly 
 the delight of the EngliJJi gentry, thefe 
 
 S T A 
 
 ought to be nimble, full of courage, and 
 
 ftrong. 
 
 The original of the befl we know, have 
 proceeded from a crofs ftrain, between the 
 Turkiflj d:z\\\on, znd Englijh mdiVe. ; and there 
 is great realbn for this opinion, fince we are 
 already certain of the flrength of our Efi- 
 gliJJj bred mares, and the good courage 
 and fwiftnefs of the Turkifi) and Barbary 
 horfes. 
 
 But eveiy one who breeds fuch horfes, has 
 his particular fancy ; they employ fome fa- 
 vourite ftallion, or favourite mare to raife a 
 breed from, and are different in opinion about 
 this: one of any particular breed will not 
 be fo good as another, although the fame 
 care fliould be taken in the coupling the fire 
 and the dam. 
 
 All that can be faid is, that a ftallion of 
 vigour and fpeed ought to be chofen, and a 
 mare of a ftrong and healthful body ; and 
 from fuch coupling may be expelled well 
 bred horfes of ftrength and courage. 
 
 The pad or ambling horfe, is chiefly de- 
 fired for ladies ; to produce fuch, let the fire 
 be a Turk, and the dam a Scotch poney, or 
 IriJI.i hobby, and thefe between them will 
 produce a race that will be natural pacers. 
 And again, a TurkiJJj fire, and an Englijfj 
 mare of a fmall fize, will naturally fall into 
 a pace or an aaible. 
 
 Then as for the burthen or pack, the 
 German horfe will be a good fire for a Flan- 
 ders or FlemiJJ] dam ; thefe will produce a 
 breed ftrong and tall, fit either for carry- 
 ing great weights, or war. 
 
 If one of this breed happens to be trained 
 for the army, his rider, with his accoutre- 
 ments, will hardly be lefs than thirty 
 ftone. 
 
 The North amftonjhire breed of horfes are 
 generally coveted for this ufe, the original of 
 which came from a mixture of the kinds be- 
 fore-mentioned. 
 
 Thefe are alfo good for the draught, either 
 in the coach or cart, and many have been 
 of the opinion, that the mares of this breed 
 are as ferviceable in ftrength and aftion, as 
 the horfes ; and the llallions and mares of 
 this crofs ftrain are rather preferable to the 
 
 Ddd 
 
 original 
 
S T A 
 
 original fires or dams ; being more habitu- 
 ated to the food of the country, or as one 
 may. fay, naturalized to the Englifu proven- 
 der, than thofe that came from their rcfpec- 
 tive native countries. 
 
 The crolling of ftrains, or coupling one 
 horfe with another, has of late fo much im- 
 proved our breed in England^ that we 
 have them now (.fall forts, and for all ufes, 
 m more pcrfeftion, than any other country 
 in the world. 
 
 Some EngliJJi authors have obferved, that 
 the beft horfes are rather from the crofs 
 ftrain, than immediately from the natural 
 breed of any country, for our Englijh mares 
 mend the breed ; they ftrengthen the joints 
 o( the Spanifh jennet, the flendernefs of the 
 limbs of the ^iirk or Barb, and the too long 
 and rough hairs about the paflerns of the 
 Sfanijh breed. 
 
 In the latter cafe where the hairs are long 
 upon the pailerns, it would be difficult for 
 their keepers to preferve them from the me- 
 landers or fcratches, which the Flanders horfe 
 or mare is frequently attended with, unlels 
 that hair were finged or burnt off. 
 
 As for the age of a ftallion ; fome advife 
 to try the age and courage of a ftallion, by 
 taking up part of the flcin, and if it return 
 fcjuickly to the body, and become fmooth, 
 it is a fign of his vigour and youth ; and, on 
 the contrary, if it remains fome time without 
 returning to the part from whence it was 
 pulledj it is a fign that the horfe is either old 
 or infirm, but if on the contrary, he is fit 
 for bufinefs. 
 
 Another way to try if a horfe be young 
 or old, is to take the ftern or tail, next the 
 buttock, between the finger and thumb, 
 and preffing that part hard, if they find the 
 joint there bigger or more prominent than 
 the joints of the tail (as big perhaps as an ha- 
 zle nut, or thereabouts, they conclude the 
 horfe to be under ten years old ; but if that 
 joint be equal with the other joints in the 
 tail, they fuppofe the horfe to be paft that 
 age. 
 
 Another way is, to examine the horfe's 
 eyes, whether they be full ; his body, whe- 
 ther or not it is in good condition -, as alfo 
 
 S T A 
 
 whether he has courage ; if his coat be 
 fmooth, and if the hollow of his eyes be 
 full ; for if all thefe meet together, expert 
 jockies conclude a horfe is young, and fit 
 for generation. See Age of a Horsf, 
 Mare, Horse, Stallion, Stud, 
 
 STALKING-HORSE; without which 
 there is no getting to fnoot at fome fowl, by 
 reafon of their fhynefs, which ftalking-horfe 
 Ihould be fome old jade trained up for that 
 purpofe, who will gently, and as you would 
 have him, walk up and down in the water 
 which way you pleafe, flodding and eating 
 of the grafs that grows therein. Ste Plati 
 XV. and Article Titnnel-Net. 
 
 You mufl Ihelter yourfelf and gun be- 
 hind his fore-fhoulder, bending your body 
 low by his fide, and keeping his body full 
 between you and the fowl ; being within 
 fliot, take your level from before the fore- 
 part of the horfe, firing, as it were, be- 
 tween the horfe's neck and the water, which 
 is much better than firing under his belly, 
 being lefs perceivable: 
 
 But by reafon of the trouble and time that, 
 a real ftalking.-horfe will take up, to make 
 fit for this purpofe, you m.ay make an artifi- 
 cial one, of fome pieces of old can^vas, fha- 
 ped like a horfe, with his head bending 
 downward as if grazing; it may be fluffed 
 with any light matter, and painted of the 
 colour of a horfe, of which the beft is 
 brown, and in the middle let it be fixed to a 
 ilraff", with a fharp iron at the end, fo liick it 
 into the ground as you fee occafion, ftanding 
 faft while you take yourlevel. 
 
 It muft alfo be. fo portable, that you may 
 with eafe bear it in one hand, and move it 
 fo as it may feem to graze as you go.. 
 
 It muft neither be too low nor too high in 
 ftature, for the firft will not hide your body, 
 and the other will be apt to fcare away the 
 fowl. 
 
 You may, inftead of this ftalking-Korfe, 
 form out of canvafs painted, an ox or cow ; 
 this change is very proper, after you have 
 fo beaten the fowl with your llalking-horfe, 
 that they begin to find out the deceit (as it 
 frequently happens): then you may ftalk 
 with an ox or cow, till the horfe be for- 
 gotten;, 
 
S T A 
 
 gotten, and by this method continue your 
 fport. 
 
 In low fenny grounds, the ftalking with 
 ftags or red deer is very proper, where fuch 
 deer do ufually feed, and are more familiar 
 with the fowl, and fo feed nearer them than 
 either the ox, horfe, or cow : which ftallc- 
 ing-ftag, or deer, are formed out of canvas 
 painted, with the natural horns of Hags fix- 
 ed thereon, and the colour fhould be painted 
 fo lively, as that the fowl cannot difcern the 
 deceit, by which means you will come Vv'ith- 
 in a much nearer dittance. 
 
 There are likewife other engines to ftalk 
 withal, fuch as an artificial tree, bufh, or 
 ihrub, which may be made into fmall wands, 
 and with painted canvas made into the form 
 of the body of a tr^e, as a willow, poplar, 
 or fuch trees as grow by rivers, and water- 
 .fides, which are the beft. 
 
 If you ftalk with a bufh or fhr-ub, they 
 muft not be fo tall as your tree, -but much 
 thicker ; which may be made either of one 
 entire bufli, or of divers bufhes interwoven 
 one with another, either with fmall withy- 
 wands, cord, or packthread, that may not 
 .be difcerned: and let not your bufh exceed 
 •the height of a man, but be thicker than four cr 
 five inches, with afpike at the bottom to ftick 
 into the ground, whilft you take your level. 
 
 -If you defign thefe artificial ftalking en- 
 gines for fowls that flock together, efpccially 
 water-fowl, they will foon grow too crafty 
 for thofe that are unftuffed j but for phea- 
 fants, woodcocks, and the like, there can- 
 jiot be a more ufeful and cheaper way, than 
 toufe thofe that are unftufted ; for when 
 you have made a ftiot, you may roll up 
 .the engine, and keep it for another occa- 
 fion. 
 
 Take notice, that thefe feveral forts of en- 
 gines before mentioned, are to be u fed only 
 in the morning, or late in the evening, and 
 are more proper for water than land-fowl ; 
 for when the fun is up, its refieflion fooner 
 difcovers the imperfeftions of the engine, 
 which are better hidden by the water. 
 
 STANCHING Blood.; in cafe a horfe, 
 is\. happens to be cut or hurt, fill the cut 
 full of the wool of a hare or rabbet, and hold 
 
 S T A 
 
 it in fome time with your hand, or elfe 
 bind it on the part; then burn the upper 
 leather of an old fhoe, and ftrew the afhes 
 among the wool, and let it lie on for twenty 
 four hours, and it will ftanch the bleeding 
 Or. 
 
 Boil together honey, wax, turpentine, 
 fwine's-greafe, and wheaten-flour, ftirring 
 and mixing them well together, till they are 
 become an ointment, then take it off the 
 fire, and put it up in a gallipot for ufe; but 
 if the cut be of any confidei^able depth, put 
 in a tent of flax, or linen cloth dipped in 
 the ointment, and lay a plaifter of the fame 
 over ir, letting it lie on twenty-four hours. 
 
 It a horfe happens to bleed violently at the 
 nofe, fuimp betony in a mortar with fait, and 
 put it into his nofe, applying it to the wound 
 and it will ftop it : but if he be taken fud- 
 denly in riding, by the highway, &c. and 
 you cannot get the herb, fcrape a felt hat, 
 or piece of woollen cloth with a knife, and 
 apply it to the part, and it will ftanch it. 
 
 STARE 7 a bird kept for his whift- 
 
 STARLING J ling; but the great fault 
 generally is, that they get them too much 
 fledged out of the neli, which makes them 
 generally retain fo much of their own harfh 
 notes ; fuch therefore as would have them 
 good, and avoid their natural fqueaking tone, 
 muft take them from the old ones at two or 
 three days old : and this fliould be done by 
 all birds that you defign to learn to whiftle or 
 fpeak, or would have learn of another bird, 
 by hanging under his cage. 
 
 STARS ; are diftinguiftiing marks in the 
 fore-heads of horfes, and they are ufually 
 made either white, black, or red. 
 
 The method of making which is as fol- 
 loAvs : 
 
 If you would have a white one in his fore- 
 head, or indeed in any other part of his bo- 
 dy, firft, with a razor, fhave away the hair, 
 of the width or bignefs that you would have 
 the ftar to be ; then take a little oil of vitri- 
 ol in an oyfter fhell, and dip a feather or 
 piece of ftick into it, for it will eat both lin- 
 nen and woollen, and juft wet it all over the 
 place that you have fhaved, and it will eat 
 away tlie roots of the hairs, and the next 
 D d d 2 • that 
 
S T E 
 
 thai come will be white. It need not be 
 done above once, and may be healed up 
 with copperas- water, and green ointment. 
 
 STARTING, in the manage, A horfe is 
 faid to be ftarting, fkittifh, or timorous, that 
 takes every objeft he fees to be otherwife 
 than it is. 
 
 This fault is moft common to horfes th.\t 
 have defefts in their eyes : you fhould never 
 beat a ftarting horfe in his confternation but 
 get him to advance gently, to the objeft 
 that alarms him. 
 
 STAY, to ftay the hand ; to flay or fuf- 
 tain a horfe, is to hold the bridle firm and 
 high. 
 
 We likewife ftay or fuftain a horfe with 
 the in-leg or the in-heel, when he makes 
 his croiipe go before his flioulders upon volts. 
 We ftay a horfe again when we hinder him to 
 traverfe, when we ride him equally, keep- 
 ing him always fubjedV, fo that his croupe 
 cannot ftip out, and he can lofe neither his 
 cadence nor his ground, but marks all his 
 times equal. 
 
 STEP AND LEAP i is one of the feven 
 airs, or artificial motions of a horfe, being, 
 as it were, three airs ; for the pace or ftep 
 is terra a terra, the raifing is a corvet, and 
 the leap finiflies the whole. 
 
 The ftep, puts the horfe upon the hand, 
 and gives him a rife to leap, like one that 
 runs before he leaps, and fo may leap higher 
 than he that goes every time a leap. For 
 leaps of all kinds, give no help with your 
 legs at all, only hold him up with the bridle- 
 hand when he rifes before, that fo he may 
 rife the higher behind ; and when he begins 
 to rife behind, then put your bridle-hand a 
 little forv^'ards to hold him up before, and 
 ftay him there upon the hand, as if he hung 
 in the air ; and time the motion of your 
 bridle-hand, fo as that you may take him, 
 as if he were a ball upon the bound, which 
 is the greatcft fecret of all in leaping a horfe 
 right. 
 
 STERN, [with Hunters] the tail of a 
 grey-hound, or of a wolf. 
 
 STEW, is a kind of fifti-pond, contrived 
 for ferving the daily ufe of a family, fo that 
 with little trouble the houfe may be furniftied 
 with fifti at any time. 
 
 S T I 
 
 This fhould be fo fituated as to be near 
 the chief manfion-houfe, and inclofed, the 
 better to be defended from robbers. 
 
 If you have two great waters of three or 
 four acres a piece, it will be proper to have 
 four ftews, of two rods wide and three rods 
 long each. 
 
 In the making of thefe the fides fhould be 
 cut down floping, carrying the bottom in a 
 continual decline from end to end, fo as you 
 may have a convenient mouth, as horfe- 
 ponds have, for the taking out your nets 
 when you have drawn for filh j and if you 
 have room enough you may make a mouth 
 at both ends, and the deepeft part fliould be 
 in the middle, by which means your net may 
 be drawn backwards or forwards, and the 
 fifh will not have fuch fhelter as a depth 
 under a head will be. 
 
 Add to this, that we fifli with delight in 
 coming upon the fhoals, and in all probabi- 
 lity thrive the better. 
 
 Thefe may chiefly be referved for carp, 
 but not abfolutely j and if you perceive your 
 tench and perch to increafe and profper, 
 you may make leiTer ftews to ferve them a 
 part, and fo you may have them eafier when 
 you pleafe, without difturbing the other 
 filh. 
 
 But remember this, that perch will fcarcc 
 live in ftews and finall waters, in hot wea- 
 ther, but will pine, grow lean and thin, if 
 not die ; fo that the ilevvs are to be their 
 winter quarters, but in the fummer they 
 fliould be in green ponds. 
 
 STICKLEBACK -, this filh is fmall, prick- 
 ly, and without fcales, and not worth mind- 
 ing, but that he is an excellent bait for 
 trouts, efpecially if his tail be turned round 
 on the hook, at which a trout will bite 
 more eagerly than at penk, roach or min- 
 now. 
 
 The loach is alfo as good baitastheftickle- 
 back, provided you place either right on the 
 hook. 
 
 And that you may do it, take this obfer- 
 vation, that the nimble turning of the penk, 
 minnow, loach, or ftickle-back, is the per- 
 fection of that fort of fifhing. 
 
 That you may do it the better, take no- 
 tice 
 
 I 
 
S T I 
 
 tice that you muft put the hook into the 
 mouth "of any of the aforefaid baits, and 
 out at their tail, tying him faft with white 
 thread a little above it, in fuch fort that he 
 may turn j. after this few up his mouth and 
 you have done. 
 
 This way of baiting is very tempting to 
 large trouts, and feldom fails the Angler's 
 expectation. This fifh is in fome places 
 called a banftickle. 
 
 STIFLE IN A Horse, a large mufcle, or 
 that part of the hind-leg which advances 
 tov/ards his belly, and is a moft dangerous 
 part to receive a blow upon. 
 
 STIFLING, is a malady that accidental- 
 ly bcfals a horfe, either by fome ftrain, by 
 leaping, or by a flip in the ftable, or on 
 travelling, or elfe by fome blow or ftroke, 
 which puts out the ftifle-bone, or much 
 hurts and ftrains the joint. 
 
 The fign of this is by the diflocated bone 
 bearing itfelf out, which will make him go 
 lame, and unwilling to touch the ground 
 but only with his toes, till it be put in 
 again. 
 
 The common method of cure is to fwim 
 the horfe in fome deep water or pond, till 
 he fweats about his ears, which will put the 
 bone into it's right place again, and when 
 he is thought to have fwam enough, to take 
 him out of the water and to throw an old 
 blanket over him, to prevent him from tak- 
 ing cold, and lead him gently home. 
 
 Then being in the ftable, they put a 
 wooden wedge of the breadth of a fix-pence 
 between the toe and the fhoe, on the con- 
 trary foot behind, and when they find him 
 thoroughly dry, anoint the part aggrieved 
 with hen's greafe, or oil of turpentine, and 
 ftrong beer, of equal parts alike, well fha- 
 ken and mixed together in a vial. 
 
 It is to be well chafed in with the hand, 
 one holding at the fame time a hot bar of 
 iron or fire-fhovel, to make it fink in the 
 better : or you may apply to it brandy and 
 common foap) and ftrong beer, mixed to- 
 gether. 
 
 Or, tie down the horfe's head to the man- 
 ger, and faften a cord to the paftern of the 
 ftified-Ieg, and draw his leg fi(^rwardsj fo 
 
 S T I 
 
 ' that the bone will come right by being 
 helped with the hand ; keep it in this pofi- 
 tion exaiflly, and tie the other end of the 
 cord to the rack, fo that the horfe may not 
 pull his leg back, fo as to diflocate the bone, 
 for an hour or two, till after it has been 
 fettled and dreflTed. 
 
 Then having ready melted pitch in a pot, 
 dip a bit of a clout tied to a ftick into the 
 pitch, anoint the ftifling with it, to the 
 breadth of three or four inches, and the 
 length of ten ; and immediately before the 
 pitch can cool, having ready a ftrong piece 
 of canvas cut fit for the purpofe, and very 
 well warmed by the fire, clap it fo neatly 
 trpon the place, tliat the bone cannot flip 
 out again. 
 
 Take notice, that this plaifter muft not be 
 long-ways towards the foot and flank ; but 
 crois-ways upon the joint, as it were about 
 the thigh ; far otherwife it cannot hold in- 
 the bone. 
 
 When you have laid on the plaifter, anoint 
 it all over with the melted pitch, and, 
 while it is warm, clap flax, the colour of 
 the horfe, all over the outfide of the can- 
 vas. 
 
 Let the plaifter remain on till it falls off 
 of itfelf; but if the bone be out, then put 
 in a French rowel, a little below the ftifling 
 place, and let it remain fifteen days,, and 
 turn it once every day ; at the end of fifteen 
 days take it out, and heal up the orifice with 
 green ointment. 
 
 STIFF Legs, a difeafe in horfes, under 
 which are alfo comprehended dry'd, decay'd,. 
 or bruifed legs. 
 
 For the cure : take of fpirit of wine a 
 quart ; oil of nuts, half a pint ; butter half 
 a pound ; put them into a glazed earthea 
 pipkin and melt them, covering the vefl!el 
 with another that is lefs, exaftly fitted to it, 
 lute the junftures well with clay, mixed 
 with horie-dung, or hair; and after the 
 cement is dry, fet the pot on a very gentle 
 fire, and keep the ingredients boiling up 
 very foftly for the fpace of eight or ten hours, 
 then take off the pot and fet it to qool : 
 
 J when ufed, rub the mafter finew with your 
 hand till it grows Ivor, then anoint it with 
 tills. 
 
6 T I 
 
 lli'is compofition, chafing it in, and repeat 
 the fame every day, 
 
 STIPTIC PouDER } is a reftringent pre- 
 paration of iron, commonly called Cclebatch's 
 S tip tic Po-ivder, after the name of its in- 
 ventor. Sir John Cokhatch. It is prepared 
 after the following manner: 
 
 Upon what quantity of filings of iron you 
 pleafe pour fpirit of fait, fo as to cover them 
 to the height of three or four fingers, and 
 let them lland in a gentle digeftion, till the 
 fermentation is over, and the fpirit of fait is 
 become fweet ; then pour ofi^" the liquid part, 
 and evaporate it in an iron or glafs veflel, 
 vill half of it is wafted, then put it into an 
 equal quantity o{ Jaccharmn Satunii, and eva- 
 porate it to a dry powder ; if the evapora- 
 tion be flopped at it's firft becoming dry, it 
 has exactly the appearance of Colebatch's 
 Powder ; but if it be continued longer, and 
 the heat raifed, it v/ill turn red. 
 
 This muft be kept ftopped up very clofe 
 from the air, or elfe it will imbibe, and fo 
 flow as to lofe its efficacy. 
 
 Dr. ^lincy tells us, that he was very well 
 informed that this was the Stiptic that made 
 fo much noife in the world fome years fince, 
 -by the author of Novum Lumen Cbirur-gicum, 
 and for the fale of which a, patent was pro- 
 cured, except that oil of vitrol was ufed in 
 that, inftead of the fpirit of fait in this ; and 
 that the difi'erence is very infignificant. 
 
 He fays alfo, that he kept fome of this 
 "by him, till he found a proper opportunity 
 to try if, when an extraordinary one hap- 
 pened, by a blundering farrier cutting the 
 iugular artery of a very fine young horfe ; 
 and that having ftopped the flux of blood, 
 by griping the part with his hand, till the 
 doftor had diflblved fome of this powder in 
 warm water, and with Currier's fliavings of 
 leather dipped in it, he applied it to the 
 part, not one drop of blood followed after- 
 wards, and the part was eafily afterwards 
 incarnated and healed up. 
 
 STIRRUP, a well known iron frame, 
 fattened to a faddle with a thong of leather, 
 for the rider to reft his foot on. 
 
 Let your ftirrup-Ieather be ftrong, as alfo 
 .the ftirrup-irons, which Ihould be pretty 
 
 S T O 
 
 large, that you may the ftjoner quit them m 
 cafe of a fall. 
 
 Stirrup ; is a reft for a rider's foot, com- 
 pofed of fome fmall pieces of iron, forged 
 into bars, and level below, but arched in 
 the upper part, by which part they are hung 
 in ftirrup-leathers, 
 
 Bearvigoroufly upon your ftirrup when you 
 have your foot in it, and hold the point of 
 your foot higher than the heel. 
 
 AVhen you would ftop your horfe, you 
 muft bear upon your ftirrups. 
 
 You fliould keep your right ftirrup half a 
 point fliorter than the left, for in combat 
 the horfeman bears and refts more upon the 
 right, and to facilitate the mounting of your 
 horfe, the left ftirrup fhould be longer than 
 the other. 
 
 To lofe one's ftirrups, is to fuffer them to 
 flip from the foot. 
 
 The ftirrup foot, or the near fore foot, is 
 the left foot behind. 
 
 Stirrup-leather, is a lathe or tliong of 
 leather, defcending from the faddle, down 
 by the horfe's ribs, upon which the ftirrups 
 hang. 
 
 Stirrup-bearer, is an end of leather made 
 faft to the end of the faddle, to trufs up the 
 ftirrups when the rider is alighted, and the 
 horfe fent to the ftable, 
 
 STOMACH SKINS ; there are fome foak 
 under the age of fix months, which, though 
 their dams yield abundance of milk, decay 
 daily, and have a cough, occafioned by cer- 
 tain pellicles or little (kins that breed in 
 their ftomachs, even to that degree as to 
 obftruft their breathing, and at laft utterly 
 deftroy them. 
 
 To cure this malady, take the bag where- 
 in the foal came out of the belly of it's dam, 
 and having dried it, give as much thereof 
 in milk as you can take up with three fingers. 
 This remedy is alfo good for all difeafes 
 that befal them while they are under fix years 
 of age : but if you cannot have the bag, 
 then take the lungs of a young fox, dry and 
 powder them, and ufe it inftead of the afore- 
 faid powder. 
 
 STONE Falcon, a kind of hawk that 
 builds her neft on rocks. 
 
 STONE- 
 
S TO 
 
 STONE-BRUISING, a misfortune that 
 befals the cods of a horfc by divers acci- 
 dents. 
 
 For the cure : talce honey and freili but- 
 ter, t)f each half a pound, melt them, to 
 which add the juice of green colewoirts, one 
 pound ; leaves of rue picked from the ftalks, 
 a good handful; black foap, four ounces, 
 and one pound of bean-flour ; ftamp the rue 
 in a marble mortar, then add the honey, and 
 afterwards the juice of coleworts, butter, 
 and black foap ; mix them well without heat, 
 and make a poultice with the bean-flour, 
 and apply it cold with a hog's bladder, and 
 keep it on with a bandage tied about the 
 horfe's back. 
 
 Hard fwellings may be cured by this me- 
 thod ; and removing the drefling once a day, 
 and the quantity here prefcribed will pioba- 
 bly be fufficient to perfed the cure, by being 
 applied frequently. 
 
 But if the fwclling be attended with a 
 great inflammation, then add to the whole 
 compofition two drachms of camphire, dif- 
 folved in three fpoonfuls of the fpirit of 
 wine ; but if by the bruife the tumour be 
 feated in the ligaments that are above the 
 ftone, chafe the part with fpirit of wine 
 camphorated, and afterwards apply the fol- 
 lov/ing cataplafm or poultice. 
 
 If you have reafon to believe that there is 
 matter generated in the fl:ones, fpread em- 
 flaftriiin divinum on very foft leather, about 
 the bignefs of the palm of your hand, and 
 lay it upon the part affected, even where 
 the matter feems to be feated, and then ap- 
 ply the poultice, and if the matter be ei- 
 ther aflually generated, or ready to be 
 formed, the plaifter will draw it. 
 
 You mull take the plaifter off once a day 
 and wipe it, but you need not change it ; 
 and by following this method the horfe may 
 be cured without gelding. 
 
 The horfe muft be let blood both at the 
 beginning and end of the cure. 
 
 STONES-SWELLING, i [in Horfes] 
 
 STONES-HARDENING, J a malady to 
 •which they . are incident. See the Article 
 Cods. 
 
 For the cure : take yellow wax, frefli but- 
 
 S T O 
 
 ter, and oU of olives, of each half a pound, 
 ftrong vinegar, half a pint ; boil them to- 
 gether till the vinegar be almoft confumed, 
 then take the veffel off" the fire, and put in 
 an ounce of camphire powdered; make a 
 poultice, and apply it to the fvvelled cods; 
 let it lie on four hours, then lay on another 
 poultice upon the firlt. Without taking off 
 the former or uncovering the pait. 
 
 If the inflammation bd but a fimple one," 
 it will aflwage the fwelllng and abate the 
 pain ; but if the fwelling fliall continue after 
 the heat and pain is removed, and the cods 
 do hang down very low, it is a fign that the 
 horfe is troubled with a hydrocele, that is, 
 when by a relaxation of the peritoneum, the 
 cods are filled with water, which having 
 been too long retained in the part, by rea- 
 fon of the great difficulty of expelling it 
 through the pores, may corrupt and ulcerate 
 the ftones. 
 
 For the cure of this fort of fwelling, or 
 hydrocele, make a fort of gruel of barley- 
 meal and vinegar, and when it is almoft 
 boiled, and half the quantity of chalk, with 
 a fufficient quantity of oil of rofes and 
 quinces, and two handfuls of fait, apply 
 this remedy as hot as you can endure it 
 with your hands, and bind it on very care- 
 fully. 
 
 Or, boil a fufficient quantity of beans ia 
 lees of wine, till they are foft and tender,, 
 then pound them to a mafh, to every pound 
 of which add a quarter of an ounce of cafr 
 toreum in fine powder; incorporate t\vi\.\\ 
 well together, and few two pounds of thena 
 up in a bag large enough to cover the lioness 
 firlt anoint the cods with ointment of the oil 
 of rofes, and then lay on the bag as hot as 
 you can fuffer it to lie on the back of your 
 hand, binding it on as well as you can; let 
 it lie on for twenty-four hours, then heaj: 
 the bag again in the fame lees of wine, in 
 which the beans were boiled, and lay it on 
 again j repeat this continually till.the fwell- 
 ing be abated. 
 
 If the feritonminiy or rim that holds the 
 entrails, be relaxed, the guts will fall into 
 the cods, which will appear vifible. In this 
 cafe you muft firft endeavour to put up the 
 
 falU-n. 
 
'ST O 
 
 fallen guts, and then apply the following 
 
 fomentation : 
 
 Take of the bark of the pomegranate and 
 oak trees, gucn oak-apple, Cyprus nuts, 
 barberries and fomach, of each two ounces, 
 annife and fennel feeds, of each an ounce, 
 camomile, melilot, and pomegranativc flow- 
 ers, of each a handtul, and powder of crude 
 allum four ounces ; put them into a bag 
 iarge enous-h to cover the horfe's cods (and 
 if this quantity be not fiifficient double it) 
 few it up after the manner of a quill, and 
 put the firft quantity with a quarter oF a 
 peck (or half for the double) of beans in a 
 pot of floe wine, or feme thick red wine, 
 and boil them for the fpace of two hours ; 
 then apply the bag moderately hot to his 
 cods or fboncs, cleverly faftening it on with 
 a bandage, put round the flanks, and tied 
 on the rump. Continue this application for 
 fon'e time, heating the quilted bag a freih 
 every time in the fame liquor. 
 
 But after you have put up the guts, the 
 fureft way is to geld the horfe, for then the 
 cods will Ihrink up, and the guts will not 
 any more come dov/n into them. 
 
 But if it be a rupture incording, or bur- 
 ftennefs, which is when the rim, thin film, 
 or caul, which holds up the entrails, is 
 broken, or over-ftrained, or flLretched, fo 
 t^at the guts fall down either into his cods 
 •or flank : then ufe the following remedy : 
 
 Take common pitch, dragon's-blood, pow- 
 der of bole-armoniac, maftick, and frank- 
 incenfe, of each one ounce, make a plaifter 
 •of thefe, and lay it upon the loins of the 
 horfe, and on the rupture, letting it abide 
 on till it falls off of itfelf, and it will cure 
 him 3 but then you muft at the fame time 
 give him ftrengthening things inwardly, of 
 which there are many prefcribed, as rupture- 
 wort, crofs-wort, valerian, &c. 
 
 Or, carry the horfe into a place where 
 there is a bean over-thwart, and ftrew it thick 
 with ftraw ; then put on four paflerns, with 
 four rings on his ie.t^y with the loofe ends of 
 the rope, and fo draw all his fore feet toge- 
 ther, and he will fall, then call: the rope 
 over the beam and hoi ft him up, fo that he 
 
 . may lie flat on his back, with his legs up- 
 
 S T O 
 
 wards, without ftruggling; tlTen bathe his 
 ftones with warm water, and butter melted 
 together ; and when they are become fome- 
 thing warm, and well mollified, raife them 
 lip from the body with both your hands, 
 being clofed by the fingers, clofe together ; 
 and holding the Hones in your hand, work 
 down the gut into the body of thie horfe, 
 ftroaking it downwards continually with both 
 your thumbs, till you perceive that fide of 
 the flone to be as fmall as the other. 
 
 Having thus returned the gut to the right 
 place, take a lift of the breadth of two fing- 
 ers, and having anointed it very well with 
 frefh butter, tie his fl:ones clofe together 
 with it, as nigh the body as you pofTibly 
 can, but not too hard, but fo that you can 
 put your fingers between. 
 
 Then raife the horfe, and lead him gently 
 into the Arable, fet him up and keep him 
 warm, and let him not be ftirred for the 
 fpace of twenty one days ; but do not omit 
 the next day to unloofe the lift, and to take 
 it away, and to throw a bowl or two of col4 
 water upon the cods once or twice for that 
 day, and every day after : this will make him 
 fhrink up his ftones, and by that means hin- 
 der the gut from falling down. 
 
 At the end of twenty one days, in order 
 to render the cure more eftedlual, take away 
 the ftone on the burften fide, and fo he will 
 hardly be burften again on that fide; and 
 during the cure, let him neither eat nor 
 drink much, and give him his drink always 
 warm. 
 
 STOOPING [In Falconry] is when a hawk 
 being upon her wings, at the height of her 
 pitch, bends down violently to take the 
 fowl. 
 
 STOP ; is a paufe or difcontinuation. 
 
 To form a ftop, is to ftop upon the haun- 
 ches ; to form a ftop of a horfe, you muft 
 in the firft place, place the calves of your 
 legs to animate him, bend your body back- 
 wards, raife the bridle-hand without mov- 
 ing the elbow, then vigoroufiy extend your 
 hams, and reft upon your ftirrups, and make 
 him form the times or motions of his ftop, 
 in falcading his haunches three or four 
 times. 
 
 After 
 
S T R 
 
 Afrer flopping yourhorfe, make him give 
 three or four curvets. 
 
 The oppofite term of ftOp, is parting. 
 
 In former times, the flop of a horfe was 
 called parade. 
 
 Half a ftop, is a flop not finiflied, but a 
 pelade ; fo that the horfe, after falcading 
 three or four times upon the haunches re- 
 fumes and continues Iiis gallop, without ma- 
 king pefades or corvets. 
 
 S'I'OPPAGE OF tfRiNE IN Dogs, a dif- 
 temper which fometimes befals them when 
 their reins have been over-heated, which 
 caufes in them extream pain, and often en- 
 dangers their lives, if a prefent remedy be 
 not applied, by reafonofan inflammation 
 which is caufed in the bladder, in which a 
 •gangrene will enfue ; which will then render 
 the dillemper incurable. 
 
 For the cure ; boil a handful of marfh- 
 mallows, as much of the leaves of archangel, 
 fennel-roots, and bramble, whole together, 
 in fome white-wine, till one third is con- 
 fumed, and give it to the dog to drink. 
 
 STOTE ; a kind of flinking ferret. 
 
 STRAIGHT i to part or go flraight, or 
 •right out, is to go upon a tread, traced in a 
 flraight line. 
 
 STRAIN, 7 a misfortune that befals a 
 
 SPRAIN, i horfe when his finews are 
 flretched beyond their due tone, by reafon 
 of fome Qip or wrench, by which means their 
 fpringinefs or elaflicity is fo far deftroyed, 
 that they cannot recover their proper tone 
 for fome time. 
 
 Thefe accidents are very common, and 
 afFedl various parts ; fome of which are eafily 
 cured, and .others require a very confider- 
 ablc time and care. We fhall conJider the 
 <feveral parts that are moft liable to thefe ac- 
 cidents, and lay down the mofl proper me- 
 thods of treating them. 
 
 When the flioulder of a horfe is ftrained, 
 he does not put out the leg like the other'; 
 but to eafe himfelf, fets the',found foot 
 -firinly on the ground tb fave the other. 
 •When trotted in hand, he forms a kind 
 of circle with his lame leg, inftead of put- 
 ting it forward ; and when he flands in tive 
 liable that leg is advanced before the other. 
 
 S T R 
 
 The firft thing is to bleed him, and then 
 bathe the fhoulder thrice a day with hot 
 verjuice or vinegar, with a piece of foap dif- 
 folved in it. But if there be no fwelling 
 nor inflammation, though the lamenefs flill 
 continues, let him rell two or three days, 
 and then bathe the part well with the follow- 
 ing liniment, 5r oppodeldoc : Take of Ja- 
 maica pepper, four ounces ; of winter's bark, 
 carraway-feeds, bay and juniper berries, 
 bruifed, of each two ounces ; of rofemary, 
 marjoram, and lavender flowers, of each one 
 ounce;' of rectified fpirits of wine, three 
 pints: let them digefl in a gentle heat ten 
 days, ftrain out the tinfture, and add to it 
 Venice foap, a pound and an half; of cam- 
 phor, three ounces; Barbadoes tar, four 
 ounces ; of oil of turpentine, fix ounces; 
 and of oil of amber, tv.'o ounces -. let thefe 
 digell in the tinflure till the whole becomes 
 a liniment. 
 
 This js' an excellent medicine, and will do 
 wonders in'ftrains, provided the creature 
 have proper reft:, and a proper bandage be 
 added ; for thefe will prove of the utmofl 
 fervice, and often do more towards a cure, 
 than the moll powerful medicines. 
 
 V/hen the fhoulder is confiderably fwel- 
 led, it fliould be fomented with woollen 
 cloths, whing out' of hot verjuice and fpirit 
 of wine, which will prove of great ufe, and 
 remarkably facilitate the cure. 
 
 Strains of the Knees and Paflerns. This 
 difeafe frequently happens from kicks or 
 blows ; accidents that fhould carefully be 
 avoided. If the part affefted be greatly 
 fwelled, apply the poultice above recom- 
 mended ; and when the fwelling is afTuaged, 
 bathe the limb with the medicines mentioned 
 in the foregoing article. 
 
 The French farriers flrongly recommend 
 the following poultice for oldflrains ; and I 
 know from experience tha|: it' is a very effec- 
 tual n|iedicine, and has performed cures when 
 all others' have failed : Take of common tar 
 one pound ; 'ftir them together over a fire till 
 they incorporate, taking great care that the 
 fire do not catch the fpirits : then add two 
 dtinces Of bole armoniac finely powdered, and 
 a fu|Iicient qtiantityof oatmeal, to bring it to 
 E e e 'J ^i^S • the 
 
S T R 
 
 the confiftence of a poiilcicr, together with | 
 laul enough to prevent it's growing dry : let 
 this be applied to the part affedted Ipread 
 on cloth, and renewed twice a day. 
 
 Strains in the Hock. Let the parts be well 
 foaked in cooling and repelling medicines ; 
 but if the ligaments are hurt, and the inju- 
 ry attended with weaknefs and pain, foment 
 them with the cloths wrung out of hot vine- 
 gar, or the deco<5lion above-mentioned, 
 with the addition of crude fal armoniac, and 
 an handful of wood-aflies boiled in it. If 
 a hardnefs fhould remain on the outfide, it 
 Ihould be removed by repeated blifterings, 
 for which purpofe the following ointment 
 fhould be uied : Take of nerve and marfh- 
 mallow ointment, of each two ounces ; of 
 quickfilver one ounce, well rubbed with 
 Venice turpentine ; oi Spanijh flies powdered, 
 a drachm and an half; and of oil of origa- 
 num, two drachms; makethe whole into an 
 ointment, and apply it pretty thick to the 
 part affetted, after the hair has been cut as 
 clofe as poflible. 
 
 For other Strains : Take of hog's-lard, 
 nerve-oil, bole armoniac, and Caftile-foap, 
 of each half a pound : boil them well toge- 
 ther, keeping them ftirring till the com- 
 pofition is cold, and keep it in a pipkin for 
 ufe ; and when you have occafion, anoint the 
 part afflicted with this ointment, warm, 
 rubbing it well in. 
 
 For a ftrain newly done ; take white-wine 
 vinegar, bole armoniac, the whites of eggs, 
 and bean flour, beat all thefe into a falve, 
 and lay it on the fore very hot. 
 
 For a ftrain or grief proceeding from heat; 
 beat the whites of fix eggs with a pint of 
 white-wine vinegar ; oil of rofcs and myrtles, 
 of each an ounce ; bole armoniac four 
 ounces, as much dragon's-blood, and as 
 much of bean or wheat-flour (the firft is the 
 beft) as will thicken them ; make it into a 
 falve, and having fpread it upon hurds, lay 
 it upon the part afFeifted, but do not renew 
 the application till the firft is grown dry. 
 
 For a new finew-ftrain; take bole-armo- 
 niac in powder one ounce, of common 
 foap four ounces, the whites of four new-laid 
 eggs, half a gill of brandy, a gill of white- 
 
 S T R 
 
 wine vinegar, and a quarter of a pint of 
 new wort, and half a gill of oil of turpen- 
 tine ; incorporate thele very well together 
 with your hands, and rub and chafe the 
 thinneft of it upon the part aggrieved, a 
 hot fire-fhovel being held, before it; then 
 daub it all over with the thickeft in the na- 
 ture of a charge, Ricking upon it flax or hurds, 
 and bind it up with a linen cloth, and if you 
 fee occafion you may renew the charge. 
 
 The back finews are commonly ftrained, 
 and the misfortune eafily difcovered by a 
 fwelling, which fometimes extends from the 
 backfide of the knee down to the heel ; and 
 at the fame time, the horfe fets that leg be- 
 fore the other. 
 
 The moft efFedtual method of removing; 
 this complaint, is, to bathe the tendon three 
 or four times a day with hot vinegar; and 
 if the part be confiderably fwelled, to apply 
 a reftringent poultice, made with bran or 
 oatmeal, boiled in vinegar, ftrong beer, or 
 red wine lees and a fufficient quantity of 
 lard added to prevent its growing thick. 
 When the fwelling is removed, bathe with 
 the oppodeldoc above mentioned, or with a 
 compofition compofed of camphorated fpi- 
 rits of wine, and oil of amber ; obferving to 
 roll a properbandager(Jtind the part. Some 
 apply to the part afi^eded, curriers fhavings 
 wet with vinegar ; and others a compofition 
 of tar and fpirits of wine : both thefe have 
 been found of great ufe. But an injury of 
 this kind muft not be expefted to be re- 
 moved immediately, reft is abfolutely ne- 
 cefl^ary ; and it would be of great fervice, if 
 the creature were turned to grafs, as foon as 
 the fwelling is removed, and the other me- 
 dicines have had a proper time to operate j 
 or. 
 
 Put an ounce of Venice turpentine into 
 three fpoonfuls of brandy, or Ipirits of wine, 
 ftir them well together, and rub the ftrained 
 part well with it, having firft warmed it over 
 a chafing difti of coals ; repeat this once a 
 day, for three or four days fucceflively. If 
 you cannot get Venice turpentine, oil of tur- 
 pentine will do as well. 
 
 ]{ the horfe 's finews are fo ftrained, that 
 the limb or member is rendered ufelefs, 
 
 take 
 
 i 
 
S T R 
 
 take cantharides, euphorbium, mercury, 
 and double the quantity of oil of bays to all 
 the reft, reduce the hard drugs to a powder, 
 and pound them together with the oil to 
 a falve, and apply it to the pa:;t aggrieved ; 
 and though it makes it fore, it will give 
 ftrength and ftraightnefs to the finews. 
 
 The fore maybe healed with the ointment 
 of populeon, frelh butter, or deer's-greafe, 
 warm. 
 
 A Strain in the Coffin. 
 
 If a ftrain in the coffin joint is not difco- 
 vered in time, the part will grow lb ItifF 
 that the horfe will touch the ground only 
 with his toe ; nor can the joint be moved by 
 the hand. The only method that can in tMs 
 caie be purfued with any hopes of fuccefs, 
 is repeated bliftering, and then firing the 
 part fuperficially ; or. 
 
 Take hog's-lard, Caftile-foap, and bole- 
 armoniac powdered, and alfo nerve oil, of 
 each equal quantities, boil them together, 
 and keep them ftirring whilft they are on 
 the fire ; then put the mixture in a gallipot 
 for ufe, and when you ufe it, rub it in well 
 with your-hand, and then pafs a hot iron 
 over it: repeat this once a day till the horfe 
 is well. 
 
 A Charge for the fame. Take black pitch. 
 Burgundy pitch, and common turpentine, 
 of each four ounces, melt them together, 
 and when they are well mixed, lay the 
 charge or falve, round the joint, as hot as 
 the horfe can well bear it, cover it imme- 
 diately with flocks, and when that comes 
 off, lay on another charge if there be occa- 
 fton- 
 
 STRANGLE in Horses, is not, as fome 
 fuppofe, a quinfey, but an inflammation in 
 a horfe's throat, proceeding from fome cho- 
 leric or bloody fluxion, which comes out of 
 the branches of the throat veins into thofe 
 parts, and there breeds fome hot inflamma- 
 tion, excited by a hard cold winter, or by 
 cold catched after hard riding or labour. 
 
 It is a hard fwelling between the horfe's 
 chops, upon the roots of his tongue, and 
 about his throat, which fwelling, ifnorpre- 
 
 S T R 
 
 vented, will (lop his wind-pipe, and fo 
 ftrangle or choak him. 
 
 The fymptoms attending this diforder are 
 great heat and feveriflinefs, a painful cough, 
 with great inclination to drink without being 
 able. Some horfes lofe their appetite entire- 
 ly, and others eat but very little, occafion- 
 ed by the pain refulting from the motion 
 of the jaws in chewing and fwallowing. 
 
 This difeafe, though very troublefome, is 
 dangerous only when the fwelling turns up- 
 ward againft the wind pipe and gullet, when 
 the horfe is liable to fuffocation, unlefs it 
 breaks foon ; or when the horfe runs at the 
 nofe, a fure fign that the difeafe is of a ma- 
 lignant nature, and has affcfted other parts. 
 
 The ftrangles is not, properly fpeaking, 
 a difeafe of itfelf, but a crifis of others ; an 
 effort of nature, which has thrown the of- 
 fending humours on thofe parts. It there- 
 fore follows, that we mull by all means pro- 
 mote a fuppuration. This is to affift nature 
 in her efforts to throw off the load of offen- 
 ding matter, which clogs and difturbs the 
 animal machine. The fwellings therefore 
 fhould be kept conftantly moift with an oint- 
 ment of marfli mallows, and the neck and 
 head covered with a warm hood. The fol- 
 lowing poultice will alfo be of great ufe in 
 promoting a fuppuration, and therefore a 
 very proper application in this difeafe : Take 
 of the leaves of marfh-mallows, ten handfuls; 
 of the roots of white lily, half a pound; 
 of linfeed and fenugreek feeds bruiied, of 
 each four ounces : boil tliem in two quarts 
 of water till the whole becomes of a pulpy 
 confiftence -, take it off the fire, and add to 
 it two ounces of the ointment of marlh-mal- 
 lows, and a fuflicient quantity of hog's- 
 lard to prevent its growing ftiff and dry. 
 
 This poultice fhould be applied hot twice 
 a day, and will greatly facilitate the maturi- 
 ty of the fwelling; for the matter will be, 
 formed in five or fix days, and open itfelf a 
 paffage through the fkin. If the opening 
 formed by nature be capacious enough to 
 admit a free difcharge of the morbid matter, 
 there will be no neceffity to enlarge it ; but 
 if not, you mud not fail to do it with a 
 knife or lancet, 
 
 E e c 2 When 
 
S T R 
 
 When the fwelling is broke, and the ori- 
 fice of a proper fize to difcharge the niatter, 
 drefs it with the following ointment fpread 
 on tow; but apply over the drcfling the 
 above poultice, in order to promote the di- I 
 geliion, and remove the remains of hardnefs 
 occafioned by the inflammation : Take of 
 rofin and Burgundy pitch, of each a pound 
 and an half; of honey and common turpen- 
 tine, of each eight ounces; of yellow wax, 
 four ounces ; of hog's lard, one pound ; 
 and of verdigreafe finely powdered, one 
 ounce : melt the ingredients together, but 
 do not put in the verdigreafe till the veflel 
 is removed from the fire, and then the 
 ointment muft be continued ftirring till cold, 
 otherwife the verdigreafe will fall to the bot- 
 tom. 
 
