!-7-UP =- ---- -- 7-, -Wft - - --- - - --- -- --— ~ qQ — ~_ Bi — - ~ ~ 8 ~ ~~~jP6a~s~;P~ ~~~~- ~~~l~~1~e ~e~L~ ~ -~~6aB 8~4~ ~~ 4rr~*A -Z!ZL C~~iss~~ ssA~ ~Sf~~~ Ir L224b~ iB 6~i-sb~~ 8s PP~-~jqjL~ L1 dl~~~pdeLP s C _- -~ -- F~a~ ~x~-~-2~seg-~~a~sr~s, c5~CR ~d~g~IC84LIPS~~ ~_ -~ -~ ----Bii -- - L~a~P~~6 f-aZI ~ ~ 1w 7rP~~e k~Tale~~sI~s I~g~g~p~. / EPI STEMIA nit I I i Y935 'i -1 R'I ""e ~f ~J- I I ll4 I ___ IS jp Bentley Historical Library The University of Michigan ~ Ann Arbor O.)n l7an to the (Genesee Histori (ai Collections Center - 4 V,, I A ( ) it- M A t,- C r. kS -, - s I, W. -r 0 4\ loved and respected by the community in which he had dwelt more than half a century. He had marked characteristics, and many excellent traits of character. David Burnett was born in South Hadley, Mass., September 14, 1808, and came to Michigan in 1836. For more than thirty years he was one of the prominent and active business mechanics of this place. He was the foreman for James Scribner, and Eliphalet H. Turner, in the building of the first bridge at Bridge street across Grand River in 1845. He built the second and third bridges at the same place on the same piers, all now superseded by a substantial iron one. Among other structures erected by him were the following: The bridge across Grand River at Lyons in 1837. Rebuilt the same in 1843, and received in part payment 2,000 acres of State improvement land. The log tavern known as the "Fisk or Lake House," in the winter of 1837. In 1838 and 1839, in company with Nathaniel Fisk and Jacob Rogers of Milwaukee, six light-houses on Lake Michigan. The bridge at Ionia, in 1847; the stone Union school house, in 1849; the first dam in this city the same year; the bridge at Plainfield, in 1850: the dam at Newaygo, in 1853; the dam at Rogers' Ferry, on the Muskegon, in 1864, and the bridge at Bridgeton, in 1866; the bridges on forty miles of the G. R. & I. R. R., in 1868; the bridge at Big Rapids in 1870; besides other dams and bridges. During his business career he always had HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 177 some prominent job of building on hand, either in the city or the country about, and was in the front rank among the energetic master builders of this region. He was a thoroughly upright citizen, plain of speech, reliable always, kind and obliging, and one highly esteemed by the entire community. He died in 1875. Kendall Woodward, who came here in 1836, was a mechanic, an architect and builder, and was in trade for some years near the foot of Pearl and Monroe streets. He died many years ago. James Scribner, a native of New York City, born in 1801, came to Grand Rapids in the winter of 1836-37, and pre-empted land, which he subsequently purchased, where now is what is known as Scribner's Addition, or the Scribner Plat, on the west side of the river. He was a conspicuous and somewhat eccentric character upon these streets for many years; always was engaged in pushing some important enterprise, sometimes failing and sometimes successful. He invented a patent medicine which he called Oak Oil. He was one of the leading men in the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad project, which he did not live to see consummated. He was also connected with the efforts to establish the manufacture of salt, which for a time seemed likely to succeed, but eventually proved unprofitable and was abandoned. He was a jolly friend, but an implacable enemy. He believed in his Oak Oil, in his city lots, in his railroad enterprises, in salt, and in himself. He was a bustling pioneer, rough and ready and alive, who made his presence known when he was about, and did a good part in the development of the town. Mr. Scribner died in 1862, leaving a warm place in the hearts of a wide circle of friends. Thomas Sargeant was a plain, outspoken, aggressive man, from Boston, warm-hearted stirring and good-natured, hardwdrking; without other capital than a good tea'm, he left his mark in many parts of the city where there was terracing or grading to be done. He was a brother of Nathaniel Sargeant, who began the Canal improvement. Solomon Withey came to Grand Rapids from Vermont, and for a time was landlord of the Grand River Exchange, subsequently named Bridge Street House. The first year or two he lived at the north end of Ottawa, next to Coldbrook street, where he made brick. Was elected Sheriff in 1842. After a 178 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. few years he moved to Ada, where he died in 1851, aged 74 years. He was a man of character-set in his ways, with positive likes and dislikes, bluntly outspoken, yet was universally esteemed and admired. Billius Stocking came to this place from St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in 1834 (on foot from Kalamazoo); made but a short stay, when he left on foot for St. Joseph and Chicago, thence returning to his early home. In the fall of 1836 he started again for Grand Rapids, coming by water to Fairport, below Cleveland, and walking the rest of the way. He chopped wood and split rails during his first winter here. In 1840 he purchased the northeast quarter of section twenty-three in Walker, now within the city limits, where he has since resided. He and his brother ran, without compass, the line for the road which is now Stocking street. He was prominent in the development of that part of the city, and held a number of offices of trust and responsibility. Mr. Stocking and his wife, who was Mary Hunt, were the first couple married here by the Rev. James Ballard. He died May 28, 1893. Loren M. Page, was a painter by trade, came here in 1837 from Vermont, and followed that occupation throughout his long life, which was one of incessant labor; indeed he was never happy without work. An unpretentious, companionable, and social man, he had a warm place in the hearts of all who knew him, comprising almost the entire community in which he lived for fifty years. Robert Hilton once characterized as "a stanch-made, thorough-rigged, live-oak individual, with several knots and branches on him"-was born in Mt. Vernon, Maine, December 2, 1799. Coming to Grand Rapids in 1836, a carpenter by trade, he first selected a piece of land for a farm, on the right bank of the river, some miles below the Rapids. He paid $2 per bushel for seed wheat, bringing it from Gull Prairie, and when he harvested his crop it would only bring 50 cents per bushel. While on the farm he worked much of the time in the village at his trade, coming and returning by canoe on the river; also superintended the erection of the light-house at Grand Haven, going down in the morning and returning in the evening by steamer. There were many Indians about him, but as a rule they were friendly. An incident illustrating his quickness in HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 179 judging savage human nature is related. Coming home one day he found a dog worrying his pigs, and near by an Indian leaning upon his gun, and watching the animals. Hilton leaped from his horse, seized that gun, shot the dog, and handed the weapon back, with the simple, terse remark in the native's own language, "Bad Indian," remounted and rode away without another word. That Indian never troubled him again, but seemed to admire his Yankee courage. After a few years he moved into Grand Rapids, where he resided until his death in 1885. Some of his first work in this town was on the old National Hotel and on Judge Morrison's house. He built for the Nelson Brothers a building of two stores where now is the Grinnell Block. HIe was also the master workman in the erection of the Swedenborgian Church, still standing on the corner of Division and Lyon streets, just north of the United 'States building; also on the woodwork of the Catholic Church where the Grand Rapids National Bank now stands; also St. Mary's (Catholic) on the west side, a Gothic structure. He was noted for his sturdy and exact honesty, and liked those about him in proportion as they exhibited similar characteristics. He lived without fear or favor of any one, conscientiously fulfilling all trusts, holding the perfect confidence of all who knew him. He was a plain, frugal man, a steadfast friend, and acquired a fair competence for his declining years, untainted by speculation or exaction in any form. Jacob Barns, came here when a boy, in 1836, from Vermont, with his father's (Jacob Barns') family, and settled on Division street, a little north of Fountain. He learned the printer's trade, and is pleasantly remembered as for many years connected with the Grand Rapids "Enquirer" and the Detroit "Free Press." Under the administration of President Buchanan he was Register of the Land Office at Duncan and Traverse City. In later life he was connected with the flouring business in the Valley City Mills just above Bridge street. Misfortune left him in straightened circumstances near the close of his life. He died in 1883. He was for forty years a prominent citizen, of sterling integrity, active, enterprising, generous-hearted, genial, and by all highly esteemed. His father, Jacob Barns, Sen., was one of the early Justices of the Peace here. Canton Smith came from Rhode Island, kept the Eagle a 180 HISTOIRY OF GRAND RAPIDS. short time, and then purchased the National Hotel. As a landlord, and in connection with that locality, he was a prominent figure among the early residents, well known, and having many friends throughout the state. Harry Dean was born at Westfield, Mass., February 6, 1799; came to Grand Rapids in 1837, and lived here till 1880. He is remembered as quiet, unobtrusive, but eminently social, pleasant in conversation, delighting in story telling, and of a cheerful and sunny disposition. He was made a Master Mason in Champion Lodge; Jefferson county, N. Y., in 1821, and in after life passed through the higher degrees of that fraternity. He was a charter member of Grand River Lodge, No. 34, instituted in 1849, and the last survivor of its original officers. At the time of his death in 1887, he was said to be the oldest Mason in Michigan. John Pannell came here in 1836, and established a small brewery, the first in the place, which he sold about a dozen years later, and retired to a quiet life of farming and gardening. He died in this city. William Haldane was among the pioneer cabinet-makers here. He came in 1836; and in 1837 built a frame dwelling on Prospect Hill, southeast corner of Ottawa and Pearl streets, where now is the Michigan Trust Building. Subsequently he erected a brick house on the same spot, which was twice extended downward, on account of street excavations through the hill. Mr. Haldane was well known and respected by all the old residents. He died March 5, 1898. Harry Eaton was bred a farmer in Vermont, came here in 1836, engaged in mercantile trade and lumbering. He was Sheriff of Kent county in 1841, and was the first Treasurer of Walker Township. Hie was also one of the charter members of Grand River Lodge, No. 34, F. and A. M., and at his death, in 1859, his funeral was attended by the Grand Lodge of M3asons, then in session here. He is pleasantly remembered by the early residents, as a genial and entertaining host, at a neat little grocery and restaurant, which stood where now is the north end of lThe Pantlind Iotel Block. Louis Moran came here as a clerk for Louis Campau in 1833, staid but a short time and went up the Thornapple River, where for a while he lkep)t the tavern at Scales's Prairie, near Middle HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 181 ville. He came back to Grand Rapids in 1837, and was landlord of the Eagle Hotel. He was made comparatively poor by the financial crash of 1837, and for many years thereafter drove team as proudly as ever he hired others to drive for him. Moran was a man of powerful frame, over six feet tall, erect and self-pqised, honest, and had almost unbounded faith in human honesty. "How much does your load come to?" he would ask of the farmer of whom he purchased a load of hay. Receiving a reply, he would throw down a handful of money, with the remark, "Count it out," after which he would carefully put the rest in his pocket, in fill confidence that the farmer had counted it correctly. Late in life he received the use of the proceeds of some valuable property in Detroit, part of his father's estate, which enabled him to live in quiet and comfort thereafter. Few men among the pioneers had more or warmer friends than Louis Moran. George M. Mills and Warren P. Mills came in 1836, from Ogdensburg, N. Y., and were in business about a dozen years in the vicinity of the corner of Pearl and Canal streets. One of them built a little one-story store on Pearl street, west of the Arcade, first a grocery, and later the shop where E. G. Squiers and W. D). Foster began work at the tinsmith business in this place; afterward occupied by Foster and. Parry. The building disappeared many years ago, giving place to more imposing stiructiires. George M. Mills built a small, neat residence on the side of Prospect Hill, a little further east, lived there a few years, and about 1854, emigrated to Nebraska. He died in 1878. Warreh P. Mills, in 1856, built a handsome brick residence on MadisOn avenie. lie was a jovial, fat, rollicking, fun-loving person, who was very popular with "Young America," and withal was an enterprising, public-spirited citizen. He died in 1868, aged 56 years. Abel Page came in 1836 and engaged here in agriculture and horticulture. He planted the first hursery of aily pretensions iii this valley, aHd fbr years suipplied settlers with grafted fruits and rar`e plants. He was an honest and very pleasant gtitlemah, arid proniinelnt in the establislihient of the CongregatiOha} Church here. The closiig yiais bo his life ivr~e i;emit in a pretty sublrban home near the north line of tle city oi the Plainfield road. 182 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. James M. Nelson, born in Milford, Mass., November 27, 1810, came here in 1836, and made the place his home during life, about fifty years. His first business was in a store opposite the Eagle Hotel. Afterward he was engaged quite extensively in lumbering. With H. P. Bridge he built the first saw mill on the canal. His brother, Geo. C. Nelson, was his partner until 1845, and together they built, in 1837, a saw mill on Mill Creek, a few miles north of the Rapids and west of the river, the first mill in that region. In the winter of 1837-38, when provisions were scarce, James M. Nelson went to Indiana in search of hogs, purchased two hundred and eighty, and drove them home, where they were gladly received by the very hungry people. Near the same time he started with five others to explore the Muskegon River region. The snow was deep, and they were gone several days, lost their way, and were thirty-six hours without food before reaching home. lMr. Nelson was among the first to raft lumber down Grand River. From 1841 he served as Postmaster for one term. About 1859 he went out of the lumbering business, and engaged in flouring. Four years later, he again changed his business, buying with his brother, Ezra T. Nelson, a half interest in the Comstock furniture factory, and operated as a manufacturer during the remainder of his life. Mr. Nelson was a strictly and thoroughly honest man, one of the "representative self-made men" of this place, who, by his enterprise, integrity and industry commanded the esteem of this community wherein the greater part of his life was spent. He was a member of the St. Mark's Episcopal Church, and influential in its councils until his death, which occurred in 1883. Samuel F. Butler was one of the early cabinet makers here, residing first on Kent street, afterward on Canal, north of Bridge street, a highly respected citizen. He suddenly dropped dead, April 3, 1856, as he was passing through the front gate to his residence. Truman Kellogg came in 1837, and settled on a farm on Lake avenue. Having a decided taste for horticulture, he entered enthusiastically into the raising of apples, peaches, grapes, and a variety of other choice fruits, and established a handsome nursery; also planted mulberry (Morus Multicaulis) and began the manufacture of silk, raising cocoons and winding the fiber for many years. HI-e was a quiet, unobtrusive citizen, of de HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 183 cided reformatory tendencies, and a radical Abolitionist. He lived only about eight years after coming here. James A. Rumsey was born at Newburg, N. Y., November 8, 1814. He arrived here June 6, 1837, and assisted Henry Stone in building a house, working for $15 per month; afterward worked in the erection of the first mill on the canal bankthe "Big Mill," as it was called in those days-at $1 per day, for Smith & Brownell, its builders. Rumsey took charge of the mill and ran it for some time, and relates that the necessities of the occasion made him the first cooper in Grand Rapids, both for flour and tight barrels. Having occasion to ship a quantity of flour, and no barrels, he procured from a man down the river a lot of staves that had been intended for the Chicago market; and, having with him a kit of coopers' tools, he set to work and made the barrels for the flour. Soon afterward, impelled by a similar necessity, he made pork barrels for the packing of'a large quantity of pork which had been piled up with salt to keep it from spoiling. Mr. Rumsey purchased land near the south part of the city; also a piece above the north line, on the west side, which he still holds. He owned and operated a mill on Plaster Creek, where the upper plaster mill now is, and a small saw mill on the little stream which comes down from the north part of Paris Township into Plaster Creek. He is still looking hale and hearty for his years, is a model citizen, enjoys the good will of everyone, and bids fair to round out considerable more interesting history before he leaves these scenes. He lives at 374 Grandville avenue. Edmund B. Bostwick was a prominent man among the pioneers. He fitted up with refined taste a suburban residence, at the corner of Cherry street and College avenue, and platted that part of the town known as Bostwick's Addition. Generous to a fault, with a personal appearance of great manly beauty and dignity,:nd impulsively enterprising, he won the deferential admiration of his friends: and his friends were everybody. With an abundance of means he would have been a tower of strength to the town, but for lack of capital he failed in many brilliant schemes. To his enthusiastic energy in the early development of this town and the region about much credit is due. He started for California in 1850, overland, perished on the 184 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. way, and sleeps his last sleep under the shadow of the Rocky Mountains. Archibald Salmon was one of the early cabinet makers here, and an excellent workman, an accommodating neighbor and good citizen. He removed to a farm in Wyoming Township in 1851. where he spent the remainder of his life, and passed away in 1887, aged 78 years. Aaron Dikeman, a native of Norwalk, Conn., was the first jeweler who established a regular trade here. He came in 1837, and worked diligently at his business thirty years, when he retired from active life. He was distinguished for his perfect honor, truth and probity, winning and holding the fullest love and confidence of his fellow men. He was a Freemason, and one of the organizers of Grand River Lodge, No. 34; and was also one of the original members of St. Mark's Episcopal Church. In the early days he was interested in river navigation. With him money might have been left uncounted, or jewels unreceipted. He was fair and just to all, the highest and humblest alike, and between any dishonorable act and beggary would have chosen beggary on the instant. No better words need be spoken of any man. He died in 1882, upward of eighty-six years of age. James McCray came to Grandville in 1838, and settled in Grand Rapids about five years later. He was one of the early iron founders and machinists, a skilled workman, and for uprightness and integrity had the golden opinions of all who knew him. He died suddenly while sitting in his chair, in 1851. George Young was a thoroughly just and companionable citizen, influential in the organization and support of the, First Reformed Church, giving liberally of his means to the erection in 1842 of their first house of worship at the corner of Bridge and Ottawa streets. MPr. Young settled in Grand Rapids in 1837. I-e lived a little outside of town, but his interests and feelings were so closely interwoven with those of its citizens as to make him practically ohe of them. His ancestors were from the Netherlands, and settled at an early day on the Hudson River near Albany. He was largely instrumental in procuring the settlement of the Holland colony in Ottawa county in 1847. Ie was 71 years of age at the time of his death in 1870. Henry Stone in 1837, built a house on the west side of Kent HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 185 street, midway between Bridge street and Crescent avenue. He soon afterward started the manufacture of plows. Opposite him, across the street, lived H. R. Osborn, a blacksmith, who built a house, familiarly known as the Lucretia Lyon house. Henry Stone died March 4, 1864. John Kirkland came here in 1837, and a few years later established a cooper shop near South Division street, where he made barrels by hand. He lived to be nearly 80 years old, and died greatly beloved. Leonard Covell, a Vermonter, born in 1816, went to Connecticut in his boyhood, and came here June 6, 1837. He was a carpenter and builder by trade, and built the first Episcopal Church, northwest corner Division street and Crescent avenue, a wood building, which cost about $800. He worked for some time building houses and stores, then, in 1844, went into the dry goods trade, which he followed eleven years. He was City Marshal in 1855, then was for some time interested in the livery and hotel business, and was actively connected with several public improvement enterprises, among them two or three gravel roads into the country, and also had an interest in the Fifth National Bank. He died March 24, 1897. Charles P. Babcock was a bustling, busy man for many years, sometimes in trade, sometimes in manufacturing, sometimes as landlord entertaining guests, always one whose ambitions were greater than his physical strength. He removed to Washington, D. C., in 1867. Daniel Ball, for more than twenty years, beginning in the early village days, was a man of tireless activity in many business lines. In trade as a merchant, and in storage and forwarding; in steamboat building and navigation enterprises; in manufacturing; in real estate dealings and improvements, and in banking, he usually kept himself loaded with as much labor and responsibility as three or four ordinary men should carry. He had great tenacity of purpose, as well as energy and industry, and knew no such thing as discouragement so long as his health permitted him to keep upon his feet. He began business in Michigan at Owosso; came here about 1841, and removed to New York in 1863, leaving here many germs of his planting for the great progress which the city has made. Another of the moving spirits here from 1841 to 1853, was 186 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Henry R. Williams, who, like Daniel Ball, laid well some of the foundations of material growth and the general weal. He came here from Rochester, N. Y. His aspirations were far-reaching, and his will to work in public and private enterprises was curbed only by the limits of his bodily strength. He was a popular and much loved citizen, and was the first Mayor of Grand Rapids. His mind wore out his physical machinery, and his life went out at the very flower of his manhood, July 19, 1853, at the age of forty-three years. Ball and Williams were both conspicuous in the development of steamboating on Grand River. James Ballard, who came in 1838 from Vermont, was especially a representative Congregational minister and school teacher here. He went upon a farm in Paris at an early day, which he cultivated many years, coming to town regularly on his duties clerical and scholastic. He was a man of firm mind and radical tendencies, earnest and zealous in whatever cause he considered reformatory, and left an enduring impress upon many who came within range of his conscientious example and teachings. He was a native of Massachusetts, and a graduate of Williams College. He married, at Bennington, Vt., in 1831, Emeline Hinsdill, a highly gifted and cultivated lady, who was a loving companion and helpmeet for hinm while she lived. During several years after the war Mr. Ballard labored as a teacher among the Freedmen of the Southern States. Joseph J. Baxter came from Vermont. He was a carpenter and millwright, and was among the pioneer wagon makers. Later he was in the livery business, grocery and feed trade, and bed-spring making, successively. Iis first house was built about 1843, at the corner north of Fountain and west of North Division street. William Bemis was forty years or more a merchant on Monroe street, and at his death his sons, the Bemis Brothers, succeeded to his trade. Hie was a quiet, steady-going citizen, held in universal esteem. Richard E. Butterworth was born in Jamaica, West India Islands, of British parentage, and was an engineer, educated at Manchester, England. TTe came to Grand Rapids in 1843, and purchased land southwest of the city, where he developed a gypsum quarry, and engaged in plaster manufacture until HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 187 about nine years later. Selling his mill and property there, he moved into the city ih 1856, and lived here till his death, at nearly 82 years of age, in 1888. Here he engaged in the foundry and niaChirie business, bilUing therefor the iron *orks at the foot df the east-side caral, which he cariled oh during the rest ot his life. ie built three brick blocks near those works. At one tiime he established a petroleum refinery, but his business was soon discontinued. He was a man of extraordinary energy and pertinacity, and contributed largely to the productiveness and wealth of the city. In his later years he traveled much in Europe, and in the Pacific region of this country, and, being a constant reader, acquired a great fluid of information. One of his latest acts was a gift of about $12,000 to the founding of St. MAark's Hospital, which afterward was named Butterworth Hospital. Gecrge Coggeshall was one of the settlers of 1836, and at an early day was a Justice of the Peace. Hie built a dwelling house on the coiner of Kent and Bridge streets, east of the Bridge Street I-ousIs, where he lived till 1861. He was a man of mark in the early days, plain, direct and blunt in speech, and always meaning just what he said. During many years he was the attorney and manager of the Lucius Lyon interests on what was called the Kent plat. Alfred X. Cary was engaged in trade on Monroe street as early as 1843; he was a well-known and respected citizen and business man till his death in 1882; he was merchant, hotel landlord, steamboat captain, flouring mills manager. He served as an honorable servant of the public in various official positions. William H. Godfroy was the first hotel keeper; afterward a merchant, and both he and his brother John had considerable trade with the Indians as long as the natives remained near this place. John F. Gcdfroy came to Grand Rapids in 1837, when but thirteen years old. Even at that early age he had been engaged in the Indian trade, with his older brother and with the Ewings of hidiana. He was born at Detroit, July 4, 1824. His business in connection with the fur trade carried him over the entire state and the Lake Superior country, and made him acquainted with the representative men of both white and Indian 188 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. races, and especially influential among the latter. After the Indian trading days were over he settled down to mercantile and real estate dealings in Grand Rapids. He was averse to holding public official positions; but was chosen in 1853 Recorder of the city for one term. He was three times married: first, to Lucilia Genereaux; second, to Mary St. Aubin; third, to Adelaide M. Moross, who survived him. He was a man of genial sociability; kind-hearted, intelligent, and honorable, and a devout adherent of the Roman Catholic faith. He died at his home in this city January 25, 1876. Toussaint Campau, who came in 1828, was in trade here for some years. He was a brother of Louis Campau and Antoine Campau. John Scott and James Phillips were the pioneer barbers. Scott, sometimes nicknamed General Scott, was a fat jolly mulatto, and the first of his craft who had the courage to advertise his trade in the newspapers. In addition to his skill with the razor, he was an excellent cook, and a general favorite about the National Hotel. Phillips, as dark and shiny as any of his race, was a steady, respected citizen, and kept a barber shop twenty years or more. There were few other colored residents in the early village days. William G. Mosely and family came from Westfield, Mass., to Grand Rapids, in 1837. From Detroit they came through the woods with a two-horse wagon, and were six days on the journey. He was a mechanic, and aided in the construction of many of the early buildings. His son, Charles Mosely, was a small lad when the family moved here. In 1849 he was appointed clerk in the Grand Rapids Postoffice, and served as such under two or three Postmasters. For a time he was engaged in the grocery trade. Charles Moseley died February 7, 1893. Charles I. Walker came in 1836, and began making investments in land hereabout, as the agent of Junius H. Hatch. The panic of 1837 put a damper on real estate speculations, and he purchased the "Grand River Times," but did not keep it long. He was the first Treasurer of the village of Grand Rapids. Here he began the study of law, in the office of George Martin. In 1840 he was chosen to represent this district in the Legislature. Since 1851 he has resided at Detroit. Religiously, by HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 189 education, he was originally a Quaker. In the fall of 1888 he visited Grand Rapids, and beheld an illustration of the growth of the place during the forty years since he was Village Treasurer, in the new City Hall, at the dedication of which he participated in the exercises. He has held many positions of honor and trust in the state. A conspicuously odd or eccentric personage on the streets in the village days, was Calvin Hinds. He lived a little out of town, west of the river, but his visits to the business part were almost as regular as the daylight. He was a man of some education, of peculiar humor, witty and sometimes severely satirical. Though an object of all sorts of ridicule, and occasionally of abuse, he seldom, if ever, resorted to physical retaliation, depending upon his ready tongue as his most potent weapon of offense and defense. He had been unfortunate in business before coming here, and was possessed of the idea that in some way Deacon Stephen Hinsdill was responsible for his misfortunes; he had grown somewhat dissipated, and when under the influence of liquor, was morbidly sensitive upon that point. Pages might be written in description of his adventures and eccentricities, but one example will suffice to illustrate his peculiar characteristics. At times he was piously reverential and scrupulously chaste in language; at other times excessively profane and vulgar. On one occasion when he was very noisy, some young men, one of their number acting in the guise of an officer, arrested and took him "to jail." Their "jail" was an apartment under the rear of the Congregational Church. It was closed with a strong door and a padlock, and, having locked him in, the boys retired a short distance. After exhausting his vocabulary of epithets upon his tormentors, he threw himself against the door, burst it from its hinges, took it upon his shoulders, and marched down Monroe street, shouting: "Here I come, with the gates of Gaza on my back!" Haley F. Barstow came to Grand Rapids in 1844. lIe was a graduate of Harvard University, a ready writer and an occasional contributor to the early newspapers here. His wife was a daughter of William G. Mosely. He died suddenly of apoplexy after, a residence of twenty-seven years. Robert M. Collins came here a youth in the early days of the village, and learned the printer's art; he was afterward en 190 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. gaged in niqnufaptpurng npi;4 frde, and contribqted nuph to the grpwth qan d evelpPedt of thw city during tI frst twenty years of ts popprtete pxitence. Tle Wba widely knowrn nd highly r~,Ipg~td. Truman H. Lyon was a native of 8belbqrne, Vermpnt, who came to Mi~4tigtnp in 183 Apd tp Grn4 Pqpids in 14Q0, and resided here ntil hijs deatq, thirty-ope years later, t the age of 71. Te wa, prominept in qctive busipess life, an4 filled a numrler of positions of public trust and responsibility. He served twq terms as Postmaster, and in 1854 was in the State Legislature. Ip 1856 he built the brick block at 14 Canal street, long known as Mqsonic Hall, which was considered an elegant structure for those days. He wqs a prominent Mason and Master of Grand River Lodge No. 34, a number of years. In politics he was I Jacksonian Democrat, and in religious affiliation an Episcopalian. He was a citizen of sterling uprightness, and true geptilnty of character. Wilder?P. F terT was a native of Orange county, New York. Hiee ce to rand Rapids in! 1838, and resided here until he died, September 20, 1873, aged 54 years. He began life as a mechanic in a tip shop, and was among the founders of the hardware trade here. For more than a quarter of a century he was 4t the head of a trade which made him well known throughout the state. As a successful merchant, a publicspirited citizen and an honest mqn, he won the- explicit confidence of all who knew him. He was an industrious, practical, earnest man, a man of principle and good judgment, and was often called to public stations of trust and responsibility. In city offices, from Alderman to Mayor; in the State Legislature, and in Congress, his scrupulously fidelity won universal commendation. In politics he was an ardent Republican. He was not a church memrber, but a regular attendant at the Congregational Church, of which his wife was a member. He married in 1849 Fanpy Lovell, of Ionia. Hisl home life was a happy one. Modest, self-reliant, honest, amiable and whole-hearted, he left behind him the rich heritage of a good name. Philander Tracy, a native of Cayuga county, New York, began active life as a sailor on the lakes, between Buffalo and Chicago, and with his schooner visited Grand IHaven as early as 1824. He came to Grand Rapids in 1836. Two years later he moved to HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 191 powcll, returned to Grand Rapids in 1845, and resided here until he died in 1873, at the age of 72 years. His principal occupation was that of 1.mberman, in which he was moderately successful. Physically he was a man of powerful frame, and an untiring worker. He was strictly upright in business, plain of speech, strong willed, firm in judgment, and a well respected citizen. In 1840, upder the old county court system, he was elected Associate Judge, and served one term. Jo0 1 M. Fox, who came into the valley in 1837, and after 1846 resided many years in Grand Rapids, was a well known and respected citizen, business man and public officer. During the last ten years of his life he resided at Lowell, where he died January 4, 1873, aged 62 years. John W. Squier was a native of New Jersey, and in early life lived near Seneca Lake, New York. He came to Washtenaw county in 1834 and to Grand Rapids in 1842. He followed the flouring business thirty years. He was a plain, positive man, universally known and esteemed throughout this valley. Jedediah Gray was a wagon maker by trade, who died in 1876. In 1846 he had a shop on the alley north of Bridge street, between Kent and Ottawa, with turning lathe and some light machinery, for which the motive power was the stream from what has since been called the Kusterer Spring, turned upon an overshot wheel. In early life he served as captain in the Florida war. Henry Seymour came from Onondaga county, New York, in 1842, and was the first teacher of an academic school in this town. In 1844 he married Jeannette, daughter of Stephen Hinsdill. He was a man of mild manners and gentle spirit. In after life he engaged in mercantile business, and served a term each as Representative and a Senator in the State Legislature. Robert S. Parks, a native of Cayuga county, New York, came to Michigan in 1823 and to Grand Rapids in 1844. About 1830 he assisted in surveying Government lands between Maple River and Grand Rapids, on the south side of Grand River. After coming here he was many years prominent in the building and rAining of steamboats. He built three for Grand River, one for Mqiuskegop River, and one for White River. Damon Hatch, in the village days, lived in a square stone cottage at the northwest corner of College avenue and Cherry street. 192 IH-IST'ORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. He was a quiet, unassuming citizen, and Secretary of the Kent County Agricultural Society in its early years. He died at Canandaigua, New York, in 1876. John Mathison, a native of England, came here in 1838, and was a resident until his death-about forty-two years afterwards. He was a tailor, and followed that trade and the business of a merchant clothier, near the lower end of Monroe street. James H. Scott, about 1842, came from Oswego county, New York, and was a pioneer in pail manufacturing. He resided here during life, a period of thirty-six years, and left a pleasant memory as an enterprising citizen and genial gentleman. Lewis Porter came from Chicago about 1848, and opened, where the Pantlind Hotel now stands, the first store devoted exclusively to the clothing trade. In 1856 he built a brick block at 17 Canal street. In 1867 he removed to Washington. Afterward he purchased the old Congregational church property, where the Porter Block now stands. He died suddenly in Washington, February 11, 1882. Henry H. Philbrick, a teacher of music, came to Grand Rapids about 1840, and erected a square wood cottage on Fulton street, just east of the park. In 1866 he removed to California, and died there about sixteen years later. Joel Philbrick came in 1848, and settled at the corner of Fulton and Barclay streets, at which time there were only two or three houses east of him on the north side of Fulton street. He resided on or near that spot upward of a quarter of a century. Gaius S. Deane was a Vermonter. He came to Lyons in 1837, and to Grand Rapids in 1843. Here until his death, a period of, forty years, he was engaged as a foundryman and dealer in castings. He was a thoroughly upright man who enjoyed the highest respect and most implicit confidence of his fellow-citizens. Luman R. Atwater came from Vermont in 1837, and resided in Grand Rapids ever after. He was a mechanic, but followed besides a variety of occupations and professions, always with strict honesty and propriety. An unswerving prohibitionist, regular and methodical in habits, through life he was a conspicuous exemplar of conscientious integrity. He died July 23, 1892. William Sibley was a navigator upon the river about as soon as there were any boats to command, and was a popular steam HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 193 boat captain for many years. His homestead was on the west side of the river, near the old Indian village. Simeon S. Stewart was one of the settlers of the spring of 1836. With a span of horses and wagon he drove through from Detroit, bringing his family and household goods and $1,800 in cash. He settled on the north sire of Bridge street, and lived in a slab house a little below Ottawa street. Slab shanties were among the makeshifts for dwellings in many instances. He was a mason by trade, did some of the earliest stone work. After about ten years he moved to a farm a few miles out on the Cascade road, where he spent the remainder of his life. William I. Blakely was born in Huntsville, Otsego county, N. Y., June 29, 1810. He came to Grand Rapids June 6, 1837, and here resided continuously till his death in 1889. His business for some years was that of carpenter, joiner and house builder. During his school days he was, for some time, a pupil of Millard Fillmore. In 1841 he was appointed a U. S. Deputy Marshal and served four years. At various periods he held local offices of trust and responsibility, and performed the duties pertaining thereto honorably and faithfully. In early life he was a Whig, and later a Republican. In religious views he was liberal and tolerant. He was quiet and unostentatious and generally beloved for his domestic virtues and his integrity. Nehemiah White, a chair-maker in the village days, lived on Division street at the Lyon street corner. He was a citizen with whom it was a pleasure and a luxury to be acquainted. In person he was tall and slim, straight as an arrow, and in deportment a gentleman of the strictest integrity and Christian kindness. He died in 1859, at the age of 76 years, and was buried with Masonic honors. He was a highly esteemed communicant in St. Mark's Church. John W. Gunnison was born in Goshen, N. H., November 10, 1812. He graduated at West Point in 1835, and was appointed Lieutenant in the United States Artillery. In 1841 he married Martha Delony, of Georgia, and between that time and 1849 was in the topographical department of the regular Army, engaged in the coast survey of the great lakes. In 1844 he entered a tract of land south of West Fulton street, and made Grand Rapids his family home. After 1849 he was engaged in the topographic survey of the basin of the Great Salt Lake, Utah, where, on 194 HISITTOIRY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Sevier River, October 26, 1853, he was killed by a party of PahUte Indians. He was greatly beloved, and his death was sincerely mourned in this city. Wright L. 0offinberry was born at Lancaster, O., April 5, 1807. His parents were born in Virginia, and were pioneers in Ohio. In youth he received a moderate education in the common schools: but later in life, by practical application and experience, became well versed as a civil engineer, and as a student of archaeology. After he was eighteen years old, he learned the trades of carpenter and millwright, which he followed thirteen years. In 1836 he became a member of the Civil Engineers Corps of Ohio, and civil engineering was his favorite occupation thereafter, during life. He was an expert mechanic, and an excellent draughtsman. He came to Grand Rapids in 1846, and at first operated a watch and clock repairing establishment on Monroe street, afterward removing to Canal street. In 1850 he was chosen the first City Surveyor, to which place he was again elected in 1854, and held it three years. In 1853 he was in Government service, surveying public lands in Michigan. In 1859 he surveyed a State road from the northwest corner of Kent county to Northport, and in the following year filled a contract for cutting out and bridging forty miles of it north of Newaygo. In the survey he and his party of picked men camped in the woods, and carried their knapsacks for 'thirty nights and days. In 1861 he enlisted for the war, and raised Company C of the First Michigan Engineers and Mechanics, and served a year and a half as its Captain, when he resigned. Mr. Coffinberry married, near Mansfield, O., August 18, 1831, Jane Beach, who was his life companion during fifty-seven years, and survived him. He died suddenly, in a street car, March 26, 1889. As a newspaper correspondent fitly said after his death: "He was a man of action rather than profession. He was a man whose life was made up of deeds which, without seeming great in themselves, yet as a mass would build a monument. He was simple and unpretentious, but great in the little duties and details of life. A man of strong convictions was he, but yet of the broadest charity." Mr. Coffinberry was the inventor of a machine for drawing ellipses upon any scale required, and also of a compensating pendulum, which showed ingenuity and skill. He was an enthusiast in natural history, and especially in archeology; was a member of the HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS.19 195 Grand Rapids Lyceum, the Lyceum of Natq~,tr apl the i ieer1t f Ip ti~~ d serveq as Pre~id4 t a~jp pmi nent ~oirnrnjttees ii each of t~eip. Ie~ mi e mnxy exploiatiqjis,,Ilat4~ed iq ia~~ ja' dva~ie collectiqu4np ~ b jects apd antique relics. lHe was a life-lorpg te~i~pper~nc e man, and in politics ani un~swerving Republiean. He was also for miapy years connected with t~e OQd Fellows and the Masonic or'der. Than his, few or none leave a better record of honor and manliniess. From i1881 he was six years one Qf the County Superinteipdents of the Poor, and nowlhere more heartily than among the poor was his kir dness or his integty recognized and appreciated. For his natural nobility and sterling worth he is held in affectionate memory. Charles -4thbun came to Grand Rapids in 1844. He was a native of Cayuga county, N. Y. Here he was proprietor of the Rathbun House about eight years', aild in~ 1852 retired to a farm in Paris towi6ship,. He was a man of robust frame, strong, will and temperate habits. He died in 1875, aged 79 years. William H. Withey came from Vermont and built a saw mill some miles above the Rapids, in 1837-38, and for twenty-eight years was prominent in business enterprises, includirng staging to Battle Creek and Kalamazoo, and constructing the Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids Plank Road. Julius Granger began as a manufacturer, on the east-side canal, at the "Big Mill, and was afterward a bustling, jolly landlord, as well as stage proprietor, and an enterprising citizen. He came here from Ohio in 1844, and lived here till his death, twenty-seven years afterwards. Abraham W. Pike was born October 5, 18,14, in Warren County, Ohio. His father was a settler on the site of Richmond, Indiana, and owned a farm there. He, early drifted into the Indian trade and often acted as government' interpreter. For some time he was located at Niles and St. Joseph in Baxrien CGounty. He was in charge of the property of the Post Sheldon Land Company at Pigeon Lake in 18,41, and in 1842 was commissioned postmaster at Port Sheldon. He came to Grand Rapids in 1844 which has since been his home. He built a house on Fulton Street between Jefferson Avenue and Lafayette Street which for sixty years has been a landmark because of its, white pillars, which were brought from the hotel at Port Sheldon when it was abandoned. 196 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Mr. Pike at this date, August, 1905, is still living at the house with the white pillars. George 0. Nelson was born in Milford, Massachusetts, March 24, 1812. He was present at Bunker Hill when Daniel Webster delivered his great oration at the laying of the corner stone and shook hands with Lafayette on that occasion. He came to Detroit in 1834 and resided there for two years, when he came to Grand Rapids which has since been his home. He was one of the original members of St. Mark's Church when it was organized October 6th, 1836. He was married November 7th, 1839. In 1841 he was a clerk in the Michigan Senate when the Legislature met at Detroit. He saw three years' service in the military service during the civil war. He was commissioned Captain by President Lincoln and was Commissary of Subsistence, one year at Helena, Arkansas, and two years at Sioux City, Iowa. He and his wife are still living (August, 1905) at the corner of Bostwick and Lyon streets. CHAPTER V. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Part I.-By Joseph Bascom Griswold, M. D. The medical history of Grand Rapids may be said to date from January 1, 1835, on which day Dr. Jason Winslow, then of Gull Prairie, Kalamazoo county, reduced a dislocated hip on the person of Joel Guild. Grand Rapids was then a village of less than one hundred persons, and there being no physician nearer than Gull Prairie, Dr. Winslow was called by Richard Godfroy to attend to Mr. Guild's case. The first physician to settle permanently within the present city was Dr. Stephen A. Wilson, who arrived in August, 1835. In the spring of 1837 he formed a copartnership with Dr. Charles Shepard, the association lasting until 1839, in the fall of which year Dr. Wilson died. Dr. Charles Shepard was the second resident physician. He arrived October 20, 1835, only two months after Dr. Wilson came. The third was Dr. Gravelle, a young French physician, who came in the spring of 1836, but remained only until the fall of that year. Dr. Jason Winslow, the physician who rendered the first professional service in the community, was the fourth to settle here. He came from Gull Prairie in the spring of 1837. He was of New England stock and had practiced in Stockholm, St. Lawrence county, N. Y., before coming to Michigan. After a residence of six years in Grand Rapids he died, March 15, 1843. Dr. F. J. Higginson was the fifth. He came in 1839. He also was a New England man, a graduate of the Medical Department of Harvard College, and had practiced at Cambridge, Mass. He remained in Grand Rapids only about two years; removed in 1841 to Brattleboro, Vt., where he practiced many years and where he died. A few of the other pioneer physicians of this community, with date of arrival, are here named in the order of their coming: Alonzo Platt, in 1842; Philander H. Bowman, in 1846; Charles L. Henderson, in 1847; Wenzel Blumrich, in September, 1848; 197 198 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Alfred Garlock, in 1849; C. J. Fearing, in 1851; Oscar H. Chipman, February 28, 1852; Sterling W. Allen, in 1852, and D. W. Bliss, in 1854. Dr. Bowman was a classmate of Dr. O. H. Chipman, and had'practiced in Canada. He practiced here for nine years, dying in 1859. Dr. Fearing was a Rhode Island man. He lived here only two years. The practice of iedicin and surgery in Grand Rapids has kept pace with the advancement of the science elsewhere, the physicians who located here when Grand Rapids was an Indian trading post were educated and progressive. More than fifty years ago both common and caioted arteries were successfully lighted by local doctors, the patieft living in good health for many years afterward. A medical society was eaily organized, bringing the physicians together for interchange of thought and experience. This oirganization, under different names, has been coitinuously maintained, and at present, known as the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine, consists of fortj-one members. The Kent County Medical Society, an auxiliary branch of the State Society, was instituted three years ago. It has a membership of about 100. The hospitals of the city have been largely built up by the gratuitous work of the medical profession, as no one of them is endowed. Five Grand Rapids physicians have been honored with the Presidency of the State Society, and Grand Rapids surgeons and specialists are among those most widely known of Michigan practitioners. The trials, discouragements, difficulties and dangers which those old medical heroes were compelled to undergo can scarcely be comprehended in these days of advanced civilization. The inhabitants of the village being too few to furnish sufficient support, the surrounding country, for miles in every direction, must be traversed by the overworked, underfed doctor. Nor were the dangers incident to long country trips insignificant; for with angry rivers to ford and primeval forests to traverse where, oftentimes, the only indication of a pathway through would be the blazing of trees, in addition to which the liability of losing one's way, and the possibility of a personal contact with wild beasts ever forced itself upon the mind, the doctor had anything but an easy life. The pecuniary return, also, for such labor was meager and uncertain; many of the accounts in those days being paid in shingles and orders on Amos Roberts HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 199 and Jefferson Morrison. Thus it will be seen that although the life of the practitioner of the present day may be considered, by many, laborious, yet in comparison with that of the pioneer physician it is light indeed. Grand Rapids Sanitary Association. This association was organized June 23, 1880, its object being: (1) To promote a general interest in sanitary science and to diffuse among the people a knowledge of the means of preventing disease; (2) to co-operate with the city authorities in securing the adoption of the most effective methods of improving the sanitary condition of the city; (3) to collect useful information on all subjects pertaining to sanitary science. The following officer# were chosen: President, the Rt. Rev. George H. Gillespie; Secretary, Dr. Charles H. Maxium. Several meetings were held at which interesting papers were read, but after some months the interest in the matter waned and the association never revived. No other officers were elected. U. B. A. Home and Hospital. The Union Benevolent Association is the oldest institution of its kind in Grand Rapids. The chief points of its general history are given in another chapter of this volume. Among the provisions of its articles of incorporation is one providing that one half of its ten Trustees shall be men and one half shall be women; these to be chosen annually. The building has a front of 113 feet facing College avenue by 66 feet on Lyon street, and 52 feet high. There are six entrances to the ground floor, the main one being on the College avenue side. The structure is a handsome three-story building of stone and white brick. The hospital rooms are on the second floor-a ward for men, a ward for women, a nurses' room opening into the two, and a dispensary supplied with medicines and instruments. Here are also two rooms used by the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad Company for the care of injured employes. Fifteen other (private) rooms are on the same floor, and one for the second matron. The third floor has twenty-two rooms, and in this part of the building is also the operating room. The attic is sufficiently 200 HISTOiRY OF GRAND RAPIDS. large for twelve additional rooms. All the appointments of the building are excellent-heating, ventilation, cooking, storage, water supply, elevator and other conveniences. The property as it stands is valued at about $55,000. Of prime importance in connection with the U. B. A. is the training school for nurses, established in 1886 as an adjunct to the hospital department. The following staff of physicians and surgeons has been appointed for the current year: Medical Board. President and Chief of Staff...........Dr. Joseph B. Griswold Vice-President.......................... Dr. 0. E. Herrick Secretary.............................. Dr. A. Verne W pnger Medical Division. Consulting Physicians-J. B. Griswold, M. D., D. S. Sinclair, M. D., J. 0. Edie, M. D., P. B. Wright, M. D. Visiting-Earl Bigham, M. D., J. W. Riecke, M. D., F. J. Lee, M. D., L. E. Best, M. D., S. D. Hinman, M. D., Maria Norris, M. D., J. M. DeKraker, M. D., S. Porter Tuttle, M. D. Surgical. Consulting Surgeons-William Fuller, M. D., J. B. Griswold, M. D., S. C. Graves, M. D. Visiting-S. C. Graves, M. D., M. E. Roberts, M. D., Walter Ardiel, M. D., William Fuller, M. D., William J. DuBois, M. D., W. G. Young, M. D. Gynecological. Consulting Gynecologists-J. B. Griswold, M. D., M. C. Sinclair, M. D., 0. E. Herrick, M. D., S. C. Graves, M. D. Visiting-F. A. Rutherford, M. D., W. F. Hake, M. D., T. C. Irwin, M. D., William Fuller, M. D., 0. E. Herrick, M. D., F. E. Berge, MI. D. Abdominal Surgery. William Fuller, M. D., 0. E. Herrick, M. D., S. C. Graves, M. D. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS.20 201 Obstetrical. Consulting Obstetricians-J. B. Griswold, M. D., 0. L. Dales, M. D, Visiting-F. A. Rutherford, -M. D., Earl Bigham, M. D., C. H. B-all, M. D., A. H. Williams, M. D). Ophthalmol1og~ic4l and OtologiWa. L. A. Roller, M. D., John R. Rogers, M. D., F. Dunbar Robert. son, M. D. Baceteriologists. Alexander Mackenzie Campbell, AI. D., Charles C. Wallin, NI. D. Pathologist. George IT. Baert, M. D. Butterworth Hospital. A historical sketch of the Butterworth hospital is given in another part of this volume. Something pertaining to the medical and surgical department may properly be added here. The site of this hospital building, corner of Bostwick and East Bridge streets, is handsome, healthful and elevated, affording a fine, view of a large part of the city. Its capacity is large, furnishing space for one hundred beds, and it has all the necessary and convenient departments and accessories of a well equipped, modern, metropolitan hospital. The woodwork finish throughout the interior is of handsomely polished 'hardwood and the heating and ventilating arrangements are as near perfect as ingenuity and science could devise. Dr. Alonzo Platt was the first physician in chearg of this institution, he also having had much to do wi th its establishimenitAfter Dr. Platt's death in 18S2 Dr. G. K. Johnson became physician in charge, retaining his relation with the orgw~i!ation for some years. The house physicians Serving Under Dr. jTohnson in the old building wmre Dr. R. THpmphrey Nfevens (t$80-86), 40i Dr. Herbert W. Catlin (1886M9). The following is the, staff list, of the hospital: 202 HISTTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Medical Staff-Dr. George K. Johnson, Honorary Chief of Staff; Dr. Eugene Boise, Chief of Staff. Medicine-Visiting Physicians: Joseph Albright, Ralph Apted, Alexander M. Campbell, Elizabeth Earle, William Hake, J. B. Hilliker, Clarence White, Henry Hulst, Collins H. Johnston, C. E. Koon, T. M. Koon, John A. McColl, T. W. Toan, J. B. Whinery. Consulting Physicians: George K. Johnson, Eugene Boise. Surgery-Visiting Surgeons: J. Orton Edie, R. J. Hutchinson, G. L. McBride, Perry Schurtz, Richard R. Smith, Ralph H. Spencer, Rowland Webb, W. G. Young. Consulting Surgeons: George K. Johnson, Samuel R. Wooster. Gynecology-R. J. Hutchinson, Perry Schurtz, Richard R. Smith, W. G. Young. Diseases of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat-Visiting Physicians: R, J. Kirkland, John R. Rogers, Louis A. Roller, E. W. Tolley. Consulting Physician: D. Emmett Welsh. Obstetrics-Ralph Apted, H. W. Howard, Elizabeth Earle. Dermatology-Charles E. Hooker. Diseases of Children-Henry W. Howard, Collins H. Johnston. Pathology —Joseph B. Whinery. X-Ray-Henry Hulst. House Physician-Frederick Pritchard. Bessie Earle, M.D., one of the lady physicians of Grand Rapids, was born in Richland, Kalamazoo county, Mich., Nov. 27, 1856. She was graduated at the Woman's Medical College, Chicago, Ill., with the class of 1884, and immediately went to Boston, Mass., where she spent a year in the New England Hospital for women and children in that city. She also spent two years and a half as assistant physician in the New State Hospital for the insane at Worcester, Mass. The Doctor has also had experience in the hospital of Dr. Byford, of Chicago. While residing in Massachusetts she was a member of the Massachusetts State Medical Society. Settled at Grand Rapids in April, 1888. Was visiting gynecologist to St. Mark's (now Butterworth) and the IT. B. A. Hospitals. Schuyler Colfax Graves, M.D., was born at Kalamazoo, Mich., March 6, 1858, but passed most of his boyhood days in Grand Rapids. IHe was graduated at the High School here in the suminer of 1877, and in the fall of the same year entered the Literary Department of the University of Michigan with the class of HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 203 1881, taking the studies of the Freshman year. The following year he matriculated in the Medical Department, taking his degree, after a three years' course, June 30, 1881. Was Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy in his alma mater during the session of 1881 and 1882, when he resigned to enter practice. Went to Charlevoix, Mich., in July, 1882, and practiced there three years, with the exception of the winter of 1883-4, at which time he was surgeon of the Delaware Copper mine, Keweenaw county, Lake Superior, Mich. Was elected Coroner of Charlevoix county in the fall of 1884. Returned to his old home in Grand Rapids in June, 1885, and has practiced here ever since. Was appointed County Physician (Kent county) and served for the years 1887 -88. Member of the- Michigan State Medical Society, and the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine. Was President of the latter organization for the year 1890. Visiting surgeon to St. Mark's (now Butterworth) and U. B. A. Hospitals. James Fulton Grove, M.D., who for nearly thirty years was one of the prominent physicians of Grand Rapids, was born in Geneva, Ontario county, New York, December 11, 1828. Commenced the study of medicine at Geneva in 1852. He attended his first course of lectures at Geneva Medical College in 1852-53, his second course at Niagara University, Buffalo, N. Y., in 1853 -54, and the third at Rush Medical College, Chicago, where he graduated February 21, 1855. He settled in Grand Rapids in July, 1856, where he practiced until the time of his death, except for the interval while he was in the army service during the War of the Rebellion. He entered service as Assistant Surgeon Third Michigan Volunteer Infantry, August 15, 1862; was commissioned Surgeon of the regiment September 11, 1862, and was mustered out June 20, 1864. He died in Grand Rapids, of congestion of the brain, July 7, 1885. ilcnzo Platt, M.D., an old time resident of Grand Rapids, and for years one of the leading physicians of the city, was born January 10, 1806, in Stephentown, Rensselaer county, N. Y., being a son of Judge Henry Platt of that place. He was a descendant, through his mother (Susan De La Vergne), of the French Huguenots. After preparatory studies at Lenox, Berkshire county, Mass., he was compelled, on account of trouble with his eyes, to give up his cherished hope of taking a four years' collegiate course in Arts; but in 1825, his eyesight becom 204 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. ing strong again, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Wright, of New Lebanon, N. Y., also receiving instructions, later on, at the hands of Dr. John De Ia Mar, of Sheffield, Mass. He was graduated in medicine, after full course of lectures, by the Berkshire Medical College (Mass.) in December, 1829, and practiced for two years at Port Gibson, Ontario county, N. Y., removing in the spring of 1832 to Ann Arbor, Mich., In the fall of this year he married Miss Laurella, daughter of Stoddard Smith, an eminent lawyer of Greene county, N. Y. After practicing his profession in Ann Arbor for ten years he came to Grand Rapids (1842). During the war Dr. Platt was Surgeon of the enrolling Joard for this Congressional District, and was prominently connected for years with the Grand Rapids Medical and Surgical Society, also with the State Society. He took an active part in establishing St. Mark's Home and Hospital, and was for several years physician in charge of this institution. He was very charitable, and at one time kept a free dispensary at his residence. For several years prior to his demise he had been in failing health, being obliged to relinquish his practice to a great extent, and finally succumbed to the encroachments of disease, November 18, 1882, after having practiced medicine in this city for forty years. Dr. Platt's monument is his life and labor, particularly in this locality, where he was venerated by scores of people, young and old alike, and where his death was looked upon as a public calamity. (eiprge Kjiney Johnpsop, MD., was born in Cayuga county, New York, January 17, 1822. He moved to Michigan with his father in 1836, when fourteen years of age, and settled on a new farm in the township of Brighton, Livingston county. There and in that vicinity he spent three or four years helping his father to make a farm and home. The country was new and almost without settlement. But the time so spent he remembers with pleasure, and regards that experience of pioneer life and of the incidents of early settlement as wholesome. Of school advantages there were almost none, but he read with avidity such books as fell in his way. At eighteen he resolved to get an education, but the ways and means were difficult and scanty. There were no good schools in the vicinity. But at Ann Arbor, twentytwo miles away, there was a very good, old fashioned institutipn of learning, known as the MeNiel Academy. This he at HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 205 tended two or three years, every month walking to and from his home. He was at that school when the corner-stone of Michigan University was laid, and well remembers the ceremonies of that occasion. During that time, as well as while pursuing professional studies afterward, he eked out his scanty means by teaching school when the exigency demanded. At the age of twenty-one he entered the office of the late Dr. Ira Bingham, at Brighton, and began the study of medicine. Dr. Bingham was a brusque and an eccentric old bachelor, but was a Well instructed and successful practitioner. He took great pains with and interest in the young men whom he admitted to his office. In March, 1846, Dr. Johnson received his degree in medicine from the Cleveland Medical College (Medical Department of the Western Reserve University). In June following he established himself in Pontiac, this state, and began his professicnal work. Here fortune favored him and he soon found himself sufficiently occupied. In a few years his practice ranged over large portions of Oakland county; but at length his health broke under excessive labor. In 1852 or 1853 he removed to-Detroit and undertook light practice, but his health did not return and it began to look as if it would not. In 1856 being unable to do the work of his profession, he came to this city in charge of the interests of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, then in course of construction, and in which some of his friends were largely concerned. In 1857 he spent several months in England, partly in pursuit of health and partly in the interest of the road referred to above. In the spring of 1859 he was elected Mayor of Grand Rapids and served one term. He declined to be again a candidate. In the autumn of 1860, having regained sufficient health, he resumed his profession. In 1861 the great war drew him into its vortex. He became Surgeon of the First Michigan Cavalry, and went with that regiment to the field. He served with it during the exciting campaign of Gen. Banks in the Valley of the Shenandoah, in the early months of 1862. Later in the season he served as Medical Director of a brigade of cavalry, commanded by Gen. John Buford, in the very stirring but unfortunate campaign of'Gen. Pope. He was at Second Bull Run, and had the grief to see his friend Col. Brodhead, the commander of the First Cavalry, yield up his life. In February, 1863, Congress created a Corps of Medical Inspectors of the 206 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. army; with increased rank. It consisted of eight Inspectors, four of whom were to be taken from the regular service and four from the volunteer service. Dr. Johnson was commissioned as one of the four from the volunteer service, and was at once assigned to duty with the Army of the Potomac. He was in this service during the campaigns of 1863. He was present at the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, as well as at some minor affairs. From the end of 1863 to the first of October, 1865, he was Medical Inspector of the Middle Military Department. As such it was his duty, a responsible and laborious one, to inspect the field and general hospitals of that large department, extending from Philadelphia to New Berne, North Carolina. In November, 1865, after a military service of four years and four months, he returned to his home in this city, and at once resumed his practice. From that time to the present he has been in full and laborious practice. He has been an active member of the various medical societies of the city. Has long been and still is a member of the Medical Society, and was President of that society in 1879. He has frequently contributed papers and addresses to the proceedings of that society. Is a member of the American Medical Association, also of the National Association of Railway Surgeons. Is Surgeon-in-Chief of the Grand Rapids and Indiana railway and Surgeon of the Pere Marquette railway. By reason of his army service he holds membership in the Society of the Army of the Potomac and in the Order of Loyal Legion of America. Dr. Johnson was appointed Pension Examining Surgeon for Grand Rapids shortly after the war, and was the only surgeon on that service in this city for several years, until the Grand Rapids Board was organized, after which he served as President of the Board for a number of years. Is now Honorary Chief of Staff to Butterworth Hospital. Reuben Peterson, M.D., is of New England stock, born in Boston, Mass., June 29, 1862. His preparatory education was rounded off at the famous Boston Latin School, and from this institution he entered the Literary Department of Harvard College in the fall of 1881. Graduating in arts at Harvard in the summer of 1885, he took up the study of medicine, matriculating in the Medical Department of Harvard during the fall of the same year. HTe pursued his professional studies in this department three years, completing the course in 1888, and received HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 207 his degree a year later. His hospital experience is as follows: Eight months in 1887 and 1888, House Surgeon at the Free Hospital for Women, Boston; one year (July 1888 to July 1889) Medical House Officer at the Boston City Hospital; during the summer of 1889, Assistant House Officer at Bellevue Hospital New York city, and from November 1, 1889, to March 1, 1890, House Physician at the Boston Lying in Hospital. He came to Grand Rapids for the practice of his profession in March, 1890. Member of the Massachusetts State Medical Society, and the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine, was acting Superintendent and Resident Physician and Visiting Gynecologist to St. Mark's, now Butterworth Hospital. He is now located at Ann Arbor. William Francis Penwarden, M.D., was born in Fingal, Elgin county, Canada, January 7, 1860. Graduated at the St. Thomas (Canada) Collegiate Institute in 1877, and at Williams & Rodgers International Business College, Rochester, N. Y., in 1878. Took one course in medicine at the University of Michigan, and two courses at Bellevue Medical College, New York city, graduating from the later, March 14, 1883. Practiced one year at Castlewood, Hamlin county, Dakota, and came to Grand Rapids September 28, 1884, was County Physician of Kent county, and remained in practice here until his death, December 26, 1902. Dr. Penwarden and his wife were killed in a railway accident in Canada. Walter Bacon Morrison, M.D., was born in Grand Rapids, May 6, 1838, and graduated at the Long Island College Hospital,.Brooklyn, N. Y., June, 1865. Dr. Morrison served during the war in the volunteer service, being first Hospital Steward and later Assistant Surgeon. He settled at Muskegon in July, 1865, practicing there until 1879, when he removed to Grand Rapids, remaining in this city until 1884. In that year he went to Honduras, Central America, and practiced there three years. In 1887 he returned to Muskegon, where he remained until his death. Was City Physician of Grand Rapids from May, 1881, to May, 1882, and Coroner of Kent county for the years 1883-84. Gaylord Brown Miller, M.D., was born in Torrington, Litchfield county, Conn., July 25, 1831; graduated at the Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield, Mass., in 1852, and practiced in Litchfield county, Conn., from 1852 to 1863, at which time he removed to Grand Rapids, and continued his practice. The Doctor was appointed acting Assistant Surgeon U. S. V. in January, 1864, and 208 HISTOIRY OF GRAND RAPIDS. served in that capacity until July of the same year, stationed at Jackson, Mich., and Resaca, Ga. Member of the Massachusetts State Medical Association (1852); member Connecticut State Medical Society (1852); Litchfield County Medical Association (1860); Michigan State Medical Society, and President of Grand Rapids Medical and Surgical Society in 1876. Henry G. Saunders, M.D., was born in Petersburg, Rensselaer county, N. Y., June 15, 1819. Attended medical lectures in Geneva, N. Y., and at the Medical Department of the University of the City of New York, graduating therefrom in the spring of 1847. Took post graduate courses in New York and Philadelphia; commenced practice in Adams, Jefferson county, N. Y.; after a year and a half removed to Ellisburg, and remained in practice there eleven years; came to Grand Rapids at the close of 1858; and remained in practice here until his death, and was at one time Health Officer for this city. He died December 22, 1893. Roelof A. Schouten, M.D., was born at Nunspest, Netherlands, December 5, 1835; graduated at the Medical School of Haarlem, Netherlands, June 29, 1865; served as Surgeon of a Dutch merchant vessel on two voyages to the East Indies, between 1865 and 1869; settled in Holland, Mich., in 1869, remaining there until 1882; was City Physician of Holland four years and Health Officer three years, and settled in Grand Rapids in 1882, where he died. Charles Shepard, M.D., one of the pioneer practitioners of Grand Rapids, was born July 18, 1812, in Fairfield, Herkimer county, N. Y. Ile began the study of medicine at the age of 18, reading in the office of Dr. II. W. Doolittle, Iterkimer county, and graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York, Fairfield, in 1835. After practicing six months in Jefferson county, N. Y., he removed to Grand Rapids, then a small village, arriving October 20, 1835, being the second physician to settle within the limits of the present city, Dr. Stephen A. Wilson, the first physician, having been upon the ground in August of that year. Between these two physicians a copartnership was formed, lasting some eighteen months, until the spring of 1839. Dr. Shepard practiced for over fifty years in Grand Rapids, and as a surgeon took first rank. iTe was President of the Grand Rapids M'edical and Surgical Society four times (in the period from 1858 to 1881); Charles Sh1,epard. r HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 209 was a member of the Michigan State Medical Society, of which he was President in 1886; member of the International Medical Congress since the meeting in Philadelphia in 1876; member of the.American Microscopical Society, American Association for the advancement of science, and the American Medical Association. He served as Alderman in the Common Council of 1853 and 1854, and was elected Mayor of the city in 1855. Was Chief of Staff at the U. B. A. Hospital, and Consulting Gynecologist to St. Mark's (now Butterworth). He died at Grand Rapids March 8, 1893, leaving a large estate. Edward Watson, M.D., was born in Fingal, Elgin county, Canada, November 27, 1840. He entered the Literary Department of the University of Michigan in the fall of 1860, but went into the army in 1861 and never finished his course. Shortly after the war he commenced the study of medicine in New York city; afterward spent some time in England and France, and resided five years (1866-71) in Rome. In 1871 he returned to America, and resuming his medical studies, graduated at the University of Michigan in the spring of 1873. Hle practiced his profession in Plymouth, Mich., Sioux Falls, Dakota, and in Grand Rapids. He was a member of the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine, and was, during his residence in Plymouth, Secretary of a Medical society embracing Wayne, Washtenaw and Oakland counties. Dr. Watson was Health Officer of Grand Rapids in 1888 and 1889. He died in this city a few years afterwards. William Wood, M.D., was born on a farm near St. Thomas, Elgin county, Ontario, Canada, August 17, 1838. He remained with his parents on the farm during his youth, receiving a fair education. In 1856, when eighteen years old, he entered the Grammar School at St. Thomas, a school in that country intermediate between the high schools and the University of Toronto. From 1856 to 1860 Mr. Wood's time was occupied between teaching in his native county and attendance at the Grammar School, which may be said to have mainly completed his preliminary education. Otctober 1, 1860, he entered the Medical and Chemical Department of the University of Michigan, where he remained two years, graduating in medicine and surgery in the spring of 1862, and received his diploma in the department of applied chemistry in June of the same year. He then commenced practice as a physician in the village of Sparta in his native 210 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. county, and remained there until he removed to the city of Grand Rapids, arriving June 4, 1864. Was actively engaged in the practice of his profession in this city until his death. He was President of the Grand Rapids Medical and Surgical Society in 1875, and was one of the charter members of the Michigan State Medical Society in 1866. George Henry Wildberger, M.D., was born April 6, 1840, in the city of Bamburg, Bavaria, and was graduated in medicine at the University of Wurzburg, May 24, 1865. He settled for practice, shortly after his graduation, at Kissingen, Bavaria; afterward entered into practice at Bamburg, his native place, and inaddition to his practice at Bamburg was Director of an orthopedic institution which had been established by his father, who preceded him in the Directorship. He was a Surgeon in the German Army during the Franco-German war 1870-71. The Doctor had an extended experience in the hospitals of Berlin, Munich and Prague. He came to Grand Rapids October 7, 1875, and soon gained a large practice, principally among those of German descent. He had the misfortune to contract diphtheria from a patient, and died of paralysissof the heart, as a result of the systemic infection, February 23, 1883. Hugo Lupinski, M.D., was born January 15, 1858, at Sheboygan, Wis.; graduated from the Department of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, in 1880, taking the degree of Ph.C., and from the Medical Department in 1882, receiving the degree of M.D. Was Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy in the University from 1882 to 1887. Came to Grand Rapids as Health Officer May 17, 1887; held the position until 1889. Was member of the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine, Pathologist and Microscopist to St. Mark's (now Butterworth) Hospital, and Visiting Physician to the U. B. A. Hospital. He died April 7, 1903, at Grand Rapids, leaving a widow and one son. Thomas Deane Bradfield, eldest son of Thomas Good Bradfield and Mary Deane Bradfield, was born January 12, 1843; was educated in the schools of Cass County, Indiana, and later entered the University of Michigan, where he attended two courses in the medical department. He graduated in the first class of the Detroit Medical College in June, 1869. He immediately took the position of surgeon of the Copper Falls Mine, Keweenaw county, Michigan. During the next ten years he continued at Copper HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 211 Falls Mine as surgeon and also filled the position of surgeon for all other mines in the northern Peninsular east to Copper Harbor. He came to Grand Rapids in 1879 and began to practice medicine here, but-in 1880 he returned to Keweenaw county as surgeon of the Conglomerate Mining Company. Here he remained until 1884, when he returned to. Grand Rapids. Dr. Bradfield was county physician and United States Pension examiner for Keweenaw county for many years. Since his return to Grand Rapids and during President Cleveland's administration he was a member of the Board of Pension Examiners in Grand Rapids; was president of the Grand Rapids Board of Health in 1887 and 1888, and was health officer of the city from 1891 until 1896. He was a member of the Board of Education of Grand Rapids for eight years and was President of the Board in 1897. While a resident of Keweenaw county, he represented Keweenaw, Baraga, Ontonagon, and Isle Royal counties in the state legislature at the sessions of 1875 and 1879. He is a charter member of the Michigan 'Masonic Home and served upon its executive and building committees until the home was given over to the Masonic Grand bodies. Dr. Bradfield was married in Grand Rapids, October 11, 1870, to Sarah Virginia Parks, eldest daughter of Capt. Robert Smith Parks. Three of their children are living: Thomas Parks Bradfield, an attorney residing in this city, John Charles Bradfield, a physician residing in Indianapolis, Indiana, and Helen C. Bradfield, who resides with her father. -), Willard Bliss, M.D., during some seven years prior to the war of the Rebellion was among the best known and prominent physicians of Grand Rapids and the region about. He was born in the town of Brutus, Cayuga county, N. Y., August 18, 1825; son of Obediah and Marilla (Pool) Bliss, in early life residents of Savoy, Mass. In his youth the family moved to Ohio, where he afterward entered the Medical Department of Western Reserve College and graduated therefrom in the early part of 1845. He began practice in his profession at Chagrin Falls, Ohio; thence removed to Cleveland, and in 1851 to Ionia, Mich. From the latter place, in 1854, he came to Grand Rapids, where he quickly took position in the front rank of his profession and in the popular regard, and had excellent and extensive practice until the breaking out of the war. He also took much and pleasurable interest in social 212 HISTORY OF GRAND RAFIDS. life; especially in musical circles-himself, his sister, Mrs. J. C. Wenham, and others of the family being naturally gifted with taste and talent in music. May 13, 1861, he was commissioned Surgeon of the third Regiment Michigan Infantry; went with the gallant body of troops to the front, and in September of the same year was promoted to Major and Surgeon of U. S. Volunteers; the chief field of his labors being in hospitals at and near Washington. March 13, 1865, he was brevetted Colonel U. S. Volunteers, "for faithful and meritorious service," and was mustered out with honor December 8, 1865. Dr. Bliss became noted as an expert in surgery, and performed many bold operations in that department of his profession. He had charge of the Armory IIospital. After the war he settled in Washington and practiced there some twenty-three years until his death, much of the time also holding a position in the Board of Health of the District of Columbia. When President Garfield was stricken down Dr. Bliss was called by Secretary of War Robert T. Lincoln, and was the attending physician at his bedside at Washington and at Elberson until that soldier statesman breathed his last. Dr. Bliss married, at Cleveland, O., May 23, 1849, Sophia Prentiss, daughter of the Rev. Samuel Prentiss, a Baptist clergyman of that place. Mrs. Dr. Bliss died in Washington, D. C., in January, 1888; and Dr. Bliss died at the same place February 21, 1889. Zenas E!. Bliss, M.D., deceased, was born in Podville, Madison county, N. Y., July 4, 1832; when a child, his parents moved with him to Chagrin Falls, Ohio, where he lived until he came to Ionia, Mich., in 1851. He began the study of medicine in the office of Drs. Harlow and Bliss in Chagrin Falls in the fall of 1850, and on his removal from Ionia, entered as a student the office of his brother, D. W. Bliss, who was then practicing in Tonia. D)lring his youth, he received the advantages of common schools and later spent some time in the Asbury Seminary, in Chagrin Falls. Te attended the sessions of 1852-3 in the medical department of the University of Michigan; practiced medicine at Lowell, froml June 3, 1853, until October, 1854, when he again returned to Ann Arbor and attended the lectures during 1854-55, when he ogrraduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Located in [onia in 1855, where he continued the practice of medicine and surllery' until June, 1861, with thei exception of four months iri 1858-5!) HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. which were passed in the colleges and hospitals of Philadelphia and New York city. IHe entered the State Vol. Military service December 7, 1858, having been commissioned surgeon (with the rank of Captain) of the 2nd Grand River Battalion (51st) Rept. 16th Brig. 8th Div. in the militia of the state commissioned by Gov. W. Wisner, March 18, 1859. Entered U. S. Vol. service in June, 1861, being commissioned Asst. surgeon of 3rd Regt. Mich. Vols.; was present and participated in the battles of Blackburn Ford and first Bull Run, serving until October 15, 1861, when he was commissioned surgeon of the Regt. by Austin Blair, Governor of the state; served continually and participated in the siege of Yorktown, battle of Williamsburgh, of Fair Oaks or Seven Pines, the sevenday fight before Richmond, including Malyern Hill. Owing to sickness he was granted.leave of absence while the Regt. was at Harrison's Landing, Va. During his convalescence, he was ordered before the U. S. Army Medical Examining board for examination with the view of promotion, which resulted in his being commissioned surgeon of the U. S. Vols. by the President, rank as such from September 12, 1861, commission dated February 27, 1863, and signed by Abraham Iincoln; was placed on duty in Baltimore, Md., September 12, 1862; first assigned to duty superintending the fitting up of U. S. general hospitals, many of which he opened and put in operation. Remained in charge of one-the Continental Hotel hospital-during the winter of 1862-3. In June, 1863. he was placed temporarily in charge of invalid officers; in July, 1863, was placed in perranent charge of U. S. general Hospital, National Hotel, Baltimore, Md. December 31, 1864, was appointed Medical surveyor U. S. Army by the Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, and stationed in Baltimore; mustered out of service February 2, 1866. Brevetted Lieut. Col. May 22, 1866, for faithful service, to rank as such from January 36, 1866, commission signed by Andrew Johnson. He sailed for E]rope the following October and passed the winter in London and Paris, obtaining what medical knowledge he might by visiting some of the hospitals and clinics of those cities. Returned to Gra4d,! apid( in the spring of 1867 and entered upon the practice of medicine and surgery, which he continued until 1874, when he.was again forced to travel on agcount of poor health; again sailed for Europe and passed the following winter in France and 214 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Italy and returned the next year with little or no improvement in health and retired from practice. July 30, 1873, he was appointed and commissioned a member of the Michigan State Board of Health for the term of six years; served one year on this board but had to resign on account of his health. He was for eight years prior to his death, which occurred April 21, 1877, U. S. Examining surgeon for pensions, and was President of the U. S. Examining Board for pensions in this city, and a member of the following societies and associations: Am. Medical Assn.; Am. Public Health Assn.; Michigan State Medical Society, and the Grand Rapids Medical and Surgical Society (of which he was president during the year 1874). John Alexander McColl, M.D., was born in Fingal, Ontario, Canada, May 6th, 1858. He lived on a farm until he became of age, in the meantime obtaining a good education in the Canadian schools; engaged in the grocery business for a time after reaching his majority and afterwards graduated in medicine from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College of New York city, March 15, 1886, and settled in Grand Rapids August 1st of the same year, where he has ever since practiced his profession. On January 7th, 1891, Dr. McColl was married to Miss Kate Swaine, and this union has been blessed with three sons, Alexander, Irvine and Douglas. Dr. McColl has been a member of the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine for many years. In 1897 he was elected a member of the School Board and held the office until 1901; he was reelected in 1903. During his official career on the Board he has been on important committees and has given much time and effort to developing and improving the common schools of the city. Aside from his connection with the School Board the Doctor, ever since he has been in the city, has given his entire time and attention to his profession. Orris E'mmett Herrick, M.D., was born March 30, 1848, at Charleston, Montgomery county, N. Y. He graduated at the Albany (N. Y.) Medical College in 1871, and at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, N. Y., in 1873; took a post graduate course in New York city in 1872; was Assistant Gynecologist to the Albany Hospital during a portion of 1872; member of Michigan State Board of Health in 1875; editor of the Obstetric Gazette from 1878 to 1882; is author of the book entitled, "Instrumental A~ 1; '," " 1 ( HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 215 Interference in Uterine Displacements," and brochures on '"Modification of Emmett's Operation," and "Some of the Plastic Operations in Female Surgery." Practice limited to Gynecology. Made and reported in the Obstetric Gazette the first operation for "Retention of Uterus in Procidentia and Flexions by Post Cervical Adhesions." Member of American Medical Society, and Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine. President of the latter organization 1887-88. Consulting Gynecologist to St. Mark's (now Butterworth) and the U. B. A. Hospitals. President G. R. Academy Med. 1905. Honorary member N. Y. State Medical Society, 1887 or '88. Arthur Hazelwood, M.D., was born near Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, September 22, 1839; was apprenticed to a practitioner of medicine and surgery in London in 1856; came to America in 1860; entered the Medical Department of the Union Army in 1861 as Hospital Steward in the Fourth Illinois Cavalry, serving mostly as medical officer, to which rank he was promoted in 1863, and was mustered out of service in 1865. He graduated at St. Louis (Mo.) Medical College in 1866, afterward attending clinics in New York city; practiced in Memphis, Tenn., from 1866 to 1868; removed to Grand Rapids in December, 1868; was Secretary several times and President once of the Grand Rapids Medical Society; member of the American Medical Association, was appointed member of the State Board of Healtl in 1875 for two years; reappointed in 1881 for the term of six years and again in 1887 for another term of six years. Member of the Michigan State Medical Society; was consulting physician at St. Mark's (now Butterworth Hospital), and consulting Obstetrician to the U. B. A. Hospital. William A. Wilson, M.D., was born in Phelps, Ontario county, N. Y., February 21, 1846. Graduated at the Albany Medical College, Albany, N. Y., with class of 1868. Practiced fifteen years in Yates and Steuben counties, N. Y., settled in Grand Rapids in 1884. Was a member of Grand Rapids Board of Health in 1886, and Secretary of the same. Was a member of Yates county, N. Y., Medical Society. Louis Barth, M.D., was born at Krotoschin, Prussia, November 21, 1859. He entered the gymnasium in 1869, passing the maturity examination in the spring of 1878, then went to the Medical University of Breslau, Prussia, remaining two semesters; thence 216 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. to the Medical College of Vienna for six months (one semester); took his theoretical examinations after six months at Berlin under Virchow, November 7, 1880, and had hospital experience in Berlin, under Liebreich, Langenbeck, Frerich and Schroeder, until 1881. He tool the degree of Doctor of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics at Wurzburg, Bavaria, December 21, 1881; left that place in January, 1882, for London, Eigland, continuing medical studies in the hospitals there; came to the United States in July, 1882, and settled in Grand Rapids the latter part of September in the same year, where he has since been engaged in practice except as he has been abroad for study and travel. Jawies QOrp S 4, M.P., was born June 14, 18377 at Hebron, Washington county, New York, and comes from Puritan stock. Ole of his paternal relatives, the late Rev. John Eddie, D.D., of IEdinburg, was a member of the European Council for the revision of the New Testament, which co-operated with the American Council to produce the new version of the Bible. Dr. E:die studied medicine at Oswego, N. Y., for a year or two, and then entered the Medical Department of the University of Michigan, taking the course of lectures for 1859-60; afterward graduating with the class of 1864 from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa. He has practiced in the Grand River Valley, with but a brief interval, during his entire professional career. He came to Grand Rapids in 1875 intending to devote his time to lumbering interests; but soon drifted into the old medical lines, and has practiced here ever since, He is a life member of the Alumni Association of Jefferson Medical College, a member of the American Medical Association, Michigan State Medical Society, and the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine. He has been Recording Secretary of the now defunct Grand Rapids Medical and Surgical Society, chairman of the executive committee of the State Society, and twice County Physician of Kent county and was consulting surgeon to St. Mark's (now Butterworth) and the U, B. A. Hospitals. For 18 years he has been surgeon for the Lake Shore Railroad Company. Joseph Albright, M.D., was born in the city of St. C!atherines, Ont., December 26, 1837. Taught school for four years. Graduated from the Toronto Normal school in 1865 and attended the Berlin school in Ontario for three years. In 1868 he began the study of medicine; took one course of lectures at Bellevue Hos HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 217 pital Medical College and then entered the Medical Department of Trinity University, Toronto, Canada. There he graduated in April, 1872, and settled for practice at Oxford, Lapeer county, Michigan. Remained only one year and came to Grand Rapids in June, 1873. Dr. Albright served a term as Alderman in the Grand Rapids Common Council (1883-84), representing the 7th Ward. He is a member of the Michigan State Medical Society and the Ameri. can Medical Association. He was a member of the Board of Education for eight years, from 1896 to 1904, and is also. on the staff at the Butterworth Hospital, Qollins Hickey JohmnQ, KMD,), was born at Detroit, Mich., August 29, 1859; graduated from the literary department of the University of Michigan in June, 1881, and from the medical department in June, 1883. He was Assistant House Surgeon of the Harper Hospital, Detroit, during the summer of 1883; practiced at Sutton's Bay, Leelanaw county, Mich., from 1883 to 1886, being Health Officer of the township for two years. Took a post course in the New York Polyclinic in the winter of 1886-7 and spent one year in medical study in Berlin, Leipsic, Dresden and Prague in 1893-94; also two months at Johns Hopkins Hospital, in Baltimore, in 1900, and one month in the Philadelphia Polyclinic in 1905; settled in Grand Rapids in August, 1887. He is a member of the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine; member of the Michigan State Medical Society, American Medical Association, and the Kent county Medical Society; visiting physician at the Butterworth Hospital, Michigan Masonic Home, District Surgeon for the Michigan Central & Grand Trunk Railroads, ex-Secretary of the Michigan State Medical Society, and exSecretary Michigan State Board of Health. I). Enmitt Welsh, M.D., was born in Columbia, Lancaster county, Pa., January 22, 1858. Graduated from the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa., March 12, 1878, and settled in Latrobe, Pa., where he practiced from April, 1878, to August, 1884. He settled in Grand Rapids July 6, 1885, limiting his practice to diseases of the eye, ear, throat and nose. Dr. Welsh was a member of the Grand Rapids Board of Health in 1889, and also is Eye and Ear Expert Pension Examiner. Member of the American Medical Association; Michigan State Medical Society; Western Laryngological Society; Mississippi Valley Med 218 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. ical Society, and Kent county Medical Society. Was Ophthalmic and Aural Surgeon to St. Mark's (now Butterworth) Hospital. Counsellor 5th District of the Michigan State Medical Society; Oculist and Medical Examiner for the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad; Pere Marquette R. R. and the Grand Rapids Street Railway. Henry Hulst, M.D., entered upon his earthly career in the Netherlands, June 25, 1859. Coming with his parents to this country when a lad, he entered I-ope College, Holland, Mich., in the fall of 1875, taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the summer of 1883. During 1883 and 1884, he pursued studies in theology at Princeton, and received the degree of Master of Arts from Hope College in 1887. He took his degree of Doctor of Medicine at the Medical Department of Michigan University in 1888, and shortly afterward was appointed Assistant Physician at the Northern Michigan Asylum for the Insane, at Traverse City, but resigned that position January 1, 1890, and removed to Grand Rapids, his old home, to enter upon the practice of general medicine. He is a member of the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine; member of the Medical Staff and Radiologist of the Butterworth Hospital and Vice-President of the American X-Ray Society. Caspar M. Droste, M.D., was born at Westphalia, Clinton county, Mich., October 10, 1861;'graduated in airts at St. Jerome's College, Berlin, Canada, in 1882; took two courses of medicine in the Michigan University (1883-84), and graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, Ill., March 10, 1885. IHe settled in Grand Rapids IMay 10, 1885. Was appointed City Physician May, 1888, and served one year. Mle iml)er of Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine, Mwas visiting Physician to St. Mark's (now Butterworth) IIospital, and visiting Gynecologist to the U. B. A. Ilospital, and a lmember of the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine. Took a post graduate course at the Chicago Polyclinic ini 1893. lie is a nlImelltber of the Michigan State Medical Society. lie was elected Alderman of the 9th Ward in the Spring election, 1901, and re-elected in the Spring of 1903. Oscar Lewis Dales, M.D., was born in IThrichsville, Tusearawas county, Ohio, September3 23, 1856; grad(luated at the Medica:l Department of Wooster rUnivertsity, (leveland, Ohio. Milrch 4, 1880; practiced four years slubse(qlluent to( grfaduatioln at BryanOi, Ohio, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 219 handling a drug store during a portion of the time, went to Jacksonville, Florida, in 1884, where he practiced two years and came to Grand Rapids June 6, 1886. Was Assistant City Physician in 1887; Health Officer two years and member of the Board of Health of Grand Rapids for 8 years; Consulting Physician on U. B. A. staff; member of the Kent county Medical Association, the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine; the Michigan State Medical Society and the American Medical Association. John Brady, M.D., was born August 18, 1837, in Ireland; came to the United States in 1855, and settled at Seneca Falls, N. Y. Had classical instruction in an academy in that place. Entered the Medical Department of the Buffalo University in the fall of 1857, graduating therefrom, after three full courses of lectures, February 19, 1860. Had good hospital experience under able instructors. Settled in Grand Rapids shortly after graduation and practiced until O'ctober, 1862, when he entered the Union Army as assistant Surgeon, serving in Jackson, Mich., and Memphis, Tenn., six months, in the military hospitals. In May, 1863, he was ordered to leave hospital and join the 45th Regiment Illinois Infantry in the field, at Milliken's Bend, La.; participating afterward with the regiment in the battles of Raymond, Jackson and Champion Hills, and the assaults upon Vicksburg. He at one time had charge of the Union soldiers liberated from Andersonville Prison. Resigned from the army and re-entered civil practice at Grand Rapids in 1866, becoming a charter member of the Michigan State Medical Society the same year. Is a member of the American Medical Association; has twice been President of the Grand Rapids Medical and Surgical Society, 1872 and 1883; member of the Western Michigan Medical Society, and at present is a member of the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine. In 1883-84 he spent a year abroad as attending physician to the late John Clancy, a good share of which time was occupied in the study of medicine in Paris. Is a member of the Grand Rapids Board of U. S. Examining Surgeons for Pensions. Has been Coroner of Kent county (first elected in 1870, and re-elected twice)'; has been a member of the International Medical Congress since the meeting at Washington, D. C., in 1887, and is consulting Surgeon to Butterworth and the U. B. A. Hospitals. Samuel Russell Wooster, M.D., was born in Oxford, New Haven county, Conn., April 22, 1830, and was graduated at the Yale 220 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Medical College, New Haven, in January, 1857. He settled in Grand Rapids early in the same year, and practiced here until the breaking out of the war in 1861, when he entered the United States service as Assistant Surgeon of the eighth Michigan Volunteer Infantry. HIe remained with that regiment until February, 1863, when he was commissioned Surgeon of the first Michigan Cavalry, remaining with this regiment until October, 1864, but was acting Brigade Surgeon most of thet time and on duty at Gen. Custer's headquarters. Was mustered out of the service in the fall of 1864, and appointed acting Staff Surgeon, his commission being signed by Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. During this period he was engaged in field and hospital practice. After discharge from service in June, 1865, he settled in Muskegon, Mich., in July, 1865, where he remained in practice until 1871, when he returned to Grand Rapids, Where he has resided ever since. He was Examining Surgeon for Pensions in Muskegon from 1865 to 1871; member of Board of Examining Surgeons in Grand Rapids from 1871 to 1887, and President of the Board from 1877 to 1887; County Physician of Kent county from 1872 to 1889; City Physician and Health Officer of Grand Rapids in 1880. Member of Michigan State Medical Society and the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine. Visiting Surgeon to St. Mark's (now Butterworth) Hospital and Consulting Surgeon to the U. B. A. Hospital. Piry Schurt, M. D., ranks among the most successful members of his profession in the West. He is a man of high ideals, progressive and practical in his methods and has attained the high place he now holds in the medical profession by untiring energy, hard work and close and continued study along the lines of his chosen work. In the line of surgery, to, which he has devoted special attention, he is pre-eminent and his services are called into requisition from far and near in cases of intricate and difficult operations. A native of Michigan, Perry Schurtz was born at Constantine, on April 19, 1855. He received a thorough preparatory education, an(d in March, 1876 was graduated from the Medical department of the University of Michigan. Settling at once at Grand Rapids, he opened an office and laid the foundation of his present extensive practice. Dr. Sehurtz has always been a thorough and conscientious stu I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 221 dent in his profession and is known as a man of broad culture and scholarly attainments. He is a member of the Michigan State Medical Society, Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine and the American Medical Association. Among the honorable positions which he holds may be mentioned that of visiting surgeon to Butterworth (formerly St. Mark's) and the U. B. A. Hospitals. Eugene Boise, M.D., was born in Wellington, Lorain county, Ohio, Nov. 29, 1846; was educated in Oberlin College, graduating therefrom, in arts, with the class of 1867. Prior to entering college he was in the war, serving as private in the 150th Regiment Ohio National Guard for four months from the time of enlistment. Took two courses of medicine, 1867-69, in the University of Michigan, graduating in 1869, also taking a degree (ad eundem) a year later (1870), at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 23d street, New York city. Had the advantages of hospital experience in Charity Hospital, New York (1870-71), and the New York Fever Hospital (1871). Nearly all of 1872 he spent in study atroad, principally in London and Vienna. He settled in Grand Rapids in September, 1872, where he still practices his profession. Was one of the U. S. Examining Surgeons for pensions from 1873 to 1885. Is member of Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine, American Gynecological Society, and American Academy of Medicine. Visiting Physician to Butterworth Hospital. Frances Armstrong Rutherford, M.D., was born October 3, 1842, at Thurston, Steuben county, N. Y., of English parents. Entered Elmira Female College of New York in 1856, but was obliged to leave the following year on account of ill health. Spent a portion of the following years until 1862 in teaching, when she began the study of medicine with Rachael Gleason, M.D., Resident Physician of Elmira Water Cure and graduate of the Syracuse University. Began attending lectures at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1865, and graduated from that college 'in 1868 (spending meanwhile one year in the New York Infirmary for Women and Children as junior assistant, and having special courses, of study in diseases of the heart and lungs, and also operative surgery in dermatology and microscopy; this being the first class of female physicians that ever received such instructions in operative surgery). In May, 1868, she began the practice of medicine in Grand Rapids. She 222 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. was elected by the Common Council City Physician in 1870, being the first woman to hold that office, either in this city or any other in the United States. Was elected member of the Michigan State Medical Society in 1872, being with Sibelia F. Baker of Coldwater, and Ruth A. Gerry, M.D., of Ypsilanti, the first woman so honored. Afterward she became a member of the Grand Rapids Medical and Surgical Society and the Northwestern Medical Society, and was elected Vice President of the State Medical Society in 1873. She spent the winter of 1873 in New York city, giving special attention to gynecology, at the Woman's Hospital. In 1873 she was sent as delegate from Grand Rapids Medical and Surgical Society to the American Medical Association at Chicago, and was the first woman to be sent and elected as a regular delegate by that society. The winter of 1882-83 she spent in visiting hospitals and clinics in Berlin and London, where every courtesy was shown by the physicians in charge. She has long held the position of member of the Board of Censors of the Alumnae of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania. She has, from the start, enjoyed a large and remunerative practice, and was the first woman graduate of a regular medical college to settle in this city. Ralph Henry Spencer, M.D., was born at Tysingham, Berkshire county, Mass., Feb. 18, 1854. Graduated at the Medical Department of the University of New York, Feb., 1879. Practiced at Portland, Mich., from 1879 to 1884, and at Pewamo from 1884 to 1889. Was elected President of Pewamo Village in 1886. Settled in Grand Rapids in 1889. Visiting Surgeon Butterworth Hospital. Surgeon Pere Marquette R. R. Co.. Member American Medical Association. Michigan State Medical Society. Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine. Henry Elugeane Locher, M.D., was born in Freiburg, Baden, Germany, on March 29, 1850; came with his parents to America and settled in Norwalk, Ohio, in 1852; commenced the study of medicine at Saranac, Mich., in 1874; took one course of lectures at the Detroit Medical College in 1875-76, and graduated from the Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., in the Spring of 1877. Practiced in Ada, Kent Co., Mich., until 1880, when he removed to Grand Rapids; was elected a member of the Board of Education in 1888, which position he still holds; was also elected one of the Kent Co.'s Coroners in November, 1888, for the term of HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 223 two years, and was twice re-elected, holding office six years. The Doctor was engaged in.the drug business with his sister, on Ellsworth Avenue, for twenty-two years-the last four years has been devoted exclusively to the practice of medicine. He is a member of the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine and also of the Grand Rapids Pharmaceutical Society, Professor of Therapeutics in the Grand Rapids Medical College, and of Chemistry in the Veterinary College. Joseph Basoom Griswold, M.D., was born in Vermontville, Mich., June 21, 1742; entered the Agricultural College at Lansing in 1859, but remained only two years, enlisting as a member of the band attached to the second Michigan Cavalry in 1861; discharged in 1862 on account of sickness. He then commenced the study of medicine and attended courses of lectures during 1863 -64 at the University of Michigan. In 1864 he re-entered the service as Assistant Surgeon of the Fourth Infantry; was commissioned Regimental Surgeon in January, 1866, and served in that capacity until honorably discharged in May, 1866; was Medical Inspector of the Department of San Antonio, Texas, during part of his service. He graduated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1867. Dr. Griswold practiced medicine until 1873 at Taylor's Falls, Minn., since which time he has been a resident of Grand Rapids; was City Physician for the years 1876-77, and was elected alderman of the Fourth Ward in 1880. Member of Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine, Michigan State Medical Society, and American Medical Association, and honorary member of the Minnesota State Medical Society. Has been a member of the Grand Rapids Board of U. S. Examining Surgeons for Pensions since 1873, except for the years 1874-75. He is now President of the Board. Dr. Griswold was for four years a member of the Board of Education. He has been President of the Michigan State Medical Society, and is at present a member of the State Board of Medical Examiners. He is President of the Medical Staff of the U. B. A. Hospital. Charles Luther Henderson, M.D., was born at Troy, N. Y., June 14, 1817. From there the family removed to Cleveland, Ohio, and he acquired a good education in the schools of that city, after which he entered the Medical Department of the Western Reserve College, and was graduated from that institution, March 4, 224 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 1846; spent a year or more at Sault Ste. Marie, and came to Grand Rapids in November, 1847. Here by his amiable qualities and skill in his profession he quickly won the general esteem and many warm friendships. Dec. 23, 1849, he married Adelaide M. Winsor, one of the well-known pioneer family of that name. In 1850 he went to California, where he staid but one year, then returned and made Grand Rapids his home during the rest of his life. In the practice of medicine he became popular, and obtained a very flattering patronage. August 26, 1861, he entered the army, as Surgeon of the Second Michigan Cavalry. Ardent, impulsive and sanguine in temperament, this undertaking proved too much for his physical powers, and in October, 1862, he resigned on account of ill health. His ailment became chronic, so that he was never after equal to the duties of a steady practice in his profession, and at length it resulted in hemiplegic paralysis, by which he was prostrated and confined to his house during the last three years of his life. His final sickness therefore was long, and of a distressing character; but was borne as patiently as well could be by one so naturally impatient under any sort of restraint. As a citizen he was public spirited, taking great interest in social and general affairs. Politically he was a staunch Democrat; in religious matters inclined to skepticism as to dogmas, but liberal in personal views. He died January 16, 1884. 9Era Armstrong Hebard, M.D., was born in Leyden, Franklin county, Mass., March 2, 1830; commenced the study of medicine in 1848, at Lapeer, Mich., his home at that time. He attended the first course of medical lectures in the University of Michigan during the winter of 1850-51, and graduated at Berkshire Medical College, Mass., Nov. 26, 1851. Shortly after graduation he settled at Dryden, Lapeer county, MIich., remaining until 1858, when he removed to Winona, Minn., where he practiced until after the war. In 1866 he came to the vicinity of Grand Rapids, settling on a farm in Walker township, where he lived, with the exception of two years' residence within the city. Served nine years as Supervisor of Walker township, and was a member of the Grand Rapids Board of I. S. Examining Surgeons during the administration of President Cleveland. Wensel Blumrich, M.D., was born in Friedland, Bohemia, May 26, 1812, and graduated in medicine at the Charles Ferdinand University, Prague, Bohemia. July 31, 1839. He received three HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 225 Latin diplomas, one each for medicine, surgery and obstetrics. He practiced in Kratzau, Bohemia, during nine years subsequent to his graduation, and then removed to the United States, settling in Grand Rapids, Sept. 26, 1848. Dr. Blumrich was a man of scholarly attainment, cultured, refined and thoroughly educated. Was proficient in the knowledge of Latin, German, French and Spanish. He died in Grand Rapids, December 20, 1862. Oscar Harry Chipman, M.D., one of the oldest members of the "old guard" of medical men in this city, was descended from Puritan stock direct from the Mayflower. IIe was born in Madrid, St. Lawrence county, N. Y., November 16, 1807. In early manhood he attended the St. Lawrence Academy. The Doctor began the study of medicine under the tutelage of Dr. John H. McChesney, a prominent physician at that time, of Potsdam, and graduated in the spring,of 1833 at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Western New York, then in the town of Fairfield, Herkimer county. In June, 1833, he removed to Michigan and settled in Oakland county, where he practiced until 1852, at which time he came to Grand Rapids. Dr. Chipman was engaged in active practice until about 1887, when he retired, but until about the time of his death took great interest in matters pertaining to the profession, and was a frequent attendant at the Medical Society. William Henry DleCamp, M.D., was born in Mt. Morris, Livingston county, New York, November 6, 1825. He studied medicine with Dr. Lewis G. Ferris, of Mt. Morris, and Dr. C. C. Chaffee, of Nunda, N. Y.; took a course of lectures in the Medical Department of New York University and two in the Medical College of Geneva, N. Y., graduating from the latter institution in February, 1847, and entered into practice at Grove Center, Allegany county, N. Y., remaining four years, after which he practiced for some time at Hunts Hollow, Livingston county. His health failing, he decided to go west and established himself in the drug business; accordingly opened a drug store in Grand Rapids in May, 1855, continuing the business until burned out in 1857. This fire destroyed not only his stock, but his library, instruments, furniture, and collection of stuffed birds and animals, which he had been gathering for many years. Reduced by this misfortune to a low financial status, he re-commenced the practice of medicine. The Doctor took an active part in the Civil War, being appointed Surgeon of the first Michigan Ehgineers and 226 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Mechanics by Austrian Blair, the War Governor of Michigan, September 12, 1861, and serving three years as such, until discharged by expiration of time of enlistment, at Atlanta, Ga., October 26, 1864. He was assigned to the position of Post Medical Director at Harrodsburg, Ky., from October 20, 1862, to January 24, 1863, where 1,500 rebel wounded had been stationed by, General Bragg in his retreat from Kentucky, after the battle of Perryville. Dr. DeCamp was elected President of the Michigan State Medical Society for 1868, and also President of the Grand Rapids Medical and Surgical Society in 1872-73. As a naturalist, particularly in regard to geology and conchology, the Doctor took high rank; his relation to the development of the Michigan salt industry having been, from his knowledge of geology, very important. He died July 4th, 1898. John Hamilcar Hollister, M.D., was born on a farm in Livingston Co., N. Y., August 6, 1824; graduated at the Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield, Mass., in 1848, and immediately removed to the west for the practice of medicine in Montcalm Co., Mich. He remained there only one year, moving to Grand Rapids in June, 1849. Practiced in Grand Rapids six years, gaining a large business, and being an influential factor in local political circles. He went from Grand Rapids to Chicago in April, 1855. With others, he was a prime factor in the incorporation of the Chicago Medical College, and was for many years connected with that institution, chiefly as Professor of the principles and practice of Medicine and Pathology. Was a member of the Chicago Medical Society, Illinois State Medical Society, American Medical Association, and the International Medical Congress. Was appointed during 1889 Supervising Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association, and for more than twenty years was Treasurer of the Illinois State Medical Society. Charles Everett Hebard, M.D., was born at Dryden, Lapeer county, Mich., February 28, 1858. He commenced the study of medicine in 1875 with his father, Dr. Ezra H. Hebard, and entered the Medical Department of the University of Michigan in the fall of 1876, graduating therefrom March 26, 1879. After receiving his degree, he practiced one year at Lapeer, but removed to Grand Rapids at the end of that time, practicing his profession in this city until 1884. In 1881 he purchased a stock of drugs and chemicals on Canal street, and handled the store in connection HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 227 with his business. During the summer of 1884 he left Grand Rapids and went to Kansas, where he remained in practice five years, returning to this city in July, 1889, and practiced his profession until his death. Dr. Philander B. Wright was born in Milwaukee, Wis., June 7, 1841. He was educated in the common schools, the Milwaukee Seminary and Tafton College. He served between three and four years in the Civil War, then taught school and studied medicine for three years. He was graduated from the Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati, February 1, 1868, and completed the study by a post graduate course in the New York Medical College. He came to Corinth, Kent Co., Mich., in 1869, where he practiced his profession for nineteen years, then moved to Grand Rapids, where he has since resided and is on the staff of the U. B. A. He was for several years a valued member of the Board of Education of Grand Rapids. William Fuller, M.D., was born on a farm five miles north of London, Ontario, July 5, 1842. At the age of fourteen he began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. John A. Nelles, of London. He taught school for five years and resumed the study of medicine in 1862, under the late Dr. Alexander Anderson, of London. He received the degree of M.D. and C.M. from the McGill University, Montreal, in 1866; from 1867 to '74 he was demonstrator of Anatomy in Bishop's College, Montreal. Settled at Grand Rapids in 1877. He is a member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Quebec, the Canada Medical Association and the Michigan State Medical Society. The following is a complete list of Physicians: G. R. Adkin, D. E. Aiken, Joseph Albright, A. E. Alden, H. V. Appley, R. C. Apted, Walter Ardiel, G. H. Baert, Louis Barth, N. B. Bartz, Merritt G. Bassett, J. C. Batdorf, F. E. Berge, W. E. Bessey, El. E. Best, L. E'. Best, Earl Bigham, Charles Bloodgood, Eugene Boise, S. D. Boughnere, P. S. Bourdeau, G. M. Bradish, John Brady, F. W. Brown, C. H. Bull, J. L. Burkart, W. M. Burleson, A. G. Bush, A. M. Campbell, J. D. Campbell, J. F. Cardwell, H. W. Catlin, H. J. Chadwick, L. H. Chamberlin, G. H. & I. E. Chappel, Wrp. Clarke, E. H. Cummings, O. L. Dales, R. H. De Coux, Cornelius Dekker, J. M. De Kraker, Will De Lano, J. D. Dennis, J. A. De Vore, Jacob De Vries, Jr., Uilke De Vries, Mrs. Wealthy A. Dewey, Jacobus De Witt, S. C.Drollinger, C. M. Droste, W. J. 228 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Du Bois, E. M. Dunham, W. M. Dunning, Elizabeth Earle, E. H. Eddy, J. O. Edie, E. G. Edwards, E. P. Edwards, J. S. Edwards, P. S. Edwards, Mrs. Amanda J. Evans, H. P. Evarts, C. H. Fairbanks, L.. M. B. Ferleman, S. C. Fodd, L. A. Foote, George Fox, G. H. Frace, Win. Fuller, J. J. Gainey, L. H. Gilleland, C. B. Graves, S. C. Graves, D. M. Green, J. B. Griswold, F. J. Groner, F. M. Gustin, W. F. Hake, A. F. Harrington, P. D. Harter D. S. Hatfield, J. A. Heasley, James Henry, C. B. Hernam, 0. E. Herrick, J. B. Hilliker, Mrs. F. S. Hillyer, G. W. Hilton, Z. D. Hinkley, S. D. Hinman, Mrs. Edna Hollingsworth, F. Hollingsworth, IIollingsworth-Sigler Co., C. E. Hooker, J. B. Hosken, C. H. Holt, H. W. Howard, A. T. Hoxie, F. M. Hubbard, J. G. Huizinga, Henry Hulst, R. J. Hutchinson, J. H. Innis, T. C. Irwin, C. H. Jennings, G. K. Johnson, C. H. Johnston, Wm. Keirstead, Kennedy & Kergan, J. C. Kettner, G. W. King, R. J. Kirkland, W. B. Knapp, C. E. & T. M. Koon, F. J. Kornejewski, John Kremer, P. J. Kriekaard, S. R. Landes, G. W. Law, F. J. Lee, Simeon LeRoy, Jr., H. E. Locher, C. F. Lunzing, A. E. Luton, C. R. Luton, R. M. Luton, G. E. McAvoy, G. L. McBride, J. A. McColl, E. M. McCoy, L. R. McCready, D. A. McDonald, W. P. McGlenn, A. G. IMcPherson, J. A. McPherson, W. L. Marks, L. Dor Marvin, W. B. Matthews, Reuben Maurits, D. R. Meengs, J. C. Melville, J. K. Meyers, Walter Moffatt, J. R. Montgomery, James Mulhern, F. B. Murray, D. W. Myers, Albert Noordewier, Maria W. Norris, Wm. Northrup, Albertus Nyland, T. B. O"Keefe, Li. P. Parkhurst, M. H. Pasco, A. J. Patterson, C. E. Patterson, L. W. Pease, J. D. Peters, W. W. Phippen, Joseph Poposkey, Isadora S. Powers, Benjamin Pyle, C. E. Rankin, L. C. Read, J. II. Reed, G. R. Renwick, A. F. Richards, J. W. Riecke, M. E. Roberts, F. D. Robert. son, J. R. Rogers, L. A. Roller, J. J. Rooks, W. H. Ross, S. L. Rozema, A. L. Ruffe, H. C. Russell, Mrs. Frances A. Rutherford, R. F. Schouten, Perry Schurtz, G. 0. Seeley, Huston R. Sigler, M. C. & D. S. Sinclair, Mrs. Mary C. Smith, R. R. Smith, R. II. Spencer, J. R. Stephenson, T. S. Suleeba, A. Mt. Switzer, A. B. Thomson, J. W. Toan, S. C. Todd, E. W. Tolley, HT. J. Trask, S. P. Tuttle, J. R. Van den Berg, H. J. Van der Steeden, Dirk Van Kolken, John York. F. A. Votey, W. C. Wagner, C. C. Wallin, J. TI. Walsh, F. C. Warnshuis, F. E. Warren, C. W. Weaver, Rowland Webb, Frances T. Weed, Jeannette C. Welch, D. E. Welsh, G. W. Wesselins, Paul Westrate, George Westveer, J. B. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 229 Whinery, S. A. Whinery, C. H. White, W. H. White, George Willett, A. H, Williams, Daniel Winter, C. H. Winton, Iman Wisse, P. E. Witherspoon, C. T. Wolford, H. M. Woodard, S. R. Wooster, F. W. Wright, J. M. Wright, P. B. Wright, A. W. Wrinn, W. G. Young, PART II. Homeopathy, While there is little history connected with the existence of Homeopathy in Grand Rapids, what there is, is by no means without interest. The records show that Dr. John Ellis was the first physician to practice Homeopathy here, which he continued from 1843 to 1845. He was followed by Dr. A. H. Botsford, in 1851; Dr. E. R. Ellis in 1858, and Dr. Charles J. Hempel, in 1861. These physicians, aside from their professional theories and practice, were withal, in character and reputation so well fitted to disarm prejudice and attract the favor of the people, that, we are told, they met with little of the bitter opposition usually exercised in other places, with the exception of an occasional instance where professional courtesies were denied. Dr. Hempel was particularly popular with the old school physicians, and through his efforts in 1870, there was an organization of the Homeopathic physicans of the city with Dr. Hempel in the lead. It consisted of eleven members at the beginning And bid fair to progress, but the suspension of the meetings was finally due to the ill health of their leader, Dr. Hempel. In 1878, however, the number of Homeopathic physicians had so increased, that the Society was revived under the name of the Grand River Valley Homeopathic Medical Society, but this existed only a few years and no further effort to organize was made until May, 1890, when the College of Homeopathic Physicians and Surgeons of Grand Rapids, was opened with sixteen members and since that time Homeopathy has flourished in this city, all reputable physicians of this branch, without regard to school of medicine, having been permitted by the Board of Trustees of the various hospitals and homes of the city equal privilege of practice in those institutions; such privileges, however, were granted after considerable parleying among the staffs of the institutions as to the advisae bility of the Homeopathic physieians taking their cases to the hospitals for treatment. 230 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Many of the oldest and best friends of both the St. Mark's (now Butterworth) and the U. B. A. hospitals, as well as the daily Press of the city expressed freely their dissatisfaction at the action of the Boards of Trustees, but an amicable settlement of the matter was finally reached, and the Homeopaths are now of equal prominence with the others. Malcolm 0. Sinclair, M.D., of Grand Rapids, was born at St. Thomas, Elgin Co., Ont., October 3, 1850. He obtained his education in the country schools and the St. Thomas high school; took up the study of medicine, and at the age of 18 years, entered the office of Dr. Leonard Luton, of St. Thomas, Ont., the present president of the P. & S. college of Ontario, where he spent two years in preparatory studies, then entered the tIahnemann Medical College, at Chicago, Ill., from which he graduated in the Spring of 1873, in the meantime attending surgical clinics of both the Cook County and Mercy hospitals there. After his graduation, he removed to Newaygo, Mich., where he commenced practice and remained for two years. In 1876 he came to Grand Rapids for the practice of his profession, but owing to illness in his family, he went to Florida where he spent one winter, also, visited Europe, combining pleasure and recreation with professional study. In 1880 he returned to Grand Rapids and soon established an extensive practice. IIe is a menber of the following institutions, viz.: the American Institute of Homneopathy; Michigan IIomeopathic Medical Society, being president of that society during 1897; the Board of censors of the Detroit TIomeopathic Medical College; Michigan State Board of Medical Examiners, of which he was elected President at its first meeting at Lansing; the Staff and one of the lecturers of the U... A. Hospital, and the Grand Rapids Board of Health, of which he is ex-president; he was the first president of the college of Homieopathic P. & S. of Grand Rapids, and one of the founders of the "M'edical Counselor'' published in Detroit. February 1st, 1905, he was appointed by Governor Warner a member of the State Board of Iealth. ITe is also a Mason. Hugo R. Arndt, M.D., was born at Cuestrin, BrandenbIrg', Prussia, January 18, 1848. Having graduated at the gymnasium of his native town, and havinol served in the Danish War of 1864, he spent one year in university study, when he emigrated to HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 231 America in 1865. Continuing his medical studies with his father, who was a physician in Northern Ohio, he entered the Cleveland Homeopathic College and graduated in 1869. Having practiced for short periods in Erie county, Ohio, and at Hubbardston and Ionia, Mich., in 1878, at the solicitation of Dr. Hempel, he came to Grand Rapids, where he remained seven years. In 1885 he relinquished his practice to accept the Professorship of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and the Clinical Professorship of Nervous Diseases in the Homeopathic Medical College of the University of Michigan, which position, with universal regrets on the part of his colleagues and the profession, he was compelled to resign in 1889, to seek the more genial climate of San Diego, CalO, for his wife's failing health. He is now located in San Francisco. Was elected President of the Michigan Homeopathic Medical Society, President of the Western Academy of Homeopathy, Corresponding Member of the Massachusetts Homeopathic Medical Society, Member of Committee for the United States for publication of the Cyclopedia of Drug Pathogenesy, Member of Board of Directors of Provings of American Institute of Homeopathy, and Member of Committee of the same Society for revision and publication of Homeopathic Pharmacopoea. Arthur T. Bodle, 1M.D., was born July 18, 1858, at Middletown, N. Y.; obtained his early education in Wallkill Academy; journeyed westward and entered the office of Dr. N. B. Delamater of Chicago, for preparatory study of medicine; three years later entered the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College, and graduated therefrom in 1883. Soon after graduation he was appointed Resident Physician of the hospital, but declining the position he went to England, spent five months in the general hospital at Liverpool, after which he began practice at Traverse City, Mich. He remained there over two years, after which he came to Grand Rapids. He is now located in Northern Michigan. Alban B. Boltsford, M.D., was born at Arcade, Genesee county, N. Y., September 1, 1823. He began the study of medicine with Dr. Ira Shedd. In 1859 he entered the Homeopathic department of the Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati, 0'., and graduated the following year. After practicing in his native town for a short time, he settled in the South, first at Owen, Ky., where he remained four years, and afterward at Franklin, St. Mary's Parish, La., where he practiced until the breaking out of the War 232 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. of the Rebellion. He entered the army as Captain in the Seventyeighth New York Volunteers. For meritorious service at the battle of Antietam, he was promoted to Major, and his regiment having been transferred to the Department of the Gulf, after the capture of New Orleans, he was promoted to the Colonelcy. With his regiment he was engaged in the famous campaigns against Port Hudson and Mobile, and commanded a brigade in the Red River campaign. A short time after the fall of Mobile, he resigned his commission to accept the position of Post Surgeon in one of the principal army hospitals at New Orleans. After the close of the war he resumed the practice of his profession at Albion, N. Y,, where, with the exception of two years, during which time he attended and graduated at Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College in 1872, he remained till 1875, when he came to Grand Rapids and entered into partnership with his older brother, Dr, Alvah H. Botsford. He died March 17th, 1895. Alvah HI, Bit'f!rd, M.D., was born in Franklin, St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in March, 1810, and after a protracted illness died in Grand Rapids, Mich,, January 30, 1879. Having acquired in his youth the best education provided by the schools of his time, he went to Northern Illinois, and for a number of years devoted his attention to business. About 1847 he returned to New York and began the study of medicine with Dr. Gray of Buffalo, and after one or two years of reading he entered the Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati, Ohio, and graduated from the Homeopathic department of that institution in 1850. He returned to Buffalo, and after a few months' practice with Dr. Marvin, a Homeopathic practitioner of that city, came west and began practice in Grand Rapids, being then and for some years afterward the only Homeopathic physician in the city. His practice in this city was a very extensive and successful one; counting among his patrons many of the best in all classes of society. Homer C. righia, MD.X,, was born July 10, 1851, at Waitsfield, Vt.; obtained his academic education at Montpelier; began the study of medicine with his father, Gershom N, Brigham, M.D., and attended courses of lectures at the Philadelphia Homeopathic Medical College and New York Homeopathic Medical College, taking his degree from the latter in 1872. In 1885 he removed to New York city, hut had practiced there less than a year when he was called to Grand Rapids to take the extensive practice left HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 233 by his father, who died in 1886. While in New York city he received an appointment to the staff of Ward's Island Homeopathic Hospital. He was a member of the New York Homeopathic Medical Society, was President of the Vermont Homeopathic Medical Society, was a member of the U. S. Pension Examining Board for Central Vermont, and a member of the Michigan Homeopathic Medical Society. He is now located in New York city. Gershom N. Brigham, M.D., was born in Fayston, Vt., March 3, 1820. After finishing his academic studies, he began the study of medicine. With some preparatory reading, he entered Woodstock (Vt.) Medical College, took three courses of lectures, and graduated in 1845. After practicing for short periods at Warren and Waitsfield, Vt., in 1849 he removed to Montpelier, where he made his home for over twenty years. In 1875 he came to Grand Rapids, where he lived until June 21, 1886, when he died suddenly of neuralgia of the heart, while visiting at Rogers Park, Ill. Louisa M. Butts, M.D., was born in Pownal, Vt., January, 1828. Her academic education was received in Allen Seminary, Rochester, Ni. Y. After many years study of medicine, in 1868 she entered Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College, and graduated therefrom in 1870. She also took a post-graduate course of study in Hahnemann College of Chicago in 1879. She practiced in Chicago from 1870 to 1874, when she removed to Grand Rapids. Erastus R. Ellis, M.D., was born in Pittstown, N. Y., March 3, 1832. At the age of twenty-one he commenced the study of medicine under the tuition of his uncle, John Ellis, attended the medical department of the University one year, and graduated at the Western Collge of Homeopathy at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1857. In 1858 he began practice in Grand Rapids, remaining until 1867, when he removed to Detroit. John Ellis, M,. D,., was the first physician to introduce into Grand Rapids the practice of Homeopathy. He was born in Ashfield, Mass., in 1815. In 1841 he graduated at the Berkshire Medicla College, Pittsfield, Mass. After further attendance upon lectures in the Albany Medical College, he began practice at Chesterfield, Mass. He came to Grand Rapids in 1843. Here, having for some months been interested in the study of the Homeopathic system of prescribing medicine, he gradually substituted it for 234 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. the old method. He remained in this city only two years, but his practice was a successful one. Charles Julius Hempel, M.D., no doubt the most widely celebrated personage that has resided in this city, was born in Solingen, Prussia, September 5, 1811. After completing a university education, he went to Paris, to avoid military service required by law, and pursued a course of literary study in College de France. Prof. Michelet, recognizing the ability of young Hempel, brought him into his family and chose him as his assistant in the preparation and publication of his "History of France." While a member of Michelet's household he became acquainted with many prominent Americans, and through their influence he came to America, landing at New York, September 5, 1835. He entered the Medical Department of the University of New York and be'came one of its earliest graduates. Before attending medical lectures the doctrine of Homeopathy had won his hearty sympathy, and while pursuing his work in the college he was simultaneously studying the new system of therapeutics with Drs. Gram, Gray, Hering, and others of the earliest Homeopathic practitioners in America. After graduation he began the translation of the leading works on Homeopathy, most of which being written in German were thus far closed books to American students, and while engaged in his practice there came from his pen in quick succession translations of "Hlahnemann's Materia Medica" (4 vols.), "Hahnemann's Chronic Diseases," (5 vols.), "Hartmann's Acute and Chronic Diseases" (4 vols.), "Jahr's Medical Works" (7 vols.), "Baer's Acute and Chronic Diseases," "Teste's Material Medica, "''Small's Domestic Physician," "Raue's Organon of Homeopathy," and later in life he translated "Schiller's Complete Works." While living in New York he became acquainted with and married a daughter of the late George Coggeshall, of Grand Rapids. In 1856, soon after his marriage, he was chosen Professor of Materi Mediom and Therapeutics in the Homeopathic Medical College of Philadelphia, which position he filled with great satisfaction to his profession till 1861, when the death of his father-in-law made it necessary to remove with his family to Grand Rapids. Here he was soon engaged in an extensive practice; from which he was obliged to retire on accoint of failing health in 1869. Frances S. Hillyer, M.D., was born at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 235 September, 1846. She married at the age of nineteen and lived in New Jersey and Georgia from 1865 to 1874, after which she went to Washington City and began the study of medicine in Howard University, from which she graduated in 1877. After devoting three years to clinical work in the hospitals at Washington and to the investigation of Homeopathy, which she adopted, she received the appointment of Resident Physician of the Industrial Home for Girls at Adrian, Mich.; held the position one year and then entered practice in Grand Rapids. She has contributed several papers to the Michigan Homeopathic Medical Society, and has been prominent in the management of the U. B. A. Home of this city. Amanda J. Evans, M.D., was born at Bristol, Indiana, in'1844. She began the study of medicine in 1863, but was unable to continue it regularly until 1876, when she matriculated in the Homeopathic Department of the University of Michigan, graduating in 1880. She practiced in Middleville, Barry county, Michigan, until March, 1889, when she removed to. Grand Rapids. Frank Lindly Hcag, M.D., was born at Homer, N. Y., September 2, 1857, acquired his academic education at Homer (N. Y.) Academy, and at the State Normal School at Cortland, N. Y. He began to study medicine, entering the Chicago Hahnemann Medical College in 1882, and graduated from the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College in 1884. After practicing at Cincinnatus and Cortland, Ni. Y., four years he determined to leave general practice and devote his time to the special treatment of diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat. Accordingly, for about two years he was in New York City taking special courses in the Polyclinic Hospital, in Prof. Knapp's Ophthalmic and Aural Institute, and in the.New York Ophthalmic College and Hospital, from which he graduated in 1889. lIe began the practice of his specialty in Grand Rapids, July, 1890. He left the city a few years ago and is now located at Ionia, Mich, De Forest Hunt, M.D., was. born near Binghamton, N. Y., August 15, 1842. His father was Dr. Samuel Hunt,lwhose grandfather was a surgeon in the Revolutionary War. Dr. De F. Hunt received his early education in the academies at Cortland and Bihghamton, N. Y., and afterward studied law in the University of Wisconsin. After graduating in law, and returning to- New York, he abandoned the profession he'had first chosen, 236 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. and with some previous study with his father, entered the medical department of the University of the City of New York, graduated in 1864 and began practice at Marathon, N. Y. In the first few years, observing some forcible illustration of the results of treatment according to the Homeopathic law, he was led to make a thorough study and investigation of that system, and in 1868 he adopted it. In 1869 he removed to Grand Rapids, where, with the exception of one and a half years of travel and study in Europe, he has since lived and acquired a large practice. He has been a frequent contributor to the medical journals of his school, has written a monograph on "Diphtheria," and was Professor of Diseases of Women and Children in Michigan Homeopathic College, organized at Lansing in 1871 and existing only for two years. He was at different times Secretary and VicePresident of the Michigan Homeopathic Medical Society, a member of the International Hahnemannian Association. He died March 10, 1903. Robert M. Luton, M.D., was born August 31, 1850, at Mapleton, Ontario. After preparatory study of medicine he entered the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago, and graduated from that institution in 1873. Subsequently he attended a course of lectures at Trinity College, Toronto, and began active practice at Newaygo, Mich., where he remained four years. IHe then removed to Grand Rapids, where, excepting an interval of three years in which he engaged in business, he has since resided. La Dor Marvin, M.D., was born at Buffalo, N. Y., September 26, 1851. He belongs to a family of physicians, his father being one of the first physicians in Western New York to champion the new system of therapeutics, his mother still continuing a limited practice since her husband's death, and two of his brothers also being prominent physicians of the new school. Having completed his academic education at Fredonia, N. Y., he entered the Ilahnemann Medical College of Chicago, and graduated in 1877. He began plractice at Sioux City, Iowa, but after a few months removed to Grand Rapids, Mich., where he has since resided. Samuel G. Milner, M.D., was born in Eastern Ohio in 1846. After profiting by the best educational facilities his native place afforded, in the fall of 1868 he entered the Literary Department of the University of Michigan, from which he received the degree of A.B. in 1872, and that of A.M. in 1876. In 1885 he entered the HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 237 Homeopathic Medical College of the University of Michigan, and received the degree of M.D. in 1887. Was Assistant to the Professor of Theory and Practice, and to the Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, in the same institution. Six months later he resigned and returned to Grand Rapids to enter practice. He was for a time on the editorial staff of the "Homeopathic Medical Counselor." He was also a member of the Homeopathic Medical Society of Michigan, and was one of the prime movers in the organization of the College of Homeopathic Physicians and Surgeons of Grand Rapids, in 1890. He removed to Detroit a few years ago and is now a practicing physician in that city. Walter Scott Shotwell, A.M., M.D., was born at Newark, New Jersey, June 14, 1844; graduated from the Literary Department of the Kansas State University in 1874, and from the Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri, at St. Louis, in 1883. After taking his degree in medicine he was in active practice, three years in Peoria, Ill., and four years in Grand Riapids. His practice was confined chiefly to the diseases of the rectum and lower bowels, employing generally the treatment by electricity. He has contributed to the interests of the profession by the invention of a rectoscope, an instrument well received by the profession, and has written for some of the medical journals several valuable articles on subjects relating to his specialty. He died November 13th, 1890. Daniel S. Sinclair, M.D., was born April 11, 1859, at St. Thomas, Ontario; completed a classical course of instruction in St. Thomas Collegiate Institute; began the study of medicine with his brother, Dr. Coll Sinclair, of Aylmer, Ontario; entered the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College, and took the degree of M.D. in 1887. Since that time he has been in practice with his brother, Dr. M. C. Sinclair, in this city. He became a member of the Michigan Homeopathic Medical Society in 1890. He is a member of the staff and lecturer of the U. B. A. hospital, and a most successful physician. Isaiah J. Whitfield, M.D., was born in Upper Canada, February 23, 1835. Taking up his residence in the States some years before the War of the Rebellion, he enlisted as a private in the Fourth Iowa Volunteers, was promoted successively to Orderly Sergeant and Hospital Steward and later became Assistant Surgeon. He 238 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. served in all four years and seven months. After a few months preparatory study he entered the Medical Department at Ann Arbor, and attended the lectures of one year. After several years practice in one of the new towns of Northern Michigan, he entered the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College, graduating in 1870. He then settled in Big Rapids, Mich., remaining there two years, after which he removed to Grand Rapids. He died October 25, 1901. Herbert Whitworth, M.D., was born in England, February 19, 1843. At the age of seven he and his parents emigrated to America, and the days of his boyhood were spent upon a Michigan farm. In 1863 he enlisted in the First Michigan Engineers and Mechanics, and was mustered out at the close of the war. In 1873 he entered Pulte Medical College at Cincinnati, receiving his degree of M.D. in 1875, and settled for practice at Niles, Mich. After six years of practice there, and an attendance of six months upon the clinics of Dr. T. A. Emmett, the famous gynecologist, and of Dr. W. Tod Helmuth, the noted surgeon of New York city, he came to Grand Rapids. He was a member of the Homeopathic Medical Society of Michigan, and was at one time a Vice President of that body. He left the city some years ago and is now located at Dodge City, Kansas. S. Porter Tuttle, M.D., was born May 14, 1869. His parents were William Tuttle and Mary Tuttle. He was educated in the St. Louis Iigh School, Gerrington College and the University of Michigan. He practiced medicine one year in St. Louis, Michigan, and then came to Grand Rapids in 1901, and is still in practice here. Dr. Tuttle is a member of all the Masonic bodies. He is a Republican in politics, and in 1890 was city clerk of St. Louis. Part III. DENTISTRY. For nearly ten years after the settlement of Grand Rapids there was no dentist in the city, the family physician generally attending to the extraction of the troublesome molars, and the instruments with which they worked were crude compared with the modern means for such work of today. The first dentist to advertise in Grand Rapids was Dr. J. T. Collier, who came here HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 239 in May, 1843. He remained here but a short time, and in July, 1848, Ezra D. Burr hung out his sign from an office in Mechanics' Hall. Like Collier, however, he remained but a short while, and in November, 1848, S. B. Noble opened an office in the same place, removing later to Irving Hall. He was succeeded in 1854 by Augustus B. Winslow, but Joel C. Parker was the first dentist to establish a permanent office here, locating in 1854, and practiced his profession successfully for a number of years. He was also prominent in educational affairs. Dr. Lester A. Rogers also located here in 1854, and besides practicing his profession, dealt in goods and instruments pertaining to the craft. He was well liked and prominent in Masonry. Dr. E'zra S. Holmes came here from Lockport, N. Y., in 1865, and soon took his place in the front rank of the profession which he has ever held from that time to the present. John C. Buchanan, a gunsmith in early life, began the practice of dentistry in Grand Rapids in 1866 and remained for many years. In 1859 there were but five dentists in the city, among them E. R. E. Carpenter, B. R. Pierce and James H. Morgan. Charles S. Allen practiced here for about twelve years, and moved to the Northern part of the State in about 1880. Ransom Burton, a practitioner from 1850, located in Grand Rapids in 1870. and practiced on Canal street for many years. John M. Bridgman commenced practice here in 1876. From five dentists in 1859, the number has gradually grown until 1905 there are 74 dentists actively engaged in practice, as per the following list: J. F. Austin, 0. M. Barton, G. H. Bellamy, S. D. Boughnere, S. E. Braendle, J. M. Bridgman, C. S. Bullen, G. A. Chamberlain, Mrs. Mary B. Chamberlain, E. J. Chamberlain, J. B. Chappell, C. M. Cook, M. H. Cox, M. A. Coykendall, El. B. Crandell, G. A. Crawford, H. D. DeWar, E. G. Dixon, S. Ei. Dodson, A. B. Dorland, W. A. Dorland, J. B. Doyle, D. D. Drake, D. J. Dunwell, H. C. Friebig, W. A. Fortuin, F. A. Gill, A. W. Hess, H. C. Higgins, E. S. Holmes, J. W. House, T. S. Hudson, J. Z. Husband, E. R. Jackson, J. A. Jarvis, C. W. Johnson, Lamoree & Earle, B. H. Lee, I. L. Lee, W. F. Leslie, J. D. Locke, C. F. Lunzing, H. H. Luton, H. B. McMillan, H. H. Maynard, H. M. Moorman, F. B. Murray, Murray & Robinson, B. A. Nelles, E. B. Newell, L. F. Owen, M. Louise Pagelsen, J. H. Palin, J. C. Parker, C. M. Quayle, W. A. Rawson, A. F. Richards, W. R. Rorke, C. H. Rose, E. H. 240 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Sherman, H. P. Snyder, W. A. Studley, F. W. Temple, M. D. Van den Berg, H. J. Van der Steeden, John Van der Stolp, T. A. Van der Stolp, Anthony Van Kammen, Ei. C. Vietor, H. D. Watson, H. G. Wiggins, Winans & Booth, L. D. Wood, A. W. Wrinn. The Dental Society of Grand Rapids was organized December 17, 1888, with C. H. Dyer President, and L. F. Owen, J. Ward House, Secretary, and W. A. Dorland Treasurer. Its object was the promotion of the art and practice of dentistry and social and fraternal feeling among its members. The membership, which was never greater than eighteen, endorsed the code of ethics adopted by the American Dental Association. Dr. E. S. Holmes was chosen to fill the position of President made vacant by the death of C. H. Dryer, and held the office until the present officers were elected. They are: Dr. J. Ward House, President; Dr. H. D. Watson, Secretary; Dr. S. E. Dodson, Treasurer. The meetings of the Association have been infrequent of late, the last one having been held, according to statement of the Secretary, some two years ago. There is some talk of its reviving during the present year, 1905, however. Dr. Charles H. Rose was born at Victor, Ontario Co., N. Y., October 27, 1845, to Thomas and Mary (Woolsey) Rose, with whom he came to Michigan when four years old, and settled in Hanson, Jackson Co. He attended the common schools of this county and Albion College; studied dentistry with Dr. Smith, of Jackson, Mich., and with Dr. Aldrich, of Geneva, N. Y. Commenced practice in 1870 at Grand Rapids where he has since remained. He enlisted October 2, 1877, in Co. B., 2nd Regt., Mich. State troops, was private one year and sergeant for four years; was transferred and promoted to Captain of Co. I., 2nd Regt., June 27, 1882, and served six years; promoted to Major of 2nd Regt. July, 1888, and to Colonel in August, 1892, and mustered out as such March 30, 1895, and honorably discharged. Dr. Rose is a Mason, and member of the Dental Society. He is a Republican in politics, and a member of the Westminster Presbyterian Church. He was married in Battle Creek, Mich., in 1869, to Miss Emma A. Howe. Dr. Harry D. De War was born at Wyoming, Ontario, Can., May 7, 1868, to George and Agnes (Anderson) De War. He was HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 241 raised on a farm where he remained until eighteen years of age; attended the County Sarnie Collegiate institute from which he graduated in 1886; taught school for three years, then entered the Indiana Dental college at Indianapolis, graduating from there in 1892. Came to Grand Rapids and commenced practice where he has since remained. He is a member of both the Grand Rapids and State Dental Societies. A member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Knights of Pythias. He was married in 1898 at Clarkston, Mich., to Miss Luella Allen. Dr. William A. Rawson was born at Brimfield, Noble Co., Indiana, July 17, 1863, to Myron and Mary (Squires) Rawson. He attended the Kendalville, Ind., public schools, spent four years at Ferris Institute, at Big Rapids, Mich., graduating therefrom in 1889. Entered the Columbian University, at Washington, D. C., in 1893, and graduated from the dental department in 1898; came to Grand Rapids and commenced the practice of dentistry, in which he is still engaged. Walter A. Dorland, D.D.S., a native of Canada, was born February 27, 1856, in Halton Co., Ontario, and is the eldest son of Amos and Sarah (Carrique) Dorland. He was educated in the high school at Watertown, Ont., and began the study of dentistry in the office of Dr. Bowes, of Hamilton. In 1880 he entered the Philadelphia Dental College, at Philadelphia, graduating therefrom at the session of 1881-2 with the degrees of D.D.S. In July of the latter year, he located at Grand Rapids, where he has since been in the active practice of his profession. He is a member of the Michigan State Dental Society; also a member of the Knights of Pythias and was a stockholder in the Pythian Tenmple of which he is now sole owner. He is also a stockholder in the Grand Rapids Savings Bank. Dr. Dorland was married September 30th, 1884, at Grand Rapids, to Miss Mary L. Garfield, sister of Charles W. Garfield, President of the Grand Rapids Savings Bank. Martin D. Vander Berg was born March 12, 1862, at Holland, Michigan, of Dutch parentage. When a few months old his parents removed to Grand Haven where Dr. Vanden Berg received his academic education in the schools of that city. At the end of his second year in the High School he left school and 242 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. learned the decorator 's trade which he followed for five years and then entered the Dental Department of the University of Michigan from which he was graduated in 1888. He at once located in Grand Rapids where he has since practiced his profession of a dentist. In 1892 Dr. Vanden Berg spent several months in European travel. He is unmarried. Is a member of the Peninsular Club and the Lakeside Club, is also an Elk and a Knight of Pythias. CHAPTER VI. MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT. The municipal history of Grand Rapids properly begins with the two townships of Kent (afterward Grand Rapids) and Walker, from which the city was taken. The first town election in Kent was held April 4, 1834, as directed by the organizing act of the Legislative Council, at the house of Joel Guild, which stood where now is the National City Bank. Within the town at that time was all that part of the present city site lying east of the river; and the township government and officers included all that territory in their jurisdiction, until the city was organized in 1850. The village organization had its exclusive officers and powers over the village territory, but these did not displace the regular township business therein, and a majority of the town officers, up to 1850, were residents of the village. The township receipts for the first year appear by the records to have been $66.50; expenses, $45.12; leaving $21.38 in the hands of the Supervisor. The town records show the usual routine of town business, election of officers, and matters relating to schools, highways and other public regulations in rural communities, including licenses "to keep tavern." During the years from 1837 to 1841, inclusive, there seems to have been trouble with depreciated money in the town funds, but it is not of record that any serious public loss was sustained thereby. The name of the town was changed from Kent to Grand Rapids by legislative act, February 26, 1842. In 1845 a pest house was authorized, to be at least a mile outside the village limits, and Doctors Shepard and Platt were authorized to vaccinate the poor for "kind" pox. On April 3, 1850, was held the usual town election, but as the city was organized in the following month, those town officers who resided within the city limits resigned, and a special election in the township of 'Grand Rapids was held, June 8, to fill vacancies thereby occasioned. The records of this township were very clearly and neatly kept, and are well preserved, but are not voluminous. 243 244 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Township Proceedings.-At the first meeting, April 4, 1834, nine voters were present. Rix Robinson was chosen Moderator, and Jonathan F. Chubb Secretary pro ter. They elected the following officers: Town Clerk, Eliphalet H. Turner; Supervisor, Rix Robinson; Assessors, Joel Guild, Barney Burton; Collector, Ira Jones; Poormaster, Luther Lincoln; Constables, Myron Roys, Ira Jones; Overseer of Highways, Jonathan F. Chubb. "Voted, that a fence five feet high (the distance between rails for three feet high six inches) shall be a lawful fence;" also, "that Luther Lincoln, Jonathan P. Chubb, Gideon H. Gordon, and Barney Burton, shall act as fence viewers." Following the record of this election, the oaths of office of the persons elected are spread upon the book, in the form of affidavits. The Town Clerk was sworn in by Leonard Slater, Justice of the Peace; the others were sworn in by the Town Clerk. Luther Lincoln affirmed, in the Quaker manner, the others swore in legal form. It was the custom for the Collector to pay over the moneys collected to the Supervisor, who annually rendered an account of receipts and disbursements. Antoine Campau was the first Town Treasurer, and was elected in 1839. At the end of the first year, March 31, 1835, the Highway Commissioners reported assessments of 3201/2 days' work, 174 of which were paid in labor, 109 commuted for, and the rest not collected. They further reported that the "commute money" had been laid out in labor, and that they were "in debt for two and a half days work done by Rix Robinson not settled for." Three highway districts were recorded, covering all the ground between the river and Plaster Creek, thence east past the lakes and well out toward the Thornapple River. On the 4th of April, 1835, there was a special election held to choose delegates to form a State Constitution, at which 41 votes were cast for LuciusI.. Lyon, 41 for Lyman J. Daniels, 40 for Lovell Moore, 32 for WTlliam H. Welch, 12 for Joseph Miller, 21 for Hezekiah G. Wells, two for Isaac Barns. In April. 