 Sometimes the fever and inflammation are 
 at a confiderabk height at the beginning of 
 the ftrangles ; in this cafe it will be necefla- 
 ry to take away a moderate quantity of 
 blood, and to dilute the remainder with 
 plenty of water-gruel, or warm water, 
 mafhes and the like. 
 
 If the running at the nofe, which, as al- 
 ready obferved, fometimes attends the ftran- 
 gles, fhould continue after thefwellings are 
 broke, there will be danger of weakening 
 the horie. An ounce of Jefuit bark there- 
 fore, or a ftrong decoftion of guaiacum 
 fhavings, fhould be given him for fome 
 time every day, which will have a very good 
 cffeft in flopping thefe glandular dif- 
 chargesj and diying up ulcers of ail kinds in 
 horfes. 
 
 When the horfe has recovered his fl:rength 
 it will be neceflary to purge him ; and if 
 any hardnefs fhould remain after the wound 
 is healed, it may bedifperfed by the mercu- 
 rial ointment. 
 
 But if it fhould happen to break inwardly, 
 then perfume his head twice or thrice a day, 
 by burning frankincenfe or mafliich under his 
 nofe, or elfe by putting a hot coal upon 
 wet hay, the fmoak of which let him receive 
 up his noflrrils ; or with a red hot iron thruft 
 a hole through the fkin on both fides the 
 weafon, and after it has begun to matter, 
 mix butter, tanner's water, and fak to- 
 
 S T R 
 
 gether, and anoint the fore with it every day 
 till it is whole : bleeding in the mouth is al- 
 fo very good for this diftemper. 
 
 STRANGURY, i in Horses, a 
 
 STRANGULLION, i diftemperto which 
 
 they are incident, which may be known by 
 
 the horfe's having an inclination to ftale 
 
 often, and yet voiding only a few drops. 
 
 This may happen to a horfe divers ways ; 
 fometimes by hard riding, or much labour, 
 fometimes by hot meats and drinks, and 
 fometimes by an ulceration of the bladder. 
 
 The firfl: application neceflary, is to bleed 
 largely, and after the operation, give the 
 following drink, and repeat it two or three 
 times every two hours : Take of Fenice tur- 
 pentine, well rubbed with the yolk of an 
 egg, one ounce ; of nitre, or fait prunella 
 fix drachms ; of fweet oil, half a pint ; and 
 a pint of white wine. 
 
 The horfe fhould have plenty of marfh- 
 mallow decoiStion, with an ounce of nitre, 
 the fame quantity of gum arable, and two. 
 ounces of honey dilTolved in every quart of 
 it; for it muft be rem.enibered, that the 
 more a horfe drinks of this emollient decoc- 
 tion, efpecially when improved with nitre, 
 gum arable, and honey, the fooner he will, 
 recover; as it will greatly tend to remove 
 the caufe of the difeafe, and confequently 
 to terminate its efFe<Sts. 
 
 Some bathe the horfe's loins with warm 
 water, and then tempering bread and bay- 
 berries with butter, give him two or three 
 balls of it for three days fucceffively. Or, 
 
 You may ufe powder of flint-flone cal- 
 cined, mixed with an ounce of the powder 
 of parfley feed, and as much of that of ivy- 
 berries, and boil them a little in a pint of 
 claret, and give the horfe, and it will do. 
 
 Or, 
 
 A quart of new milk, and a quarter of a 
 pound of fugar, brew them well together, 
 and give it to the horfe to drink in the 
 m.orning fafliing, and keep him warm. 
 Or boil a good quantity of hog's-fennel in 
 the water you give him to drink, and it will 
 cure him. 
 
 STRAPS OF aSaddle -, are fmall leather 
 
 ilraps, 
 
ST R 
 
 ftraps, nailed to the bows of xhe faddls, 
 with which the girths are made fafl: to the 
 faddle. 
 
 STRIKE A Nail ; is to drive it through 
 the horfe's flioe, and the horn or hoof of 
 his foot ; and to rivet it for holding on the 
 fhoe. 
 
 STRINGS OR Lines, devices wherewith 
 to take birds both great and, fmall, and even 
 water-fowl ; they are made of long fmall 
 cords, knotted here and there, and contain- 
 ing in length as many fathom as tile places 
 or haunts where you are to lay them require : 
 thefe are of great ufe for the taking of all 
 forts of large wild-fowlj as alio for plovers 
 of both kinds. 
 
 When you are to ufe thefe ftrings, they 
 muft be limed with the ftrongeft bird-lime j 
 when coming to their haunts, if it be before 
 the evening flight, it m.uft be before fun-fct : 
 if for the moining flight, at lead two hours 
 before day, and having a bundle of fmall 
 flicks, about two feet long, fliarpened at 
 both ends, and with a little fork at the up- 
 per end, let them be pricked a little flant- 
 .wife, fo that they may be within a foot and 
 a half of the ground; then fliall thefe lime- 
 twigs be drawn and laid upon the forks, 
 fome rows higher than others, and higher in 
 one place than another, lilce water waves, 
 till every row be filled, and the haunt 
 covered all over; then faften the end with a 
 flipping loop, in fuch manner that upon any 
 violent ftrain the whole firing may loofen, 
 and lap about any thing that touches it, and 
 by this invention great numbers of fowl, ef- 
 pecialiy plovers, may be taken, by rcafon of 
 the great flocks they come in, and they are 
 generally taken at their coming upon the 
 ground, whofe nature it is to fweep clofe, 
 and fo falling amongft the ftrings are taken. 
 
 There is no need you fhould be conftantly 
 at watch, for being entangled they cannot 
 loofen themfelves ; when you have done 
 your fport, lay them up for another time, 
 only you muft new daub them with frefli 
 bird-lime; you may make ufe of thefe firings 
 and lines for the taking water fowl, and 
 then ufe the beft and ftrongefl bird-lime you 
 can g£tj thefe firings being laid over the 
 
 S T R 
 
 rivers, ponds, or plafhes of water, where 
 you defign to take any, which mufl be in 
 fuch places where their haunts are, and let 
 the faid ftrings almoft touch the water, and 
 be as thick laid as before direfted for land 
 fowl ; and this caution muft be carefully 
 obferved, not to ufe fuch ftrings in moon- 
 fliiny nights, for the fliadow of the light 
 will certainly create ajealoufy in the -fowl, 
 and fo fpoil your fport. See Springs. .' 
 
 STRING-HALT in Horses, an imper- 
 fefticn which is a fudden twitching or fnatch- 
 ing up his hinder-leg, much higher than 
 the other ; to this the beft mettled horfes 
 are, for the moft part, more fubjecft than 
 others. 
 
 It feizes them after a fudden taking of cold, 
 after hard riding, or fore labour ; efpecially 
 by walhing him while he is hot, which chills 
 his blood, and fo benumbs his finews that it 
 will fometimes take away the fenfe and feel- 
 ing of a limb. 
 
 For the cure ; take up the under vein 
 upon the thigh, and underneath the fame 
 there lies a ftring, which you muft cut away,, 
 and then anoint him with butter and falr,^ 
 and he will go well. 
 
 Some ufe a particular ointment for this pur- 
 pofe prepared as follows : 
 
 Take oil of worms, nerve oil, oil of pe- 
 troleum, of fpike, of piece or patch greafe, 
 of each two ounces, of London treacle lour 
 ounces, of hog's greafe two pounds, fet all 
 on the fire, and when they are melted take 
 them off, and keep ilirring it till it is cold, 
 and v/ith this anoint the part aftefted every 
 day, and bind him with a foft thumb band 
 of hay, from the paflern to the top of the 
 hoof; repeat this for ten days together, rub- 
 bing and chafing in the ointment very well 
 for a long time, holding a red hot fire- 
 fliovel againft it. 
 
 Then keep the parts warm, litter the horfe 
 well, and make the thumb-bands lefs and 
 fhorter every day, till you perceive the horfe 
 to ftand on both legs alike, and be recover- 
 ing : but he muft not yet be ridden, fo as to. 
 fweat much, for a month after : and as faon 
 as warm weather comes on, put him tcgrafs 
 in fome dry pafture, where he may notwaat 
 
 water^ 
 
ST U 
 
 water, but let W"'* be taken out again be- 
 fore cold weather comes, and while he is in 
 the ftable let him be l;ept warm, and {o he 
 will be free from the ftring-halt. 
 
 STUB; a fplinter of frelh cut under- 
 wood, that gets into the horfe's foot when 
 he runs, and piercing the fole through the 
 quick, becomes more or lefs dangerous, ac- 
 cording as it finks more or lefs into the 
 foot. 
 
 STUD ; a place where ftallions and mares 
 are kept to propagate their kind, or elfe the 
 word fignifies the ftallions and breeding 
 mares tlicmfelves ; it is abfolutely neceflary 
 there fliould be a ftud, if you would have a 
 multiplication of the horfe kind; the good- 
 nefs of horfes depends partly on the good- 
 nefs of the ftud, and their good feeding 
 when they are but young : fine ftallions, and 
 fine breeding mares, generally produce fine 
 and good colts, which will always continue 
 fo, if tliey are well and carefully fed. 
 
 Under this head it is not propofed to fpeak 
 of any other fort of breed of horfes, but 
 fuch as are defigned for labour and draught, 
 and therefor-e without mentioning thofe of a 
 great price, and fuch as are defigned for the 
 ufe of perfons of the firft rank ; we fay that 
 a ftallion for this end ought to have a good 
 coat, be well marked, vigorous, and very 
 couragious : care muft be had that he have 
 none of the diftempers vipon him that are 
 hereditary, for the foals will certainly be 
 fubjeft to the fame : he ouglit to be of a 
 docile nature, and he ought not to be made 
 ufe of for covering of the mares before he 
 is fix years old, for if he is too young he 
 will deceive them. 
 
 A good coat is as eflential to the mares as 
 - to the ftallions, they fhould be well made, 
 and as near as poflible of the fame mein and 
 ftature as the ftallion ; they fliould have 
 fprightly eyesj and be well marked : they 
 ouo-ht not to be covered till they are three 
 years old, and then may continue to breed 
 till ten ; they fhould have but one foal in 
 tv/o years, that they may have time to nou- 
 rifh and breed them up. 
 
 About a month or two before the ftallion 
 is .turned to the mares, he ought to be fed 
 
 S T O 
 
 with good hay and good oats, or wheat- 
 ftraw ; and he muft not be put to any man- 
 ner of labour, only be walked backwards 
 and forwards, from time to time, for two 
 hours every day ; you muft never give him 
 above twenty mares to cover, unlefs you 
 would dellroy him outright, or make him 
 broken winded ; and he will continue to 
 propagate his kind from the age of fix, to 
 fixteen years. 
 
 The month of May is the ufual time 
 wherein mares are to be covered, to the end 
 that they may foal in April, for they go 
 eleven months, and as many days over 
 as they are years old ; and the reafon why 
 this month is pitched upon, is, becaufe 
 when they foal, the following year there will 
 be plenty of grafs for them, and confe- 
 quently they will have milk enough to nou- 
 rifti their young. 
 
 It need not be wondered at, that in a flud 
 methodically managed, the marej fail not to 
 produce foals, fo much as thofe which are 
 brought to the ftallion, without ufing thefe 
 precautions which are neceflary for fuch an 
 aftion ; for how many perfons are there, 
 who as foon as the mares come frorh their 
 labour, take and lead them to be covered, 
 by which means they are very often difap- 
 pointed : if you would have your maie keep, 
 you muft fuffer her to run for about eight 
 days in good pafture, and then let the ftal- 
 lion cover her once or twice the fame day, 
 if he be inclined fo to do ; and after Ae is 
 covered let her be conduced to her pafture, 
 and there continue her for four days, after 
 which you may work her, but with much 
 moderation at the firft. 
 
 It is a thing worthy to be obferved, and 
 what the countrymen ought pofttively to 
 know, whether the ftallion he would have 
 to leap his mare, is fed with dry meat in the 
 ftable, or on grafs in the fields ; if he is at 
 grafs, and the mares ai-e fed with dry meat, 
 or if he is fed in the ftable, and that the 
 mares are at grafs, the mares will run a great 
 hazard of calling their foals, or not con- 
 ceiving at all, which they will feldom do, 
 if ufed to the fame manner of feeding with 
 the ftallion. 
 
 Before 
 
 1 
 
S T U 
 
 Before you fuffe'r your mare to be covered, 
 hold her in your hand, and for a fhort time 
 in the fight of the horfe, fo as fhe may alfo 
 look upon him ; this will animate her very 
 much, and caufe the ftallion to cover her 
 with the more vigour, and be a means to 
 make her keep the better; to bring about 
 this generation work, you ought not to have 
 your mare covered but when Ihe is ripe for 
 it ; and in order to which give her a peck 
 of hemp-feed for eight days fucceffively, 
 morning and evening, and in cafe Ihe will 
 not eat them alone, mix them with her bran 
 and oats, or elfe keep her falling, that fo 
 hunger may bring her to eat them without 
 any mixture. 
 
 A mare muft never be carried to be co- 
 vered, whilft Ihe gives fuck to her colt ; and 
 that flie may laft fo much the longer, flie 
 muft not foal, as has been obferved, above 
 once in two years ; but for as much as thefe 
 rules are unobferved by many, and that they 
 will obftinately have their mares covered 
 almoft as foon as they have foaled, they 
 ought not to do it till eight days are paft, 
 and even then they ought to ufe all manner 
 of means that fhe may have an inclination 
 thereto. 
 
 Some perfons in treating of this fubjedt, 
 have obferved, that in order to have male 
 colts, you need do no more than to let your 
 mares be covered between the firft day of 
 the new moon, and the full, and that they 
 cannot fail in their expeftations herein, pro- 
 vided the mare has a good appetite to be 
 covered ; but M. Chomel makes very flight 
 of this notion, and gives no manner of 
 credit to it. 
 
 When your mares have been covered, you 
 muft fet down the day, to the end you may 
 avoid the inconveniences that may happen 
 when they come to foal, for they often kill 
 their foal, either out of inadvertency, or 
 the difficulty they undergo in foaling, and 
 therefore when the day comes wherein they 
 are to foal, you fhould narrowly watch them, 
 and fee whether they want any help to bii.ig 
 forth, either by flopping their noftrils, or 
 oiherwife, making ufe of your hands to fa- 
 cilitate their foaling. 
 
 S T U 
 
 The mare fometimes foals a dead foal, in 
 which fhe runs a great hazard of her life, 
 without prefent remedy; and therefore to 
 help her in this condition, you muft bruife 
 fome polypody in a pint of warm water, 
 and make her fwallow it; and if this will 
 not do, there muft be a fort of midwifry 
 pra6lifed, and the foal pulled from her, not 
 only upon this occafion, when no part of it 
 is come out, but even when the feet ap- 
 pear. 
 
 When the marcs have foaled, they muft 
 needs have fuffered much, and thereby muft 
 be much 'abated, and if they are not quite 
 gone, you muft endeavour to keep them, 
 by giving them prefently a fmall mafh of 
 three pints of warm water, wherein you muft 
 fteep fome meal, and into which you muft 
 throw a fmall handful of fait, aad this you 
 are to continue three days, morning and 
 evening, and then turn them into good paf- 
 ture. 
 
 The fame author exclaims much againft 
 thofe, who in two or three days after the 
 mare has foaled, put her to work, as if Ihe 
 was then in a condition to bear any fatigue; 
 let them urge what preffing reafons they 
 pleafe, he accounts them murderers of both 
 mare and foal ; of the mare by putting her 
 ftrength to fuch a trial, and of the foal, who 
 finding not a fufficient quantity of milk for 
 his nouriftiment, comes on but very flowlyi 
 and therefore thofe who would have their 
 mares to be always in a good condition, 
 after foaling, and have the foal grow up to 
 their entire fatisfadlion, muft make ufe of a 
 quite contrary method ; or elfe they fhould 
 never have their mares covered, unlefs they 
 allow them a month's reft atleaft after their 
 foaling. 
 
 As to the time of weaning foals, or colts, 
 authors differ in their opinions : fome hold 
 that it ought to be done in the beginning of 
 winter, when the cold weather begins to 
 come on, and about Martinmas; others 
 maintain, that they fhould be fuffered to 
 fuck all the winter, and that they will be 
 the better for it. Thofe who are the beft 
 flcilled in ftuds, embrace the latter opinion 
 without any hefitation, who fay, that to 
 
 wean 
 
S 1' u 
 
 vean -the foals fo foon, is the way to make 
 them unferviceable till they are fix or feven 
 years old j whereas if you fuffer them to 
 continue longer with their dams, it v/ill 
 harden theirmouths, andconfequently innure 
 them the fooner to live upon dry food, than 
 Avhen they are too tender ; a right manage- 
 ment of them in this refpecl, will make them 
 fit for fervice at three or four years old. 
 There are thofewho hold it proper to let the 
 foals fuck till they are a year or two old, 
 but this is an abufe, for you are not only 
 thereby deprived of the fruit of their mares, 
 but this practice will alfo make the colts very 
 heavy and fluggifli. 
 
 As to tlie method of managing the colts 
 after they are weaned from their dams, as 
 before direfted, you are to put them into a 
 ftable, whicli fliould be kept clean, and 
 where the manger ajid rack is low ; you mult 
 not let them want litter, and, contrary to 
 the method praftifed in reference to horfes, 
 they muft not be tied, and let them be 
 touched as little as may be, for fear of 
 hurting them. 
 
 Let them neither want good hay, nor bran, 
 which will provoke them to drink, and con- 
 fequently make them belly, and let them 
 have oats alio as ufual. It may be juftly af- 
 firmed, that all thofe perfons who fay that 
 oats ought not to be given to colts, for fear 
 it fliould make them blind, are egregioudy 
 miftaken ; and fliould they happen to fall 
 under this inconvenience, when they are fed 
 therewith, the misfortune does not proceed 
 from this food, but from the overhardnefs 
 of the oats which they would chew ; and not 
 being able to do it without fome difiiculty, 
 they fo far extend the fibres which pafs from 
 the teeth to their eyes, that coming at laft 
 to break, the fight muft neceffarily be da- 
 maged thereby ; and for the truth of this, 
 .you need only grind the oats a little, and 
 give it them, and you will find they will be 
 jn a good condition, and have as good eyes 
 as any in the world. 
 
 "What has been here advanced, will ap- 
 pear almoft extraordinary to fome perfons 
 of the like fentiments with thofe we have 
 Kiet with in the world, who when they have 
 
 , S T U 
 
 weaned their coltSj content themfelves to 
 keep them day and night at grafs, thinking 
 this fort of nourifliment will be fufHcient 
 to make them grow finely, and be fit for 
 fervice in due time ; but they very much 
 impofe upon themfelves, as they would do 
 upon others ; for fatal experience has fhewed 
 them, though they have not owned their 
 miftakes, that thefe colts will never be fo 
 flrong for draught, or otherwife, and will 
 not do as good fervice as thofe that have 
 been fed with corn. 
 
 It is true, that when colts feed upon 
 grafs, their teeth are ufually fet on edge, 
 and for that reafon they eat their oats with 
 difficulty, but this is no reafon they fliould 
 be deprived of it ; you need do no more 
 than to grind them as aforefaid, and to let 
 them have the oats fo at the ufual hour: 
 again, this work will be of no longer du- 
 ration than until their mouths are hardened, 
 which will not be above four months, when, 
 by degrees, they may be ufed to eat the 
 oats whole. 
 
 Let fuch perfons who have hitherto been 
 guilty of thefe miftakes amend them, as 
 being quite contraiy to the good of their 
 colts ; it is true, grafs is good for them all 
 the fummer long, but you muft not omit 
 to give them corn ; and when winter comes, 
 they muft be kept warm in the ftable, and 
 obferve the diredlions aforefaid. 
 
 As to the manner of bringing up colts 
 to work, you are in the firft place to con- 
 fider, that fo much cannot be expefted from 
 a young colt, as from a horfe that has been 
 ufed to labour : the firft is naturally apt to 
 refufe you that which he does not know 
 you require of him j whereas the other 
 complies, becaufe he underftands your, 
 meaning : fome with as little underftand- 
 ing as the colts themfelves which they 
 manage, ufe them very roughly to bring, 
 them to obey them ; but others with more 
 prudence, teach them gently v.'hat they 
 would have them learn j and it is this mild 
 way that will do to bring them to. 
 
 The firft time of harnefTing them, keep 
 them in, for fear if they fliould get loofe,, 
 they might ufe fome effort, ^ to drag ^way. 
 
 ' the 
 
S T U 
 
 the load, which muft be heavy ; for fliould 
 the fame be too light, you may have reafon 
 to be apprehenfive, left they Ihould draw 
 with too much precipitation ; having thus 
 harnaffed him three or four times, he will 
 begin to come too. 
 
 In the next place make the colt draw a 
 fmall load but a little way, and never let 
 go the halter, and thus taming him a little 
 one day, more the next, and fo on, you 
 may manage him fo, that he fliall be en- 
 tirely accuftomed to the work. 
 
 A good fervant, who is dextrous at his 
 bufinefs, whether it be at ploughing or 
 cart, after he has made his colts feel his 
 whip feveral times, will afterwards fright 
 them more with his voice, than with blows, 
 and will be careful never to over burthen 
 -them, and make them draw beyond their 
 ftrength, efpecially at the firft, for it fpoils 
 them at once ; whereas by giving them 
 breath, they will go on well, and perform 
 regularly the work they are put to; that 
 is, fuch works or draughts as are propor- 
 tionable to the age and ftrength of the colts. 
 
 LaftJy, it will be neceflary in the breed- 
 ing of your horfes, to confider the commedi- 
 oulhefs of the place, and the paftures where 
 your horfes, Qc. are to run ; for thofe that 
 breed t?hem in a place unfit for it, lofe their 
 money and their pains, and never will have 
 good horfes.: the ground muft not be too 
 rank of grafs, nor too bare, but a firm and 
 fweet foil, fituate in a clear and wholefome 
 air, where there are hills and running 
 "waters, with quick-fets and fpreading trees 
 to flieiter them from the wind, rain, and 
 fun ; nor muft they be continued always 
 in the fame paftures, but often removed 
 into a frelh, obferving ftill to put them 
 into the fliorteft feedings in fummer, and 
 The ficheft in winter ; at which time of the 
 year they m_uft have a liovel, or hay-rick, 
 or fome convenient place to ftielter them 
 from the weather. 
 
 Further direftions in relation to a ftud 
 for other ftrains : the place appointed for 
 this purpofe muft by all means be difpo- 
 fed with hills and vallies, that the colts 
 or fillies may be the better ufed to the 
 
 S T U 
 
 diverfities of ground and feed : alfo an 
 efpecial regard ought to be had to the 
 health of all breeding mares ; for fome 
 diftempers are hereditary, and the offspring 
 from fuch will neceflarily receive it, as 
 well as the imperfedlions of cither fire or 
 dam, in their colour, ftiape, or merit. 
 
 There is nothing deftroys or injures a 
 race of any kind, fo much as the want of 
 due care in providing the principles from 
 which the offspring ftiould come. 
 
 When a fcallion is to be chofen, all men 
 of underftanding in horfe-flelh recommend 
 beauty of limbs, good courage, and the 
 age to be about five years for the horfe, 
 and the fame perfeftions in a mare ; but 
 ftie may be a year younger than the horfe. 
 
 Some depend much upon colours : as for 
 example, thofe that are black, they fay are 
 of a hot and fiery temper and difpofition : 
 thofe of a forrel colour are more wanton 
 and difpofed to venery : the chefnut and 
 brown bay, are reckoned to have ftrength 
 and fpirit : the white are always reckoned 
 tender, and as much fubjedt to venery as the 
 forrel, and for this reafon it has frequently 
 been obferved, that in coupling of horfes with 
 mares of thefe colours, the mares have flip- 
 ped or failed in their productions. 
 
 As to greys, it has been obferved that 
 thofe which tend the moft to black, are 
 ftrongerthan the brighter greys. 
 
 There are befides thefe, other colours in 
 horfes, as the roan, which feems to be the 
 offspring of tlie bay and white, or the bay 
 and grey. 
 
 The forrel and white, feem to be the 
 authors of the dun and cream colour ; and 
 as for thofe horfes which are called flea- 
 bitten, or ftrawberry, they probably pro- 
 ceed from a coupling between a bright grey 
 and a bay, and perhaps have fuflered much 
 in their younger time by ticks, efpecially 
 if they have been neglefted upon the foreft, 
 among woods, or have not been taken up 
 till they were three years old. 
 
 There are alfo fome horfes mottled or 
 red, (commonly called pye-bald) either 
 black and white in fpots, or chefnut and 
 white. 
 
 F f f How 
 
S T U 
 
 How tliis accident happens, is one of 
 the molt curious queltions among philolb- 
 .phers, and a certain ingenious naturalift 
 hath attempted to refolve this nice quef- 
 tion"; but as from one cafe in nature no- 
 thing can be determined, he therefore has 
 recourfe to other fubjefts, which fcem to 
 him to be nearer allied, and inftances in the 
 fcveral cafes foliowins ; 
 
 A variegated or ftriped plant, he takes 
 to be fomething like the pying or fpotting 
 of a horfe, or any other cattle, and that it 
 may (as fome imagine) very probably pro- 
 ceed from the like caufe ; for the v/hite in 
 the leaves of the plants feems to be caufed 
 by the fame law in nature, which caufes 
 the white in the hairs of beafts, or the 
 white in the feathers of fowls. 
 
 The queftion then is, whether the white 
 in the hairs of beafts, or feathers of fowls, 
 is not a fign cf weaknefs, as the colour 
 certainly is, when it appears in the leaves 
 of plants ? 
 
 If it be fo, then all horfes or cows, that 
 happen to be of a white colour, would be 
 weak in their joints, or be fomewhat dif- 
 tempered from fome indifpofition in the 
 bodies of their progenitors. But this is 
 not yet determined. 
 
 It is therefore neceflary to be careful in 
 examining into the defcent of a horfe and 
 marcj from which you defign to have a 
 breed. 
 
 One thing (which he thinks) might come 
 near towards a folution of this queftion, 
 •would be, to enquire into thofe families 
 where black men have coupled with white 
 women, or white men. coupled with black 
 women, in order to know if the father 
 was black, whether the child was of that 
 colour, or whether the child was black, if 
 the mother was of that colour. 
 
 And moreover, whether the crofs ftrain 
 will not produce fometimea white, and 
 fom.etimes black children j or fometimes 
 thofe of a tawny colour, or mulaltoes ; as 
 alfo it would be requifite to know whether 
 black children in two or three generations, 
 ■do not produce childx*^en of a tawny or olive 
 colour J or whether the offspring of the 
 
 S T U 
 
 blacks with the whites, inflread of wool* 
 do not bring long black hairs on their 
 heads, or perhaps white hairs, and a tawriy 
 complexion. 
 
 He imagines that the people of Barbarji 
 and of all the coafts of Africa, lying op- 
 pofite to Europe, are of the olive colour, 
 from the coupling between the Moors and 
 Eiirofeans, while they were endeavouring 
 to make their progrefs into Europe, but in 
 Spain efpecialiy ; for there are found upon 
 all the African fide of the Miditerranear, 
 a people of the mulatto complexion, fome 
 of them with very black beards, and hair, 
 and others very white, as mod people 
 about London obferved inftances of in the 
 ambafladors and their retinue, in the year 
 
 1728. '/' T 
 
 One remarkable fubjeft relating to the 
 cafe is, that fome years fince a perfon was 
 brought over from the Jl^eft-Indies, who 
 was py'd in his fkin white and black, and 
 it is fuppofed that this man was the ofF- 
 fpring of parents who were of different 
 colours, the one white and the other black. 
 But to talce a little further notice of the 
 various colours in animals, fuch as the 
 mottlings and fpottings of all creatures in 
 their hair, feathers, ^c, they feem to ■ be 
 occafioned by crofs couplings. For (fays 
 this author) I know a gentleman near Earn- 
 ham in Surry, who has had a breed of white 
 kine for many years, without any crofs 
 colour mixing v;ith them, and thefe to 
 this day produce calves of the fame colour. 
 And another gentleman has a breed of 
 white fowls for about forty years, that has 
 not once fhewn the leaft difcoloured fea- 
 ther. 
 
 He informs us likewife, that himfeJf had 
 a breed of white pheafants, which, till 
 they came to be mixed with pheafants of 
 the common colour, always produced poults 
 of a white feather; and as foon as they 
 brought young ones from the crofs coup- 
 lings, the breed was altered, and the fea- 
 thers of the young fowls did partake of 
 the common colour, as well as of the 
 white ; /. e. they were generally mottled 
 or py'd, unlefs now and then all white, 
 
 acccordinar 
 
S T U 
 
 according (as he fuppofes) the white phca- 
 fant cock had been the impregnator of an 
 
 which he fuppofes he got at with 
 difficulty; for the comnaon pheafant 
 was mafter of the pheafant pen, and 
 commonly to drive the other from the 
 
 egg. 
 feme 
 cock 
 
 Tjfed 
 pen. 
 
 Again, thofe who breed Canary birds know 
 very well, that when they began with a white 
 cock and hen, they will not have birds of 
 any other colour, unlefs they couple thofe 
 with others of the common colour. 
 
 In like manner in warrens firft flocked, 
 either with all white or all black rabbets, the 
 breed will be accordingly either all white or 
 all black, unlefs they come to a crofs cou- 
 pling. 
 
 So alfo pigeons which are of a white fea- 
 ther, will produce a breed of the fame co- 
 lour conllantly, unlefs they couple with 
 pigeons of other colours, and then they will 
 produce a mottled race, or fuch as are of a 
 mixed colour. 
 
 The fame author tells' us, that a gentleman 
 of great curiofity and candor, alTured him, 
 that for more than eighty years, there had 
 not been any other than white horfes belong- 
 ing to his family, except fuch as were bought 
 in from other breeds. 
 
 That the originals of his race were a white 
 horfe, and a white mare ; which, at the time 
 of their coming into his ftud, were ac- 
 counted great beauties. 
 
 And that a gentleman, a neighbour to the 
 foregoing, had his ftud furnifhed, many years 
 before, with horfes and mares of a black 
 colour, and that keeping his breed conftant- 
 ly without mixture of any other colour, 
 the offspring are all black like the fire and 
 dam. 
 
 The fame author inftances in the varie- 
 gated or ftripedjeffamin among plants, that 
 if the white is on the edge of the leaf, that 
 colour and difpofition will never be loft in 
 any that are raifed from it, but every one 
 will be like the original plant. 
 
 Again, that if the common jeflamin hap- 
 pens to be ftained with yellow on the 
 leaves, or py'd or fpotted with that colour, 
 (•which is what the gardeners call a blotcli 
 
 S T U 
 
 or bloch) all the defcendants of that plant 
 will be the fame. 
 
 He likewife informs us, that a certain 
 curious gentleman flocked a pond with 
 tench, partly from a running water, and 
 partly from a fenny water, and in fome 
 courfe of time he had a mottled breed, 
 between the black and the gold colour ; 
 the river tench being generally of a bright 
 and golden colour, and thofe of the lakes 
 are of a darker colour, and tending to 
 black. 
 
 An author of good credit, treating of 
 the mixture of breeds in cattle, and efpe- 
 cially in horfes, advifes, with a good deal 
 of reafon, to take care of the good quali- 
 ties of the horfe and the mare. 
 
 He fays, that an ill bred horfe may beget 
 a colt that may have a fair colour and 
 fhape, appearing beautiful ; he may alfo 
 be ftrong and vigorous, but of a vitious 
 difpofition, which may render him incapa- 
 ble of ever being brought to rule, without 
 half deftroying him. 
 
 Sometimes the fault of a colour is cor- 
 refted by a fort of dying or ftaining, which 
 art fome of our jockeys have got, efpeci- 
 ally upon greys, whites, and duns j and 
 fome noblemen having employed fome 
 country people to buy them horfes of a 
 certain ftandard in body, colour, and mark, 
 to match with their fets, did in a few 
 months, when the horfes had flied their 
 coats, find greys and other colours inftead 
 of blacks. 
 
 It is true, that we cannot fav that the 
 dying the hair of horfes will do the horfes 
 themfelves any harm (for that they have 
 been healthful and fl:rong, long after they 
 received their original colours) any more 
 than that chymical water ufed by perfons to 
 change the natural colour of the hair from 
 red to black (which is frequently pra3;ifed) 
 does injure their heads. 
 
 As to the choice of a ftallion, a perfon 
 of great flvill fays, that the dapple bay, 
 the bright bay, and the dapple grey, are 
 to be preferred ; but does allow that a horfe 
 of a pure black, provided he has a white 
 ftar, and a white foot ; but in the judg- 
 F f f 2 uient 
 
S T U 
 
 ment of others, he lliould be all of one 
 colour. 
 
 We find in many cafes, that a horfe of a 
 bright bay colour, v/ith a black mane and 
 tail, are good as well as beautiful, and 
 thefe have commonly the tips of their ears, 
 and tlie extreme parts of their legs, black : 
 it is alfo common for a dapple grey to have 
 a white mane and tail, with the former men- 
 tioned extremes white, fuch as the tips of 
 the cars, and the extreme parts of th^ legs : 
 but for other coloured horfes, except the 
 <Jun, we feldom find their manes and tail 
 of a colour different from that of the body : 
 but in a dun horfe the long hair in the mane 
 and tail, is commonly black, and for the 
 moft part there is a black lift down the back, 
 which is not a little remarkable, as it is not 
 obferved in any other creature except the afs 
 or mule, that I know of. 
 
 In a horfe indeed it is only a plain ftrait 
 lift, but in the afs there is always a crofs 
 ftroke of black over the fhoulders, fo that 
 if the fkin was to be opened and fpread, 
 the black would exaftly reprefent the figure 
 of a crofs, as it is reprefented in painting or 
 carving for a crucifix. 
 
 Some pretend to tell us, as to the crofs 
 upon an afs's fkin, that afles were not thus 
 marked before the Chriftian sera,, and that 
 none are now without the fign ; but upon 
 what good authority they aflert this, I know 
 not. 
 
 Some are of the opinion that the black 
 lift down the back, is a token of ftrength, 
 becaufe the afs that is marked with it is ac- 
 counted the ftrongeft creature in the world 
 among animals, according to his fize. 
 
 And for this reafon afles are ufed for 
 carrying heavy burdens, and drawing heavy 
 loads. 
 
 If this lift then is a mark of ftrength in 
 an afs, we may well fuppofe it is no lefs fo 
 in a horfe ; and likewife we may judge it is 
 alfo a fign of ftrength in mules, and as they 
 are produced by couplings between the horfe 
 and the afs, we may well fuppofe that this 
 lift, generally fpeaking, comes from the 
 afs. 
 
 In the choice of a ftiallicn, great regard 
 
 S T U 
 
 Ihould be had to his age, which fome fay 
 ftiould not be under five, nor above four- 
 teen or fifteen years, when he covers a mare ; 
 for during that time a horfe is in full 
 ftrength, and it is therefore reafonable to 
 conclude, that colts got by him in his prime, 
 will likewife ftiare of his vigour. 
 
 Indeed it is no unufual thing in feveral 
 parts of England, to let a horfe cover a 
 mare at two or three years old, but fuch 
 couplings feldom fucceed well : for in the 
 firft place they are apt to fail or mifcarry, 
 if either the horfe or mare is fo very young, 
 and fometimes the mare is entirely fpoiled 
 for breeding ; or if flie does happen tobring 
 a colt or filly from fuch a coupling, it will 
 never be either of large ftature, or of great, 
 ftrength. 
 
 Nor fhould horfes be put to cover mares 
 till they are fix years old, left the colts got, 
 by them Ihould be liable to the fame imper- 
 fedtions as thofe that are got by too young 
 horfes. 
 
 Mares indeed will breed till thirty-five 
 years of age. 
 
 An horfe that is kept for a ftallion, will 
 be fit to cover mares the longer, the lefs fer- 
 vice of that fort he is put to. 
 
 A certain gentleman affirmed^ that a ftal- 
 lion of an extraordinary fort, which his fa- 
 mily had kept above thirty years to ferve 
 only about four or five of his own mares, 
 was then in as good plight as ever, while 
 other ftallions about him, which had been 
 let out to any body that wanted him, were 
 incapable of this fervice at twentv years 
 with certainty, and that if the leap was cer- 
 tain, the colts furely failed in their eyes. 
 
 STUMBLING in a Horse, comes either 
 naturally or accidentally, and is known by 
 the fight and feeling, by reafon that the 
 fore-legs are fomewhat ftrait, fo that he is 
 not able to ufe his legs with that freedom 
 and nimblenefs he fhould. The way to cure 
 him is, to cut him the cords ; that is, to 
 make a flit upon the top of his nofe, and 
 with your coronet raife up the great finews j 
 then cut them afunder, and heal them up 
 again with fome good falve, whereby he may 
 have the ufe of his legs fo perfedly, that he 
 
 will 
 
S U R 
 
 •will feldom or never trip more. Such as 
 comes accidentally, is either by fplint or 
 wind-gall, or by being foundered, pricked, 
 flubbed, gravelled, finew-ftrained, hurt in 
 the Ihoulder, or withers, or by carelefsly 
 fetting him up when hot, which makes him 
 go- very flifF, which flifFnefs caufes Hum- 
 bling. 
 
 SUBBUTEO, [in Ornithologv] the yel- 
 lov/ legged falcon, with the head brown, and 
 the flioulders and belly white. See_ the Arti.- 
 cle Falcon. 
 
 SUMIMED [in Falconry] is a term ufed 
 of a hawk when Ilie has her feathers, and is 
 ^ to be taken from the eyrie or mew. 
 -rSUiVIPTER-HORSEi a horfe that car- 
 ries pravifions and neceflaries for a jour- 
 ney. 
 
 SUPPLE, to fu pp!e a horfe in the ma- 
 nage, is to make him bend his neck, fhoul- 
 ders and fides, and to render all the parts 
 of his body more pliable. 
 
 SURBATING in Dogs, a malady with 
 which they are often affefted, being furba- 
 ted in their feet, by running long in hot 
 weather upon hard, dry, uneven ways, among 
 rocky and fharp gravels. 
 
 For preventing this, their {ttt are to be 
 frequently examined, and if their feet are 
 become ibre, they fhould be waflied with 
 beer and frelh butter luke-warm, and then 
 a fort of falve made of young nettles chop- 
 ped fmall, and pounded into an ointment, 
 Ihould be bound to the foles of their feet. 
 
 Alfo foot finely powdered, and incorpora- 
 ted with the yolks of eggs, and applied to their 
 feet, is alfo very good, or the juice of moufe- 
 ear is alfo very good for the like ufe. 
 
 SURBATING in Horses, an imperfec- 
 tion. 
 
 An horfe is faid to be furbated, when his 
 fole is worn, bruiied, or fpoiled, by travel- 
 ling without flioes, or being badly ftiod ; 
 fbmetimes it comes by a horfe being tra- 
 velled too young, before his feet are har- 
 dened, which often caufes foundering; fome- 
 times it is caufed by the hardnefs of the 
 ground, or the horfe's lifting up his feet 
 high i and thofe horfes that are flat hoofed, 
 have their coffins fo tender and weak, that 
 
 S U R 
 
 they cannot avoid being fubjeft to this dif- 
 order. 
 
 The figns of this imperfeftion are, that 
 the horfe will halt on both his fore-legs, and 
 go ftifly and creeping, as though he were 
 half foundered. 
 
 As for the cure : take a couple of new- 
 laid eggs, pick the horfe's fore-feet well, 
 and break the eggs raw into his foles, then 
 ftop them with ox or cow dung, and he v/ill 
 be well by the next morning. 
 
 Or, melt fugar-candy with an hot iron, 
 between the fhoe and the foot, and when 
 it is hardened, take nettles and- bay-falt 
 ftamped, and lay to his Ibles. 
 
 Or, you may firft pare his feet to cool 
 them, and ftop them with bran and hog's.- 
 greafe boiled together, very hot, covering 
 the coffin round with the fame ; or elfe Hop 
 them eveiy night with cow-dung and vine- 
 gar, melted together. 
 
 Or, firft pare the hoof, then open the 
 heels wide, then take a good quantity of 
 blood from the horfe's toes, and having 
 tacked on a fhoe fomething hollow, then 
 roll a little fine cotton-wool, or bombaft, 
 in frankincenfe, melt it into the foot, be- 
 tween the toe and the flioe, with a hot iron, 
 till you have filled up the orifice, out of 
 which the blood was taken, then melt half 
 a pound of hog's-greafe, and mix it with 
 wheat-bran, making it as thick as a.pxoultice, 
 and ftop up his foot with it, as hot as he can 
 endure it, and then cover it with a piece of 
 an old ftioe, and fplint it, caufing the horfe 
 to ftand ftill for three or four days, and if 
 you fee occafion, renew it till the cure is 
 perfecfted. 
 
 SURFEIT IN A Horse. A furfeit is no- 
 thing more than the effeft of fome difeafe 
 ill cured; and therefore what is called afur- 
 feit in horfes, is very different from the dif- 
 eafe of the fame name in the human body j 
 the latter being the beginning of a difeafe, 
 and the former the relics or remains of it. 
 
 When a horfe has a furfeit his coat will 
 ftare, look of a rufty colour, and even dirty, 
 though the greateft pains have been takefj-to 
 keep him clean. His fiiin will be covered 
 with fcales and dander, appearing like meal 
 
 p.mons: 
 
S U R 
 
 among the hair: and when cleaned off will 
 be followed by a continual fucceffipn of the 
 fame matter, Occafioned from the common 
 perfpiration being obftrufted. Some horfes 
 will be covered with akind of dry fcab ; others 
 ■with a moift fcab, attended with heat and 
 in.lammation, and the humour fo very fharp, 
 and caufing fo violent an itching, that the 
 creature is inceflantly rubbing himfelf, and 
 "by that means makes himfelf raw in feveral 
 parts of his body. Some horfes have neither 
 .fcales, dander, or fcabs j but look chill, 
 fluggifh, and lazy; fome are hide bound; 
 ■ and others afflitbed with flying pains, and a 
 temporary lamenefs. In fhort, the fymp- 
 toms are various, and almoft as numerous as 
 thofe of the fcurvy itfelf. 
 
 As the fymptoms are various, fo are alfo 
 •the caufes : fome are furfeited by high feed- 
 -ing, and a want of proper exercife; by 
 which a bad digeftion is produced, and ill 
 humours generated. Some are furfeited by 
 tmwholfome food ; fome by hard riding ; 
 fome by drinking cold water when they are 
 hot; and others by bad or improper phyfic. 
 
 The firft operation in curing furfeits is 
 bleeding, when three or four pints fhould be 
 taken away; after which the following purge 
 fhould be given : 
 
 Take of fuccotrine aloes, one ounce ; of 
 gum guaicum in powder, half an ounce ; 
 of powder of myrrh, and diaphortic anti- 
 mony, of each two drachms : make the 
 -whole into a ball, with a fufflcient quantity 
 of fyrup of buckthorn, and liquorice pow- 
 der. 
 
 One of thefe balls may be given once a 
 week for fome time ; and in the intervals an 
 ounce of the following powder in his morn- 
 ing and evening feeds : 
 
 Take of cinnabar of antimony in fine pow- 
 der, half a pound ; of crude antimony and 
 gum guaicum finely powdered, of each four 
 ounces ; mix the whole well together, and 
 put an ounce of it into his feed as before di- 
 redted. 
 
 If the horfe be of fmall value, inftead of 
 the above powder, common antimony and 
 fulphur may be given in his feeds, and will 
 have a very good efFed:. 
 
 S U R 
 
 Sometimes common purges are fufficicnt 
 to perform a cure, efpecially if the fcabs arc 
 rubbed with the following ointment ■: 
 
 Take of quickfilver, half an ounce ; and 
 rub it in a mortar, with half an ounce of 
 turpentine, till the quickfilver entirely dif- 
 appears, adding by degrees one pound of 
 hog's-lard, and continuing the rubbing till 
 the whole is incorporated. 
 
 But if the horfe be of value, I would ad- 
 vife the practitioner to purfue the firil me- 
 thod ; though it will be often necefTary, 
 even then, to have recourfe to the above 
 ointment, which will cauft the fcabs to peel 
 off, and cleanfe his fkin. But care mull be 
 taken to keep the horfe dry when it is ufed; 
 give him only warm water while the oint- 
 ment is applied, which fhould be about once 
 in three days ; and when the horfe is en- 
 tirely free from fcabs, a dofe or two of phy- 
 fic fhould be given him. 
 
 "When the fcabs are moifl, and a fharp 
 humour flows from them, it is properly a 
 running fcurvy ; and the difeafe mufl be 
 cured like the former, by bleeding and purg- 
 ing, and then ufing external medicines of a 
 repelling quality, particularly vitriolic and 
 aluminous waters. But I would have every 
 practitioner, into whofe hands this ufeful 
 work may fall, to be upon their guard againft 
 fuch dangerous methods of practice ; and 
 after bleeding, as already direfted, to give 
 the following purge : 
 
 Take of lenetive ele(5tuary, and of Glau- 
 ber's falts, of each four ounces ; of frefh 
 jalap in powder, one drachm : make the 
 whole into a ball, with a fufflcient quantity 
 of fyrup of marlh-mallows, liquorice pow- 
 der, and forty drops of oil of amber, and 
 give it the horfe in a morning fading, after 
 his body has been well opened with fcalded 
 bran. 
 
 When you have given the horfe three or 
 four of the above balls, mix two ounces of 
 liquorice powder, to make it into a ball ; 
 and nitre, with a fulBcient quantity of ho- 
 ney, and give him one every morning for a 
 fortnight ; which in all probability will en- 
 tirely finifh the cure : 
 
 Or, take diapente made with the roots of 
 
 arillo- 
 
SWA 
 
 ariftolochia of both forts, fine myrrh, bay- 
 berries, fhavings of ivory or hart's-horn, 
 and the roots of gentian, of each two, oun- 
 ces, dry them gently, powder them finely, 
 and keep them in a glafs bottle in a dry 
 place. 
 
 Take of this three quarters of an ounce, 
 and give it the horfe in a quart of ftrong 
 beer, and add to it half an ounce of London 
 treacle, and four ounces of frefli butter ; let 
 it be milk warm. 
 
 SWAIN-MOTE \ a court that fits about 
 
 SWANI-MOTE J matters of the foreft, 
 held thrice a year before the verderors as 
 judges, and as requifite in a foreft, as a 
 court of pie-powder in a fair. 
 
 SWAN J a known royal fowl, concerning 
 which there is a law, that whoever (teals 
 their eggs out of the neft, fhall fuffer im- 
 prifonment for a year and a day, and be fined 
 according to the king's pleafure. 
 
 Where they build their nefts they muft be 
 left undiliurbed. 
 
 Thefe birds are very ufeful for keeping 
 ponds and rivers clear of weeds, upon which, 
 and grafs, they only feed, and not upon fifh, 
 as fome imagine ; and are neither chargeable 
 nor troublefome to keep, if they have but 
 room enough. 
 
 They commonly lay feven or eight eggs, 
 but feldom take pains to hatch them all, four 
 or five being their ufual number. 
 
 The hen fits brooding about fix weeks, 
 and if during that time oats be fet once a 
 day in a trough near her (in cafe flie has not 
 plenty of weeds juffc at hand) it will pre- 
 vent her leaving of her eggs ; as alfo if you 
 fet up fome boughs, or other fhelter, to 
 fcreen her from the heat of the fun. 
 
 SWAYING OF THE Back in Horses, an 
 injury that may be received feveral ways, 
 
 1. By fome great ftrain, flip, or heavy 
 burthen. 
 
 2. By turning him too haftily round, (^c. 
 The pain ufually lies in the lower part of 
 
 the back, below his Ihort ribs, and direftly 
 between his fillets. 
 
 The malady may be perceived by the reel- 
 ing and rolling of the horfe's hinder parts in 
 his going, he being then ready to fall to the 
 
 SWA 
 
 ground by his fv/aying backwards and fide*- 
 long ; and when he is down, he cannot rife 
 but with great difficulty. 
 
 The cure: take two ounces of the fat of 
 the fruit of the pine-tree, of Olibanum four, 
 of rofin and pitch as many, one of bole- 
 armoniac, and half an ounce of dragon's- 
 blood, which muft all be well incorporated 
 together, and laid plaifter-wife all over the 
 reins of his back, where you are to let it re- 
 main till it falls off. 
 
 Another good remedy for thefe infirmi- 
 ties,, is to adminifter fome ftrengthening 
 things inwardly; as common turpentine made 
 into balls, with the powder of bole-armo- 
 niac, and that of the dried leaves of clary ; 
 and to apply outwardly, all over the reins of 
 his back, a charge of oxicroceum and Para- 
 celjus melted together, or colewort in fallad 
 oil made thick, a poultice with the powder 
 of bole-armoniac, and bean-flour : 
 
 Or, take two pounds of blood from the 
 veins, then chafe his back with a warm 
 hand, and apply two fcarifying cupping- 
 glafi^es, one on each fide, where the pain 
 feems chiefly to lie, or where the extravafa- 
 ted blood is lodged. 
 
 Then put the horfe into a frame and hang 
 him up, or by fome other way inclofe him. 
 in grates, that he may not be able to move 
 his body ; and thus let him be kept for five 
 or fix weeks; then mix equal quantities o^ 
 fpirit of wine, and oil of turpentine toge- 
 ther, by fhaking it in a viol till it looks 
 white like milk- upon his back, rubbing it 
 in. In the next place apply the red honey 
 charge, adding to it half an ounce of galU 
 at every application ; applying a frefh charge 
 every time, without taking away the former : 
 
 Or, inftcad of the honey charge, you may 
 ufe the ointment of Montpelier for two or 
 three days, and then proceed to fomenta- 
 tions ; but if the horfe voids blood ftill at 
 the mouth and nofe, give him of fal poly-. 
 creftum, and juniper-berries, of each an. 
 ounce, pounded to powder, in a pint of red 
 wine every day, for eight days fucceffively 5 
 and for the laft four days give him an 
 anodyne glyfter, after his fundament, has 
 been firft raked : 
 
 Or. 
 
S W E 
 
 • "Opi if none of the former methods fuc- 
 ceed, make two or three incifions with a large 
 iron nice, and fcparate the flcin from the 
 flefn on the reins, about the breadth of half 
 a foot on each fide the back bone, till you 
 come to the hip bone. 
 
 Stop the holes with flices of hog's-lard, 
 about the thicknefs of half a crown, (o as to 
 hinder the fkin from flicking to the flefh. 
 
 Then rub the feparated fkin with an oint- 
 ment made with equal parts of populeon, 
 and ointment of marlli-mallows, and cover 
 all the part with a lamb-fkin, the woolly fide 
 inwards, laying a faddle-cloth over that. 
 
 Then hang the horfe in fuch a pofture that 
 be cannot ftir, and give him a glyfter of fal 
 polycreftum every night, and a pint of wine 
 every day for eight days, and after forty 
 eight days you may uncover the fore, and if 
 you find it to be much fwelled, it is in a 
 fine way towards a cure. 
 
 Then take out the lard, and prefs out the 
 reddifli matter, and put in a piece of frefh 
 lard, chafing all the part with the ointment 
 above-mentioned, then cover the fore as 
 before, dreffing it after the fame manner for 
 •twelve days, once every forty-eight hours : 
 and inftead of the lard, drefs it with the 
 duke's ointment every day, till the fore is 
 healed. 
 
 You may take away the lamb-fls:in tweaty- 
 two days after the beginning of the cure, 
 and ten days after you may allow the horfe 
 to ftir a little. 
 
 Inftead of feparating the flcin, you may 
 give him the fire (which is an eafier remedy) 
 piercing the fkin with a red-hot iron, and 
 making holes at the diftance of an inch one 
 from anothetj all over the fame ; then ap- 
 ply a good plaifter, and two fheets of paper 
 over it : hang the horfe up for a month, and 
 when the fc ales are fallen off, drefs the fores 
 ■with the duke's ointment, and proceed as 
 before. 
 
 To SWEEP [in Falconry] is ufed of a 
 hawk who wipes her beak after feeding, and 
 therefore they fay flie fweeps. 
 
 SWELLED Legs in a Horse, an infir- 
 mity he is fometimes fubjeft to, by hard 
 riding or mucli labour, when he is too fat, or 
 
 5 W^ 
 
 carelefsly put to grafs, or fet up in the Ara- 
 ble too hot, whereby he takes cold, which 
 caufes the blood, greafe, and humours, to 
 fall down into his legs, and to make them 
 fwell. 
 
 Sometimes it comes by long ftanding in 
 the ftable, when the planks where his fore- 
 feet ftand, are higher than where his hinder 
 legs are; which uneafy pofture makes the 
 blood fettle in the hinder legs, whereby they 
 are unhappily brought to fwell. 
 
 There are feveral prefcriptions for the cure 
 of this malady. 
 
 Some ufe nerve oil, black oil, foap, and 
 boar's-greefe melted, and anoint the. place 
 therewith j or elfe bathe his legs with butter 
 and beer, or with butter and vinegar melted 
 together. 
 
 Some bathe them in water in which fage^, 
 mallows, and rofe- cakes have been boiled, 
 putting in butter and fallad oil; or boiling 
 rofin, frankincenfe, and frefh greafe, of 
 each a like quantity, then ftrain it;, and ufc 
 it once a day, as there is occafion. 
 
 You may alfo wafti the horfe's legs in cold 
 fountain water, or the horfe may be left 
 every day to ftand up to the knees in run- 
 ning water, till the fwelling is afluaged. 
 
 Others bathe the horfe's Legs with flieep's- 
 foot-oil, train-oil, or urine and falt-petre 
 mingled togetker, and wetting hay-ropes in 
 the fame liquor, roll them from the paftern 
 to the knee ; but care muft be taken not to 
 bind them too hard. 
 ^Others boil primrofes, violet-leaves, and 
 ftrawberry-leaves, of each a handful, in new 
 milk, adding nerve-oil, petroleum, and po- 
 puleon, of each an ounce, and anoint the 
 horfe with this for four or five days fuccef- 
 fively. 
 
 Others boil pitcTi, virgin's-wax, rofin, gal- 
 banum, myrrh, zedoary, bdellium, Arabian 
 ftorax, and the juice of hyflbp, and when it 
 is cold, they add bole-armoniac and cofttis 
 finely powdered, thefe being well incorpo- 
 rated with the other ingredients, they boil 
 them all over again, and when they ufe it, 
 they fpread it on a plaifter, and wrap it about 
 the fwelling, letting it remain there till it 
 drops off of itfelf. 
 
 But 
 
S WE 
 
 But when a horfe's legs are much fwelled, 
 becaufe of the fcratches, boil a handful of 
 bay-falt, a quarter of a pound of foap, 
 ■with a good quantity of foot, and a good 
 handful of mifletoe chopped, in a quart of 
 urine or more, and with this bathe his leg, 
 very warm, twice or thrice a day, and 
 ■wetting a cloth with it, -wrap it clofe about 
 his legs, and it will afluage the fwelling. 
 See Remolade. 
 
 SWELLED PizzLE in Horses, is a 
 kind of hardnefs which proceeds from the 
 parts being bruifed by riding, and is cured 
 in the following manner : 
 
 'Take holly-hock, houfe-leek, and a little 
 plantane, ftamped together with frefh but- 
 ter, and anoint his pizzle with it twice a 
 day, and if the pizzle be fore, you muft 
 call him, and wafh his fheath and pizzle 
 very well with white-wine vinegar; and if 
 there be any cankers, or holes in the yard, 
 then you muft put fome burnt allum to the 
 vinegar, and wafh it very well ; and he will 
 mend without fail in three times drefling. 
 
 SWELLED Veins J that which the 
 French call varice, is a crooked vein, fwell- 
 ing with corrupt blood in the temples, belly, 
 or legs of a horfe. 
 
 The cure : open the fkin of the horfe, 
 and burn it with a hot iron, then rub and 
 chafe it well for ten days with milk and 
 oil, and if the difeafe is not removed, let 
 him blood, and this will effedl the cure. 
 
 A Poultice to dijfolve a Swelling in Horfes. 
 
 Take garden orrice-roots, and white 
 lily-roots, of each an ounce ; marfh-mal- 
 lows, pellitory, penny-royal, origanum, ca- 
 lamint, and rue, of each a handful ; ca- 
 momile, mellilot, and elder-flowers, of 
 each half a handful ; green annifeeds, com- 
 mon fennel, and cummin-feeds, of each 
 half an ounce ; boil all thefe together to 
 a mafh, in water and white-wine vinegar, 
 then pound them in a ftone mortar to an 
 even fmooth mafs, adding to them of the 
 meal of lupines, and of beans, of each an 
 'ounce and a half, oil of camomile an ounce 
 and a half, oil of orrice the fame quantity j 
 
 S W E 
 
 mix them well in the mortar, and then 
 heat them again, and apply this to the part 
 affected, in greater or lefler quantity, ac- 
 cording to the heat of the part. 
 
 This is a medicine extraordinary ufeful 
 in all tumours, and is the more neceflary, 
 fince tumours or fwellings are fo frequent 
 in horfes, by reafon of hurts and bruifes 
 they are fo often liable to, which if not 
 timely taken care of, and that judicioufly, 
 do degenerate into incurable fiftula's, and 
 cancerous ulcers ; for it is allowed by all 
 furgeons, that the fafeft way to cure all 
 fwellings (to which they give the name of 
 tumours) except fuch as are malignant, is 
 by diflblving them, if poffible, which is 
 the moft fuccefsful, and which ought to 
 be ufed as foon, and as m.uch as polhble ; 
 but if that cannot be done, then you ought 
 to endeavour to ripen them as foon as pof- 
 fiblycanbe. 
 
 Another for mollifying^ fofteningy ripenin<r, 
 and bringing to fuppuration, a Swelling. 
 
 Take the roots of marfh-mallows, and 
 thofe of white lilies, of each a quarter of 
 a pound ; the leaves of groundfel, common 
 mallows, brank-urfin, and violet-plants, of 
 each a handful ; the flour of linfeed and 
 fenugreek-feeds, oil of lilies, and goofc 
 fat, of each three ounces ; wafh the roots 
 and flice them, then boil tliem in water, 
 and after fome time put in the leaves, and 
 boil all till the whole mafs becomes per- 
 feftly tender and foft : then ftrain out the 
 decodion, and pound the fubHance that re- 
 mains in a ftone mortar, with a wooden 
 peftle, till it comes to be a pulp ; when 
 put both the decoftion and pulp into a 
 fkillet, mixing with them the flour or meal 
 of fena-feed, and fenugreek-feed, oil of 
 lilies and goofe-fat ; boil all together over 
 a moderate fire, ftirring the ingredients 
 from time to time, till the mafs is be- 
 come of a fufHcient confifl:ence. 
 
 This is a very ufeful medicine, becaufe 
 
 dangerous confequences do frequently hap 
 
 pen to fwellings, or tumours, in horfes, 
 
 that will not be difculTed, that is, not go 
 
 G g g away 
 
TEA 
 
 away of themfelves, or that fuch a poul- 
 tice has been wanting to bring them to a 
 fpeedy fuppuration. 
 
 For if a fwelling or tumour that cannot 
 be difcufled, fhould remain too long before 
 it be brought to a fuppuration or ripening, 
 it generally putrefies and turns to a fiftulous 
 ulcer, which, very rarelVj admits of a cure. 
 See Tumours. 
 
 SWINE PIPE J a bird of the thrufh 
 kind. 
 
 TAIL ; the train of a beafl, fowl, fifli, 
 
 TAIL OF A Horse, fhould be firm, the 
 dock or (lump of it fhould be big, ftifF, 
 and placed pretty high ; thofe which have 
 it fet too low have feldon good reins ; on 
 tlie other hand, fome of them have it fet 
 too high, which make their buttocks ap- 
 pear pointed and unfeemly. 
 
 A great many affirm, that the dock of a 
 horfe's tail fci ves to point out his fixth or 
 feventh year, pleading that at that time 
 the black fpeck, or eye of a bean, begins 
 to difappear, and the cavity to be filled, 
 the dock of the hair becomes longer, by 
 reafon that the vigour of the young years 
 begins to abate, and nature has not ftrength 
 enough to nourifli and keep up the joints 
 or knots that form the dock, fo that when 
 the horfe is fix years old, one of thefe joints 
 flackens and begins to fall down, and a 
 year after another defcends in like man- 
 ner. 
 
 But this relaxation or down-falling, hap- 
 pens fooner to fome than others, according 
 as they have been well or ill kept, with 
 reference to feeding, houfing, and working. 
 Accordingly we find the marks of a horfe's 
 age, taken from the tail, are fo erroneous, 
 that we fee a great many jockies maintain, 
 . that the firft joint defcends when he is 
 nine, and the fecond when he is ten years 
 old. 
 
 TAPASSANT [Hunting term] ufed of 
 a hare when flie is lurking or fquatting. 
 
 To TAPPY [with Hunters] to lie hid as 
 a deer may do. 
 
 TEAL i a delicate fowl for the table j 
 
 TEE 
 
 but thofe that buy them ought to be very 
 careful in chufing them ; to know them, 
 obferve if the birds feel thick and hard 
 upon the belly, if fo they are fat ; but if 
 thin upon the belly, lean ; if they are dry 
 footed, they have been long killed ; but if 
 limber footed, new killed. 
 
 TEDDER, 1 a rope wherewith the leg 
 
 TETHER, 1 of a horfe is tied, that he 
 may graze within a certain compafs. 
 
 Teeth ; are llttle bones in a horfe's 
 jaws, which ferve not only to facilitate the 
 nourifhment, but likewife to dillinguilh the 
 age of horfes. 
 
 A horfe has forty teeth, including the 
 tufhes i which are diftinguifhed as follows : 
 
 Twenty-four of them are called grinders, 
 which are placed at the bottom of the 
 mouth, beyond the bars, twelve on each 
 fide of the channel, viz. fix above, and fix 
 on each fide. 
 
 Thefe teeth continue, and do not fail to j 
 give place to new teeth in their room, fo *" 
 that they are of no ufe in diftinguifliing a 
 horfe's age. ■ 
 
 However, they are fubjedt to wolves teeth. \ 
 
 With reference to the other fixteen, twelve 
 of them are called in their infancy, milk or 
 foal teeth, and the remaining four go by the 
 name of tufhes. 
 
 The twelve foal teeth are fhort, fmall, 
 and white teeth, feated on the fore part of 
 the mouth, fix above, and fix below. 
 
 Thefe change and caft, to give place to 
 others ; which in procefs of time, become 
 long, large, and yellowifli. 
 
 Thefe new teeth are diftinguilhed by the 
 different names given them, according to 
 their putting forth, and it is the manner of 
 their coming forth, that gives us to know 
 the firlt^ years of a horfe. 
 
 Now of thefe twelve, four are called nip- 
 pers, four are called middling teeth, and^ 
 four go by the name of corner teeth. 
 
 The four nippers are feated on the fore 
 part of the mouth, two above, and two be- 
 low. 
 
 When a horfe has put forth thefe, we con- 
 clude that he goes from two and a half, to 
 three years. 
 
 The 
 
TEE 
 
 The middling teeth are placed near the 
 nippers, or gatherers, one above, and one 
 below, on each fide of the jaws. 
 
 They come out and appear between three 
 and a half, and four years. 
 
 The corner teeth are placed yet more for- 
 ward in the mouth, one above, and one be- 
 low, on each fide of the jaws. 
 
 Thefe begin to flioot between the fourth 
 and the fifth year, and are got above the 
 gum at five years. 
 
 When furmounted the gum at that age, 
 they become hollow, and mark commonly 
 till feven or eight years. 
 
 By marking we mean, that in the hollow 
 or cavity of the corner teeth, a little black 
 fpeck is formed ; which from it's refem- 
 blance, we call the bud or eye of a bean. 
 
 But when the horfe paffes fix, the cavity 
 begins to fill, and the black mark difap- 
 pears by degrees ; yet this diminution of 
 the cavity and the mark, continues from fix, 
 till feven and a half. 
 
 At eight years the cavity is filled up, and 
 the black mark gone, and in regard that 
 the tooth is then full, even as if it had been 
 fhaved, we then fay that the horfe has razed ; 
 •which happens a little before the eighth 
 year, and after that the horfe does not 
 mark -, fo that the fureft knowledge of his 
 age is then took from his tufhes. 
 
 The tufhes are placed beyond the corner 
 teeth upon the bars, two on each fide of the 
 jaws, /. e. one above, and one below, with- 
 out ijeing preceded by any foal teeth. 
 
 The two under tufhes cut fometimes at 
 three years, fometimes at three and a half, 
 fometimes at four; but the two upper tufh- 
 es appear fometimes at four, fometimes at 
 four and a half; fometimes before, and 
 fometimes after the corner teeth, without 
 any certain rule ; and till the age of fix they 
 are chamfered within. 
 
 About ten years of age the two upper 
 tulhes appear much worn, which ferves for 
 that age. 
 
 After that they grow cut in length, and 
 become bare of flefli, becaufe the gxnn 
 Ihrinks and retires ; and at laft, about the 
 £fteenth or fixteenth year, the horfe lliells. 
 
 T E N 
 
 A horfe is not capable of any great fa- 
 tigue till his tufhes have cut the llvin. 
 
 Moll: of the Dutch horfes are very fick 
 when their tufhes come forth ; mares have 
 them but feldom, and when they have them 
 they are butvery fmall. See Shell-Tooth- 
 ed and Counter-marked. 
 
 TEGG [Hunting term] a doe in the fe- 
 cond year of her age. 
 
 TEIGNE3 IN Horses, a dillemper in 
 the foot, when the frufli moulders away in 
 pieces, and it goes the length of the quick, 
 for then the itching pain is fo great, that it 
 will often make the horfe halt. 
 
 TENCH ; a delicious frefh water fifh, 
 that has but iinall fcales, yet very large and 
 fmooth fins ; he has a red circle about the 
 eyes, and a little barb hanging at each cor- 
 ner of the mouth. 
 
 This fifh delights more among weeds in 
 ponds, than in clear rivers, and covets to 
 feed in very foul water, yet his flefh is nou- 
 rilhing and pleafant. 
 
 His flime is faid to be of a very healing 
 quality to wounded fifh, and upon that ac- 
 count has obtained the title of the fifhes 
 phyfician ; nay the devouring pike is faid to 
 be fo fenfible of his virtue, that he will not 
 hurt a tench, though he will feize upon any 
 fifh of his fize that comes in his way ; and 
 when the pike is fick or hurt, he applies to 
 the tench, and finds cure or relief, by rub- 
 bing himfelf againft his body. 
 
 TENCH Fishing ; the proper time of 
 angling for the tench, is early and late, 
 both morning and evening, in the months 
 of June, July, and Augujt, or all night in 
 the ftill parts of rivers. 
 
 This fifh is obferved to be a great lover of 
 large red worms, and will bite moft eagerly 
 at them, if you have firft dipped them in 
 tar ; he alfo delights in all forts of paftes, 
 made ^up with ilrong fccnted oils, or with 
 tar, or pafte made with brown bread and 
 honey; he will alfo bite at a cad worm, 
 lob-worm, flag-worm, green gentle, cad bait, 
 marfh-worm, or foft-boiled bread-grain. 
 
 To take Tench out of a muddy Pond. 
 
 You mufl provide yourfelf with a very 
 G g g 2 good 
 
TEN 
 
 good large cafbing net, well leaded, and let 
 not the meflies, from the crown to a full 
 yard and a half, be too fmall, for then, if 
 the pond be any thing of a depth, the fifh 
 win llrike away before the net comes to the 
 ground. 
 
 The whole net ought to have a large mcfh, 
 and deep tucked. 
 
 Make the place clean from (lakes and 
 bufhes, and try the net before you go upon 
 the fport ; for If it happens to hang, all your 
 pains would prove ineffeftual : therefore you 
 muft be fure, before you caft in your net, 
 to clear and cleanfe the place twice or thrice 
 with a rake. 
 
 Then take a quarter of a peck of wheat, 
 baking it well in an oven, putting in near 
 three quarts of water ; when it is well 
 baked, take five pints of blood and mix the 
 wheat and blood well together, adding to 
 it as much bran as is fufficient to make a 
 pafte of it, and that it may the better hold 
 together, mix it up with fome clay j knead 
 it well together, with a quart of lob-worms 
 chopped in pieces, and wrought into a pafte, 
 as has been before direfted : make it up in- 
 to balls as big as a goofe egg, and throw it 
 into the pond, within the circumference of 
 your cafting net, and between times throw 
 in fome grains ; when you think the filh 
 have found out the baiting place, come in 
 the clofe of the evening (having baited very 
 early in the morning) and caft your net over 
 the baited place, taking a long pole, with 
 a large fork made for that purpofe, and ftir 
 all about the net, for the carp or tench are 
 ftuck up above their eyes in mud, and ftand 
 exaftly upon their heads-, but let the net lie 
 for half an hour, ftill ftirring with the pole, 
 if the place be not too deep, and after having 
 covered the fifti, you may go into the pond 
 and take them out with your hands ; but if 
 the water be deep when you find them begin 
 to ftir, lift the crown of the net bolt upright 
 with a long ftaff", that fo the fifh may play 
 into the tuck of the net. 
 
 Obferve, if you ftiould draw up your net 
 fuddenly, after you have caft it in, it is a 
 hundred to one odds whether you take one 
 of them i but letting the net lie, the mud 
 
 T E R 
 
 will choke them,, if they remove not out of 
 
 It. 
 
 TERMS for the Lodging of 
 Beasts of Chace. ^c. 
 
 A hare feateth, or 
 
 forme th. 
 A hart karhoureth. 
 A martern treeth. 
 An otter watcheth. 
 
 A hart, toiinharbour. 
 A martern, tcuntree^ 
 An otter, to vent^ 
 
 A badger earthetk. 
 A boar coucheth. 
 A buck lodge th. 
 A conzy fttteth. 
 A fox kennelleth. 
 A roe beddeth. 
 
 For the Diflodging them. 
 
 A badger, to dig. A hare, tofiart 
 
 A boar, to rear. 
 A buck, to rouze. 
 A coney, to bolt. 
 A fox, to unkennel,. 
 
 For their noife at Rutting 'Time. 
 
 A h^diger fjrieketh . A hare beateth, or 
 A boar breameth. tappeth. 
 
 A buck groanethy or A hart belleth. 
 
 troateth. An otter whineth.. 
 
 A fox barketh. A roe belloweth.. 
 
 K ^Q'i.trattleth. Avfo\{ howleth. 
 
 For their Copulation.. 
 
 A hozr goeth to brim. A hzrt goes fo rut. 
 
 A buck goeth to rut. An otter hunteth for 
 A coney goeth to buck. his kind. 
 
 A fox goeth a clicket- A roe goeth to tourn. 
 
 ing. A wolf goes to match 
 A hare goeth to buck. or make. 
 
 Terms when they are in Company one with 
 another. 
 
 A herd of harts, and A brace or leaf}^ of 
 all manner of deer, bucks, foxes, or 
 
 A i'^i^ of roes. hares. 
 
 K founder of fwine. A couple of rabbets. 
 
 A rout of wolves. A conple of coneys. 
 Krichefs of marterns. 
 
 For their Footing and Treading. 
 
 A boar, the track. 
 
 A buck, and all fallow deer, the view. 
 
 Of all deer, if on the grafs, and fcarce 
 vifible, then it is caXltd foiling. 
 
 Of a fox, the print, and of other fuch 
 vermin iht footing.. 
 
 Of 
 
TE R 
 
 or a hare diverny ; for when Ihe is in open 
 field, fhe is faid to Jore, when fhe winds 
 about to deceive the hounds, fhe doubles ; 
 when fhe beats on the hard high way, and 
 her footing can be perceived, fhe prlcketh, 
 and in the fnow her footing is called the 
 trace. 
 
 Of the hart, theyZo/. 
 
 Of an otter, the marks. 
 
 'Terms of a Tail.. 
 A boar, the wreath. 
 A buck, the /ingle. 
 A coney, the /cut. 
 
 A fox, the brujlj or drag, and the tip at 
 the end is called the chape. 
 A hare, the /cut. 
 A halt, the /ingle. 
 A wolf, the /lern. 
 
 For their Ordure. 
 
 Of a boar, the lej/es. 
 Of a deer, fe-wmets, or fewmi/hing. 
 Of a fox, billitting, and all other fuch 
 xhe/uants. 
 
 Of a hare, crotiles, or crotifing. 
 
 Of a hart, the fewmets, or fewmi/lnng. 
 
 Of an otter, the/praints. 
 
 Terms in Hunting, ^c. 
 
 When a hart breaks herd, and draws to 
 the thicket, or coverts, they ufually fay he 
 takes his hold, or goes to harbour. 
 
 All kind of deers fat is called /net, and 
 yet you may fay this deer was a high deer 
 of grea/e. 
 
 The fat of a boar is called grea/e. The 
 fat of a roe only is called beavy grea/e. 
 
 Of a deer they fay, /he is broken upy of 
 a fox and hare is cafed. 
 
 Of fox cubs, they fay a litter j of rabbets, 
 a ne/i ; of fquirrils, a dray. 
 
 Terms for the Attire of Deer. 
 
 Of a Stag, if perfeft, the bur, the pearls, 
 (the little knobs on it) the beam, the gut- 
 ters, the antler, the fur-antler, royal, fur- 
 royal, and all at the top the croches. 
 
 Of a Buck, the bur, the beam, the brow- 
 antler, the hack-antler, the advancer, palm, 
 iind/peUers^ 
 
 T E R 
 
 If the croches grow in form of a man's 
 hand, it is then called ^palmed-head, heads 
 bearing not above three or four ; three 
 croches being placed aloft of one height, 
 are called crowned-heads. Heads having 
 doubling croches, are called forked-heads, 
 becaufc the croches are planted on the top 
 of the beams like forks. 
 
 If you are afked what a flag bears, you 
 are only to reckon the croches he bears, and 
 never lo exprefs an odd number : for if he 
 has four croches on his near horn, and five 
 on his far, you mufl: fay he bears ten, a falfe 
 right on his near horn (for all that a beam 
 bears are called rights') If but four on 
 the near horn and fix on the far horn, 
 you muft fay he bears twelve, a double 
 falfc right on the near horn ; for you mujQ; 
 not only make the number even, but alfo 
 the horns even with that diftinftion. 
 
 Terms for flaying, ftripping, and cafing all 
 manner of Chaces. 
 
 Of a hart and all manner of deer, they 
 fay they are flain. Huntlmen ufually fay 
 take take off that deer's /kin. 
 
 Of a hare, they fhe is ftripped, or cafed i 
 the fame term is alfo ufed of a boar. 
 
 A fox, badger, and all manner of vefr- 
 min, are faid to be cafed, beginning at the 
 fnout, or nole of the beafl, his fl<in being 
 turned over his ears down to the body,, till 
 you come to the tail. 
 
 Proper Terms for the Noifes of Hounds. 
 
 When hounds are firll caft off, and find 
 fome game, or chace, we lay they chal- 
 lenge. 
 
 If they are too bufy before they find the 
 fcent good, it is faid they babble. 
 
 If they run it end ways, orderly makino- 
 it good, and then hold in together merril)'^ 
 they are faid to be in full cry. 
 
 When fpaniels open in the firing (or a 
 grey-hound in his courfe) they fay they 
 lapfe. 
 
 When hounds hang behind, and beat too 
 much upon the fcent, or place, they fay, 
 they plod. 
 
 When they have either earthed a vermin, 
 
 or 
 
T E R 
 
 or brought a deer, boar, or the like, to 
 turn head againll them, they are faid to hoy. 
 
 Different '■terms for Hounds and Grey- 
 Hounds. 
 
 Of grey hounds two make a brace ; of 
 hounds a cou;ple; and of grey-hounds three 
 make a leajh ; and of hounds a couple and a 
 half; they fay let flip a grey-hound, and cafi 
 off a hound. 
 
 They call the firing, wherein a grey- 
 hound is led, a leafe : and that of a hound, 
 a learn, liaDi, or lyome. 
 
 The grey hound hath his collar, and the 
 hound his couples. 
 
 Of hounds they fay a kennel, of beagles z.pack. 
 
 Thofe places are called entries where they 
 find a deer has lately paffed into thickets, 
 by which they guefs at their largenefs, and 
 then put the hounds or beagles thereto for 
 their view. 
 
 A layer is a place where any deer has re- 
 pofed or harboured. 
 
 When the hounds or beagles hit the fcent 
 of their chace contrary, as to hit it up the 
 wind, when they fhould hit it down, they 
 fay tbey draw a miji. 
 
 When hounds or beagles take frefli fcent, 
 hunting another chace, until they flick 
 and hit it again, they fay thiy hunt change. 
 
 When the hounds or beagles hunt it by 
 the heel, they hj they hunt counter. 
 
 When the chace goes off, and comes on 
 again traverfing the fame ground to deceive 
 the hounds or beagles, they fay they hunt 
 the foil. 
 
 When they fet hounds in readinefs, where 
 they expecl the deer will come by, and then 
 caft them off, when the other hounds are 
 pad by, they call that a relay 
 
 When ■ ■ ■ ■ 
 
 their chace, by the death of what they pur 
 fued, and then in requital, are fed by the 
 hands of the huntfman, or others, it is 
 called a reward. 
 
 When huntfmen go drawing in their 
 fprings at hart-hunting, and ufually make 
 dew rounds, they are called ring-walks. 
 
 When deer caft their horns, they are 
 i^(X to mew. 
 
 hounds or beagles have finifhed 
 
 T E R 
 
 When a deer has been hard hunted, and 
 and tTien betakes himfelf to fwimming, oa 
 any river, ^c. they fay he takes foil. 
 
 The firft head of a fallow deer is called 
 theprick. 
 
 When huntfmen endeavour to find a hart 
 by the Jlot, and then mind his ftep, to know 
 whether he is great and long, they then fay 
 they know him by his gait. 
 
 When deer rub and pufli their heads againft 
 trees, to caufe the pills of their new horns 
 to come oft, they are faid to fray. 
 
 V/hen deer, after having been hard ran, 
 turn head againft the hounds, they are faid 
 to hay. 
 
 When hounds or beagles run long, with- 
 out making any cry, they are faid to run mute. 
 
 When hounds or beagles at firft finding 
 the fcent of their game, prefently open 
 and cry, they are then faid to challenge. 
 
 When hounds run at a whole herd of 
 deer, they are faid to run riot. 
 
 When the hounds touch the fcent, and 
 draw on till they rouze or put up the chace, 
 they fay they draw on the Jlot. 
 
 When a roe croffes and doubles, it is 
 called trajoining. 
 
 When a hare, as fometimes, (though fel- 
 dom) takes the ground like a coney, they 
 then fay fie goes to the vault. 
 
 When they beat the bufties after a fox, 
 they call it drawing. 
 
 When a hare runs on rotten ground, or 
 in a froft fometimes, and then it fticks to 
 her feet, they izj fi^ carries. 
 
 When a fox has young ones in her, they 
 fay /he is with cub. 
 
 When beagles bark and cry at their prey, 
 they fay, they yearn. 
 
 A red male hart of a year old, is called 
 zfpitter. 
 
 A rein deer is a beaft like a hart, but 
 hath his head fuller of antlers. Thofe engines 
 that deer are taken with, are called a'/V^j. 
 
 When hounds or beagles are fet in rea- 
 dinefs, expefting the chace to come by, 
 and then caft off before the reft come in, 
 it is called a vauntlay. 
 
 When they ftart a hare, they cry that 
 that, or there there. 
 
 When 
 
T E R 
 
 When hounds or beagles find where the 
 chace hath been, and made a proffer to 
 enter, but return, they call it a blemifo. 
 
 To a deer they fay ho-w. 
 
 A leffon blown on the horn to comfort the 
 hounds, is termed a call. 
 
 A recheat is a leffon blown on the horn. 
 
 The mart or deathy is blown at the death 
 of any deer. 
 
 A hind in the firft year, is called a calf; 
 in the fecond year a hearfe -, and fometimes 
 we fay a brocket's ftftery &c. and the third 
 year a hind. 
 
 A hare is the firfl year called a leveret, 
 the fecond year a hare-, the third year a great 
 hare. 
 
 The fox is the firfl year called a cuh, the 
 fecond a fox, the third year an old fox. 
 
 A coney is called the firfl year a rabbet, 
 and afterwards an old coney. 
 
 When you fee about twenty deer, of 
 what fort foever, together, it is 2if mall herd; 
 about forty is a middle herd; fixty or eighty 
 is a great herd, whether they be male or 
 female. 
 
 Upon view of a hart, if he be a goodly 
 deer, do not call him fair, but great ; and 
 fo a great hind and a great buck ; but zfair 
 and comely doe. 
 
 When a deer eateth in a corn or grafs 
 field, he is faid tofeedy otherwife to broiaze ; 
 and if he flayeth to look on any thing, he 
 is faid to Jland at gaze ; when he forceth by 
 upon force, he trip-peth j and when he runs 
 apace he ftraineth. 
 
 When he is hunted and leaves the herd, 
 then he fmgleth; and when he foams at 
 mouth, he is emboffed ; when he fmelleth 
 or venteth any thing, they fay he hath this 
 or that in the wind ; when he holds out his 
 neck at the full length inclining, they fay 
 he isfpent ; and being dead, fay he is done. 
 
 When a huntfman beats a wood to find 
 a chace, it is called drawing of the covert ; 
 and when he fees where any deer hath been, 
 fay here he braketh. 
 
 When fome few hounds are fet in readi- 
 nefs, by any place where it is fuppofed the 
 chace will pafs, it is termed a vauntlay ; 
 and when they tarry untill the reft of the 
 
 T E R 
 
 hounds come in, it is called an allay ; buc 
 if they hold till the kennel be pafl, it is 
 called a relay. 
 
 When a hart cntreth a river or pool, 
 which is termed the/oz'/, {2l-^ jhe defcendeth ; 
 when you fee him ready to enter water, fay 
 he proffereth ; and if he doth it the fecond 
 time, then fay he re-proffereth ; and after 
 he hath once defcended, and you fee where 
 he hath trod, the water filling his foot- 
 fleps, then fay here the hart defouleth ; and 
 the flot or view that is found of fuch a 
 deer on the other fide of the water, is to 
 be termed as a deer defoulant the foil. 
 
 The hart, buck, and boar, oftentimes 
 take foil without being forced, and all other 
 beafts are only faid to take water, except 
 the otter, and he is faid to beat the fir earn. 
 
 When they caft about a grove or wood 
 with the blood hound, they make a ring ; 
 when they find where the deer hath paffed, 
 and plafh any bough downwards for a 
 mark, then they fay they blemifi, or makes 
 blemijhes. 
 
 When they hang up any paper, clout, 
 or mark, it is called fewelling, or fetting of 
 fezuels. 
 
 When a hound meets a chace and goes 
 away witli it far before the reft, they fay 
 fije foreloyneth. 
 
 When a hound hunts backwards the fame 
 way the chace is come, then they fay he 
 hunts counter; and if he hunts any other 
 chace, but what he firft undertook, then he 
 is faid to hunt change. 
 
 When any deer, or other chace, ufeth 
 fubtilties to deceive the hounds, then he 
 is faid to crofs, or double. 
 
 When a hart or ftag breaks herd, and 
 draws to the covert, they fay he goes to har- 
 bour, or taketh his hold, or he covereth ; and 
 when he cometh out again, then he dijcover- 
 eth hitnfelf. 
 
 There is a great difference between the 
 feet of preying beafts, and thofe of a deer, 
 for in thofe of prey, they are called traces ; 
 but the track or footing of a deer is called 
 the flat or view. 
 
 There is alfo a difference between the 
 frith and the fell ; the fells being taken for 
 
 the 
 
T E R 
 
 tlie vallies, green compajiures, and tnountaim ; 
 and \.\\c friths (orjprings and coppices. 
 
 There is ,alfo a difference between the 
 Nvord tvays and trenches ; for by the firft is 
 meant the high and beaten ways on the out- 
 fide of a forefl or wood ; and by the word 
 /;v/;t/',;,a very fmall way, not fo commonly 
 ufed., • , 
 
 ^hefejis. likewife a^difFerence between a 
 trench and a path, which is a place where 
 a deer has only Icdjlot or view. 
 . B.lemifoes, are the marks to know where 
 a deer hath gone in or out, and they are 
 little bou,ghs plaflied or broken to hang 
 downwards ; for any thing that is hung up, 
 is called. SLjeweL 
 
 .\: Terms in HawkinGj isc 
 
 ' Arms, the legs from the feet to the thigh. 
 
 Bate, 7 is a term ufed of a hawk, when 
 
 Bateth, \ fhe flutters with her wings from 
 the perch ..to,' the fift, .endeavouring to fly 
 away. •■ • - • • 
 
 Bathing, is wafliing herfelf. 
 
 Beak, the upper crooked part of her bill. 
 
 Beam. Feathers, the long feathers in the 
 wings. 
 
 Beavy of ^mils, a brood of young ones. 
 
 Bewiis, the leathers, with bells, buttoned 
 about hawk's legs. 
 
 Bo-wet, I a young hawk that draws any 
 
 Bowejs, J thing out of her neft, and en- 
 deavours to jget on the boughs. 
 
 Bo-tofing, is a hawk's drinking often, and 
 yet defires more. 
 
 Brnyle, a piece of leather flit to put upon 
 her wing to tie it up. 
 
 Brancher, a young hawk, newly taken 
 out of the neft, which can hop from bough 
 to bough. 
 
 Cage, that on which hawks are carried, 
 when defigned for fale. 
 
 Cancellering, or cancellaring, fignifies ftoop- 
 
 Carrying, a hawk is faid fo to do, when 
 fhe flies away with her quarry. 
 
 A Cajl of Hawks, are two. 
 
 Cafting, is what is given .her to purge or 
 cleanfe her gorge. '. ^'. :■*' , 
 
 CataraSi, a difeafe in A hawk's eve. 
 
 TE R 
 
 Cnttterizing-irons, are ufed in fearing. 
 ■ Cawking-time, treading or coupling time. 
 
 Check, is when Ihe forfakes her proper 
 game, and flies at crows, pyes, or the like, 
 that crofs her in her flight. 
 
 Clap, the nether part of the beak. 
 
 Coping, is paring. 
 
 Coping-irons, are thofe ufed for coping 
 or paring her pounces or talons^, when they 
 are over-grown. 
 
 Cowring, is quivering or fliaking, in tef- 
 timony of obedience towards the old ones. 
 
 Covey of Partridges, a brood that always 
 accompany together with the old ones till 
 pairing time. 
 
 Crabbing, is when hawks that fl:and near 
 one another, fight. 
 
 Cray, a difeafe in a hawk. 
 
 Creance, a fmall long line of fmall, fine, 
 even pack thread, that is fafl:ened to the 
 leafe of a hawk, when flie is firft lured. 
 
 Crivets, I the fmall black hairs about the 
 
 Crinets, j lears or eye lids 
 
 Crock, a difeafe in a hawk. 
 
 Dijclojed, is when the young ones juft peep 
 through the fliells. 
 
 Dropping, is when fhe muteth down- 
 wards in feveral drops, and not yerking it 
 ftrait forward. 
 
 To Endew, 7 is when, fhe digefleth her 
 
 To Endue, j meat, not only difcharging 
 her gorge of it j but alfo cleanfing herpan- 
 nel. 
 
 Engouteth, when the feathers have black 
 fpots. 
 
 To Enfeam, is to purge her of her glut 
 and gleam. 
 
 To Enter, a term ufed of a hawk, when 
 fhe begins firft to kill. 
 
 Eyefs, a young hawk juft taken out of the 
 neft. 
 
 Eyrie, the place where they build and 
 hatch their young. 
 
 Peaking, is wiping her beak after feeding. 
 
 Filander, a. difeafe in a hawk. 
 
 Flags, the feathers next the principal fea- 
 thers irt her wings. 
 
 Flying on head, is when (he miflTes her 
 quarry, and betakes herfelf to the . next 
 check, as crows, pyes, i^c. 
 
 Formde^ 
 
T E R 
 
 Formale., the female hawk. 
 
 Formica, a difeafe in hawks. 
 
 Frownce, a difeafe in hawks. 
 
 Gleam, a term ufed after a hawk hath caft, 
 and gleameth or throweth up filth from her 
 gorge 
 
 Glut, the flimy fubftance that lies in the 
 pannel. 
 
 Gorge, the crop or craw of a hawk, or 
 other fowl. 
 
 Gurgi-pting, is faid of a hawk when flie is 
 fluffed up. 
 
 Hack., a place where a hawk's meat is put. 
 
 Hac-Hawk, that is a taclcler. 
 
 Haggard-Hawk, one that has preyed for 
 herfelf, and is taken after Lent. 
 
 Jack, a male hawk. 
 
 Jeffes, the fmall ftraps of leather that are 
 faftened to her legs, and fo to the lea(h, by 
 the varvels. 
 
 "To Imf, is to put a feather into a hawk's 
 wing, in the place of one that is broken. 
 
 Jiike, the neck from the head to the body, 
 <sf any bird a hawk preys upon. 
 
 Intermewing, is from the firll exchange of 
 her coat, till Ihe turns white. 
 
 To Jonk, is to fleep. 
 
 To Lean, is to hold to you. 
 
 Leaje, \ the fmall long leather thong faf- 
 
 Leajh, J tened to the jeffes, by which (he 
 is held fall on the fift, it being wrapt about 
 the fingers. 
 
 Lure, that which is caft up by Falconers, 
 to bring a hawk down. 
 
 A Make-Hawk, i an old ftanch hawk 
 
 A ^arry-Hawk, 5 made ufe of to enter 
 young ones. 
 
 Mails, the breaft feathers of a hawk. 
 
 Manning a hawk, i"? making her endure 
 company. 
 
 To Mantle, is to ftretch out one wing after 
 one leg, and the other after the other. 
 
 Mew, the place where a hawk is fet down, 
 the time ftie ralfeth her feathers. 
 
 Mewting, the dung of long-winged hawks. 
 
 Nares, the little holes in a hawk's beak. 
 ■ Pannel, the pipe next her fundament, 
 where ftie digefteth her meat from her body. 
 
 Pantas, a difeafe in hawks. 
 
 Perch, a place on which a hawk is fee to 
 jeft. 
 
 T E R 
 
 Pelt, the dead body of any fowl Ihe has 
 killed. 
 
 Pendant feathers, thofe behind the thighs. 
 
 Petty fingles, a hawk's toes. 
 
 Pill, 7 that which a hawk leaves of her 
 
 Pelf, \ prey after flie is relieved. 
 
 The -pin, a difeafe in hawks. 
 
 Plume, the general mixture of colours and 
 feathers, by which the conftitutionof a hawk 
 is known. 
 
 Plumage, the fmall feathers given a hawk 
 to make her caft. 
 
 Pluming, is after a hawk has feized her 
 prey, and difmantles it of it's feathers. 
 
 Pounces of a hawk, her claws. 
 
 Poult, that is, killing poultry. 
 
 In Pride, is to be in good flefti and heart. 
 
 To prune, is to pick herfelf. 
 
 Put over, a term ufed when flie removes 
 her meat from her gorge into her bowels, by 
 traverfing with her body j but chiefly, with 
 her neck. 
 
 ^iarry, the fowl a hawk flies at, either 
 dead or alive. 
 
 Quarry-hawk, an old, entered, and re- 
 claimed hawk. 
 
 To rake, a term ufed when flie flies out 
 too far from the game. 
 
 ■Ramage, ov foar-hawk, is one that can fly, 
 having preyed for herfelf, 
 
 Rangle, is when flie has gravel given her 
 to bring her to a ftomach. 
 
 To reclaim a hawk, is to make her gentle 
 and familiar-. 
 
 Retrieve, is when partridges having been- 
 fprung, are to be found again. 
 
 To rouze, is to lift up, and fliake herfelf. 
 
 To ruff, is to hit the prey, and not to 
 trufs it. 
 
 Rufter-hood, a large, wide, and eafy hood, 
 open behind, being the firft that is made 
 ufe of. 
 
 Rye, a difeafe in hawks. 
 
 Sails, the wings of an hawk. 
 
 Sear, the yellow betwixt her beak and 
 eyes. 
 
 Seeling, is when being firft taken ftie is 
 blinded, with a thread run through her eye- 
 lids, fo that ftse fees but little, or not at all, 
 that flie may the better endure the hood. 
 
 H h h Seizings 
 
T E R 
 
 Seizbigy is when (he gripes the prey with 
 her talons. 
 
 Si'tii/ig do-Jjn-, is when fne is put into the 
 mew. 
 . . JSl'tMy is the dung of a fliort winged hawk. 
 
 Sliceth, fignifies. fhe mewteth a good dif- 
 tance from her. 
 
 Slimctb, that is, flie mev/teth without drop- 
 ping. 
 
 Stauuch hawk, one well entered for the 
 game. 
 
 Stoopingy is when flie is aloft upon the 
 ■wing, and defcends to ftrike the game. 
 