1835, also was the first election in Grand Rapids for county officers (at that time Kalamazoo county). And the oaths of office-" affidavits"- of the town officers chosen at the second annual election, first Monday in April, 1835, are recorded in full, as are also the official bonds of those required to give such security. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 245 On the 9th of May, 1835, the first school district was established by the Town Board and defined by a boundary commencing at the southwest corner of fraction in Section 34, Town 7 North, Range 12 West; thence running east to the southeast corner of Section 31, Town 7 North, Range 11 West; thence north along the section line to the northeast corner of Section 7, Town 7 North, Range 11 West; thence west to Grand River. This district appears to have included all that is now within the city limits on the east side of the river. Thus were the foundations laid for a liberal system of public schools. And every year thereafter a goodly sum was voted, to be raised by tax, for their support. At the annual meeting in April, 1836, it was voted "that a bounty of $5 be paid for every wolf scalp taken in this town." Adjourned to meet the first Monday in April, 1837, at the house of Hiram Hinsdill. Little beyond electing officers was done at this next meeting. On the 2d of April, 1838, the voters met at a dwelling house and adjourned to the court house in the village. Ezekiel W. Davis was chosen Moderator. Voted, that $200 be raised for support of the poor. It appears that after the financial crash of 1837 they had the poor with them. Voted, that $3 be paid for the scalp of every wolf taken in the town, and $1 for every wolf's whelp, and that $50 be raised by tax for that purpose. Voted, that a lawful fence should be one four and a half feet high. In this and several subsequent years it was voted that cattle, horses and hogs, with certain exceptions named, should be "free commoners." Charles Shepard, Town Clerk, was allowed $10.38; Antoine Campau, Assessor, $15, and Henry P. Bridge, Assessor, $18, for services. In the first three months of 1839 the Board audited and allowed accounts amounting to $228.50. On settlement with the Supervisor they "found a surplus fund remaining in his hands of ninety-two dollars and forty cents." On the first Monday in April, 1839, it is recorded that 188 votes were cast. It is the first at which a statement of the number is given. It was voted to raise $300 for support of the poor. At the annual meeting, April 6, 1840, there were 139 votes polled. Poundmaster John W. Peirce was authorized by vote to select a "sight" for a pound, and to receive funds for building the same when collected. For support of the poor 246 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. there was voted $150, and, $200 for the support of public schools. May 27, the Town Board met and granted licenses "to keep a tavern" to Solomon Withey and James T. Finney. August 30 the Board voted to raise $350 for "ordinary expenses of the town for the current year." Accounts allowed. $198.49, up to the end of the calendar year. In March, 1841, the Board held two or three meetings to determine what should be done with $247 of bills of the Michigan Bank in the Treasury. Finally the Treasurer was authorized to negotiate a loan of the funds-proposals therefor having been received from Edmund B. Bostwick; Smith, Aldrich & Evans: Warren Granger & Co., and Amos Roberts-taking satisfactory security. What the Treasurer (Harvey K. Rose) did il the matter is not recorded, but on March 30 his report was accepted. Later in that year the bank failed. April 5, 1841, there were 131 votes polled. For town expenses a tax assessment of $100 was authorized. Philander Tracy was appointed Poundmaster. April 27, Canton Smith and James T. Finney were licensed to keep tavern. In 1842, February 16, the name of the town was changed, and thereafter the record is that of Grand Rapids instead of Kent. At the April meeting $300 were voted for contingent expenses of the ensuing year, and $200 for primary schools. During the year accounts were allowed amounting to about $184. In the following' year-1843-the expenditures were $257.26. January 12, 1844, William R. Barnard and Charles Trompe were licensed as tavernkeepers. At the April meeting, * amount raised for contingent expenses, $200. May 1, licenses to keep tavern were granted to Canton Smith and Truman It. Lyon. In the spring of 1845 the amount voted for contingent expenditures was $300. At this election a vote was taken on the license question, resulting: For License, 89; No License, 121. The accounts audited for the year amounted to about $243. For several following years the amounts of money voted were: In 1846, for expenses, $200. In 1847, $350 for contingent fund. In 1848, for expenses, $300; for killing Canada thistles, $10, "to be paid to Billius Stocking upon his satisfying the Board that he has destroyed the same;" fifty cents per scholar for common schools. In 1849 for contingent expenses $300; for the poor, $200, and $250 for planking on the Cascade road. At the annual HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 247 April election in 1850, 414 votes were polled, indicating an increase in the population. In May of that year the organization of the city of Grand Rapids extinguished within its limits the township form of government. The following are lists of the principal town officers up to the time of that change: Supervisors, Rix Robinson, 1834-35; Ezekiel W. Davis, 1836-38; William G. Henry, 1839; Francis J. Higginson, 1840; George Young, 1841; John Almy, 1842-43; Josiah L. Wheeler, 1844; Truman H. Lyon, 1845 _Daniel Bal &4.;Harvey K. Rose, 1847; James M. Nelson, 1848; Aaron Dikerman, 1849; Louis Reid, 1850. Town Clerks-Eliphalet H. Turner, 1834; Darius Winsor, 1835-36; Sylvester Granger, 1837; Charles Shepard, 1838; James T. Finney, 1839; Kendall Woodward, 1840-41; John W. Peirce, 1.842; Solomon L. Withey, 1843-46; David E. English, 1847; Amos Hosford Smith, 1848-50. Treasurers-Antoine Campau, 1839; Harvey K. Rose, 1840-42; Harry Eaton, 1843-45; Wilder D. Foster, 1846; Alfred X. Cary, 1847-48; Erastus Hall, 1849-50. Justices of the Peace-Lewis Reed, Luther Beebe, Darius Winsor, Richard Godfroy, 1836; George Martin, 1837; Barney Burton, 1838; Luther Beebe, 1839; Jacob Barns, Lewis Reed, 1840; George Coggeshall, 1841; Lovell Moore, 1842; William G. Henry, 1843; Sylvester Granger, 1844; George- Coggeshall, 1845; Ezekiel W. Davis, 1846; William G. Henry, Charles C. Rood, 1847; James Miller, 1848; Charles P. Calkins, 1849; Richard Sterling, 1850. Among the villagers who served as Assessors during the township era, beginning with 1834, were Joel Guild, Darius Winsor, Stephen Wilson, George Coggeshall, Richard Godfroy, Thomas Sargeant, Henry P. Bridge, Antoine Campau, Edmund B. Bostwick, James M. Nelson, William G. Henry, George C. Nelson, Truman H. Lyon, Harry Eaton, DeWitt C. Lawrence, Solomon 0. Kingsbury, Boardman Noble, Canton Smith. Collectors-Ira Jones, J. S. Potter, Aaron Russell (four terms), William I. Blakely (two terms). The majority of such other town officers as.Highway Commissioners, Overseers of the Poor, and Constables, during that entire period, were village residents.,.Schcol Inspectors-Lyman Gray, Abram S. Wadsworth, Luther Beebe, Charles Shepard, Stephen Wilson, Alfred D. Rath 248 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. bone, George C. Nelson, William A. Richmond, Charles H. Taylor, Melancthon Hoyt, George Martin, Charles F. Barstow, John W. Peirce, Francis H. Cuming, Philander H. Bowman, Franklin Everett, John H. Hollister. Walker Township.-The town of Walker was created by legislative act, December 30, 1837, and originally included all that part of Kent county north of Grand River. Hence the records of about one-third of the present city area start in that town. Its first town-meeting was held in the Mission school house, which stood just south of West Bridge street and west of Front street, in the spring of 1838, and nearly all the annual meetings were held at the same place up to the time of the city organization in 1850. There was no village organization in Walker, and that part of this city was under township jurisdiction and form of government up to the time the city was organized, but in business and social relations the communities on the two sides of the river were intimately connected. Many prominent and active men who aided in upbuilding the city were among the early residents of the Walker side. In its beginnings Walker was a thrifty and economical town, and conducted its public affairs in simple, direct country methods. The growth of the township, as shown by the vote cast there, was not rapid, but for many years it continuously dropped off a portion of its territory for the organization of new townships. The number of votes polled in the spring of 1844 was 136, and between that number and 174 was the range for the next four years. In 1844 the amount voted for general expenses was $100; expenditure, $102; and these figures were scarcely more than doubled six years later. The township has a record on the liquor question of a vote in 1847 of 47 against two in favor of license. It has also a record of liberality, in appropriations for schools and for highways. Of the leading town officers from its organization to 1850, when part was cut off for the city, the following is the list: Supervisors-Lovell Moore, 1838-39; Ebenezer Davis, 1840-41; James Davis, 1842-43; Isaac Turner, 1844; James Davis, 1845-46; John Pollis, 1847; Silas Hall, 1848; John Potter, 1849-50. Clerks-Isaac Turner, 1838-42; Aaron B. Turner, 1843-44; Isaac Turner, 1845; Ebenezer Davis, 1846-47; Isaac M. Watson, 1848; Solomon Corey, 1849. IISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 249 Treasurers-Harry Eaton, 1838; Lovell Moore, 1839-40; Ebenezer Davis, 1841-42; Billius Stocking, 1843-46; Sullivan Armstrong, 1847; George P. Hogadone, 1848; Avery Brace, 1849. Justices of the Peace-Robert Hilton, Isaac Turner, Ira Jones, Josiah Burton, 1838; Josiah Burton, 1839; Billius Stocking, Lovell Moore, 1840; Josiah Burton, 1841; Zelotes Bemis, Billius Stocking, 1842; Isaac Turner, 1843; Charles McCarty, 1844; Josiah Burton, 1845; Milo White, 1846; Elihu N. Faxon, George M. Barker, 1847; Thomas Healy, 1848; Gideon D. Graves, Jonathan Blair, 1849. The early records of the town of Walker are incomplete, as some of its books were destroyed by the burning of the Town Hall. In village days the tavern was a social and business center. There were found the people from the outside world who brought foreign news and domestic gossip. There the villagers first found out what was going on in neighboring towns and far away cities of Michigan. At the village tavern came prospectors and adventurers from the East looking for land and business chances. There also congregated the village speculators who had land and village lots for sale and business schemes which needed outside capital to develop. The outsider who came with money was a welcome guest who quickly found competent advice from shrewd villagers for investing his capital; but the villagers had warm hearts as well as keen eyes, and if the new comer had only strong hands and energy he was nevertheless welcomed and directed to cheap land and good opportunities. The amusements of the villagers were not numerous, but nevertheless they were intense. There were no club houses, theatres, athletics or social functions as now occupy the attention of Grand Rapids' amusement seekers. In olden days there was good hunting and fishing right at home. Hunters and fishermen were not obliged to go to Northern Michigan or to the Hudson Bay county for sport. There was as good hunting and fishing in Kent County as could be found anywhere. In olden days fishing and hunting were not indulged in wholly for sport; game and fish were needed in many households to replenish the family larder. The villagers lived close to nature and gladly used nature's proceeds for subsistence. 250 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Dancing was a favorite amusement in village days. A dance would draw for miles around. In village days the Lyceum was an established institution and did much to amuse and instruct the public. The following are some programmes of the Lyceums as printed in the village newspapers. There was the Grand Rapids Lyceum which held meetings from 1837 to 1844. There was a rival institution which held meetings from 1841 to 1844. Meetings were held in the school house on Prospect Hill and in the church. The following are some of the programmes and questions for debate as published in the village newspapers: Grand Rapids Lyceum.-The Lyceum will meet at the First Congregational Church on Thursday evening next at half past six o'clock. A lecture on Anatomy, by Dr. C. Shepard. Citizens generally are invited to attend. J. W. Peirce, Clerk. January 18, 1842, the Tariff Question. Grand Rapids, January 25, 1842. Resolved, That the Northern States Ought Not to Agitate the Subject of Slavery. Other questions for debate were the following: Resolved, That the Next Legislature of This State Would be Justified in Repudiating the Unpaid Balance of the Five Million Loan. Resolved, That the Legal and Political Disabilities of Women Lead to the Harmony of Society and the Welfare of the Female Sex. Lecture on the subject of Meteorotogy, by John Ball. Resolved, That All Laws Regulating the Interest of Money Ought to be Abolished. Resolved, That the Mhoral Causes Have a Greater Influence in the Formation of National Character than Physical. Resolved, That Common Schools Ought to be Supported by Direct Taxation. Lecture by C. H. Taylor. Resolved, That All Laws in This State on the Subject of the Observance of the Sabbath are Contrary to the Right of Conscience. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 251 1842. Young Men's Association.-Resolved, That the Present Tax Law of this State is Onerous, Oppressive and Unjust. Resolved, That the Claim of the United States to the Oregon Territory in Dispute is Just and Right and That the Interest of the Nation Requires that it Should be Maintained. Resolved, That it is For the Interest of the United States to Admit Texas Into the Union. Lecture on the Philosophy of Mind, by S. L. Withey. In the village days the 4th of July was always celebrated either by a grand celebration with a set programme or with individual and family festivities. An almost universal method of celebration was to take dinner at a public house. On the 4th of July the village hotels always did a rushing business in the old days. Not only were there guests from the country and neighboring villages, but the town's people who "had the price" patronized the village landlord to celebrate the nation's independence and their own independence from home care and fare. On such occasions the dinners were often followed by toasts to patriotic subjects and national characters. Sometimes instead of going to the hotels the people had picnic dinners under the trees, but the toasts followed the same as at the hotel dinners. Every man who could stand on his feet and talk always had an opportunity to exercise his voice on Independence Days. Sometimes at the hotel dinners the fair sex was banished and then the toasts were literally "drunk," as sometimes also were the toasters, according to tradition. In 1838 there was a picnic dinner and speeches at the corner of Fountain and Ottawa streets, where the Peninsular Club house now stands. In 1839 there was a celebration on the west side near the Stocking residence, at which there was an oration and the reading of the Declaration. In 1840 there was an outdoor dinner furnished by Canton Smith, the village landlord, which was spread upon long tables on the bank of the river between Huron street and Bridge street. The Indians from the west side came and partook of the feast. Liquid refreshments were a part of the entertainment. In 1841 which came on Sunday, was celebrated on Saturday the third, according to, tihe following programme published in the village paper, published by S. M. Johnson: 252 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Celebration of the Fourth.-The great anniversary festival was celebrated in our village in a manner creditable to its inhabitants, and quite worthy the occasion, on Saturday last, the third of July. The day, delightful, mild and balmy, was ushered in by a national salute of thirteen guns. At nine o'clock our citizens collected at the room of the Young Men's Association, where the exercises of the day were performed in a solemn and appropriate manner. After a prayer by the Rev. Mr. Waring, the Declaration was read by Mr. S. L. Withey, then followed an oration by Mr. Louis Tower, eloquent and classical, of which we can say no more than that it met the individual approbation of his listeners. The performance having closed at the Young Men's Association, a procession was formed at the National Hotel, which marched up Monroe street to the Court House, under the direction of the marshal of the day. Here a large concourse of ladies, prompt always to the call of patriotism, had collected and been provided with seats by the enterprising committee of arrangements. Those who composed the procession then occupied the remaining seats and aisles, until the capacious room was literally filled to overflowing, and many indeed who were anxious to join in the devotional exercises were entirely excluded for want of room. It is worthy of observation, that almost the entire body of our fellow citizens in the county, and indeed many from the adjoining counties, came in to join in the celebration. An appropriate and impressive introductory prayer was now offered by the Rev. Mr. Hoyt, chaplain of the day; the Declaration of Independence was then admirably read by C. H. Taylor, Esq., and then followed an oration from our humble self, which we hope was considered appropriate to the occasion which called it forth. Be that as it may, we take pleasure in returning our friends the sincere thanks of the orator for their kind attention to his address. A benediction from the Rev. Mr. Hoyt closed the performance. We did not fail to notice, however, the fine vocal and instrumental music by which the performance was accompanied throughout; and in awarding to our citizens, in terms of high commendation an uncommon skill in this respect, we are but speaking the voice of the whole community. While listening to the former, none could question the patriotism of the fair HISTORY OF GRAND RAPI1PS. 253 choristers; while that of the Harmonian Band was pointedly displayed in the after part of the day. Leaving the Court House, the procession marched by way of Monroe and Canal streets to the Grand River Exchange, where a company of about 70 sat down to an abundant and well arranged table, prepared by Mr. Truman H. Lyon. Geo. Martin, Esq., president of the day, took the head of the table, assisted by the vice-president and the committee of arrangements. After the cloth had been removed, the following regular toasts were drunk, Hon. C. I. Walker officiating as toastmaster: 1. The 4th of July, 1776: The cherished epoch of a nation's freedom, around the remembrance of which the heart of every American loves to linger; may it long remain an era to the oppressed of every clime, from which they will date the emancipation of the entire human family. Tune-Yankee Doodle. 2. The Memory of George Washington. Tune-Washington's Grand March. 3. William Henry Harrison: His memory is embalmed in the hearts of a grateful, yet mourning nation. Tune-Auld Lang Syne. 4. The Signers of the Declaration of Independence: The monument they have erected to themselves will endure so long as the temple of freedom itself. Tune-Bruce's Address. 5. The Heroes of the Revolution: Let not their noble precepts-their glorious example-and their stern, uncompromising virtues be forgotten by their descendants. Tune-Days of Absence. 6. The Army and Navy; The Country's Pride and Hope: May they never raise an unwilling arm in defense of its rights, or in avenging its wrongs. Tune-Naval Quick Step. 254 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS.' 7. Our Foreign Relations: The pride of the eagle must never be humbled.-The descendants of those who caused the British lion to quail, can never cower before its insolent wrath. Tune-Webster's Quick Step. 8. The President of the United States. Tune-President's March. 9. The Governor of Michigan. Tune-There is No Luck About the House. 10. The Orator of the Day. Tune-Zip Coon. 11. The Grand River Valley: Fertile in its natural advantages; rich in the intelligence and independence of its citizens; to be great needs only to be known. Tune-Rogue's March. 12. LaFayette: The son of two continents-the beloved of both. Tune-LaFayette's Grand March. 13. The Ladies. Tune-Come, Haste to the Wedding. We need only to add that after a temperate enjoyment of the good things, enlivened by an uncommon share of genuine wit and hilarity, the company retired to perfect order. And it may not be amiss to remark, that we have never witnessed so much life and animation on an occasion of the kind, with so few circumstances to mar the pleasure of a recurrance to it, as our Saturday festival. The volunteer toasts were excellent and we regret that we have not room for more than the few which we give below, at the request of the committee of arrangements: By the President-Education: May its temple be raised high in the midst of our land-its portals be flung wide open-and its heralds proclaim to the entire people-to those in the byways and hedges-free admission to participate in its benefits, and worship at its shrine. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 255 By J. W. Peirce-The Harmonian Band: A small development of tune, but a large share of alimentativeness. By W. G. Henry-The Orator of the Day: The vivid sketch of the progress of man from despotism to republican democracy which he has this day given us, may it prove a beacon light to his numerous audience to guard them from the one, and to lead them to the embrace of the other. By S. G. Harris-The Right of Petition: He is not a freeman who fears to assert it. By P. R. L. Peirce-The Orator of the Young Men's Association. The Softer Sex: Man's better half-the partaker with him of the joys and comforts of this life, excepting always an Independence dinner. By Dr. S. Shepard-Our Nobles Selves: The most independent beings God ever made. By C. H. Taylor-Bank Paper: The pains of parturition are long and severe, but may our country soon be delivered. By David Carver-Our Navy: The right arm of our defense, and the bulwark of our future greatness; may it teach haughty Britain that ships bearing the Stars and Stripes, submit to no search. By S. A. Cooke-Grand River Valley: Rich enough in her own resources; may she be delivered from Michigan's greatest curse, internal improvements. In 1842 the citizens of Grand Rapids went on a steamer to Grandville for a celebration. George Coggeshall was president and Silas G. Harris was orator. In 1843 there was another excursion down the river and back. The exercises were in the Congregational Church. Lucius Lyon was president and Charles H. Taylor was orator. In 1844 the following was the programme as published in the village paper: Founrth of July, 1844.-The committee appointed for that purpose have adopted the following order to be observed on that day: National salute at sunrise. At 8 o'clock the steamboat Paragon will leave the wharf on a pleasure excursion to Grandville and return at 11. Procession formed under charge of the marshal, and march to the Congregational Church, where the exercises will be. 256 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 1st, Music by the Band. 2nd, Prayer by the Rev. J. Ballard. 3rd, Reading the Declaration by S. B. Ball. 4th, Music by the Band. 5th, Oration by- Thos. B. Church. 6th, Music by the Band. 7th, Benediction. Procession will return to the Mansion House where a dinner will be prepared by T. H. Lyon. Officers of the Day, John Almy, president; Col. A. Roberts, Col. N. Hathaway, G. Coggeshall and L. Moore, vice-presidents. Clergyman, James Ballard; Reader, S. B. Ball; Orator, T. B. Church; Marshals, Col's Butler and Avery. Fare on the steamboats, 50 cents per couple. Tickets to be had at the bar and of any member of the committee. Col. A. Roberts, J. McCray, D. C. Lawrence, C. H. Taylor, S. L. Withey, S. Granger, Samuel B. Ball, Committee for Arrangement. Grand Rapids, June 26, 1844. In 1845 there was no formal programme in the village, but there was a temperance celebration in Walker which was well attended. G. L. Rogers was the orator. All toasts were drunk with cold water. In 1846 and 1847 there was no formal observance of the day. In 1848 the exercises were held in the Congregational Church. Joshua Boyer was president and James Miller was orator. In 1849, the last year of the village existence, there was no arranged programme, but the ladies of St. Mark's Church served refreshments. The relations of the village of Grand Rapids with the rest of the state were close. All towns and settlements along the Grand River and its tributaries were closely allied with Grand Rapids in a social and business way. The towns and country to the south were brought into close relations by stage and freight lines and to the south and southeast the settlers of the Grand River valley often went for provisions and supplies. In village days the inhabitants of Grand Rapids sustained close business relations with the inhabitants of Kalamazoo, Battle Creek and Marshall. In village days the country to the north was sparsely settled, and business in that direction was not brisk. North of HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 257 Kent County there were few settlers, but there was lumbering along Rogue River and Flat River, which gave business to Grand Rapids by furnishing provisions and supplies for the camps and to Grand Rapids came the products of the forest. But in village days lumbering was on a small scale compared to what it afterwards became. In village days there was some teaming to the Muskegon River and its tributaries, but business was light in that direction compared to what it afterwards became. With Lansing and Detroit the village of Grand Rapids sustained close political relations, for in those places the political interest of Michigan centered, and from its organization Grand Rapids was in the political push. In village days as in city days, Grand Rapids could furnish statesmen for all desirable positions. In the fall of 1842 stages began running three times a week from Grand Rapids to Pontiac, where connections were made with the Detroit and Pontiac Railroad. In the summer of 1843 a line of stages was established to Battle Creek running twice a week. In the last year of the village's existence there were three lines of daily stages from Grand Rapids, one each to Lansing, Battle Creek, and Kalamazoo, and travel was brisk in all directions from town. For the information of all who contemplated emigrating to the West in 1843 and 1844 the following facts were submitted by a village newspaper report and circular letter sent to the East during those years: "That portion of the country lying on each side of the Grand River, Michigan, and commonly known as the 'Grand River Valley,' embracing the counties of Ottawa, Kent and Ionia, began to settle in 1834. The Indian title to a very large proportion of the country, however, was not extinguished until 1836, and was not in market until 1839. The population now amounts to something more than nine thousand. The village of Grand Rapids, situated on the Grand River, and the seat of justice for Kent County, began to settle in the year 1835, and now has a population of about one thousand. The river here is over eight hundred feet wide, with a fall in a short distance of seventeen and a half feet. A large side cut or canal has been constructed, and affords great hydraulic power, which is used for propelling machinery for various man 258 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. ufacturing establishments, such as flouring mills, a woolen factory, tannery, pail and sash factory, iron foundry, saw mill, etc. The Grand River is navigated by steamboats from Lake Michigan to Grand Rapids, a distance of forty miles, and boats of sufficient burthen to carry from four to six thousand bushels of wheat ascend the river a distance of fifty miles further. "The Grand River Valley is proverbial for the purity of its waters, and the general health of its population. The surface of the country is rolling or undulating, and embraces every variety of soil, a rich sandy loam predominating; easy to cultivate; producing good crops of wheat, corn and all kinds of coarse grain, with every kind of garden vegetable in great perfection. The climate is much more mild than many other countries in the same latitude. "Tracts of pine timber, interspersed through the country, supply the immediate wants of the settler with material for building at a cheap rate; limestone in great abundance is quarried and cut, and is used exclusively in the construction of large and entire edifices at the village of Grand Rapids, and quarries of freestone are found on Grand River at various points. "Nature seems to have been lavish of her favors in regard to this country. Inexhaustible beds of plaster paris, or gypsum, are found in Kent County, and has already become an article of exportation to a considerable extent. Large fields or beds of mineral coal have been opened on the Grand River and its tributaries. Salt is now manufactured at Grand Rapids from the brine procured by boring, and will in all probability become an article of exportation whenever the domestic wants of the country shall have been supplied, and sufficient capital has been invested in its manufacture. "The natural outlet for the surplus products of this country, at present, is down Grand River to Lake Michigan, and from thence by an uninterrupted water connection to New York, or to any port or city on the Atlantic. The expense of transportation, even at present, is light-the freight on a barrel of flour from Grand Rapids to New York not exceeding $1.25; and as soon as the Illinois canal shall have been completed, the New Orleans market will be open to the farmers of this country. "The lands now in market are of the most choice kind, con HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 259 sisting of openings, prairies and timbered. lands, and can be purchased at $1.25 per acre. Those who contemplate seeking a new home in the Western States or Territories, will do well to examine this region of country. The facilities afforded the settler for approaching it, either by land or water; the health and fertility of the country, and the markets that are open for the disposition of the surplus products, are considerations which ought not to be overlooked by those who are seeking a new home for themselves and families. "It may not be amiss to state a few facts connected with the present condition of the country, its population and its resources, obtained from authentic sources, and may be relied upon. The bills of mortality for Kent County for the present year show only twenty deaths, fourteen only of that number being adults. In the Village of Grand Rapids, containing a population of one thousand or more, there has been but one death for the six months past, and but three cases of fever, which may be considered as somewhat remarkable, when it is known that something like fifty persons have been pretty constantly employed in the water quarrying stone from the bed of the river during the warm summer months that have passed. "The amount of wheat, flour and plaster, exported from this country the past year, cannot be stated with any degree of accuracy at the present date, but the aggregate will be found to be large for a new country. It has been ascertained that there has been exported of the article of lumber alone, from the mouth of Grand River, over nine millions of feet since the opening of navigation in the spring. "The present population of this country are chiefly from New York and the Eastern States, and we think we hazard nothing when we aver that they are as intelligent, well educated and as enterprising, as any people either East or West of us. "Grand Rapids, Nov. 13, 1843. "The undersigned fully concur in the accuracy of the above statement to whom reference may at all times be made for particular information on the subject.-Grand Rapids, Dec. 8, 1843: "S. M. Johnson, S. L. Withey, J. M. Nelson, W. D. Roberts, H. Eaton, W. D. Foster, Doe. J. Ellis, C. Smith, C. H. Taylor, E. Marsh, W. I. Blakely, W. Bemis, S. B. Ball, L. M. Page, A. H. 260 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Covert, D. Ball, Doe. A. Platt, T. H. Lyon, G. C. Nelson, W. L. Waring, Geo. C. Evans & Co., J. Lyman Smith, Harris & Co., A. C. Westlake, S. Withey, G. B. Rathbone, G. C. Morton, C. E. Avery, A. Roberts, S. Howland, A. Campau, W. O. Lyon, A. H. Smith, H. K. Rose, J. W. Peirce, L. Snyder, Geo. Coggeshall, T. B. Church, Dr. H. Baylies, D. C. Lawrence, J. Strong, N. H. White, Hon. T. W. White, S. Granger, N. Emery, Z. C. Darling, S. Hinsdill, Rev. J. Ballard, Pastor of the First Congregational Church; Rev. S. Gage, Pastor of the Methodist Church; Rev. F. H. Cuming, Rector of St. Mark's Church; Rev. T. Z. R. Jones, Pastor of the Baptist Church; Hon. Lucius Lyon, M. C. W. A. Blackner, Geo. Young, S. F. Butler, J. Almy, E. B. Bostwick, L. Moore, J. C. Abel, W. C. Davidson, Geo. Martin, Hon. W. A. Richmond, A. D. Rathbone, J. O'Flynn, H. Seymour, S. Luther, W. P. Mills, J. W. Squier, D. Clapsaddle, D. D. Sloan, N. Hathaway, C. Leach, L. Campau, H. P. Yale, W. A. Tryon, F. Richmond, A. Rathbone, H. R. Williams, Geo. A. Robinson, Sidney Smith, John Ball, Agent for locating State Lands; A. Dikeman, T. J. Finney, W. H. Godfroy, J. W. Bancroft, G. Reed, Rix. Robinson, R. Hilton, N. Fisk, C. Bennett, J. F. Chubb, Obid Smith, W. G. Henry, C. W. Taylor, D. McMahon, D. W. Shoemaker, E. W. Davis." The following also appeared in a village newspaper of New York, and copies were freely scattered throughout the East: Michigan.-This young and thriving state is destined to hold, in a few years, an important station in the family composing the Union. Surrounded on three sides by the large lakes, already hissing with steamers and whitened with canvas, possessing a soil of unsurpassed fertility, congenial to wheat and all the other productions of Western New York, with a climate nearly the same-settled, and fast settling, principally with a young and enterprising Yankee race; the government under all its discouragements, still pursuing a valuable system of internal improvements, its territory, though diversified, possessing at different points, all the soils suited to the taste of the agriculturists, from light sands, through the various loams, to the deep black mould of the Mohawk and Chemung flats, with extensive burr and white oak openings, heavily timbered lands, and in the western part, particularly near Allegan, pine in abundance, with rich mineral treasures, such as plaster, salt, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 261 limestone, coal, and in the northwest counties, many other valuable minerals, with numerous streams and water powers. With these advantages, the only distance from us three or four days' travel, who can calculate the extent of her future prospects and advantages? A journey through the state, from Detroit to Grand Rapids, this fall, enables the writer to feel understandingly on the subject, if he fails in communicating to others those feelings in a perspicuous manner. Michigan is emphatically the farmer's home-the industrious poor man's place to improve his condition. The transportation of produce raised on the cheap lands of Michigan costs but a trifle more from Lake Michigan to New York, than from Penn-Yan. The merchandise required by the farmer from the stores is about as cheap as in Western New York. Cattle and hogs are raised and fatted at an expense trifling to ours. The church spires glisten over the roofs of every village, and if temperance was a little more on the advance, public morality would not suffer by a comparison with the Eastern States. Her railroads are not used on the Sabbath. The cheapest and best lands now to be had in that state, the writer thinks, are situated in what is termed the Grand River Valley, which is comprised within the counties of Ottawa, Kent and Ionia, through the central parts of which, the navigable part of the Grand River flows. This river is now navigated daily by steamboats, from its mouth to Grand Rapids, forty miles, and by flat boats, when there is loading, to Lyons, sixty miles further up, which at all times affords a market for farmer's produce at any point between its mouth and Lyons. The land is generally undulating, comprising every variety of soil, interspersed with occasional small streams, marshes and small prairies or plains, and is timbered with every variety, from heavy-timbered to light burr-oak openings. The valley abounds in pine, salt, plaster paris, limestone, bituininous coal, and any quantity of hydraulic power, for milling purposes, etc. A man can here purchase as good a farm "as ever lay out of doors," and of any particular soil that he may fancy. We venture to say that equal inducements were never offered the young man of small otr no capital. The climate is almost salubrious, and these lands are rapidly settling upon and improving. Wheat at this point commands, this fall, ten cents more 262 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. per bushel than at Marshall or Battle Creek, because it can be shipped direct for New York, free from charges of one hundred land carriage to Detroit. The Village of Grand Rapids will soon be the Rochester of Michigan. Even now, almost everything the farmer requires can be produced there, in the line of farming implements, goods, salt or plaster. The village comprises four churches, Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed; Methodist and Episcopal; many as fine private residences as Pen-Yan can point out; ten stores occupied, and four stone buildings, three store houses, several up river boats; plaster mills, lime kilns, choice building stone, Lyon's Salt Works, a great curiosity as well as a valuable establishment, and the state is boring for salt water just below the village; the purest water I ever drank is to be found there, and it is remarkably healthy. There are two flour mills, two tanneries, two woolen factories, one pail and sash factory, two founderies with iron turning lathes, with numerous mechanic shops, and two taverns only. Such is Grand Rapids, and such is the country around it. If any man in these parts is thinking of settling in Michigan, I would honestly advise him before locating, to view the Grand River Valleyand then, if he can find a better portion of the state, or better land in the celebrated Fox River country, on the other side of Lake Michigan, he canr make his choice. As for myself, Kent County is good enough for me. By the foregoing it will be seen that the art of "booming" was not unknown in the Village of Grand Rapids. The plat of the Village of Grand Rapids, situate on the S. l~ of N. E. fr. 1/ of Sec. 25, T. 7 N., R. 12 W., Tousant Campan, proprietor, was received at the office of the Register of Deeds for Kalamazoo County, on November 7th, 1833, at 2 o'clock P. M. Its limits were Fulton street on the south, Division street on the east, Lyon street on the north and the river on the west. The streets were Monroe street, Louis street, Pearl street, Fountain street, Fulton street, Waterloo street, now Market street, Justice street, now Ottawa street, Greenwich street, now Ionia street, Official street, now North Commerce street, and Ferry street now occupied by the railroads. The river then at the foot of Pearl street came nearly to where now is the front of the Pantlind, and the Fourth National Bank building; at the foot of Louis street, it came within less than one hundred feet of the HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 263 north side of Market street. Where now is Campau street was then in the river, and Island No. 1 was opposite the foot of Pearl street about two hundred feet from where now is the corner of Pearl and Canal streets. An addition to the Village of Grand Rapids was received for record at the office of the Register of Deeds for Kalamazoo County on June 6th, 1835, at 10 o'clock P. M. Its west boundary was Division street, its south boundary was a line due east from where now is the northeast corner of Monroe and Division streets, its east boundary a line north and south about one hundred and sixty feet east of East Park street and its north boundary was a line east and west about seventy feet north of Fountain street. In this plat the north portion of the present Fulton street park was indicated as the public square. On February 3rd, 1836, at 4 P. M., the plat of the Village of Kent was recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds for Kalamazoo County. Its boundary on the south was Ellsworth street, now Cherry, on the east where now is Jefferson avenue and about half way between Ransom and Barclay between Fulton and Bridge streets and Coit avenue north of Bridge street to Coldbrook street. Coldbrook street was the north boundary and the river was the west boundary. It will be noticed that this plat took in and included the plat of the Village of Grand Rapids and the addition thereto. In this plat appears the familiar names of streets such as Canal, Kent, Olttawa, Ionia, Clinton, Livingston, Coldbrook, Walbridge, Mason, Newberry, Fairbanks, Trowbridge, Hastings, Bridge, Lyon, Fulton, Island, Oakes, Division, Bostwick, Ransom, Lagrave and Sheldon. Among the changes are Elllsworth street to Cherry street, Prairie street to South Ionia, Spring street, to Commerce street, Bronson street to Crescent avenue. Grand Rapids became a village by act of the legislature passed April 5th, 1838, the next year after Michigan became a' state. The village limits were Flilton street on the south, Hastings street on the north, the west line of Canal street and the river on the west, and the east line of Hatch addition, since called Kendall's addition on the east. In 1843 the area, of the village was contracted by making the west line of Hatch's addition the east boundary. In 1848 the limits of the village were enlarged. The south boundary was extended from Fulton street south to Wealthy avenue. The east boundary to a few rods 264 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. east of Jefferson avenue, the northern boundary was Coldbrook, and the western boundary was the river. In 1849 the limits were again contracted by vacating all east of the Bostwick addition and south of Fulton street, and all east of the Dexter fraction. At a meeting of the Village Board of Trustees held February 23rd, 1850, it was voted to recommend the passage of a city charter to the legislature, and that H. P. Yale and George H. White be allowed a reasonable compensation for their services in drawing up a city charter. The City of Grand Rapids was incorporated by act of the legislature, approved April 2nd, 1850. Its boundaries were "so much of the townships of Grand Rapids and Walker, in the County of Kent, as is contained in the following limits, to-wit: Sections nineteen and thirty, in surveyed town number seven, north of range eleven west, and sections number twenty-four and twenty-five, in surveyed town number seven, north of range number twelve west, including so much of Grand River as runs through and adjoining said sections, with the islands in the same, shall be and the same is hereby declared to be a city, by the name and style of the City of Grand Rapids." The charter provided for taxes, elections, board of health, fire companies, assessments, a mayor's, court, street commissionersL schools and all the paraphernalia of a city government. In these days of reform and changes it is interesting to note that the first city charter of Grand Rapids had a referendum clause providing that the board of trustees of the village of Grand Rapids were authorized within sixty days after the passage of the act to hold an election for the freemen within the proposed city limits to vote whether they would receive or reject the new charter. In the legislature which gave Grand Rapids a city charter Philo Beers was the member from Kent, and Silas G. Harris, of Ottawa County, was the speaker. The officers of the municipality were a mayor, recorder, five aldermen, clerk, treasurer, marshal, five assessors, surveyor, four justices of the peace, not less than three nor more than five constables, solicitor, two school inspectors, and two directors of the poor. Each ward elected an alderman, an assessor, and a justice of HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 265 the peace, except that the fourth and fifth wards -the west side -elected only one justice. The mayor, clerk, treasurer, marshal, recorder, surveyor, constables, directors of the poor and school inspectors were elected on a general ticket. The common council was composed of the mayor, recorder and aldermen. The mayor and aldermen appointed the solicitor. The city was divided into five wards, as follows: The first ward embraced all the district south of Lyon street and west of the continuous line of Division street and east of Grand river. The second ward embraced all the district north of Lyon street and west of that part of Division street north of its intersecting Bridge street and all north of Bridge street and east of Grand River. The third ward embraced all the district south of Bridge street and east of Division street and the continuous line thereof. The fourth ward embraced all that district west of Grand River and north of the continuous line of Bridge street. The fifth ward embraced all that district south of the continuous line of Bridge street and west of Grand River. The election to vote on the city charter was held on May 1, 1850, at the Bridge Street House. The vote was two hundred and fifty-two for the charter and ninety-one against it, and the city charter was declared duly accepted. After canvassing the vote the board of trustees adjourned until evening at the office of the village clerk, S. O. Kingsbury, where the board met, called an election of the city officers on May 11, "by S. O. Kingsbury in the first, by J. C. Able in the second ward, by T. Sinclair in the third ward, by H. Leonard in the fourth ward, and by Henry Eaton in the fifth ward*" The board then adjourned and this closed the book of records of the village of Grand Rapids. On Saturday, May 18, 1850, the "common council met informally and determined upon the amounts of bonds to be required of the officers" of the new city. A thousand dollar bond each was required of the treasurer, clerk and constables. On Monday, May 20, 1850, at 8 o'clock a. m., the common council, met for organization. Present, Bement, recorder, in the chair, and Aldermen Roberts, Taylor, Moore, Penny and Turner, and thus commenced the city government of Grand Rapids. Presidents of the village of Grand Rapids: Henry C. Smith, 1838, deceased; George Coggeshall, 1839; John Almy, 1840-45, 266 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. deceased; William Peasley, 1846, deceased; George Coggeshall, 1847-49, deceased. Name "Grand Rapids" given to first postoffice, 1832. March 7, township named "Kent" given by Territorial Legislature, 1834. April 5, village of Grand Rapids incorporated, 1838. February 26, town named "Kent" changed to "Grand Rapids" by legislative act, 1842. Incorporation. City of Grand Rapids incorporated, 1850. Mayors of the city of Grand Rapids: 1850, H.; R. Williams, died July 19, 1853; 1851, Ralph W. Cole, died July 29, 1855; 1852, Wm. H. Withey, died August 29, 1865; 1853, Thos. B. Church, died July 30, 1890; 1854, Wilder D. Foster; 1855, Chas. Shepard, died March 8, 1893; 1856, John M. Fox, died January 17, 1873; 1857, William T. Powers; 1858, Gilbert M. McCray, died in August, 1893; 1859, George K. Johnson; 1860, Martin L. Sweet, died February 21, 1905; 1861-62, George H. White, died September 10, 1888; 1863-64, Chas. C. Comstock, died February 20, 1900; 1865-66, Wilder D. Foster, died September 20, 1873; 1867, John W. Champlin, died July 24, 1901; 1868-70, Moses V. Aldrich, died December 8, 1879; 1871, Leonard H. Randall; 1872, Julius Houseman; 1873, Peter R. L. Peirce; 1874, Julius Houseman, died February 8, 1891; 1875-76, Peter R. L. PNirce, died November 12, 1878; 1877, George W. Thayer; 1878, Henry S. Smith; 1879, Francis Letellier; 1880, Henry S. Smith, died December 11, 1881; 1881, George G. Steketee; 1882, Edmund B. Dikeman; 1883, Crawford Angell, died December 24, 1904; 1884, Chas. E. Belknap; 1885, John L. Curtis, died July 24, 1894; 1886-87, Edmund B. Dikeman; 1888, Isaac M. Weston, died December 5, 1898; 1889, John Killean; 1890-91, Edwin F. Uhl, died May 17, 1901; 1892-93, William J. Stuart; 1894, Ernest B. Fisher; 1895, Charles D. Stebbins; 1896-98, Lathrop C. Stow; 1898-02, George R. Perry; 1902-04, W. Millard Palmer; 1904-06, Edwin F. Sweet. On October 10, 1898, Frank W. Hunter was appointed secretary to the mayor on a salary of $75 a month. He continued as secretary until his death, December 14, 1900. M. R. Milis HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 267 was appointed his successor and continued in office until 1902, when W. B. Weston was appointed. He resigned in 1903 and Win. J. Landman was appointed and held the position until July, 1904, when Frank W. Hind was appointed. The office now pays a salary of $1,000. The secretary to the mayor has charge of the routine matters of the mayor's office and attends to the correspondence of the executive department. Clerks of the city of Grand Rapids: A. B. Turner, 1850; A. Hosford Smith, 1851-52; P. R. L. Pierce, 1853-55; James Blair, 1856; C. B. Benedict, 1857-58; C. M. Doubleday, 1859-60; C. W. Eaton, 1861-62; W. H. Powers, 1863; George W. Thayer, 1864; Edwin Baxter, 1865; Robert Wilson, 1866; B. F. Sliter, 1867; C. W. Warrell, 1868-80; John J. Belknap, 1881-89; W. A. Shinkman, 1889-95; Frank D. Warren, 1895-99; Isaac F. Lamoreaux, 1899-03; John L. Boer, 1903-06. Treasurers of the city of Grand Rapids: Erastus Hall, 1850; Wilder D. Foster, 1851-52; William T. Powers, 1853-54; Edwin Fuller, 1855; Ebenezer Anderson, 1856-57; Francis Vogt, 1858; Adolphus F. Rau, 1859; Paul Steketee, 1860; Noah Stevens, 1861-63; J. Frederic Baars, 1864-68; James D. Lyon, 1869; J. Frederic Baars, 1870-74; Leonard H. Randall, 1875-77; Crawford Angell, 1878; William Sears, 1879; Edwin Hoyt, Jr., 1880 -81; Homer W. Nash, 1882-83; Arthur Meigs, 1884-86; George R. Perry, 1887-90; Wm. Hake, 1891; Marsh H. Sorrick, 1892-96; Charles D. Stebbins, 1897-98; Marcus A. Frost, 1899-02; Oscar E. Kilstrom, 1903-06. Marshals of the city of Grand Rapids: Alfred X. Cary, 1850; Abram W. Pike, 1851; William C. Davidson, 1852; Robert I. Shoemaker, 1853-54; Leonard Covill, 1855; Ira S. Hatch, 1856; D. S. T. Weller, 1857; George C. Evans, 1858; Leonard Snyder, 1859; James Cavanaugh, 1860; Leonard Snyder, 1861-62; Francis Boxheimer, 1863; Henry Bremer, 1864; Bud H. Babcock, 1865-66; Ebenezer Anderson, 1867; Miles S. Adams, 1868; Allen P. Collar, 1869-71; James D. Lyon, 1872; Thomas Doran, 1873 -76; George E. Kenning, 1877; Isaac Sigler, 1878; Richard A. Stack, 1879-81; Amos D. Greene, 1882-84; Thomas Nester, 1885 -86; Charles S. Wilson, 1887-90; William Bragg, 1891-94; Frank W. Worfel, 1895-98; Thomas J. Gleason, 1899-02; Harry C. Stewart (died December 1, 1903), 1903; Thomas J. Gleason, 1904-05. 