 Summed, is when fhe is in all her plumes. 
 
 Swivel, that which keeps a hawk from 
 twifting. 
 
 I'ajj'el, a male hawk. 
 
 Tiring, is when you give her the leg or pi- 
 nion of a pigeon, or the like, to pluck at. 
 
 T.owereth, is when fhe lifts up her wings. 
 
 Train, the tail of a hawk. 
 
 Train, fomething alive or dead, tied to 
 the lure, to intice her with ir. 
 
 Trujp.ng, is when fhe raifes a fowl aloft, 
 and foaring with it,, at length defcends with 
 it to the ground. 
 
 Varvels, little filver rings at the end of 
 jejfes, on which the owner's name is engra- 
 ven.. 
 
 Unreclaimed, is faid of a hawk while flie 
 is wild; 
 
 To unjirike the hood, is to draw the firings, 
 that it may be in readinefs to be pulled off. 
 
 Unjummed, is when her feathers are not 
 fully grown; 
 
 Urives, nets to catch hav/ks with. 
 
 To weather a hawk, is to air her., 
 
 TERRA A TERRA, is a feries of low 
 leaps, which a horfe makes forwards, bear- 
 ing fide-ways, and working upon two 
 treads. 
 
 In this motion, a horfe lifts both his fore- 
 legs at once ; and when thefe are upon the 
 point of defcending to the ground, the 
 hinder legs accompany them with a fhort 
 and quick cadence, always bearing and flay- 
 ing upon the haunches J fo that the motions 
 of the hinder-quarters are fhort and quick j 
 and the horfe being always well preffed and 
 coupled, he lifts his fore-legs pretty high. 
 
 T E R 
 
 and his hinder-legs keep always low, and 
 near the ground. 
 
 This manage is called terra a terra, be- 
 caufe in this motion the horfe does not lift 
 his legs fo high as in corvets. 
 
 TERRAIGNOL; a horfe fo called, is one 
 that cleaves to the ground, that cannot be 
 made light upon the hand, that cannot be 
 put upon his haunches, that raifes his fore- 
 quarters with difficulty, that is charged with 
 ihoulders, and in general, one whofe na- 
 tions are all fhort, and too near the ground. 
 
 TERRAIN, is the managed ground up- 
 on which the horfe marks his pirte or thread; 
 this horfe obferves his ground well; he keeps 
 his ground well; he imbraces his ground 
 well, without inlarging or narrowing more to 
 one hand than to another. 
 
 TERRIER, a kind of mongrel grey- 
 hound, ufed chiefly for hunting the fox or 
 badger; fo called, becaufc he creeps into 
 the. ground, as the ferrets do into the coney- 
 burrows, and there nips and bites the fox 
 and badger, either tearing them in pieces; 
 with his tee.th, or. elfe haulling and pulling 
 them by force out of their lurking holes ;, 
 or at leaft driving them out of their hollow 
 harbours, to be taken by a net, or other- 
 wife.. 
 
 The Huntfmcn have commonly a couple 
 of terriers, to the end they may put in a. 
 frefh one, as occafion ferves, to relieve the. 
 other. 
 
 The time proper for entering thefe terriers; 
 is, when they are- near a year old ; for if, it 
 be not done within that time, they* will 
 hardly after he brought to take the earth, 
 and this entering and flefhing of them may 
 be performed feveraj ways. 
 
 1. When foxes and badgers have young 
 cubs, talce your old terriers, and enter them 
 in the ground ; and when they begin to bay,, 
 hold every one of your young terriers at 
 a particular hole or mouth of the earth, that.- 
 they may liften, and hear the old ones bay. 
 
 After you have taken the old fox or 
 badger, fo that nothing remains within but 
 the young cubs, couple all your old terriers,, 
 and put the young ones in their ftead ; en- 
 courage them by crying, to him, to him. 
 
 And 
 
T E T 
 
 And if they take any young cub within 
 the ground, let them alone to do what they 
 "will with him j and do not forget to give 
 the old terriers their reward; which is blood 
 and livers fried with cheele, and fome of 
 their greafe, fhewing the heads and fl<ins to 
 encourage them. 
 
 Another way is, to take an old fox or 
 badger, and to cut his nether jaw away, 
 leaving the upper to fliew the fury of the 
 beaft, though he can do no harm with it, 
 or elfe break out all his teeth ; then dig an 
 earth in fomc convenient place in the ground 
 making it wide enough, that the terriers 
 may the better turn therein, and have room 
 enough for two to enter. ,<, orJl : 
 
 Cover the whole with boards and turf, 
 firft putting the fox or badger in, and then 
 your terriers, both young and old ; which 
 when they have bayed fufficiently, begin to 
 dig with fpades and mattocks, to encourage 
 them, againft fuch tin^e as you are to dig 
 over them : afterwards, take out the fox and 
 badger, with the chumps or pincers, kil- 
 ling it before them i or let a greyhound 
 kill it in their fight. 
 
 TETTER, otherwife called flying-worm 
 or ring-worm, a veiy bad forrance, which 
 runs up and down a horfe's body; from 
 •whence it receives it's name ; fometimes 
 proceeding from the heat of the blood, and 
 engenders a hot and fharp humour j and 
 fometimes from bad and foul feeding, and 
 is molt commonly found in his rump, v/hich 
 runs down the joint till it runs into the tail; 
 and if it continues there long, will turn in- 
 to a canker ; but yet it will now and then 
 fettle upon fome flefhy part of the body, 
 which v/ill fo trouble him with itching, and 
 rubbing againft walls and pofts, that it v/ill 
 bring away the hair, fkin and flefli ; he will 
 tear with his teeth, if he C3.n come at it, the 
 itching is fo violent. 
 
 This diftemper may be known by the 
 falling away of the hair, and by his continu- 
 al rubbing; but if it gets into the joint, be- 
 tween the top of his rump and the tail, then 
 it is known by a fcab, which you may feel 
 with your finger ; and if it be fcraped or 
 picked away, a thin water will.C9me out of 
 
 T H R 
 
 it by degrees, which being left long to run, 
 will, in time, get into his tail, and become 
 a canker, as aforefaid. 
 
 Things generally ufed in the cure of this 
 diforder, are, water found in the decayed hol- 
 low of a beech-tree, wherewith it is rubbed: 
 the juice of the leaves and roots of {linking 
 gladwin, one pint of plantain-water, two of 
 beef-brine, boiled together, and clarified, 
 is good to kill them : fo are many more 
 things ; but particularly, take two drachms 
 of precipitate, put into a fmall glafs-vial, 
 with fair water, much more than will cover 
 the powder, and kept clofe flopped ; with 
 which wafh it thrice a day, and after you 
 have drefled the forrance, fhake the glafs, 
 and let it ftand till next dreffing : but if it 
 be in any flelhy part, you may kill it by 
 bathing the place with the juice of fouthern 
 wood, maudling, and rue, of each a like 
 quantity, and put them into three quarts of 
 urine, with two handfuls of bay-falt ; let it 
 boil till one quart be confumed ; then take 
 it off, and with a clout fattened to a ftick, 
 wafh ciie forrance very hot, four or five 
 mornings together, 
 
 THIGHS OF A FIoRSEMAN, the efFeft of 
 the rider's thigh is one of the aids that fervet 
 to make a horfe work vigoroufly in the ma- 
 nage. 
 
 As foon as the horfeman clofes with his 
 thighs, you fee the horfe is enlivened, and 
 alarmed, as preparing himielf for doingwhac 
 is demanded of him, and difpofing himfelf 
 for the manage. 
 
 THROSTLE, or Thrush: of this bird 
 there are five forts ; i. The miftle-throftle, 
 which is much bigger and larger than any 
 of the others ; her food far different, and 
 very few of them to be feen ; and though 
 flie is exceeding beautiful, yet fhe fings out 
 little, except Ihe breeds near a place where 
 is a quantity of mifletoe, and if it be pof- 
 fible in a thicket, or in fome pit; for fhe is 
 a very melancholy fort of bird : flie mak^ sf 
 as large a neft as the jay, and lays as big an 
 egg, building the outfide commonly with 
 rotten heaps, and the infidc with dead grafs, 
 hay, or mofs, that fiie peels from treeg : 
 fhe feidom lays above five eggs, but mofc 
 
 H h h 2 com- 
 
T H R 
 
 commonly four ; breeds but twice a year ; 
 has three young ones, never more than four ; 
 feeds all her young ones with the berries 
 ofmifletoc, and nothing elfe, as can be per- 
 ceived ; for which reafon, fome efteem the 
 fiefli of the throllle as an excellent remedy 
 asainft convuliions and the falling ficknefs. 
 The young birds of this kind, taken about 
 fourteen days old, are eafy to be brought 
 up, being very hardy; they are fed with 
 bread, hemp-feed, and a little llieep's-heart 
 between whiles. But their long is confufed 
 rambling, not lavifh, and therefore they are 
 not worth rearing, yet they will breed like 
 pigeons, if rightly managed. 
 
 a. The northern throflle or field-fare; 
 which comes to us zfter Michaehnas, continues 
 all winter, and departs the firft of March ; 
 his food is hips and haws in hard weather; 
 and in open weather, worms, and young 
 grafs, lying altogether upon meadow and 
 pafture-grounds : they come in very greit 
 numbers, and alfo go away in flocks : their 
 breeding-place is affigned to be near the 
 fea-fide in Scotland, where they are in abun- 
 dance, and have young three or four times 
 every year: they may be taken by bird-lime ; 
 and are better for the fpit than the cage, be- 
 ing excellent meat when very fat, which is 
 in hard weather; but in open weather their 
 flelh is bitter, and not worth eating, 
 
 3. The wind throftle, which comes along 
 with the laft mentioned bird, but Ihe is 
 much fmaller, with a dark red under wing; 
 fhe breeds in woods and fhav/s, as the fong- 
 throftle in Scotland does, and has an indiffe- 
 rent fong, far exceeding the two former : 
 \n January, in fine weather, thcfun-lTiining, 
 they will get a great many together upon a 
 tree, and fing two or three hours, yet they 
 are not melodious, and fo not worth the 
 pains of keeping, efpecially fince they will 
 not fing above three months. 
 
 4. The wood-fong- throftle, which is a 
 very choice fong-bird, for the great variety 
 of his notes, for lavifhnefs in his fong, an'd 
 for his continuing longer than any bird in 
 fong, it being at leaft nine months in the 
 year. The hen builds her neft the begin- 
 ning of Marth, upon the flump of an old 
 
 T H R 
 
 tree or fide of the coppice by a ditch, ac- 
 cording as fhe finds food, and fluffs mofV 
 convenient for her building, as alfo meat 
 for her young. She fafhions her neft round 
 and deep, with mofs, or dry grafs ; and' 
 when ihe has compleated the firfl part, fhe 
 wonderfully, and after a nloll exquifitfe 
 manner, daubs the infide with a fort of 
 earth called loarn ; doing it fo fmoorh and 
 even, and all with her bill, tllat it is beyond 
 the art of man to perform the like with any 
 tools : whereas this bird commonly leaves 
 a hole at the bottom of her neft in the mid- 
 dle, it is fuppofed to be to this end, that it 
 may not be drowned upon any fuclden vio- 
 lent fhowers, or long continuance of rain r 
 they generally breed three times a year, if 
 they meet with no difturbance or cafualties 
 by the way ; and if the weather be fine and 
 warm, they go very fooh to neft. The firfl 
 commonly is hatched in Aprii, and fome- 
 times the latter endof-A/itrc/', the fecond in 
 May, and the third in y««^; but the firft birds 
 generally pi'ove the Itouteft and beft : they 
 may be taken from the neft at fourteen days 
 old, but mufl- be kept warm and neat, not 
 letting them fit upon their dung, if it fall 
 into their neft, but to order it fo, they may 
 dung over their neft, while they are young 
 and fmall. They fliould be fed with raw 
 meat, and fome bread chopped and mixed 
 together with hempfeed bruifed ; which 
 bread is to be wet and mingled with the 
 meat. When they begin to be well feather- 
 ed, put them into a large cage, v/ith fome 
 dry mofs in the bottom, and let them have 
 two or three perches, that they may fit or 
 lie at pleafure ; for if not kept clean, they 
 are fubjeft to the cramp, and will never 
 fing, nor delight in themfelves : you may, 
 by degrees, leave off" giving the fheep's 
 heart, for bread and hempfeed will do ; but 
 be fure to let them have frefh water twice a 
 week, that they may bathe and prune them- 
 felves, 
 
 5, The heath-throftle, the fmalleft of the 
 three forts we have in England, and is known 
 by his dark breaft : in fome countries they 
 are called Mavifes ; for they differ in their 
 colour, fong, and way of breeding : the 
 
 cock 
 
TIC 
 
 cock heath-throftle hath-much fwfeeter notes 
 than the wood-fong throftle, is neater in 
 his plume, and fo to be preferred before 
 him. The hen builds by the heath-fide, 
 either in a furz-bufli, or by a ditch-fide, in 
 the flump of an old hawthorn, and feldom 
 haunts the woods and fhaws, as the other 
 does ; her neft is very difficult to be found, 
 .which fhe builds with long, green ground 
 mofs, making it much deeper, and lefs 
 than the former : Ihe begins not to hatch 
 till the middle of April; breeds twice a year, 
 and is a fine, tame, neat bird, if well fed, 
 and kept clean from dung and vermin. Her 
 young are to be brought up in every refpeft 
 after the fame manner as is here ordered for 
 the other fort. 
 
 There are feveral methods laid down to 
 diftinguifh the cock from, the hen ; but to 
 avoid needlefs particulars, firll view his gul- 
 let, whether it be white, with black llreaks 
 on each fide ; then if he hath large and black 
 fpots upon his breaft, and the colour of his 
 head of a light ihining brown, with black 
 flreaks under the eye, and upon the pinion 
 of the wing; if you find thefe marks, you 
 .are right in your choice : but if you would 
 not fail, bring up the whole brood, and as 
 you will find in a fhort time after they feed 
 themfelves, that they all record to them- 
 felves ; yet take notice, that the hen does it 
 with fhort catches and jerks, and continues 
 it not long; whereas the cock is full, and 
 you perceive his gullet to extend much more 
 than the others, and to fing much oftener 
 than the hen. Having made this obferva- 
 tion two or three times, take him out of 
 the cage, mark him, and then put him in 
 again. 
 
 TICK, an infirmity in a horfe, when he 
 prefTes the edge of the manger with his up- 
 per teeth, and gives a kind of belch through 
 the throat, by which means he lofes part of 
 his oats. 
 
 TICKIvISH IN THE Manage: A horfe 
 is faid to be ticklilh, that is, too tender up- 
 on the fpur, and too fenfible, that does not 
 freely fly the fpurs, but in fome meafure re- 
 fifts them, throwing himfel flip, v/hea they 
 Qome near and prick his Ikin, 
 
 T I T 
 
 1 a male hawk fo called. 
 
 TIERCEL, 
 
 TERCE, i" becaufe he is a third part 
 lefs than the female in bisnefs and flrength. 
 
 ro TIMBER [in Falconry] is to neflle, 
 or make a neft as birds of prey do. 
 
 TIRING : if this befal a horfe in travel- 
 ling, or a hunting-match, or the like, the 
 beft helps you can give him, is warm wine 
 to drink, and bleed him in the mouth, and 
 to let him lick up and Avallow the fame ; 
 and if there are nettles to be had where 
 you are, rub his mouth, and flieath him 
 well with them, and afterwards ride him 
 gently to his relting place, and fet him up 
 warm., and before you go to bed give him 
 half a dozen fpoonfuls of aqua vit^e, with as 
 much provender as he will eat ; the next 
 morning rub his legs with fheep's-foot oil, 
 and it will caufe a frefli agility in his 
 limbs. 
 
 Some bleed the horfe in the neck vein, 
 and the next day give him a glifter, with 
 an ounce and a half of fal polychreftum, 
 and the next day caufe him to drink a pound 
 and half of olive-oil, and keep him bridled 
 for two hours after. 
 
 TIRING [in Falconry] is giving the 
 hawk a leg or pinion of a pullet to pluck 
 at. 
 
 TIT, a little horfe, and fome call a horfe 
 of a middle fize a double tit. 
 
 TIT-L4RK; this bird is fhort in his 
 fong, and no variety in it, yet fome fancy 
 him for his whifking, turning and chewing;? 
 finging moft like the canary-bird of any bird 
 whatfoever. He commonly appears the be- 
 ginning o{ April, and leaves us at the begin- 
 ning of September. 
 
 When they are taken, they are fed aS 
 the nightingale is ; they muft be crammed 
 at firft, for they will not feed themfelves, 
 by reafon they always feed on live meat ia 
 the field ; for which caufe he is unacquainted 
 with the meat we offer him : when he comes, 
 to feed of himfel f, he will eat what the 
 wood-lark eats, or almoft any other. 
 
 There is no taking the old ones but with 
 a net, fuch as all other birds are catched 
 with. 
 
 This bird breeds about the latter end of 
 
 Jprity 
 
TON 
 
 jiprily or beginning of i\fr/v, and builds Tier 
 Tietl on the ground by feme pond fide, or 
 ditcli-fide, or in a garden in liigh grafs, and 
 makes her nell of dead grafs and a few fmall 
 roots; commonly lays fix eggs, or five at 
 leaft, and has her young by the middle of 
 Mayy -which flie feeds with caterpillars and 
 flies. 
 
 Thefe birds are very eafily brought up, 
 being hardy, and not fubjeft to colds and 
 cramps as other birds are, but live long if 
 ,prefervcd with care. 
 
 TOE BtFORE, AND QuARTER BEHIND, 
 
 [with Farriers] a rule which they obferve 
 in flioeing horfes, or, as it is commonly ex- 
 preficd, before behind, and behind before. 
 
 By toe before is meant, that »you may 
 give the nails a good hold upon the toes 
 of the fore-feet; becaufe there the horn is 
 very thick, which is not in the quarters of 
 the fore-feet, for there the horn is thin, and 
 you would hazard the pricking the horfc. 
 See Quarter behind, and Opening a 
 Horse's heels. 
 
 TONGUE OF A Horse, fliould be fmall, 
 or elfe it will be difficult to keep the bit 
 from prefTingit ; which caufing the tongue 
 -to extend over his bars, and to cover them, 
 will render his feeling of the preffure of the 
 ..bit dull, by hindering it's operation and 
 cfteft upon the bars. 
 
 TONGUE-HURT, is what befals a 
 horfe by accident, or by a bit, halter or 
 the like. 
 
 For the cure ; fome boil water in leaves of 
 wood-bine, primrofe, blackberry and knot 
 .grafs, with fome honey, adding a little allum ; 
 with this they wafh the horfe's fore of his 
 tongue two or three times a day with a clout 
 tied to a piece of ftick, the liquor being 
 lukewarm. 
 
 Or anoint with mel rofatum. ; but when- 
 ever you drefs either tongue or mouth, do 
 not fail to tie the horfe up to the tack for 
 an hour after it. 
 
 Some take red honey, the marrow of 
 powdered pork, quick lime and pepper, 
 made into fine powder, of each a like quan- 
 tity, and boil them together till they come' 
 to an ointoient, and rub the part with it twicei 
 a day. i 
 
 T R A 
 
 TOP- ANGLING with a worm requires 
 a line without float or lead. The bait mud 
 be drawn up and down the ftream on the top 
 of the water. This method iliould only be 
 ufed when the weather is fine, and the water 
 clear ; it is fometimes fuccefsful in fifhing 
 for a trout and falmon-fmalts. 
 
 TORCHENESS, is a long flick with a 
 hole at the end of it through wliich we run a 
 ftrap of leather ; the two ends of which be- 
 ing tied together, ferve to ftraighten clofely 
 and tie up a horfe's nofe, as long as the flick 
 is flayed upon the halter or fnaffle. 
 
 This is done to keep the horfe from be- 
 ing unruly when they go to drefs him, or 
 upon any other occafion. 
 
 TOWRUS [with Hunters] a roebuck, 
 eager for copulation, is faid to go to her 
 tovv'rus. 
 
 TRACE OF A Hare, is her footing in the 
 fnow, diftindt from her other treadings, 
 called doubling, foring and pricking. 
 
 TRACES, are alfo the treads of raven- 
 ous beafts, as wolves, wild bears, -tsff . 
 
 TRACT [with Huntfmen] the footing 
 of a wild boar. 
 
 TRAIN [in Falconry] the tail or train 
 of an hawk. 
 
 TRAIN SCENTS [with Hunters] a 
 dead hare or cat dragged along the ground 
 for the training of hounds. 
 
 TRAMEL, a machine for teaching a 
 horfe to amble, which is formed after the 
 following manner : 
 
 The fide ropes mufl be made of the befl, 
 fineft, and flrongefl packthread, fuchasTiKr- 
 key thread, and twilled by the rope-maker 
 into a delicate flrong cord, yet mufl not be 
 above thebignefs of a fmall jack line, with 
 a noofe or loop at each end, as flrong as pof- 
 fible can be made ; neither fhould they be 
 twifted too hard, but gentle and with an 
 yielding quality, which will bring the mo- 
 tion more eafily on, and prevent the tra- 
 mel from hrealiing. 
 
 Thefe fide-ropes mufl be in length thirty 
 fix inches for a horfe of an ordinary flature, 
 and either longer or fhorter, according to 
 his fize, and (o equal one with another, .riiat 
 you cannot difcern any difference-. 
 
 The 
 
 4 
 
T R A 
 
 2. The hofe which muft be placed in the 
 iinali of the fore- leg, and the fmall of the 
 hinder-leg above the paflern-joint, muft be 
 made of fine girth-web, that is foft and 
 pliant, and joined with double cotton. 
 
 Over the girth-web muft be faftened ftrong 
 tabbs of white neats-leather well tallowed, 
 fyited to an even length, and ftamped with 
 holes at equal diftances, which may pafs 
 through the noofes of the fide ropes, and be 
 made longer or fliorter at pleai'ure, with 
 very ftrong buckles. 
 
 Thefe hofe arc alfo to be made-faft about 
 the horfe's legs, with fmall buckles, and 
 tlie hofe of the girth ftiould be four inches 
 in length, and the long tabbs with the large 
 buckles ten inches. 
 
 3. The back-band which is fit for no other 
 ufe but to bear up the fide-ropes, fhould, if 
 you tramel all four legs, be made of fine 
 girth-web, and lined with cotton ; but if 
 you tramel but one fide, then a common 
 tape will ferve, taking care that it carries 
 the fide-ropes in an even line, without ei- 
 ther rifing or falling : for if it rifes it fiiort- 
 ens the fide-rope, and if it falls there is 
 danges of its entangling. 
 
 As to the u/e of the TRAMEL ; bring the 
 horfe into an even fmooth path, and he be- 
 ing made faft about his legs, untie the long 
 tabbs of his near fore-leg and near hinder- 
 leg ; then put to them the fide-rope, and 
 take care that the horfe ftand at that juft 
 proportion, which nature herfelf has form'd 
 him in, without either ftraining or enlarging 
 his limbs, and in that even and juft length, 
 ftay the fide-rope by the fmall tape faftened 
 up to the faddle ; then with your hand on 
 the bridle, ftraightening his head, put him 
 gently forward, and (if there be occafion) 
 let another perfon put him forward alfo, and 
 ib force him to amble up and down the road 
 with all the gentlenefs that may be, fuffering 
 him to take his own time, that he may 
 thereby come to underftand his reftraint, 
 and what motion you would have him per- 
 form. 
 
 And although he Ihould fnapper or ftum- 
 ble, or perhaps fall now and then, yet it 
 matters not ; do you only ftay his head, give 
 
 T R A 
 
 him leave to rife, and put him forwards 
 again with all gentlenefs, till the horfe find- 
 ing his own fault, and underftanding the 
 motion, he will becom.e perfect, and amble 
 in your hand to your fatisfadlion. 
 
 For the doing this with the more eafe and: 
 lefs amazement to the horfe, it will not be 
 amifs if you give the fide-ropes the more 
 length than ordinary at his firil tramelling, 
 both that the twitches may be lefs fudden, 
 and the motion coming more gently, the 
 horfe may fooner apprehend it. 
 
 But as foon as he is arrived at any perfec- 
 tion in the pace, put the fides to their true 
 length, for an inch too long is a foot too; 
 How in the pace, and an inch too fhort, will 
 caufe rolling, a twitching up of the legs, 
 and indeed, a kind of downright halting. 
 
 When the horfe will thus amble in your 
 hand perfectly with the tramel on one fide,. 
 you may then change it to. the other fide, 
 and make him amble in your hand as be- 
 fore ; and thus you muft do^ changing from 
 one fide to another, till with this half- 
 tramel he will run and amble in your hand 
 without fnappering or ftumbling,. both rea- 
 dily and fwiftly. 
 
 Having attained to this, which may be 
 effefled in two or three hours labour, if 
 there be any traiSlablcnefs, you may put on- 
 the whole tramel, with the broad,, flat back- 
 band, tramelling both fides equally, and fo 
 run him in your hand at the utmolt length 
 of the bridle along the road feveral times ; 
 then paufe, cheriih him, and to it again : 
 and ply him thus, till you have brought him 
 to amble fwiftly, truly, and readily, when, 
 where, and how you plcafe. 
 
 Then put him upon uneven and uncertain 
 ways, as up hill and down hill, where there 
 are clots and roughnefs, and where 'there is 
 hollownefs and falfe treading. ^ 
 
 When the horfe is become perfeft in your 
 hand upon all thefe motions, you may let a 
 boy or groom upon his back, making him 
 amble, while you ftay his head to prevent 
 danger, or to obferve how he ftrikes. 
 
 Afterwards mount yourfelf, and with all 
 gentlenefs encreafe his pace more and morcj 
 till he becomes perfeft ; and as you did be-, 
 
 for,« 
 
T R A 
 
 fore with your hand, fo do now on his back, 
 firlt with the half tramel, then with the 
 whole, changing the tramel often from the 
 one fide to the other, and alio change the 
 ground, which Ihwild be done two or three 
 times a day. 
 
 When you have brought the horfe to per- 
 fe«5lion, you may lay afide the tramel and 
 ride him without it ; but do this in a high- 
 way and not in a private fmooth road, which 
 affords but a deceitful pace, and v/ill be left 
 upon every fmall wearinefs ; therefore pace 
 him on the high-way three or four miles in 
 a morning, and in cafe you find him forfake 
 his gait, either through wearinefs, pcevifh- 
 nefs, or ignorance, always carrying the half 
 tramel in your pocket, alight and put it on ; 
 and thus continue to exercife him, giving 
 him eafe now and then, and at lall bring him 
 home in his true pace. 
 
 TRAMEL, an inflrrument, or device, 
 fometimes of leather, more ufually of rope, 
 fitted to a horfe's legs, to regulate his mo- 
 tions, and form him to amble. 
 
 TRAMELLED, a horfe is faid to be tra- 
 melled that has blazes or white marks upon 
 the fore and hind feet on one fide, as the 
 far foot before and behind. 
 
 He is fo called from refemblance of the 
 white foot to the hofes of a half tramel. 
 
 Gross-TRAMELLED Horse, is one that 
 has white marks on two of his feet that ftand 
 crofs-wife, like St. Andrew's crofs; as in the 
 far fore-foot, and the near hind-foot ; or in 
 the near foot before, and the far foot be- 
 hind. 
 
 TRAMEL-NET, is a long net for the 
 taking great and fmall fowl with by night, 
 in champaign countries ; much like the net 
 ufed for the low-bell both in fhape, bignefs, 
 and melhes. 
 
 It is to be fpread on the ground, fo that 
 the nether or farther end of it, plumbed 
 with fmall plummets of lead, may lie loofe 
 thereon ; then bearing up the other part, by 
 the ftrength of men at the foremoft ends, 
 only trail it along the ground, not fuffering 
 that end which is bore up to come near the 
 ground by at leafl: a yardj when this is 
 done, at each fide of the net mud be car- 
 
 T R A 
 
 ried great blazing lights of fire, by which 
 men ihould go to raile the birds, and as 
 they rife under the net, fo take them ; after 
 which manner you may pafs over the whole 
 corn-field, or rather champaign ground. 
 See Low-Bell ayid Hand-Net. 
 
 TRANCHEFILE, is the crofs-chain of 
 a bridle xXv^i runs along the bitt-mouth from 
 one branch to the other. 
 
 TRAVELLING-HORSE, a horfe fit for 
 journeying, the choice of which confifts 
 chiefly in his ftrength j you are to obferve 
 that his joints be ftrong, his pafterns fhort 
 and ftrait, without bending in his going, his 
 hoofs tough and hollow ; let his nature be 
 temperate, neither too furious nor too dull; 
 and being thus qualified, let him be fed 
 with good hay in the winter, and good grafs 
 in the fummer; let his provender be good 
 dry oats, peafe, beans, or bread, according 
 to his ftomach, whereof in time of reft, 
 half a peck at a watering is fufiicient, but 
 in time of labour, as much 'as he can eat 
 with an appetite. 
 
 When you travel hirn, let him be watered 
 two hours before you ride; then rub, drefs, 
 and luftiiy feed him, after which bridle and 
 let him ftand half an hour before you back 
 him ; and on your journey let him be fed 
 betimes for all night, that he may the fooner 
 take his reft; and in the morning travel him 
 moderately, till his wind be racked, and his 
 limbs be warmed, and then proceed as your 
 affairs require ; but at night be ^lire to wa- 
 ter him two miles before you come to your 
 journey's end, then the warmer you bring 
 him to his inn the better; neither walk nor 
 wafti him, the one begets cold, and the 
 other foundering, in the iztx. or body, but 
 fet him up warm, well ftopped and well 
 rubbed, with clean litter; and give him no 
 meat while his outward parts are hot, or 
 moift with fweat, as the ear-roots, the flanks, 
 the neck, or part v;ider his chops; but 
 being dry, rub him, and feed him accord- 
 ing to the goodnefs of his appetite, which 
 to get in him, change his food, or wafli his 
 tongue, or noftrils with vinegar, v>'ine, fait, 
 or warm urine : again, ftop not his feet with 
 cow dung, till he be fufficiently cold, and 
 
 that 
 
T R A 
 
 that the blood and humours which were dif- 
 perfed be fettled in their proper places. 
 
 Look well to his back that the faddle hurt 
 him not, the girths that they do not gall, and 
 his fhoes that they are large, faft on, and 
 eafy : let him neither eat or drink when hot, 
 nor prefently after travel j as to the labour- 
 ing of him, let it be moderate, when tiie 
 weather is neither extream hot or cold, that 
 fo you may avoid extream heats, and fudden 
 colds, and travel him not too late, that you 
 may fee him well dried and fed, before you 
 take your own reft ; neither take the faddle 
 fuddenly off his back. 
 
 He may be fed with horfc bread, made 
 of clean beans, peafe and vetches, are very 
 good, and all his meat and drink fhould be 
 exceeding clean and fweet ; fbanding water 
 is better for him than river water, which is 
 too piercing : he fliould be tied in the ftable 
 with two reins, and often rid on ftony ways, 
 in order to his better feeling his feet, and 
 hardening his hoofs. 
 
 The beft litter is a bed of wheat-ftraw, 
 above his knees, though barley-ftraw is the 
 fofteft, but a horfe will covet to eat that, 
 which is not wholefome for him ; whereas 
 wheat-ftraw, though it be not fo foft to lie 
 upon, yet it is wholefome for him to eat ; 
 and as for oat-ftraw, it is the beft to lie 
 upon. 
 
 As for the dreffing part, let him be cur- 
 ried twice a day, and be rubbed well with 
 the hands and with a rubber ; his head fliould 
 be rubbed with a v/et cloth, and his cods 
 rubbed Vv-ith a dry one, to prevent his being 
 fcabby between his legs ; and his foretop 
 mane and tail Ihould be combed with a wet 
 mane-comb, obferving where the horfe's 
 hair is thinneft, to curry the gentleft. 
 
 He fhould be clean and dry in the ftable, 
 no fwine lying near it, nor any poultry fuf- 
 fered to come within it j and for the ftable 
 it ftiould always be light, towards the fouth 
 and north, yet fo that the north windows in 
 winter may be ftiut clofe at pleafure ; the 
 planchers fhould lie even and level, that the 
 horfe may ftand at his eafe, and not prove 
 lame by too much oppofing his hinder-feet -, 
 there fhould be no mud- wall within his reach, 
 
 T R A 
 
 for he will naturally covet to eat it, thai 
 which nothing is more umvholefome. 
 
 In feeding give him chopt wheat-ftraw 
 amongft his provender, it being a great 
 cleanfer of the body, and let the hay- bottles 
 be fmall, but tied very hard i for fo your 
 horfe will eat with a better ftomach, and 
 make leaft wafte ; and as it will prove to be 
 very wholefome to fprinkle water upon his 
 hay, fo fenugreek is fovereign upon his pro- 
 vender, the firft being good for wind, and 
 the other for worms. Let him be exercifed 
 daily, which will beget him a good appe- 
 tite to his meat. 
 
 You may once a year purge him with grafs 
 or green blades of corn, called forrage, for 
 fifteen days together ; but before you purge 
 him in any cafe, let him blood, and while 
 he is purging, let him have no provender j 
 and as a horfe after travel has always more 
 blood than any other beaft whatever, it is 
 therefore good to take blood from him, in 
 order to prevent the yellows or other dif- 
 tempers which may enfue. 
 
 In cafe you fhould come late to your inn, 
 fo that the journey be great and preffing, and 
 that the horfe refufes to eat till he has drank, 
 though he be hot, then let his drink be milk 
 given him in the dark, left the whitenefs 
 make him refufe it, this being both cordial 
 and pleafiint; but if you cannot get milk 
 enough, then mix it with water luke warm ; 
 and if the horfe by labour or any forfeit be 
 brought low, lean and weak, give him to 
 drink mare's milk for many days together, 
 which will ftrengthen him very much. 
 
 "When he is at reft in the winter, water 
 him between fix and feven in the morning, 
 and four and five in the evening, but it is 
 not good to wafh him when he is hot, yet 
 he may be waflied above his knees, pro- 
 vided you do not wafii his belly, and that 
 you ride him afterwards, and il^ fee him up 
 and drefs him, and the purer the water 
 wherein he is waflied is, the wholefomer it 
 is, fo that it be not extrerine cold ; if the 
 horfe be fick, he muft have his water at four 
 times, and not as much as he will drink at 
 once ; let him. ftand two or three hours every 
 day without meat j and always obferve that 
 1 i i ri]b- 
 
T R E 
 
 rubbing much, hard and well, does pre- 
 ll-rve and keep both legs and body in 
 Itrength, and he delights much therein, 
 and it does much better than a great deal 
 of meat. 
 
 In travelling, aJight at every fteep hill, 
 both to refrclh the horfe, and yourfelf, 
 look often to the fiddle, and his fhoes ; 
 and after his journey, pick and cleanfe tlie 
 foles of his feet, ftuffing them well with 
 ox dung, as before direfted, and anoint his 
 legs with greafe, tar, and turpentine. See 
 Journey. 
 
 TRAVES, a kind of Ihackles for a horfe, 
 that is in teaching to amble or pace. 
 
 TRAVERSE, a horfe is faid to traverfe 
 when he cuts his tread crofswife, throwing 
 his croup to one fide, and his head to 
 another. 
 
 TRAVE, 1 a place inclofed with rails 
 
 TRAVISE, i for fhoeing an unruly horfe. 
 
 TRAVICE, is a fmall inclofure or ob- 
 long quadrangle, placed before a farrier's 
 fhop, and confiiling of four pillars or pofts 
 kept together by crofs poles ; the inclofure 
 being defigned for holding and keeping in 
 a horfe that is apt to be unruly or diforder- 
 ly in time of fhoeing, or of any operation. 
 
 TREAD OF A Horse is good, if it be 
 firm and without refting upon one fide of 
 the foot more than upon the other, or fet- 
 ting down the toe or heel one before the 
 other : if he fets his heels firft to the 
 ground, then it is a fign that he is foun- 
 dered in his {tety but if he fets his toes firft 
 to the ground, it fhews that he has 
 been a draught horfe : therefore the 
 whole foot fhould be kt down equally at 
 the fame inftant of time, and turned neither 
 out nor in. 
 
 TREPINGER ; is the aftion of a horfe 
 who beats the duft with his fore-feet in 
 managing, without imbracing the volt ; 
 and who makes his motions and times 
 fhort, and near the ground, without being 
 put upon his haunches. 
 
 This is generally the fault of fuch horfes 
 as have not their fhoulders fupple, and at 
 liberty, and withal have fcarce any motion 
 with them. 
 
 T R O 
 
 A horfe may trepinger in going upon-»>. 
 ftrait light. 
 
 TRIDE, a word fignifying Ihort and 
 fwift. 
 
 A tride-pace, is a going of fliort and 
 fwift motions, though united and eafy. 
 
 A horfe is faid to work tride upon 
 volts, when the times he marks with his 
 haunches are fhort and ready. Some 
 apply the word only to the motion of the 
 haunches. 
 
 TRIP, OR Stumble; a horfe is faid to 
 trip when he makes a falfe ftep. 
 
 TRIP, [with Hunters] a herd, or com,- 
 pany of goats. 
 
 TRIP, a fhort journey. 
 TRISTA, 1 is a privilege by which a 
 TRISTIS, i perfon is freed from his at- 
 tendance on the Lord of a foreft, when Ke 
 goes a hunting ; fo as not to be obliged 
 to hold a dog, follow the chace^ or Hand 
 at a place appointed. 
 
 TRIMMER-ANGLING is very ufeful 
 in a meer, canal, or pond, and even in the 
 ftill part of a river. This requires a round 
 cork, fix inches in diameter, with a groo\?e 
 on which to wind up your line, except fo 
 much of it near the hook as will allow the 
 bait to hang about mid-water, and like- 
 wife fo much of th-e other end aswill reach 
 to the bank, or a bufh, where it is to be fatt- 
 ened. In. this pofition you may. leave it to 
 take its chance, whilft you are angling elfe- 
 where. As foon as the pike takes the bait, 
 and runs away with it, the line unwinds 
 itfelf off" the trimmer, without giving him 
 the leaft check. However, when you come 
 to take up your line, give it a jerk, as in 
 other filliing, and then your prey will be 
 more fecure. This is a good method of 
 fifhing in the night. See Angling. 
 
 To TROAT, [with Sportfmen] fignifies 
 to cry as a buck does at rutting time. 
 
 TROACHINGS, [with Hunters] the 
 fmall branches on the top of a deer's 
 head. 
 
 TROLL, a certain way of fifhing for 
 pikes with a rod, the line of which, runs 
 out in a reel. See fijhing for Pike. 
 
 TROTi 
 
T R O 
 
 TROT; is one of the natural paces of 
 a horfe, which is two legs up in the air, 
 and two upon the ground, at the fame time 
 crofs-wife, or in the form of a St. Andrew's 
 Crofs. 
 
 As in the amble, the horfe is to be flayed 
 upon the hand, and prefled forward with 
 the calves of the legs of the rider, one 
 after the other, fo, on the contrary, if the 
 horfe be walking, and you would have him 
 trot, you muft flack your bridle-hand, and 
 prefs him on with both your calves, at one 
 and the fame time ; which will oblige him 
 to advance the hind leg of the fide, with 
 which he did not lead, fooner than other- 
 v/ife he would do, and fo move at the very 
 fame inftant with the fore-leg of that fide 
 with which he begun to lead, which is the 
 true aftion of the trot; that is, the hind-leg 
 of one fide and fore leg of the other, at 
 one and the fame time. 
 
 The TROT of a Horse is good if it 
 be firm, without refting upon one fide of 
 the foot before the other, or fetting down 
 one toe or heel before the other : fome 
 horfes, notwithftandingthey raife, flay, and 
 tread well, have a bad walk, and therefore 
 you are to take notice whether he walks 
 quickly, and alfo lighdy on the hand, not 
 preiTing or refting too much on the bitt, 
 but always changing a point, keeping his 
 head high, with a quick motion of his 
 Ihoulders. 
 
 He walks eafily when his fore and hind 
 feet make but as it were one motion ; and 
 furely, when he treads firm and fure, and 
 lifts up his legs indifterent high ; but if he 
 does not bend them enough, he will be cold 
 in his walk (as they rail it) and apt to 
 flrike upon the flones and clods. 
 
 TROUSSEQyiN, is a piece of wood, 
 cut archwife, raifed above the hinder bow 
 of a great faddle, which ferves to keep the 
 bolflers firm. 
 
 There are {om&Dntch faddles, called /f/A'j 
 razes, which have a low trouffequin. 
 
 TROUT, a delicious frefh water fifli, 
 which is obferved to come in, and go out 
 •of feafon, with the flag and buck, and 
 §)awns about O^ohr and Novemkr, which 
 
 T R O 
 
 is the more admirable, becaufe mofl other 
 fifh fpawn in warm weather, when the fun 
 by it's heat has cheriflied the earth and 
 water, making them fit for generation. 
 There are feveral forts of this fifli highly 
 valuable; fuch as the fordage-trout, the 
 armerley-trout, the bull-trout, in Northutn- 
 berland, &c. but it is obfervable, that the 
 red and yellow trouts are the befb; and as 
 to their fex, the female has the preference, 
 having a lefs head and deeper body than 
 the male : by their large back you may 
 know that they are in feafon, with the like 
 note for all other fifh. 
 
 They are all the winter fick, lean, and 
 unwhoiefome, and often found to be loufy : 
 thefe trouts-lice are a fmall worm, with a 
 big head, flicking clofe to the fifli's fides, 
 and facking moiflure from him that gave 
 them being ; neither is he freed from them 
 till the fpring, or beginning of fnmmer, 
 at Vv'hich time his flrength increafcs ; then 
 he deferts the deep flill waters, and betakes 
 himfelf to gravelly ground, againfl which 
 he ceafes not rubbing himfelf till he is 
 cleanfed from that loufinefs : from that in- 
 ftant he delights to be in fiiarp ftreams, and 
 fuch as are fwift, where he will lie in wait 
 for minnows and May flies ; at the latter 
 end of v^hich month he is in his prime, be- 
 ing flatteft and beft. 
 
 They are ufually caught with a worm, 
 minnow, or fly, either natural or artificial. 
 There are feveral forts of worms which are 
 baits proper for the angler; as the earth- 
 worm, dung-worm, the maggot or gentle ; 
 but for the trout, the lob-worm and brand- 
 ling are accounted the beft, or fquirrel-tail, 
 having a red head ftreaked down the back, 
 and a broad tail. Take notice, that with 
 whatever fort of worms you fifh, they are 
 better for keeping, which may be in an 
 earthen pot v/ith mofs, which muft be 
 changed once in three or four days in the 
 fummer, and in twice as long time in the 
 winter. 
 
 Further directions for taking a 'Trout. 
 
 If you would do this with ground bait, 
 I i i 2 in 
 
T R O 
 
 m the firll place, you muft have a neat 
 taper rod, light befoie, with a tender hazle 
 top. You may angle with a Tingle hair of 
 five lengths, the one tied to the other, for 
 the botrom of the line, and a line of three 
 haired links for the upper part; and fo, if 
 he have room enough, you may take the 
 largell trout in the river. 
 
 He who angles with a, line made of three 
 haired links at the bottom, and more at 
 top, may take trouts ; but he who angles 
 with a fmgle hair, fhall lake five to his one; 
 for this filh is very quick fighted, therefore 
 the angler muft keep out of fight, whether 
 it be by day or night, and he muft angle 
 •with the point of his rod down the ftream. 
 
 He muft begin to angle in March-, with 
 ground baits all day long ; but if it prove 
 clear and bright, he muft take the morning 
 and evening, or el fe his labour will be in vain. 
 
 He that angles with ground-bait, muft 
 fit his tackle to his rod, and begin at the 
 upper end of the ftream, carrying his line 
 with an upright hand, feeling his plummet 
 running on the ground fome ten inches 
 from the hook, plumbing his line accord- 
 ing to the fwiftneis of the ftream that he 
 angles in ; for one plummet will not ferve 
 for all ftreams. 
 
 For his bait, let him take the red knot- 
 ted worm, which is very good where brand- 
 lings are not to be had. 
 
 The minnow (or as fome call it, the 
 penk) is a fingular bait for a trout, for he 
 will coine as boldly at it, as a mallifi^ dog 
 at a bear. It will be advantageous to him 
 to ufe a line of three filks, and three hairs 
 twifted for the uppermoft part of the line, 
 and two filks and two hairs twifted for the 
 bottom, next the hook, with a fwivel nigh 
 to the middle of his line, with an indifie- 
 rent large hook. 
 
 ■ If you filh for a trout by hand on the 
 ground, take a lob or garden-worm, and 
 and put your hook into it a little above the 
 middle, and out again a little below 
 the fame ; then draw your worm above 
 the arming of your hook, making your 
 firft entrance at the tail, that the point of 
 the hook may come out at the head. 
 
 T R O 
 
 When you fifli with the minnow, chufe 
 the whitett and middle fized, thofe being 
 the beft, and fo place him on your hook, 
 that he may turn round when he is drawn 
 againft the ftreani. 
 
 The beft way of baiting with the min- 
 now is thus : put your hook in at his 
 mouth, and out at his gill, drawing it 
 through about three inches ; then put the 
 hook again into his mouth, and let the 
 point and beard come out at his tail ; then 
 tie the hook and his tail about with a 
 fine white thread, and let the body of the 
 minnow be almoft ftrait upon the hook ; 
 thus done, try againft the ftream whether 
 it will turn ; which it cannot do too faft : 
 for want of a minnow, a fmall loach, or 
 ftickle-back, will ferve. 
 
 The angler muft angle with the point 
 of his rod down the ftream, drawing the 
 minnow up the ftream by little and little, 
 near the top of the water ; the trout feeing 
 the bait, will come moft fiercely at it ; but 
 the angler muft not then prefently ftrike ; 
 this a true way without lead, for many 
 times they will forfake the lead, and come 
 to the minnow. 
 
 How to angle with a Fly for a Trout. 
 
 In the firft place let the angler fit him- 
 felf with a hazle of one piece or two, fet 
 conveniently together, light and pliable. 
 
 The lower part of his line, next tlie fly, 
 muft be of three or four haired links; but 
 if he can attain, as aforefaid, to angle 
 with a fingle hair, he will meet with more 
 profit andpleafure. 
 
 Before he begins to angle, having the 
 wind on his back, let him try how far he 
 can caft his line, or at what length his fly, 
 and let him take care that the fly fall firft 
 on the water ; for if any of the line light 
 on the water, he had better to have ftood, 
 ftill, than to have thrown at all. 
 
 He muft always caft down the ftream, 
 with the wind behind, and the fun before 
 him ; it is a great advantage to have either 
 fun or moon before him. 
 
 Mar(h is the month for beginning to 
 
 angle 
 
T U M 
 
 angle with the fly; but if the weather 
 prove windy or cloudy, there are fevcral 
 forts of palmers that are good at that 
 time : the firft is the black palmer, ribbed 
 with filver : the fecond a black palmer with 
 an orange tawny body : thirdly, a palmer 
 whofe body is all black : laftly, there is a 
 red palmer ribbed with gold, and a red 
 hackle, mixed with orange crewel. 
 
 Thefe flies ferve all the year long, morn- 
 ing and evening, whether windy or cloudy 
 weather ; but if the air proves ferene, he 
 may then imitate the haw thorn fly, which 
 is all. black and very fmall ; the fmaller the 
 better. 
 
 He may alio ufe other flies, as the May- 
 fiy, i^c. as his fancy leads him. See the 
 Article Fi-v. 
 
 TROUT-COLOURED Horse, is a 
 white, fpeckled with fpots of black, bay, 
 or forrel, particularly about the head and 
 neck. 
 
 TRUSSED ; a horfe is faid to be" well 
 trufled, when his thighs are large, and pro- 
 portioned to the roundnefs of the croup. 
 
 A horfe is faid to be ill trufl^ed, when his 
 thighs are thin, and bear no proportion to 
 the breadth of the croup. 
 
 TRUSSING [in Falconry] is a hawk's 
 raifing any fowl or prey aloft ; foaring 
 up, and then defcending with it to the 
 ground. 
 
 TUEL ;^ the fundament of a horfe. 
 TUEL [with Hunters] the fundament of 
 any wild beaft. 
 
 r^f TUMBLER; the name of this dog 
 is derived from the French^ 'Tumbit:r, which 
 fignifies to tumble; and is called vertagus 
 in Latin, from vertere, to turn or tumble, 
 and fo they do ; for in hunting they turn 
 and tumble, winding their bodies about 
 circularly, and then fiercely and violently 
 venturing on the beaft, do fuddenly gripe 
 it at the very entrance or mouth of their 
 holes and receptacles, before they can make 
 any recovery of felf fecurity. 
 
 This dog ufeth alfo another craft and fub- 
 tilty ; namely, when he runneth into a 
 warren, or fetches a courfe about a coney- 
 borough, he hunts not after them, nor does 
 
 T U M 
 
 any way afright them ; he fliews no fpite 
 againft them, but diflembling friendfliip, 
 and pretending favour, pafl^es by withquiet- 
 nefs and filence, marking their holes dili- 
 gently, wherein he is feldom deceived. 
 
 When he comes to a place where there 
 is a certainty of conies, he couches down 
 clofe with his belly to the ground, pro- 
 vided always that by his fl<.ill and policy, 
 that the wind be againft him in that enter- 
 prize, and that the conies difcover him not 
 where he lurketh, by which means he gets 
 the fcent of the conies, which is carried 
 to him by the wind and air, either going 
 to their holes, or coming out ; either paf- 
 fing this way, or running that way, and by 
 his circumfpeftion fo orders his matters, 
 that the filly coney is debarred quite from 
 his hole (which is the haven of his hope, 
 and harbour of his fafety) and fraudulently 
 circumvented and taken, before he can 
 reach his hole. 
 
 Thus having caught his prey, he imme- 
 diately carries it to his mafter, who waits 
 for the return of his dog in fome conve- 
 nient lurking place. 
 
 Thefe dogs are fomewhat lefler than the 
 hounds, being Linker, leaner, and fome- 
 what prick-eared. 
 
 By the form and fafliion of their bodies, 
 they might be called mungrel grey hounds, 
 if they were fomev/hat bigger. 
 
 But though they do not equal the grey- 
 hound in fize, yet they will in the compafs 
 of one day, kill as many conies as fliall be 
 a fufficient load for a horfe ; for craft and 
 fubtilty are the inftruments whereby they 
 make this fpoil. 
 
 Tumours or hard Swellings in the Legs. 
 
 When the tumours are hard, and of long 
 continuance, take a pint of the horfe's own 
 urine, or that of a cow; half an ounce of 
 flour of brimftone, and a drachm of allum, 
 boil it away to the confumption of one 
 half; with this chafe the tumour every 
 morning and evening, then dip a rag into 
 it, and wrap it about it. Or, 
 
 If there are hard tumours in the leg or 
 
 thigh 
 
TU N 
 
 thigh, either in the fpiing, autumn, or 
 before ChriJlmaSy take five pounds of green 
 mallow-root (at- other times three pound of 
 the dried roots) pound them to mafli, boil 
 them gently with five quarts of water in a 
 kettle for two hours, then pour in as much 
 hot water as was boiled away, adding a 
 handful and a half of fage leaves, and con- 
 tinue to boil it -an hour and a half, or two 
 hours longer i then taking the kettle off the 
 tire, incorporate the wliole with a pound of 
 honey, and half a pound of black foap. 
 
 Let it cool till you can bear to thrull your 
 finger into it, and then add to it a pint, of 
 ftrong brandy. 
 
 Foment the fwelling daily with this bath, 
 and chafe it with a handful of the dregs 
 of it, and walk the horfe for half an hour 
 after it. 
 
 If you perceive it tends to a fuppuration, 
 .omit both, and apply bafilicon. 
 
 TUNITIAN Falcon ; is fo called from 
 Tunis in Barbary, the country where fhe 
 ufually makes her eyrie, is a bird of prey, 
 jiot much different from the lanner, yet 
 fomewhat lefs, though in foot and plume 
 much alike. She has a large round head, 
 is more creefe than the lanner, and heavier 
 and more fluggiih in her flight : however 
 they are excellent hawks for the river, lying 
 long upon the wing, and they will fly the 
 field alfo well enough ; they alfo naturally 
 delight to feize upon the hare, and will 
 ftrike boldly at her. 
 
 TUNNEL-NET ; a net for taking par- 
 xridges, which fhould not exceed fifteen feet 
 in length, nor be lefs than eighteen inches 
 in breadth, or opening for the entrance ; fee 
 theannexedcut, which fhews a tunnel fpreadj 
 it's length is from the letter A to G, it 
 mult be made narrow towards the end A, 
 fo as to have no more than five or fix inches 
 in height. 
 
 This net muft be made with a three twif- 
 ted thread, that muft not be too thick, die 
 it of a green, yellow, or ruflet colour ; the 
 mellies fhould be an inch and a half, or two 
 inches broad, the lower fhould be three, 
 more or lefs, according to the bignefs of 
 .the melhes. See Plate XV. 
 
 TUN 
 
 To carry on your works, inflead of melh 
 G to proceed with, take that on the other 
 fide, at H, and continue working round, 
 and fo to the fixth or feventh row, where 
 you are to take two mefhes at once in one 
 place only, in order to diminifh the net; 
 you are to do the fame thing every fourth 
 row, that the net may become narrow by 
 degrees, and when it comes to the point or 
 end, have no more than eight or ten mefhes 
 round. 
 
 When the net is finiflied, you muft put 
 into the hind melhes at the larger end, a 
 pretty fmooth wooden rod, about the big- 
 nefs of afuzee or mufket rammer, of which 
 you muft make as it were a hoop, and tie 
 both ends together on one another, to keep 
 it tight ; you muft add other fmaller ones 
 .by degrees, at the place marked with the 
 letters F, E, D, C, B, which muft be fet at 
 fuch diftances from one another, as fuits the 
 proportion of the length of the tunnel ; they 
 choofe to make ufe of thefe circles rather 
 than any other form, becaufe they may eafily 
 be placed in the bottom, between two ridges 
 of corn or fallow ground : now in order to 
 join or faften .the circles to the net, it will 
 be proper to put them into the row of 
 mefhes round, and with that fome thread to 
 tie both ends of the hoop together, that 
 they may always be in a good pofture ; you 
 muft faften to both fides of the circle of' 
 entrance, two ftakes or pegs, to keep the 
 extended net ftrait enough ; you muft place 
 another at A, of a foot long, at the end of 
 the net to keep it ftrait and ftiff enough ; 
 yoii muft make two plain halliers to accom- 
 pany the tunnel-net, whofe mefhes muft be 
 lozenge-wife, or four fquare ; each hallier 
 muft be feven or eight fathoms long, and 
 wlien they are made, faften to them, at two 
 {^e:t difbince, the pegs M, N, O, P, H, I, 
 K, L, about the thicknefs of a little finger, 
 and a foot and an half long, that fo they 
 may be fet on both fides of the tunnel, when 
 you intend to ufe it. 
 
 In order to apply this net for the ufe in- 
 tended, of taking partridges, when you 
 have found out a covey, take a compafs, 
 and fo pitch the nee at a good diftance from 
 
 them. 
 
TUN 
 
 them, but fometimes farther, and at other 
 times nearer, according as the ground hap- 
 pens to be ; and then furround them witii 
 your ftalking-horfe, or ox, and gently drive 
 them towards the net, not coming on them 
 in adireft line, but by windings and turn- 
 ings, and fometimes Handing ftill, as it the 
 horfe grazed ; if the partridges make a Hand 
 and look up, it is a fign they are afraid, and 
 intend to take wing, therefore make a 
 Itand, or a little retreat, and when after a 
 little ref{>ite you find them quiet, and that 
 they are bufy in feeking for food, which is 
 a fign they are not afraid, you may move 
 nearer to them, and if any fingle partridge 
 lies remote from the reft, he muft be fetched 
 in by taking a circumference about him, 
 and thus fhey may be driven as it were like 
 a flock of rheep into a pen : but a live horfe 
 fitted for the fport, far exceeds the artificial 
 ftalking-horfe or ox. 
 
 The wings of the tunnel mutt not be 
 pitched on a direft line, but inclining to a 
 femi-circle ; when the partridges are at the 
 mouth of the tunnel, the old ones will ftand 
 a while as if to confider, but prefling gent- 
 ly on, fome of the young ones will venture 
 in, and then all the reft will follow ; upon 
 which make hafte to fecure them from re- 
 turning back, and making their efcape. 
 
 It will be proper to obferve here, that 
 the letters Q, R, S, T, V, reprefent the par- 
 tridges in the cut, and as to the ftalking- 
 horfe, or ox, or cow, reprefented by the 
 fecond figure, it ought to be made of a piece 
 of canvas, or linen cloth, X, R, G, H, de- 
 note the four feet -, they fow fmall pieces of 
 the fame cloth at the four corners X, Y, H, 
 G, and in the middle above, at the places 
 E, F, the pieces muft be two inches broad 
 and fquare to put into them, and to hold the 
 two fticks O, P, that crofs one another, and 
 the top of the fork ; the fticks muft be long 
 enough to keep the cloth well ftretched, and 
 are to be tied together where they crofs. 
 
 The fork ought to be four feet and a half 
 long at the leaft, having a fliarp pointed end 
 at 1, that goes into the fmall bit of cloth 
 K, the fork and the two fticks are tied in 
 the middle at L, a piece of cloth G, Y, is 
 
 T U R 
 
 feweci to the fide like a cow's head, and of 
 the fame colour with the reft of the cloth, 
 having an eye, and two horns, if it repre- 
 fentsanoxor cow, madeof fome pieces of hat, 
 the tail is made of fome fmall twine, thread, 
 or any fuch thing ; at the other end X, there 
 fhould be a ftick above at X and Y, to keep 
 up the head and tail, which lalt fliould be 
 at fome diftance from the body, that it may 
 wag in moving. M and N are two holes to 
 fee the partridges through. See Partridge 
 «W Stalking-Horse. See PltzteX-V. 
 
 TURKEYS. See Poultry. 
 
 TURN ; is a word commonly ufed by the 
 Riding-Mafters, when they direft their fcho- 
 lars to change hands. See Change and 
 Entire. 
 
 TURNING Straight [in the Man.age] 
 an artificial motion of a horfe : of thefe 
 there are feveral forts, but I fhail here only 
 fpeak of two of them, from which all turn- 
 ings are derived. 
 
 I . Is when a horfe keeps his hinder parts 
 inward, and clofe to the poft or center, and 
 fo coming about makes his circumference 
 with his fore-parts, oppofing his enemy face 
 to facej in order to which, you muft, to 
 the ring of the hind-part of the cavellon, 
 fix a long rein of two fathoms or more, and 
 to the two other rings two fhorter reins ; 
 then having faddled the horfe, and put on 
 his bitt, bring him to the poft: put the 
 reins of his bitt over the fore-part of the 
 faddle, bolfters and all, and fix them at a 
 conftant ftraitnefs on the top of the pommel, 
 fo as the horie may have the feeling of the 
 bitt and curb. 
 
 If you would have him turn to the right 
 hand, take the fliort rein on the left fide oi 
 the caveiTon, and bringing it under the fore- 
 bolfter of the faddle up to the pommel, fix 
 it at fuch a direftion, that the horfe may 
 rather look from than to the poft on the 
 right fide : this being done, fome flcilful 
 groom, or attendant, fliould hold the right 
 fide rein of the cavefTon, at the poft go- 
 verning the fore-part of his body, to come 
 about at large. 
 
 After that, taking the long rein in your 
 hand, and keeping his hinder parts inwards 
 
 with 
 
T U R 
 
 ■wkTi your rod on his outfide flioulder, and 
 fometimes on his outfide thigh, make him 
 move about the pott, keeping the hinder 
 parts as a center, and making his fore pai'ts 
 move in a circumterence. 
 
 Thus you may excrcife liim forfometimx 
 on one hand, till he attains to Ibme perfec- 
 tion, and then changing tlie reins of the 
 cavellon, make him do the like to the other 
 hand ; ply him in this manner feveral morn- 
 ings, and cherifli him in his exercife accord- 
 ing to his defert, till you have brought him 
 to fuch readinefs, that he will, upon tlie 
 removing of the rod, couch his hinder parts 
 in towards the pott, and lapping the out- 
 ward fore-leg over the inward, trot about 
 the poll mofl fwiftly, diftinftly, and in as 
 ftrait a compafs as you can defirc, or is con- 
 venient for the motion of the horfe. 
 
 From trotting he may be brought to fly- 
 ing and wheeling about fo fwiftly, that both 
 the fore legs rihng and moving together, the 
 hinder parts may follow in one and the fame 
 inftant. 
 
 When you have made him thus pcrfeft in 
 your hand, mount his back, appointing fome 
 fliilful groom to govern the long rein, and 
 another the ihort : by the motion of your 
 hand upon the bitt, and foft rein of the ca- 
 -veffon, keep the horfe's head from the port ; 
 and by means of the calf of your leg laid on 
 his fide, and your rod turned towards his 
 outward thigh, to keep his hinder parts to 
 the poft i labour and exercife him till he be 
 brought to the perfeftion dcfired. 
 
 Then take away the long rein, and only 
 exercife him with the help of the fhort rein 
 ;of the caveflbn, and no other; afterwards 
 take both reins of the caveflbn Lnto your 
 hands, and exercife him from the poft, 
 making him as ready in any place where 
 you would ride him, as at the poft. 
 
 1. The other ftrait-flying-turn, is to keep 
 the horfe's face fixed on the poft as on his 
 enemy, and to move about only with his 
 hinder parts, for which you are to take the 
 fame help of the long rein, and the fliort 
 rein of the caveflbn, and to govern them as 
 before fhewed ; only you are not to give the 
 ihort rein to the poft-ward, as much liberty 
 
 V A U 
 
 as before, but to keep his head clofer to the 
 poft, and following his hinder parts with the 
 long rein, by means of your rod, make 
 him bring his hinder parts round about the 
 poft; and obferve, that as he did before lap 
 one fore-foot over another, fo now he muft 
 lap the hinder legs one over another. 
 
 Continue to exercife him till he be per- 
 feft, as before, then mount and labour him 
 in like manner. 
 
 Laftly, leaving the poft, and all other 
 h-ilps, ply him only in fuch open and free 
 places, as you fliali fee convenient. 
 
 TUSHES ; are the fore teeth of a horfe, 
 feated beyond the corner teeth, upon the 
 barrs, where they fhoot forth on each fide 
 of the jaws, two above, and two below, 
 about the age of three, and three and a half, 
 and fometimes four: and no milk or foal 
 teeth ever comes forth in the place where 
 they grow. See Teeth. 
 
 TWIST ; the infide, or flat part of a man's 
 thigh ; upon which a true horfeman refts 
 iipon horfe back. 
 
 TWISTED ; is a horfe reduced to the 
 fame ftate of impotency with a gelding, by 
 the violent wringing or twifting of his tef- 
 ticles twice about, which dries them up, 
 and deprives them of nourifliment. 
 
 VARISSE IN Horses, an imperfeftion 
 upon the infide of the ham, a little 
 diftant from the curb, but about the fame 
 height : there is a bone fomewhat high and 
 raifed ; that part of the ham which is below 
 the faid bone fometimes fwells by a difcharge 
 from the great vein, and is termed varijfe ; 
 this does not make the horfe halt, but fpoils 
 his fale by growing exceffive large. Reft 
 and eafe (efpecially if the part be bathed 
 with fpirit of wine) will fo bind and reftrain 
 it as not to be perceived for the time. 
 
 VARVELS, fmall filver rings about a 
 hawk's leg's, having the owner's name en- 
 graven on them. 
 
 To VAULT A Shoe, is to forge it hollow, 
 for horfes that have high and round foles, 
 to the end that the ftioe, thus hollow, may 
 not bear upon the fole that is then higher 
 than the hoof. 
 1 ' But. 
 
V XI xt 
 
 But, after all, this fort of ilioes fpoils the 
 feet; ; for the fole being tenderer than the 
 Ihoe, afiumes the form of the flioe, and 
 becomes everv day rounder. 
 
 VAUNTLAY, [with Hunters] a fetting 
 of hounds or beagles in a readinefs, where 
 the chace is to pafs, and catling them off" 
 before the reft of the kennel come in. 
 
 TENERY, the art or exercife of hunting 
 ■wild beads, which are called beafts of venery; 
 as alfo beafts of foreft ; and they are the 
 hart, hare, hind, boar, and wolf. 
 
 VERDEROR, an officer of a foreft, ^c. 
 whofe principal concern is to look after the 
 vert or green hue, and to fee that it be 
 maintained : he is farther defcribed to be a 
 judicial officer of the king^s foreft, chofen 
 by the king's writ in the full county-court 
 of the fhire where the foreft is, and fworn 
 before the flieriff" to maintain and keep the 
 affizes and laws of the foreft, and alfo to 
 j-eview, receive, and inroll all the attach- 
 ments and prefentments of all manner of 
 trefpafles of the foreft relating to vert and 
 venifon. 
 
 The office of a Verdercr much refembles 
 that of a coroner, efpecially in this refpeft ; 
 that as a coroner, upon notice of a perfon 
 ilain, is to go and view the dead body, and 
 to make enquiry, by the oath of twelve men, 
 how, and by what means the perfon came 
 by his death, and who, and what, was the 
 occafion thereof; fo it is the duty of aVcr- 
 deror, by his office, to lock after and vie-\v 
 the wild beafts of the foreft ; for if any of 
 them be found flain, wounded, or hurt, 
 upon notice given to the Verderor, he is to 
 go and view the fame, and to caufe an in- 
 qulfition to be made by a jury of twelve 
 men out of four of the next towns, to know 
 how, and by whom, the faid beaft was 
 killed, wounded, or hurt. 
 
 Alfo if an oak being overt-vert within the 
 foreft, be felied or cut down out of the 
 king's demefn woods, the fame is to be ap- 
 praifed by view of tiie Verderor. 
 
 The office of the Verderor at the court ef 
 attachments, is to fit there to fee the at- 
 tachments of the foreft as well of vert as 
 venifon, and receive the fame of the foref- 
 
 ters, and others that prefent them there, 
 and then to enter them into their own rolls. 
 
 VERT, in general, is every plant grow- 
 ing within a foreft, bearing a green leaf, 
 which may hide or cover a deer under it ; 
 but then this word plant muft be under- 
 ftood, to mean fucJi plants as are either 
 trees, woods, bufiies, or fuch like, which 
 are of the nature either of wood or under- 
 wood, and not of thofe kinds of plants 
 which are of the nature of herbs, as thiftles, 
 and fuch like, which may alfo be compre- 
 hended within the word plant, but not in 
 this fenfe. 
 
 And when after making tlie charta de fn- 
 rejia, fome queftioned, what was to be ac- 
 counted vert : kincr Edvjard I. to make the 
 certainty known to all men, made a law to 
 this purpofe : 
 
 " Know ye (faith he) that all trees that 
 " fliall be growing within the foreft, as 
 " well thofe that bear no fruit at all, as 
 " thofe that do bear fruit at any time in the 
 " whole year ; and an old afli being in the 
 " arable land within the foreft, thefe ftiall 
 " be accounted vert, becaufe the king is in 
 " pofleffion of them." 
 
 And it is obferved, that by vert all trees 
 muft be underftood, as well under-woods as 
 great woods ; and overt-vert is all manner 
 of high trees, as nether-vert is all forts of 
 under-wood, and brufti-wood is called cab- 
 lifli. 
 
 Some diftinguifh vert after this manner, 
 viz. vert, is derived of veriditate, in Latin, 
 and fignifies any thing that beareth a green 
 leaf, but efpecially of great and thick co- 
 verts; 
 
 Alfo it is of divers kinds ; fome of which 
 bear fruit, that may ferve for food both for 
 man and beaft; as fervice-trees, nut-trees, 
 crab-trees, &c. and for the ffielter and de- 
 fence of the fame. 
 
 Overt-vert by fome called haut-boh, from 
 the Freyuh, which fignifies high-trees, ferv- 
 ing for food and browze, of and for the 
 game, and for the defence of tiiem, as oaks, 
 beeches, lie. Some haut-bois for ftielter, 
 browfe, and defence only, as afties, poplars, 
 
 K k I; . Nether- 
 
V I c 
 
 Nether-vert, called oX(oJub-bois, or under 
 wood, are for browfe and food of the game, 
 and for lliclter and defence, as maple, i^c. 
 Some for browfe and defence, as birch, 
 fallow, willow, &\-. Some for fhelter and 
 defence only, as elder, alder, ^c. 
 
 Of bulhes, and other vegetables, are 
 fomc for food and fhelter, as the hawthorn, 
 black-thorn, <s'c. Some for hiding and 
 llielter, as brakes, gorth or gorz heath, 
 &c. 
 
 VESSIGNON, a wind-gall, or foft-fwel- 
 ling on the in and outfide of a horfe's hoof; 
 that is, both on tiie right and the left of 
 it. 
 
 VESSION, an infirmity in horfes, which 
 is a fort of wind-gall or fwelling about the 
 bignefs of half an apple, bigger or lefler, 
 compofed of a foft and fpungy filth growing 
 between the flefh and the fkin, in the hol- 
 low next the hock, and beneath the big 
 finew, a little abpvethe capelet and bending 
 of the ham. 
 
 This fwelling appears but very little, ex- 
 cept when the horfe refts equally upon both 
 his hind legs, becaufc when he bends his 
 ham, it is not vifible at all; neither does it 
 often make a horfe halt ; it rifes on both 
 fides the ham, and fometimes only upon 
 one : thofe that come lower are not dange- 
 rous, and in young hcrfes may be difpeifed 
 by moderate exercife. 
 
 VICES IN HoRSLs, in order for the prcr 
 vention, correcting, or curing them, you 
 may ufe the following direftions : 
 
 If a horfe carries his head or neck awry, 
 ftrike him twice or thrice with the contrary 
 fpur; but if he be very ftiff-necked on the 
 right fide, and plying or bending on the 
 left, hold the right rein fhorter than the 
 other, and when he inclines that way give 
 him fudden checks, having a fharp wire 
 faflened in the reins, that ftriking in his 
 neck, he may be compelled to hold it ftrait, 
 taking care to check him upwards, left he 
 fhould get a habit of duckjng down his 
 head. 
 
 If a horfe is apt to fhake his head and 
 ears upon the leaft occafion, or move his 
 ears when he begins to kick, or bite, or 
 
 V 1 v^ 
 
 caft you, ftrike him on the head with your 
 wand, and at the fame time give him a 
 check with~^our bridle, and a ftroke with 
 the contrary fpur, putting him fuddenly out 
 of his pace; then make him ftop, that he 
 may have leifure to underftand your mean- 
 ing ; and do the like when he ftarts, or when 
 he winches, which is a fign of his defigning 
 to bite or ftrike with his heels. 
 
 If a horfe ducks down his head, check him 
 fuddenly with the bridle, and ftrike him 
 with the fpurs, that he may be fenfible of 
 his fault : if he be ftanding, make him bring 
 his head into it's right place, as he ftands; 
 and when he obeys, be fure to cherifti him, 
 and he will foon underftand the meaning. 
 
 If a horfe is fkittifti and apt to ftart, fo 
 that you are never free from danger, while 
 you are on his back ; in cafe it proceeds from 
 a weak fight, whereby objefts may be re- 
 prefented to him otherwife than they really 
 are, give him time to view them well, and 
 then ride him up gently to them ; but if he 
 be naturally fearful, and ready to ftart at the 
 hearing ftrange founds, you muft inure hirh 
 to the noife of guns, drums, trumpets, ^c. 
 and in time he will take delight therein. 
 
 If a horfe isrellive, and refufes to go for- 
 wards, pull him backwards, and perhaps 
 he will then go forwards ; and though he 
 rebel a long time, the whip and fpurs will 
 prevail with him at laft, if they be given 
 imartly, foundly, and in time : when once 
 you begin, you muft continue them till he 
 fubmits, provided itproceeds from ftubborn- 
 nefs, and not from, faintnefs and ficknefs. 
 
 If a horfe rears an end, that is, raifes fo 
 high before as to endanger his coming over 
 upon the rider, you muft give him the 
 bridle, and leaning forwards with your whole 
 weight, giving him both your fpurs as he is 
 falling down, but forbear to fpur him as he 
 is rifing, for that may caufe him to come over 
 upon you. 
 
 If he is fubjeft to fall down upon the 
 ground, or in the water, nothing is better 
 than a pair of good fpurs applied when you 
 firft perceive he is going about to do fo, 
 which will divert him from thinking any 
 more of it -, but if he defifts, do not correft 
 
 him 
 
V I c 
 
 him again at that inftant, for bad horfemen 
 occafion mod of thefe vices, by correuling 
 unduly, or out of time ; by doing which 
 they are fo far from making a horfe fenfible 
 of liis fault, that they fright him, and put 
 him into confufion, and caufe him at laft to 
 become reftive. 
 
 If a horfe is apt to run away, you muft 
 be gentle both with a flack curb and keep- 
 ing an eafy bridle-hand ; firft walk him 
 without flopping, but only ftaying him by 
 the head by little and little ; tfien trot him 
 a while, and put hiin again from a trot to a 
 walk, ftaying him by degrees, and always 
 cherifh as foon as he obeys ; and when you 
 find him thus far peaceable, put him off 
 from his trot to a gentle gallop; from that 
 to a trot ; and from a trot to a walk, ftaying 
 him by degrees with a fteady hand : by ufing 
 this method for fome time with judgment 
 and patience, it is very likely you may cure 
 him of running away. 
 
 If a horfe is apt to fly out violently, it is 
 certain, that the more you pull the bridle- 
 rein, and hurt him by ftraightening the 
 curb, the more he will tug, and run the 
 fafter: in this cafe therefore, if you have 
 field room enough, whenever you find him 
 • begin to run, let him go, by ftackening the 
 bridle, and giving Iiim the fpur continually 
 and ftiarply till he begin to flacken of his 
 own accord. 
 
 By treating him in this manner, it is not 
 to be doubted but you will cure him at 
 laft, there being no remedy like this for a 
 runaway horfe. 
 
 Some horfes will not endure the fpurs 
 when they are given them, nor go forwards, 
 but as it were cleaving and faftcning to 
 them, ftrike out and go back ; if you prefs 
 them hard they will fall to ftaling, and not 
 ftir out of the place. 
 
 If he be a gelding, it is difficult to break 
 him of his humour; but a ftone-horfe per- 
 haps may forget it for a time under the 
 conduft of a good horfeman: yet if he once 
 get the maftery of his riders, he will be very 
 apt to begin anew again. 
 
 To conclude, every gelding, ftone-horfe 
 pr mare, that does not fly with the fpurs. 
 
 V I G 
 
 but obftinately cleaves to and kicks againft 
 them, fhould be looked upon, as of a crois 
 and dogged nature, and is therefore to be 
 abfolutely rejefted. 
 
 VIGOUR OF A Horse, in order to judge 
 of this quality, the following rules and re- 
 marks are of good ufe : 
 
 When a horfe is ftanding ftill, keeping 
 him faft with the bridle-hand, apply your 
 fpurs to the hair of his fides, which by 
 horfemen is termed pinching; and if you 
 find him impatient under you, gathering 
 himfelf up, and endeavouring to go for- 
 wards, champing upon the bitt without 
 thrufting out his nofe, it is a fign of heart 
 and vigour. 
 
 There are fome horfes that fliew a great 
 deal of mettle when pinched, but imme- 
 diately lofe the apprehenfion of it ; fo that 
 though they have a very fenfible feeling, 
 which proceeds from the thinnefs of their 
 ftcin, yet they are of a dull difpofition : of 
 fuch horfes it may be faid, that they are ra- 
 ther ticklifti than fenfible of the fpur. 
 
 There is a great dilTerence between a 
 mettled horfe and a fiery one j the former 
 deferves to be highly valued, but the latter 
 is good for nothing. A horfe that is truly 
 vigorous fliould be calm and cool, move on 
 patiently, and difcover his mettle but when 
 required. 
 
 Then the fureft method is to chufe fuch 
 horfes as are very apprehenfive of ftrokes, 
 and are afraid at the leaft appearance of 
 them ; which, at the only clofing of the 
 legs and thighs, feem to be feized with 
 fear, and alarmed, and that without fret- 
 ting or fiercenefs. 
 
 A horfe that walks deliberately and fe- 
 curely, without requiring the whip too often 
 and without fietting, goes from the walk to 
 the gallop, and from the gallop to the ftep 
 again, without being difquieted; but con- 
 tinually champing upon his bitt, he trots 
 withglibnefs upon his flioulders eauly, fnor- 
 ting a little through his noftrils. 
 
 If a horfe is well upon his haunches, 
 
 has a light and eafy flop, his head firm 
 
 and well placed, and the feeling of the bitt 
 
 equal and juft : I fay, if he has all thefe 
 
 K k k 2 qualities. 
 
y I V 
 
 qualities, you will feldom have caufe to 
 complain upon account of his price. 
 
 I fhall only add here, by way of atlvice, 
 that whatcvei" good qualities a horfe may 
 haye, that you never give a high price for 
 him, unlefs he be endued with tliefe two, 
 ofhaving a good mouth, and being fenfible 
 of an obedience to the fpur. 
 
 VIVARY, a place either on land or water 
 where living creatures are kept; but in a 
 law fenfe it is taken for a park, warren, or 
 fi(h pond. 
 
 VIVES, -1 though this diOjcraper goes 
 
 AVIVES, /■ by three names, yet it is 
 
 FIVES, J but one and the fame dif- 
 temper, and are certain flat kernels, much 
 like bunches of grapes, growing in a cluf- 
 ter, clofe knitted together in the part af- 
 fefted. 
 
 They center from the ears, and creep 
 downwards between the chap and the neck 
 of the horfe towards the throat, and when 
 inflamed they fwell, and not only are pain- 
 ful to the horfe, but prove mortal by Hop- 
 ping his wind, unlefs a fpecdy courfe be ta- 
 ken for the cure. 
 
 They caufe fuch a difficulty of breathing, 
 and uneafinefs, that he v/ill oftentimes lie 
 down and ftart up again, and tumble about 
 after a ftrange manner. 
 
 This diftemper is occafioned by drinking 
 Gold water, after a violent heat ; which 
 caufing the humours to melt down they fall 
 too plentifully upon the natural glands or 
 kernels ; alfo by e.uing too much barley, 
 oats, rye, ranknefs of blood, &c. 
 
 The cure. i. If the vives are not grown 
 iO large as that the horfe is in immediate 
 danger of being llifled, do not open the 
 tumours, but rather endeavour to rot them, 
 by taking hold of the kernel with a pair of 
 pincers or plyers, and beating the fwellings 
 gently with the handle ofailioeing hammer, 
 or bruifing them with your hand, till they 
 become foft enough ; and they will after- 
 wards difappear ; but this is not to be done 
 till the fwellings are pretty ripe, which may 
 be known by the eafy feparation of the hair 
 from the fkin if you pluck it with, your 
 fingers. 
 
 Y I V 
 
 Having rotted (or in cafe or necelTity 
 opened the vives, let the horfe be let blood 
 under the tongue, and afterwards in the 
 flanks ; wafh his mouth with fait and vine- 
 gar ; and blow fome of the vinegar into his 
 ears rubbing' aJid fqueezing them hard 
 to make it penetrate ; for this will confi- 
 derably afluage the pain which it communi- 
 cates to thejaws. 
 
 Then give the horfe to drink a quart of 
 v/ine with two handfuls of hemp-feed poun- 
 ded, two nutmegs grated, and the yolks 
 of half a dozen eggs, and wafh him gently 
 after for an hour. 
 
 About an hour after giving him that 
 draught injeft the following glyfler; boil 
 an ounce and half of fal polychrefium, finely 
 powdered in five pints of beer ; v/hen you 
 have taken it off the fire, put it into two 
 ounces of oil of bays, and fquirtallin blood 
 warm. 
 
 As to our praftice in England in the cure, 
 of this diftemper -, fome cut holes where the 
 kernels are, and pick them out with a wire, 
 then fill the hole with fait, and at three days 
 end it will run ; and afterwards wafh it with 
 fage juice, and heal it with an ointment, 
 made of honey, butter, and' tar, or with 
 green ointment, and alfo ufe other means 
 with it ; but the eiHcacious receipts are thefe 
 following : 
 
 Take tar, tried hog's-greafe, bay-falt 
 and frankincenfe powdered, of each as much, 
 as will fufiice ; melt them together, and 
 with a clout faftened to a ftick, fcrub the 
 place four or five mornings, until the in- 
 flamed part become foft and ripe ; then flit 
 the fkin with your incifion-knife, let forth 
 the corruption, and heal it with tried hog's 
 greafe and verdigreafe, made up into fine 
 powder: melt them upon afire, and let not 
 the ftufF boil no more than a walm or two; 
 then put in fome ordinary turpentine, and 
 fo ftir all together till it be cold, and then 
 carefully anoint the forrance therewith till it 
 is healed. 
 
 Another excellent way is, to take a penny 
 worth of pepper beaten into fine powder^ 
 a fpoonful of fwines greale, mix them very 
 well together, and convey the ftufF equally 
 
 into 
 
U L C 
 
 into both the ears of the horfe, fo tie or 
 ftitch them tjd, then Ihake them that the 
 medicine may fink downwards, and this be- 
 ing done, let him blood in the neck- vein 
 and temple-vein. 
 
 But the moft common way of cure, and 
 fuch as our farriers ufe, is to let him blood.on 
 both fides the neck- veins, then to fear the 
 fwelling with a fmallhot iron, from the root 
 down to the bottom of the ear, till the 
 fliin looks yellow ; the fame iron being in 
 fliape fomewhat like an arrow's head, with 
 three or four fmall lines dralwn from the 
 body of it ; and after fearing, in order to 
 take out the heat of the fire, and to make it 
 found' again, anoint it with frelh butter, or 
 with hog's-greafe, and he will do well. 
 
 VIXEN or FIXEN, a fox's cubs. 
 
 ULCER, Canker, or Fistula in the 
 Eve of an Horse ; this difeafe is fo called 
 from the corruption of the blood and fait hu- 
 mours, defcendin^ from the head into the 
 €yes. 
 
 The figns are, the white of the eye will be 
 full of red and bloody Ilreaks, and upon the 
 eye-lids will appear little angry red pimples, 
 from whence will run a fliarp water, which 
 will fcald the cheek as it paffes., and the eye 
 itfelf will be full of gum'and corrupt yel- 
 low matter. 
 
 The cure; firft bleed the horfe on that 
 fide of the neck on which the fore eye is, 
 and then fearch all the pimples with a fmall 
 inllrument of fteel or filver, to fee if you 
 can find any hole or hollownefs among 
 them ; and if you do find any, fearch their 
 depth. 
 
 When make a tent fit for the hole, and dip 
 it in the water prepared of copperas of the 
 white fort, {fee Copperas water) and put 
 it into the hole every other day, making the 
 tent fiiorter by degrees, till the hollownefs 
 be filled. 
 
 But if you do not find any hollownefs, 
 then rub the pimples twice a day with this 
 water, till they are bloody, and it will cure 
 the eye. 
 
 ULCERS OR Fistulas in Hawks : fome- 
 times hawks have ulcers and fiftulas in feve- 
 veral parts of their bodies, which will 
 
 VOL 
 
 always run and fend forth a filthy, fretting,, 
 thin and faltifli humour at their nares. 
 
 For the cure ; fyringe it often to the bot- 
 tom with ftrong allum-water, and if you can 
 conveniently put a tent wetted in vinegar 
 and allum into the holes, that will haften the 
 cure; but do not let the tent reach to the 
 bottom of the fore. 
 
 UMBER, is a fifh which fome will have 
 to be the fame as the grayling, and only dif- 
 ferent in name : it is of the tench kind, but 
 feldom grows fo big: very few, or any, ex- 
 ceeding the length of eighteen inches. He 
 frequents fuch rivers as trouts do, is taken 
 with the fame baits, efpecially the fly, and 
 being a fimple filh is bolder than the trout: 
 he hides himfelf in v/inter, but after April, 
 appearing abroad, is gameibme and plea- 
 fant, yet very tender mouthed,, and there* 
 fore quickly loll after he is ftruck. See: 
 Grayling. 
 
 UMBLES, HUMBLES or NUMBLES, 
 part of the entrails of a deer. 
 
 UNCERTAIN. We call a horfe uncer- 
 tain that is naturally reftlefs and turbulent, 
 and is not confirmed in the manage he is put 
 to, fo that he w-orks with trouble and un- 
 certainty. 
 
 UNDOING OF a Boar, [with Hunters] 
 fignifies the dreffing of it. 
 
 UNITE, a horfe is faid to unite, or walk 
 in union, when in galloping, the hind- 
 quarters follow and keep time with the 
 fore. 
 
 UNRECLAIMED [in Falconry] un- 
 tamed, wild, as an unreclaimed hawk. 
 
 UNSEALING, [in Falconiy] is the tak- 
 ing away the thread that runs through the 
 hawk's eye-lids, and hinders her fight; 
 
 UNSTRIKE the Hood, [in Falconry} 
 i.s to draw the firings of a hawk's hood, that 
 it may be in readinefs to be nulled ofF. 
 
 UNSUMMED, [in Falconry] is fpoken 
 of a hawk v/hen her feathers are not at their 
 full length. 
 
 VOLAR Y, a great bird-cage, fo large, 
 that birds have room to fly up and down in 
 it. 
 
 VOLT : this word fignifies a round, or a 
 circular tread, and in general, where we fav 
 
VOL 
 
 ih the Academies to make voles, to manage 
 upon volts, we underiland a gait of two 
 treads, made by a horfe going fideways round 
 a center, in fuch a manner, that thefe two 
 t;eads make parallel tracSts, one larger made 
 by the fore feet, and another fmallcr made 
 by the hind feet, the croup approaching to- 
 wards the center, and the ilioulders bear- 
 ing Qutwai'ds. Sometimes the volt is of one 
 tread j as when a horfe makes volts in cor- 
 vets, and in caprioles, fo that the haunches 
 follow the fnoulders, and move forwards on 
 the fame tread. In general, the way and 
 tratl of a volt is made fometimes round, 
 fometiraes oval, and fometimes fquare, of 
 four ftraight lines; fo that thefe treads, 
 whether round or fquare, indofe a terrain, 
 or manage ground, the mnddle of which is 
 fometimes diuinguifhed by a pillar, or elfe 
 by an imaginary center, which is there fup- 
 pofed in order to regulate the diftances and 
 the juftnefs of the volt. 
 
 Renversed volt, is a traft of two 
 treads, made by the horfe, with his head 
 to the centre, and his croup out fo that he 
 goes fide ways upon a walk, trot, or gal- 
 lop, and traces out a fmall circumference 
 with his flioulders, and a large one with his 
 croup. 
 
 This different fituation of the flioulders 
 and the croup, with refpeft to the center, 
 gives this volt the name of renverfed, as 
 being oppofite in fituation to the former. 
 
 Renverfed volts upon a walk, appeafe 
 and quiet unruly horfes if they are made 
 methodically. 
 
 The fix volts are made terra a terra, two 
 to the right, two to the left, two to the 
 right again ; all with one breath, obferv- 
 ing the ground with the fame cadence work- 
 ing (tride) fhort and quick, and ready the 
 forehand in the air, the breech upon the 
 ground, the head and tail firm and heady. 
 
 To do the fix volts, you fliould have 
 an excellent horfe that is knowing and obe- 
 dient, and his ftrength to anfwer them. 
 
 To make a horfe work upon the four 
 corners of the volt, is to manage him with 
 that juftnefs, that from quarter to quarter, 
 or at each of the corners or angles of the 
 
 U R I 
 
 voir, he makes a narrow volt that *does not 
 take above tlie quarter of the great volt, 
 the head and tail firm, and thus purfues all 
 the quarters, with the fame cadence, with- 
 out lofing one time or motion, and with 
 one reprize or with one breath. 
 
 In fpeaking of volts, we fay, to put a 
 horfe upon volts, to make him work upon 
 the volts, to make good volts, to embrace 
 the whole volt -, that is, to manage fo that 
 the horfe working upon volts, takes in all 
 the ground, and the flioulders go before the 
 haunches. 
 
 To paflTage upon volt, or ride a horfe 
 head and haunches in, is to ride him upon 
 two treads, upon a walk or a trot. 
 
 Demi-VOLT, is a demi-round of one 
 tread or two, made by the horfe at one of 
 the corners or angles of the volt, or elfe 
 at the end of the line of the paflade j fo 
 that being near the end of this line, or elfe 
 one of the corners of the volt, he changes 
 hands, to return by a femi-circle, to re- 
 gain the fame line. 
 
 When he does not return upon this line, 
 we fay he has not clofed his demi-volt. 
 
 Demi-volts of the length of a horfe, 
 are femi-circles of two treads, which a horfe 
 traces in working fide-ways, the haunches 
 low, and the head high, turning very- 
 narrow ; fo that having formed round, he 
 chan^^es the hand to make another, which 
 is again followed by another change of hand, 
 and another demi-volt, whicii crofll's the 
 firft. This demi-volt of a horfe's length 
 is a very pretty manage, but very difficult j 
 we may compare it to a figure of eight. 
 
 URINE; a ferous or waterifli excre- 
 ment derived from the blood, which pafles 
 from the reins, and is difcharged through 
 the bladder. 
 
 Sometimes a horfe is feized with an ex- 
 celTive flux of crude and undigefted urine, 
 refembling water, by which his ftrength is 
 drained by degrees : it proceeds from heat 
 and fliarpnefs of the blood, or an inflam- 
 mation in the kidnies, which, like a cup- 
 ping-glafs, fucks in the concoded feruai 
 from the veins. ■ 
 
 The remote caufes, are the immoderate 
 
 and 
 
U R I 
 
 and irregular -working of young horfeSj 
 cold rains in the beginning of winter, eat- 
 ing of oats brought over by fea, which, 
 being ff)ungy, draw in the fpirits of the 
 fait water. 
 
 As for the cure, the hcrfe is to be fed 
 with bran inftead of oats ; giving him a 
 cooling glyfter, next day let him blood, 
 the day following injeft another glyfter, 
 the next day after that bleed him again, 
 not taking away above the quantity of two 
 pounds of blood at a time ; this done, 
 boil two quarts of water, and put it into 
 a pailful of common water, with a large 
 handful of oriental bole beat to powder : 
 mix all well together, and let the horfe 
 take it lukewarm for his ordinary drink 
 morning and evening, giving him full li- 
 berty to quench his thirfl:, which, in this 
 difeafe, is, excelTive ; for the more he 
 drinks, he will be the fooner cured. 
 
 As for remedies to provoke urine in horfes, 
 which are often necefiary. 
 
 Take about four ounces of dried pigeon's 
 dung in powder, and boil it in a quart of 
 white-wine ; after two or three walms ftrain 
 out the liquor, give it the horfe blood warm, 
 then walk him for half an hour, and he will 
 ftale if it be poffible. 
 
 Another good remedy for a horfe that 
 cannot ftale, is to lead him into a flieep-cote, 
 and there unbridle him, fuffering him to 
 fmell the dung, and roll and wallow in it ; 
 for he will infallibly ftale before he comes 
 forth, if he be not paft cure. 
 
 This quick effeft proceeds from a fubtile 
 and diuretic fait, that ftreams out from the 
 fheeps dung, and ftrikes the brain ; fince 
 by reafon of the correfpondence of that with 
 ■ the lower parts, it obliges the expulfive fa- 
 culty to avoid the urine. 
 
 The urinary paflages are frequently ftopt 
 by thick phlegm, which will fcarce give 
 way to the above-mentioned medicines, and 
 therefore recourfe may be had to the follow- 
 ing receipt : 
 
 Take an ounce of faflafras-wood with the 
 bark, cut it fmall, and infufe it in a quart 
 of white wine, in a large glafs bottle well 
 flopped, fo as two-thirds of the bottle may 
 
 W A L 
 
 remain empty : let it ftand on hot afhes for 
 about fix hours, then ftrain out the wine, 
 and give it the horfe in a horn. 
 
 This remedy will certainly afford relief, 
 either by urine or fweat, the matter of which 
 is known to be the fame. 
 
 To caufe a horfe to ftale for his benefit in 
 fome cholics, put two ounces of fugar of 
 diakhsea to a quarter of a pound of Caftilc 
 foap, beat them well together, make pretty 
 big balls, and diflblve one of them in a 
 pint and a half of ftrong beer fcalding hot ; 
 when it is lukewarm give it him in a horn, 
 and let him faft an hour after. 
 
 For a Stoppage of Urine, when a Horfe can- 
 not ftale. 
 
 Pound half a pound of annifeeds, and a 
 handful of parfley-roots j or if you have not 
 them, half an ounce of parfley-feeds, pound 
 them, and boil them in a quart of ftrong 
 white-wine, or for want of that, as much 
 old ftrong beer; then ftrain it off, and add 
 a drachm of oyfler-ftiells finely powdered, 
 give it the horfe milk warm. 
 
 URIVES ; nets to catch hawks with. 
 
 WALK, is the fioweft, and leaft raifed 
 of a horfe's goings. The Duke of 
 Newcaftle made this motion to be two legs 
 diametrically oppofite in the air, and two 
 upon the ground, at the fame time, in the 
 form of a St. Andreiv's crofs, which, ia 
 efteft, is the motion of a trot. 
 