268 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. City Solicitors and City Attorneys of the city of Grand Rapids: Ralph W. Cole, 1850; Leonard Bement, 1851; John T. Holmes, 1852-53; Ralph W. Cole, 1854; Ralph W. Cole and L. H. Withey, 1855; C. W. Leffingwell, 1856; George Gray and John W. Champlin, 1857; Thomas B. Church, 1858; John W. Champlin, 1859; C. H. Chase, 1860; H. A. Rood, 1861; James W. Ransom, 1862; Peter G. Koch, 1863; John W. Champlin, 1864; William A. Robinson, 1865-66; James W. Ransom, 1867; John W. Champlin, 1868; George H. White, 1869; James W. Ransom, 1870-74; Wm. Wisner Taylor, 1875-78; G. Chase Godwin, 1879; William J. Stuart, 1880-81; James W. Ransom, 1882-88; Wm. Wisner Taylor, 1889-93; Henry J. Felker, 1894-98; Lant K. Solsbury, 1899-01; Moses Taggart, 1902-6. Recorders of the city of Grand Rapids: Leonard Bement, 1850; Franklin Everett, 1851; Leonard Bement, 1852; John T. Godfrey, 1853; Ebenezer S. Eggleston, 1854; Lovell Moore, 1855; Stephen G. Champlin, 1856-58; Charles P. Calkins, 1859-60; John W. Champlin, 1861-62; Charles P. Calkins, 1863-64; John T. Miller, 1865-66; Birney Hoyt, 1867-70; G. Chase Godwin, 1871-74. This office was abolished in 1875. Surveyors and Engineers of the city of Grand Rapids: Wright L. Coffinberry, 1850; William Slauson, 1851; John Almy, 1852; James Lyman, 1853; Wright L. Coffinberry, 1854-55; John Almy, 1856; William Burke, 1857; Henry Yates, 1858-59; Wright L. Coffinberry, 1860-61; John Almy, 1862-63; Wright L. Coffinberry, 1864-68; Emory W. Muenscher, 1869-70; Wright L. Coffinberry, 1871; Emory W. Muenscher, 1872-76; Alfred C. Sekell, 1877 -82; Homer A. Collar, 1883-96; George M. Ames, 1897-99; Louis W. Anderson, 1900-06. City Physicians of the city of Grand Rapids. Prior to 1866 there were no appointments made for stated periods, but the following acted at different times as occasion demanded: Drs. James F. Grove, Oscar HI. Chipman, John Brady, Wenzel Blumrich, Henry G. Saunders and E. J. Moinhard. Since 1866 the list has been as follows: S. W. Allen, 1866-69; Frances A. Rutherford, 1870; Daniel A. Laubenstein, 1871; George K. Johnson, 1872; Wm. G. Saunders, 1873; Wm. Campbell, 1874; Wm. Wood, 1875; Joseph B. Griswold, 1876-77; Eugene Boise, 1878 -80; S. R. Wooster, 1881; IH. S. Holden, 1882; A. E. Luton, 1883 -84; H. S. Holden, 1885-87; Casper M. Droste, 1888; Fred W. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 269 Wright, 1889-91; Simon L. Rozema, 1892-93; McKendra Best, 1894-95; George W. Law, 1896-97; John L. Burkart, 1898-99; Nilke DeVries, 1900-01; Alfred M. Switzer, 1902; Ralph C. Apted, 1903-05. Directors of the Poor of the city of Grand Rapids: Benjamin F. Martindale, Leonard Covell, 1850; George Coggshall, James Miller, 1851; George Coggshall, Thompson Sinclair, 1852 James Scribner, David S. Leavitt, 1853; Leonard Covell, W. B. Renwick, 1854; Silas Hall, Luman R. Atwater, 1855; Aaron Dikeman, Curtis Porter, 1856-57; Ebenezer Anderson, John Ingraham, 1858; Ebenezer Anderson, Elijah D. Waters, 1859; Ebenezer Anderson, Silas Pierce, 1860; Ebenezer Anderson, Aaron Dikeman, 1861; John Gizon, Frederick W. Tusch, 1862; John Gizon, Ebenezer Anderson, 1863; John Gizon, Peter Wurzburg, 1864; John Gizon, John Bylsma, 1865; John Gizon,. John Bylsma, 1866; John Gizon, Robert W. Love, 1867-; Leonard. Vis, John Bylsma, 1868-69; Leonard Vis, Bernard Shinkman, 1870; Leonard Vis, John Bylsma, 1871; John Steketee, John Bylsma, 1872; John Steketee, Isaac Simmons, 1873; Ebenezer Anderson, 1874; David Lankester, 1875-76; Charles A. Hilton, 1877; Plimmon S. Hulbert, 1878; David Lankester, 1879-81; Cornelius Fox, 1882-83; Joseph Rupprecht, 1884-88; Hubrecht Wagemaker, 1889; Joseph Kruse, 1890-91; William Moerdyke, 1892-95; Franklin B. Wallin, Henry Idema, James R. Wylie, 1896; Franklin B. Wallin, Wesley W. Hyde, James Van der Sluis, 1897; Franklin B. Wallin, David E. Emery, Albert J. Killean, 1898; Herman H. Idema, president; Rev. F. W. N. Hugenholtz, vice-president; Alfred J. Killion, salaried commissioner; Mrs. W. H.. Anderson, secretary, 1899. Herman H. Idema, president; John Hulst, vicepresident; Albert S. Damskey, salaried commissioner; Mrs. M. H. Anderson, secretary, 1900. John Hulst, president; Malachi Kinney, vice-president; Albert S. Domskey, salaried commissioner; Mrs. M. H. Anderson, secretary, 1901. Malachi Kinney, president; George E. Luther, vice-president; Rufus S. French, salaried commissioner; John J. DeJonge, secretary, 1902. George E. Luther, president; Henry G. Krekel, vice-president; John J. Blickle, salaried commissioner; John J. DeJonge, secretary, 1903. Henry G. Krekel, president; Jacob J. Dykema, vice-president; Charles E. Hogadone, salaried commissioner; Leonard DePagter, secretary, 1904. Henry G. Krekel, president; Jacob 270 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. J. Dykema, vice-president; Charles E. Hogadone, salaried commissioner; Leonard DePagter, secretary, 1905. Controllers of the city of Grand Rapids: Nelson Robinson, 1857-60; Edward Mohl, 1861-62; Frederick L. Mayer, 1863-64; Hendrikus DeJonge, 1865-66; James Van der Sluis, 1867-70; Fernando Page, 1871-74; John A. S. Verdier, 1875-76; John Van Strein, 1877-78; Henry Bremer, 1879-82; George B. Reiley, 1883-86; Charles N. Armstrong, 1887-88; James Vanderberge, 1889-92; Leo A. Caro, 1893-02; Rufus S. French, 1903-05. Aldermen of the city of Grand Rapids: Amos Roberts, Charles W. Taylor, Lovell Moore, Joseph Penney, Isaac Turner, 1850; Amos Roberts, Martin L. Sweet, George Kendall, William C. Davidson, Loren M. Page, 1851; David Caswell, Aaron Dikeman, Silas Hall, Jacob Woodard, Wilder D. Foster, 1852; Charles Shepard, David Caswell, Noyes L. Avery, Eliphalet H. Turner, Ralph W. Cole, 1853; Charles Shepard, Martin L. Sweet, Benjamin B. Church, Eliphalet H. Turner, Philander H. Bowman, 1854; Alonzo Platt, Alexander McKenzie, William N. Cook, William K. Wheeler, Philander H. Bowman, 1855; Thompson Sinclair, Harry H. Ives, George W. Allen, James P. Littlefield, Lucius Patterson, 1856; Warren P. Mills, Harry H. Ives, Amos Rathbone, Jonathan P. Chubb, James N. Davis, John Clancy, Robert Hilton, Ransom C. Luce, Leonard Covell, Philander H. Bowman, 1857; John McConnell, John Almy, Noyes L. Avery, John W. Williamson, James N. Davis, John Clancy, Robert Hilton, Ransom C. Luce, Leonard Covell, Philander H. Bowman, 1858; John Clancy, Harry H. Ives, Ransom C. Luce, William A. Hyde, Chester S. Morey, John McConnell, John Almy, Noyes L. Avery, John W. Williamson, James N. Davis, 1859; Charles L. Henderson, Elijah D. Waters, Alfred X. Cary, Leonard Covell, Isaac Turner, John Clancy, Harry H. Ives, Ransom C. Luce, William A. Hyde, Chester S. Morey, 1860; William H. Godfroy, James P. Grove, Henry S. Smith, John T. Elliot, Martinus.Keator, Charles L. Henderson, Elijah D. Waters, Alfred X. Cary, Leonard Covell, Isaac Turner, 1861; Israel L. Crittenden, George M. Huntly, Ransom C. Luce, John R. Long, Newton T. Smith, William H. Godfroy, James F. Grove, Henry S. Smith, John T. Elliot, Martinus Keator, 1862; William H. Godfroy, Robert Davidson, William H. Stewart, Alexander Milmine, Thomas Doran, Israel L. Crittenden, George M. Huntly, Ransom C. Luce, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 271 John R. Long, Newton T. Smith, 1863; Julius Houseman, George C. Fitch, Ransom C. Luce, Lowell Hall, George R. Pierce, William H. Godfroy, Robert Davidson, William H. Stewart, Alexander Milmine, Thomas Doran, 1864; Julius Houseman, William Riodan, David P. Clay, Edward Mohl (to fill vacancy), R. C; Luce, Simeon L. Baldwin, Franklin B. Day, Isaac Turner (to fill vacancy), Charles G. Brinsmaid, Charles W. Warrell (to fill vacancy), 1865; Julius Houseman, Burton C. Saunders, Ransom C. Luce, Joseph H. Tompkins, Francillo Hall, Wm. Riordan, D. P. Clay, S. L. Baldwin, Franklin B. Dey, Charles G. Brinsmaid, 1866; Dennis W. Bryan, Simeon L. Baldwin, Harry H. Ives, William Widdicomb, Adolphus L. Skinner, Julius Houseman, Burton C. Saunders, Ransom C. Luce, Joseph H. Tompkins, Francillo Hall, 1867; Julius Houseman, Burton C. Saunders, Ransom C. Luce, Isaac Turner, Chester S. Morey, Dennis W. Bryan, Simeon L. Baldwin, Harry H. Ives, William Widdicomb, Adolphus L. Skinner, 1868; Thomas Smith, Harry H. Ives, Simeon L. Baldwin, Alexander Milmine, Thomas Doran, Julius Houseman, Burton C. Saunders, Ransom C. Luce, Isaac Turner, Chester S. Morey, 1869; John S. Farr, Henry Spring, William Greulich, Adolph Leitelt, Daniel E. Little, Thomas Smith, Harry H. Ives, Simeon L. Baldwin, Alexander Milmine, Thomas Doran, 1870; John S. Farr, John Grady, Adolph Leitelt, Thomas Smith, Henry Miller (one year), Henry Spring, George G. Steketee, Daniel Little, John A. S. Verdier, Peter Granger, John Dale (one year), James R. Lamoreaux (one year), David Lemon, Alexander Milmine, Wm. Greulich, Thomas Doran, 1871; Dennis W. Bryan, John Kendall, Simeon L. Baldwin, Adolph Leitelt, Robert B. Woodcock, John French, Samuel O. Dishman, William H. Powers, John Grady, Thomas Smith, George G. Steketee, John A. S. Verdier, Peter Granger, David Lemon, Alexander Milmine, Thomas Doran, 1872; John Grady, Thomas Smith, George G. Steketee, John A. S. Verdier, Ichabod L. Quimby, Frederick T. Little, Alexander Milmine, Peter Weirich, Dennis W. Bryan, John Kendall, Simeon L. Baldwin, Adolph Leitelt, Robert B. Woodcock, John French, Samuel 0. Dishman, William H. Powers, 1873; Patrick J. O'Neil, John Kendall, William B. Remington, Frederick Leitelt, Burton C. Saunders, John French, Samuel 0. Dishman, Alfred Crawford, John Grady, Thomas Smith, George G. Steketee, John A. S. Verdier,,a > e -- 272 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Ichabod I. Quimby, Frederick T. Little, Alexander Milmine, Peter Weirich, 1874; John Grady, Charles W. Calkins, Lewis H. Heath, Charles A. Hilton, Samuel A. Hogeboom, Isaiah Stewart, Alexander Milmine, Peter Weirich, Patrick J. O'Neil, John Kendall, William B. Remington, Frederick Leitelt, Burton C. Saunders, John French, Samuel 0. Dishman, Alfred Crawford, 1875; Patrick H. O'Neil, Orson A. Ball, George G. Steketee, Frederick Loettgert, Robert B. Woodcock, James Patterson, Henry M. Cadwell, Alfred Crawford, John Grady, Charles W. Calkins, Lewis H. Heath, Charles A. Hilton, Samuel A. Hogeboom, Isaiah Stewart, Alexander MIilmine, Peter Weirich, 1876; John DeGraaf, Charles E. Olney, Philip M. Graff, Adolph Leitelt, Samuel A. Hogeboom, Isaac F. Lamoreaux, S. O. Dishman, Peter Weirich, Patrick H. O'Neil, Orson A. Ball, George G. Steketee, Frederick Loettgert, Robert B. Woodcock, James Patterson, Henry M. Cadwell, Alfred Crawford, 1877; John L. Curtiss, Orson A. Ball, John L. Shaw, George Thomson, Joseph N. Fisher, Adelmer D. Plumb, John Lindsey, Thomas Doran, John DeGraff, Charles E. Olney, Philip M. Graff, Adolph Leitelt, Samuel A. Hogeboom, Isaac F. Lamoreaux, S. O. Dishman, Peter Weirich, 1878; John DeGraff, John Perry, John Benjamin, Adolph Leitelt, Samuel A. Hogeboom, David Winter, Robert Swain, William A. Hayes, John L. Curtiss, Orson A. Ball, John L. Shaw, George Thomson, Joseph N. Fisher, Adelmer D. Plumb, John Lindsey, Thomas Doran, 1879; John Grady, Nathaniel A. Earle, Daniel F. Thurston, Joseph B. Griswold, Burton C. Saunders, George W. Stanton, Charles E. Belknap, Joseph Schursh, John DeGraff, John Perry, John Benjamin, Adolph Leitelt, Samuel A. Hogeboom, David Winter, Robert Swain, William A. Hayes, 1880; Charles C. Groger, John Perry, John Benjamin, William Cartwright, Thomas Nester, Charles I. Howard, Robert B. Swain, Frank Wurzburg, John Grady, Nathaniel A. Earle, Daniel F. Thurston, Joseph B. Griswold, Burton C. Saunders, George W. Stanton, Charles E. Belknap, Joseph Schursh, 1881; John Grady, Lyman D. Follett, Erwin J. Herrick, John Killean, S. A. Hogeboom, George W. Stanton, Anthony C. Hydorn, John A. Bovyer, Charles C. Groger, John Perry, John Benjamin, William Cartwright, Thomas Nester, Charles I. Howard, Robert B. Swain, Frank Wurzburg, 1882; Gerritt H. DeGraff, John P. Creque, John Benjamin, Charles T. Brenner, Samuel A. Hoge HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 273 boom, George H. Wilmot, Peter Steketee, Heman Palmerlee, Adrian Yates, John Grady, Lyman D. Follett, Erwin J. Herrick, John Killean, S. A. Hogeboom, George W. Stanton, Anthony C. Hydorn, John A. Bovyer, 1883; John Grady, Thomas D. Gilbert, John More, George C. Pierce, John Killean, Thomas Nester, Frederick Saunders, Abraham J. Whitney, James Patterson, Joseph Albright, L. L. Launiere, Gerritt H. DeGraff, John P. Creque, John Benjamin, Charles T. Brenner, Samuel A. Hogeboom, George H. Wilmot, Peter Steketee, Heman Palmerlee, Adrian Yates, 1884; Gerritt H. DeGraff, John P. Creque, Justin M. Stanly, Hugo Thum, Eugene Richmond, Isaiah Stewart, John W. Hayward, George L. Doan, John Grady, Thomas D. Gilbert, John More, George C. Pierce, John Killean, Thomas Nester, Frederick Saunders, Abraham J. Whitney, James Patterson, Joseph Albright, L. L. Launiere, 1886; Edward Stein, George E. Pantlind, Emmons R. Huntly, Charles T. Brenner, Frederick Saunders, Paul J. Maris, Andrew Doyle, Louis L.Launiere, Gerritt H. DeGraff, John P. Creque, Justin M. Stanly, Hugo Thum, Eugene Richmond, Isaiah Stewart, John W. Hayward, George L. Doan, 1886; Gerritt 'H. DeGraff, John P. Creque, George H. Davidson, Jacob Eisenhardt, Maurice Shanahan, Isaiah Stewart, John W. Hayward, Joseph A. McKee, Edward Stein, George E. Pantlind, Emmons R. Huntly, Charles T. Brenner, Frederick Saunders, Paul J. Maris, Andrew Doyle, Louis L. Launiere, 1887; Edward H. Stein, Robert Sproul, Simeon L. Baldwin, Edward O'Donnell, Frederick Saunders, John Hoogerhyde, Frank A. Rogers, Louis L. Launiere, Gerritt' H. DeGraff, John P. Creque, George H. Davidson, Jacob Eisenhardt, Maurice Shanahan, Isaiah Stewart, John W. Hayward, Joseph A. McKee, 1888; Cornelius Stryker, John P. Creque, Albert E. Yerex, Andrew J. Stebbins, Harlan W. Miller, William H. Strokes, Joseph Emmer, Isaac M. Turner (to fill vacancy), Edward H. Stein, Robert Sproul, Simeon L. Baldwin, Edward O'Donnell, Frederick Saunders, John Hoogerhyde, Frank A. Rogers, Louis L. Launiere, 1889; Edward H. Stein, Cornelius Stryker, John P. Creque, Robert Sproul, Wi. A. Tateum, Albert E. Yerex, Edward O'Donnell, Andrew J. Stebbins, Fred Saunders, Harlan W. Miller, Wm. H. Stokes, Jeremiah H. Anderson, Andrew Doyle, Joseph Emmer, Joseph H. McKee, Charles A. Houser, Isaac M. Turner, George W. Mills, 274 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Henry E. Doren, Frank P. Carpenter, 1890; Edward H. Stein, Marcus A. Frost, Robert Sproul, Eugene D. Conger, Wm. A. Tateum, Lewis G. Dunton, Edward O'Donnell, Malachi Kinney, Fred Saunders, James W. Mahoney, Wm. H. Stokes, J. H. Anderson, Joseph Emmer, Andrew Doyle, Charles A. Houser, Adolph Wurzburg, George W. Miller, Isaac M. Turner, Frank P. Carpenter, John Dregge, 1891; Hermanus Gezon, Marcus A'. Frost, Peter C. Campbell, Eugene D. Conger, Orson A. Ball, Lewis G. Dunton, Miles G. Teachout, Malachi Kinney, Fred Saunders, James W. Mahoney, Henry J. Gervers, Jeremiah H. Anderson, Joseph Emmer, Albert S. Domskey, Charles A. Hauser, Adolph Wurzburg, George W. Mills, Isaac M. Turner, Benjamin Gilden, Barend DeGraff, John Dregge, George H. Jacobs, Edward H. Stein, Henry Harper, 1892; Hermanus Gezon, Gerritt H. DeGraff, Peter C. Campbell, David Forbes, Orson A. Ball, Lewis G. Dunton, Miles G. Teachout, Malachi Kinney, Fred Saunders, James W. Mahoney, Henry J. Gerbers, Paul Maris, Joseph Etmmer, Albert S. Domskey, Charles A. Hauser, Adolph Wurzburg, George W. Mills, Charles Schmidt, Benjamin Gilden, Wm. A. Shaw, John A. Verkerke, George H. Jacobs, Edward H. Stein, Clark E. Slocum, 1893; Walter T. Tate, Gerritt H. DeGraff, David Forbes, Peter C. Campbell, Lewis G. Dunton, Orson A. Ball, Malachi Kinney, Miles G. Teachout, James W. Mahoney, Fred Saunders, Cyrus B. Clark, Paul Maris, Joseph Emmer, Levi Pearl, Otis N. Watson, Adolph Wurzburg, Robert Logie, Charles Schmidt, Alexander Matheson, Wm. A. Shaw, John A. Verkerke, W. H. Gibson, W. T. Johnson, Clark E. Slocum, 1894; W. F. Tate, Harry DeGraff, Peter C. Campbell, David Forbes, J. H. Hoskins, Orson A. Ball, Charles Hilton, Miles G. Teachout, Fred R. Dodge, Fred Saunders, Cyrus B. Clark, Charles B. Bissell, Joseph Eimmer, Levi Pearl, Otis N. Watson, Adolph Wurzburg, Robert Logie, Frank Wurzburg, Alex Matheson, Wm. A. Shaw, John A. Verkerke, W. H. Gibson, W. T. Johnson, Clark E. Slocum, 1895; aldermen at large for two years-Peter C. Campbell, Warren H. Gibson, Robert F. Logie; for one year-John Benjamin, Edward Wade, Levy Pearl, Harry DeGraff, David Forbes, John H. Hoskins, Miles G. Teachout, Fred R. Dodge, Jeremiah E. Anderson, Joseph Emmer, Thomas Doran, Frank Wurzburg, Peter Van Hekken,. John A. Verkerke, Clark ]. Slocum, 1896; Ulike id ^,1.i I i, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 275 DeVries, John W. McCrath, David Forbes, Peter C. Campbell, John H. Hoskins, John Benjamin, Miles G. Teachout, Charles A. Hilton, Fred Saunders, Josiah Tibbitts, Jeremiah H. Anderson, Cornelius Dykema, Joseph Emmer, Charles H. Phillips, Thomas Doran, George A. Lambrix, Robert Logie, Frank Wurzburg, Peter Van Hekken, Clarence E. Peck, Warren H. Gibson, John Verkerke, Clark Slocum, Ed. H. Stein, 1897; Ulike DeVries, Edward Whalan, David Forbes, Peter DePagter, John H. Hoskins, John Muir, C. H. Hilton, John A. Muehling, Fred Saunders, Josiah Tibbetts, C. P. Bissell, Cornelius Dykema, Joseph Emmer, Charles H. Phillips, Thomas Doran, George D. Lambrix, Joseph C. Shinkman, Frank Wurzburg, William H. Stewart, Clarence E. Peck, Frank E. Hodges, John Verkerke, Clark Slocum, E. H. Stein, 1898; Edward Whalan, James O. McCool, Peter DePagter, David Forbes, John Muir, Charles K. Seymour, John A. Muehling, Malachi Kinney, Josiah Tibbetts, Adrian Shriver, Corey P. Bissell, Abraham Ghysels, Charles H. Phillips, Charles T. Johnson, Thomas Doran, Frank S. Damskey, Joseph C. Shinkman, Joseph Renihan, William H. Stewart, Harry C. White, Frank E. Hodges, Daniel E. Lozier, Clark E. Slocum, John McLachlan, 1899; James 0. McCool, Jacob P. Ellen, Peter DePagter, David Forbes, John Muir, Charles K. Seymour, Malachi Kinney, Christian Gallmeyer, Adrian Schriver, John T. Donovan, Abraham Ghysels, James Mol, Charles T. Johnson, Charles H. Phillips, Frank S. Damskey, Thomas Doran, Joseph Renihan, Joseph C. Shinkman, Harry C. White, Reyner Stonehouse, Daniel E. Lozier, Frank E. Hodges, John McLachlan, Clark E. Slocum, 1900; James 0. McCool, Jacob P. Ellen, Peter DePagter, Addison S. Goodman, John Muir, John H. Hoskins, Charles H. Hilton, Christian Gallmeyer, Adrian Schriver, John T. Donovan, Abraham Ghysels, James Mol, Charles T. Johnson, Charles H. Phillips, Frank S. Damskey, Thomas Doran, Joseph Renihan, Joseph C. Shirkman, John Beck, Reyner Stonehouse, Daniel E. Lozier, Frank E. Hodges, John McLachlan, Clark E. Slocum, 1901; James O. McCool, Jacob P. Ellen, Addison S. Goodman, Peter DePagter, John H. Hoskins, Elvin Swarthout, Charles A. Hilton, Christian Gallmeyer, Adrian Schriver, Fred R. Dodge, Abraham, Ghysels, James Mol, Charles T. Johnson, Charles H. Phillips, Prank S. Damskey, Thomas Doran, Joseph Renihan, Casper M. Droste, John F. Beck, Harry C. White, 276 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Daniel E. Lozier, S. Wesley Kneclht, John McLachlan, George P. Tilman, 1902; Jacob P. Ellen, Walter H. Struik, Peter DePagter, George F. Owen, Elvin Swarthout, Harry T. Baldwin, Christian Gallmeyer, Charles A. Hilton, Fred R. Dodge, Wm. Bommelje, James Mol, Edward A. Connelly, Wm. Hensler, Charles T. Johnson, Thomas Doran,- Joseph Herrmann, Casper M. Droste, Joseph Renihan, Harry C. White, John F. Beck, S. Wesley Knecht, Paul J. Averill, George P. Tilma, John Roberts, 1903; Walter H. Struik, John J. Fallon, George F. Owen, John McNabb, Harry T. Baldwin, Elvin Swarthout, Charles A. Hilton, George W. Thompson, William Bommelje, Louis J. M. Holelzley, Edward A. Connelly, Ate Dykstra, Charles T. Johnson, William Hensler, Joseph Herrmann, Thomas Doran, Joseph Renihan, Casper M. Droste, Harry C. White, John F. Beck, Paul J. Averill, S. Wesley Knecht, John Roberts, George P. Tilma, 1904; John J. Fallon, Walter H. Struik, John McNabb, George F. Owen, Elvin Swarthout, Harry T. Baldwin, George W. Thompson, Christian Gallmeyer, Louis J. M. Hoelzley, William Bommelje, Ate Dykstra, Edward A. Connelly, William Hensler, Joseph Emmer, Thomas Doran, John J. Koperski, Casper E. Droste, Joseph Renihan, Harry C. White, John.F. Beck, S. Wesley Knecht, Paul J. Averill, George P. Tilma, John Roberts, 1905. Assessors: The duties of these officers are indicated by the name-relating to assessments of property and making out the rolls for purposes of taxation. The office was abolished in 1857, wwhen the election of a Supervisor for each ward was authorized. First Ward-William H. Welles, 1850; Lewis Porter, 1851; David S. Leavitt, 1852; John King, 1853; David S. Leavitt, 1854; William H. Withey, 1855; Harry Eaton, 1856. Second Ward-James M. Haldanw, 1850; Harvey K. Rose, 1851; John W. Pierce, 1852-55; Robert Hilton, 1856. Third Ward-Ezra T. Nelson, 1850-51; Abram W. Pike, 1852; Harry Dean, 1853; George J. Barker, 1854; Ezra T. Nelson, 1855; James D. Lyon, 1856. Fourth Ward-Baker Borden, 1850-52; Elihu N. Faxon, 1853 -54; Baker Borden, 1855; Ebenezer Anderson, 1856. Fifth Ward-Loren M. Page, 1850; Willard Sibley, 1851; Loren M. Page, 1852; Nathaniel P. Roberts, 1853-55; Christopher W. Leffingwell, 1856. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 277 Supervisors: City of Grand Rapids at Large-Henry R. Williams, 1850; Truman H. Lyon, Boardman Noble, 1851-52; David Caswell, Isaac Turner, 1853; Ralph W. Cole, John W. Pierce, 1854; Lewis Porter, Martin L. Sweet, Isaac Turner, 1855; David S..Leavitt, David Caswell, Charles C. Comstock, 1856; John Donnan, Kris Dykeman, Homer Klop, Henry O. Schermerhorn, W. J. Cook, John J. Knox, Henry S. Fralick, E. A. Connelly, John G. Ceop, 1898; Cornelius Stryker, Peter C. Campbell, Leonidas E. Best, Klasa Bakker, Jno. J. Knox, John Scoby, Anne Lundenmuelder, Henry Houlman, John Jaspers, 1899; William H. De Ruiter, Elwood Cox, Daniel Viergever, Lawrence M. Wilson, Frank Wurzburg, Peter B. Gast, John C. O'Brien, William P. Wolf, John Scoby, 1900; Klaas Bakker, P. C. Campbell, R. S. French, Henry Houman, Cornelius Stryker, T. C. Johnson, J. J. Knox, George S. Lamb, John Scoby, 1901; Klaas Bakker, Leonidas E. Best, P. C. Campbell, E. A. Crozier, John W. Holcomb, John A. Hodges, John J. Knox, D. W. Spring, Cornelius Stryker, 1902; Leonidas E. Best, P. C. Campbell, Gardner B. Clark, Ernest A. Crozier, George E. Fletcher, Frederick Johnson, John J. Knox, Dayton S. Peck, Daniel W. Spring, 1903; James G. Alexander, Peter C. Campbell, Julius A. J. Freidrich, Benjamin S. Harris, James A. Hunt, Adrian Otte, Daniel W. Spring, Lathrop C. Stow, Clifford H. Walker, 1904; L. E. Best, P. C. Campbell, J. A. J. Freidrich, Benjamin S. Harris, John Hensen, James A. Hunt, Daniel W. Spring, Lathrop C. Stow, Thomas W. Strahan, 1905. First Ward-Amos Rathbone, 1857; John Clancy, 1858; John McConnell, 1859; William H. Godfroy, 1860; John McConnell, 1861-68; Arthur Wood, 1869-71; Patrick J. Britton, 1872-73; Arthur Wood, 1874; Patrick J. Britton, 1875-76; Willianm Riordan, 1877; John Steketee, 1878-88; Hendrikus Leppink, 1889 -90-91-92-93-94-95; Harry De Graaf, 1896; John McGrath, 1897; Ulike De Vries, 1898; Edward Whalan, 1899; James O. McCool, 1900; Jacob Ellen, 1901; James O. McCool, 1902; Jacob P. Ellen, 1903; Walter H. Shrink, 1904; John J. Fallon, 1905. Second Ward-Harry H. Ives, 1857; Robert Hilton, 1858; John Almy, 1859-60; Henry Grinnell, 1861-63; Clark C. Sexton, 1864; Alonzo Seymour, 1865-66; Henry Grinnell, 1867; George M. Huntly, 1868-70; Ebenezer M. Ball, 1871-73; William D. Talford, 1874; Jefferson Morrison, 1875-76; Robert B. Loomis, 278 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 1877-80; Robert B. Loomis, 1890-91-92-93-94-95; David Forbes, 1896-97-98; Peter De Pagter, 1899; David Forbes, 1900; Peter De Pagter, 1901; A. S. Goodman, 1902; Peter De Pagter, 1903; George F. Owen, 1904; John McNabb, 1905. Third Ward-Warren P. Mills, 1857; Ransom C. Luce, 1858; Noyes L. Avery, 1859; Ezra T. Nelson, 1860-61; George C. Nelson, 1862; William N. Cook, 1863-64; William D. Talford, 1865 -66; William I. Blakely, 1867-68; Emory Wheelock, 1869-70; William I. Blakely, 1871; William N. Cook, 1872-74; George Cook, 1875-78; Simeon L. Baldwin, 1879-83; John Benjamin, 1884-89; John Benjamin, 1890-91-92-93; E. A. Fletcher, 1894 -95; John Hoskins, 1896; John Benjamin, 1897; John A. Hoskins, 1898; John Muir, 1899; Charles K. Seymour, 1900; John Muir, 1901; John H. Harken, 1902; Harry T. Baldwin, 1904; Elvin Swarthout, 1905. Fourth Ward-Jonathan F. Chubb, 1857; Leonard Covell, 1858; John W. Williamson, 1859-60; Billius Stocking, 1861-65; John W. Williamson, 1866; Billius Stocking, 1867-68; David W. Northrup, 1869; Billius Stocking, 1870; George M. Huntly, 1871; John B. Colton, 1872; George A. Field, 1873-74; George M. Huntly, 1875; Harry H. Ives, 1876-80; Myron E. Pierce, 1881; Harry H. Ives, 1882-86; William D. Frost, 1887-89; Wil — liam D. Frost, 1890-91-92-93-94-95; Miles G. Teachout, 1896-97; Charles A. Hilton, 1898; John A. Muehling, 1899; Malachi Kinney, 1900; Christian Gallmeyer, 1901; Charles A. Hilton, 1902; Christian Gallmeyer, 1903; Charles A. Hilton, 1904; Geo. W. Thompson, 1905. Fifth Ward-James -N. Davis, 1857; Philander H. Bowman, 1858; James N. Davis, 1859; William Hovey, 1860; Charles W. Warrell, 1861; George R. Pierce, 1862-63; Frederick W. Fitch, 1864; George W. Gay, 1865-67; Bernard F. Shrinkman, 1868-69; James N. Davis, 1870; Jared Wells, 1871-72; George W. Betts, 1873; Adolphus L. Skinner, 1874-77; William A. Brown, 1878 -81; Adolphus L. Skinner, 1882-85; Simon Sullivan, 1886-89; Simon Sullivan, 1890; John Fehenfeld, 1891-92-93-94-95; Fred R. Dodge, 1896; Josiah Tibbitts, 1897; Fred Saunders, 1898; Josiah Tibbitts, 1899; Adrian Schriver, 1900; John T. Donovan, 1901;, Adrian Schriver, 1902; Fred R. Dodge, 1903; William Bommelje, 1904; L. J. M. Hoelzley, 1905. Sixth Ward-Erastus Clark, 1871; Isaac Simmons, 1872; Peter HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 279 C. Schickell, 1873-74; Billius Stocking, 1875; Isaac Simmons, 1876-84; Peter C. Schickell, 1885-88; Jacob A. Smits, 1889; Jacob A. Smits, 1890-91-92-93-94-95; Jeremiah H. Anderson, 1896-97; Cornelius G. Dykema, 1898; Corey P. Bissell, 1899; Abraham Ghysels, 1900; James Mol, 1901; Abraham Ghysels, 1902; James Mol, 1903; Edward A. Connelly, 1904; Ate Dykstra, 1905. Seventh Ward-Lewis Martin, 1871; John W. Williamson, 1872-74; Lewis Martin, 1875-77; Ira Currier, 1878; Lewis Martin, 1879; Ira Currier, 1880-82; Henry O. Schermerhorn, 1883 -89; Henry 0. Schermerhorn, 1890-91-92-93-94-95; Joseph Emmer, 1896; Charles H. Phillips, 1897; Joseph Emmer, 1898; Charles H. Phillips, 1899; Charles T. Johnson, 1900; Charles H. Phillips, 1901; Charles T. Johnson, 1902; William Hensler, 1903; Charles T. Johnson, 1904; William Hensler, 1905. Eighth Ward-James N. Davis, 1871-77; Madison J. Ulrich, 1878; James N. Davis, 1879-85; Madison J. Ulrich, 1886; Robert E. Courtney, 1887-89; William T. O'Leary, 1890-95; Thomas Doran, 1896-97; John A. Lambrix, 1898; Thomas Doran, 1899; Frank S. Damskey, 1900; Thomas Doran, 1901; Frank S. Damskey, 1902; Thomas Doran, 1903; Joseph Herrmann, 1904; Thomas Doran, 1905. Ninth Ward-Charles A. Hogadone, 1890-94; James Sherlock, 1895; Frank Wurzburg, 1896; Robert Logie, 1897; Frank Wurzburg, 1898; Joseph Shinkman, 1899; Joseph Renihan, 1900; Joseph Shinkman, 1901; Joseph Renihan, 1902; Casper M. Droste, 1903; Joseph Renihan, 1904; C. M. Droste, 1905. Tenth Ward-John C. Klyn, 1890; Fremont E. Skeels, 1891-94; Myron Hester, 1895; Peter Van Hikken, 1896-97; Clarence E. Peck, 1898; William H. Stewart, 1899; Harry C. White, 1900; Reyner Stonehouse, 1901; John F. Beck, 1902; Harry C. White, 1903; John F. Beck, 1904; Harry C. White, 1905. Eleventh Ward-Anne Lindermuleler, 1892-95; John A. Verkerke, 1896; Warren N. Gibson, 1897; John A. Verkerke, 1898; Prank E. Hodges, 1899; Daniel E. Lozier, 1900; Frank E. Hodges, 1901; Daniel E. Lozier, 1902; Samuel W. Knecht, 1903; Paul J. Averill, 1904; S. Wesley Knecht, 1905. Twelfth Ward-Freeman Lathrop, 1892-95; Clark E. Slocum, 1896-97; Ed. H. Stein, 1898; Clark E. Slocum, 1899; John McLachlan, 1900; Clark E. Slocum, 1901; John McLachlan, 1902; 280 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. George P. Tilma, 1903; John Roberts, 1904; George P. Tilma, 1905. City-Charles L. Shattuck, 1890; Frank H. Gill, 1890-95; Adolphus L. Skinner, 1890; Madison J. Ulrich, 1890-93; Simon Sullivan, 1891; George E. Cogshall, 1892-95; James Vander Sluis, 1894-95. Assessors. City Board of Assessors-E. A. Fletcher, George G. Lamb, Fred B. Aldrich, 1898; George G. Lamb, Fred B. Aldrich, Fred Saunders, 1899; Frank W. Ball, Fred B. Aldrich, Fred Saunders, 1900-01; Frank W. Ball, Fred B. Aldrich, Edgar A. Fletcher, 1902; Fred B. Aldrich, Edgar A. Fletcher, Gerritt H. DeGraaf, 1903; E. A. Fletcher, G. H. DeGraaf, John E. More, 1904; Gerritt H. DeGraaf, John E. More, 1905. By provisions of the Revised Charter of 1877 there was created a Board of Review and Equalization, whose duty it was to receive and review the annual assessment rolls, and equalize them among the several wards. Its members also were commissioners to make assessments for local improvements. By law they were also members of the County Board of Supervisors. 1877, James W. Brown, John W. Williamson, James Gallup; 1878, John W. Williamson, James Gallup, Henry R. Naysmith; 1879, Henry R. Naysmith, James W. Brown, John J. Belknap; 1880, James W. Brown, Henry R. Naysmith, John J. Belknap; 1881, James W. Brown, Charles W. Warrell, William N. Cook; 1882, James W. Brown, William N. Cook, Hiram Gumaer; 1883, William N. Cook, Hiram Gumaer, James W. Brown; 1884, Hiram Gumaer, James W. Brown, James B. Gulliford; 1885, James W. Brown, James B. Gulliford, Charles L. Shattuck; 1886, James B. Gulliford, Charles L. Shattuck, Adolphus L. Skinner; 1887, Charles L.'Shattuck, Adolphus L. Skinner, James B. Gulliford; 1888, Adolphus L. Skinner, James B. Gulliford, Charles L. Shattuck; 1889, Adolphus L. Skinner, Charles L. Shattuck, James B. Gulliford; 1890, Adolphus L. Skinner, C. L. Shattuck, James B. Gulliford; 1891, Madison J. Ulrich, Frank A. Gill, Simon Sullivan; 1892, Frank A. Gill, Madison J. Ulrich, Simon Sullivan; 1893, Madison J. Ulrich, Frank A. Gill, George E. Cogshall; 1894, George E. Cogshall, Frank A. Gill, James Van der Sluis; 1895-97, Same as 1894. In 1895 the Charter was again revised and the EISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 281 name of the Board of Review and Equalization was changed to Board of Assessors. 1896, James Van der Sluis, George E. Cogshall, E. A. Fletcher; 1897, George E. Cogshall, E. A. Fletcher, George G. Lamb; 1898, E. A. Fletcher, George G. Lamb, Fred B. Aldrich; 1899, George G. Lamb, Fred B. Aldrich, Fred Saunders; 1900, Fred B. Aldrich, Fred Saunders, Frank W. Ball; 1901, Same as 1900. 1902, Frank A. Ball, Fred B. Aldrich, E. A. Fletcher; 1903, Fred B. Aldrich, E. A. Fletcher, G. H. DeGraaf; 1904, E. A. Fletcher, G. H. DeGraaf, John E. More; 1905, E. A. Fletcher, G. H. DeGraaf, John E. More. Collectors. First Ward —John King, 1859-61; Silas Pierce, 1862; Patrick Grady, 1863-71; William Riordan, 1872; Patrick Grady, 1873 -74; James Shields, 1875-77; Berend DeGraaf, 1880; Peter Otte, 1881; Manney J. Lewis, 1882-83; Gysbert W. Dommerlin, 1884; Henry Hoeksma, 1885-88; Martin DeJaeger, 1889-90. Second Ward-Daniel Alcumbrack, Ezekiel W. Davis, 1859; Adolph Leitelt, 1860; George M. Huntly, 1861; John DeRuyter, 1862-64; August Schmidt, 1865-69; John DeRuyter, 1870; James Muir, 1871-86; Dirk J. Doornink, 1887; Luman R. Atwater, 1888; Dirk J. Doornink, 1889-90. Third Ward-Danford M. Crosby, 1859; George G. Steketee, 1860-61; William N. Cook, 1862; John Benjamin, 1863; William Verbery, 1864-66; Miles S. Adams, 1867; James Muir, 1869-70; William Verbery, 1871; Adrian DeYoung, 1872; Henry Jewett, 1873-74; Timothy Haan, 1875-79; Henry Jewett, 1880-85; Gerritt Van Dam, 1886; Burt Ema, 1887-89; Leonard A. Merrill, 1890. Fourth Ward-Samuel O. Dishman, 1859; John D. Bennett, 1860; Joseph S. Hampton, 1861; Frederick W. Cordes, 1862; John Bylsma, 1863-64; James G. Scott, 1865; Moses DeLong, 1866; Joseph H. Bennett, 1867-70; John DeRuyter, 1871-72; William G. Beckwith, 1873-74; Theodore S. Thompkins, 1875-77; John B. Vander Heyden, 1878-80; Charles A. Robinson, 1881-90. Fifth Ward-Charles W. Warrell, 1859; Harim Luton, 1860; Frank Frederick, 1861-62; Frank Arnold, 1863; John Hake, 1864 -65; William H. Stinson, Jr., 1866; John Hake, 1867-70; John E. Tooher, 1871-73; Patrick Gill, 1874-76; Martin Hendricks, 1877; Fernando Page, 1878; Abraham DeBruyn, 1879-80; Frad SaunJij 2'82 HISTOR Y OF GRAND RAPIDS. ders, 1881-82; James Stoutjes.dyk, 1883; Leonard Garlow, 1884; John Sparks, 1885; Daniel Viergever, 1886; George H. Schnabel, 1887; William A. Dunn, 1888; Albert Reitberg, 1889; Anton Herlstein, 1890. Sixth Ward-Joel G. Scoby, 1871; John Johnson, 1872-74; Richard A. Stack, 1875; James Sullivan, 1876-77; Richard A. Stack, 1878; John DeKruif, 1879; James C. Shaw, 1880; Gerrit Meinardi, 1881; James C. Jonker, 1884; Klaas Mulder, 1885; John Hoogerhyde, 1886-90. Seventh Ward-Henry M. Cadwell, 1871-73; Charles Pettersch, 1874; Henry M. Cadwell, 1875; Charles Pettersch, 1876; William D. Hembling, 1877; Charles Pettersch, 1878-79; George A. Thomas, 1880; Baker Borden, 1881-82; Albert S. Damskey, 1883; John A. Lemon, 1884-85; John Cullen, 1886-87; Hans H. Fitting, 1888; John Cullen, 1889-90. Eighth Ward-William Wormes, 1871; John Hake, 1872-73; Charles A. Bissonette, 1874; John Hake, 1875; William A. Shrinkman, 1876; Thomas Walsh, 1877; William Koch, Sr., 1878; Thomas Walsh, 1879; John A. Smith, 1880-81; Robert Blumrich, 1882-87; Thomas O'Keefe, 1888-89; Ferdinand Schwind, 1890. Ninth Ward-Abraham Sanford, 1890. Tenth Ward-Herman G. Grebel, 1890. The office of Ward Collector was abolished in 1891, and after 1890 all the taxes were paid at the office of the City Treasurer in the City Hall. Street Obmmissioners. 1850 to 1854 — ouis M6rah, Samuel F. Butler, Daniel Beebe, Leonard Covell, Willard Sibley, Philander Tracy, James Benthhm, George W. Dahiels, Thomas Bargeant, Daniel F. Towef, Nelson Davis, Edward P. Gamp, Maftin L. Sweet, Benjamin F. Gouldbity, Dutian T. Stocking, Edmund Carrier. Highlwy Commissionerss-Appointive. First District-Patrick Coade, 1873-74; John W. Gorham, 1875 -77; Patrick 1E. O'Neil, 1878-79; Itubrecht Wagemaker, '180-81; Thomas Martin, 1882; Richard Walsh, 1883; Hubrecht Wagemaker, 1884-85; Richard Walsh, 1886; William Walsh, 1887; Martin Van Overeen, 1888-90; M. J. Utlrich, 1891; Hiram T. Kniffen, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 283 1892-95; Albert Stryker, 1896-97; Henry Brower, 1898-01; Henry Houman, 1902-05. Second District-Henry S. Smith, 1873; Moses DeLong, 1874 -76; Frederick Platte, 1877-79; Moses DeLong, 1880-81; Edward Hydorn, 1882-83; Moses DeLong, 1884; William E. Bloxton, 1885 -88; John Berles, 1889-90; Frank A. Gill, 1891; George C. Venema, 1892-95; Byron Pierce, 1896; Frank Berles, 1897; James Sherlock, 1898-01; Joseph C. Salisbury, 1902-05. Third District-William Walsh, 1888; William Fitzpatrick, 1889-90; Simon Sullivan, 1891; James Farnsworth, 1892-93; Ed. B. Dowling, 1894-95; Lemuel T. Husted, 1896; William Walsh, 1897-98; Peter McIntosh, 1899-1900-01; William Walsh, 1901-05. Justicesi of the Peace and Years When Chosen. 1850, Samuel F. Butler, Ezra Reed, James Miller, Lucius Patterson; 1851, Hiram Rathbun, Nathaniel P. Roberts; 1852, Harvey K. Rose, Lucius Patterson; 1853, David S. Leavitt, Thaddeus Foote, Jr.; 1854, William Bemis, Leonard Bement; 1855, Thompson Sinclair, Arba Chubb; 1856, William Ashley, Jr.; 1857, Thompson Sinclair, Christopher W. Leffingwell; 1858, James Van Buren; 1859, Arba Chubb; 1860, William E. Grove; 1861, Thompson Sinclair, John D. Bennett, Christopher W. Leffingwell; 1862, Benjamin A. Harlan; 1863, William P. Barker, Adolphus L. Skinner; 1864, George W. White; 1865, Thompson Sinclair, Leonard Bement, A. L. Skinner; 1866, Leonard Bement; 1867, John D. Bennett; 1868, Henry H. Slauson; 1869, Thompson Sinclair, Edmond J. Shinkman; 1870, Alfred Putnam; 1871, Emory Wheelock, Clauson 0. Buddington, Burton C. Saunders, Daniel B. Arnold, John D. Bennett; 1873, Thompson Sinclair, Edmond J. Shinkman; 1874, Malcolm M. Moore; 1875, Emory Wheelock, Leonard Bement, William G. Saunders, James R. Lamoreaux, George G. Whitworth; 1877, Thompson Sinclair, Edmolnd J. Shinkman; 1878, Malcolm M. Moore, John W. Holcomb; 1879, Charles J. Potter, James D. Robinson, Freeman Lathrbp, William G. Saunders, John W. Holcomb; 1880, Byron F. Lockwood; 1881, Robert H. Vickers; 1882, Thompson Sinclair; 1883, William 0. Westfall, David G. Fletcher; 1884, Henry Brower, William G. Saunders; 1885, Harvey P. Yale, William G. Saunders; 1886, Thomas Walsh; 1887, William 0. Westfall; 1888, Henry Brower; 1889, Henry A. 284 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Hydorn, David D. Hughes; 1890, David D. Hughes, Henry A. Hydorn, William O. Westfall, Elliot G. Brown; 1891, Henry A. Hydorn, William O. Westfall, Elliot G. Brown, John W. DeWolf; 1892, John W. Holcomb, William O. Westfall, Elliot G. Brown, John W. DeWolf; 1893, John W. Holcomb, William O. Westfall, Elliot G. Brown, John W. DeWolf; 1894, John W. Holcomb, William O. Westfall; 1895, John W. Holcomb, Charles Watt, Clerk, Wellington C. Robertson; 1896, Charles Watt, H. D. Cowan, W. C. Robertson, Clerk. At this time there was a change. The Charter was amended so that there should be only two Justices of the Peace, who were paid salaries, given a Clerk also on a salary, and given offices by the city. The system works well and no one wishes a return to the fee system. 1897-98, Charles A. Watt, H. D. Cowan, Clerk, Ernest Bullen; 1899-1902, Charles A. Watt, H. D. Cowan, Clerk, Ralph A. Anderson; 1903, Harry D. Cowan, John W. Holcomb, Clerk, James Schriver; 1904-05, John W. Holcomb, Orley C. Granger, Clerk, James Schriver. Constables. 1850, Robert N. Garratt, Leonard Snyder, Abram W. Pike, Wilson Jones, Joseph J. Baxter; 1851, Robert N. Garratt, Wilson Jones, Jonathan H. Gray, William A. Brown, Tomothy Calahan; 1852, Robert M. Collins, James D. Lyon, Tomothy Calahan, John Furlong, Winthrop R. Cady; 1853, Winthrop R. Cady, Henry G. Stone, Isaac M. Watson, Duncan Stocking; 1854, Thomas R. Renwick, Daniel S. T. Weller, Ezehiel Welch; 1855,. Sebra Rathbone, Frankling C. Stone, Nelson Davis, C. L. Norris, Charles Stone; 1856, William I. Godfroy, Charles B. Dean, Isaac Gibson, Godeon Colton, Charles W. Warrell. From this time the constables, being elected by wards, are so classified: First Ward-Bernard Boyle, 1857; Henry W. Granger, 1858; James Shields, 1859-61; John Duris, 1862-63; William Dole, 1864; William H. Godfroy, 1865-67; Henry DeVries, 1868-69; Robert Audrian, 1870 —71; John Quinn, 1872; Thomas Connors, 1873-77; Timothy Crowley, 1878; Edwin F. Doty, 1879-80; Nathaniel U. Weeks, 1881-82; Orin McCurdy, 1883; Nathaniel U. Weeks, 1884 -85; John Quinn, 1886; Joseph C. Pitkin, 1887-89; Patrick Keaney, 1890; John Dykstra, 1891-92; Oscar Baker, 1893-95; Benton W. IISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 285 Lewis, 1896-98; Albert M. Ormsbee, 1899; Albertus Van Dougen, 1900; Peter W. Scott, 1904-05. Second Ward-Paris G. Clark, 1857; Ebenezer H. Cady, 1858 -59; Joseph Whekoff, 1860-61; Isaiah Peak, 1862-69; Nelson Hamblin, 1870; William P. T. Ferris, 1871; Adolphus N. Bacon, 1873 -85; Randall S. Parkman, 1886-87; Peter Reynders, 1888; Randall S. Parkman, 1889; John Ringold, 1890; Henry Colwell, 1891-92; Nathaniel U. Weeks, 1893-98; Sanford W. Smith, 1899; Ben Noordhof, 1900; John H. Payne, 1905. Third Ward-Michael Connolly, 1857; John R. Stewart, 1858; Peter A. Bogardus, 1859-60; Amos L. Wheeler, 1861; William P. H. Ferris, 1862-70; Miles S. Adams, 1871-72; Sylvester J. Bailey, 1873-75; Survetus S. Chamberlain, 1876-82; John Quartel, 1883; William W. Thomas, 1884-87; Klaas Vander Wal, 1888; John H. Harris, 1889; Joseph W. Linsey, 1890-91; Cornelius D. Wiersma, 1892; Joseph W. Linsey, 1893-94; Sanford L. Dreary, 1895; Berend Noordhof, 1896-98; Albert B. Hulsaffle, 1899; John De Young, 1900; Jessie E. Wamsley, 1903; Charles W. Slack, 1904. Fourth Ward-George F. Porter, 1857; Charles B. Dean, 1858; Peter C. Shickell, 1859; Noadiah C. Wright, 1860-65; Adelbert Devendorf, 1866; James R. Lamoreaix, 1867-70; Nelson Hamblin, 1871; Paris G. Clark, 1872; William P. H. Ferris, 1873; Paris G. Clark, 1874; Peter Martin, 1875-78; George W. Bentham, 1879; Henry Pulver, 1880; Ebenezer H. Cady, 1881; Isaac Greenbaum, 1882; John DeJonge, 1883; Ebenezer H. Cady, 1884; Darius L. Arnold, 1885-87; Malcolm B. Palmer, 1888-89; Isaac Greenbaum, 1890-91; John Lipzinski, 1892; Isaac Greenbaum, 1893; George B. Phelps, 1895; Ebenezer H. Cady, 1896-98; John H. Payne, 1899 -1903; Emerson E. Scott, 1904-05. Fifth Ward-Charles W. Warrell, 1857-58; George W. Dodge, 1859-60; Francis Boxheimer, 1861-62; John Hyland, 1863-64; William Haynes, 1865; Mason C. Kidder, 1866; Andrew Thompson, Jr., 1867; George Pearl, 1868; George Stand, 1869; Joseph S. Bailey, 1870; Isaiah Peak, 1871-72; James E. Davis, 1873; Bernard MeCaghery, 1874; Michael Finn, 1875; Levi L. Phillips, 1876-80; James P. Haynes, 1881; Trafton H. Pond, 1882-84; Josiah H. Case, 1885; Michael McQuen, 1886; Trafton H. Pond, 1887-91; Louis A. Barrett, 1892-94; Thompson D. Winsor, 1895-98; Richard Lystra, 1901. Sixth Ward-Adelbert Devendorf, 1871-72; Horace Austin, 286 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 1873; Joseph Karr, 1874-75; Josiah A. Brown, 1876; Hollis R. Hills, 1877-78; Isaiah Stewart, 1879-81; James Smith, 1882; William - McCullum, 1883; Sebastian Green, 18*4; Timothy Haan, 1885-87; Joseph W. Lindsay, 1888; John Miedema, 1889-90; Charles A. Wood, 1891; Marshall Burnham, 1892-94; R. D. Fanner, 1895; Cornelius Van Koevering, 1896-98; John S. Gilka, 1904. Seventh Ward-Orlin M. W. Cleveland, 1871-72; Washington L. Stinson, 1873; George Dole, 1874; Henry French, 1875; Redmond Walsh, 1876; Cornelius Mastenbrook, 1877-78; Arthur C. Prince, 1879; Cornelius Mastenbrook, 1880; John B. Hudson, 1881; Cornelius Mastenbrook, 1882-85; Henry O. Schermerhorn, 1886; Cornelius Mastenbrook, 1887-92; William Heirning, 1893; Cornelius Mastenbrook, 1894-98; John W. Foster, 1899-03. Eighth Ward-Joseph S. Bailey, Jr., 1871-75; Daniel Sullivan, 1876-77; Alvin D. Connor, 1878; Daniel Sullivan, 1879; Alvin D. Connor, 1880; John C. Hannett, 1881-82; Thomas Keefe, 1883; William K. Adams, 1884; John C. Hannett, 1885; Cornelius Mastenbrook, 1886; Alphonso Button, 1887; Daniel W. Moyland, 1888-89; Albert C. Jackman, 1890-1905. Ninth Ward-William Flanders, 1890; William O'Donnell, 1891; Charles L. Balcom, 1892; Patrick Murray, 1893-94; Frank C. Foote, 1895; Theodore Lanmport, 1896-98; John Scharfenberg, 1899-1900; George Goosmann, 1905. Tenth Ward-John W. Noyes, 1890; Joseph C. Pitkin, 1891; Bernard M. Denison, 1892; Jeremiah Rozema, 1893-94; Henry De Weerd, 1895; William H. Baker, 1896-1905. Eleventh Ward-Joseph C. Pitkin, 1892-1903; Charles F. Kennedy, 1904. Twelfth Ward-Gerect Ttinnis, 1892; J. Van Tubergen, 1893; Rolf Sokaltu, 1894; John H. Hilms, 1895-98; Joseph Wood, 1899; Jacob D. Ritzema, 1904-05. Old Settlers' Society. "Desiring to perpetuate the early history of Kent County, and to continue good social feelings among the remaining pioneers, we respectfully invite such of the present residents of the county as had settled in the Territory of Michigan previous to January 26, 1837 (being the date of admission as a State), to meet with us at Messrs. Ball & McKee's office, Monday evening, the 22d inst., at HISTORY OF GRANDI RAPIDS. 287 7 o'clock p. m., to form an Old Settlers' Society for the county. Geo. Coggeshall, Geo. Martin, John Almy, J.W. Pierce, W. G. Henry, Jas. Lyman, J. F. Godfroy, R. C. Luce, Robert Hilton, A. B. Turner, D. W. Evans, John Ball, Ant. Campau, M. Ringuette, John Ringuette, D. S. Leavitt, S. F. Perkins, Rix Robinson, Charles Shepard, C. H. Taylor, Nelson Robinson, S. L. Withey. Grand Rapids, Feb. 18, 1858." The above call appeared in the local papers in February, 1858, and on February 22d of that year there was a meeting at which the following Articles of Association were adopted and signed by those present, the signatures are in the handwriting of those present and the original is now on file) in the office of the Secretary: Whereas, We the undersigned, were! residents of the Territory of Michigan and by settlement therein prior to the 26th day of January, A. D. 1837, that being the date of its admission as a State, whereby we may appropriately be denominated "Old Settlers." And Whereas, We are desirious of gathering facts relating to and perpetuating the early history of Kent County, and also of continuing social feeling among those who rank as pioneers. Therefore, We hereby associate ourselves together and adopt the following as our Articles of Association. First. The name of this Society shall be "The Old Settlers' Society of Kent County." Second. The officers shall be a President, Vice-President, Treasurer and Secretary, who shall each hold his office for one year from the 26th day of January each year hereafter. Third. The annual meeting of the Society shall be held on the 26th day of January of each year at such place in the City of Grand Rapids as shall be designated from time to time by the President and Secretary. Fourth. The officers named in Article Two shall be elected at the annual meeting bnd It such meeting an address shall be delivered before the Society by one of the members thereof who shall be invited by the Society, or in case of their neglect to be made by the President; sueh address shall be preserved as a permanent document of the Society Fifth, T~e Secre$ty shall keep 4 full record of the doingu of the Society ian boo@ to be procqred for that purpose, in which 288 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. shall be transcribed these articles and a record made of the names of all the members. Grand Rapids, February 22, 1858. Ant. Campau, Jefferson Morrison, John Almny, Sam Howland, W. G. Henry, M. Ringuette, John Ringuette, S. F. Perkins, D. W. Evans, M. Van Amburgh, I. L. Wheeler, James Miller, David Burnett, Charles Shepard, R. C. Luce, Wm. J. Willes, Peter Roberts, C. H. Taylor, Julius Granger, A. B. Turner, I. W. Pierce, Geo. Coggeshall, Julius C. Abel, Justus C. Rogers, Z. G. Winsor, Barney Burton, J. F. Chubb, Ezekiel W. Davis, Ezra Reed, Robert Hilton, John Ball, James Scribner, Loren M. Page, S. L. Withey, W. P. Huyck, Lewis C. Davidson, James Lyman, W. H. Godfroy, John Clancey, E. F. Nelson, P. R. L. Peirce, Nelson Robinson, L. Buell, T. H. Lyon, John U. Fox, George Martin, Philander Tracey, Amos Rathbone. R. C. Luce was the last survivor of those who signed the call. The meeting was held as called. John Ball was chosen Chairman and Dan W. Evans Secretary. A committee was appointed to draft constitution and by-laws, who reported the foregoing Articles of Association. The officers elected for the first year were: President, Jonathan F. Chubb; Vice-President, Ezekiel W. Davis; Secretary, John W. Peirce; Treasurer, John Ball. Then for nearly ten years the members forgot that their Society needed action in order to maintain an existence; and during that time only occasional meetings of the Old Settlers were held. At the county fair in 1867 was shown a picture group, made by Ira G. Tompkins, photographer, entitled "Pioneers of Grand Rapids," containing the photographs of sixty-three of the old residents who came here prior to 1843. At the next formal meeting of Old Settlers, February 29, 1868, a committee was appointed to take charge of and preserve the picture, which has been presented to the Society, and Mr. Tompkins was made an honorary member. Nearly all of those portraits, in a single frame, are now among the archives of the Old Residents' Association. Reorganization and Change of Name.-The original Old Settlers' Society included only those who had come into the Territory prior to the admission of Michigan as a State. It was apparent that a new organization was needed to make it permanent and attractive in point of numbers. A meeting for that purpose was held at Sweet's Hotel, December 27, 1871, at which a com HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 289 mittee was appointed to draft a new constitution and by-laws. At this meeting upward of eighty were in attendance. Ezekiel W. Davis was elected President, and Luman R. Atwater, Secretary. At the next meeting, January 17, 1872, the reorganization was completed, by the adoption of a new constitution which enlarged the territory of the Society to include Ionia, Kent and Ottawa Counties. It also changed the qualification for membership, so as to admit persons thirty-five years of age who had been for twenty-five years or more residents of the valley; the membership fees to be $1 a year, and all special assessments. The annual meetings were to be held on the twenty-sixth day of January, or the next day when the twenty-sixth should fall on Sunday. An annual summer festival in the month of June was provided for, and since that time it has been customary for the Society to hold annual winter reunions at some convenient place within this city. At this meeting Rix Robinson was chosen President; John W. Peirce, Secretary, and Luman R. Atwater, Treasurer. January 26, 1876, the name of the Society was changed to Old Residents' Association of the Grand River Valley, and the age of eligibility for membership was changed to forty-five years; time of residence twenty-five years as before. Ever since the annual meetings and festive gatherings of this Society have been numerously attended, and greatly enjoyed. Short speeches, reminiscences, general greetings and renewals of old acquaintanceship, banquets and dancing have been the features of the exercises on these occasions. The summer festivals have usually taken the form of basket picnic parties, and most of them have been held in or by the grove at Reeds Lake. These picnic gatherings have been very pleasurable incidents, not only to the old settlers, but to hundreds of others up and down the valley, the invitations being generally extended to the families and friends of the members. There was an especially large and enjoyable meeting at Reeds Lake June 23, 1883, the fiftieth anniversary of the arrival of the first Yankee family in Grand Rapids, also the seventieth birthday anniversary of "Aunt Hattie" Burton, who was one of that family. The principal officers of the Society since 1872 have been: Presidents-John Ball, elected in 1875; Robert Hilton, 1876, and for nine years following; Charles H. Taylor, 1886; Charles Shepard,. 1887 to 1894; Thomas D. Gil 290 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. bert, 1894; P. V. Fox, 1895; George W. Thayer, 1896 to the present (1905). Secretaries-Franklin Everett, 1875, and from that year Reuben H. Smith to 1890, when John C. Klyn was Secretary for a year, after which Reuben H. Smith was again Secretary until 1897, when Eber Rice was elected Secretary and has continued to the present time (1905). Treasurers-William N. Cook, 1875, and five years following; Thomas D. Gilbert, 1881, and up to 1893, when R.. C. Luce was elected Treasurer and continued until 1903, when Henry Spring was elected and still (1905) continues. From 1877 to 1888 Leonard Covell was Marshal. January 26th, 1889, William N. Cook was elected Marshal and still continues (1905) to hold the office. For 1905 the Vice-Presidents are Thomas Hefferan and P. V. Fox. In 1886 the Old Residents' Association appointed a committee to raise funds for a monument to Rix Robinson. The committee acted, and in March, 1887, a contract was made for the monument. It was erected and dedicatory exercises were had June 30, 1897, at Ada. In 1890 the annual reunion was held at the Morton House, February 11, and there was dancing; on June 27 the annual picnic was held at Reed's Lake. E. G. D. Holden was the orator of the occasion. In 1891 the reunion was held at the Morton House, on February 10, with a supper and dancing. The annual picnic was held at Alger Park on June 23. In 1892, on February 18, the reunion was held at the Morton House; over two hundred were present. There was a supper, but no dance. Among those who responded to toasts were S. S. Bailey, Henry R. Nysmith, Henry Spring, A. J. Daniels, Mrs. S. L. Withey, Dr. Charles Shepard and Rev. W. W. Johnson. On June 23 the annual picnic was held at Reed's Lake. In 1893 the reunion was held at the Morton House on February!7. The annual picnic was held at Reed's Lake on June 23. This was the sixtieth anniversary of settlement. John Paton was the orator of the day. Among those present were Mayor Stuart and Senator Stockbridge. In 1894 the reunion was held at The Livingston on February 13. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 291 George H. White was the speaker of the evening. The annual picnic was held at Reed's Lake on June 23. In 1895, on February 19, the reunion was held at Sweet's Hotel. George W. Thayer read a paper on Lucius Lyon, and C. C. Comstock read a paper on Daniel Ball. The annual picnic was held at Reed's Lake on June 25. The address was given by Dr. George K. Johnson. On August 3 of this year the association attended the funeral services of Mrs. Harriet Burton, who died August 1, 1895, at Grand Rapids, as a result of an accidental burning. She was a daughter of Joel Guild, the first pioneer, and was married in Grand Rapids on April 13, 1834, to Barney Burton. For more than sixty-two years she had been a resident of the Grand River valley. In 1896 the reunion was held on February 18 at the Morton House. There was a dance, at which Henry Grinnell, Luman Jennison and John Farr were floor managers. The annual picnic was held at Reed's Lake on June 26. Judge John W. Champlin was the orator. In 1897 the reunion was held at the Morton House on January 26, and the picnic at Reed's Lake on June 29. In 1898 the reunion was held on February 24 at the Morton House, and the picnic at Reed's Lake on June 28. In 1899 the midwinter banquet was held at the Morton House on February 14, and the speaker was Rev. I. P. Powell, and on June 30 the picnic was held at Reed's Lake. In 1900 the annual banquet was held at the Morton House on February 19. The picnic was held at Reed's Lake on June 30. In 1901 the annual banquet was held at the Morton House on February 19, and the picnic was held at Reed's Lake on June 29. In 1902 the annual banquet was held on February 7 and there were 240 participants. The picnic was held at Reed's Lake on June 26. In 1903 the banquet was held at the Morton House on February 17; nearly 300 sat down. The picnic was held at Reed's Lake on June 25. Rev. John N. McCormick was the speaker. In 1904 the annual banquet was held at. the Morton House on February 15, and the picnic at Reed's Lake on June 29. In 1905 the winter banquet was held at the Morton House on February 23, and the summer picnic at the Lake Side Club House on June 29. 