 But later authors agree, that fo great a 
 mafter was miftaken in this point : for in a 
 walk (as any one may obferve) a horfe lifts 
 two legs of a fide, one after the other, be- 
 ginning with the hind leg firft : as if he lead 
 with the legs of the right fide, then the firft 
 foot he lifteth is his far hind foot ; and in 
 the time he is fetting it down (which in a 
 ftep is always Ihort of the tread of his fore 
 foot upon the fame fide) he lifteth his far 
 fore foot, and fetteth it down before his 
 near fore foot. 
 
 Again, juft as he is fetting down his fer, 
 fore foot, he lifts up his near hind foot, and 
 fets it down again, juft fhoft of- his near 
 
 fore 
 
WAR 
 
 forefoot, andjiift: as he is fetting it down, 
 he lifts his near fore foot, and fets it down 
 before his far fore foot. 
 
 And this is the true motion of a horfe's 
 legs upon a walk, 
 
 Becrin this lefibn in a walk, and end it 
 •with a v.'aik. 
 
 When you teach your horfe to turn to the 
 right and left, or from one hand to another, 
 make him walk at firft, then teach him upon 
 the trot, and then upon the gallop. 
 
 WALKERS, a fort of forefh officers ap- 
 pointed by the King, to walk about a cer- 
 tain fpace of ground appointed to their 
 care. 
 
 WAR-HORSE : in order to the chufmg 
 fuch a horfe, tnke the following directions : 
 
 Chufe one tall in ftature, v/ith a comely 
 head, and an out-fwelling forehead; a large 
 fparkling eye, the white of which is covered 
 with the eye-brows ; a fmall thin ear, Ihort 
 and pricking; if long, well carried, and 
 moving ; a deep neck, a large creft, broad 
 breaft, bending ribs; broad and ftrait chine, 
 round and full buttocks ; a tail high and 
 broad, neither too thick nor too thin ; a full 
 fwelling thigh, a broad, fiat, and lean leg ; 
 Ihort pafterned and ftrong jointed. 
 
 As for the ordering him during the time 
 -of his teaching, he muft be kept high, his 
 food good hay and clean oats, or two parts 
 - of oats and one part of beans or peas, well 
 dried and hardened ; half a peck in a morn- 
 ing, noon, and evening, is eiKsugh, 
 
 On his refting days let him be dreffed be- 
 tween five and fix in the morning, and 
 water him at feven and eight in the even- 
 ing. 
 
 Drefs him between three and four, and 
 water him about four or five, and always 
 give him provender after watering ; litter 
 him at eight, and give him food for all 
 night. 
 
 The night before he is ridden, about nine 
 take av/ay his hay, and at four in the morn- 
 ino- give him a handful or two of oats ; and 
 when he has eaten them, turn him upon the 
 fnaffle, and rub him all over with dry cloths ; 
 then faddle him, and make him fit for his 
 ./exjercjfc.i when he has performed it, bring 
 
 WAR 
 
 him into the liable all fweaty as he is, aiicl 
 rub him all over with dry v/ifps; when thii 
 has been done, take oft' his faddle, and hav- 
 ing rubbed him through with dry cloths, 
 and put on his houfing cloth, then lay the 
 faddle on .again with the girth, and W3.1k him 
 about gently till he is cool; when fet him 
 up, let him faft for two or three hours, and 
 put him to his meat : in the afternoon curb, 
 rub, and drefs him ; alfo water and order 
 him as before. 
 
 WARBLE, to chirp, fing, and chatter 
 as a bird does ; to fing in, a trilling or qua- 
 vering way. 
 
 W^ARBl^ES AND Set-fasts, [in Farriery] 
 the fmall.hard tumours frequently formed on 
 the faddle part of a horfe's back, and oc- 
 cafioned by the heat or uneafy pofition of 
 the faddle, are ftiled warbles ; and if thefe 
 ai'e fuffered to remain till they turn horny, 
 they are then called fet-fafts. 
 
 The former may be eafdy difperfcd bv 
 bathing them with a mixture confifting of 
 two parts of camphorated fpirits of wine, 
 •and one part of fpirit of fal armoniac. But 
 it will be neceflary to rub the latter with 
 the mercurial ointment till they arefoftened, 
 and at laft dilTolved. Sometimes indeed they 
 will not yield to this treatment, in which 
 cafe they muft be taken out with the knife, 
 and the parts treated as a frelh wound. 
 
 WARBLING OF the Wing, [in Falcon- 
 ry] is when a hawk, after having mantled 
 herfelf, crolTes her wings over her back, 
 
 WARRANT A Horse. A jockey that 
 fells a horfe, is by an inviolable cuftom 
 obliged to warrant him, that is, to refund 
 the money that was given for him, and re- 
 ceive again the horfe in nine days after the 
 firft delivery, in cafe he fold him when under 
 fuch infirmities as may efcape the view of 
 the buyer, and as they are obvioufiy dif- 
 covered ; namely, purfinefs, glanders, and 
 unfoundnefs, hot and cold. 
 
 But he does not warrant him clear of fuch 
 infirmities as may be feen and difcerned. 
 
 And not only a horfe-merchant or jockey, 
 but perfons of what quality foaver, fland 
 obliged by the law of naturej and will be 
 conftrained to take back the horfe, if he is 
 
 affeded 
 
WAR 
 
 affefted with the dilbrders firft mentioned^ 
 and to repay the money. 
 
 WARREN, a franchife, or place privi- 
 leged, either by prefcription or grant from 
 the king, to keep bealls and fowls of war- 
 ren in. 
 
 The word now is generally applied to 
 a quantity of ground fet afide for rabbets, 
 (dc. 
 
 A wairen, as well as other things, requires 
 a proper place and particular fituation ; it 
 fliould be upon a fmall afcent, expofed to 
 the eaft or fouch; the foil that is moll fuit- 
 ablc to it, is that which is fandy ; for to 
 mrJ;e a warren in a ftrong clayey ground, 
 would be the way to hinder the rabbets from 
 making themfelves burroughs with eafe : if 
 the warren fhould be moorifh ground, you 
 would reap but little benefit from them, 
 wet being injurious to thefe animals. 
 
 A warren, properly fpeaking, is a coppice 
 which is cut every ten, twelve, or fifteen 
 years, according as the owner thereof thinks 
 fit; and if it be made near his houfe, it is 
 the better; otherwife he muft be content to 
 have it according as the fituation of the 
 ground will allow. 
 
 He ought to take all the due precautions, 
 that his warren be fo contrived, that the 
 rabbets may eafily habituate themfelves to 
 it; but how to fucceed therein, mens fen - 
 timents difter: ancient authors, who have 
 wrote upon this fubjeft, fay, that it muft be 
 furrounded with walls ; but others think this 
 extravagancy, and that the expence will by 
 much exceed the profit ; and indeed we find 
 not many that are fo inclofed, but every one 
 is at his own liberty as to that. 
 
 Mr. Chomel's opinion is, that a warren 
 ought to be encompaffed by a good ditch ; 
 and though fuch an inclofure cannot hinder 
 the rabbets from going out, at leaft if it 
 be not filled with water, yet it may be hoped 
 no damage may accrue therefrom, when 
 once they are accuftomed to the place, to 
 which they will keep, though there be nei- 
 ther walls nor ditches to hem them in. He 
 that makes a warren, is at liberty to make 
 it as large as he pleafes, the extent is not to 
 be limited ; only this may be obfervcd, that 
 
 WAR 
 
 the more fpacious it is, the more it will be 
 to the owner's profit. 
 
 I do not know, fays the fame author, how 
 thofe who have wrote before me upon the 
 fubjedl of warrens, have given their opi- 
 nion, that it ought to be furrounded witla 
 ditches full of water; they muft either be 
 acquainted with the nature of rabbets, or 
 they mull not : if they were, why, fince 
 they know moifture to be injurious to thefe 
 animals, they fhould advife a thing that 
 moft contributes to it, by bringing water 
 about by the means of ditches ? is not this 
 afting againft the courfe of nature ? and if 
 they were not fcnfible of the matter, they 
 could have no reafon to prefcribe what muft 
 naturally tend to the detriment of a v/arren ; 
 and therefore without troubling themfelves 
 about what will become of the rabbets that 
 are put into a warren, let them make one in 
 fuch a fituation as is before defcribed, and 
 furrounded with good dry ditches, and it 
 will be fufficient. 
 
 If you have but few rabbets to ftock your 
 warren with, you muft exercife the more 
 patience, to wait for the pleafure and profit 
 you may expefl from it; fuch things there 
 are in this world, time is required before 
 men can make their advantages of them, 
 therefore you muft wait : a warren is of 
 fuch a nature, that it cannot too foon abound 
 with fubjedts that are proper for it, fo as to 
 be in a condition to yield good profit to the 
 owner : thofe who defire to have a warren 
 foon, ought to furnifti themfelves with a 
 certain number of does big with young : 
 thefe animals, by their young ones, will 
 multiply in time ; but they muft not for the 
 firft two years be hunted, and but a little 
 the third; but thofe who have moft know- 
 ledge in this kind of management, take 
 care to ftock their warren, by the means of 
 a great number of conies, and it is kept 
 up the better when this is done. 
 
 WARREN ; the next franchife in degree 
 to a park, is the liberty and franchife of a 
 free warren. 
 
 The bealls and fowls whereof are faid to 
 be four, viz. the hare, the coney, the phea-. 
 fant, and the partridge, and no other, (be- 
 
 LU 
 
 ing 
 
WAR 
 
 ing fiich as may be taken by long-winged 
 hawks) that, for the moil» there are no of- 
 ficers in a warren, but the malter of the 
 game, or the keeper, and that there is no 
 neceiilty of incloiing the fame, as there is 
 of a park. 
 
 And that becaufe a foreft, in dignity, is 
 both the highcfi:, and the greatell franchife ; 
 fo it doth comprehend in it a chace, a park, 
 and a free warren ; for which reafon the 
 beafts of the chace, and beafts and fowls 
 of the warren are as much privileged within 
 a foreft as the beafts of the foreft are, every 
 foreft being in itfelf a chace, though a chace 
 be not a foreft, but a part of it ; and the 
 like may be faid of a park or warren. 
 
 For v/hich reafon, the hunting, hurting, 
 or killing any of the beafts or fowls of chace, 
 park, or warren, v/ithin the limits of the 
 foreft, is a trefpafs of the foreft, and to be 
 punifned only by the laws of the foreft, and 
 not otherwife. 
 
 Although it is faid before, that the beafts 
 and fowls of the warren are the hare, tlie 
 coney, the pheaiant, and the partridge, yet 
 mv lord Coke accounteth all fowls /^r^ ?iatu- 
 ra. There be both beafts and fowls of the 
 warren, faith he ; beafts, as hares, conies and 
 roes ; fowls of two forts, viz. terrejires, and 
 aqiiatiles, {i. e. land fowl, and water fowl); 
 that the terreftres are of two forts, /ylvejhesy 
 i. e. of the woods ; and camfefires^ i. e. of 
 the plain fields ; the firft are the pheafant, 
 woodcock, i£c. the fecond, partridge, quail, 
 rail, iic. the aquatiles., or water fowl, as 
 mallard, hern, &C. 
 
 WART, is an excrefcence, or fuperfiuity 
 of fpungy flefh that rifes in the hinder paf- 
 terns of coach horfes almoft as big as a wal- 
 nut. 
 
 A wart fuppurates and voids red ftinking 
 matter, and is not cured but for a time, for 
 
 Wart, or Jpungy Excrefcence near the Eye of a 
 Horje. 
 
 This imperfedlion proceeds from con- 
 gealed phlegm lodged there, which in time 
 caufes the eye to wafte, or to grow little, if 
 it be not remedied. 
 
 WAT 
 
 For the cure ; put three ounces of powder 
 of copperas into a crucible, on a charcoal 
 fire, keeping the matter ftirring from time 
 to time; but take great care to avoid the 
 fteams ; continue a pretty fmart heat till the 
 matter grows fomewhat reddifh ; then take it 
 off the fire, and when it is cooled, break it, 
 and beat the matter to a very fine powder ; 
 then incorporate four ounces of this powder 
 with five ounces of album rhafis, and make 
 an ointment to be applied cold to the warts ; 
 anoint them lightly every day, and they will 
 fall off like kernels of nuts, without caufing 
 any fvvelling in the legs. 
 
 But you muft take care to anoint noth'.ng 
 but the warts, nor muft you work or ride 
 the horfe during the application of the oint- 
 ment. 
 
 As foon as the warts are fallen off, which 
 will be in a month's time, drefs the fores 
 with the Countefs's ointment, and it will 
 compleat the cure in a month more ; for the 
 fores are ufually very deep where the warts 
 are large. 
 
 WATERS FOR Fish. If you have a pond 
 that is fupplied by a white fat water, upon 
 great rains you may put in at firft three hundred 
 carps per acre, if there be three or four 
 acres of pohd; but otherwife you muft not 
 put in fo many : and it will be proper to put 
 in alfo forty or fifty tenches for a trial ; be- 
 caufe this fort of water is very proper for 
 carp, but being laid dry fome time may do 
 well for tenches alfo. 
 
 Perches may be added to what number 
 you pleafe, as fuppofe fix hundred, for they 
 are great breeders ; and being alfo fifties of 
 prey, they devour their own fpecies as much, 
 if not more, than any other filli. And thefe 
 are accounted one of the beft forts of fifli. 
 
 Take care how you put bream into thefe 
 waters, for they grow up very flowly, tho' 
 they will at length become very large, but 
 in the mean time they breed fo prodigioufly, 
 and have fuch a flimy, nafty fry, as both 
 robs and fouls the water, which renders it 
 unfit for other fi£h ; but when a water is ten 
 or twelve acres in extent, and fed with fomc 
 brook, winter and fummer, they will do 
 well i otherwife not to be made ufe of. 
 
 As 
 
WAT 
 
 As for pike, they are dangerous gucRs in 
 fuch ponds, for if they are grown big, they 
 will devour the beft fifh, and depopulate the 
 water; but if you can get one hundredjacks 
 once in two years, not exceeding nine 
 inches, you may put them together with 
 the carps, into great waters, fo that your 
 carps be not leffer than nine or ten inches; 
 but you muft not let them continue there 
 more than two years ; after which time put 
 them into their peculiar ponds, where being 
 duly fed, they will grow to be very large and 
 fine fifli. 
 
 It is not expedient to ftock great fband- 
 ing waters with eels, for they are but of flow 
 growth ; and being alio but of an indifferent 
 lize, they will be lean and dry ; but fuch 
 moats into which the finks of houfcs drain, 
 are places in which they will thrive well. 
 
 Thefe direftions relate particularly to the 
 fii'ft ftocking of new made ponds ; but af- 
 ter one, two, or three years, (for they muft 
 not continue longer full) when you come 
 to re-ftock, and fo, on all occalionsj you 
 may put three or four hundred carps, and 
 eight hundred tench (if the water feeds 
 them) into an acre, befides perches. 
 
 You muft likewife take notice, that if the 
 fifti with which you ftock your ponds, be 
 taken out of over flocked ponds, which 
 renders them lean and poor, you muft at the 
 fame time double your ftock, or elfe the too 
 fudden plenty of food at the firft will furfcit 
 them, and they will die of over much blood, 
 as has been found by experience. 
 
 WATER PROPER FOR Horses. The 
 prefervation of horfes depends confiderably 
 on the water they drink while they are 
 travelling : that which is leaft quick and 
 penetrating is beft ; a river being preferable 
 to a fpring, or a fountain to a draw-well. 
 
 However, if a man is obliged to let his 
 horie drink fuch penetrating water, it ought 
 to be fetin the fun, or fome of it warmed to 
 correal the fharpnefs of the reft ; or it mav 
 be a little amended by ftirring it about with 
 the hand, or throwing hay among it : but 
 if the water be extremely quick and piercing, 
 mingle warm water or wheat-bran with it, 
 and that will fufficiently correal the fault. 
 
 WAT 
 
 ^ WATERING OF Horses. The due per- 
 formance of this requires the obfervance of 
 the following rules : 
 
 All the while you are upon a journey, let 
 your horfe drink of the firft good water you 
 come to, after feven o'clock in the morning, 
 if it be in fummer-time, and after nine or 
 ten in winter. 
 
 That is accounted good water, which is 
 neither too quick and piercing, nor too 
 muddy and ftinking. 
 
 Tliis is to be done, uniefs you would have 
 him gallop a long time after drinking; for 
 if fo, you muft forbear. 
 
 Though it is the ciiHom of England to 
 run and gallop horfes after drinking, which 
 we call watering courfes, to bring them 
 (as they fay) into wind, yet fays M. de Sol- 
 leyjd, it is the moft pernicious practice that 
 can be imagined for horfes, by which many 
 are rendered purfy. 
 
 While a horfe is drinking, draw up his 
 head five or fix times, making him move a 
 little between every draught; and notwith- 
 ftanding he be warm, and fweat very much, 
 yet if he is not quite out of breath, and you 
 have fiill four or five niiles to ride, he will 
 be better after drinking a little, than if he 
 had drank none at all : it is true, indeed, 
 that if the horfe is very warm, you ftiouid 
 at coming out of the water, redouble your 
 pace, to make him go at a gentle trot, to 
 warm the water in his belly. 
 
 You ought to let him drink after this 
 manner during the whole time of your jour- 
 ney ; becaufe if when you happen to bait, 
 he be hot, or fweaty, you muft not lee him 
 drink for a long time, becaufe it would en- 
 danger his life ; and when his bridle is taken 
 oft', his ^xceflive thirft will hinder him from 
 eating, fo that he will not offer to touch his 
 meat for an hour or two ; which, perhaps, 
 your occafions will not allow you for a bait- 
 ing time, and not to have any food will ren- 
 der him unfit for travel. 
 
 n you meet with any ford before you come 
 
 to your inn, ride the horfe through it two or 
 
 three times, but not up to his belly ; this 
 
 will cleanfe his legs; but the coldnefs of 
 
 L 1 1 2 the 
 
WAT 
 
 the water will bind up the humours, and 
 prevent them from defcending. 
 
 If your horfe has been very warm, and 
 you have not had the conveniency of water- 
 ing him upon the road, he will, when un- 
 bridled, eat but very little, therefore he 
 lliould have his oats given him wafhed in 
 ale or beer, or only fome of them, if you 
 intend to feed hun again after he has 
 drank. 
 
 Some are of opinion, that horfes are often 
 fpoiled by giving them oats before their 
 water ; becaufe they fay, the water makes 
 the oats pafs too foon, and out of the ito- 
 mach undigefted. But M. de Solleyjel af- 
 firms, that though it be the common cuf- 
 tom not to do it till after, yet it is proper to 
 feed with oats both before and after, efpe- 
 cially if the horfe be warm, and has been 
 hard rid, for they will be a great deal the 
 better for it, and in no danger of becoming 
 fick. 
 
 Green water for many Sorrances. 
 
 Take an ounce and half of Roman vitriol, 
 and as much roach allum, an ounce of ver- 
 digreafe, and two ounces of copperas, re- 
 duce them all to a very fine powder, and 
 put them into a two-quart bottle, into which 
 pour a quart of the beft and ftrongeft white 
 wine vinegar ; then having tied fome pieces 
 of lead or iron about the neck of it, that fo 
 it may fink, put a hard roll of hay in the 
 bottom of a kettle, that the bottom of the 
 bottle may not touch the kettle ; then cut- 
 ting three notches in the fides of the cork, 
 left the bottle fhould break, ftop up the 
 bottle, fet it in the kettle upon the hay, fo 
 that it may ftand upright ; then put fo much 
 cold water into the kettle, that about two or 
 three inches of the neck of the bottle may 
 remain above the water ; then hang the ket- 
 tle over the fire, and make it boil for half 
 an hour, or fo long till the vinegar has 
 difiblved the powders ; taking the bottle 
 out now and then, and fhaking the vinegar 
 and powders together; and when you find 
 that they are well mixed, take them off" the 
 fire, and keep it clofe ftopped with a cork, 
 for ufe. 
 
 WAT 
 
 'the method of ufmg it is as follows : 
 
 Take an earthen pan which will hold 
 about twelve quarts, fill this with chamber- 
 lee, that has been made by healthy, found, 
 and young perfons ; and the ftaler the cham- 
 ber-lee is, the better will it be for ufe. It 
 ought to ftand in the pan atleaft three weeks 
 before you ufe it. 
 
 It will be proper to have a panful of it 
 always ready : and when you have occafion 
 to ufe this medicine for a moderate grief, 
 half a pint, or better, of the above defcribed 
 vinegar, with a quart of the ftale chamber- 
 lee, or if you would have it ftronger, more 
 of the vinegar : then they being mixed to- 
 gether hot, (or though in winter) cold, 
 with a foft rag, bathe the legs, heels, or 
 parts of the horfe affefted with it, twice a 
 day. 
 
 As to the virtues of this water ; it is 
 the beft remedy yet known in the world, 
 either for the prevention or cure of many 
 great and dangerous forrances, to which 
 horfes are liable ; as malenders, which it 
 cures at once or twice dreffing. 
 
 The mange, either dry or wet, rat-tails, 
 fcratches, gourded or fwelled legs and heels j 
 it alfo prevents, and cures the greafe fallen 
 into the legs and heels. 
 
 And it will alfo cure the farcy, if to thefe 
 two laft named difeafes you purge the horfe 
 before, and once, twice, or three times dur- 
 ringthe time of cure. 
 
 It is a noble cleanfer and healer of all 
 ftubborn and foul ulcers and wounds in a 
 horfe ; preventing the breeding of worms, 
 and all proud fleili in wounds, as well as a 
 repeller or driver away of any flux of hu- 
 mours from any part ; alfo clifts and cracks, 
 in the heels, pains, ^c. preventing wind- 
 galls, by it's repellent and ftrengthening 
 quality. 
 
 The green water alone, without the cham- 
 ber-lee, is the beft of remedies for the cure 
 of all fiftula's, cankers, and galled backs, 
 not difpofing fuch forrances to rot, fefter, 
 and grow worfe, as all greafy and oily medi- 
 cines do. 
 
 An 
 
WAT 
 
 An excellent Eye-water. 
 
 Reduce lapis calaminaris to a very fine 
 powder ; alfo take powder of the beft bole 
 armoniac, called Venetian bole, and the 
 beft white vitriol, of each an ounce : put 
 them into a new earthen pipkin, which will 
 hold four quarts, and boil them till the li- 
 quor is confumed to three quarters of a pint ; 
 then let it fettle, and pour off the clear from 
 the foeces ; to which clear liquor, add two 
 two drachms of faccharum faturni, com- 
 monly called fugar of lead ; fait of vitriol, 
 two drachms ; camphire dilTolved in fpirit 
 of wine, better than a quarter of an ounce; 
 tinfture of aloes, better than half, but not 
 quite three quarters of an ounce; red rofe 
 water, three quarters of a pint ; prepared 
 tutty, near, but not quite, half an ounce: 
 mix all thefe together, and keep it in a bot- 
 tle for ufe. 
 
 It is one of the beft eye-waters for horfes 
 extant, for all difeafes of the eyes, as pin 
 and web, pearls, clouds, blood-fliotten, fore 
 and running eyes, fait, hot, and lliarp 
 rheums, ulcers, fiftula's, bruifes, ftripes 
 (and if it be mixed with a little honey, with 
 as much as you ufe at the time of ufing it) ; 
 alfo moon-blind, ftrengthening the fight to 
 a miracle, by only fyringing it into the eyes 
 a fyringe full two or three times a day. 
 
 As to its extraordinary virtues, a certain 
 author gives the following inftance : 
 
 A young unruly horfe being put into a 
 cart, in order to learn him to draw, was lb 
 unruly, that two or three men could fcarce 
 govern him, fo that one of the men, by 
 violently whipping him over the face, he 
 happened to receive a moft dangerous ftroke 
 by a knotted whipcord, in the eye, fo that 
 the cord had quite cut through the firft coat 
 of the eye, fo deep, that the dent or wound 
 would more than bury the whipcord ; and 
 that wound was all along the middle of the 
 fight of the eye, which inflamed the eye 
 and eye-lid to that degree, that the eye 
 grew as big as one's fift ; and all the beft 
 farriers judged it impoffible to recover the 
 fight ; but the eye-lid being bathed with a 
 rag dipped in a little hot beer, in which a 
 
 WAT 
 
 little butter had been boiled, and a handful 
 of fage leaves, as hot as the horfe could en- 
 dure it, the fwelling was thereby foon 
 brought down ; and then two or three 
 fyringes full of the above-fiid water at a 
 time being injefted into tlie eye, and that 
 two or three times a day, this made a perfeft 
 cure of the eye in lefs than a week, and re- 
 ftored the horfe to his perfect fight, as before. 
 
 Red Water. 
 
 This is a filthy humour ifiliing from any 
 wound, fore, or ulcer, in a horfe, which 
 fo long as it remains in, does fo poifon 
 them, that they are not to be cured till it is 
 brought out. 
 
 To effecl this, take the root of the herb 
 called Good King Henry, or All Good, and 
 boil it in water, and give it him ; or give 
 him a good handful of muftard-feed beaten 
 fmall in white-wine vinegar, two or three 
 times together, one after another ; but you 
 muft be fure to keep his beliy rubbed with a 
 good long ftick by two men, one at one 
 end and the other at the other. 
 
 WATERS OR Humours in Horses; 
 their hind legs are fubjeft to certain white,, 
 Iharp, and corrupt humours or waters, 
 v/hich happen very rarely in the fore-legs, 
 and are difcovered by fearching the pafterns,^ 
 if a moiftnefs be found beneath the hair, 
 which is extremely ftinking, and will grow 
 all round the paftern and paftern-joint, 
 and fometimes almoft up to the very ham, 
 
 Thefe waters do frequently caufe the paf- 
 terns to fwell, keep tlie legs ftiff, make the 
 horfe lean, and feparate the flefh from the 
 coronet, near the heels. 
 
 They may be eafily put a ftop to in their 
 beginning, but after they have been of fome 
 continuance, it is an error of thofe who in- 
 tend to diiperfe them; for although they 
 may dry them up for a time, yet they will 
 return and break out again. 
 
 As for the cure; if it be begun in winter 
 time, they will occafion a great deal of 
 trouble ; but inthefummer time, the white 
 honey charge will produce fuch effefts as 
 are beyond expeftation* . 
 
 Fir 
 
WAT 
 
 For fVatery Eyes. 
 
 This infirmity proceeds either from rheu- 
 matic and moilt humours, or from ibms 
 ftroke or blow, either with a whip, flick, 
 or fuch like, and the cure is, 
 
 Firft bleed him in the eye-vein, then melt 
 pitch, maftich, and rofin, of each equal 
 quantities together, and Ipread it with a 
 ftick over his temples ; then lay fome wool 
 over it, fo as to lie flat to his head. 
 
 Then having dilTolved fome allum in 
 white-wine, wafh his eyes with it; or blow 
 fome powder of tutty into them; or you 
 may mix a little tutty with tine honey, and 
 touch the corner of the eye with it, and you 
 will find the piaifter will loofen and fall off, 
 as the humour decreafes. 
 
 WATERY Sores in Horses; there is a 
 certain ftinking or fretting matter, which 
 iliucs out of the pores, and deadens the Ikin 
 of the paftern, fetlock, and fometimes of 
 the whole leg of a horfe, and is fo corrofive, 
 that it loofens the hoof from the coronet at 
 the heel, appearing on the (kin in form of 
 a very white and malignant matter, which 
 Ihews the greatnefs of the corruption. 
 
 The breaking out of this matter, is al- 
 ■ ways ufhered in by a fwelling, and accom- 
 panied with pain, and at laft acquiring a 
 venomous quality, it is fucceeded by warts, 
 clefts, and nodes, which in procefs of time, 
 over-run the whole part, and render the cure 
 very difficult. 
 
 It commonly appears at firft on the fide of 
 the paftern, and afterwards rifes up to the 
 middle of the leg, peeling off fome part of 
 the hair. 
 
 As for the cure ; as foon as you perceive 
 a horfe to be feized with this diftemper, 
 let him blood fparingly, two pounds of 
 blood will be enough j then give him every 
 morning for eight days together, a decoftion 
 of guaiacum, or of box-wood, and after- 
 wards purge him, obferving the fame me- 
 thod as is prefcribed for the farcin, which fee. 
 
 In the mean time you muft fliave away 
 the hair, and if the leg be not gourded, rub 
 the fore places very hard with a wifp in or- 
 
 W A T 
 
 der to apply the following aintment for dry- 
 ing up water fores : 
 
 Take a pound of black foap, an ordinary 
 glafs full of fpirit of wine, two ounces of 
 common fait beaten fmall, and three ounces 
 of burnt allum, with a fufficient quantity of 
 meal : make an ointment of thefe, to be 
 laid on the part without any covering or 
 bandage. The next day wafh the place ve- 
 ry clean with new made urine, and apply 
 the ointment feveral times, walhing it as be- 
 fore. 
 
 Water Spaniel ; how to train., and order him 
 for the game in fowling. 
 
 The water dog is of fuch general ufe, and 
 fo common amongft us, that there needs no 
 great defcription of him ; but there are great 
 difterences amongft them, as well in pro- 
 portion as otherwife. 
 
 As to colour, the curious will make a 
 difference, as the black to be the beft and 
 hardielt ; the fpotted or pied, quickeft of 
 fcent, and the liver-hewed quickeft in 
 fwimming : but, in truth, colour is not 
 material, for v.'ithout doubt there are good 
 and bad of all colours, and that by expe- 
 rience is found : but his breeding, training 
 up, and coming of a good kind, are the 
 chief things ; yet it muft be confefTed, that 
 as to handl'omenefs, the colour is to be re- 
 garded, lb is the proportion as to the fliapej 
 and then his head fhould be round, with 
 curled hair, his ears broad and hanging, his 
 eyes full and lively, his nofe fhort, his lips 
 like unto an hound's, his neck thick and 
 fhort, his fhoulders broad, his legs ftraightj 
 his chine fquare, his ribs with a compafs, 
 his buttocks round, his thighs brawny, bis 
 belly gaunt, his pafterns Itrong and dew- 
 clawed, anjl his fore-feet long and round, 
 with his hair in general long and curled, not 
 loofe and fliagged; for the firft fheweth 
 hardinefs and ftrength to endure the water, 
 and the other much tendernefs and weak^ 
 nefs. 
 
 Now for the training and bringing him up, 
 you cannot begin toe early, I mean to teach 
 him obedience, when he can but lap, for 
 
 that 
 
WAT 
 
 that Is the principal thing to be learned ; for 
 being made to obey, he is then ready to do 
 your commands, therefore fo foon as he can 
 lap, teach him to couch and lie clofe, not 
 daring to (lir from that pofture without your 
 commands; and the better to efFedl this, 
 always cherifh him when he does your will, 
 and corredt him when he difobeys ; and be 
 fure to obferve, that in the firit teaching 
 him. you never let him eat any thing, but 
 when he does fomething to defcrve it, that 
 he may thereby know, that food is a thing 
 that Cometh not by chance, or by a liberal 
 hand, but only for a reward for well-doing; 
 and this will make him not only willing to 
 learn, but apt to remember what he is taught 
 without blows, and to that end, have no 
 more teachers than one, for variety breeds 
 confufion, as teaching divers ways, fo that 
 he can learn no way well. 
 
 Another thing is, you muft be very con- 
 ftant to the words of dire6Vion by which 
 you teach him, chufing fuch as are moft per- 
 tinent to that purpofe, and thofe words that 
 you firft ufe, do not alter, for dogs take 
 notice 'of the found, not of the Englijh, fo 
 that the leaft alteration puts them to a ftand : 
 for example, if you teach him to couch at 
 the word down, this will be a known com- 
 mand unto him ; and I am of opinion, that 
 to ufe m.ore words than what is necefTary, 
 for one and the fame thing, is to overload 
 his memory, and caufe forgetfulnefs in him. 
 
 And this method flTould be obferved, as 
 to the fetting-dog. 
 
 You muft teach him alfo to know the word 
 of correftion, and reprehenfion, for no lef- 
 fon can be taught without a fault ; and no 
 fault fliould efcape without reprehenfion, or 
 at leaft of chiding, and in this be as con- 
 ftant to a word ; as. Go too, f.rrab, rajcal, 
 or the like; which at firft fhould be ufed 
 withalafh or jerk, to make him know, that 
 it is a word of wrath or anger ; neither muft 
 fuch words proceed from you lovingly or 
 gently, but with paflion and roughneis of 
 voice, together with fiercenefs of looks, that 
 the whelp may tremble when he hears you 
 fpeak thus. You muft have certain words 
 of cherilhing when he hath done well, that 
 
 WAT 
 
 he may be thereby encouraged, as, That's a 
 good boy, well done, or the like, ufing there- 
 with chearfulncfs of fpeech, not without ac- 
 tions of favour, as fpittinginhismouth, clap- 
 ping him on the back, and the like ; you 
 muft alfo ufe feme words of advice, that 
 when he is at his fport, he may the better per- 
 form the fame, and they may ferve to fpur or 
 put him forward with more chearfulnefs of 
 fpirit, as, Take heed, hem, or the like. 
 
 When your whelp is brought to under- 
 ftand thefe feveral words, viz. of inftruc- 
 tion, corredlion, cherifhing, and advice, and 
 that he will couch and lie down at your feet, 
 how, when, and as long as you pleafe, 'and 
 that with a word, or look only; then teach 
 him to lead in a line or collar, and to fol- 
 low at your heels, without coming too clofe 
 or hanging back ; the meaning of this is, to 
 teach him to be more familiar and obedient 
 unto you. 
 
 Having brought him to perfeft obedience, 
 to follow you in a line, the next thing muft 
 be, to make him follow you in like man- 
 ner loofe, without a line, and always to be 
 at your heels, and to lie down by you with- 
 out your leave to the contrary:- this is as 
 neceflary a leflbn as can be taught him, for 
 he muft be fo but upon fpecial occafions, as 
 to raife up fowl from their haunts, and find 
 out, and bring what you have flaot or killed, 
 unto you. 
 
 The next leflbn to learn him is, to fetch 
 and cany any thing that you ftiall command 
 him ; and this you may begin to teach him 
 by the way of fport, as by taking your 
 glove, and fliaking his head, making him 
 to catch at it, and to play with it; and 
 fometimes let him hold it in his mouth, and 
 ftrive to pull it from you ; then caft it a lit- 
 tle way from you, and let him muzzle it on 
 the ground ; then take it from him gently, 
 giving him cherifliing, as, That' s a good boy ^ 
 vnll doue, or tlie like. ' 
 
 After you have fpent fome time in this, 
 and that you find him to take it from the 
 ground, and to hold it in his mouth, as it 
 were, from you ; then begin to caft it further 
 and further, giving him yonl^ command, 
 faying, FetcB, orbrtn^'it,-Jrrfdl)'^J''m^"iflive. 
 
 brings 
 
WAT 
 
 brings ir, then cherifli and reward him with 
 meat, or a crutl of bread, and let him have 
 no food, but what he deferves by doing his 
 leflbn, and by your continual pradtice he 
 will fetch your glove, or any thing elfe you 
 throw out for him. 
 
 If at any time he offers to run away with 
 your glove, or to tofs it up and down wan- 
 tonly," not bringing it you orderly, then firfl: 
 give liim your word of inftrudion. 
 
 And if that will not do, your word of 
 correftion ; and if neither avail, then pro- 
 ceed to blows, and give him nothing to eat 
 as a reward, until he doth as you com- 
 mand him. 
 
 When by this means you have made him 
 perfeft, and that he will fetch a glove rea- 
 dily where-ever you throw it, bringing it to 
 you, although in company, and all call him 
 to come to them ; you muft then make much 
 of him, and reward him very well : and 
 having trained him to fetch your glove, then 
 proceed to teach him to fetch v/hatfoever you 
 throw from you, as balls, fticks, ftones, 
 money, or any thing that is portable. 
 
 As alfo teach him to carry live or dead 
 fowl, and with a tender mouth, that when 
 you have occafion to ufe him for the fport, 
 he may bring them to you without tearing, 
 or fo much as bruifing a feather. 
 
 As you walk with him in the fields, drop 
 fomething behind you unknown to him j 
 and being gone a little way, fend him back 
 to feek it, by faying. Back, firrah, I have 
 loft; and if at firft he ftand amazed, urge 
 him ftill, and ceafe not by pointing to him 
 the way you would have him go, until by 
 feeking out he finds that which you fo drop- 
 ped ; which make him take up, by faying, 
 /That's it, and to bring it after you; then 
 drop it again, going twice as far as formerly, 
 caufing him to go back to feek it, not leav- 
 ing him till you have made him find it, and 
 brino- it to you, for which cherifli and re- 
 ward him ; and where he fails, there chaftife 
 or chide him, fometimes with angry words, 
 other times with blows, and fometimes keep 
 him fading, according to his offence ; and 
 thus do vntil he will hunt the way back 
 .iwhich you went, were it above a mile. 
 
 WAT 
 
 But if your dog happen to bring you a 
 wrong thing, you muft receive it from him, 
 and cherifli him ; but fend him back pre- 
 fently again, faying. Away again, or, Ihave 
 left more, and be not fatisfied until he hath 
 brov'igh you the right thing ; and if he re- 
 turn without any thing, then be fure both 
 to chide and beat him for his floth and neg- 
 ligence. 
 
 When he will thus fetch, cany, and find 
 out things thus loft, then train him to hunt- 
 ing, beginning firft with tame fowl, which, 
 by your help, (when they dive, or otherwife) 
 you may with little labour make him take, 
 which will hearten and encourage him to the 
 fport. 
 
 After this, make him ufe all his cunning 
 without your affiftance, whether he gets or 
 lofes the game, and according to his defert, 
 reward or corre6t him : by this practice he 
 will become mafter of his game; and be 
 fure always that he bring his game (when 
 taken) to the ftiore unto you without hurt- 
 ing it, 
 
 Your next bufinefs Ihould be, to train him 
 unto your fowling-piece, caufing him to 
 follow, as it were, ftep by ftep behind you, 
 and under the covert of your fliadow until 
 you have fhot, or elfe to couch, or lie clofe, 
 where you appoint him, by faying, lie clojey 
 until you have Ihot ; and then upon the leafl: 
 notice, or tjeckoning, fpeedily to come and 
 do what you command. 
 
 Some dogs are fo expert, as to have their 
 eye upon the game, and upon a gun's going 
 off, immediately run to fetch it; but it is 
 adjudged not fo good, for the piece (hould 
 not be a warning to him, but your com- 
 mand ; and if you give him this liberty at 
 yourfliooting, when you come amongft your 
 nets or lirne-twigs, as foon as he feeth the 
 fowl entangled and flutter their wings, he 
 will prefently rufh in amongft them, and 
 will occafion the fpoiling your lime-rods, 
 and the tearing or entangling your nets. 
 
 The fpaniel is of great ule in moulting- 
 time, that is, when the wild-fowl caft their 
 feathers, and cannot fiy, but lie lurking 
 about in fccret places ; which feafon is be- 
 tween fummer and autumn : at which time 
 
 take 
 
WAR 
 
 take your dog into fuch places where they 
 relbrt, caufing him to hunt about ; and when 
 he finds them, they are eafily taken, becaufe 
 they cannot fly. 
 
 In fenny countries, where fov/1 do much 
 refort, great quantities may be fo taken, 
 driving them into places where you muft 
 have nets ready tixed, as in narrow creeks, 
 or the like. 
 
 Thefe fowl, if taken and kept tame, and 
 fed with beads livers, whey, curds, barl.y, 
 paite, fcalded bran, and the like, are ex- 
 cellent food, far furpafling thofe abfolutely 
 wild, both for plumpnefs, fatnefs of body, 
 and alfo for fweetnefs of tafte. 
 
 WATTLES ; the gills of a cock, or the 
 naked red flella that hangs under a turkey's 
 neck. 
 
 WEAK; eafy branch. See Banquet and 
 Banquet-Line. 
 
 Weaning of a Colt. 
 
 When you have a mind to wean a foal, 
 take it from it's dam the over night, and put 
 it in fome empty place where it may reft, 
 and out of the hearing of the mare. 
 
 The next morning give the foal fafting, a 
 fprig or two of favin, rolled in butter, and 
 keep him fafting for two hours after ; then 
 give him a little meat, as grafs, hay, or 
 chaff, with fome clean water ; manage him 
 thus for three days one after another, by 
 which time he will have forgot the dam ,- 
 and if you intend to make a gelding of him, 
 geld him ; and after the fwelling is aflwaged, 
 put him into a pafture, with other colt-foals 
 by themfelves, and the fillies into a pafture 
 by themfelves. 
 
 Let thefe paftures be fpacious pieces of 
 ground, where they may run till they are fit 
 for the faddle. 
 
 WEAR 1 a ftank or great dam in a river, 
 
 WARE 5 contrived for the taking of fifh, 
 or for conveying the ftream to a mill. 
 
 To deftroy Weajles. 
 
 Take fal armoniac, pound it, and with 
 wheat flour and honey make it into a pafte. 
 
 W H E 
 
 with the white of an egg, lay it in pellets 
 where they come, and it will kill them. 
 
 To prevent their lucking hen's eggs, lay 
 rue about the rooft, and they will not come 
 near them. 
 
 To WEATHER a Hawk, [in Falconry] 
 is to fet her abroad to take the air. 
 
 WHEEZING, OR Blowing in Horses, 
 is quite different from purfivenefs : for this 
 whe;rzing does not proceed from any defeft 
 in the lungs, but from the narrownefs of the 
 pafTages between the bones and griftles of 
 the nofe. 
 
 And farther, thefe horfes do not want 
 wind; for notwithftaiiding they blow fo ex- 
 celFively when exercifed, vet their flanks 
 will be but little moved, and in their natu- 
 ral condition. 
 
 2. There are other horfes that are thick 
 winded, that is, have their breathing a little 
 more free than the former ; but neither the 
 one nor the other are agreeable, or for any 
 great fervice. 
 
 Yet a perfon may be liable to bemiftaken 
 in this cafe, for when a horfe has been kept 
 a long time in the ftable without exercife, 
 he will, at the firft riding, be out of breath 
 although he be neither a blower, nor thick 
 winded. 
 
 3. There are fome wheezers or blowers, 
 that rattle and make a noife through the 
 nofe ; but this impediment goes and comes, 
 and is only occafioned by abundance of 
 phlegmatic ftuff; for their flanks will not 
 redouble, neither will they have a cough 
 with it, and therefore they cannoc be purfy. 
 
 WHELPS ; thofe who would have fair 
 hounds, fliould chufe fair bitches, and fuch 
 as are ftrong and well proportioned in every 
 part, with large ribs and flanks. 
 
 The beft feafon for coupling hounds, is 
 in January-, February, and March, for then 
 they will litter in a good time of the year 
 (that is in the fpring) fo that they will be 
 fit to enter in due courfe without lofs of 
 time, or of the feafon ; for if birches litter 
 in the winter, it is very troublefome to bring 
 up their whelps, and it will be difScult to 
 keep them alive ; cold being very injurious 
 to all young creatures. 
 
 M m m The 
 
W H I 
 
 The dogs tliat line the bitches muft not 
 be above five years old, for if they are older 
 (it is the opinion of many) the whelps 
 
 which they get will prove dull and heavy. 
 
 You ought alfo to be fure to get good 
 dog^ for the bitches at their firft growing 
 proud, for fome perfons have made this ob- 
 fcrvation, that if it be a maftifl-', grey-hound, 
 or hound, that firfl lines a bitch, in all the 
 littters that flie will have afterwards, one of 
 her whelps will refenible the dog that firil: 
 lined her. 
 
 And although the firft litter of whelps is 
 not accounted fo good as the fecond or third, 
 becaufe they are fuppofed to be both weaker 
 and fmaller, yet you Ihould not fail to have 
 her lined at firft with a good fair hound. 
 
 AVhcn a bitch has grown proud, it is not 
 good to cool her in the water ; for that con- 
 geals the blood within her veins and arteries, 
 and caufes the belly-gripes, manginefs, and 
 other difeafes. 
 
 When a bitch begins to grow pretty big 
 with whelp, fufFer her not to hunt, or ufe 
 any violent exercife, for that may caufe her 
 to caft her whelps ; take care to feed her 
 ■well, and provide her a clean and private 
 place to litter in, and keep them there for a 
 few days, that they may be familiarized with 
 it. 
 
 When your bitch has littered, chufe thofe 
 you intend to keep, drowning the reft j 
 there will indeed be fome difficulty in chu- 
 fing the beft : for, according to the opinion 
 of fome, thofe will be the fwifteft and beft, 
 that are the lighteft v/hile they fuck; but 
 will not be the ftrongeft : . others tell us, 
 that that whelp that fees the laft is beft ; 
 and others advife to remove the wlielps, and 
 lay them in feyeral places, watching the 
 bitch, and that whelp which fhe carries firft 
 to the kennel, will prove the beft'. 
 
 Let the whelps have good frefii ftraw to 
 lie on, and let it be often changed ; nor 
 do not let them be expofed to the lun-fliine 
 or rain ; and it will be of advantage to them 
 to anoint their Ikins once or .twice a week 
 with nut-oil, mixed widi faftron pounded, 
 v/hich will not only keep them from being 
 annoyed with flies, but will kill v/orms of all 
 kinds. 
 
 W I L 
 
 When the whelps are fifteen days old, let 
 them be wormed, and a week after, cut or 
 twift off one joint of their fterns; when they 
 can fee, give them milk to lap ; and when 
 they are two nionths old wean them, keep- 
 ing them from their dams ; they then ouglit 
 to be well fed, but not too high kept; and 
 now and then put fome cummin feeds in 
 their bread, to expel or keep wind out of 
 their bellies. 
 
 Some indeed advife to let the whelps fuck 
 three months, and afterwards to wean them, 
 and then to put them to be kept in villages, 
 till they are ten months old ; giviiig a ftrift 
 charge to thofe who keep them, not to fuf- 
 fer them, to eat carrion, and not to fufFer 
 them to frequent warrens, which will, be in- 
 jurious to them. 
 
 Let them be fed with bread made of 
 wheat, for rye bread will pafs; too foon 
 through them, and is fo light, that they 
 will be narrow backed : whereas hounds 
 ought to have broad ones. 
 
 They having been kept in this manner till 
 ten months old, take, them up and put them 
 into the field amongft others, that they may- 
 be inured to live after the fame manner ;. 
 about which time begin by degrees to 
 couple them with others, that they may 
 learn to go a hunting. 
 
 Five or fix days pratflice of this may do,, 
 and in order to make them traftable, in 
 cafe they go aftray or open urifeafonably, let 
 them now and then feel the fmart of your 
 whip. 
 
 WHINE, an hunting term, ufed for the 
 cry of an otter. 
 
 \yHIPPING IN Angling, is the fatten- 
 ing a line to tire hook or to the rod ; it is 
 alfo ufed for the calling in of the hook, and 
 drawing it gently on the water. 
 
 WHITE Face or Blaze ; is a white mark 
 upon horfes defcending from the fore-head, 
 almoft to the nofe. See Chanfrin. 
 
 WHITE Foot : is a white mark that hap- 
 pens in the feet of a great many horfes, 
 both before and behind, from the fetlock to 
 the cofBn. 
 
 The horfes thus marked, are either tra- 
 melled, crofs-tramelled, or white of all four. 
 
 Some 
 
W H E 
 
 Some horfemen place an unlucky fatality 
 in thofe white of the far foot-behind. See 
 Chausse-trop, Haut, and Trammeled. 
 
 WHITE footed, [in Farriery] a 
 quality of which it is faid there are four 
 good marks belonging thereto, and feven 
 bad ones. 
 
 The firft good mark is'v^'hen the horfe has 
 only his fore-feet, and the fecond is when 
 he has his near hind-foot white. 
 
 The far hind-foot white is accounted a bad 
 mark. 
 
 The two fore-feet v/hite, is accounted a 
 bad mark, but not very common. 
 
 The two hind-feet white, is a good mark, 
 efpecially if he has a ftar or blaze in his fore- 
 head. 
 
 The two fore-feet, and one hind-foot 
 white, is fomewhat better than the two fore- 
 feet alone. 
 
 Four v/hite feet are an indication of good 
 nature ; but fuch horfes for the mod part 
 are not very ftrong ; and their fore-feet 
 will incline to be brittle, by reafon of the 
 whitenefs of the horn. 
 
 Two feet on a fide white is a bad mark, 
 and fo likewife when a horfe is crofs white- 
 footed; though this by fome is accounted 
 a good mark, to have the far fore-foot and 
 near hind-foot white, efpecially if he have 
 a ftar with it. 
 
 Ermined WHITE-FEET, are fuch as 
 are freckled with little black fpots round the 
 coronets, an excellent mark. 
 
 Laftly, the higher the white afcends upon 
 a horfe's legs, he is fo much the worfe. 
 
 But after all, the judgment drawn from 
 marks and colours, is according to men's 
 fancies; there being good and bad of all 
 marks, as well as of all colours. 
 
 WHITE-HOUND, thofe hounds which 
 are all of one colour are accounted the beft 
 hounds : in like manner, thofe which are 
 fpotted with red ; but thofe that are fpotted 
 with a dun colour areefteemed of little va- 
 lue, being faint hearted, and cannot endure 
 much labour. 
 
 ■ But if they happen to be whelped coal 
 black, which feldom happens, they com- 
 monly prove ific6mparable hounds.. 
 
 9.ij 
 
 W H I 
 
 But if white-hounds are fpotted with 
 black, experience tells us they are never the 
 beft hare hunters. White and black and 
 white and grey, ftreaked with white, are al- 
 fo the mcft beautiful. 
 
 WHUR [in Falconry] a term ufed for 
 the fluttering of partridges and pheafants as 
 they rife. 
 
 A WILD BOAR, is called the firft year 
 a pig (jf the founder, the fecond year a hog, 
 the third a hog-fteer, the fourth a boar; at 
 which age, if not before, he leaves the 
 founder, and then he is called a fingler, or 
 fangler. 
 
 To take Wild-fowl with Lime Springs, &c. 
 
 Having found out any place where wild- 
 fowl refort, either great or fmall, make ufe 
 of this device. 
 
 Procure a bundle of fticks about a foot in 
 length, fiiarpen them at one end, and lee 
 them be fuch as are forked at the other; 
 ftick thefe into the ground flightly, only fo 
 as to bear up the lines or cords hereafter 
 mentioned, placing thefe fticks in ftraic 
 lines, and at equal diftances, all over the 
 whole place where they refort. 
 
 Provide a fufficient quantity of pack- 
 thread or fmall cord, and daub it all over 
 v/ith ftrong bird-lime, if you defign it for 
 ftrong fowl, or to be ufed in the water, or 
 otherwife ordinary birdlime will fcrve well 
 enough. 
 
 Set the fticks not above fix feet diftant 
 one from the other, and let the fticks be of, 
 fuch proportions, as to be able to bear up 
 the lines, which are to be laid all along 
 over the forks, faftcning the ends of the 
 lines to the laft fticks with flipping knots, 
 that when any fowl comes to touch on any 
 part of the line, the whole line may give' 
 way to enfnare it, fo that the more it ftrives 
 to get away, the fafter it will be held. ' 
 
 If you fet againft the morning, fix the rods' 
 or fticks over night ; and lay the lines on' 
 at leaft an hour before day; for if they are 
 not laid fo foon, it will be great odds buf 
 the fowl^^ will be there before you. - 
 
 But if you fet for the' evening, you'mufb' 
 M mm 2 • ' ' -'•■ ki 
 
W I L 
 
 fetup fticks and lines before fun-iet, left 
 the fowls relbrting thither, and finding 
 you there, be frighted and avoid the place ; 
 and it will alio be proper to ftrew baits for 
 them to entice them thither. 
 
 If you place thefe rods in the water, then 
 you muft fet them fo, that the lines be not 
 above five or fix inches above the water, 
 that the fowl may touch on them as they 
 fwim to and fro, and you may then fix one 
 end of the line, and only let the other end 
 be v/ith a running knot, and fo you may be 
 aflured of finding what are caught. 
 
 If you fet over any water, the fticks muft 
 be either longer or Ihorter, according to the 
 depth of the water. 
 
 This device will not be fo good in light 
 nights J but in thick and dark fogs it is very 
 good, for there is no need to watch them, 
 but only to go to the place every morning 
 and evening, and when you have made trial 
 of one place you may remove to another 
 haunt, and ftill preferve and fupply the 
 fticks, lines, and lime, as you fee occa- 
 lion. 
 
 If you fet for water-fowls, it will not be 
 Timifs that fome of the lines be about two 
 feet high above the water, that they may 
 enfnare the fowls as they make their flights, 
 before they defcend into the water, it hav- 
 ing been obferved that they are ufed to fly 
 at about that diftance at fuch times. 
 
 WILD-GOAT; an animal as big as a 
 hart, tiioughnotfo long-legged, but Befliy : 
 they have wreaths and wrinkles on their 
 horns, by which you may know what age 
 they are, for according to the number of 
 them, fo many years old they are. 
 
 Thefe wreaths this animal moves but not 
 his beam, which if it be an old goat, it may 
 be as big as a man's leg : they have alio a 
 large long beard ; are of a brownifh grey co- 
 lour, very fhaggy, having a black lift down 
 the ridge of their back, and their track is 
 larger than the flot of an hart. 
 
 They fawn in May as a hind or doe does ; 
 they bring forth but one, which they fuckle 
 and bring up in the fame manner as the tame 
 goat does her kid ; but about fawning time, 
 the females feparate firom the males till rut- 
 
 W I L 
 
 ting-time j in the mean-while they will run 
 at man or beaft, and fight as harts do one 
 againft another. 
 
 They go to rut about Alhallo-vjtide, and 
 continue therein a month or five weeks -, 
 when that feafon is over they defcend from 
 the mountains and rocks, which are their 
 conftant abode for the fummer-feafon, and 
 herd themfelves not only to avoid the fnow, 
 but becaufe they can find no food any lono-- 
 er; yet they do not come very low, but 
 keep at the foot of the hills till about 
 Enjler ; when they return again, every one 
 chufing fome ftrong hold in the rocks as the 
 harts do in the thici^ets. 
 
 The male when he goes to rut, has his 
 throat and neck much bigger than ufual ; 
 he has a very ftrong back, and what is moll 
 ftrange, though he fhould fall from on high 
 ten poles length, he will receive no harm,, 
 but will walk as fecurely on the lliarp tops of 
 rocks, as an hare on the highway. 
 
 In the laft place, this beaft feeds like a 
 deer, only befides ivy he will eat mofs, and 
 the like ftufF; in the fpring they make their 
 fewmets round, and afterwards broad and 
 flat, as the hart does when he comes to feed 
 well. 
 
 WILD-GOAT Hunting. The chief 
 feafon for this fport is at Alhallowtide ; but 
 before you begin to hunt, you fhould take 
 great notice of the advantage of the coafts, 
 the rocks and places where the goats lie ; 
 then fet nets and toils towards the rivei"s and 
 bottoms, for it cannot be expedled that the 
 hounds fliould follow a goat down every fbsep 
 place on the mountains. 
 
 It will alio be neceflfary for fome body to 
 ftand on the rock and throw down ftones as. 
 occafion requires ; and where the goat goes 
 down the fmall brooks or waters in the bot- 
 tom, there you fhould place your re-lays ; 
 but let them never ftay till the hounds come 
 to it that are caft off j this is the beft help, 
 for a man can follow neither on foot nor on 
 horfeback. 
 
 ■ WILD-GOOSE-CHASE, a method of 
 racing that takes it's name from the manner 
 of the flight of wild-geefe, which is general- 
 ly one after another j fo the two horfes after 
 
 the 
 
W I N 
 
 the running of twelve fcore yards, had li- 
 berty, which horfe foever could get the 
 leading to ride what ground he pleafed, the 
 hindmolt horfe being bound to follow him, 
 within a certain diftance agreed on by arti- 
 cles, or elfe to be whipt up by the triers or 
 judges which rode by j and which ever 
 horfe could diftance the other, won the 
 match. 
 
 But this chace was found by experience fo 
 inhuman, and lb deftiuftive to good horfes, 
 efpecially when two good horfes were 
 matched J for neither being able to diftance 
 the other, till both ready to fink under their 
 riders through weaknefs, oftentimes the 
 match was obliged to be drawn, and left 
 undecided, though both the horfes were 
 quite fpoiled. 
 
 This brought up the cuftom of train- 
 fcents, which afterwards was changed to 
 three heats and a ftrait courfe ; and that the 
 lovers of horfes might be encouraged to 
 keep good ones, places have been erefted in 
 many grounds in England. 
 
 WIND : a horfe that carries in the wind, 
 is one that tofles his nofe as high as his ears, 
 and does not carry handfomely. 
 
 The difference between carrying in the 
 wind, and beating upon the hand, is that 
 a horfe who beats upon the hand, fhakes his 
 head, and refifts the bridle; but he who 
 Carries in the wind, puts up his head with- 
 out fhaking, and fometimes bears upon the 
 hand. 
 
 The oppofite to carrying in the wind, is 
 arming and carrying low ; and even between 
 thefe two, there is a difference in wind. See 
 IBreath. 
 
 WIND BROKEN : different authors have 
 been of various opinions, with regard to its 
 caufe, and why fome horfes fhould be more 
 fubjeft to it than others ; but among all the 
 opinions, hitherto delivered, that of the 
 ingenious Mr. Gib/on feems the beft found- 
 ed. He thinks that its fource is frequently 
 owing to injudicious or hafty feeding of 
 ^oung horfes for fale, by which means the 
 growth of the lungs, and all the contents, 
 within the cheft, are fo increafed, and, in a 
 few years, fo preternaturally enlarged, that 
 
 W I N 
 
 the cavity is not capacious enough for them 
 to expand themfelves, and perform their 
 proper funftions. Nor is this opinion found- 
 ed on bare conjufture ; horfes that have died 
 broken winded have been opened, and the 
 lungs, and other parts, found too large for 
 the cheft. 
 
 But though hafty feeding is often the caufe 
 of this diforder, yet it is not alv/ays fo. A 
 narro-.v cheft may naturally produce it, and 
 it has been obferved, that horfes rifing eight 
 years old, are remarkably fubjett to this dif- 
 order. 
 
 The reafon why this diforders becomes 
 more apparent at the above-mentioned age, 
 than at any other, may be, becaufe a horfe 
 then arrives at his full ftrength and maturity : 
 at fix he commonly finilhes his growth in 
 heighth, when he lets down his belly and 
 fpreads, and all his parts are grown to their 
 full extent ; fo that the prefTure on the lungs 
 and midriff is now increafed. 
 
 Difledtions of horfes that have died bro- 
 ken winded, have fufficiently proved what 
 we have obferved above, namely, that not 
 only their lungs, together with the heart and 
 its bag, were preternaturally large, but alfo 
 the membrane, which divides the cheft, and 
 that the diaphragm, or midriff was remark- 
 ably thin. In fome the difproportion have 
 been found fo large, that the heart and lungs 
 have been almoft twice their natural fize, 
 perfeftly found, and without any ulceration 
 whatever, or the leaft defed: in the wind- 
 pipe, and its glands. 
 
 From thefc obfervations it abundantly ap- 
 pears, that the enormous uze of the lungs, 
 and the great fpace tliey occupy, by hinder- 
 ing the free aftion of the midriff, is the 
 principal caufe of this diforder j and as the 
 lungs themfelves are found much more fielhy 
 than ufual, they muft confequently have loft 
 a great part of their fpring and tone. 
 
 As therefore the caufe of this diftemper 
 proceeds from the largenefs of the lungs^ 
 we may conclude, that it is one of thofedif- 
 eafes to which a horfe is fubjeft, that cannot 
 be cured by art, and that the boaftings of 
 thofe who pretend to cure it, are built on a 
 fandy foundation, as will prove in the end 
 
 vain 
 
W I, N 
 
 -vain and frivolous. They may, indeed, 
 mitigate tlie fymptoms, and give fome re- 
 lief to the creature t' but ah abfoliite cure, 
 is not in the power of any .human' being. 
 Ail therefore th.at we fiiall pretend to do, is, 
 to lay down fome rules, wliich will have a 
 [^reat tendency ro' "prevent this diforder, if 
 purfued in time. But if they fiiould not be 
 fufficient, we ihall give the form of fome 
 remedies that will mitigate its force, and 
 render the horfe capable of performing" ^qocl 
 fervice notwithllandjng his misfortune. 
 
 The firil fymptom preceding a broken- 
 wind is an obftinate, dry cough, attended 
 ■Nvith neither ficknefs nor lofs of appetite ; 
 but on the contrary, a difpofition to foul 
 feeding, eating his' litter, and drinking large 
 quantities of water, 
 
 When a horfe is troubled with this ob- 
 -ftinate dry cough, and eats his litter, ^c. 
 it will be neceffary to bleed him, and give 
 •him the mercurial phyfic, already prefcribed, 
 and repeat it two or three times. After 
 whith, give the following balls for fome 
 time, which by experience have been found 
 of the greateft efficacy in removing obflinatc; 
 coughs : 
 
 Take of arum mofaicum finely powdered, 
 -eight ounces ; of myrrh and elecampane 
 "pounded, of each four ounces ; ofannifeeds 
 and bay-berries, of each an ounce ; of faf- 
 fron, half an ounce : make the whole into 
 balls with oxymel of fquills. 
 
 Or, as the aurum mofaicum, is not eafily 
 produced, give the following : 
 
 Take of gum ammoniacum, galbanum, 
 and afTafoetida, of each two ounces; of fquils, 
 four ounces; of cinnabar of antimony, fix 
 ounces ; of faffron, half an ounce : make 
 the whole into balls with honey. 
 
 One of thefe balls, about the fize of a 
 pullet's egg, fliould be given every morn- 
 ing. 
 
 But it is not enough to give proper me- 
 dicines : the diet of the horfe muft be care- 
 fully attended to, if we would hope for fuc- 
 cefs : in order to this the horfe Ihould eat 
 very fparingly of hay, which as well as their 
 corn may be wetted with chamber-lye, or fair 
 Water, and this will make them lefs craving 
 
 - W I N 
 
 after water, which fhould by all means be 
 prevented. 
 
 The chamber-lye is beft for this purpofe, 
 becaufe the volatile falts it contaifts, will be 
 a means of removing their thirft. For the 
 fame reafon garlick is found very efficacious 
 in this diforder; two or three cloves beiria 
 given in each feed ; or three ounces of gar- 
 lick bruifed and boiled in a quart of milk 
 and water, and given every other morning 
 for a fortnight, have been found very fer- 
 viceable; and therefore fo eafy a remedy 
 fhould never be neglcfted ; for by v/arming 
 and ftimulating the folids, and at the fams 
 time dilTolving the tenacious juices, which 
 choak up the veffels of the lungs, it greatly 
 relieves tliefe complaints. " ' 
 
 Moderate exercife fhould never be omitted 
 in broken winded horfes, and. chough for the 
 firfl: fummer after they have not been able to 
 endure much labour, yet many have been 
 found lefs opprelled the fecond, and fome 
 fcarce perceptibly affefted the third; and 
 even able to perform a long journey, or en- 
 dure great fatigue: And were it poffible to 
 keep a horfe conftantly in the field, and 
 taken up only when ufed, he would be able 
 to do good fervice for many years. 
 
 But it may not be improper to obferve, 
 that thofe who hope to cure a broken winded 
 horfe, or even one that is troubled with an 
 obftinate cough, -by putting him to grafs, 
 will find himfelf wretchedly miftaken ; for 
 on his being taken into the liable, and fed 
 with dry meat, he will be much worfe than 
 before, for want of that open and moift food 
 he had been accuftomed to ; and fome which 
 were only troubled with a dry cough when 
 they were put to grafs, have returned broken- 
 winded. It fliould therefore always be re- 
 membered, that if you have not the con- 
 veniency of keeping your horfe for a con- 
 flancy abroad, not to put him to grafs at 
 all, as inftead of curing, it will tend to 
 augment the diforder. " 
 
 In fhort, the grand fecret of managing 
 horfes of this kind, confifts in having a par- 
 ticular regard to their diet and exercife : 
 a moderate quantity only of hay, corn, or 
 water, ftiould be given at onfc tirnd, and 
 
the former conflantly m-^''^'-'---'^'', to prevent 
 their fcquiring top gn ■atity;"of t'he 
 
 latter; .end ffivai^ tht^ni m.^)ut•rrit■e'exe^cife. 
 but nevirr any that", is vio^-n*"' '^*vth'is me- 
 thod', and giving the !■ ' U once a 
 fortnight or' three, weeksj tiic hoile will be 
 able to do good fervice," for "many years, 
 provided his labour Be 'never \oo violent. 
 
 Take of fuccotririe' aloes, fix drachms ; of 
 fnyrrhj galbaniim, anddrnmoniacum of each 
 two dfacliitis'; of bay-berfiesj half an ounce : 
 make the "whole Into a ball with a fpoonful 
 of oil of arnber, and' a fufficient quantity of 
 the fyrup of buckthorn. 
 
 This ball pperates fo gently, that there is 
 no heed for confinement, except on the very 
 day it is taken, when the horfe mull have 
 warm me^t and warm water. ' 
 
 Or, take mullet-leaves, dry them and re- 
 duce them to a fine powder, mix them with 
 common honey, make them up into balls, 
 about the fize.of i. pigeon's egg; give the 
 horfe three at a time for fourteen or fifteen 
 daj^s together, and let him not drink any 
 cold "W^ater during'the'tii"rie; let his exercife 
 be moderate, his hay fjirinkled with water, 
 and wet his oats with good ale or beer. 
 
 Or, peel twenty cloves of garlic, and 
 'brirife them in a wooden bowl, and roll the 
 garlic in atjuartcr of a pound of butter, in- 
 to four or five bails, about the fize of a wal- 
 nut, and give them the horfe. 
 
 This medicine may be given to any horfe 
 of what ftate foever, if he be affecled either 
 with a cold, or pofe in the ^ head, for it 
 purges the head and lungs. 
 
 This is to be given in a'moi-ning fafiing, 
 and he muft be rid moderately for half an 
 hour after ; and if you pleafe you may re- 
 peat this dofc for three mornings fucceffively. 
 
 WIND GALLS in Horses, a difeafe, 
 "being bladders full of a corrupt •jelly, which 
 being let out,' is thick, and of the colour of 
 the yolk of an egg ; they are fometimes 
 large, and fometimes fmall, and grow on 
 each fide of the fet-lock joints upon all four 
 legs, and are often fo painful, efpecially in 
 the fummer feafon, when the weather is hot, 
 and the ways hard, that they caufe him not 
 only to halt, but even to fall. 
 
 WIN 
 
 They arc caufed, for the moft part, by 
 ek'treme labour and heat, whereby the hu- 
 mours being d!fix)lved, flow to the hollow 
 places about the nether joints, and there 
 lettle, which is the caufe of this malady. 
 
 The ufual method is, to open thern the 
 length of a bean, and fo prefs out the jelly j 
 and then to apply the white of an egg, and- 
 oil of bay, with hards plaiiler-wife thereto : 
 or, after the jelly is out, wrap a wet woollen 
 cloth about it, and with a tailor's hot pref- 
 fing-iron rub upon the cloth till all the 
 moifiure is dried up; then daub it all over 
 with pitch, maftich, and rofin boiled toge- 
 ther, and lay hards over ail, but you muH: 
 firll (liave away the hair, and open the for- 
 rance. 
 
 At the firft appearajice of a wind-gall the 
 tumour fhould be bathed twice a day with 
 vinegar or verjuice, and a proper bandage 
 applied to the part. Or you may foment 
 the fwelling with a decoftion of oak bark, 
 the rind of pomegranate, and alum, boiled 
 in verjuice.; and after the fomentation ap- 
 ply a proper bandage. 
 
 Sometim.es neither of the above methods 
 will anfwer the intention, and confequently 
 there will be a neceffity to have recourfe to 
 others, and accordingly feveral have been 
 given by different authors; but the beft is 
 mild blifters, which will never fail of draw- 
 ing off^ by degrees both the air and fluid 
 matter, contained in the tumour, and con- 
 fequently of curing the difeafe. In order 
 to this, a fmall quantity of the bliftpring 
 ointment fhould be laid on every other day 
 for a week, during which a plentiful dii- 
 charge will be produced, and the fwelling 
 difperfed. This method will not only cure 
 the difeafe, but alfo cure it without leaving 
 a fear, or ftiffening the joint ; both which 
 are the common confequences of firing. But 
 you fliould ufe the milder bliftering oint- 
 ment; I mean that without the corrofive 
 fublimate. 
 
 A Wind-gall upon the finew, that grows 
 hard, makes a horfe halt, and in the end, 
 makes him lame. 
 
 Your long jointed horfes are apt to be 
 wind-galled, tho' they work never fo little. 
 
 The 
 
WIT 
 
 The Wind-galls that we call firewy, hap- 
 pen commonly in the hinder legs, and no- 
 tlilng but fire can cure them; nay, fome- 
 times fire itfelf will not do. See aljo Ves- 
 siG>fo>r. 
 
 WITHERS OF A Horse, begin where 
 the mane ends, being joined to, and ending 
 at the tip of the fhoulder-bladcs. 
 
 Thefe parts fhould be well raifed and pretty 
 fti-ong, becaufe it Is a fign of ftrength and 
 goodnel's ; they keep the faddle from com- 
 ing forward upon the horfe's fhoulders and 
 neck, which immediately galls and fpoils 
 him, and a hurt in that place; is very diffi- 
 cult to cure ; they fliould alfo be lean and 
 not too flefhy, for then they will be more 
 fubje<5t to be galled. 
 
 As to fores in the wltliers : the origin of 
 thefe difeafcs indicate the cure. If they are 
 caufed by accidents, and rendered formida- 
 ble by negled, care fhould be taken not to 
 let it increale by time; but as foon as they 
 are difcovered, attempt the cure, which 
 may in general be performed by bathing the 
 part with hot vinegar three or four times a 
 day. If this Ihould not be fufficient to dif- 
 perfe the tumour, let an ounce of oil of vi- 
 triol be added to a quart of vinegar, and the 
 part well bathed with it. You may diilolve 
 an ounce of white vitriol in a little water, 
 and add the folution of the mixture of oil of 
 vitriol and vinegar, which will augment the 
 repellent quality of the medicine. If the 
 fwelling be attended with heat, fmarting, 
 and little hot watery pimples, it fhould be 
 bathed with the following mixture, inflead 
 of that given above : 
 
 Take of crude fal armoniac two ounces ; 
 boil it in a quart of lime water, or when 
 lime water cannot be had, in the fame quan- 
 tity of common water, adding an handful 
 of pearl afhes ; take it from the fire, and 
 when fettled pour off the clear part of the 
 decoiftion, and add to it half its quantity of 
 fpirits of wine. Bathe the part well with 
 this mixture, and afterwards anoint it with 
 linfeed oil, or ointment of elder, which \yill 
 foften and fmooth the fkin. 
 
 The above methods will be fufficient to 
 cure any difeafe of the withers arifing from 
 
 W O L 
 
 external injuries; but thefe are not the only 
 accidents they are fubjeft to ; tumours often 
 arife there from internal caufes, as the crifis 
 of fevers and the like. Whenever this hap- 
 pens you muft be very careful not to ufe re- 
 pellents of any kind, but do every thing you 
 can to affift nature in bringing the fwelling 
 to maturity, which cannot be more effec- 
 tually done than by a fuppleing poultice. 
 Nor will any thing more be required than 
 to renew it at proper intervals till the tu- 
 mour breaks of itfelf, for experience has 
 abundantly ffiewn that it is much better to 
 let nature herfelf open the tumour than to 
 do it by incifion. But when the tumour is 
 broke, it will be neceffary to enlarge the 
 natural orifice, and pare away the lips of the 
 abfcefi-, that your dreffmg may be better ap- 
 plied to the bottom of the fore; taking 
 particular care in your ufe of the knife to 
 avoid the ligament which runs along the 
 neck to the withers ; and if it (hould dege- 
 nerate into a fiftula, the cure muft be per- 
 formed in the manner laid down in the arti- 
 cle on ulcers. 
 
 While the outward cure of hurts in the 
 withers is performing, you Ihould give the 
 horfe a dofe of Cinnabar pills for two days 
 together, keeping him bridled fai' two hours 
 before and after taking of them ; and the 
 fame courfe is to be repeated after an inter- 
 val of two days. 
 
 WITHERS, of the bow of a faddle. See 
 Bows. 
 
 WITHER-BAND, is a band or piece of 
 iron laid underneath a faddle about four 
 fingers above the withers of the horfe, to 
 keep tight the two pieces of wood that forni 
 the bow. 
 
 WITHER-WRUNG ; a horfe is faid to 
 be wither-wrung when he has got a hurt in 
 the withers ; and that fort of hurt is very- 
 hard to cure. 
 
 WOLF; a kind of wild maftiff, that 
 preys upon ail kind of things, and will feed 
 on carrion, vermin, ^c. They will kill a 
 cow or a bullock ; and as for a fheep, goat, 
 or good porker, they will eafily carry him 
 off in their moutlis, without it's touching 
 the ground ; and will, notwithftanding the 
 
 load^ 
 
W O L 
 
 toad, run away fo fafl, that they are hardly 
 to be flopped but by maftiffs or horfemen. 
 There is no beaft that runneth fafter than 
 the wolf, and holdeth fo long in fpeed. A 
 dos-wolf n'ay be known from a bitch by 
 the^traftsof his feet ; for the dog-wolf has 
 a greater heel, toe, and nails, and a bigger 
 foot J befidcs, the bitch commonly cafts her 
 'fiants in the middle of the highway ; where- 
 as ihe dogs call: them either on one fide or 
 other of the path. 
 
 When any one would hunt this creature, 
 Tic muft train him by thefe means : firft let 
 him find out fome open place, a mile or more 
 from the great woods, where there is fome 
 clofe fbanding to place a brace of good grey- 
 hounds in, if occafion be, which fliould be 
 clofely environed, and fome pond of water 
 by it : there he muft kill a horfe that is 
 worth little, and taking the four legs there- 
 of, carry them into the adjoining woods and 
 ^orefts ; then let four men take each of them 
 a leg of the horfe, and drag it at his horfe's 
 tail all along the paths and ways in the 
 woods, until they come back again to the 
 place -where the carcafe of the faidbeafllies ; 
 .there let them lay down their trains. Now 
 •when the wolves go out in the night to prey, 
 they will follow the fcent of the train, till 
 they come to the place where the carcafe 
 lies : when let thofe who love the fport, 
 ■come with their huntfmen early and private- 
 ly near the place ; and if they are difcernable 
 as they are feeding, firft let them confider 
 ■which way will be the faircft courfe for their 
 grey-hounds, and place them accordingly, 
 ^nd as near as they can let them fore-ftall 
 with their hounds, the fame way that the 
 •wolves did or are flying either then or the 
 night before ; but if the wolves be in the 
 ^coverts near the carrion that was laid for them 
 •to feed on J in fuch cafe, let there be hew- 
 ers fet round the coverts, to make a noife on 
 every fide, but not that where the grey- 
 hounds are placed, and let them ftand thick 
 together, making what noife they can to 
 -force them to the hounds; then let the 
 huntfman go with his leam hound, and draw 
 from the carrion to the thicket's fide, where 
 the wolves have gone. in ^j and there the 
 
 W O L 
 
 huntfman is to caft off the third part of his 
 beft hounds, for a wolf will fometimes hold 
 a covert a long time before he comes out; 
 the huntfmen fhould keep near the hounds, 
 and encourage them with their voice ; for 
 many hounds will ftrain courtefy at this 
 chace, although they are fit for all other 
 chaces. This creature will ftand up a whole 
 day before a good kennel of hounds, unlefs 
 greyhounds or v/olf-dogs courfe him. If he 
 ftand at a bay, have a care of being bit by 
 him ; for being then mad, the wound is 
 hard to be cured. 
 
 It is beft entering of hounds at youn'-: 
 wolves which are not above half a year old, 
 for a hound will hunt fuch more willingly, 
 and with lefs fear than an old wolf j or they 
 may be taken alive with engines, and break- 
 ing their teeth, you 'may then enter the 
 hounds at them. 
 
 When the wolf comes to the greyhounds, 
 they who hold them ought to fuffer the 
 wolf to pafs by the firft rank, until he ad- 
 vance further, and then let the firft rank 
 let loofe their greyhounds full in the face 
 of the wolf; and at the fame inftant let all 
 the other ranks let (lip alio ; fo that the firft 
 rank ftaying him but ever fo little, he may 
 be aflTaulted on all fides at once, by which 
 means they fliall the more eafily take him. 
 
 WOLF-NET, a kind of net fo called, 
 bccaufe it is a great deftroyer of fifh, as well 
 in rivers as ponds, and may not unfitly be 
 called the little raffle, as being exaftly the 
 fame, except the four wings. See P/ateX.VU 
 
 The firft figure reprefents it only with 
 the traces or lines, that the form and pro- 
 portion thereof may the better be appre- 
 hended. 
 
 You muft begin to work it upon fixteen 
 mefties of lever, and to caft the accrues from 
 four, to four mefties to the firft row made, 
 near the lever, and continue the other rows 
 in the fame manner, making the accrues 
 over-againft thofe found at the ranges of 
 the preceding meflies, until the net comes 
 to be a foot and a half long, which will be 
 one of the gullets. 
 
 When you are come to this length, you 
 
 muft give over making any more accrues; 
 
 N n n and 
 
W O L 
 
 and work without increafe or diminution ; 
 and wlien you have brought it to be three 
 feet more in length, leave an opening. 
 See Plate XVI. 
 
 Inflead of working all that you have hi- 
 therto done to your net round ways, return 
 upon your work, and when you come to 
 the mcll!, v.'here you have altered the me- 
 thod of working, go back upon the mefhes 
 you have done, and when you are come to 
 the end, do the fame again, and continue 
 this way of making the meflies till you have 
 wrought a foot in length ; and then work 
 round ways, as at firft, till you have brought 
 it to be three feet more in length. 
 
 This trunk or coffer will confift of feven 
 feet without the two gullets : then make 
 the fecond gullet, by taking two mefhes 
 at a time at each quarter of the round of 
 the net, in order to diminiih it to fixteen 
 meflies, as you had begun at the other 
 end. 
 
 When this is done, fallen it to the hoops, 
 by putting the firft A, E, G, S, exactly upon 
 the range of mefhes, near the firft, where 
 you have caft your accrues ; and the other 
 D, K, V, F, on the other end of the coffer, 
 that fo the other two hoops between both 
 ends, denoted by the letters B, H, C, I, may 
 be at an equal diftance j then adjuft the 
 gullets like thofe of the coffer of the raffle, 
 clofing the regard M, the four hoops which 
 you ufe to the wolf, will be as big as thofe 
 of a tun, which may be made ufe of upon 
 this occafion. 
 
 This net mull be carried to the water- 
 fide near the place where you intend to pitch, 
 which to do well Ihould be fome ground 
 full of rufhes, fedges, and fuch like water- 
 grafs ; then, with a paring knife, quarter 
 out a place for the nets by cleanfing away 
 all the trafh and weeds near it, the larger 
 the better^ efpecially if you cut two allies 
 jn a direct line, a pretty length, one on 
 each fide the net, by which the fifh might be 
 Invited, and, as it were, guided to the 
 net. 
 
 Then you having ready four fticks or 
 poles D, E, K, U, about the thicknefs of a 
 man's arm, and in length five feet and a half, 
 
 WOO 
 
 with holes and notches near their ends ; tie 
 them with cords round the hoops to keep the 
 net tight, as is reorefented by the letters 
 A,B, C, D. 
 
 Let alfo four little cords hang to the 
 ftick G, FI, I, K, in order to tie flones to 
 them, to fink the net to the bottom of the 
 water ; and alfo faften a cord L, R,' three 
 fathom in length, to the pole L, for draw- 
 ing the net to fhore, that you may not be 
 obliged to go into the water for it, though 
 perhaps you were forced fo to do, when you 
 laid it there : this do, efpecially if you place 
 the net in the middle of any wide river ; but 
 if you place it within ten or twelve feet of 
 the bank, you may then caft in the net, and 
 fettle it afterwards, according to your mind, 
 by the help of a long pole, or the like, tho' 
 the former is the better way, but indeed 
 more troublefome. 
 
 WOLVES-TEETH ; an inconvenience 
 that happens to a horle, being two fmall 
 teeth which grow in his upper jaws, next the 
 great grinding teeth, which are fo painful 
 to him that he cannot endure to chew his 
 meat, but is forced either ta let it fall out 
 of his mouth,, or to keep it ftill half 
 chewed. 
 
 For the cure : tie up the horfe's head to 
 fome poft or rafter; open his mouth with 
 a cord as well as you can, and having an iron 
 inftrument made like a carpenter's gouge, 
 with the left hand fet the edge of the tool to 
 the foot of the wolves teeth on the outfide 
 of the jaw, turning the hollow fide of the 
 tool downwards, and knock it out as fteadi- 
 ly as you can with a mallet, and put fome 
 fait finely powdered into the holes. 
 
 Now if the upper jaw-teeth hang over the 
 under jaw-teeth, and fo cut the infide of the 
 mouth, then take your gouge and mallet, 
 and pare the teeth fborter by little and little, 
 turning the hollow fide of the tool down- 
 wards towards the teeth ; for by fo doing, 
 you fhall not cut the infide of his cheeks : 
 then file them all fmooth with a file, not 
 leaving any ruggednefs, and wafh the horfe's 
 mouth with fait and vinegar. 
 
 WOOD-COCK, is a travelling bird, 
 having a very long bill, and fpotted with 
 
 grey. 
 
woo 
 
 grey. They commonly come into our and 
 the neighbouring countries about the middle 
 of O^ober, and go away again in March. 
 They do not ftay above eight or ten days in 
 a place ; or if they tarry longer, it is becaufe 
 they are hurt, and fo ftay there till they are 
 cured . 
 
 They feldom, if ever, fly in the day-time, 
 ninlefs forced to it by man or beaft, and then 
 they retire into thick woods, where there 
 are void fpaces covered on all (ides, there 
 they abide for the whole day, fearching for 
 earth-worms under the leaves, &c. When 
 night comes, they go out of the woods in 
 queft of water and meadows, where they may 
 drink, and wafh their bills, which they have 
 fouled by thrufting into the earth j and hav- 
 ing paflfed the night, as foon as the day be- 
 gins to appear, they take their flight to the 
 woods. In their 'flight, they ufe Ihady 
 places, and coaft it along a great way in 
 fearch of the talleft woods, fo that they may 
 -be the more concealed, and be more under 
 covert from the wind. They fly always low, 
 till they find fome glade to go a-crofs, and 
 love not to fly high, nor dare to fly among 
 trees, becaufe, like hares, they cannot fee 
 well before them, and for which reafon are 
 eafily taken with nets fpread along the foreft, 
 or in glades. 
 
 Your draw-nets are very profitable in fuch 
 ■countries as are very woody, for you fome- 
 -times take a dozen of woodcocks in them. 
 
 Suppofing then that your range of wood 
 be about three hundred paces long, more or 
 lefs, in fome ' place towards the middle 
 cut a walk through it, fo that there may be 
 a fpace of fix or eight fathoms between the 
 -tree A, and the tree B ; the place muft be 
 v/ell cleared, and without trees, buflies, 
 under-wood, or ftones, and fix fathom 
 fquare ; then prune, or cut ofi-' all the front 
 boughs of the two trees. A, B, to make way 
 for the- net to hang and play without being 
 entangled. See PlaleXVl. ^g. i. 
 
 The next thing is, to provide two ftrong 
 
 •logs of wood, which open or cleave at the 
 
 biggeft ends, as marked C, and D : tie the 
 
 -middleparts faftto fome boughs of the tree, 
 
 as the letters E, and F dired, and let the 
 
 WOO 
 
 tops hang over as G, and H, reprefent, to 
 the end that the next may be a little di* 
 tanced from the trees : you fliould have al- 
 ways in readinefs good fbore of pullies or 
 buckles, made of glafs, box, brafs, or the 
 like, which Ihould be about thebignefs of a 
 man's finger, according to the form defign- 
 ed by the fecond figure, and faften one at 
 each end of the perches or logs G, and H. 
 
 Having tied on your pullies about two 
 branches, marked 3, a certain cord of the 
 thicknefs of one's little finger ; then tie 
 another knot in the faid cord, about the dif- 
 tance of a hand's breadth, from the knot 
 marked 4, and fo let the two ends of the 
 cord 5 and 6, hang down about a foot long 
 each, that there-withal you may faften them 
 to the pullies, which are at the end of the 
 perches or logs, as reprefented by the letters 
 I, and L, clofe to the notches of the 
 perches G, and H. 
 
 Thefe notches ferve to hinder the pullies 
 from defcending lower than the place where 
 you would have it remain. 
 
 Then clap into each puUy a fmall pack- 
 thread, the end of each of which fliould 
 reach to the foot of the trees, that by the 
 help of them you may draw up two ftronger 
 cords into the fame pullies where you hang 
 the net, and not always be forced to climb 
 up into the tree : thefe latter you may let al- 
 ways hang, provided you live by honeft 
 neighbours. 
 
 The laft thing to be providedls a ftand, 
 to lie concealed, and wait for the coming 
 of the woodcocks : it matters not on what 
 fide it be, provided it be over adroit, fix or 
 eight toifes from the middle of the net, as at 
 the place marked R. 
 
 About half a dozen boughs of about the 
 height of a man, pitched up together, and 
 interwoven, may ferve for a ftand ; you may 
 fit upon a little hawn or fern, and at three 
 or four feet diftance from thence towards the 
 net, force a ftrong ftake into the ground, at 
 the place marked Qj whereon faften the 
 lines of the net when it is drawn up. 
 
 It is not neceffary to make ufe oftwo pul- 
 lies, one only is enough on a fide, as at N, 
 and the other at I,; they tie a long pole at 
 'N n n a ^ one 
 
woo 
 
 one of its ends, and the other is faftened to 
 » tree a little above C, by the means of a 
 cord, which gives the pole liberty to be 
 raifcd up or lowered, as yon would raife up 
 or lower the net ; the fportfman iliould have 
 one cord to hold, and place himfelf on 
 the fide of the tree B, where he may not be 
 difcerned. 
 
 When a woodcock is taken, the net mufb 
 be let down as readily as poflible, for he may 
 by ftruggling make his elcape, and then you 
 mull break a wing and crufli his head: the 
 net muft immediately be fet up again, for it 
 riiay happen, the other woodcocks will come 
 to be taken, which you mifs, if tedious at 
 your work. 
 
 If any beaft come athwart you, you muft 
 let them pafs under your net about five or 
 fix feet J then make a noife with a iliout, 
 and fo let go : the beaft, at the firft noife, 
 will retire back, and fo become enfnared : 
 to be fure, if you let go while he is juft 
 under the net, he will either fpring forwards 
 or backwards, and not be taken, but the 
 moft likely retire back. 
 
 It often happens, that a man perceives a 
 great thoroughfare of birds between fome 
 coppice timber-woods over a certain piece of 
 - ground, where he wants the conveniency of 
 ,a. good tree, to oppofe fome other which 
 poffibly ftands according to his mind ; but 
 whether he wants one or two, if he finds the 
 place likely, and that, in probability, it 
 will quit his coft ; let him then take one or 
 two trees fit for the purpofe, and plant them 
 deep in the ground, that they may ftand all 
 weathers. 
 
 If you would take woodcociis by nets in 
 high v/oods, by driving them into them ; 
 your net muft be like the rabbet-hays, but not 
 fo ftrong, and about twenty fathoms long, 
 and you Ihould have two or three of them. 
 
 Being provided with nets, and having the 
 affiftance of five or fix perfons to go into the 
 wood with you, wiiich fliould be at feven or 
 eight years growth, for the older the better ; 
 go into fome part thereof, about the middle, 
 if it be not too large, and pitch your nets 
 along as you do for rabbets, but one joining 
 to the other, flope-wife, hanging over that 
 way which you defign to drive the cocks ; 
 
 WOO 
 
 yournets being thus fixed, let your company 
 go to the end of the wood, at about ten 
 rods afunder, and having fticks in their 
 hands, m.ake a noife ; as alio ufe their voices, 
 as if tliey were driving cattle along, apd fo 
 go forward and forward, till you come to 
 the place where the nets are fet, and vou 
 will not fail to catch thofein that part of the 
 wood : then when that part of the woods 
 is thus drove, turn your net flopewife on tht 
 other fide, and going to the other end, ob- 
 ferve the aforefaid diredions : you may, by 
 this way, take them at any time of the day 
 with great eafe and pleafure. 
 
 ^0 catch Woodcocks in the woods hy Gins, 
 Springs, or Noofes. 
 
 Such as are wont to follow this work, af- 
 ter they have fet them, need not lofe their 
 time, but go at four in the afternoon, and 
 the eflxdl will be much the fame : they muft 
 be provided with fcveral dozens of thefe 
 fnares- more or lefs, according to the place 
 in the wood where the woodcocks are; 
 thefe noofes are made of good long horfe- 
 hair, twifted together with a running buckle 
 atone end> and a great knot at the other, 
 which they pafs through the middle of a 
 ftick cleft with the point of a knife; and 
 then open it, and put in the end of the 
 horfe-hair noofe, and then make knots to 
 keep it tight, to hinder it from pafiina: 
 through the cleft : this ftick is about the 
 thicknefs of one's little finger, and about a 
 foot long, being Iharp-pointed at one end 
 the better to fix it in the ground, to each of 
 which they faften a noofe or fpring. Sec 
 Plate y^Yl. fig. 1. 
 
 Having bundled, them up, you go into a 
 coppice, tliat has molt leaves, in order to 
 find if there are any woodcocks there ; and 
 this may be perceived by the leaves on the 
 ground, which are ranged both on one fide 
 and the other by the woodcocks, in fearch- 
 ing for worms under them, and by their 
 dung which is of a dark grey colour; when 
 you find there are woodcocks in that place, 
 then take a great round of about forty or 
 fifty paces off, which is reprefented by the 
 following figure. 
 
 The 
 
woo 
 
 The moft proper places for this piirpcfe 
 are, amongtt bullies and fmall coppices, and 
 the manner is thus j fuppofe the branches 
 marked A, B,CjX),E, where fo many Humps 
 make a fmall hedge-row of half a foot high, 
 of broom, furz, brambles, &c. from one 
 itump to another, leaving a gap in the mid- 
 dle for the woodcocks to pafs, as at F, G, 
 H, 1 ; fo that the woodcock walking in the 
 wood in fearch of food, and. finding this 
 hedge-row, he will follow it. till he comes 
 at the gap, for he will never fly ; and there- 
 fore you fliould lix the firing there, opened 
 in a round form, and laid upon the fiat 
 ground, fupported only by fome leaves ; and 
 the woodcock entering the gap, can fcarce 
 avoid being taken by the legs j the form of 
 the extended fnares are reprefented in Plate 
 XVI. JJg. 3. 
 
 If in walking in. the woods, you fliould 
 find noofes, and the like, that are fet five or 
 fix inches above the ground, fuch as are de- 
 noted by the letters F and G, it is a fign 
 partridges frequent that place, and that the 
 peafancs come to take them; we often find 
 partridges taken in the fame manner : there 
 are thole who make little hedge-rows of 
 different lengths, and in different numbers, 
 as they think fit, according to the game 
 they fuppofe the place may afford. 
 
 It has been obferved, that woodcocks, in 
 the night time, frequent fprings, and the 
 like places, becaufe they do not freeze, and 
 thofe perfons who make it their bufinefs to 
 catch them, will not forget in the morning 
 to walk along the fides of rivulets, fprmgs, 
 marlhe^, and ditches, that are under the 
 covert of woods, in order to find out whe- 
 ther any woodcocks had been there the night 
 before; for they will not fail to return thither, 
 if they have been once there before, and 
 therefore they mull lay fnares for them, ac- 
 cording to the following figure : 
 
 Suppofe the oblong fquare. See ^g. 2. 
 fliould be a ditch full of water, frequented 
 by woodcocks, and that it's bank fliould be 
 that fide reprefented by the figures 2, 3, 4. 
 
 Stop all other places, by wiiich the wood- 
 cocks can come at the bank of the ditch, 
 iiom 2 X as far as A Z, with broom and the 
 
 WOO 
 
 like things, and on the fairefl bank make a. 
 fmall hedge, 2, Y, P, 3, M, N, about five 
 or fix inches, and about half a foot diftant 
 from the water, but in this hedge leave 
 gaps, at the diftance of about five or fix 
 feet from one another, more or Icfs accord- 
 ing to the extent of the place : thefe pafTes 
 are denoted by the letters P, 3, M, N, where, 
 the fnares or fprings are laid : thofe who. 
 follow this fport, fix at the edge of the gap 
 five inches high, and not fo thick as a man's 
 little finger, and within half a foot of the 
 other fide of the pafs, a fmall bow two or 
 three fingers high, which forms, as it were, 
 a round gate or door facing the flick A. 
 