292 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. The membership fees have been found sufficient to meet expenses, and keep a small balance in the treasury. No special assessment has been necessary. The expenses for suppers and entertainment at the winter reunions have been met by the sale of tickets. In the summer the picnic attendants have brought overloaded baskets, furnishing enough and to spare. A commendable feature of the exercises and duties of this society, which has been carefully and scrupulously attended to, is that of paying the last sad tribute of respect to departed members. The custom is, upon the death of a member, for a considerable number of the survivors to meet and together as a delegation attend the funeral. With a membership of several hundred early residents, it is but natural that these occasions should be frequent. In the field peculiarly its own, the Old Residents' Association of the Grand River Valley is among the most praiseworthy of our social institutions. Few of the pioneer settlers of this valley remain, but this society is by its terms self-perpetuating and has within it the means and the methods to be always a pleasureable and useful organization for those of maturer years. Prof. Franklin Everett often contributed to the entertainment in a literary way, generally in the form of a rhythmical or poetic address. From one of these the following is taken: The old Primer gives us the picture of Time, As a reaper to harvest the land; His hour-glass poising with gesture sublime, Plying swift with his scythe in his hand. But the harvester, Time, is scattering seed, And watering with dew and showers. As he binds the ripe sheaves he is giving heed To the upspringing plants and flowers. He is not a tyrant destroyer, who prides Himself on his poisonous breath; Nor the stern, dread Angel of Doom, who rides With the scythe and the bosom of Death. Look around on this crowd. We miss, it is true, Here and there a patriarch gray; A Mother in Israel has gone from view, We miss them with sadness today. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 293 Their sands were run out, they passed from sight; Yet their impress is left behind. When out from our presence they took their flight, Their memory was stamped on mind. But look again! See the juvenile troop! See the man and his new-found brideOf the present and future the substance and hope, The strength, the reliance and pride. Generations are passing and coming along, And why should we lengthen their stay? The young will be old, as the old have been young; Let the old to the young give way. Wise laws rule the world-'tis the best that we know, Though faith, on the wings of desire, Mounts upward exultant, and basks in the glow Of regions serener and higher. Yet uncertain is faith, uncertain is hope, Uncertain is all the ideal; But certain to us is time's limited scope; This life, while we have it, is real. It is ours to enjoy —'tis blessed to live; And bright this fair world appears, With the solid enjoyments that time can give, And the loves that are crowning our years. You carping old sinner! because you are old, Long past the gay years of your prime, You feel yourself licensed to grumble and scold, And rail at the ravage of time. You've had your full years, and belong to the past, You are living on suff'rance today! Why fret if in fullness of days at last You must pass, like your fathers, away? 'Twas gracious in Time to let you aloneThat the reaper your life has spared; The whole he could give of life you have known; Its loves and its honors you've shared. Then why should you growl that now you are old, And the oil in your lamp is low; If by whitening locks and infirmity told That you soon will be summoned to go? Then gracefully bear, as a rational sage, What may be by Providence sent, Believing there's beauty and honor in age, If crowning a life well spent. 294 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. As the ripened fruit, just ready to fall, Pure, manly old age appears. A beacon or star, a guide unto all, Are the veteran's virtuous years. Come, young and old, 'tis a festival day; Let boding to distance be flung, Cast aside all regrets, to soul give way, We all are, or else have been, young. Today we are bound to live in the past, To go over the way we have trod; We have life at present-how long it will last We leave to the future and God. One by one we step out, to be seen no more here; Are missed in the gathering throng; But our place will be full-as we disappear Our children are coming along. 'Tis graceful to live as a saint or a sage, Revered as one noble and high; 'Tis graceful again, in the ripeness of age, As the world's benefactor to die. Immortal, unconquered by death are they Who have left a dear memory behind; The body may pass, but the spirit will stay In the souls of the living enshrined. Membership Roll. The following are the names of members of the Old Settlers Society and its successor, the Old Residents Association, from the date of organization to the end of the year 1904. Luman R. Atwater, Hiram H. Alien, Wm. H. Anderson, Julius C. Abel, John Almy, Crayton Adams, Noyes L. Avery, Wright C. Allen, Geo. W. Allen, Elisha M. Adams, Carlos A. Abel, Joseph W. Allen, Albert C. Antrim, Robert A. Andrian, Crawford Angell, Chas. M. Armstrong, J. Auble, David Arnott, Win. M. Alger, Albert N. Avery, Mary C. Armstrong, Darius L. Arnold, Mary C. Armstrong. Barney Burton, L. Buell, R. E. Butterworth, David Burnett, John Ball, Wm. I. Blakely, Ebenezer W. Barnes, John C. Buchanan, Daniel Bush, Joseph R. Blain, Jacob W. Barnes, James H. Brown, Joseph Blain, Aaron Brewer, James Ballard, Simeon L. Baldwin, Albert Baxter, Ebenezer M. Ball, Win. R. Barnard, Carlos Burchard, Edward L. Briggs, Chas. Barclay, A. D. Bor HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 295 den, Joseph Blake, Frank Boxheimer, Edward S. Bates, F. D. Boardman, Henry Bremer, James Blair, Darius T. Button, James Boyd, Seeley S. Buck, John Butler, Franz Berles, Chauncey Blodgett, Baker Borden, Wm.. A. Berkey, Edward Benedict, W. I. Buddinton, John Belnap, Lucian B. Brewer, J. W. Boyinton, Adolphus N. Bacon, Merrick G. Blood, Robt. M. Barr, Jas. W. Brown, Sluman S. Bailey, Joseph H. Bennett, Octavius C. Bush, Chas. C. Brusmaid, John Brady, N. B. Blain, J. F. Baars, John Bole, Mrs. Mary Blood, Alexander Blake, Rufus N. Belknap, James M. Barnett, Joseph Berles, H. F. Burtch, Sidney Berry, Oscar B. Barber, J. T. Barnaby, Christian Bertsch, Caroline Bertsch, Solon W. Baxter, John W. Barlow, D. W. C. Blackmer, Jay W. Bigelow, E. F. Bosworth, Chas. H. Brown, Win. Bentley, John M. Balcom, Sarah M. Bennett, Robert Briggs,. Christian Bertsch, Caroline Bertsch, Jacob Barth, Geo. M. Barker, Albert Barker, Nathan P., Ball, L. K. Bishop, Elliott G. Brown, John R. Bradfield, Lucetta Britton, Richard E. Blumrich, R. W. Butterfield, Orson A. Ball, Marcus P. Brown, Charles E. Belknap, George G. Briggs, Wm. L. Bailey. Antoine Campau, Geo. Coggershall, J. F. Chubb, John Clancy, E. Costen, Chas. P. Calkins, Erastus Clark, Leonard Covell, Robt. M. Collins, Edmund Carrier, Wm. N. Cook, John L. Clements 'Dennis L. Campau, Lewis P. Clark, Norman Cummings, Oscar H. Chipman, Wright L. Coffinberry, John Crissman, Winthrop R. Cady, John Cordes, Henry B. Childs, P. F. Covell, Warren H. Congdon, John B. Colton, John Calkins, C. C. Comstock, David P. Clay, Joseph S. Clinton, Benj. Clark, Jno. W. Champlin, Ebenezer H. Cady, A. H. Clark, Danford M. Crosby, John Coffee, Eberhart Cordes, Mrs. Emily Campau, John P. Creque, Jacob Coldren, John Caufield, Wilna Cole, Adelphe Campau, Chas. A. Calkins, John C. Clark, Andrew B. Coffinberry, Sherman T. Colson, William Crawford, W. E. Calkins, Peter J. Copens, Eliott T. Covell, C. B. Carpenter, George Cook, Ezra Coook, Mrs. A. E. Cross, Allen D. Chesebro, William Coats, George H. Chappell, Harriet A. Cook, Charles Chandler, Dwight Cutler, Mrs. Helen P. Cutler, James Ciuris, J. L. Crittenden, Mrs. W. R. Cady, Jessie Cady. Ezekiel W. Davis, Lewis C. Davidson, Geo. W. Dickenson, Leonard D'Ooge, Gains S. Deane; James N. Davis, Isaac D. Davis, Harry Dean, Geo. W. Dodge, John S. Davis, C. B. Dean, Joseph 296 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Dunton, Abner Dunham, Allen Durfee, Sam'l 0. Dishman, John Davis, Horace W. Davis, Geo. W. Daniels, Wm. H. De Camp, Ebenezer Davis, Reuben E. Davis, Elijah Dart, W. C. Denison, James Dolbee, Thomas Deary, Allen Durfee, Adrian DeYoung, Washington Davis, William Dunnett, W. H. H. Davis, E. B. Dikeman, William Dunham, Thomas Doran, Josiah M. Dean, A. J. Daniels, Engel DeYoung, Berend DeGraaf Sr., Wm. A. Ducey, Daniel W. Evans, Harry Eaton, John Edison, Franklin Everett, Edson English, J. T. Elliott, Geo. W. Edison, Benj. C. Eaton, Ira W. Evans, Orton J. Edie, Enos Edison, J. R. Edison, Geo. Eastman, Cyntha W. Eaton, Chas W. Eaton, Mrs. Harriette Escott, George W. Erwing, James W. Eardly, Mrs. Wm. K. Emmons, A. J. Emlay. John M. Fox, Wm. M. Ferry, John W. Fisk, Nathaniel Fisk, Geo. C. Fitch, James 0. Fitch, S. L. Fuller, Mrs. Andrew Ferguson, Elson A. Fletcher, John S. Farr, Chas. Foster, J. B. Folger, Perrin V. Fox, Cornelius Fox, Ebenezer Folger, Henry Fralick, Patrick Finn, Frank Foster, Geo. L. Frettz, Faetta Foote, Chas. D. Field, E. B. Fisher, Cornelia G. Fuller, Wm. D. Fuller, Elijah H. Foote, Robert Finch. Thos. D. Gilbert, Julius Granger, W. Godfroy, John F. Godfroy, Richard Godfroy, Wm. S. Gunn, Ryer N. Goodsell, Jesse Ganoe, Geo. W. Griggs, J. M. Gorham, Henry Grinnell, Martin Green, Horace H. Guild, P. M. Goodrich, Thos. W. Greenley, John Gezon Jr., Chas. Greiner, Agustine Godwin, Thomas Gibbons, Hiram C. Goodrich, Orson B. Gibson, C. M. Goodrich, E. L. Gray, Albert H. Guild, Alfred J. Gill, Wm. Gelock, Geo. W. Gay, H. Gezon, W. L. Gallop, Chas. W. Garfield, Harriet E. Garfield, John T. Gould, Alonzo M. Green. Wm. G. Henry, W. F. Huyck, Milton Hyde, Hiram Hinsdill, Ira S. Hatch, I. V. Harris, Jno. T. Holmes, Wm. Haldane, Robt. Hilton, Silas Hall, Josiah R. Holden, John Harrington, E. G. D. Holden, M. L. Hopkins, Damon Hatch, Milton B. Hine, Myron Harris, Aaron Hills, Samuel Howland, Hollis R. Hills, Orsamus H. Horton, Wm. W. Hatch, H. W. Hinsdall, Simeon Hunt, Amos Hodge, Wm. Hake, Chas W. Hurd, Henry Holt, Percy Hills, John Hart, Isaac Haynes, Benj. S. Hanchet, Peter J. G. Hoden. pyl, E. G. Hill, Wim. H. Hinsdall, John M. Hannah, John B. Hogadone, Joseph Hoseman, Chester B. Hinsdill, Lowell Hall, Emmons R. Huntly, Thos. Hefferan, Nathaniel C. Hyde, Levi N. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 297 Howard, Joseph Harlan, Isiah B. Hamilton, Harvey J. Hollister, E. G. D. Holden, George W. Hooker, Henry C. Hogadone, Nelson R. Howlett, Edward H. Hunt, William S. Hovey, J. C. Herkner, Elishia B. Howe, John Harvey, Charles A. Hilton, John N. Haxton, Edward Hogadone, Mrs. Martha Holmes, Ezra S. Holmes, John W. Holcomb, Geo. M. Huntly, Frank C. Hammerschmidt, Mrs. Mary A. Hibbard, Adolph Heyman, Hester J. Howard, Chas. I. Howard. Harry H. Ives, Win. P. Innis, Henry D. Irish, Herman H. Idema, Calvin L. Ives, Frederick Immen. Wilson Jones, Howard Jennings, W. W. Johnson, rLuman Jenison, Samuel Judd, Hiram Jenison, Henry Jewett, G. K. Johnson, Adrian Johnson, Ira Jones, Cyrus Jones, Levi Johnson, Eliott E. Judd, L. H. Johnson, Charles Jones, Geo. E. Judd, J. K. Johnson, Mrs. Almirah H. Jones. John Kirkland, Foster Kelly, John Kendall, S. O. Kingsbury, Geo. Kendall, Orson C. Kellogg, Chas. J. Kruger, Christopher Kusterer, Hollis Konkle, Philip Kusterer, Lee Kelley, Wm. Koch, James M. Kennedy, John Klys, Erastus U. Knapp, Geo. L. Knight, Truman Kellogg, Frank F. Kutts, Smith G. Ketcham, John C. Klyn, Leonard Kipp, Aaron Konkle, N. B. Kromer, Henry Kelley, John J. Knox. James Iyman, D. S. Leavitt, R. C. Luce, Truman H. Lyon, Alijah Luce, Farnham Lyon, Andrew Loomis, James D. Lyon, Eward Lyon, Heman Leonard, James M. Livingston, Geo. Luther, Benj. Lewitt, Adolph Lietelt, Thos. J. Lucas, Wm. Laraway, Edward Lietelt, Wim. Leppig, Wm. H. LeRoy, John R. Long, John Luther, John Lindsay, Lester Lamphere, Truman H. Lyon Sr., James Legard, David Laraway, Sanford W. Lyons, Chas. D. Lvon. William T. Luther, Eliza A. Lee, Mary E. Lamphere, Robt. B. Loomis, Frederick Loettgert, Charles H. Leonard, Don J. Leathers, Francis Lilley. James Miller, Jefferson Morrison, Geo. Martin, Warren P. Mills, G. M. McCray, B. F. Martindale, Wm. Morman, James Muir, Edward S. Marsh, Geo. I. Moore, Lovell Moore, John Morten, Daniel M. McConnell, Patrick McGurrin, John Muir, John S. Miller, David Miller, Chester S. Morey, I. E. Messmore, James I. McKee, El Nathan Mills, Jerome Miner, Lafayette Mead, Mrs. Samuel Miller, Charles Miller, Leonard Mosterdick, Jas. 1. Manning, Joseph UI. Martin, C. Mastenbrook, Wm. P. 298 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 1 I ^ * r v McDonald, Frank Mayer, Sarah M. Meritt, Hobert B. Miller, Cornelius Moleker, John C. McQuillan, Daniel McNaughton, D. D. Mason, Simon Mainzer, John D. McIntire, Lewis T. McCrath, John W. McCrath, Thomas W. Martin. Ezra T. Nelson, Geo. C. Nelson, Jas. M. Nelson, H. R. Naysmith, Carlton Neal, Jay D. Naysmith, Anson N. Norton, George K. Nelson, A. D. Noble, Robert M. Orser, Mary O'Harra, Wm. F. O'Leary, Geo. F. Owen. John W. Pierce, Loren M. Page, Samuel F. Perkins, P. R. L. Pierce, Abel T. Page Sr., Eri Prince, Abram W. Pike, Alonzo Platt, Chauncey Pelton, Robt. S. Parks, Lemuel D. Putnam, Abel T. Page Jr., Chauncey Patterson, Orlander K. Pearsell, Win. T. Powers, James Patterson, Sherman M. Pearsell, Henry Pennoyer, John W. Phillips, Miner Patterson, Jared L. Post, Hoyt G. Post, Geo. R. Pierce, J. C. Parker, John Paul, E. C. Phillips, Heman Palmerlee, Thos. W. Porter, James A. Paul, J. A. Powell, Chapin Pease, Geo. H. Pew, Fred Platte, Anthony Platte, T. J. W. Porter, W. R. Parks, David C. Porter, James L. Pitts, L. E. Patten, C. D. Preston, Lemuel Peaks, Wi. G. Phillips, Isaac H. Parrish, Benj. T. Pierce, Hoyt F. Post, Edward S. Pierce, Leve L. Phillips, John Patterson, William H. Powers, Daton S. Peck, Melissa Phelps, Anthony Paul, Mrs: J. W. Phillips, L. S. Provin, Charles Pettersch, Cyrus E. Perkins, George C. Pierce, Albert Preusser, Chas. C. Philbrick, Mrs. C. H., Patten. John Quinn, Patrick Quirk, Michael Quinn, Ichabod L. Quimby, Jacob Quintus. John Ringuett, Peter Roberts, Ezra Reed, Nelson Robinson, Rix Robinson, Justus C. Rogers, Geo. A. Robinson, Maxim Ringuett, Amos Rathbone, Win. A. Richmond, F. D. Richmond, Harvey K. Rose, Abram Randall, Osmond Reed, Win. D. Roberts, Myron Roys, Chas. C. Rood, Wm. H. Reynolds, Horatio Randall, Horace Reed, James A. Rumsey, Lansing K. Rathbone, G. B. Rathbone, Frances M. Rosenkrans, James D. Robinson, Jos. K. Robinson, Chas. A. Robinson, Alfred S. Richards, Chas. A. Rice, John Rosenbery, Claudius Randall, E. M. Rogers, James W. Ransom, Smith Robins, Milo G. Randall, Edward H. Roberts, Ezra Ridout, John R. Robinson, Eber Rice, Alfred D. Rathbone, Eliza J. Richmond, Nathaniel Rice, Geo. A. Roberts, Austin Richardson, Horace H. Richards, Herbert M. Reynolds, Silas H. Raymond, W. G. Robinson, W. A. Robinson. I j HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 299 Chas. Shepard, Jas. Scribner, Hosford A. Smith, John W. Squier, Billius Stocking, Mortimer Smith, Reuben H. Smith, Daniel Schermerhorn, Thos. Sargeant, L. S. Scranton, A. Salmon, Robt. I. Shoemaker, Leonard Snyder, Henry C. Smith, Henry Spring, Benj. F. Sliter, Pliny Smith, Thompson Sinclair, Justin M. Stanly, Robt. P. Sinclair, Geo. C. Stover, James Sargeant, Martin L. Sweet, Courtney Smith, Chester G. Stone, Robt. H. Smith, W. R. Scribner, James C. Simons, Geo. Schroeder, A. L. Skinner, Nicholas Shoemaker, Dorr. Skeels, G. J. Shackelton, James Sawyer, John C. Scott, Paul Steketee, L. M. S. Smith, Robt. B. Swain, Wm. H. Solomen, Normandus A. Stone, S. B. Scranton, Geo. G. Steketee, E. O. Stevens, John R. Stewart, Hugo Schneider, Isaac V. Schermerhorn, Thos. Smith, Geo. W. Sones, Jared S. Spring, Andrew J. Stebbins, Charles D. Stebbins, Henry G. Saunders, Geo. Schermerhorn, Wm. G. Saunders, Rodney C. Sessions, John Steketee, Samuel Smith, Charles Sach, Charles D. Stebbins, George H. Soule, Henry G. Stone, 'Oscar L. Stuart, William Sears, Isriel C. Smith, John H. Slack, John Souke, J. Aldrich Smith, Frank H. Seymour, Mrs. A. E. Stover, Henry 0. Schermerhorn, Isaac Sigler, C. G. Swingsberg, Wm. N. Stuart, L. B. Stanton, Wilder D. Stevens, Sidney F. Stevens, David L. Stiven, Dany B. Shed, Mrs. H. Escott Smith, Mrs. Ellen H. Shattuck, Peter C. Shickell. Chas. H. Taylor, A. B. Turner, John Truax, Philander Tracy, Eliphalet Turner, Chas. W. Taylor, Demetrius Turner, Wm. A. Tryon, Samuel M. L. Turner, T. I. Tanner, John B. Tanner, Wm. Thornton, Osmond Tower, W. D. Talford, Martin S. Thbbs, Geo. Teeple, Daniel F. Tower, Mrs. Eunice Turner, Wm. H. Tanner, S. W. Tusch, Selden E. Turner, Jerome Trowbridge, Geo. W. Thayer, Andrew Tabor, Salem B. Turner, Edwin Thayer, Wm. Wisner Talor, W. W. Thomas, Henry E. Thompson, Mrs. Edwin Towe, Edward Taggart. Dwight R. Utley. Wm. C. Voorheis, Francis Van Driele, Mrs. Mary A. Verbery, K. Van Amberg, Marinus F. Vekke, Herman A. Vedders, Simon Vanderhoof, Cornelius Verburg. J. L. Wheeler, Wm. J. Wells, S. L. Withey, Zenas G. Winsor, Eugene E. Winsor, John H. Withey, T. W. White, Jas. Waters, Geo. H. White, Wm. K. Wheeler, Samuel Westlake, Karen Whalan, Warren W. Weatherly, Solomon Wright, Orson A. 300 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Withey, M. H. Wileman, Samuel White, Chas. W. Warrell, John Watson, Daniel M. Watson, Abraham J. Whitney, Horace Wilder, Fred W. Horden, Jno. B. Winter, Timothy W. White, Jas. M. White, Benj. F. Woodman, Gistave Werner, A. Watson, Edward R. Wilson, Herman A. Williams, Frank Wurzburg, Chas. Woodard, Samuel R. Wooster, Jos. H. Walker, Prentis Weaver, Frederick W. Worden, A. B. Watson, Erwin C. Watkins, Ransalaer Williams, Benjamin S. Whitman, Maddison Welch, Geo. B. Wilson, Mrs. R. E. Watson, John P. White, Mrs. C. E. Waters, Mrs. Marion P. Wheeler, Wm. Widdicomb, Oscar R. Wilmarth, Frank J. Wurzburg, Lewis H. Withey, S. A. Winchester, Henry F. Walch, H. D. Weatherwax. George Young Sr., Samuel W. Young, Elias G. Young, Geo. W. Yale, Adrian D. Young. Louis Zunder. CHAPTER VII. CHARTER LEGISLATION. BY ERNEST L. BULLEN, On the fifth day of April, 1838, Hon. Stevens T. Mason, then Governor of the State of Michigan, approved the first municipal legislation for the present second city of the state. It is my purpose to start at this point in recording for the benefit of those interested a brief history of our so-called charter legislation. I am prompted to say at the beginning, however, that I propose to confine myself strictly to what appears from the finished acts themselves, to forego the pleasure I might derive in searching out and giving credit to the authors of at least some of this legislation, and to deny to my readers such additional interest as the mention of matters personal and political might add to the subject. The Village. The act mentioned as having been approved April 5th, 1838, is Act No. 95 of the session laws of 1837-8, entitled, "An Act to incorporate the village of Grand Rapids." It is an act of sixteen sections and is similar in most respects to acts incorporating the villages of Romeo, Utica, Allegan, Kalamazoo, and Dearbornville, these being all of the village incorporation acts passed at the adjourned session of 1837 and the regular session of 1838. The first section of this charter reads as follows: "Sec. I. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Michigan, That all that tract of country situate in the town and county of Kent, embraced within the following bounds, to-wit: beginning at a point on the east side of Grand river, where Fulton street, as laid down on the original plat of the village of Grand Rapids, recorded in the register's office of the county of Kalamazoo, intersects said river, and running east on the south bounds of said village to the southeast 301 302 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. corner of a certain tract known as Hatch's addition to said village, thence north along the east line of said addition and north to the point where Hastings street, as laid down on the village plat of Kent, being also an addition to the said village of Grand Rapids, if extended would intersect the same, thence west along said Hastings street to the west line of Canal street, thence south along the west line of said street to the point where the same strikes the Grand River, and along the shore of said river to the place of beginning, be and the same is hereby constituted a town corporate, by the name of the "Village of Grand Rapids." It will be found on investigation that the corporate limits as defined by this section were bounded on the north by Hastings street, on the east by a line drawn nearly midway between Ransom and Barclay streets (or Jefferson avenue extended north to join Coit avenue) on the south by Fulton street and on the west by Canal street and Grand River. This charter also provided that: "The male inhabitants of said village, having the qualifications of electors under the constitution of this state, shall meet at the court house in said village on the first Monday of May next and on the first Monday of May annually thereafter, at such place as shall be provided for by the by-laws of said village, and then and there proceed by plurality of votes to elect by ballot seven trustees, being free holders in said village, who shall hold their offices for one year and till their successors are elected and qualified." It was provided, perhaps by way of precaution, that if for any reason the election of trustees should not take place as directed the corporation should not for that reason be dissolved and that notice of an election might subsequently be given and the same held. The law for the opening of the polls at all elections was, "shall open between the hours of nine and ten o'clock in the forenoon, and close at three o'clock in the afternoon." One of the duties of the village clerk was to "give at least five days' notice of each and every election, by posting up printed or written notices thereof in five or more public places in said village, or by causing the same to be published in some public newspaper within said town." Each one of the trustees elect was required to take an oath of office "in the presence of the board of trustees" and this oath might be administered "by any trustee present, and it shall be the duty of the first board of trustees, at their first meeting, to HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 303 elect one of their number president of said village, whose duty it shall be to preside at all meetings of the board of trustees; but in case of his absence, any other trustee may be appointed by the trustees present to preside at such meeting; and it shall likewise be their duty to appoint a village clerk to attend all meetings of the board, keep a fair and accurate record of their proceedings, and perform such other duties as shall be assigned him, by the by-laws of the village." The village corporate name by which it was to sue and be sued, etc., was fixed as "President and Trustees of the village of Grand Rapids" and in this name the corporation might also have a seal and alter it at its pleasure and might buy and sell real estate. The most important section of the entire act was of course the grant of municipal powers; in other words, police legislation granted exclusively to the municipality, and as this section was the foundation of all subsequent legislation on these particular questions it is inserted here in full. "Sec. 6. The board of trustees shall have power to ordain and establish by-laws, rules and regulations, and the same to alter and repeal at pleasure, for the following purposes: for the election or appointment of a treasurer, three assessors, a marshal, and other officers of said village, and to prescribe their duties, declare their qualifications and the period of their appointment or election: Provided, That no officer shall hold his office more than one year, or until others be elected or appointed; and the fees any one of them shall be entitled to receive for his services; and to require of any or all of them an oath or affirmation, faithfully and impartially to discharge the duties of their respective offices, and to require of any of them such security, by bond, for the performance bf the duties of their respective offices as shall be thought expedient, which bond shall run to the said president and trustees of said village and their successors in office; and they and their successors shall have power to sue for all breaches of the same, before any justice of the peace, or the circuit court of said county, according to the amount claimed, which courts are authorized to hear, try and determine the same; to, prohibit the running at large of domestic animals; to regulate the build, ing of partition and other fences; to purchase fire engines and other necessary apparatus for the extinguishment of fires; to 304 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. cause each building occupied as a house or store, to be provided with fire buckets, and to prescribe the manner in which stoves with their pipes in actual use shall be put up, and chimneys built to guard against fires; to remove nuisances; to cause the streets, alleys, sidewalks and public highways and every part thereof, to be kept free from obstruction; to keep the highways and bridges within the corporation limits in repair; to grade the streets and alleys, and pave them, and cause sidewalks to be made, and the expense thereof to be assessed on the lots in front of which either or all of said improvements shall be made; but no one of said improvements shall be made, unless the individuals owning more than one-half of the property to be assessed for the same improvement, shall petition the president and trustees for that purpose; to lay taxes on all personal and real estate within the limits of said village, excepting property belonging to the village, town, county or state; and excepting also all places of public worship, and all school houses; to do all things which corporations of a similar nature can do, to secure the health, peace and prosperity of the inhabitants of said village; for the violation of any of which by-laws, rules and regulations, such reasonable fines and penalties may be imposed by the law itself, as the said board of trustees may deem proper; and when any fine or penalty shall not exceed one hundred dollars, the same may be recovered before any justice of the peace of the said town of Kent; and any interest the inhabitants of said village may have, as a, body corporate, in the fine and penalty to be recovered, shall not disqualify any inhabitant of said village to try said cause or serve as juror or be a witness therein; and the circuit court of said county shall have jurisdiction over all fines and penalties imposed by said by-laws." Provision was also made for the condemnation of land for street purposes by a special jury chosen, two by the owners and two by the trustees "as arbitrators are chosen" these four to choose a fifth, the arbitrators (or jury) were to report their findings and assessment to the trustees and by the trustees the same should be certified to the circuit court for confirmation; "and no new street shall be opened, unless two-thirds of the interest thereby affected shall petition for the same." The provision relative to the publication of annual reports HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 305 which at the present time are so voluminous and expensive was as follows: "Sec. 9. The president and trustees shall, at the expiration of each year, cause to be made out and published in some newspaper printed in said village, if one shall be printed therein, and if not printed therein, then to be posted up on the outward door of the building where the last annual election was held in said village, a true statement of the receipts and expenditures of the preceding year." In the system of taxation worked out under this charter some interesting features appear, as, for example, after the expiration of the Treasurer's warrant delinquent taxes drew interest at fourteen per cent per annum for two years and the land was then sold after four months' notice (advertisement) and might be redeemed at any time within two years from the date of sale with interest at twenty per cent per annum (from date of sale) after which time the Treasurer was directed to "execute to the purchaser, his heirs or assigns, a conveyance of the lands so sold, which conveyance shall vest in the person or persons to whom it shall be given an absolute estate in fee simple." One-half of one per cent was fixed as the tax limit. In the innermost vault of the city clerk's office is preserved the original record of the first election held in the village of Grand Rapids. The pages are yellow with age and the wording and spelling is far different from the forms in vogue in the present day. Yet here, and here alone, is preserved the story of the gathering in the court house upon May 1, 1838, of the 141 voters of the newly incorporated village of Grand Rapids for the purpose of electing a board of seven trustees to guide the destinies of the foundling municipality. The record leads off with a copy of the act of incorporation passed by the legislature and signed by Randolph Manning, secretary of state, April 5, 1838. Then comes the record of the first charter election, laboriously written out in long-hand. This is the wording: "Pursuant to public notice, the voters within the chartered limits of the village of Grand Rapids, convened at the court house on the first day of May, 1838, for the purpose of choosing seven trustees for said village, when Henry C. Smith and John Ball 306 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. were chosen judges of election and William Henry appointed clerk. "Upon canvassing the votes of said election, it was found that Louis Campau received 141 votes, William A. Richmond 136, Richard Godfrey 129, Henry C. Smith 79, Charles I. Walker 73, George Coggeshall 71, James Watson 70, William Stoddard 70, Henry P. Bridge 68, Samuel F. Butler 67, Myron Hinsdale 65." The next notation in this first record book of western Michigan is that of the meeting of the board of trustees May 14, 1838, for the purpose of electing officers and passing ordinances and city laws. Some of these regulations appear very unusual in the light of modern experience. One rule provides that any one who shall be elected to office and shall have the necessary qualifications, but shall refuse'to take the place, shall be subject to a fine of $5. Another rule was intended to put a damper on bowling. It provided a fine of $25 for every game of ten pins or nine pins which might be played. Grand Rapids continued to exercise governmental functions as a village under the charter of 1838 until 1850, when it attained to the dignity and assumed the responsibilities of a city. In the meantime, however, two amendments were made to its charter. In 1843, by an act approved January 16 of that year, the village limits were changed slightly on the east. Again in 1848, act approved March 23, the boundaries were fixed as follows: "Beginning at the fractional corner, on the east bank of Grand river, between sections twenty-five and thirty-six, township seven north of range twelve west, thence east along the line between said sections and between sections thirty and thirty-one, town seven north of range eleven west." (Wealthy avenue) "to the middle of the south boundary of the west half of the south east quarter of section thirty, town seven north of range eleven west, aforesaid," (College avenue) "thence north to Coldbrook, thence along the north bank of said Coldbrook to the east bank of Grand River, thereon along said bank at the low water mark thence to place of beginning be and the same is hereby constituted a town corporate by the name of the village of Grand Rapids." This act (1848) also provided that the oath of office of the trustees should be taken before a Justice of the Peace and should be filed with'the village clerk. We find also that in 1849, Act approved March 31, 1849, the village corporate limits were contracted by vacating "all that HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 307 portion of the present corporate limits of the village of Grand Rapids, in the county of Kent lying east of Bostwick's addition to the village and south of Fulton street; and also, all that portion of said corporate limits of said village, lying east of the Dexter fraction, so-called. The City. The first official records, so far as I have been able to ascertain regarding the first city charter are found in the minutes of the village council under date of January 10, 1850, wherein it appears that C. H. Taylor, J. C. Abel, A. D. Rathbone, George Martin and E. E. Sargent were appointed by the trustees "to draft a charter" and that the territory to be incorporated should include sections ninteen and thirty of town seven north of range eleven west and sections twenty-four and twenty-five of town seven north of twelve west. It appears that the burden must have fallen upon others than the original commission for we find in the same records under date of February 23, 1850, the following: "H. P. Yale and George H. White were allowed a reasonable compensation for their services drawing up the city charter." Subsequently the charter was granted by the Legislature and section sixty-five provided for an acceptance or rejection by the people as follows: "Sec. 65. The board of trustees of the village of Grand Rapids are hereby authorized, within sixty days after the passage of this act, to call a meeting of the freemen within the proposed city limits, at which the freemen may determine by a vote by ballot, whether they will receive or reject the provisions of this act. Each ballot shall be in the following words: 'For the city charter,' or 'Against the city charter.' 'For the purpose of determining the vote, the polls shall be held open under the superintendence of the board of trustees, from nine o'clock A. M., to four o'clock P. M., of the day on which the same shall be held. If a majority of all the votes polled, shall be, 'for the city charter,' the same shall be adopted, and shall be in force whenever the freemen, residents of the limits herein described, shall so far conform to its provisions as to render the same effective." Under date of May 1st, 1850, the following appears in the records of the village council: 308 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. "Board met at the Bridge Street House and held the election to accept or reject the city charter and the following vote was cast. For the city charter 252, and against the city charter 91, the city charter was declared duly accepted. The board adjourned to meet at the office of S. O. Kingsbury (the village clerk) in the evening. Board met pursuant to adjournment and called an election of city officers on the 11th day of May and ordered to be held as follows, to-wit, by S. O. Kingsburg in the first ward, by J. C. Abel in the second ward, by F. Sinclair in the third ward, by H. Leonard in the fourth ward and by H. Eaton in the fifth ward. The board adjourned." And it adjourned never to meet again. The election was supposedly held on May 11, but there is absolutely no record of it. The first record in the new journal of the city of Grand Rapids bears date of Saturday, May 18, 1850. It says in starting off: "Saturday, May 18th, 1850. The common council met informally and determined upon the amounts of the bonds to be required by officers." The amount of the bonds is given, but no mention of the election is made either in this or in subsequent records. There is a hiatus, between the last record of the old village and the first record of the new city that can never be filled in. The first record of the city is signed by Henry R. Williams, mayor, and A. B. Turner, clerk. First Recorded City Election. The first city election of which there is a record in the official books of the city is that of April 7, 1851. The council met immediately after the election and canvassed the returns. Then it proceeded to declare the following officers duly elected: Supervisor, east side of river, Truman H. Lyon; supervisor, west side of river, Boardman Noble; mayor, Ralph W. Cole; recorder, Frahklin Everett; clerk, Amos Hosford Smith; marshal, Abram W. Pike; treasurer, Wilder D. Foster; surveyor, William Slawson; school inspector, Thomas B. Church; constables, Robert N. Garratt, Wilson Jones, Jonathan H. Gray, William A. Brown and Timothy Calihan; directors of the poor, George Coggeshall and James Miller; alderman of First ward, Amos Roberts; Second ward, Martin L. Sweet; third ward, George Kendall; Fourth ward, William C. Davidson; Fifth ward, Loren M. Page; asses HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 309 sors, First ward, Lewis Porter; Second ward, Harvey K. Rose; Third ward, Ezra I. Nelson; Fourth ward, Baker Borden; Fifth ward, Willard Sibley; justices of the peace, Hiram Rathbone and Nathaniel P. Roberts. The only records of the number of votes cast at this election are in reference to the contests for Circuit court judge and regent of the university. In the race for judge, George Martin defeated Alexander F. Bell by a vote of 458 to 98. This is not nearly as large as the votes of wards at the present day, and the total vote of the city was only slightly larger than the votes in some precincts of modern Grand Rapids. Number of Votes Cast. The votes for judge by wards stood at that time as follows: George Martin-First ward, 112; Second, 141; Third, 127; Fourth, 51; Fifth, 27. A. F. Bell-First ward, 41; Second, 17; Third, 31; Fourth, 7; Fifth, 2. At the same election Nathan Barlow defeated William Upjohn in the city for regent, 333 to 214. The official proceedings of the common council give the result of it as follows: Mayor, Wilder D. Foster; recorded, Ebenezer L. Eggleston; clerk, Peter R. S. Peirce; treasurer, -; marshal, Robert I. Shoemaker; school inspector, Jonathan F. Chubb; directors of the poor, Leonard Covell and William B. Renwick; surveyor, Wright L. Coffinberry; constables, D. S. T. Weller; Winthrop R. Cody, Edward P. Cant, Charles Stone and Robert Renwick; supervisor, East Side, John W. Pierce; West Side, Ralph W. Cole; aldermen, First ward, Charles Shepard; Second, Martin L. Sweet; Third, Benjamin B. Church; Fourth, Eliphalet H. Turner; Fifth, Philander H. Brown; assessors, First ward, David L. Leavitt; Second, David Caswell; Third, George J. Baker; Fourth, Elihu N. Faxon; Fifth, Nathaniel P. Roberts; justices of the peace, William Bemis and Leonard Bement. An interesting feature of this first city election, according to the record, was the contest for city treasurer. The candidates were: E. Morris Ball, who received 241 votes; William T. Powers, who received 227 votes; Josiah L. Wheeler, who received 97 votes, and A. Hosford Smith, who received 1 vote. Although on the face of the returns as given in the official records Mr. Ball re / 310 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. ceived the largest number of votes, the council declared Mr. Powers elected treasurer, and he served the term. The first city charter is known as Act No. 247 of the Session Laws of 1850, approved April 2, 1850, entitled "An Act to incorporate the city of Grand Rapids." It is an act of sixty-six sections covering twenty-six pages of the published laws olf that session. Section one of the act is as follows: "Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Repreesntatives of the State of Michigan, That so much of the townships of Grand Rapids and Walker, in the county of Kent, as is contained in the following limits, to-wit: sections nineteen and thirty, in surveyed town number seven north of range eleven west, and sections number twenty-four and twenty-five, in surveyed town number seven north of range number twelve west, including so much of Grand River as runs through and adjoining said sections, with the islands in the same, shall be and the same is hereby declared to be a city, by the name and style of the city of Grand Rapids; and all the freemen of said city, from time to time, being inhabitants thereof, shall be and continue to be a body corporate and politic, by the name of the mayor, recorder, aldermen and freemen of the city of Grand Rapids; and by that name they and their successors shall be known in law, and shall be and are hereby made capable of suing and being sued, of pleading and being impleaded, of answering and being answered unto, and of defending and being defended in all courts of record, and any other whatsoever; and may have a common seal, and may change and alter the same at their pleasure; and by the same name shall be and are hereby made capable of purchasing, holding, conveying and disposing of any real and personal estate, for the use of said corporation, as hereinafter provided. " The city was divided into five wards and provision was made for officers, "one mayor, one recorder, five aldermen, one clerk, one treasurer, one marshal, five assessors, one city surveyor, four justices of the peace, not less than three nor more than five constables, one solicitor, two school inspectors and two directors of the poor." Voters at city elections when required by the officers holding the election were to take the following oath, "I do solemnly and sincerely swear (or affirm) that I am a natural born (or naturalized) citizen of the United States, (or that I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 311 was a resident of the State of Michigan, at the time of the signing of the Constitution thereof,) of the age of twenty-one years, according to my best knowledge and belief; and that I have been a resident of the State of Michigan for the six months next preceding this election, and am now a resident in this ward in the city of Grand Rapids; and that' I have not voted before in any ward in the said city at this election." It was provided that, "In case of the absence or sickness of the mayor, or of a vacancy occurring in said office, the recorder shall be and he is hereby authorized to do and perform all the duties and trusts appertaining to the office of mayor, until the said mayor resumes his duties or another be elected and qualified." The usual municipal authority was granted by this charter and vested in the common council, full authority granted in relation to police regulations for the preservation of public peace and welfare. It was provided that the common council should have power "to establish a board of health for said city; to invest it with such powers and impose upon it such duties as shall be necessary to secure said city and the inhabitants thereof from contagion, malignant and infectious diseases." It was provided that "upon the breaking out of any fire in said city, the marshal and constables shall immediately repair to the place of such fire with their staves of office, and be aiding and assisting as well in extinguishing such fire as in preventing any goods from being stolen, and also in removing and securing the same; and shall in all respects be obedient to the Mayor, recorder and aldermen and fire wardens, or either of them, or such of them as may be present at such fire." Section 23 of the Act appears to be of historical interest and reads as follows: "Sec. 23. The mayor, recorder, and aldermen, or any three of them, the mayor or recorder always being one, shall have full power and authority to hold and keep a court of record, by the name, style and title of the "Mayor's court of the City of Grand Rapids;" and as such, they are hereby authorized and empowered to inquire of, hear, try and determine, in a summary manner, all the offences which shall be committed within the limits of said city against any of the by-laws, ordinances and regulations that shall be made, ordained or established by the said common cou.ncil in pursuance of the powers granted them in this act, and 312 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. punish the offender or offenders, as by the said by-laws, ordinances or regulations, shall be prescribed or directed; and also to try, hear and determine, in the same manner, all offences and misdemeanors of which his court has jurisdiction or cognizance by this act, and to punish such offender or offenders, and to award process and to take recognizance for keeping of the peace and for good behavior, and for appearances or otherwise, or commit to prison, as occasion requires: provided, That no fine imposed by said mayor's court shall exceed one hundred dollars, nor shall any person be sentenced to more than six months' imprisonment." It was provided that the mayor's court should "be held on the second Monday of every month, and the terms of said court may be continued until the business is disposed of; and the special sessions thereof may be held as often as may be decreed necessary for the dispatch of business; and the said mayor, recorder, and aldermen holding such court in term, and each and every of them in vacation, shall have the same power as conservators of the peace within the limits of said city as any courts of record have or any justice of the peace has or may have by law in any county of this state." The city clerk was to be clerk of the mayor's court. A system of taxation was provided for and power and authority given to the common council "to levy and collect a capitation or poll tax upon the inhabitants of said city; and also taxes on all the real and personal property within the limits of said city, necessary to defray the current expenses thereof: Provided, That the said taxes, so assessed and collected, shall not exceed two mills on the dollar upon the valuation of said real and personal property in any one year, unless authorized by a vote of twothirds of the actual free holders in the said city, when convened for that purpose, pursuant to previous public notice, of not less than three weeks." And it was provided further, "That the fourth and fifth wards of the said city, being situated on the west side of Grand river and not heretofore included in the corporation of the village of Grand Rapids, shall not be assessed for the payment of any indebtedness of said village, contracted previous to the period when this act shall go into operation, (except for fire engines) nor for any expenditures hereafter to be made on the east side of the HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 31.3 river, the use and benefits of which cannot, in the nature of the case be extended to the west side, such as water reservoirs, water pipes, and all improvements of a merely local nature; and no amendment to this act shall be made affecting the exemption of said fourth and fifth wards, hereby provided, unless by consent of two-thirds of the voters of said wards, in a regularly organized meeting. " Provisions for the registration of voters were quite different from those of the present time and the plan is interesting reading: "Section 39. The common council shall have authority, and they are hereby required to make out and keep an alphabetical list of all the freemen of said city qualified to vote at any charter election, in each ward; and any freemen, whose name may not at the time be found entered on said list, shall have a right to appear before said common council or mayor's court and show his qualifications as a freeman of said city, and his name shall be entered on such list; and it shall be the duty of the clerk of said city to furnish the said list at the polls of every election; andi no person shall be entitled to vote unless he shall prove his qualifications by entering his name as aforesaid prior to. the day of election. " The issuing of notes or bonds of any kind was by this charter positively forbidden and the only indebtedness that might be incurred was an acceptance by the common council of accounts against the city payable when there were funds in the treasury not otherwise appropriated and a fine of not exceeding one thousand dollars might be imposed upon any officer of the city who violated the provison by incurring an indebtedness by the giving of a note or bond. The section relating to salaries of officials reads as follows: "See. 47. The mayor, recorder and aldermen, treasurer, solicitor and cierk shall be entitled to receive, payable quarterly, out of the city treasury, in payment for their services, the following sums: to the mayor there shall be paid the sum of one dollar per annum; to the aldermen one dollar each per annum; the recorder shall receive such fees 'as shall be taxed in his favor by the mayor's court, against parties other than said city; and the treastrer shall receive a salary not to excee4 ten dollars peer annum; the solicitor shall receive a salary not to exceed twentyfive dollars per annum; and the clerk shall receive as fulls com 314 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. pensation for his services, not to exceed the sum of one hundred dollars per annum. " It was provided by section fifty-eight that the mayor should "have and exercise the powers and duties of supervisors, and the marshal of said city shall have and exercise the powers and duties of township treasurer, and the clerk of said city in addition to his duties as city clerk, shall perform the duties of township clerk as provided by law." The provisions of this section seemed to have been ill-advised and remained a part of the charter only until March 24, 1851, when it was provided by amendment that two qualified electors should be chosen, one from the east side and one from the west side, to act as supervisors and to have a seat on the board of supervisors for Kent county. This arrangement continued for four years, March 24, 1851, to February 6, 1855, when by amendment it was provided that the east side, socalled, should be entitled to two supervisors and the west side to one; the marshal continuing to act as town.treasurer, and the city clerk as town clerk during all the time the act was in force as a charter. The First Revision. In 1857 (Act No. 122 Laws of 1857 approved February 14, 1857) there was a general revision of all previous charter legislation. The act is an exceedingly lengthy document and is really the beginning of what might now be called modern charter legislation. The act was divided into eleven titles as follows: I.-Incorporation city and ward boundaries. II.-Election and appointment of officers. III.-Powers and duties of the common council. IV.-Powers and duties of city officers. V.-Of taxes, funds, revenue and expenditures. VI.-Of streets and public improvements. VII.-Prevention and extinguishment of fires. VIII.-Support of the poor. IX.-Of courts of justice. X.-Public Health. XI.-Miscellaneous provisions. By this act the cumbersome corporate name of "The Mayor, recorder, aldermen and freemen of the city of Grand Rapids" was changed to "The city of Grand Rapids." By this revision the city was divided into five wards and each was authorized to elect one justice of the peace, one constable, and two aldermen one of which should be supervisor and the city officers provided for were,* "one mayor, one recorder, one treas HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 315 urer, one constable, one clerk, one marshal, two school inspectors and two directors of the poor," to be elected besides chief of police, police constables, city surveyor, "health physician," fire wardens, etc., to be elected by the common council. The tax limit by this act was fixed at one-half of one per cent. Title IX. of this act established "the Recorder's court of the city of Grand Rapids," and this title subsequently re-enacted, revised and enlarged as a separate act provided for the present Superior court approved March 24, 1875. By this act also the common council was directed to "appoint a board of health once in each year for said city to consist of not less than three nor more than seven persons, and a competent physician to be health officer thereof." But this very elaborate revised charter was not satisfactory very long. In 1859 it was quite generally amended, by Act approved February 15, 1861, and again March 4, 1861, March 14, 1863, March 4, 1865, March 14, 1865, March 13, 1867, March 23, 1867, and March 22, 1869. It is unquestionably safe to assume that if the Legislature had convened every six months "charter tinkers" would have been busy each session trying to evolve something new. As it was every session of the Legislature brought forth amendments to the act while it was on the statute books. Other Revisions and Amendments. In 1871, Act approved March 15, S. L. 1871, Vol. 2, P. 330, we were given an entirely new revision. This act conforms in general outline to the revision of 1857, and is a voluminous document but it was amended eight days after its passage, and again March 23, 1872, again April 29, 1873, and amended twice on May 3rd, 1875. In 1877, March 28, we were given another revision which was amended May 13, 1879, May 23, 1879, April 29, 1881, April 10, 1883, May 16, 1883, March 25, 1885; April 2, 1885, April, 1887, June 21, 1889, April 2, 1891, March 18, 1893, May 31, 1893, May 27, 1895. The charter of '77 certainly had a rocky road; it too was amended at "every turn of the road" and it is no wonder that another general revision was necessary in 1897, approved March 25, 1897, amended May 12, 1899, February 26, 1901, April 25, 1901, May 28, 1901, June 6, 1901, March 4, 1903, March 10, 1903, and May 21, 1903. 