 Then they have a fmall wooden flat cro- 
 chet, feven or eight inches long, with a 
 notch in it, near the end R, which is put 
 into the flick A, and the other end pafPcs . 
 under the bowj they alio take a iwicch of 
 hazel, or fome wood, which being folded 
 will grow ilraight of itfelf ; this rod which 
 is a finger thick, and about three feet long, 
 is fixed in the fmall hedge j they tie to the 
 end V a packthread half a foot long, to the 
 end of which packthread, they fallen a 
 horfe-hair fnare or fpring, with a fmall flick 
 cut at both ends, and made like a wedge to 
 cleave wood with : the rejed mull be folded 
 and pafs the letter P underneath the bow, 
 and doing the fame alfo by the end of the 
 fmall flick, faften it under the edge S of the ■ 
 bow, and railing the bird-trap or fnare, fix 
 the other end of the ftick in the notch R, 
 by which means the machine will be kept 
 light, then extend the fnare P, into a round 
 or over the trap j but it muil be fo pliant, 
 that as foon as the woodcock would pafs 
 through, and fct his foot upon the trap, th.e 
 rejedl will immediately unbend, and catch 
 him by the leg. 
 
 Others faften a fmall circlp to the trap, 
 that fo the woodcock may have more room 
 for his feet, and fo make the rejeft of ufe to 
 you, and catch him ; for it may happen, 
 that as he crpfTes the gap, he does not pafs 
 over it. 
 
 This fecond device with the circle, is re- 
 prefented by the letter K; others make ufe 
 of fnares, which they adjufl, as has been 
 
 Ihevva 
 
woo 
 
 fhcwn in the preceding article, and which 
 arc iVt forth in the cut, by the letters Mj N. 
 See Draw-Net, Plate V. 
 
 'To 'Urke iroodcocks with Bird-lime, &c. 
 
 Woodcocks and fnipes are difficult to dif- 
 cover, they lying cloie, and not reforting 
 much together, efpecially in the day time. 
 
 The cuftom of the woodcock is ufually to 
 lie on banks by hedges and ditches againll 
 the fun J and you may talce notice, that on 
 a day after a moon-lhiny night, they will 
 fufFer one to come better to tind them than 
 after a dark night, and for this reafon, be- 
 caufc they can fee to feed in moon-fhiny 
 nights, and will not be fo ftill and watchful 
 as when taking their rell. 
 
 The fnipes naturally lie by the fides of ri- 
 vers, when all plaflies are frozen, and always 
 with their heads up or down the llream, and 
 not athwart it ; and in order to find them 
 out, a perfon mufh be expeit in the know- 
 ledge of their colours. 
 
 Now in order to take woodcocks, ^c. 
 with bird-lime, you muft provide yourfelf 
 ^vith fixty or feventy twigs, which you muft 
 daub with bird-lime neatly and fm.oothly ; 
 and having found their haunts, which you 
 may difcover by their dung, which is gene- 
 rally in low plafhy places, and fuch as have 
 plenty of weeds, and not frozen in frofty 
 'Weather; and at fuch places are the twigs to 
 be fet, more or lefs, as you think fit, at 
 -about a yard diftance one from the other, 
 •Tetting them fo as to ftand floaping, fome 
 one way, and fome another. 
 
 And if you defign to fee fport, you muft 
 be concealed. 
 
 And if there be any other open place near 
 to that where yon have fet your twigSj beat 
 ■them up, or elfe fet twigs there too. 
 
 It is faid that thefe birds put their bills 
 into the moift places of the earth where they 
 frequent, and fo jogging and moving them 
 about, difturb the worms and caufe them to 
 come out, and fo they become their prey. 
 
 WOOD-LARK ; a fine bird, not much 
 inferior to the nightingale in fong; but of 
 this kind, as well as all the reft, there are 
 
 WOO 
 
 fome that far excel others in length and 
 fweetnefs of fong. 
 
 Though this is a very tender bird, yet it 
 breeds the fooneft of any that we have in 
 England; it is alfo a hot and mettlefomc 
 creature, fo that if the wood-lark be not 
 taken in January, or the beginning of Fe- 
 bruary, they grow extraordinary rank, and 
 pine away in a fhort time, by reafon of the 
 ranknefs of their ftones, which are found 
 very much fwelled in them, when they are 
 dead. 
 
 They delight much in gravelly grounds 
 and hills, that lie againft the rifing of the 
 fun, and in the ftubs of oaks. 
 
 The females couple with the males, the 
 beginning of February, at which time they 
 part with all their laft years brood, and im- 
 mediately go to neft. 
 
 They build moft commonly in layer 
 grounds, where the grafs is pretty rank, and 
 grown rufiet; ufing bennet-grais, or fome 
 of the dead grafs of the field; and always 
 make it under a large tuft, to Ihelter them- 
 felves from the wind and weather, which 
 at that time of the year is commonly very 
 cold. 
 
 As for their young, they feed them -with 
 a fmall kind of worm ; but they cannot be 
 brought up to any kind of perfedlion from 
 the nert, as ever yet could be found. 
 
 The young branchers are firft taken in 
 three months of the year, June, July, and 
 Aiigujl. The next feafon of their taking, is 
 their general flight time, wliich is the latter 
 end of September, for then they rove from 
 one country to another ; and laftly from the 
 beginning of January, to the latter end <jf 
 February, at which time they are all cou- 
 pled, and return to their layers, or breeding 
 places. 
 
 Thofe that are taken in June, y//^, or the 
 beginning of Auguft, are for the moft part 
 catched with a hobby, after the following 
 manner: 
 
 Go out in a dewy morning on the fide of 
 fome hills, which lie oppofite to the rifing 
 fun, where they moft ufually frequent ; then 
 furround them two or three times with the 
 hawk upon the fift, and make him hover 
 i iwhen 
 
woo 
 
 ■when-you come indifferent near; whereupon 
 they will lie till you clap a little net over 
 them, which you are to carry upon the end 
 of a llick. 
 
 Or elfe if three or four perfons go out to- 
 gether, and take a net made in the form of 
 thofe ufed for partridges, when you go with 
 a fetting-dog, only the meflies muft be 
 fmaller ; and then your hawk to the lark, 
 will be like a fetting-dog to partridges, fo 
 that with fuch a net you may take the whole 
 flock at the draught : for thefe larks keep 
 company with their young ones till flight 
 time, and then they part. 
 
 Thofe that are taken in June, July, and 
 Auguft, fing prefently, yet laft but a little 
 time in fong, for they immediately fall to 
 moulting, which if they withftand, they 
 commonly prove very fweet fong birds, but 
 not fo lavifh as thofe that are taken in the 
 fpring; they are alfo commonly very fami- 
 liar. 
 
 Such as are taken at flight, are brave, 
 Ib-ong, fprightly, Itrait birds, but do not 
 ufually fing till after Chrijimas. 
 
 Thofe tali en in January 3.n<i February, they 
 fing within two or three days, or a week at 
 the fartheft, if good conditioned ; and thefe 
 laft . commonly prove the beft, as being 
 taken in full ftomach. 
 
 As for the ordering of wood-larks, you 
 muft have a cage with> two pans, one for 
 mixed meat, and another for oatm.eal and 
 Jiempfeed : boil an egg hard, and the crum 
 of a halfpenny white loaf, and as much 
 hempfeed as bread ; chop the egg very 
 fmall, and crumble the bread and it toge- 
 ther, and then pound the hempfeed likewife 
 very fliarp in a mortar, or bruife it with a 
 rolling-pin, and mingle all togetlier and 
 keep it for ufe. 
 
 Strew fine red gravel at th.e bottom of the 
 cage, and renew it every week at fartheft ; 
 otherwife the lark will clog his feet with his 
 dting, and will not take half that delight in 
 himfelf, for he takes a great deal of pleafure 
 in bafliing hirnfelf in fand, which if he has 
 not pretty often, he will grow loufy, and if 
 he does fo, feldom, if ever, comes to good. 
 
 The perch alfo in the cage muft hs lined 
 
 W O R 
 
 with green bays, unlefs you make a perch 
 of mat, which thefe larks do take great de- 
 light in. 
 
 But if he be very wild when firft taken, 
 keep him three or four days without com- 
 pany, till he begins to eat his meat, and 
 becaufe fometimes they do not find the pan 
 till near furniihed, ftrew hempfeed and oat- 
 meal upon the fand. 
 
 Hozv to know a Cock Woodcock from a Hen. 
 
 1. This may be done by the loudnefs and 
 length of his call. 
 
 2. By the tallnefs of his walking about 
 the cage. 
 
 3. The doubling of his notes in the even- 
 ing, which is called cuddling, as if he was 
 going to rooft ; but if you hear him fing 
 ftrong you cannot be deceived, lor hens will 
 fing but little. For Woodcock faooting, fee 
 Shooting-Flying. 
 
 I'be Dijeafe incident to Wood-larks. 
 
 They are tender birds, if not rightly or- 
 dered ; but when well managed have been 
 kept fix or feven years with much pleafure, . 
 finging better and better every year, and at 
 laft have fung real variety of notes, even to 
 admiration. 
 
 The particular diftemper wood-larks are 
 fubjed: to are, the cramp, giddinefs in the 
 head, and to be very loufy, for though they 
 are not fo fubjeft to it when they are abroad, , 
 in cold weather, yet they have a variety of 
 motion, as flying and running, which they 
 have not in a cage. 
 
 And befides, if the gjavel in their cage be 
 not often renewed, their dung will clog their 
 ieiti, benumb them, and caufe the cramp. 
 
 1^0 WORK A Horse j is to exercife him 
 at pace, trot, or gallop, and ride him at the 
 manage. 
 
 To work a horfe upon volts, or head and 
 haunches in, or between two heels, is to 
 paflage him, or make him go fideways ujion 
 two parallel lines. 
 
 WORMS IN Docs; all fpanicls have 
 certain ftrings under their tongues, by moft 
 called a v/orm -, this muft be taken out when 
 they aie about two raontjis ^Id, jyjth .the 
 
 hclo 
 
\V O R 
 
 help of a Hinrp knife, to flit it, and a flioe- 
 inaker's awl to raile it up ; you muft be care- 
 ful to take ail our, or clfc your pains is to 
 .little purpofe ; for till thtn, he will be hard- 
 ly ever fat and right, in regard the worm 
 or firing will grow foul and troublefome, 
 and hinder his reft and eating, 
 
 WORMS in Spaniels : are fometimes 
 bred in a wound, after a dog has been hurt; 
 efpecially if it be in a place where the dog 
 cannot come at the place to lick it, for if 
 he can, it will need no other cure. 
 
 For the cure : take powdei' of matrefilva 
 dried in an oven, or in the I'un, and ftrew it 
 on the affefted parr, when little worms have 
 been bred in the wound, becaufe they will 
 not only much retard the healing of it, but 
 alfo make it grow worfe. 
 
 To remedy which, put a little ivy into the 
 ■wound, and let it remain in it a Vv-hole day, 
 then walh the part with white wine, and 
 anoint it with an oinrmenr made of bacon 
 greafe, oil of earth-worms and rue. 
 
 If a fpanicl be troubled with worms with- 
 in his body, give him the yolk of an egg, 
 with two fcruples of fafFron in a morning 
 fafting, and keep him fafting till the next 
 morning. 
 
 Of Worms breeding in the hurts and mangy 
 ■parts of Spaniels 
 
 Thefe worms obftruft the cure, either of 
 wounds or mange, and caufe them cither 
 to continue at a ftay, or to grow worfe and 
 worfe. 
 
 To remove this obftruclion, put the gum 
 of ivy into the wound, and let it remain 
 there a day or two, wafliing the wound with 
 wine, and afterwards anoint it with bacon- 
 greafe, oil of earth-worms, and rue. 
 
 The powder of wild cucumbers, is alfo 
 excellent good to kill thefe worms, and will 
 prove a good corrofive, is alfo eating away 
 the dead flefli, and increafing the good. 
 
 If the worms be within the body, you muft 
 dcitroy them in the following manner : 
 
 Caufe the fpaniel, fafting, either by fair 
 means or foul, to eat the yolk of an egg, 
 with two fcruples of fafFron pulverized, and 
 
 made a confeftion with the fame egg, and 
 keep him fafting afterwards till night. 
 
 If a fpaniel be hurt in a place where he 
 can come to lick his wound with his tongue, 
 he will need no other remedy ; and that will 
 be his beft Surgeon : but when he cannot do 
 that, then fuch wounds as are not venemous, 
 may be cured with the powder of matrefilva, 
 dried either in an oven, or in the fun. 
 
 If the wound be the bite of a fox, anoint 
 it with oil, v/herein earth-worms and rue 
 have been boiled together. 
 
 If by a mad dog, let him lap twice or 
 thrice of the broth of germander, and eat 
 the germander boiled. 
 
 Others pierce the flcin of his neck with a 
 hot ix-on juft betwixt his ears, fo that the fire 
 may touch both fides of the hole made : and 
 afterwards plucking up the Ikin of the dog's 
 ftioulders and flanks, backwards, thruft it 
 through with a hot iron in like manner, and 
 by giving the venom this vent, is a ready 
 way to cure him. 
 
 WORMS IN Horses -, are produced from 
 raw and undigefted humours, 
 
 :2l? cure the Worms in Horfes. 
 
 Take antimony in fine powder a quarter 
 of a pound, of quick-filver an ounce ; boil 
 them in two pailfuls of water, till it come 
 to one and a half, of which mix half a pail- 
 ful with as much water as the horfe will 
 drink, having firft ftrained it, and fo con- 
 tinue till he drink the whole. See Botts, 
 ^c. 
 
 WORMS IN Hawks ; thefe birds are fre- 
 quently afflicted with worms an inch, long, 
 proceeding from grofs and vifcous humours 
 in the bowels, occafioned by v/ant of natu-^al 
 heat, and ill digeftion. 
 
 You may know when a hawk is troubled 
 with them by her cafting her gore, her 
 ftinking breath, her trembling and writhing 
 her tail, her croaking in the night, her of- 
 fering with her beak at her brealt orpannel, 
 and by her mewt being fmall and unclean. 
 
 For the cure; give her a fcowring of 
 walhed aloes Hepatic, muftard feed, and 
 agaric, of- each alike quantity, or the pow- 
 der 
 
W O R 
 
 dcr of hartfliorn dried ; or laftly, a fcowring 
 of white dittandcr, aloes hepatic^ wafhed 
 four or five times, cubcbs, and a little faf- 
 tVon wrapt up in fome flelh, to caufe her to 
 take it the better. 
 
 WORMING, or the taking away the 
 nerve from under the tongue of a dog, will 
 prevent him for ever biting, if he fliould 
 ,grow mad. 
 
 WORM-CHOLIC ; a diflemper in horfes, 
 occafioned by broad, thick, and fhort worms, 
 or trunchions, like little beans, ofareddifh 
 colour, which fometimes bring violent cho- 
 ]ic pains upon the poor beaft : they gnaw 
 the guts, and fometimes eat holes through 
 the maw, which kills the horfe. The void- 
 ing red worms, along with the excrements, 
 is a fign of this diftemper, for long white 
 ones feldom gripe a horfe ; fo are his biting 
 his flanks or his belly, in the extremity of 
 the pain, or tearing of his fkin, and then 
 turning his head looking upon his belly ; 
 you alfo find him fweat all over, frequently 
 throw himfelf down, and ftart up again, 
 with other uncommon poftures : feveral re- 
 medies are fet down for this diftemper, but 
 that which follows being juftly reputed a 
 Ipecific for this and other horfe cholics, it 
 is neceffary it fliould be inferted. 
 
 Take roots of mafterwort, leaves and 
 roots of radifhes, great centauiy and tanfie, 
 of each half a pound, all dried in the fum- 
 mer fun, or moderate heat of an oven in 
 winter ; half as m.uch of each of thefe, viz. 
 .germander roots, angelica and elecampane, 
 all dried in the fhade, fea mofs and liver of 
 aloes, of each two ounces; of galangal, 
 nutmeg, and fal prunella, one ounce of 
 each ; they muft all be pounded apart, then 
 mixed and kept in a leather bag, or glafs 
 bottle ftopped up clofe : the dofe, accord- 
 ing to the fize of the horfe, muft be from 
 an ounce to two ounces and a half, to be 
 mixed with three or four drachms of old 
 treacle, or an ounce of diatefleron or mith- 
 ridate, and given in a pint of white wine, 
 after which the horfe muft be walked in his 
 cloaths. 
 
 If you fufpeft worms, an ounce and half 
 of this fpecific powder mixed with half an 
 
 W O R 
 
 ounce of mercurius didds will infallibly kill 
 them ; and therefore an ounce of fpecific 
 powder may be mixed vi^ith as much aloes, 
 three drachms oi coloquiniida, as much agaric, 
 and half an ounce of turbith, giving him 
 the whole in a quart of white wine, with a 
 quarter of a pint of the gall of an ox, 
 covering him after it, and walking him for 
 a quarter of an hour ; tis true this will at 
 once both purge and kill the worms, tho' 
 it is only fit for great eaters, and that 
 about two or three days after the cholic fit 
 is over. 
 
 If a horfe is troubled with worms or 
 breakings out, take a handful of box leaves, 
 and having dried them pound them to pow- 
 der, and mixing them with the fame quan- 
 tity of fulphur in powder, and after the 
 horfe comes in from hunting or any hard 
 labour, rub him well and drefs him, and lee 
 him ftand a good while upon the bridle, and 
 let the firtt meat you give him be a handful 
 or two of well fifted oats, and a good quan- 
 tity of this powder fprinkled among them. 
 
 But you muft do this with that cautiouf- 
 nefs, that the horfe may not take a diftafte 
 to his meat on that account. 
 
 Or take hepatic aloes about five drachms, 
 reduced to powder, and make it up into 
 pills with frelh butter, and give the horfe 
 in ale-wort, a horn full of wort to every 
 pill : let him have thrct of them. Or, 
 
 Take leaves of flivin, and mix them well 
 with honey and frefti butter, and making 
 this mafs into two or three balls or pills, 
 give them the horfe with a horn of ftrong 
 beer after each ball, 
 
 WORMS FOR Angling, are the Afh- 
 grub a milk-white worm with a .e'". head, 
 and may be had at any time from Michael- 
 mas till June. It is to be found under the 
 bark of an oak, afh, alder, or birch, if they 
 lie a year after they have been cut down. 
 You may likewife find it in the body of a 
 rotten alder, if you break it with an axe ; as 
 alfo under the bark of a decayed ftump of a 
 tree. It is alfo a good bait for a grayling, 
 chub, roach, and dace. 
 
 The Brandling, Gilt-tail, and Red-worm 
 
 are all to be found in old dunghills, or the 
 
 O o o rottea 
 
W O R 
 
 rotten earth near them, but the beft are 
 found in tanners yards; under the heaps of 
 bark which they throw out after they have 
 done with it : the brandling is moil readily 
 met with in hogs dung. Thefe are good 
 baits for trout, grayling, falmon-fmelts, 
 gudgeons, perch, tench, and bream, or any 
 filh that takes a worm. 
 
 The Clap-bait, or Bott, is found under 
 cow-dung, and is like a gentle, but bigger. 
 You muft feek for it only on land that is 
 light and fandy, for it is much of the fame 
 nature with the earth-bob, and may be 
 kept in wet mofs for two or tliree days. It 
 is an excellent bait for a trout, but almoft 
 every other fifli will take it. 
 
 The Cod~bair, Caddis -worm and Straw- 
 Avorm, are only different names for the fame 
 bait. They are found in pits, ponds, brooks 
 and ditches, and are covered with huflcs of 
 fl:icks, ftraws, or ruflies, and ftones. Thofe 
 with ftones or gravel huflcs arc peculiar to 
 brooks, and thofe with ftraw and ruflies to 
 ponds, and all the three forts may be found 
 at one and the fame time. They are very 
 good baits for trouts, grayling, carp, 
 tench, bream, thub, roach, dace, falmon- 
 fmelts, and bleak. The green fort are 
 found in March, the yellow in ?ddy, and a 
 third fort in Augiiji. Thofe covered with 
 ruflies are always green, and thofe ftone- 
 huflis iifually yellov/ all the feafon. 
 
 About a week or nine days in May cod- 
 bait fifliing comes in feafon ; which is the 
 firft bait to be ufed in a morning, and may 
 be continued to the middle of the day. 
 
 It is. an excellent bait till the middle of 
 Jum^ and is to be ufed with a hook leaded 
 bn the fliank, and the cod-bait drawn on to 
 the top of it. It will take in deep waters as 
 well as in ftreams, by moving it up and 
 down about nine inches or a foot from the 
 bottom ; this is commonly called fink and 
 dav/. There is another method of fifliing 
 •with cod-bait, at mid-water, but then you 
 muft put a canon-fly at the point of your 
 hook. 
 
 This bait is a good bottom-bait, if the 
 •water be clear : and is to be preferred to 
 the worm at leaft three degrees to one, be- 
 
 W O R 
 
 caufe all forts of pool fifli, and even the eel, 
 are great lovers of it. 
 
 The Earth-bob, or White-grub, is a 
 worm with a red head, as big as two mag- 
 gots, and is foft and full of whitifli guts; it 
 is found in a fandy light foil, and may be 
 gathered after the plough, when the land is^ 
 firft broke up from grazing. You may know 
 in what ground to find them by the crows, 
 for they will follow the plough very clofc 
 where tbcfe worms are to be met with. 
 This is chiefly a winter bait, from the be- 
 ginning o( November to the middle o( April, 
 and is proper for chub, roach, dace, bream, 
 tench, carp, trout, and falmon-fmelts. 
 They are to be kept in a veflel clofe flopped 
 with a fufficient quantity of the earth they 
 were bred in, and they will be ready for ufe 
 all the winter. From this bait ai'ifes the 
 May fly. 
 
 The Flag-worm, or Dock-worm, are 
 found in the roots of flags that grow on the 
 brink of an old pond. When you have pul- 
 led up the root, you will find among the 
 fibres of it reddifli or yellowifn cafes; thefe 
 you muft open with a pin, and you v/ill find 
 a fmall worm longer and flenderer than a 
 gentle, with a red head, a palifli body, and 
 rows of feet all down the belly. This is an 
 exceeding good bait for grayling, tench, 
 bream, carp, roach and dace. 
 
 The Lob-worm, Dew-worm, Garden- 
 worm, or Twatchel, as difi'erently called, is 
 a proper bait for falmon, trout, chub, bar- 
 bel, and eels of the largeft fize. It is to be 
 found in gardens, or church-yards, by the 
 help of a lantern, late in a fum.mer's evening. 
 In great droughts, when they do not appear, 
 pour the juice of walnut-tree leaves, mixed 
 with a little water and fait, into their holes, 
 and it will drive them out of the ground. 
 
 The Marfli-worm is got out of marfli- 
 ground on the banks of rivers, and is of a 
 blueifli colour, it is a likely bait for fal- 
 nwn-fmelts, gudgeon, grayling, trout, 
 perch, bream, and flounders, in March, 
 April, and September, though they ufe it 
 from Candlemas till Michaelmas preferable to 
 any other. 
 
 The Tag-tail is of a pale fielh-colour, 
 
 with 
 
W O R 
 
 with a yellow tag on his tail alrnoft half an 
 inch long ; they are found in nnarled land, 
 or meadows, after a fhower of rain, and are 
 a good bait for a trout, if you angle for them 
 after the water is difcoloured with rain. 
 
 And here you muft obferve, that all 
 worms fhould be well fcourcd in mofs that 
 has been well wafhed and cleanfed from all 
 dirt and filth ; after it is wrung very dry, 
 both the mofs and worms fhould be put into 
 an earthen pot clofe ftopped, that they may 
 not crav/1 out. This pot fliould (land cool 
 in fummer, and the mofs be changed every 
 fourth day ; but in winter it fhould (land 
 warm, and if you change the mofs once a 
 week it will be fufficient. 
 
 Befides thefe worms that are to be found 
 in the earth, there are others which breed 
 upon different herbs and trees, which after- 
 wards become flies. The principal of thefe 
 are, the palmer-worm, the crabtree-worm, 
 and the caterpillar. Thefe are to be kept 
 in little boxes, with holes to let in the air, 
 and they muft be fed with leaves of the fame 
 tree on which they were found. Thefe are 
 good baits for trout, chub, grayling, roach, 
 and dace. 
 
 All forts of worms are better for being 
 kept, ' except earth-bobs, and in cafe you 
 have not been fo provident, then the way 
 to cleanfe and fcour them quickly, is to lay 
 them all night in water if they are lob- 
 worms and then put them into your bag, 
 with fennel ; but you muft not put your 
 brandlings above an hour in water, and then 
 put them into fennel, for fudden ufe ; but 
 if you have time, and propofe to keep them 
 long, then they are beft preferved in an 
 earthen pot, with good ftore of mofs, 
 which is to be frefh fliifted every three or 
 four days in fummer, and every week or 
 eight days in winter, or at leaft the mofs 
 taken from them, clean waihed, and wrung 
 between your hands till dry, and then put it 
 to them agam ; and when your worm, ef- 
 pecially the brandling, begins to be fick, 
 drop about a fpoonful of milk or cream up- 
 on the mofs j and note, that when the knot, 
 which is near the middle of the bfandling, 
 
 w o u 
 
 begins to fwell, he is fick, and, if care is 
 not taken, will die. If you want to fcour 
 worms in a little time, put them about aij 
 hour in grains and blood ; then pur them 
 into clean mofs. Gilt-tails are fooneft 
 fcoured by putting them in a woollen bag, 
 and keep them in your waiftcoat pocket. 
 
 WOUNDS. Dogs as well as other ani- 
 mails, may be wounded feveral ways, and 
 for a general cure, take the juice of red 
 colewort, and fqueeze it into the v/ound and 
 it will cure the animal in a few days : thofe 
 dogs that hunt the wild boar are very fubjeft 
 to be wounded, and therefore it is very ne- 
 ceflfary they fhould be readily drelTed : they 
 are commonly wounded in the belly; but 
 provided the fame be only ript, though the 
 guts come out, if unhurt, they are eafily 
 cured by a dextrous man, who is gently to 
 put the guts in with his hand, which ought 
 to be clean wafhed before, and anointed 
 with oil of olives, or fome good tender fat : 
 you fhould put a fmall flice of bacon in the 
 wound, and few it up with a furgeon's 
 needle, and fine white thread twifted and 
 knotted at the ends, that it may not flip, 
 and to prevent it's foon rotting ; the fame 
 may alfo be done by other places, and the 
 wound muft always be kept moift, that the 
 dog may lick it, which is the bcft and moft 
 fovereign ointment of all : the point of the 
 needle ought to be fquare, and the reft 
 round ; dog-keepers ought always to be 
 furnifhed with them, as well as good thread 
 and bacon. 
 
 It often happens that dogs are hurt by 
 wild boars, in running over their bellies, 
 though they have not injured them v/ith their 
 tufhes ; this animal, which is heavy, fome- 
 times breaks one of their ribs or at leaft puts 
 them out ; in this cafe take care to fet them : 
 but if there be a bruife or hurt, take fim- 
 phiten root, the plaifter of mellitot, pitch, 
 or gum, oil of rofes, an equal quantity of 
 each ; mix all together, fpread it on a linen 
 cloth, and when you have cut oft' the hair on 
 the place aftefted, apply the plaifter to it 
 as hot as he can endure it : but mSavoy and 
 Piedmont they prepare a fovereign remedy, 
 called Bcv.join, which they take from Fie, a 
 O o 2 plaifter 
 
w o u 
 
 plaifter made of which, will not fall off till 
 the cure is perfefted. 
 
 WOUNDS, hurts, mentioned here as 
 they relate to horfes, which are fuch Icrvice- 
 able creatures to mankind. They receive 
 hurts feveral ways, and in fevcral parts of 
 the body, and it is necefHiry the methods of 
 curing them fhould be here- fet down : if a 
 horfe receives a wound with the fliot of gun- 
 powder, the farrier in order to cure it, muft 
 iirft fearch if the bullet be in the wound ; if 
 fo, let him take it out with an inftrumcnt 
 made for that purpofe ; but in cafe it cannot 
 be got out, patience muft be had, for na- 
 ture itfelf will wear it out of it'^s own accord 
 without any impediment, lead being of that 
 nature, it will not canker : but to kill the 
 fire, let him drop fome varnifh with a fea- 
 ther to the bottom, and flop up the mouth 
 of the wound with fom.e fort of flax dipped 
 likewife in the fame, then charge all the 
 fwollen place with the following charge: 
 
 Take a quarter of a pound of bole-armo- 
 niac, half a pound of linfeedoil, beaten in- 
 to powder^ as much of bean flowers, and 
 three or four eggs, fhells and all ; a quanti- 
 ty of turpentine, a quart of vinegar, which 
 mingle well together upon the fire, and be- 
 ing fomewhat warm, charge all the fore 
 place with part thereof, and clap a cloth 
 upon it to keep the wound warm ; and fo con- 
 tinue every day for four or five days together ; 
 but on the fifth, leave off anointing it, and 
 tent it at the bottom with a tent dipped in 
 hogs greafe and turpentine melted together, 
 renewing it once or twice every day till the 
 fire is killed, v/hich may be perceived by 
 thematter in the wound, and falling down of 
 the fwelling, for as long as the fire has the 
 upper hand, no thick matter will iflTue out, 
 but only a thin yellowifh water, neither 
 will the fwelling afl^uage ; then take half a 
 pound of turpentine waflied in nine feveral 
 waters, and put three yolks of eggs and a 
 little fafFron to it, tent it with this ointment, 
 renewing it every day till, the wound be 
 whole. 
 
 But if the fhot be quite through the 
 wound, then take a few Weavers linnen 
 thrumbs made very knotty, and dipping 
 
 W O U 
 
 them firft in varnifh, draw them through the 
 wound, running them up in the wound at 
 leaft twice or thrice a day, and charging it 
 on either fide upon the fwollen places with 
 the charge aforefaid, till you perceive the 
 fire is killed ; then clap a comfortable plaif- 
 ter upon one of the holes, and tent the other 
 with a tent in the falve of waihed turpentine. 
 eggs, and fafiron as aforefaid. 
 
 But there are fome farriers who ufed to 
 kill the fire with the oil of cream, and ta 
 heal up the wound with turpentine, wax and 
 hogs greafe melted together. 
 
 Or they kill it v/ith fnow water, and 
 charge the fwelled place with cream and 
 balm mixed together, healing up the wound 
 by dipping a tent in the yolk of an egg, ho- 
 ney, and fafFron, well beaten together. 
 
 Others in cafe of a wounded horfe, have 
 recourfe to the following pills, that carry 
 in them a wonderful and almofi incredible 
 efficacy. 
 
 Take the fineft and clearefb affa fcctida, 
 bay-berries of Provence or Italy, and cinna- 
 bar, all in fine powder, of each a pound, in- 
 corporate them in a brafs mortar, with a 
 fufiicient quantity of aqua viLe, and make 
 up the mafs intopills>. each weighing four- 
 teen drachms, which mull be laid in a con- 
 venient place to dry ; give two of thefe pills 
 to the wounded harfe, once in two days, or 
 once every day, until he has taken eight or 
 ten, according to the greatnefs of the wound, 
 and let him ftand bridled tv/o hoxirs before, 
 and as many after. 
 
 Thefe pills promote the cure of a wound 
 by purifying the blood,, refitting corruption, 
 and may be kept twenty years, without any 
 diminution to their virtue. 
 
 When the wound feems to be at a Hand,, 
 and yet does not appear foul, it requires 
 medicines that are endued with a power to 
 make the fl^fh grow; and the following 
 powder is recommended, as being of extra- 
 ordinary ufe in this cafe : Take true dragons 
 blood and fine bole armcniac, of each half 
 an ounce; maftich, olibanum, and farco- 
 colla, three drachms of each -, aloes, round 
 birthwort, and roots of flower t/e lis, of 
 each a drachm and an half> mixed and made 
 
 into 
 
w o u 
 
 into powder; but the efFeft of it will be 
 more powerful if mixed with fyrup of rofes, 
 turpentine or juice of wormwood. 
 
 This indeed you will find will make the 
 flefh grow beyond expeftation. 
 
 If a detergent or cleanfer be required, let 
 tlie following water be ufed, which n^ay 
 cafily be prepared thus, and it is called by 
 farriers, who love to keep Jpeople in igno- 
 rance, the Thagedenical water : take two or 
 three pounds of unflaked lime newly made, 
 put it into a large bafon of fine tin, and by 
 degrees pour in five quarts of rain water, 
 then fetting the bafon in a convenient place 
 for two days, ftir the water often ; after 
 which fufFcr the lime to fall to the bottom, 
 pour off the water by way of inclination, 
 ftrain it through brown paper, and to two 
 pints of it add half a pint of good fpirit of 
 wine, an ounce of the fpirit of vitriol, and 
 as much corrofive fublimate in fine powder, 
 mix and preferve it for ufe in a glafs vial. 
 
 If you perceive a great deal of corrup- 
 tion in the wound, or any appearance of a 
 gangrene, add to the whole quantity of the 
 water, an ounce of arfcnic, diminiiliing the 
 dofe proportionably, according to the quan- 
 tity of water. 
 
 Now having laid dov/n fevcral ufeful me- 
 dicines for the cure of wounds, it will not 
 be improper to propofe fome certain maxims, 
 on which the true way of proceeding in the 
 cure is grounded : 
 
 Firft, then, A horfe's wound muft be 
 probed very gently, and as feldom as pof- 
 fible, byreafon his flefh is extremely fubjefl: 
 to corruption, and to grow foul on the lead 
 contufion that happens. 
 
 Secondly, The wound mufl: be kept clean, 
 and free from corrupt flefh, which muft be 
 confumed with powders. 
 
 Thirdly, Arevulfion muft be made in the 
 beginning, that is, you muft divert the courfe 
 of the humours, and prevent their falling 
 upon the wound : bleeding is the beft re- 
 vulfion, for it allays the heat of the humours, 
 and lefibns the redundant quantity of them. 
 
 Fourthly, A horfe's tongue being as pre- 
 judicial to a wound as poifon itfelf, he muft 
 the be fuffered to lick his wound. 
 
 W O U 
 
 Fifthly, Never proceed to fuppuration if 
 the humours can neither be diflTolved nor re- 
 pelled ; efpecially in parts that are full of 
 ligaments and finews, or near the bones. 
 
 Sixthly, If a wound be accompanied with 
 a great contufion, or is round or circular, in 
 fuch cafes incifions and the application of 
 cauftics are required. 
 
 Seventhly, The wound muft be carefully 
 covered, for the air retards the cure. 
 
 Eighthly, The callous lips of a wound 
 muft be cut to the quick, before they can 
 be re-united. 
 
 Befides this general account of the wounds 
 and the method of curing them, fomething 
 may be proper to be faid concerning thofe 
 wounds or hurts received, in fome particu- 
 lar parts of a horfe's body ; and when he. 
 has received any fuch in his back, you muft 
 apply oyfter-fhells reduced into a fine pow- 
 der thereto, and let him eat fome golden 
 comfrey, cut into fmall pieces, amongft his 
 oats. 
 
 The wounds of the breaft, according to 
 fome modern authors, are cured with tents 
 and foft folds of linen put over them, fteeped 
 in a compofition made of verdigreafe, vi- 
 triol, and allum, of each an ounce, eight 
 ounces of vinegar, and a pound of honey 
 boiled together till they become red. 
 
 Wounds in the belly are cured in the fame 
 manner as men's wounds are in that part, 
 by fowing up the whole peritonaeum with a 
 very ftrong woollen thread, leaving the ex- 
 tremities without, and the ikin with a ftrong 
 hempen thread waxed, joining the lips of 
 the wound together in the form of a buckle, 
 and applying tliercunto the common oint- 
 ment proper for wounds ; and in cafe any 
 inflammation happens, you muft apply fomt 
 chalk difTolved in vinegar to it. 
 
 When the guts of a horfe come out, you 
 muft not touch them, but put them in with 
 a fpunge fteeped in hot water, and then 
 fqueezed, to the end that it may only retair4 
 the heat. 
 
 Some, in putting in the guts, endeavour 
 to make a horfe vomjt, by putting a feather 
 into his throat, which has been fteeped in 
 oil. 
 
 If 
 
w o u 
 
 If the wound is not large enough to put 
 them in through, you mult make it wider; 
 if the pannicles come out, you muft cut it : 
 when the guts are v.'ounded or iwtllcd, there 
 is no likelihood of a cure ; no more than 
 there is when a horfe evacuates blood at his 
 fundament. 
 
 Thofe that are wounded near the groin, 
 eafily fall into convulfions ; and in fuch 
 cafes you muft keep the horfe from drink- 
 ing, as much as pofTible ; cover hiin well, 
 and fuffer him not to walic, but give him 
 green things to eat. 
 
 Wounds in theknees, according as. ^i7,'7//fj- 
 informs us, are dimcult to be cured, becaufe 
 there is but little fiefh and fkin on that part 
 no more than on the legs ; and therefore 
 thofe medicines are to be ufed that are of a 
 very drying nature : whereas, where there is 
 ftore of flefh, you muft ufe thofe that are 
 moderately drying. 
 
 When horfcs are wounded with thorns, 
 and other things, but lightly in fome parts of 
 their bodies, you muft apply thereto honey 
 and tallow boiled together j and when the 
 v/ound is confiderable, turpentine and oil, 
 both hot. 
 
 Some, in order to take out that which has 
 rvin into the foot, and for pricks, put no- 
 thing upon it but boiled elder; and if any 
 thing lliould penetrate between the foot and 
 the hoof, it muft be pulled out, and after- 
 wards an ointment applied to it, made of 
 verdigreafe, and the like ; and care muft be 
 taken that the wound be well cleanfed. 
 
 Or elfe you may melt fome turpentine, 
 tallow and wax mixed together ; it is ne- 
 ceflary the medicines ftiould penetrate the 
 bottom of the wound ; and therefore if it 
 be narrow, it muft be enlarged : and this 
 muft be obferved concerning all wounds. 
 
 To fay nothing here of feveral ointments 
 that are proper for wounds, and well known 
 generally to thofe who have occafion to ufe 
 them : if a nerve happens to be cut, you 
 muft clofe it, and ufe a defenfive, to pre- 
 vent a concourfe of humours : fome take 
 the back of the root of an elm, with the 
 dregs of oil of olives, and boil them till a 
 tiiird part be wafted, fo that there be but 
 
 Y A R 
 
 one pound left, which you muft mix with 
 two ounces of the powder of long ariftolo- 
 chy, and four of an he- goat's greafe, or fat; 
 you muft boil it fo much, that when you 
 drop fome of it upon a (tone it will grow 
 hard. 
 
 Some there are who make a mixture of 
 Laurel, anife, maftich, and tartar, and in- 
 corporate them with chccfe and hogs greafe, 
 to make an ointment of them. 
 
 If a nerve has received an hurt, you muft 
 foment it with fome oil, wine, and honey ; 
 then apply thereunto a plaifter made of the 
 root of elder and honey, and the root of 
 Allhea. 
 
 If the nerve is bruifcd, you muft apply 
 fome fine fiour, myrrh and aloes, mixed 
 with the flefli of a tortoife to it ; and if it 
 be a little torn, make a circle round it with 
 a hot iron, and draw a dozen lines acrofs in 
 form of a little v/heel. 
 
 In cafe the horfe happens to be wounded 
 with a bone, bit of wood, or fhord, and that 
 the fame ftick in the flefh or hoof, you muft 
 forthwith take it out ; and after you have 
 cleanfed it, apply to it a medicine made of 
 verdigreafe, or fome other plaifter proper 
 for wounds ; put a tent into it, and the next 
 day vi'afh it with fweet wine, and anoint 
 with things proper to heal, and put fome 
 barley-flour and allum upon it. 
 
 Fresh WOUND in a Horse. As foon 
 as a horfe has received a wound, apply oil 
 of turpentine, and it will prevent all ill 
 confequences ; or if you cannot eafily pro- 
 cure oil of turpentine, wafh the part with 
 warm water and brandy, or with common 
 fpirits and warm water. 
 
 WRIST : the bridle wrift, is the wrift of 
 the horfeman's left-hand. 
 
 A horfeman's wrift and his elbow fhould 
 be equally raifed, and the wrift fhould be 
 two or tliree fingers above the pommel of 
 the faddle. 
 
 YARD -FALLEN; a malady in a 
 horfe which proceeds from want of 
 ftrength to draw it up within the fheath, fo 
 that It hangs down between his legs. 
 
 This is caufed either by the weaknefs of 
 
 that 
 
Y E L 
 
 that member, or by means of Tome refo- 
 lution in the mufcles andfmews of it, caufed 
 by a violent flip, flrain, or flroke, on the 
 back, or elfe by feme great wearinefs or 
 tiring. 
 
 For the cure : firft wafh the yard with 
 white wine warmed, and then anoint it with 
 oil of rofes, and honey mixed ; then put up 
 his flieath in a little canvas-bolfter, to keep 
 it from falling down, and drefs him thus 
 once in twenty-four hours, till he is re- 
 covered. 
 
 Keep his back as warm as you can, both 
 with a cloth and a charge of plaifter, made 
 of bole-armoniac, eggs, wheat-flour, dra- 
 gon's blood, turpentine, and vinegar j or 
 elfe lay wet hay, or a wet flack, next his 
 back, and over that a dry cloth, v/hich will 
 do very well. 
 
 YARD Foul ; if a horfe's yard is fo 
 fouled or furred without, fo that he ftales 
 in his (heath, melt frefli butter, with white 
 wine vinegar, and having pulled out his 
 yard, and taken out all the filth, wafli it 
 with the liquor, and alio injeft fome of it 
 into the yard. 
 
 YARD Mattering in a Horse, is mofl 
 commonly occafioned by his over freenefs in 
 fpending upon mares in covering time ; and 
 when the horfe and mare are both too hot, 
 it burns them, caufing the running of the 
 reins. 
 
 The figns of it are the iffuing of a yellow 
 matter from his yard, and a fwelling at the 
 end of it, and when he fl:ales, he does it 
 with a great deal of pain, and cannot eafily 
 draw up his yard again. 
 
 For the cure ; boil an ounce of roch- 
 allum, and a pint of white wine, till the 
 allum be difiblved. Injeft the liquor blood- 
 warm with a fyringe, throwing it up his 
 yard as far as you can, four or nve times a 
 day. This will perfeftly cure him. 
 
 YEARN, [in Hunting] fignifies to bark 
 as beagles properly do at their prey. 
 
 The YELLOWS in a Horse, a difeafe, 
 the fame that is ufually called the jaundice 
 in human bodies, of which there are two 
 forts, the yellow and the black. 
 
 The yellow proceeds from the overflowing 
 
 Y E L 
 
 of the gall, caufed by choler; and the other 
 from the overflowing of the fpleen; caufed 
 by melancholy, and are both dangerous in- 
 firmities; but the black is the moft mortal. 
 If the horfe be young it is eafily cured; but 
 in old ones, where the liver has been long 
 difeafed, it becomes impracticable. 
 
 This diftemper is known by the horfe's 
 changing his natural colour of white, in the 
 ball of his eyes to yellow ; his tongue, the 
 infide of his lips, and the outward parts of 
 his noftrils, as alfo coloured yellow. The 
 horfe is dull, and refufes all kinds of food; 
 a flow fever is perceived, but it increafes 
 together with the yellownefs. The dung is 
 often hard and dry, of a pale yellov, or 
 light pale green. His urine is commonly 
 of a dark, dirty, brown colour, and when 
 it has fettled, fometimes looks like blood. 
 He flales with pain and difBculty. 
 
 The black is known by quite contrary 
 iymptoms; forthe whites of his eyes, mouth, 
 and lips, will be of a dufkifh colour, and 
 not lb clear and fanguine as before. 
 
 For the cure : diflblve an ounce of mith- 
 ridate in a quart of ale or beer, and give 
 it the horfe lukewarm ; or inftead of mith- 
 ridate, two ounces of Fenice treacle ; or if 
 that cannot be had, three fpoonfuls of com- 
 mon treacle. 
 
 Bleed him plentifully, and as coftivenefs 
 is a general concomitant of this diforder, a 
 clyfccr fhould be given i and the next day 
 the following purge : 
 
 Take of Indian rhubarb, in powder, one 
 ounce and a half; of fafiron, two drachms ; 
 of fuccotrine atoes, fix drachms; and of 
 fyrup of buckthorn, a fufficient quantity to 
 make the whole into a ball. 
 
 \i the rhubarb fhould be thought too ex- 
 tenfive, it may be omitted, and the fame 
 quantity of cream of tartar, and half an 
 ounce of Cajlik foap, with four drachms 
 more of aloes added. This may be repeated 
 two or three times, and the following balls 
 and drink given immediately after : 
 
 Take of Et.hiops mineral and millepedes, 
 of each half an ounce, and of Cajlile foap 
 one ounce : make the whole into a ball, 
 and repeat the fame feveral daysfuccefTively, 
 
 wafhing 
 
y E L 
 
 wafiiing it down with a pint of the follow- 
 
 ing decoiftion 
 
 Take of madder root and turmerick, of 
 each four ounces ; of burdock root diced, 
 half a pound ; of monk's rhubarb, four 
 ounces : boil the whole in a gallon of forge 
 water till it is reduced to three quarts ; then 
 rtrain the liquor from the drugs, and fweeten 
 it with honey. 
 
 If this method be purfued, the diftemper 
 will, in all probability, abate in a week; 
 but if it fhould prove too obftinate for this 
 treatment, mercurial purges fhould be given, 
 and afterwards the following medicine : 
 
 Take of fait of tartar, two ounces ; of 
 cinnabar of antimony, four ounces ; live 
 millepedes and filings of flreel, of each three 
 ounces j of faffron half an ounce j of CaJ- 
 
 tile or Venice foap, half a pound ; make the 
 mafs into balls about the fize of a pullet's 
 egg with honey, and give one of them night 
 and morning, wafliing it down with the 
 above drink. 
 
 Tfl YERK OR Strike in the Manage, 
 is faid of a horfe, when he flings and kicks 
 with his whole hind quarters, flriking out 
 the two hinder legs near together, and even 
 to their full extent. 
 
 YIELD OR Slack the Hand, [with 
 Horfemen] is to fl.ack the bridle, and give 
 the horfe head. 
 
 ZA I N ; is a horfe of a dark colour, 
 neither grey nor white, and without 
 any white ipot or mark upon him. 
 
 :p 
 
 N 
 
 DIRECTIONS for Placing /-&^ P L A T E S. 
 
 The Frontifpiece to face the Title. 
 Vlate II. between Signature F and G. 
 
 III. between I and K. 
 
 IV. in the middle of L. 
 
 V. between P and Q^ 
 
 VI. between Q^and R. 
 
 VII. in the middle of A a a. 
 "VIII, between G g and H h. 
 
 Tlate IX. between N n and O o. 
 
 X, and XI. between P p and Qjq. 
 XIJ. between R r and S s. 
 
 XIII. in the middle of A a a. 
 
 XIV. in the middle of B b b. 
 
 XV. between the third and fourth leaf 
 
 of I i i. 
 
 XVI. in the middle of N n n. 
 
 f 
 
fy.