316 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. I am advised by the editors of this work that an extended review or excerpts of or from these later charters is not desired. I assume that their provisions are not old enough to be of interest to the young and are within the memory of the greater portion of our readers. Independent of, yet closely allied with Charter Legislation are certain legislative acts relative to municipal boards and courts of which brief mention may be made. The School Board. A Board of Education for the city of Grand Rapids was first provided for by Act No. 344 session laws of 1871, Approved March 15, 1871, entitled An Act relative to free schools in the city of Grand Rapids. This act provided for the election of one member from each ward of the city to hold office for two years; that any person without sufficient cause who should neglect and refuse to accept the office after election should forfeit the sum of ten dollars for the use of the library fund, "to be recovered in any competent court;" that the mayor should be ex-officio a. member of the board and that all schools, school properties, etc., should be under the control and management of said board. It was provided also by this act that the estimates or budgets of the school board should be submitted annually to the school electors of the entire city at a meeting to be held for that purpose on the second Monday of September of each year at seven and one-half o'clock P. M., at some central point in said city for ratification or rejection. On April 24, 1875, this provision was amended so that the public meeting might "ratify, amend or reject." And it was provided by the original act that it should be unlawful to levy any larger tax for school purposes than was authorized at this public meeting. The school board legislation was wholly revised in 1877 and provided among other innovations that members of the school board should be elected by ballot. This revision was amended in 1879, and from time to time thereafter until the passage of the present law with which all are familiar. Board of Public Works. The board of public works act has not been "revised" since its first passage, approved MIarch 22, 1873; Act No. 321, session HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 317 laws of 1873. By this act this board was established "composed of five persons who shall be free holders and qualified electors of said city, to be appointed by the Mayor of said city of Grand Rapids; one to serve until the first Monday of May, 1874, two to serve until the first Monday of May, 1875, and two until the first Monday of May, 1876, and until their successors are appointed and qualified." Section two of the original act provided that the board should elect one of its members as president and one as executive member which latter officer should "devote whatever time may be necessary to properly and efficiently superintend, carry forward, and see executed, all work" etc., for which this member was to receive five dollars per day while the other members were to receive as at the present time three dollars per day. In 1877 the provision regarding the executive member was repealed. This original act of 1873 has been amended from time to time, five amendments in all, but no radical changes have been made since the first organization of the board. CHAPTER VIII. TIHE SCHOOLS OF GRAND RAPIDS. Delightful task! to rear the tender thought, To teach the young idea how to shoot; To pour the fresh instructions o'er the mind, To breathe th' enlivening spirit, and to fix The generous purpose in the glowing breast. -Thompson. The first school within the city limits was the school at the Indian Mission on the west side. Rev. Leonard Slater came to the Rapids of Grand River and established a Baptist Mission in 1827, and remained until 1836, during which time he preached and taught an Indian School. The school house was a hewed log building about twenty-four feet long and eighteen feet wide situate on the river bank near where is now Front street a few rods south of Bridge street. The children of the first settlers attended this school and received instruction along with their dusky school mates for whom the school was established. Until the treaty of 1836 the west side was in the "Indian County," so that the settlers were all on the east side and the white school children crossed the river in canoes to obtain their educational advantages. The first school exclusively for white children was taught by Miss Emily Guild in the spring of 1835 in the old "yellow warehouse" situate on what is now Market street near Louis street. Most of the pupils attending this school were children of the Guild families, and were sisters and cousins of the teacher. They were: Olive and Elvira Guild, Maria, Phebe, Marion and Peter Clark, and Louisa, Mariam, Erastus and Austin Guild. In the summer of 1835 Miss Day kept school upstairs in a dwelling situate on the corner of Fountain and Ottawa streets. This school continued for about three months and was attended by about ten pupils. In the summer of 1836 Miss Sophia Page taught school in a barn southeast across the street from the present Morton House. 318 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 319 During the winter of 1836-37 there was a school at the National Hotel situate where the Morton House now is, which occupied two rooms of the house. Mr. Daniel Smith taught the boys and Miss Mary Hinsdill taught the girls. The average attendance for the winter was about twenty-five students. May 9th, 1835, the first school district within the present city limits was organized. Its boundaries were what are now Hall street on the south, East street on the east, the city limits on the north and the river on the west. In the summer of 1837 the first public school was taught in what is now the city in a frame building on Prospect Hill erected for a dwelling, but afterwards used for an engine house. The teacher was Miss Celestia Hinsdill and the first term continued the entire summer. In 1839 the first frame school house was erected in the present city limits. It was a one-story structure situate on the north side of East Fulton street nearly opposite Jefferson avenue. The first teacher in the new school house was Joseph B. Galusha. He was followed by Warren W. Weatherly, O. R. Weatherly, Elijah Marsh, Seth Reed and Thomas B. Cuming. On February 22, 1849, the building was burned. In 1848 the school district was divided; the lower part or the village of Grand Rapids proper, formed District No. 1 of Grand Rapids township, and the northern portion formed District No. 6 of Grand Rapids township, or the Coldbrook district. The first school meeting of District No. 1 was held May 6, 1848, and James M. Nelson was elected Moderator, Stephen Wood, Director, and W. G. Henry, Assessor. At a meeting held June 24 following, it was decided to appropriate twenty-five hundred dollars to build "a suitable stone school house" for the district, and a building committee of six to act with the school officers was elected to dispose of the old site and building, purchase a new site, draw up plans and specifications, advertise for and receive bids, and let the job for the construction and completion of a stone school house not to exceed the cost of twenty-five hundred dollars. At a school meeting held on July 15, 1848, the committee recommended the purchase of the site of the present Central High School grounds, and the report was adopted. In November, 1848, the Director was authorized to receive bids for the erection of a school house upon a plan drawn by Stephen Wood, and on January 8, 1849, the proposal of David Burnett was accepted. The 320 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. building was erected in the summer and fall of 1849. It was situate on the site of the present Central High School building. The stone school house was 64 feet front by 44 feet deep, three stories high, three large session rooms, six recitation rooms, a dressing room, and a room for the library and school apparatus. The stone used in its construction was obtained from the bed of Grand River. The building was surmounted by a cupola fourteen feet in diameter in which was the school bell that called teachers and pupils to duty. At the annual school meeting of 1849 the district voted to adopt the Union school system, and on November 12, 1849, the new school system was inaugurated in the new stone school house. The following is an advertisement from a local paper. The "Enquirer," concerning the opening of the new school in the new school house, and inviting support in its behalf: "Grand Rapids Union School. The Board of Trustees of the Union School have the pleasure of announcing to the citizens of Grand Rapids and vicinity that the school building will be sufficiently completed to admit of opening it for the reception of pupils, on Monday, the 12th of November next. The school will be under the direction of Mr. E. W. Johnson, a graduate of an Eastern College and a teacher of many years' experience, aided by a corps of able assistants, whose number will be increased from time to time, as the wants of the school shall demand. It is intended to make this school one of the most thorough kind; second to none; combining in itself all the desirable qualities of a District or Common School and an Academy of the first rank, enabling a child to obtain an education extending from the Alphabet till he is prepared for the University, or for business. While the instruction will be of this capable and thorough character, the rates of tuition will be much lower than have heretofore been paid in other schools. The trustees do not intend that the tuition for all English branches, of scholars residing in the District, shall exceed $1.63 per quarter of eleven weeks. Tuition in Greek, Latin and French, $2.50 per quarter, scholars residing out of the District, ordinary branches, $2.50 higher. The first school board organized under the new school system was as follows: Moderator, Thompson Sinclair; Director, H. K. Rose; Assessor, Michael Connolly; Trustees, W. G. Henry, John Ball, Zenas G. Winsor, and T. H. Lyon. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 321 The teachers in the new school for the first term were E. W. Johnson, principal, assisted by Miss Hollister, Miss Elizabeth White, Miss Almira Hinsdill, and Miss Thirza Moore. The first term was commenced November 12, 1849. At the end of the first term Mr. Johnson resigned the principalship and was succeeded on February 18, 1850, by James Ballard, who taught until 1853, when he was succeeded by Edward W. Chesebro, who continued until 1857, when he was followed by Prof. E. Danforth. At the annual school meeting of 1859 it was voted to grade the schools and establish a High School which was done under the direction of Prof. Danforth. E. A. Strong succeeded Prof. Danforth in 1861, and the next year the first class was graduated from the High School consisting of thirteen young ladies. The commencement exercises of the first class were held in Luce's Hall. In October, 1862, by resolution of the Board of Trustees Prof. Strong was requested to act as Superintendent of Schools and "thoroughly organize all the schools of the district and make them effective." He continued as Principal of the High School and Superintendent of Schools until 1870, when he resigned and for two years taught in a Normal School in New York, when he returned and for thirteen years was principal of the Central High School, when he resigned to accept a position in the Michigan State Normal School at Ypsilanti. The early history of the schools of the other two districts which were united into the city school system by the act of 1871 is full of interest. The first school for white children on the west side was taught by Miss Bond who had been a teacher in the Indian Mission School. She taught the children of the early settlers in a log school house on the site of the Mission a few rods south of Bridge street on the bank of the river. In the summers of 1839 and 1840 Miss Mary L. Green taught in the same school house. The log school house was succeeded by a small frame school house situate near the corner of Bridge and Front streets. Later a larger frame school house was erected on First street near Turner street. In 1853 the west side school district adopted the TUnion school organization and engaged Rev. James Ballard to inaugurate the same, who for three years previous had been principal in the old stone school house on the east side. The next year the old school house on First street was found in 322 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. adequate for the needs of the west side district and in 1854 the present site of the Union School was purchased. In the following year a new school house was completed, and ever since a school has been there maintained. W. F. Kent followed Mr. Ballard as principal. Under his administration the school was graded and a High School established under the act of 1859. From 1861 to 1865 Prof. J. C. Clark was principal of the school. He was followed in turn by Prof. Stewart Montgomery who was in charge when the districts were consolidated. The Coldbrook district of the north end or district No. 6, was the third district in the consolidation of 1871. In 1848 this district built its first school house having the same year been separated from district No. 1. The school house was eighteen by twenty-four feet, cost one hundred and sixty dollars, and was erected on the northwest corner of the Jewett fraction. The site consisted of a quarter of an acre of land and cost ten dollars. Among the teachers who taught in the old Coldbrook district was Prof. Franklin Everett, A. Carrier, A. J. Tucker, C. W. Borst, G. H. Bill, Maria A. Jepson, Adelaide Tucker, Miss French and Mrs. G. H. Bill. Among the school officers were Elihu Smith, C. W. Taylor, Franklin Nichols, Edmund Carrier, James Patterson, Elijah Dart, Horatio Brooks, Foster Tucker, Daniel G. Brown, B. C. Saunders, Wm. M. Wylie, L. M. Page, Amos Quimby and Francis Drew. In 1859 the district purchased the present East Leonard School House site and let a, contract for building a new brick two story school house thereon to cost $1,500, and in April, 1860, the building was completed and occupied. In 1867 the Coldbrook district at its annual meeting voted to grade the schools under the act of 1859. By an act of the Legislature of Michigan, approved March 15, 1871, it was provided "that the -city of Grand Rapids and all contiguous territory which shall hereafter be added thereto, shall constitute one school district, and all public schools therein shall be under the direction and control of the Board of Education hereinafter provided for, and shall be free to all residents of said district over the age of five years." In accordance with this law, at a public meeting called by Mayor L. H. Randall, in the old Council Chamber in the Randall Block, April 11, 1871, District Number Two, or the West Side District; District Num HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 323 ber Six, or Coldbrook District, and District Number One, were united, and the first Board of Education of the city of Grand Rapids was organized from the trustees of the three districts. The educational advantages of Grand Rapids were greatly advanced by the uniting of these school districts and the consolidation of the schools under the act of 1871 from which the present school system dates. The city was fortunate in its choice of A. J. Daniels for Superintendent of Schools and E. A. Strong for principal of the Central High School. For more than a decade they worked together and under their careful management the city school system in its formative period became efficient and vigorous. Grand Rapids owes them a debt of gratitude for giving to the city schools the best years of their lives. From the month of April, 1871, when all the public schools in the city, which had been formerly divided into three districts, District No. 1, or the city school, District No. 6, or the Coldbrook school, and the west side school were united under one organization until May, 1906, the schools were controlled by a Board of Education, consisting of two trustees from each ward of the city, and the Mayor who was ex-officio a member. The trustees held office for the term of two years, one trustee being elected in each ward in September of each year. The Board of Education for the first year was composed of the school trustees of the three districts and was organized as follows: Board of Education.-President, A. L. Chubb; Treasurer, J. F. Baars; Secretary, J. H. McKee; Superintendent of Schools, A. J. Daniels. Trustees: E. Anderson, C. G. Brinsmaid, M. S. Crosby, A. L. Chubb, F. B. Day, J. B. Haney, John Hill, W. P. Innis, A. E. Linderman, John McConnell, J. H. McKee, D. M. Page, A. Quimby, J. Houseman, B. C. Saunders, H. W. Slocum, W. D. Tolford, J. H. Tompkins. Prof. A. J. Daniels, Superintendent of Schools, had his office in the Central School building. The first year after the consolidation the schools and teachers of the city were as follows: Central School Building.-The Central School building was situated on Lyon street, the grounds extending from Barclay to Ransom. In this building were the Central High School, Central Grammar School and Central Intermediate School. Prof. G. C. Emery Was principal of the Central High School, 324 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. and was assisted by Miss A. M. Clark, Miss M. L. H. Carlton and Prof. A. Lbdeman. Prof. Charles Chandler was principal of the Central Grarmmar School, and was assisted by Miss K. D. Hurlbut, Miss Jennie Cahoun, and Miss S. A. Jennison. Miss H. F. Wyman was principal of the Central Intermediate School, and was assisted by Mrs. M. P. Grant, Miss Florence Knapp, and Miss M. M. Huntington. Union School.-The Union School was situated on Turner street, between Third and Fourth; Principal, Prof. J. B. Haney; Assistants, Miss D. A. Foote, Miss L. M. Burnham, Miss A. N. Daniels, Miss W. F. Perrine, Miss L. S. Knapp, Mliss R. M. Dodge, Miss E. J. Parker, and Miss S. Hibbard. Coldbrook School.-The Coldbrook School was situated on the corner of Leonard and North streets. Principal, Thomas H. Clayton; Assistant, Miss H. A. Lathrop. Primary No. 1.-Primary No. 1 was situated on the corner of Bridge and Division streets; Principal, Miss M. L. Coe; Assistants, Miss L. A. Pierce, Miss L. B. Graves, Miss G. H. Russell and Miss A. S. Palmer. Primary No. 2.-Primary No. 2 was situated on South Division street; Principal, Miss Cornelia A. Woodward; Assistants, Miss K. E. Kelenaghan, Miss E. M. Jones, Miss R. A. Leonard, Mrs. E. S. Robinson. Primary No. 3.-Primary No. 3 was situated on Fountain street, east of Bostwick, in a large and then elegant new brick building, three stories high and containing nine rooms; Principal, Miss Ella A. Hughes; Assistants, Miss L. R. Hanchett, Miss Belle Wright and Miss Belle Tower. Primary No. 4.-Primary No. 4 was situated on the corner of Wealthy avenue and Lafayette street; Principal, Miss M. E. Dwight; Assistants, Miss Helen S. Sauers, Miss M. G. Lalmed, Miss A. L. Jewett, Miss O. C. Blake and Miss E. L. Walker. Primary No. 5.-Primary No. 5 was situated in a brick building, on the Grandville road; Principal, Miss Emma Field; Assistant, Miss D. E. Henry. Primary No. 6.-Primary No. 6 was situated on Turner street, between Jonathan street and Leonard; Principal, Miss Ella C. Smith; Assistants, Mrs. S. M. Dean and Miss Mary Banks. Primary No. 7.-Primary No. 7 was situated on Ionia street, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 325 in the Fifth Ward, in a new brick building, three stories high, containing eight rooms: Principal, Miss F. A. Tucker; Assistants, Miss E. H. Fuller and Miss A. C. Clay. Primary No. 8.-Primary No. 8 was situated on Jefferson street, between Veto and California streets; Principal, Miss Estelle Haney; Assistant, Miss I. E. Bostwick. The Grand Rapids schools as constituted in 1904 and 1905 were as follows: The Central High School building is located in the Second ward, at the corner of Ransom and Lyon streets. It is built of iron, brick and stone, has modern improvements and is lighted with both gas and electricity. It has 85,000 feet of floor space with sittings for 1,]00 pupils, and was completed in 1892, at a cost of about $100,000. The estimated Value of the property is $125,000. Grades, 9-1 to 12-2 inclusive. Lyon and Ransom streetsAlbert J. Volland, Principal. The teachers are: Alice M. James, Agnes R. Ginn, Edwin F. Snell, Helene C. Christ, Anna S. Jones, Alva P. Sriver, Frank A. Bacon, Amanda Stout, Eva Daniels, Helen Ahnefeldt, S. Helen Allen, Cora Bodwell, Belle Chalmers, Emma J. Cole, Ellen Dean, Harry C. Doane, Grace F. Ellis, Helen R. Gardner, Arthur W. Krause, Ethel M. Williams, Arthur H. Holmes, Nellie M. Hayes, Carrie R. Heaton, Fay Mar Hopkins, Cornelia Hulst, Charles A. Jewell, Otto C. Marekwardt, Esther H. Marsh, Anna Miller, Caroline A. Sheldon, Mary S. Simpson, Burton E. Smith, Wm. T. Templin, Elizabeth Tost, Iva M. Belden, Clerk. Central Grammar school building it located on the corner of Lyon and Barclay streets in the Second ward. Size of grounds, 136x370 feet. The building contains twenty-three rooms used for school purposes with sittings for 725 pupils. It is heated by steam and lighted by gas. The closets are located in the basement and on the third floor and are connected with city water and public sewer. This building was formerly the East Side High School building. It was built in 1867. The site was purchased in 1.848 and 1849 at a total cost of $635. The present heating and ventilation system were installed by Sproul & McGurrln iii 1880 at a cost of $3,765. The estimated value of this property is $81,000. 326 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Grades, 6-2 to 8-2 inclusive. Lyon and Barclay streetsEugene A. Carpenter, Principal. The teachers are: Mary N. Owen, Mary H. Welsh, Louise Vernor, Cora M. Riggs, Katherine Gunther, Ethelberta Williams, Carrie E. Fay, Florence N. Greene, Olive C. Galloway, Mary L. Smith, Jessie M. Hoyt, May F. Conlon, Florence E. Ross, Helen J. Hood, Bertha Cornelius, Elizabeth Cavanaugh, Paul Wright. South of this building is an annex 40x50 feet in size and one story high. It is built of wood and heated by stoves. It contains two rooms which are used for manual training. The estimated value of property is $1,400. Union school building is a three story brick building, 82x100 feet, located in the Seventh ward on Third street between Turner and Broadway; size of lot, 264 feet on Turner street, 330 feet on Broadway, 250 feet on Third street and 125 feet on Fourth street. This building contains twenty-five rodms with sittings for 1,150 pupils. The building is heated by steam. It is supplied with gas and water and has sewer connections. The closets are located in the basement and on the third floor. The original building was erected in 1875 at a cost of $39,000, but since then there have been several additions. The site was purchased for school purposes in December, 1854, for $1,000. The estimated value of this property is $90,000. Grades, Beginners to 11-2 inclusive. Third and Turner streets -Albert Jennings, Principal. The teachers are: Elwood F. Demmon, Marion L. Jennings, Emma Moseley, Maude H. Thayer, Gurney O. Dillingham, Keith Kennedy, Evelyn C. Vyn, Alice A. Parker, Mabel H. Perkins, Florence J. Huntington, Agnes R. Van Buren, H. Olivia Kelly, Phila L. Hamilton, Georgietta Kennedy, Ivy Slayton, Anna S. Rose, Jennie E. Bennett, Nellie M. Chase, Jennie A. Emery, Sadie D. Brown, Maud M. French, Frances VanBuren, Edith L. Smith, Ada Mosher, Amelia Hirth, Mary J. Daniells, Josephine Albright, Clerk. Alexander avenue school house is located in the Eleventh ward on the corners of Alexander, Winsor and Neeland avenues. The lot is 264x230 feet, on which there is built a two story and basement brick building with slate roof. It contains eight rooms with sittings for 400 pupils. It is heated by steam, well ventilated and has closets in the basement connected with the city HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 327 water and sewer. The site for this building was purchased in 1901 for $1,700 and the building was erected thereon the same year at a cost of about $16,000. The estimated value of the property is $20,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 7-2 inclusive. Alexander, Winsor and Neeland avenues-Belle M. Tower, Principal. The teachers are: Eleanor V. Rawlinson, Mary N. Eaton, Clara Orr, Edna M. York, Martha A. Briggs, Ella M. Wynkoop, Edith Blanchard, Bessie Waller. Baxter street school house is located in the Tenth ward. Lot 175 feet on Baxter street, 175 feet on Ella avenue and 1021/2 feet on South Diamond street. It is a two-story and basement brick building containing six rooms with sittings for 300 pupils. It is heated by hot air furnaces. The closets are located in the basement and are connected with the sewer and supplied with city water. This building was constructed before that part of the city was added to the city school system. Extensive repairs were made in 1892. The estimated value of the property is $15,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 5-2 inclusive. Baxter and Diamond streets-Julia Smith, Principal. The teachers are: Gertrude L. Vaughn, Eva L. Pratt, Louise Biddle, Anna J. Keeler, Ethelyn Doyle, Helen McCreedie. Buchanan street school house is located in the Twelfth ward on Buchanan street between Brown and Griggs avenues.,The lot is 265x150 feet. It is a two-story and basement brick building, with cut-stone trimmings, galvanized iron cornices and slate roof. It contains eight rooms with sittings for 400 pupils. The building is heated by steam, well ventilated, supplied with city water and well water for drinking purposes. The estimated value of the property is $17,000. The building was completed in 1896 at a cost of about $14,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 8-1 inclusive. Buchanan street and Griggs avenue-Florence Rose, Principal. The teachers are: Alma Rosenthal, Mina R. Savage, Caroline R. Chamberlain, Blanche Fitzgerald, Carrie Niehaus, Julia Coffinberry, Hettie Raynor, Lucy J. Feemster, Cadet. Central avenue school house is located in the Eleventh ward, Lot 204 feet on Central avenue and 200 feet on Eighth avenue. It is a two-story and basement brick building, heated by steam 328 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. and properly ventilated. It has eight rooms with sittings for 400 pupils. The closets are located in the basement and are connected with sewer and supplied with city water. The grounds for this building were purchased in 1874 for $2,700. The first school house thereon, which is a part of the present building, was completed in 1875 at a cost of $5,211.78. In 1882 there was an addition built on at a cost of $5,700. In 1891 there were extensive repairs to this building. The estimated value of this-property is $23,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 7-2 inclusive. Central and Eighth avenues-Jessie G. Lathrop, Principal. The teachers are: Mary F. Baldwin, Mary F. Keller, Ella C. Shannessy, Agnes L. Finney, Evelyn Holland, Marie A. Theiler, Carrie B. Jewett, Cora Lowrie. Coit Avenue school house is located in the Fourth ward, with a frontage of 150 feet on Coit avenue and 208 feet deep between Trowbridge and Fairbanks streets. It is a two-story and basement brick building 32x74 feet in size and contains four rooms with sittings for 200 pupils. It is heated by furnaces and well ventilated. The closets are located in the basement and are connected with sewer and supplied with city water. The original cost of the site for this school was $2,500. The building was constructed in 1880 at a cost of $6,400. The estimated value of this property is $10,000. Gtades, Kindergarten to 3-2 inclusive. Coit avenue and Trowbridge street-Nora A. Matthews, Principal. The teachers are: MAary Eaton, Gladys VanDeusen, Maude F. Carew, Zinna Luten. Congress street school house is located in the Third ward. Lot 278 feet on Congress street and 152 feet on Lake avenue. It is a two-story and basement brick building having eight rooms with sittings for 400 pupils. It is heated by steam and properly ventilated. The closets are in the basement and are connected with the sewer. This school house was erected before the district became a part of the city school system in 1891. The estimated value of this property is $20,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 6-1 inclusive. Congress street and Lake avenue-Ilelen S. Sauers, Principal. The teachers are: Lulu Htammond, Bessie McNabb, Etta L. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 329 Lee, Mae F. Carroll, Angie Pellegrom, Frances Griswold, Jessie B. Ridgly, Guinella Strand. Diamond street school house is located in the Second ward. Lot 261 feet on Fountain street, 120 feet on Diamond street and 120 feet on Hazel street. It is a two-story and basement brick building containing eight rooms with sittings for 400 pupils. It is heated by steam, well lighted and ventilated, and has the closets in the basement. They are connected with the sewer and supplied with city water. This school house was built before the district was incorporated in the city in 1891. The estimated value of this property was $20,000, but in 1905 a four-room addition was built which greatly increased the value of the property. Grades, Kindergarten to 6-1 inclusive. Diamond and Fountain streets-H. Antoinette Lathrop, Principal. The teachers are: Adelaide E. Beach, Ella E. Dockeray, Luella E. Whitworth, Cora A. Gardinier, Ida Bellamy, Nellie Sheehan, Jeannette E. Kotvis (Cadet), Flora L. Carr, Mabel Keith, Elizabeth Lynch, Annie B. Dermont. East Bridge street school house is located in the Fourth ward on East Bridge street, between Prospect street and North College avenue. Lot 209 feet on East Bridge street by 194 feet deep. It is a two-story and basement brick building containing ten rooms with sittings for 500 pupils. It is well lighted arid ventilated and is heated by steam. The closets are located in the basement and are connected with city water and sewer. The East Bridge street school house was constructed in 1885 at a cost of about $18,000. A four-room addition was made in 1890 at a cost of $4,800. The estimated value of this property is $36,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 6-1 inclusive. East Bridge street and North College avenue-M. Orinda Barkley, Principal. The teachers are: Grace B. Sidener, Ida Hickey, Jessie A. Tallman, Henrietta L. Mallard, Nellie L. Walsh, Maude H. Hilton, Loretta I. Morrisey, Alice M. R. Gillette, Lillian Hunt, Carrie E. Bartlett. East Leonard street school house is located in the Fifth ward, corner of East Leonard street and North avenue. The lot is 200 feet square, on which is erected a two-story and basement brick building with slate roof. It contains eight rooms with sittings 330 HISTOiY OP GRAND RAPIDS. for 400 pupils. It is heated by steam, well ventilated and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. This building was erected at a cost of $8,975 in 1897. This is the site of the old Coldbrook school building. The original cost of the site was $300 and the original brick building was erected in 1860 at a cost of $1,500. The estimated value of this property is $21,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 6-1 inclusive. East Leonard street and North avenue-Louise L. Sifton, Principal. The teachers are: Anna G. Carroll, Leonia E. Driscal, Viola D. Bacon, Madeline Murray, Edith M. Johnson, Jennie Miller, Ellen C. Finn, Jean M. Rowe. Fountain street school house is located in the Second ward. The lot has 295 feet frontage on Fountain street by 250 feet deep, between North Prospect street and North College avenue. This is a three-story and basement brick building, 60x80 feet, containing nine rooms with sittings for 450 pupils. It is heated by steam, with closets in the basement which are connected with city water and sewer. The original cost of the site was $800 and was purchased for school purposes in September, i867. The building was erected in 1871 at a cost of $20,000. It was an imposing structure and a credit to the city when built. In 1883 the building was repaired at a cost of $2,300. Tie estimated value of tiis property is $40,000. Grades, kindergarten to 6-2 inclusive. Fountain and Prospect streets-Evelyn L. *ard, Principal. The teachers are: Franc C. Godfrey, felen E. Dickerman, Flora Bronner, hielen Wetzel, Millie M. lteid, 1Maude Boynton, Winnifred Martine, Mary S. Verdier, Hester C. iuller. Hall street schiidi house is located in the twelfth Ward. The lot is 2d1] feet on Hall street and i5d feet on GraCndville avehue, on which is erected a two-story and basemient brick building with slate iroof. it contains tweive rooms with sittings fot 600 pupils. it is heated by sieam and well Ventilated with closets ii the basement which are connected with city water and sewer. The site was purchased in 1891. The building was erected in 1892 at a cost of $16,50O. Tile estimated value of this property is $28,000. A fbur-ro6ni addition was made to this building in 1899. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 331 Grades, Kindergarten to 8-2 inclusive. Hall street and Grandville avenue-Elizabeth L. Morrisey, Principal. The teachers are: Jane E. Petrie, Bertha B. Greenbaum. T. Evelyn VanderVelde, Maria L. VanderVeen, N. May Colburn, Clara Waterman, Olive D. Hicks, Ida L. Hamm, Maria Newberg, Marea J. Smith, Edith M. Hurd, Charlotte B. Pope. Henry street school house is located in the Tenth ward, on Henry and James streets, between Wealthy avenue and Logan street. Lot 150 feet on Henry and James streets by 270 feet deep. On it is erected a two-story and basement brick building containing eight rooms with sittings for 400 pupils. It is heated and ventilated by the Ruttan warming and ventilating system. The closets are located in the basement and are connected with the sewer and city water. The original cost of the site was $2,500. The original building was constructed in 1878 at a cost of $4,450. The building was enlarged in 1889 at a cost of $8,500. The estimated value of this property is $22,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 7-1 inclusive. Henry street and Wealthy avenue-Louise K. Mitchell, Principal. The teachers are: Anna H. Read, Lizzie R. Hanchet, Dexa R. Creswell, Nettie Yonkers, Frances E. Mader, Nellie D. Klose, Rose Ellis, Elisabeth Webster. Jefferson avenue school house is located in the Eleventh ward, near Fair street. The lot is 166 feet on Jefferson and Cass avenues and 262 feet deep. It is a two-story and basement brick building with slate roof. It contains twelve rooms with sittings for 600 pupils. It is heated by steam, well ventilated and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. It was erected in 1892 at a cost of $16,000. The estiitated value of this property is $29,000. A four-rooin addition was made to the building in 1898. Grades, Kindergarten to 8-2 inclusive. Jefferson avenue and Fair street-Clara tJ. Skinner, Principal. The teachers are: Agnes Steele, May Cornell, Grace Aldrich, Helen H. Hall, Jennella A. Mailey, Ella A. Griffii, Elizabeth Brddy, Alice U. Doyle, Lillian M. Keyes, Edith G. Godwin, Marion Weed, flizabeth Goddrieh, Alice Saunders, Cadet. Jetersbi strdbt sch6bl house is located in the Ninth ward on Jefferson, California and Gold streets. The lot is 246x132 feet, on which is erected a three-story and basement brick building 332 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. containing twelve rooms with sittings for 600 pupils. It is heated by steam, well ventilated and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. This site was purchased for school purposes in 1867 and the original building was erected in 1870. In 1882 there was an addition of five rooms at a cost of $8,500 for building, $3,000 for heating and $620 for seating. The estimated value of this property is $35,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 8-2 inclusive. Jefferson and California streets-Margaret Strahan, Principal. The teachers are: Edith. M. Smith, Rose C. Hess, Christine Wilson, Alice McKinnis, Emma A. Grocock, Effie M. Bevier, Clara Puller, Sarah A. McDermott, Helen Hurt, Mabel Cady, Bertha Spaulding. Lake school hous'e is located in the Third ward. Lot 166 feet on Wealthy avenue and 99 feet on School street. It is a two-, story and basement brick building, heated by furnace and contains two rooms with sittings for 100 pupils. The closets are located in the basement, connected with the sewer and supplied with city water. This school house was built before the district was added to the city in 1891. The estimated value of this property is $5,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 3-1 inclusive. Lake and Wealthy avenues-May A. Slocum, Principal. The teacher is Jennie Hurd. Madison avenue school house is located in the Tenth ward on the corners of Madison, Fifth and Terrace avenues. The lot is 183 feet 7 inches by 194 feet 6 inches, on which is erected a substantial two-story and basement brick building with slate roof. It contains twelve rooms with sittings for 600 pupils. It is heated by steam, well ventilated and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. The Madison avenue school house was built in 1888 at a cost of $21,000. The estimated value of the property is $38,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 8-2 inclusive. Madison and Fifth avenues-Lucy M. Bettes, Principal. The teachers are: Harriet H. Hatch, Ella C. Turner, Bessie I. Buskirk, Cora B. Harvey, Zaida Rose (Cadet), Nanna C. Crozier, Marianna V. Mason, Mabel Riggs, Georgia Shear, Daisie Blandford, Jennie R. Wilcox, Katherine Kanters. North Division street school house is located in the Fourth HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 333 ward on the corners of East Bridge, North Division and North Ionia streets. The lot is 169x174 feet, on which is erected a twostory and basement brick building containing ten rooms with sittings for 500 pupils. It is heated by steam. The closets are located in the basement and are connected with city water and sewer. This site was purchased for school purposes in November, 1864, and the present building was erected soon after. It was one of the original schools to become a part of the present school system in 1871. This school property will doubtless soon be abandoned. Six rooms were added to this building in 1884 at a cost of $8,100. Other repairs were made in 1882. The estimated value of this property is $35,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 6-2 inclusive. North Division and East Bridge streets-Lou Sigler, Principal. The teachers are: J. Frances Streng, Anna L. Maynard, Carrie M. Oliver, Gertrude Ellis, Marcia Hudson, Rosamond R. Rouse, Susanna Wieland. The teachers in the Oral School for Deaf are: Elizabeth Ahnefeldt, Anna M. Condon, Margaret Maybury. North lonia street school house is- located in the Fifth ward on North Ionia street between Walbridge and Coldbrook streets. The lot is 200 feet square, on which is erected a three-story and basement brick building containing twelve rooms with sittings for 600 pupils. It is heated by steam, with closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. This site was purchased for school purposes in June, 1870, and the same year a part of the present building was constructed. Two years later there was a large addition. This was one of the original schools to become a part of the city school system when it was organized in 1871. An addition of four rooms was made in 1889 at a cost of $7,600. The estimated value of the property is $45,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 8-2 inclusive. North Ionia and Coldbrook streets-Ella P. Stephenson, Principal. The teachers are: Hattie Ferguson, Nettie B. Brown, Nora B. Hennessy, Cornelia E. Newton, Julia Boivin, Viola Thurston, Anna M. Bull, Harriet Wentzler, Violet G. E. Lowes, Clara S. Comey, Emma J. Chapel, Martha Standish. Oakdale school house is located in the Eleventh ward on Oakdale avenue between Seymour street and Kalamazoo avenue. The I of a t 334 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. lot is 180 feet on Oakdale avenue and 125 feet deep, on which is erected a two-story and basement frame building containing four rooms with sittings for 200 pupils. It is heated by furnace and well ventilated. The closets are located in the rear of the lot. This building was erected before that portion of the city territory was added to the city school system. An addition of two rooms was made in 1891. The estimated value of this property is $7,000. Grades, Beginners to 6-2 inclusive. Oakdale avenue and Seymour street-Carrie Plank, Principal. The teachers are: Anna Boland, Lillian Matthews, Josephine Bennett, Florence Culham. Palmer aveapue school house is located in the Fifth ward on the corner of Watrous and Palmer avenues and Ann street. The lot is 250x190 feet, on which is erected a two-story and basement brick building with slate roof. It contains eight rooms with sittings for 400 pupils. It is heated by steam, well ventilated and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. It was erected in 1893 at a cost of $16,000. The estimated value of the property is $22,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 7-2 inclusive. Palmer, avenue and Watrous street-Johanna Schravesande, Principal. The teachers are: Ida M. Cole, Elizabeth O'Keefe, Martha J. Omans, Iris I. Dunham, Bessie I. Smith, Winnifred Lowes, Anna E. Risinger, Bertha iM. Palmer. Pine street school house is located in the Seventh ward on the corner of Pine and First streets. The lot is 187x200 feet, on which is erected a two-story and basement brick building with slate roof. It contains eight rooms with sittings for 400 pupils. It is hpated by steam and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. The site was purchased in 1878 at a cost of $1,600. The original building was constructed in 1879 at a cost of $4,200. A four-room addition was made to this building in 1898. The estimated value of this property is $22,000. Grades, Beginners to 6-2 inclusive. Pine and First streetsJennie i. B3arnard, Principal. The teachers are: Erances R. Seamans (Cadet), Jennie M. 3araqes, ta 1. Filler, Julia Stow (Cadet), Elizabeth M. Klose, Nina G. hirdick, 4eannette Vanderburg, eleena M. IJ~erty. UJSTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS.35 335 P1aiufieWd avenue school house is located in the Fifth ward on Plainfield avenue, between Quimby street and Hanover court. The lot is 200 feet square, on whicih is erected a two-story and basement brick building, containing ten rooms with sittings for 500 pupils. It is heated by steam, well ventilated and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. The original building was erected in 1884 and contained six rooms, at a cost of $17,649. It was enlarged to a ten-room building in 1887 at a cost of $6,000. The estimated valnae of this property is $29,000. Gracles, KEindergartena to 7-2 inclusive. Plainfleld avenue and Quimby street-Ida M. Knettle, Principal. The teachers are: Alice A. Finn, J. Verta Pond, Fannie E. Partridge, Katharine, Devine, Nell Stansbury, Una Porter, Abbie Moran, Mary Church, Nettie E. Side, Gertrude B. Champlin. Second avenue school house is located in the First ward on Second avenue near Grandville avenue; size of lot 264 feet on Second avenue by 330 feet deep, on which is erected a two-story and basement ten-room brick building with sittings for 500 pupils. It is heated by steam and4 has closets in the basement which are connected wit4i city water and sewer. On the same lot is a, one'story frame building containing one room, heated by stove and is ps~ec for kindergarten purposes. This site was purchased for school purposes in October, 1870, at a cost of $2,000 and the original buil~ding was erected the next year. It was a two-story two-room btilding at first, but has received additions. nutil it is a ten-room building. F~our rooms were added in 1882 at a cost of $Q$02. The estimnated vahl6T of the property is $35,000. Grades, Kindergarten to, 8:1 incl-4sive. Second avenue and Clurch street -Qlara Ward, Principal. The teachers are: I~liza Wilson, Etta F. Jones, Miatie R. Smith, Alic M. ynia, Juia el~k, Jennie E. Hyser, MayGolr Bertha QD. Stein, May A. Duthie, Eva 1VJ. Amps, Mattie MX. Brown.,y41 stre ~ ep4los is located in thp $event4a war~d oil the corner of Stocking and Seventh streets. The lot is 120x2$7 feet, on which is erected a two-stoqr pnc basemen b~rick building epntaining,six rooms with O~ipg8 f9q~ Q9 p-4pils. It ~1Qe by steam and wellJ veatilateO. The closets are lpcated int, bsU4nt,n connecte44 wihct ater and sewer. T1 $qevpth 336 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. street school house was built in 1885 at a cost of about $15,000. The site was purchased in 1884 at a cost of $2,500. The estimated value of the property is $20,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 4-2 inclusive. Seventh and Stocking streets-Amy Norton Calkins, Principal. The teachers are: Mary Craw, Maude Hollinger, May Aldrich, Carlene L. Friis, Myrtle Cress, Elsie Wilbur. Sibley street school house is located in the Eighth ward on Sibley and Jackson streets, between Indiana street and South Lane avenue. The lot is 165 feet on Sibley and Jackson streets and 265 feet deep, on which is erected a two-story and basement brick building with slate roof. It contains eight rooms with sittings for 400 pupils. It is heated by steam and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. The site was purchased in 1891. The school house was built in 1892 at a cost of $16,500. The estimated value of the property is $25,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 7-2 inclusive. Sibley street and Lane avenue-Julia V. Doran, Principal. The teachers are: Kate A. McDermott, Gertrude Madden, Kate A. Alden, Margaret P. Doran, Edith M. VanWicklin, Edith Garrison, Elizabeth Grant, Orianna Deaton. South Division street school house is located in the First ward on the corners of South Division, Bartlett and Commerce streets. The lot is 165 feet on South Division and Commerce streets and 286 on Bartlett street. This is a two-story and basement brick building with slate roof. It contains fourteen rooms with sittings for 700 pupils. It is heated by steam, well ventilated, lighted with gas and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. This site was purchased for school purposes in June, 1861, and soon after a school house was built thereon; later another school house was added, but both were removed in 1884. The present building was completed in April, 1884, at a cost of $32,350. This was one of the original schools which made a part of the city school system when it was organized in 1871. The estimated value of this property is $75,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 8-2 inclusive. South Division and Bartlett streets-John R. Hunzicker, Principal. The teachers are: Jessie M. Fink, Mary E. Hyland, Annie HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 337 Turner, Elizabeth Oakwood, Katherine J. Morrisey, Lillian M. Storrs, Nettie M. Bogardus, May H. Fitzgerald, Mary VanderVelde, Louise Schweitzer, Emma Morrison, Ophelia C. Blake, Gertrude L. Failing. South Ionia street school house is located in the Twelfth ward, on the corner of Fifth avenue and South Ionia street. The lot is 198x132 feet, on which is erected a two-story and basement frame building containing four rooms with sittings for 200 pupils. It is heated by furnaces and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. This building was moved upon the site and fitted up for school purposes in 1884 at a cost of $5,114.30. The estimated value of this property is $10,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 3-2 inclusive. South Ionia street and Fifth avenue-Lura E. Runkel, Principal. The teachers are: Dora Vander Velde, Christine S. Brook, Mary Hyland, Myrtelle Turner. Straight street school house is located in the Ninth ward on the corner of Straight and Watson streets. The lot is 217x122 feet, on which is erected a two-story and basement brick building with slate roof. It contains twelve rooms with sittings for 600 pupils. It is heated by steam, well ventilated and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. This building was erected in 1885 at a cost of $17,468.70. In 1902 an addition was built at a cost of $11,000.00. The estimated value of the property is $47,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 7-1 inclusive. Straight and Watson streets-Jennie V. Gordon, Principal. The teachers are: Mina Bordine, Kathleen Harvey, Ethelyn Blair, Louise Sullivan, Rachel Lancaster, Mary Ballard, Mabel Rawlinson, Marion L. McVean, Marie C. Neuman, Addie E. Field, Nuta K. Serfling, Matilda Scholz, Gertrude Streng. Turner street school house is located in the Sixth ward on the corners of Turner, Broadway and Eleventh streets. The lot is 200x250 feet, on which is erected a two-story and basement brick building containing twelve rooms with sittings for 600 pupils. It is heated by steam, well ventilated and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. This site cost $4,000 and the building was erected in 1886 at a cost of about $23,000. The estimated value of the property is $35,000. 338 H3STQJY OF GRA4ND RAPIDS. Grades, Kindergarten to 8-1 inclusive. Turner and Eleventh streets-Charles H. Cogshall, Principal. Teachers: Mary E. Kline, Mattie 0. Reeder, Magdalene H. Kollen, Anna D. Wylie, Esther Kinsella, Mary McFadden, E. Lillian Easton, Eugenia Powers, Kate B. Coye, Janette Houston, Clara Ransom, Margaret Wilson. Waltr school house is located in the Sixth ward on West Leonard street near Frederick street. The lot is 100 feet on West Leonard street and 149 feet deep, on which is erected a one-story frame building containing two rooms with sittings for 100 pupils. It is heated by stoves. This school house was erected before the district became a part of the city school system in 1891. The estimated value of the property is $2,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 2-2 inclusive. West Leonard and Frederick streets-Ella K. Loflin, Principal. Teacher: Mary L. Babcock. Wealthy avenue school house is located in the Tenth ward on the corners of Wealthy and Cass avenues and Lafayette street. The lot is 250 feet square, on which is erected a two-story and basement brick building containing ten rooms with sittings for 500 pupils. It is heated by steam and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. This site was purchased in September, 1867, at a cost of $1,750 and the original school house was erected in 1869. In 1892 there were additions and a remodeling of the building at an expense of about $13,000. The estimated value of the property is $52,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 8-2 inclusive. Wealthy and Cass avenues-Christine Keck, Principal. Teachers: Euretta C. Banister, Fannie B. Taylor, Eplilie Townsend, ~ina E. Bostwick (Cadet), Ruby Livingstone, Carolyn French, Martha L. Dole, G. Edith Seekell, Annie Blanchard. West LPTonayd street school is located in the Sixth ward on the corners of West Leonard, Quarry and Elizabeth streets. The lot is 250x300 feet, on which is erected a two-story and basement brick building with slate roof. It contains eight rooms with sittipgs for 400 pupils. It is heated by steam, well ventilated and hfs closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. TAte We LJeopnard street school house was built in 1$82 at a contract price of $10,400 for building, $2,000 for heating and ventilating and $800 for seating. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS 339 The estimated value of the property is $25,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 5-2 inclusive. West Leonard and Elizabeth streets-Mary Folston, Principal. Teachers: Edith Brown, Helen J. Courtney, Maude L. Kinney, Dora M. Dillenback, Katherine Huwer, M. Helen O'Keefe, Sylvia M. Toot, Mary Lincoln. Widdicomb street school house is located in the Sixth ward. The lot is 120 feet on Widdicomb street and 168 feet on West Leonard street, on which is erected a two-story and basement brick building with slate roof. It has twelve rooms with sittings for 600 pupils. It is heated by steam, well ventilated and has closets in the basement connected with city water and sewer. It was built in 1892 at a cost of $16,500. The site was purchased in 1891. In 1902 an addition was built at a cost of $10,000.00. The estimated value of the property is $40,000. Grades, Kindergarten to 8-1 inclusive. Widdicomb and West Leonard streets-Constance D. Rourke, Principal. Teachers: Bertha L. Field, Harriet Thomasma, Lillian Thomas, Martha Smith, Julia Fitzpatrick, Florence Dickinson, Myrtle Tubergen, Gerda Person, Ardelle Wilson, Nellie M. Adrianse (Cadet), E. Estelle Hazeltine, Grace H. Collier. The museum building is located in the Third ward on the corner of Jefferson avenue and Washington street. The lot is 1461/2x264 feet. The estimated value of the property is $30,000. The headquarters of the Manual Training department in 1905 were on Barclay street, next to the Central Grammar school. The teachers in the Manual Training department for 1905 were: James F. Barker, Supervisor; Charles R. Scudder, Maude Fuller, Helena Van Duren, Nellie E. Wales, Ruth M. Chapin, Eleanor Temple, Helena J. Torrey, Alice C. Godwin, Cora Weimer, Emil Wydman, Edward Fuhry. The special teachers for 1905 were: Florence E. Ellis, teacher of drawing; Louise M. Butz, teacher of music; Bertha B. Murphy, Supervisor of Kindergartens; Kate L. Baldwin, Clerk in the Superintendent's office; Gertrude C. Blanchard, Stenographer in the Superintendent's office; Lena Dettinann, in charge of the school telephones; Erminie Cox, Reg. Supply; Lillian M. White, Reg. Supply. 340 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. The Assistant Superintendent of Schools was Mrs. Therese Townsend. A school site with 200 feet frontage on Quarry and Elizabeth streets, between Webster and North streets, was purchased in 1902. It is valued at $2,200. The Board owns, jointly with District No. 6 of Grand Rapids township, a school site located on the corner of Coit and Knapp avenues. The site is valued at $3,000, of which the share of the Board is 9-16th, or about $1,700. In July, 1905, the Board purchased a school site on Bemis street between Sigsbee street and Logan street for $3,500. The total value of school property is $1,356,300. For the school year of 1904-5 the office of Superintendent of, Schools and his staff together with that of the Secretary of the Board of Education was in the City Hall. The Board of Education held its meetings at the Central High School building. The Legislature of 1905 revised the charter of Grand Rapids and the act controlling the Board of Education. The revised charter provides that the city of Grand Rapids should constitute one school district; that the Board of Education should consist of nine members elected from the city at large; that the nine constituting the first Board should be elected at the charter election of 1906 and at their first meeting determine by lot which three should serve for one year, which three for two years, and which three for three years, and each year thereafter three members should be elected; that nomination should be by petition signed by not less than one hundred duly qualified school electors of the city and filed with the city clerk at least ten days before election; school electors are qualified electors of the city and every other person who is twenty-one years of age and who is the parent or legal guardian of any child included in the school census or who has property in the city liable to assessment; registration is required as for a charter election; the Board acting when the act was passed to continue in office until the first Monday of May, 1906; the officers of the new Board are a President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer; the city Treasurer is ex-officio Treasurer of the School Board. The Secretary cannot be a member of the Board; the Board elects a Superintendent and a Business Manager for a term not exceeding three years; in HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 341 most other matters there was little change from the routine and methods of the Board of two from each ward. Members of the Board of Education under the Act of 1871, from 1872 to 1905 inclusive. School Year of 1872-3. First Ward.....................John McConnell, J. C. Parker Second Ward...................... J. H. McKee, M. S. Crosby Third Ward....................W. D. Tolford, Henry Fralick Fourth Ward.........A. L. Chubb, R. W. Davis, Wm. P. Innes Fifth Ward.....................B. C. Saunders, A. L. Skinner Sixth Ward.................... H. W. Slocum, I. Simmons Seventh Ward...........F. B. Day, E. Anderson, R. H. Smith Eighth Ward................... C. G. Brinsmaid, J. T. Elliott 1873-4. First Ward...................John McConnell, J. C. Parker Second Ward.......................J. H. McKee, M. S. Crosby Third Ward.....................Henry Fralick, Eben Smith Fourth Ward....................P. Innes, R. W. Davis Fifth Ward...................A. L. Skinner, W. G. Saunders Sixth Ward.............. H. W. Slocum, I. Simmons Seventh Ward......................E. Anderson, R. H. Smith Eighth Ward..................C. G. Brinsmaid, J. T. Elliott 1874-5. First Ward..................John McConnell, J. C. Parker Second Ward..................Chas. W. Calkins, M. S. Crosby Third Ward.....................enry Fralick, Eben Smith Fourth Ward..................Wm. P. Innes, P. R. L. Pierce Fifth Ward...................A. L. Skinner, W. G. Saunders Sixth Ward....................... W. Slocum, I. Simmons Seventh Ward......................E. Anderson, R. H. Smith Eighth Ward....................C. G. Brinsmaid, J. T. Elliott 1875-6. First Ward.......................ohn McConnell, J. C. Parker Second Ward...................Chas. W. Calkins, J. H. McKee Third Ward......................Henry Fralick, Eben Smith F'ourth Ward................... Wm. P. Innes, A. L. Chubb Fifth Ward......................A. L. Skinner, J. E. McBride Sixth Ward.......................Geo. S. Berry, I. Simmons Seventh Ward.......................E. Anderson, R. H. Smith Eighth Ward.....................E. J. Shinkman, J. T. Elliott 342 HISTORY 0P GRAND RAPIDS. O 1876-7. First Ward......................John McConnell, G. DeGraaf Second Ward.........C....... has. W. Calkins, J. H. MeKee Third Ward..........Joseph Penney, Eben Smith Fourth Ward............... Wm. P. Innes, Ladd J. Lewis Fifth Ward..................... B. Woodcock, J. E. McBride Sixth Ward.......................Geo. S. Berry, A.-D. Plumb eventh Ward..................Heman Palmerlee, E. Anderson Eighth Ward..................John B. Graves, E. J. Shinkman 1877-8. First Ward..........................G. DeGraaf, J. C. Parker Second Ward..................C. W. Calkins, L. W. Wolcott Third Ward.........................J. Penney, O. H. Godwin Fourth Ward........................L. J.Lewis, H. B. Fallass Fifth Ward....................R. B. Woodcock, A. L. Skinner Sixth Ward..........................A. D. Plumb, G. S. Berry Seventh Ward.....................H. Palmerlee, E. Anderson Eighth Ward......................J. N. Davis, E. J. Shinkman 1878-9. First Ward.......................... C. Parker, J. M. IIarris Second Ward....................L. W. Wolcott, W. R. Shelby Third Ward........... H. Godwin, ). D.,Hughes ourth Ward........................H. B. Fallass,. J. Lewis Fifth Ward......................A. L. Skinner,. E. McBride Sixth Ward..........................G. S. Berry, A. D. Plumb Seventh Ward................E. Anderson, W. K. Wheeler Eighth Ward................J. Shinkman, W. H. H. Walker i879-80. FirSt WaV d..................J. M. Harris, John J. ie Jbnge Setcid tWad...................... R. Shelby, G. S. Perkins Third Ward...................... D. Hughes, O. H. Godwih Futith Ward....................L. J. Lewis, D. H. Powers ifth Ward.........A.......... A. P. Sinclair, J. E. McBride SI*tii Wrd......................A. D. Plumb, G. W. Stanton Seventh Ward....................W. K. Wheeler, E. Anderson Eighth Ward...............W. H. H. Walker, E. J. Shinkman 1880-81. rst *ard.........John JI DeJonge, George C. 1itch Sbid *r'd...........:.. Gaius W. Perkins, J. Edward Earle tir d Whrd......O...iland H. Godwin, Charles 0. Chaidler Ntirl Ward................Daniel H. Powers, Ladd J. Lewis Plth Ward..............James E. McBride, A. Porter Sinclair Siiti Ward...............George W. Stanton, George S. Perry Seehth Ward...........Ebenezer Anderson, Franklin B. Day Eighth Ward..... Edmond J. Shinkman, William II. H. Walker HiSTORaY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 343 1881-2. First Ward....................George C. Fitch, Joel C. Parker Second Ward.............J. Edward Earle, Gaius W. Perkins Third Ward................Charles Chandler, Charles R. Sligh Fourth Ward............Ladd J. Lewis, William M. Hathaway Fifth Ward.............A. Porter Sinclair, James E. McBride Sixth Ward................George S. Berry, Adelmer D. Plumb Seventh Ward..........James D. Robinson, Charles E. Belknap Eighth Ward......William H. H.,Walker, Edmond J. Shinkman 1882-3. First Ward................Joel C. Parker, Charles J. Hupp Second Ward............. Gaius W. Perkirrs, J. Edward Earle Third Ward..............Charles R. Sligh, Charles Chandler Fourth Ward.......... William M. Hathaway, James Blair Fifth Ward..........James E. McBride, A. Porter Sinclair Sixth Ward................Henry J. Felker, George S. Berry Seventh Ward.........Charles E. Belknap, James D. Robinson Eighth Ward......Edmond J. Shinkman, William H. H. Walker 1883-4. First Ward..................Dennis Campau, Joel C. Parker Second Ward...................J. Edward Earle, Geo. R. Alien Third Ward...................Charles Chandler, W. J. Stuart Fburth Ward..................James Blair, Wm. M. Hathaway Fifth Ward.............A. Porter Sinclair, Henry Utterwick Sixth Ward....................Geo. S. Berry, Henry J. Felker Seventh Ward............Jas. D. Robinson, Alfred S. Richards Eighth Ward.........Wm. H. t. Walker, Edmond J. Shinkman 1884-5. k'iirt Ward...................Joel C. Parker, Edgar P. Mills Sebrind Ward.................Geo. R. Allen, J. Edward'earle Tiird Ward...................... W. J. Stuart, Jaies Fb6 bt'ith iWdad.................. M. Hathaway, James Blair *rd..................Henry Utterwick, 3o6iah Titbbts Siztii Ward............ enry J. Felker, David P. Raisom Seventh Ward......... lfred S. Richards, George B. Reily Eighth Ward.........Edmond J. Shinkman, M. J. Ulrich 1S85-6. ti~t Ward.......................Edgar P. Milln, E. i. Stein edhi a td.................J. Edward Earle, Gep. t. AAten rd.......................James Fox, i. H. Drury ti rd...................James Blair, J. B.GitWol d ift Wrd........................Josiah Tibbitts, S. Sillmhl tli W d........................D. P. Ransom, fi. J. eikEri SeetitNh Ward.........G........... B. Reily, A. S. Jichaids tikhth Ward................M. J. Ulrich, N. A. Fleteher 344 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 1886-7. First Ward.................... E. H. Stein, Edgar P. Mills Second Ward.................. Geo. R. Allen, J. Edward Earle Third Ward..........................H. H. Drury, James Fox Fourth Ward..................... J. B. Griswold, James Blair Fifth Ward........................S. Sullivan, J. E. McBride Sixth Ward........................H. J. Felker, D. P. Ransom Seventh Ward.....................A. S. Richards, Louis Prinz Eighth Ward......................N. A. Fletcher, M. J. Ulrich 1887-8. First Ward.......................E. H. Stein, Edgar P. Mills Second Ward..................Geo. R. Allen, J. Edward Earle Third Ward..........................H. H. Drury, Jamnes Fox Fourth Ward...................... J. B. Griswold, James Blair Fifth Ward.......................S. Sullivan, J. E. McBride Sixth Ward........................ H. J. Felker, D. P. Ransom Seventh Ward.....................A. S. Richards, Louis Prinz Eiohth Ward......................N. A. Fletcher, M. J. Ulrich 1888-9. First Ward.......... E. H. Stein, H. E. Locher Second Ward...................... G. R. Allen, Jos. Houseman Third Ward........................ H. H. Drury, H. A. Cook Fourth Ward.....................J. B. Griswold, James Blair Fifth Ward.......................S. Sullivan, J. E. McBride Sixth W ard........................... H. J. Felker, J. Gelock Seventh Ward...................A. S. Richards, C. E. Kellogg Eighth Ward.....................N. A. Fletcher, R. W. Merrill 1889-90. First Ward..........................H. E. Locher, E. H. Stein Second Ward...................Jos. Houseman, G. N. Wagner Third Ward........................ H. A. Cook, E. B. Fisher Fourth Ward.....................James Blair, H. Schneider Fifth Ward....................... J. E. McBride, J. T. Husted Sixth W ard............................J. Gelock, H. J. Felker Seventh Ward...................W. B. Folger, A. S. Richards Eighth Ward....................R. W. MIerrill, L. D. Goodrich 1890-91. First W ard..........................E. H. Stein, H. E. Locher Second Ward.................. Geo. N. Wagner, Jos. Houseman Third Ward..................Dr. T. D. Bradfield, E. B. Fisher Fourth Ward.................... Fred S. Clark, James Blair Fifth Ward................... J. T. Husted, H. H. Leffingwell Sixth Ward......................Arie Van Bree, H. J. Pelker Seventh Ward....................A. S. Richards, W. B. Folger Eighth Ward..................Jas. H. Hagy, L. DeC. Goodrich Ninth Ward................John T. Strahan, Jas. E. Blandford Tenth Ward.................. I. Maybury, Fred W. Stevens HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 345 1891-2. First Ward.........................H. E. Locher, E. H. Stein Second Ward....................Jos. Houseman, G. N. Wagner Third Ward......................T. D. Bradfield, E. B. Fisher Fourth Ward......................James Blair, Fred S. Clark Fifth Ward.................H. H. Leffingwell, J. T. Husted Sixth Ward......................Arie Van Bree, H. J. Felker Seventh Ward............... W. B. Folger, G. Fitz Gerald Eighth Ward......................J. H. Hagy, E. J. Crossman Ninth Ward...................John T. Strahan, N. L. Andrus Tenth Ward................F. I. Maybury, Fred W. Stevens 1892-3. First Ward......................... J. H. Palin, H. E. Locher Second Ward................ G. N. Wagner, Jos. Houseman Third Ward............. E. B. Fisher, T. D. Bradfield Fourth Ward......... F....Fred S. Clark, James Blair Fifth Ward.............. J. T. Husted, H. H. Leffingwell Sixth Ward..................... H. J. Felker, A. Van Bree Seventh Ward...................G. Fitz Gerald, A. H. Chilver Eighth Ward......................E. J. Crossman, J. H. Hagy Ninth Ward.....................N. L. Andrus, J. E. Blandford Tenth Ward......................F. W. Stevens, John Rowson Eleventh Ward...................W. N. Fuller, F. I. Maybury Twelfth Ward..................Ed. H. Stein, B. F. Brinkman 1893-4. First Ward............ H. E. Locher, John J. De Jonge Second Ward..................Jos. Houseman, G. N. Wagner Third Ward................... T. D. Bradfield, E. B. Fisher Fourth Ward...................Margaret Andrew, J. B. Ware Fifth Ward...................H. H. Leffingwell, John De Vries 'Sixth Ward....................Arie Van Bree, H. J. Felker Seventh Ward................... A. H. Chilver, G. Fitz Gerald Eighth Ward.....................J. H. Hagy, E. J. Crossman Ninth Ward...............J. E. Blandford, N. Louisa Andrus Tenth Ward................ John Rowson, J. W. Closterhouse Eleventh Ward...............F. I. Maybury, Warren N. Fuller Twelfth Ward...................B. F. Brinkman, Ed. H. Stein 1894-5. First Ward................... John J. De Jonge, H. E. Locher Second Ward................... G. N. Wagner, Jos. Houseman Third Ward......................E. B. Fisher, 'T. D. Bradfield Fourth Ward..................Margaret Andrew, J. B. Ware Fifth Ward...................John De Vries, H. H. Leffingwell.Sixth Ward.................H. J. Felker, A. Van Bree Seventh Ward....................G. Fitz Gerald, A. H. Chilver 346 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Eighth Ward.....................E. J. Crossman, J. H. Hiagy Ninth Ward................N. Louisa Andrus, J. E. Blandford Tenth Ward.................John Rowson, J. W. Closterhouse Eleventh Ward...............Warren N. Fuller, F. I. Maybury Twelfth Ward..................Ed. H. Stein, B. P. Brinkman 1895-6. First Ward.................H. E. Locher, John J. De Jonge Second Ward................. Jos. Houseman, G. N. Wagner Third Ward................... T. D. Bradfield, E. B. Fisher Fourth Ward.....................J. B. Ware, J. A. S. Verdier Fifth Ward...................H. H. Leffingwell, John De Vries Sixth Ward.......................Arie Van Bree, A. L. Banks Seventh Ward..................... AH. Chilver, W. B. Folger Eighth Ward..................H. Hagy, E. J. Crossman Ninth Ward.................J. E. Blandford, N. Louisa Andrus Tenth Ward..................John Rowson, Geo. W. De Jonge Eleventh Ward................ F. I. Maybury, D. W. Tower Twelfth Ward..................B. F. Brinkman, Ed. H. Stein 1896-7. First Ward...................John J. De Jonge, H. E. Locher Second Ward................G. N. Wagner, Josephine A. Goss Third Ward.............E. B. Fisher, T. D. Bradfield Fourth Ward..................J. A. S. Verdier, James A. Hunt Fifth Ward.................John De Vries, H. H. Leffingwell $Sith Ward...................A. L. Banks, J. H. Joldersma Seventh Ward..................W. B. Folger, Joseph Albright Eighth Ward......................E. J. Crossman, J. H. Hagy Nipth Ward................N. Louisa Andrus, J. E. Blandford Te4h Ward................... Geo. W. DeJonge, John Rowson j]eyenth W4rd..............D. W. Tower, Frances B. Turner Twelfth Word....................Ed. H. Stein, A. P. Sriver 1897-8, First Ward................... E. Locher, John J. De JQnge Seeond Ward.............Josephine A. Goss, G. N. Wagner Third Ward............ T. D. Bradfield, Collins H. Johnston Fourth Ward................James A. Hunt, J. A. S. Verdier Fjft WArd.............. H. Leffingwell, George H. Baert Sixth Ward...............J. H. Joldersman, John A. 1IColl Seventh Ward..................Joseph Albright, W. B. Folger Eighth Ward................ J. H. Hagy, E. J. Ctrosipan Ninth Ward..............J. E. Blandford, Francig J. Bolitho Tent! Ward......................John Rowson, J. B. Hiiker gleventh Ward..............Frances B. Turner, P. W. Tower Twefth Ward......................A. P. Sriver, Ed. H. Stein HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 347 1898-99. First Ward...................John J. De Jonge, H. E. Locher Second Ward.................G. N. Wagner, Josephine A. Goss Third Ward...........Collins H. Johnston, Loyal E. Knappen Fourth Ward................J. A. S. Verdier, James A. Hunt Fifth Ward...................Geo. H. Baert, Benn M. Corwin Sixth Ward.............John A. McColl, John H. Joldersma Seventh Ward................. J. G. Blickley, Joseph Albright Eighth Ward..................E. J. Crossman, M. F. Powers Ninth Ward................Francis J. Bolitho, J. E. Blandford Tenth Ward....................John B. Hilliker, John Rowson Eleventh Ward...............D. W. Tower, Frances B. Turner Twelfth Ward....................Ed. H. Stein, J. M. Wright 1899-1900. First Ward.................H. E. Locher, Martin C. DeJager Second Ward..............Josephine A. Goss, Edwin F. Sweet Third Ward.............Loyal E. Knappen, Alde L. T. Blake Fourth Ward...............James A. Hunt, J. A. S. Verdier Fifth Ward............Benn M. Corwin, Henry H. Leffingwell Sixth Ward...............John H. Joldersma, John A. McColl Seventh Ward................. Joseph Albright, J. G. Blickley Eighth Ward................. M. F. Powers, E. J. Crossman Ninth Ward...............J. E. Blandford, Madison J. Ulrich Tenth.ward...................John Rowson, John B. Hilliker Eleventh Ward........Frances B. Turner, John A. Hoedemaker Twelfth Ward.................... J. M. Wright, Ed. H. Stein 1900-1901. First Ward.................Martin C. DeJager, H. E. Locher Second Ward.............Edwin F. Sweet, Josephine A. Goss Third Ward...............Alde L. T. Blake, Elvin Swarthout Fourth Ward..............J. A. S. Verdier, Arthur C. Denison Fifth Ward.............Henry H. Leffingwell, Benn M. Corwin Sixth Ward................John A. McColl, John H. Joldersma Seventh Ward.................J. G. Blickley, Joseph Albright Eighth Ward.................Frank E. Brown, Henry Riechel Ninth Ward.............Madison J. Ulrich, Frederick Wheeler Tenth Ward................John B, Hilliker, John Rowson Eleventh Ward........ John A. Hoedemraker, Mary A. Phillips Twelfth Ward.................... Ed. H. Stein, J. MWright 1901-1902. First Ward.....................1.... Locher, Ale Bursma Second Ward.............Josephine A. Goss, Edwin F. Sweet Third Ward............Elvin Swarthout, Cyrus E. Perkins Fourth Ward..........Arthur C. Denison, Adelmer D. Plunb 348 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Fifth Ward.............Benn M. Corwin, Henry H. Leffingwell Sixth Ward.................John H. Joldersma, Frank L. Bean Seventh Ward............... Joseph Albright, J. G. Blickley Eighth Ward................Henry Riechel, Frank E. Brown Ninth Ward..............Frederick Wheeler, Edgar S. Kiefer Tenth Ward....................John Rowson, John B. Hilliker Eleventh Ward............Mary A. Phillips, Warren H. Gibson Twelfth Ward.....................J. M. Wright, Ed. H. Stein 1902-1903. First Ward.................John A. Hendricks, H. E. Locher Second Ward..............Edwin F. Sweet, Josephine A. Goss Third Ward.............. Cyrus E. Perkins, J. Harvey Innis Fourth Ward..........Adelmer D. Plumb, Arthur C. Denison Fifth Ward..............Henry H. Leffingwell, Jacob Reyngold Sixth Ward..............Frank L. Bean, Martin E. Broekstra Seventh Ward................J. G. Blickley, Joseph Albright Eighth Ward...............Frank E. Brown, Charles Holden Ninth Ward.............Edgar S. Kiefer, Frederick Wheeler Tenth Ward.............John B. Hilliker, William C. Sheppard Eleventh Ward..........Warren H. Gibson, Mary A. Phillips Twelfth Ward...............Ed. H. Stein, Thomas C. Johnson 1903-1904. First Ward.................H. E. Locher, John A. Hendricks Second Ward..............Josephine A. Goss, Edwin F. Sweet Third Ward.................. Harvey Innis, Cyrus E. Perkins Fourth Ward...........Arthur C. Denison, Adelmer D. Plumb Fifth Ward...........Jacob Reyngold, Henry H. Leffingwell Sixth Ward............Martin E. Broekstra, John A. McColl Seventh Ward................ Joseph Albright, J. G. Blickley Eighth Ward...............Charles Holden, William Molloy Ninth Ward.................Frederick Wheeler, Ithiel J. Cilley Tenth Ward.........William C. Sheppard, Herbert P. Belknap Eleventh Ward.........Mary A. Phillips, Philander B. Wright Twelfth Ward...............Thomas C. Johnson, Ed. H. Stein 1904-1905. First Ward.................Albert W. Engel, H. E. Locher 1Mr. Engel was elected in December, 1904, to fill vacancy caused by removal from tae ward of Mr. Hendricks. Second Ward..............George A. Davis, Josephine A. Goss Third Ward............... Cyrus E. Perkins, J. Harvey Innis Fourth Ward........Adelmer D. Plumb, Ambrose C. Hindman Fifth Ward..............Samuel T. Morris, Peter Van Malsen 2Mr. Morris was elected in July, 1905, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Henry H. Ijefflngwell, who resigned after being elected Superintendent of Janitors. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 349 Sixth Ward..............John A. McColl, Charles E. Kriebel Seventh Ward....................J. G. Blickley, John Scoby Eighth Ward.............. 3Frank E. Brown, William Molloy SMr. Brown was elected in March, 1905, to fill vacancy caused by removal frotm the ward of Mr. Holden. Ninth Ward..............Ithiel J. Cilley, Edwin C. Richardson Tenth Ward...........Herbert P. Belknap, Elisha S. Sevensma Eleventh Ward......Philander B. Wright, Harvey J. Chadwick Twelfth Ward..............Ed. H. Stein, Harrison V. Appley 4Dr. Appley was elected in May, 1905, to fill vacancy caused by removal from the ward of Mr. Johnson. During the years 1904 and 1905 the Grand Rapids Board of Education had the following standing committees: Schools and Teachers.-Trustees McColl, Goss, Locher, Sevensma, Chadwick. Buildings and Grounds.-Trustees Leffingwell, Wright, Molloy, Richardson, Scoby. Finances.-Trustees Belknap, Johnson, IHindman, Kriebel, Stein. Supplies.-Trustees Plumb, Blickley, Hendricks. Text-Books, Apparatus and School Libraries. -Trustees Innis, Davis, Van Malsen. Kent Scientific Museum.-Trustees, Holden, Cilley, The Mayor. The President was, under, the rules, ex-officio a member of each committee. Presidents. Presidents of the School Board from 1871 to 1905, inclusive: For the years ending 1871 to 1873, A. L. Chubb; 1874 to 1876. Henry Fralick; 1877, William P. Innis; 1878, L. W. Wolcott; 1879, A. D. Plum; 1880 to 1881, L. J. Lewis; 1882 to 1883, G. W. Perkins; 1884, Charles Chandler; 1885 to 1886, Henry J. Felker; 1887 to 1888, James Blair; 1889, N. A. Fletcher; 1890, A. S. Richards; 1891 to 1892, James Blair; 1893 to 1894, E. B. Fisher; 1895, H. J. Felker; 1896, E. H. Locher; 1897, John Rowson; 1898, Thomas D. Bradfield; 1899, John Rowson; 1900, John A. S. Verdier; 1901, H. E. Locher; 1902, Benn M. Corwin; 1903, John B. Hilliker; 1904, Arthur C. Dennison; 1905, Cyrus E. Perkins. Secretaries of the Board from the year 1871 to 1905 inclusive: For the years ending 1871 to 1877, J. H. McKee; 1878, H. B. Fallass; 1879, A. L. Skinner; 1880 to 1882, E. J. Shinkman; 1883;- _ so -_? _ e:-. I! Ad A - -H S - i 350 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. to 1887, J. Edward Earle; 1888, Edgar P. Mills; 1889 to 1905, Ed. H. Stein. Treasurers of the School Board from 1871 to 1905 inclusive: For the years ending 1871 to 1876, J. L. Baars; 1877 to 1881, J. C. Darragh; 1882, T. C. Sherwood; 1883 to 1884, I. M. Weston; 1885, Henry P. Baker; 1886, Wmn. Widdicomb; 1887 to 1888, J. A. S. Verdier; 1889, F. A. Hall; 1890, J. A. S. Verdier; 1891 to 1896, F. A. Hall; 1897 to 1905, F. M. Davis. Superintendents of the Schools of Grand Rapids from 1871 to 1905 inclusive: For the years ending 1871 to 1883, A. J. Daniels; 1884 to 1886, I. N. Mitchell; 1887 to 1890, P. M. Kendall; 1891 to 1898, W. W. Chalmers; 1898 to 1900, F. R. Hathaway; 1901 to 1905, Wm. H. Elson. Principals of the Central High School of Grand Rapids from the year 1871 to 1905 inclusive: For the year ending 1871, C. G. Emery; 1872 to 1885, E. A. Strong; 1886 to 1896, W. A. Greeson; 1897 to 1905, Albert J. Volland. Principals of the Union High School of Grand Rapids from 1871 to 1905 inclusive: For the year ending 1871, J. B. Haney; 1872 to 1885, S. G. Milner; 1886 to 1890, I. W. Barnhart; 1891 to 1898, Orr Schurtz; 1899 to 1905, Albert Jennings. Expenditures. The expenditures for conducting the public schools of Grand Rapids from 1872 to 1904 inclusive were as follows: 1872, $98,340.77; 1873, $86,278.45; 1874, $90,550.25; 1875, $104,152.51; 1876, $100,779.87; 1877, no report; 1878, $62,474.83; 1879, $113,291.88; 1880, $79,052.31; 1881, $90,951.92; 1882, $127,209.94; 1883, $133,. 708.30; 1884, $182,291.70; 1885, $230,206.53; 1886, $44,585.73; 1887, $246,329.80; 1888, $253,719.69; 1889, $223,892.90; 1890, $221,839.47; 1891, $233,349.13; 1892, $337,057.94; 1893, $371,648.78; 1894, $283,427.55; 1895, $269,277.80; 1896, $297,163.84; 1897, $297,171.02; 1898, $309,833.82; 1899, $311,082.46; 1900, $318,499.89; 1901, $392,128.55; 1902, $415,686.77; 1903, $429,332.03; 1904, $433,481.29. The following table shows the expenditures in detail of the HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 351 Board of Education for the support and maintenance of the public schools of Grand Rapids for the years from 1893 to 1904. in14usive: Expenditures. 1893-4 1894-5 1895-6 1896-7 1897-8 1898-9 Teachers' Salaries. ~....$182,921.31 $180,378.3.5 $190,326.61 $190,906.44 $194,655.32 $195,73Q.30 Jaidtors' Wages. 18,365.96 18,527.94 17,799.26 20,156.81 18,507.89 19,690.96 B~onds............ 14,000.OO 8,000.00 20,000.00 16,000.00 15,000.00 14,500.00 irnterest......16,884.52 17,148.96 17,048,02 15,087.90 106466.52 13,58.52 Printing and Adver'tis'in'g 820.03 807.11 697.10 711,81 819.71 741.87 Gilbert Fund........ 31.70 173.95 106.25 76.49 261.16 220.66 Heating Apparatus.... 700,62 1,234.99 1,599.00 1,334.45 473.48 1,374.41 School Furniture...... 2,089.29 1,097.04 1,052.49 1,530.11 1,490.73 1,276.69 Repairs.6,260.73 4,470.33 5,478.56 9,819.81 7,271.85 12,447.68 Library Bio o-k-s. 8,634.47 2,992.92 4,284.58 3,951.68 4,783.72 4,426.47 Library Expenses..... 5,668.30 4,100.31 4,289.16 5,495.25 4,674.84 5,392.00 Grade and Sewers...... 1,524.20 1,794.93 917.09 2,095.05 1,665.45 801.30 1]Ivprovement of Grounds. 2,245.95 980.46 935.10 2,411.27 2,772.49 3,959.55 Contingent..........12,133.37 13,849.71 11,571.57 13,547.29 17,754.53 16,227.60 1n~surance.......... 984.00 300.00 419.00 70.00 854.50 1,38.26 Water Tax......... 800.00 800.00 800.00 800.00 800.00 800.00 Fluel............. 6,504.91 10,918.90 6,70~.57 4,181.66 6,950.69 9,914.16 Building........... 2,858.19 880.00 13,137.88~ 8,975.00 14,631.50 8,603.08 School Site............. 861.90......... Manual Training................... Kent Scientific Museum........................ Library Site........................ Total...........$283,427.55 $269,277.80 $297,163.84 $297,171.02 $309,833.82 $311,082.46 Ehxpendituires. 1899-00 11900-.01 1901-02 1902-03 1903-4 Total 11 yrs Teachers' Salaries.....$210,610.22 $230,459.99 $248,870.90 $264,391.20 $284,849.30 $2,374,108.94 Janitora' Wages......21,714.83 24,410.96 25,167.45 29,159.07 28,904.62 242,414.75 Bonds............17,500.00 9, 000. QO 18,000.00 10,000.00 5,125.00 145,125.00 innterest...........12,371.52 11,731.52 12,304.02 11,601.52 11,101.52 154,327.54 Printing and Advertising 682.09 822.08 934.58 1,031.09 999.89 9,087.36 Gilbert Fund........ 304.48 116.52 41.15 59.50 230'.38 1,622.18 Heating Apparatus..... 100.00 198.00 581.36 551.90 2,294.78 10,442.99 School Furniture...... 717.18 889.86 1,554.62 1,873.917 866.72 14,438.70 Repair's........... 9,437.24 12,779.16 11,829.88 1OASO5.42 14,288.11 104,233.72 Library Books....... 8,634.47 2,041.18 2,389.24 2,817.29 3,136.52 41,397.97 Library Exp~enses..... 6,774.83 7,667.28 10,161.71 9,408.07 8,482.98 72,113.73 Grade and Sewers..... 1,829.45 700.50 2,057.65 461.93 2,070.80 15,928.95 Improvement of Grounds. 2,470.12 1,750.71 2,226.14 3,857.62 3,203.43 26,762.84 Contingent..........20,812.18 21,243.72 19,837.11 26,433.96 33,447.18 206,878.22 Insiiran46.......... 316.80 81.70 70.80 852.00 492.00 5,826.06 W~ater Tax......... 1,200.00 1,200.00 600.00 1,736,51 2,660.67 12,197.18 Fuel............. 7,70Q.95 8,202.88 4,510.35 16,872.79 18,592.98 101,052.84 Building........... 2,048.10..... 15,601.68 25,347.18 2,111.88 94,194.44 School Site........,700.00 2,200.0 Manual Training.......5,132.49 4,824.15 3,35,1:1 19,403.52 kei5 Scientiflo, Muaeum.......... 1,923.98 8,859.64 4,992.07 15,775.69 Library Site.........52,000.00...... 52,000.00 Total.$..........318,499.89 $392,128.55 $415,686.77 $429,332.03 $433,481.29' $3,727,085.02 The total numftber of' sch'ool children ith the city as shown by the s~chool ceist~s df eadei ye-tit, the total nttmber enr~lled in the public schools for each year, the aver~age daily atteftdance for e6ai year, Pie nurnzbei' of teachers~ emIpioy$ed, and the average cost f6if eadt ptPff e~kh Yeare from 1871 t6 1905~ is shown by the 352 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Total Number Year of School Children. 1871.............................. 5,229 1872.............................. 5,908 1873................. 6,682 1874.............................. 7,961 1875.............................. 8,400 1876...................... 8...... 8,900 1877.............................. 1878.............................. 9,301 1879............................. 9,559 1880.............................. 9,784 1881..............................10,635 1882.......................... 11,298 1883..............................11,910 1884..............................12.071 1885..............................12,218 1886..............................12,775 1887..............l....14,066 1888.............................15,728 1889..............................15,602 1890..............................16,547 1891.............................. 20,322 1892..............................22,163 1893..............................23,436 1894..............................24,717 1895..............................25,990 1896..............................25,050 1897.............................25,566 1898..............................25,890 1899....................... 26,380 1900..............................26,865 1901............................27,419 1902..............................27,532 1903............................27,968 1904..............................26,907 Total Enroll- Average ment in Pub- Daily Atlic Schools. tendance. 3,805 2,112 4,398 2,797 4,819 2,943 6,039 3,103 6,303 3,167 -- Not Reported 6,530 3,373 6,381 3,478 5,390 3,464 5,853 3,648 6,576 4,210 6,932 4,544 7,604 5,240 7,915 5,667 8,250 5,966 8,539 6,045 9,253 6,818 10,379 7,481 10,759 7,476 12,183 8,109 13,187 9,517 13,152 10,100 13,039 10,376 14,201 10,859 15,044 11,608 15,441 12,046 15,781 12,437 15,915 12,214 15,882 12,187 15,937 12,409 15,880 12,715 15,730 12,482 15,662 12,318 Number of Cost Per Teachers Capita for Employed. Education 64 69 73 83 $15.51 92 14.15 91 14.87 101 14.77 107 16.14 124 16.86 136 13.75 142 22.64 167 26.84 182 23.37 195 16.93 206 19.49 217 18.22 228 19.26 274 20.77 298 19.89 309 21.12 328 20.89 333 19.88 347 18.95 358 18.71 352 19.69 365 18.32 371 22.36 384 23.58 398 25.19 413 28.19 418 33.30 -- The enrollment in the public schools for 1905 was 123 less than that of 1904, while private and parochial schools reported a gain of 662 for the year. The enrollment in 1901 was 15,937; in 1902, 15,880; 1903, 15,730; 1904, 15,662; 1905, 15,539. The enrollment in 1905 was 398 less than that of 1901. Enrollment in parochial and private schools increased 829 from 1902 to 1905. The enrollment by years is as follows: 1905, 5,112; 1904, 4,450; 1903, 4,403; 1902, 4,283. The average number of pupils belonging to the public schools during the year 1904-5 was: High school, 1,189; grammar, 4,381; primary, 7,332; total, 12,902. The average daily attendance was: High school, 1,158; grammar, 4,158; primary, 6,939; total, 12,255. The actual number belonging to all departments at the close of the school year was 10,689. Twenty-five men and 397 women teachers were employed. There were also four special teachers. The average number of pupils to each teacher was 27.6 in the high school; 35 in the grammar department; 36.8 in the primary department; an aver HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 353 age of 35 for all departments. The number graduated or promoted in the year 1905 was: High school, 151; grammar, 621; primary, 1,175. Special instruction was given in vocal music, drawing, manual training, and domestic science. Latin was studied by 606; Greek by 9; French by 86; German by 425. The cost per capita for instruction was $36.39 in the high school; $24.44 in the grammar department; $20.06 in the primary department; average, $22.12. For incidentals the cost was $10.12 per capita. Graduates. Graduates of the High School. From 1862 to 1905 inclusive: 1862.-Frances C. Stevens, Emily L. Winsor, Caroline A. Remington, Mary M. G. Hodenpyl, Thirza I. Watrous, Helen M. Knight, Cornelia C. Wyman, Frances S; T. Cuming, Elizabeth A. Pierce, Aurelia S. Henry, Julia A. Comstock, Annette C. Dickinson, Abbie R. Nelson. 1863.-Cornelia A. Woodward, Albert G. Henry, Faydelia S. Henry, Annie F. Baars, Martha M. Everts, Lucy Gallup, Maria W. McReynolds, Milicent W. Hess, Margaret G. Blakeslee, Harriet I. Gallup. Elizabeth S. Watrous. 1864.-Margaret L. G. Hodenpyl, Martha E. Burnett, Melvina L. Earle, Emily G. Wyman, Marietta E. Hall, George R. Alien, Sarah E. Hill, Julia F. Coffinberry, Ada F. Brigham, Jane E. Wood, Gaius W. Perkins. There was no class in 1865, as the course of study was changed from a three year to a four year course. 1866.-Frank N. Greeley, Gertrude V. B. Wood, Lettie A. Howe, Della A. Foote, Helen A. S. Sauers, Cyrus E. Perkins, Alice Carpenter, Effie Dean, Florence Knight, Marie J. D'Ooge, Frances Van Winkle, Levette R. Scranton, Charles H. Leonard. 1867.-Charles J. Willett, Lavinia D. Ticker, Anna M. Nevius, Anna B. Gallup, Mary E. Parks, Martha M. Huntington, John R. Smith, Frank B. Daniels, Ellen E. Foote, Edward M. Adams, Relief A. Leonard, Eliza Carroll, Hertell S. Fitch, Florence Knapp. 1868.-Theodore B. Wilson, Emily M. Jones, Martha M. Robinson, William H. McKee, Ellen L. Judd, Clara Hardy, Eugene F. 354 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Sawyer, Hattie Bostwick, Hettie E. Bemis, Jennie C. D'Ooge, Ella A. Hughes, Ada C. Rindge. 1869. —Fronia C. Rood, Frank E. Campau, Frank W. Ball, F. Emery Tuttle, Adell L. Howland, J. Wurta De Peu, E. Linnie McWhorter, Annie W. Cuming, Henry S. Watrous, L. Agnes Pike. 1870. —fenry G. Allen, Emma J. Carr, Mary E. Tanner, Abram V. E. Young, Charles N. Potter, Sarah B. Goodman, Belle M. Tower, Edward W. Withey, Mary E. Sprague, Jessie A. Smith, Norman F. Tucker, Eva A. Chubb, Adell J. Porter, James L. Rumsey, Leman L. Dickinson, Addie L. Jewett. 1871.-Nellie W. Bevier, Ella M. Rumsey, Jennie McWhorter, Alice S. Bailey, Clara G. Winchester, Wm. A. Robinson, Frank E. Leonard, Fred D. Porter, Ella Morrison, S. Addie Palmer, Lizzie R. Hanchet, Lizzie S. Knapp. 1872.-Ella A. Clark, Charles W. L. Deitrich, Mary A. Harting, D. Wallace Giddings, Fred C. Tearse, Hattie A. Jewett, Hattie J. Findlay. 1873.-George F. Foster, Edward A. Gilbert, Edgar W. Ford. 1874.-Elizabeth M. Bradford, Sarah J. Loomis, William E. Gill, Emma H. Livingston, Louisa J. Campbell, Herbert Everett, John R. King, Myron H. Walker, Velma A. Smith, Julia Howell, Florence E. Wheatley, Ossian C. Simonds. 1875.-Mina M. Merriman, Della C. Granger, E. Gertrude Tompkins, K. Addie Hobart, Emma A. Palmer, Jenny E. Scranton, Minnie D. Bresee, Thomas C. Young, Henry C. Post, M. Lettie Wright, Lincoln B. Livingston, Carrie C. Parrish, Minnie M. Mosher, Alice M. James, Mattie E. Rumsey, Mary E. Alien. 1876.-Alfred Robertson, Annaie B. Whittemore, Carrie A. Dean, Lucia J. Kromer, Edward Whittetnore, Kittie E. Aldrich, Jennie M. Miller, John C. Waterman, Libbie Chesbro, Reynold J. Kirkland, Duncan W. Miller, Kate A. Read, Nellie M. Withey, William K. Jones, Blanche Thomas, Clara Leonard. 1877.-Georgiana Edison, Charles Miller, Henrietta Liesveld, Arthur W. Seymour, Lewis T. Wilmarth, Annie M. Kimball, kicy Biettes, Adrian Vandenburg, Marie E. K. Neahr, George B. Daniels, Earnest D. Disbrow, Maurice M. Houseman, Eugene 6. Hardy, Thomas J. O'Connor, Adolph B. Mason, Crrie L. Dickinson, Alice Crossette, Fannie D. Ball, Mary D. Jones, Benjtdiu L. D'Ooge, Claude R. Buchanan, Schuyler C. Graves, Duaie E. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 355 Fox, Charles H. Neman, William H. Loomis, Stewart N. Schermerhorn, L. P. H. Fisher. 1878.-Agnes A. Collins, Fannie E. Reeves, Carrie B. Jewett, Frank Rusche, Emma H. Swan, Florence E. Cutcheon, Emma S. Hewes, Helena D. Kusterer, Ida A. Devenport, George E. Herrick, George L. Chubb, Arthur E. Kromer, John L. Locke, Hattie M. Bailey, Crombie S. Chesbro, Hattie A. Fox, Sila E. Hibbard, Hattie E. Richards, William O. Stewart, Lewis T. Wilmarth, Carrie E. Robinson, Louise E. Smith, Augustus F. Lewis, Delia S. Mann, Rebecca Miller, Louise M. Nelson, Mary L. Seymour, Nellie F. Whittemore, Mary C. Atwater, Nancy W. Barnes, Lillian M. Berkey, Willard I. Brigham, Jackson C. Chesbro, Arthur C. Denison, William H. Graham, Will M. Hopkins, Arthur W. Jenks, Annie M. Kimball, Charles E. Temple. 1879.-Willard Belnap, John D. Muir, Fannie S. Chapman, William R. Eaton, Irving A. Anderson, Emma R. Koon, Anna H. Addis, Josephine T. Heyman, Louise D. Wooster, Frederick O. Cloyes, Walter L. Keeney, J. Frances Streng, Janette M. Ledward, Emma F. Baker, Lucy M. Morrison, Helena D. Kusterer, Emma S. Hewes, George W. Locke, Frederick B. Foote, Mary E. Adams, Florence E. Cutcheon, Alice W. Miller, Georgietta W. Berry, Hester L. Converse, Lina J. Stewart, Agnes R. Van Buren, Georgia E. Stivens, Anna Dale, Anna L. Johnson, Thomas J. O'Connor, Grace I. Haynes, Lorenzo Robertson, Evered C. Dudley, Louise J. Ball, Willard F. Keeney, Henry E. Moseley. 1880.-Agnes A. Wardell, James McKenna, Dagmar Hansen, Fred Wheeler, Alvin B. Moseley, William B. Maynard, Cora A. Gardinier, Ada E. Chilson, Bertha T. Stowell, Sarah R. Kromer, Adelaide F. Whitfield, Esther Wolf, Clara Ransom, Louise A. Bodelack, Caroline Miller, Irving A. Anderson, Josephine T. Heyman, Elmer E. Beach, Cora Calkins, Alice Winegar, John C. Streng, Lucinda W. Garrick, Caroline Parks, Jennie D. Livingston, William R. Eaton, Minnie E. Larigdon, Anna H. Read, Julia G. Moriarty, Mary E. McQuewan, Anria Walsh, Lizzie C. Walsh, Della E. Middleswovrth, Margaret A. Dubridge, Margaret Strahah, Ida L. Adams, Cathatine D. Gibb, William Savidge, Oliver O. P. Hughart. 1881.-Laura May P. Cook, ThEomlas Fred. Rand, Hattie Elvira Richards, Emily Susan Loomis, Christina Den Herder, Ada De^ta Barftette, Sarah Addie Reed, Ida Mary Blakeslee, Mlary Helen 356 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Pollard, Luther Samuel Livingston, Hulda Sophia Sprague, Cora Estelle Ford, Sarah Rosetta Kromer, Ezra Jones Ware, Carrie Delia Wright, Dagmar Hansen, Anna Gertrude Carroll, Emma Lucy Royce, Mary Evaline Doyle, Louise Martindale Carmon, Elizabeth Buford Jones, Charles Seaman Young, Emily Rice Locke, Frances Grace Chubb, Lilly Maxwell Strong, Julia Elizabeth Rhines, Lillian May Cornell, Clara Ransom, Elmer Ellsworth Beach, Milton Ephraim Osborn, Eleanor Margery Brown, Mary Elizabeth Wykes. 1882.-Cora June Cady, James Walter Ransom, Lucy Ball, Anastasie Hamilton, Nellie M. Henshaw, George Frank Godfrey, Emily Susan Loomis, Eva Wightman, Marina Domhnada Allen, Carrie Rice, James Walter Ransom, Eva Florence Pierce, Louise Martha Fitch, Elizabeth Ennis Church, Mary Frances Jones, Reka Peternela Steketee, Minnie Olive Florence Clark, Lucy Anna McVean, Cornelia Steketee, Mary Emery Maxim, Frederick David Sherman, Ben Ernest West, Ada Desta Barnette, Bessie Eudora West, Erminie Jane Kinney, Raymond Walter Beach, Loran David Osborn, William Colfax Graves, Gertrude Streng, Charles Seaman Young, Mary Agnes Eaterby, Clay Harvey Hollister, Susie Louise Goodrich. 1883. French Course.-Julia Clara Kost, Florence Moore, Georgia Louise Orcutt. German Course.-Julia Clara Kost, Anna Sawyer, Joseph Rusche, William Arthur Butchart, Eugene Alexander Hamilton. Common English Course.-Michael McKenna. Elective Course.-Frederick Wheeler, Ernest Willoughby Jewell, Robert William Brown, William Francis Matter, Kendall Woodward Hess. English Course.-Cornelia Steketee, Alice Bessie Reed, Eva Kate Matter, Cora Maria Riggs, Annette Richards, Flora Edith Neeland, Emma May Pierce, Clara Marie Watt, Celia May Backus, Jennie Almeria Emery, Helen Martindale Carmon, Jennie Murphy. Latin-Scientific Course.-Lynn Laura Edie, Rueben Sherman Smith. Classical Course. —Minnie Olive Florence Clark, Frederick HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 357 David Sherman, Guy Van Gorder Thomson, Adelaide May Bradford, Alja Robinson Crook. 1884. Common English Course.-Bertha Emmor Belknap and Anna Elizabeth Howeil: Elective Course.-James Chalmers, John Leonard Benjamin, Cornelius Benjamin, Joseph Rusche, Loise Lyn Carle, Adelaide Maria Wilmarth, Mary Maria Cutler, Nora Madelene Kelly. Preparatory English Course.-Sarah Althea Winchester, Martha Louesa Dole, Mary Frances Ingersoll, Mary Cinthia Dickerson, Annie Charlotte Graves, Cora Jane Steiner, Frances Christina Van Buren, Henrietta Heyman, Clinton Samuel Osborn, Elizabeth Vandermulen, Bessie Carmon, George David Sones, Charles E. Whitcomb, Stella Louesa Wilson, Ida Merrilnan, Cora June Cady, Ida Adele Wolf, Fannie Louesa Hess, Beptha, Montague Alger. Latin Scientific Course.-Anna Susan Jones, Flora Louise Marsh. Classical Course.-Ernest Willoughby Jewel, Rueben Sherman Smith, Willis Eldred Field. 1885. Elective Course. —William Charles Wurster, Annie Bettes, Jennie Julia Hall, Lucius Edward Torry, Nellie Emma Akin. Common English Course.-Georgia Augusta Thompson, Benjamin Berteld Luten, Annette Ida Van Leuwen, Stanley Aaron Emery. Preparatory English Course. —Bertha Wolf, Robert Henry Wolcott, Fanny Pomeroy Strong, Constance Dunnett, Jessie Annie Wilson, Caroline Helen Emery, Louis Adelbert Clinton, Alice Lillian Hunt, Frank Willard Curtiss, Nellie Latham Turner, Carrie Ward, Julia Valentine Doran. Latin Scientific Course.-Arlisle Margaret Young, Helen Rutherford Putnam, Nellie Chapin Rogers, Herbert Parrish. Classical Course.-Arlisle Margaret Young, Bert John Vos. 1886. Common English Course.-Cornelia Elizabeth Newton, Annie Laura Kinney; Lulu Venus Creque, Lillian Edith Quealey. 358 358 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Pr 1eparatory Engplish Course. -Helen Anderson Clark, Stella May Kromer, Ida Melissa Cole, Fred Macey, Catherine Frances Smith, Mary Moulton Smith, Addie Elizabeth Bettes, Herbert Mortimer Pierce, Eloise Mabel Everhart, Josephine Smith, Amy Louise Bertsch, Rosalie May Berkey, Anna Mary MeRoy, Mary Ann Kromer, Jessie Grover Lathrop, Elizabeth Sarah Brady, Georgia Virginia Miller, Emma Jantha Cole, Agnes Cornell, Frank Austin, Abigail Moran, Mark Walter Gill, Vinnie Aletta Gorton, Frederick Elias Matter. Classical Course.-Harry Nelson Quigley, Oswald Daniel Vandersinis, Annie Are) ffollard, IJo1FhiiTN'y Hitatie Mlaria Goodrich, Harry oward Pollard, Delia Sophia ~3ieBlanche Frederica Tayl~r Edith Ethelyn Clark. Latin-Scient/fl Course.-Harry Nelson Quig~y 4na Blanche Smith, Ada El ise Hunt, Mary Sophia Hardy, utw Little Smith, Charles Shepar _t Rdith Kellogg Beyntona. Elective Course.-Davi Davidson Muir, Mary Emma Kline, Alfred Henry Apted. 1887. Common English Course.-Orlando A. Turner, Georgie Shear, Nellie Allen, Adah. Clarissa Canfleld. Elective Course.-Abbie, Beryl Norton, Clara Belle Ward, Kate Laura Rogers, Charles Edward Haak, Emma Louisa Voigt, William HT. Jamisona, George Grout Lovell, Charles r~otter. Preparatory English Course.-Emily Sherring $;mith, Mary Bat-es, Grace Ames Vanhoesen, Hattie Sarah Livingston, Frederick Slade R~obinson, Mfary Ella Ward, Orlando A. Turner, Loretta Maria Parsons, Esther IXeeler, Addie Etta )Field, Joanna Minnie H~olm, Arthur Cliflfton Shiarpe, Elsie Mae Field, Adnah C`lifton Newell, Lizzie Acenia Coryell, Lenore Hooker, Nellie Belknap, Nellie Austin, Annie Turner, Carroll Robert Godfrey, Bettine Frqnces Dorothea Ortli, Alice Frances Loomis, Winnifred Louise Curtiss, Freenwan Silas Godfrey, lElla Johnston, Nellie Stador Campbell. Latin-Scientific Course.-Lewis Dana Cutcheon, Mary Marshall Bonnell, Lulu Belle Berkey, Katthrina, Antonia IUtterwick, May Morton Butler. Cornelia Billings Shepard. Classical Course.-Harry Lincoln Cresswell, Glenn Woolsey Holmes. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS.35 359 1888. Commereial English Course.-Edwin M. Devendorf. Elective, Course.-Mary Adele Hoskins, Joanna Maria Utterwick, Caroline Louise Elliot. Preparatory English Course.-Elizabeth Arabella Moloney, Belle Sheridan Scranton, Walter Pollard, Elizabeth Ellen Goodrich, Carrie Louise Powers, Gertrude Van Winkle, Cordelia Mary Wilde, Jennie Belk-nap, LuVlu Edith Clement, Myrtie Zoe Whitfield, Flora Cecelia Forsyth, Caroline Anne Fletcher, Margaret Clark Cuthbert, Kittie Plumb, Margaret Evangeline Doran, EiIama ]Florence DeGraff, Jessie Hetherington. German-English Course. -Sara Louise Porter, George Everett Fitch. Latin-German Course.-Theresa Mary Wurzbur~g, Lewis Philip Cody, Florence Pamela Chase, Charles Alouzo McConnell, William Benjamin Kalnmback, Frederick H. Whitfield, Manning Andrus Birge, Isaac Van Bree. Latin-French Course.-George Frederick Fairbrass, Estelle Rutherford Putnam, Edith May Stone, Anna B. Wykes. C1sisesicl Course.-Anna Mary Calkins, Belle Sheridan Scranton, Ev ya Josephinae Daniels, Frank Pliny Graves, Richard Root Smith, Alfred Da~y Rathbone. Po~st,-Graduates. Classical Conrse. —Addie Elizabeth B~ettes. Preparatory English, '86. German-English Course.-,-Abbie 13. Norton. Elective Course, '87. 1889. Elective Course.-Ora, Fayette Bulman, Ella Lucinda S-hinknian, Ira Arnold Cole, jeni~ie Filmira Wagner, George Refferan.; Preparatory English Course. -Ella Melissa Bailey, M ertie Luella Pregstou, Dora Estella 13adford, I~Iarry Cook Binge, Mgry Oceni,4a Carew, atiVa4e Jessie Rogers, Elizabethi Mary-Cargill, Sarah Elizabeth Scriven, Heleni Jane Courtney, Elizabeth Rebecca S-mi "th, Marganerite Elizabeth English, Lydia Olive Smith, Jennie Englishman, Elva Isabelle Thorington, William Alien Huighouse, Ella Crooks Turner, Alfred Hunt, Clifford Walker, Audie Sophia 360 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Kelly, Paul Emerson Wright, Lenna Minerva Mead, Lucy Maud Young, Jessie Pearl Noyes. English-German Course.-Jennie May Barnard, Lulu Blanche Parr, Audie Sophia Kelly, Cecilia Wilhelma Shickell. English-French Course.-Ellen Cecilia Finn, Alicel Irene Hefferan, Etta English Gardinier, Cecelia Wilhelma Shickell. Iatin-German Course.-Ethel Eugenia Barnard, Christine Magdalene Keck, John Durwood Bradfield, Elliot Molloy Norton, Laura Emily Bradish, Christina Campbell Wilson, Dora Maude Dillenback. Latin-French Course.-Edward Winslow Letellier, Mary Gernon Rice. Classical Course.-Henry Milnor Joy, Caroline Campbell Sterling, Christine Magdalene Keck.:;! 1890. Elective Course.-Walter DuBois Brookings, Frank Farquhar Matheson, John Haines Edison, Alice Rose McQuillen, Willard Gerome Gouldsbury, Lena Martha Perry, Agnes Jeanne Hawley, John Walter Verdier. Preparatory English Course.-George Albert Bellamy, Gezinna Hetty Luten, Gertrude Adele Boynton, Jennie May Outhouse, Deborah Carter, Mandana E. Rhodes, Sidney Dix Foster, Fred Rogers, Henrietta Isman Goodrich, Julia Mabel Springstead. English-German Course.-Carrie Estelle Bartlett, Hattie Belle Russell, May Isabelle Blumrich, Charles Adam Wagner, Mary Prederika Keller, Elba Emanuel Watson, Jean Harriet Reavely, Harriet Augusta Wentzler, Jennie Estelle Mead. English-French Course.-Elizabeth Rose Finn, Grace Alice Palmer. Latin-German Course.-Idalyn Mae Madden, Libbie Mary Turner, Carl William Mangold, Lou Luella Ward, Meyer Sinn May, Carrie Elizabeth Wurzburg. Latin-French Course.-Thomas Parks Bradfield, Clara Sophia Orth, Ida Coon Evans, Alex May Ross. Classical Course.-Walter Wendell Drew, Barend Herman Kroeze, Kate Louise Enos, Hadley Horton Walch, Richard Deming Ewing, John Arthur Whitworth, Gertrude Ada HIaak, Harry Fralick Worden, Alfred Hatch Hunt. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 361 1891. Elective Course.-Mary Emma Cox, Jessie Myrtle Misner, Georgie Ella Dole, Pansie E. Parker, Bert Hathaway, Jean Addie Riely, Agnes Oriel Heagle, Luella Emily Whitworth. Preparatory English Course.-Lotta Marie Arrowsmith, Lillian Mary Keyes, Minerva Griswold Beckwith, Daisy May Konkle, Blanche Morton Butler, Edward Guy Matter, Fred Gardner Clark, William Nathan Nourse, Frank Daniel Cutler, Benjamin Clapp Robinson, Clara Fuller, Lewis Chubb Rogers, Carrie Louise Goodrich, William Schaake, Elizabeth Grant, Mary Anna Sheal Simpson, Helen Abbie Hawthorne Hall, Arthur Lewis Smith, Agnes Jeanne Hawley, Viola Thurston, Irma Anne Heath, Mary Jane Wagner. Mary Hefferan, Bertha Woodbury, Lou Irwin, Ella May Wynkoop, Isabelle Johnson. German-English Course. —Brenton Claude Cutler, Edwin Julius Kutsche, Catherine G. S. Gunther, John Walter Verdier, Comstock Konkle. French-English Course.-Peter William Dykema, Richard Kir. by Hoyt, Ella Estelle Hazeltine, Julia Pike, Agnes Jeanne Hawley, Eliza Wilson. Latin-German Course.-Joseph Marcus Davis, Elizabeth Oakwood, John Hulst, Amelia Chamberlain Pierce, Albert Benjamin Kalmback, Max Goethe Wright, Ethelyn Estelle McDannell. Latin-French Course.-Helen Rose Houseman, Stewart Edward White. Classical Course.-Adeline Wilson Graves, Amelia Chamberlain Pierce, John Hulst, Victor Slayton, Elizabeth Oakwood Max Goethe Wright. 1892. Elective Course.-Hugh Blair, Grace Alyce Corinne Smith, Anna Cornelia Landman, William Wisner Taylor, Julia McCready, Frances Jacoba Vandersluis, George Wesley Munro. Preparatory English Course.-Luetta Anna Bettinghouse, Garrie Johnson, Ora May Bennet, Violet Grace Effie Lowes, Nellie Flora Campbell, Vesta Evelyn Pratt, Evadinah Henrietta Cargill, Florence Evelyn Ross, William'Clayton Coryell, Maude Elizabeth Smith, Edith Miriam Culver, Olie Carpenter Smith, Bertha Florence Curtiss, Earl Rutherford Stewart, Helen DeGraaf, Samtel Lockwood Wolcott, Iris Irene Dunham, Louis Albert Wood 362 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. ard, Peter William Dykema, John Mill Wright, Lena Lillian Grove. German-English Course.-Helen May Baker, Leolyn E. Owings, Bernice Leona Godwin, Grace Stone Parker, Bertha Burnetta Greenbaum, Polly Etta Reed, Annie Lucille Hurst, Alma Rosenthal. French-English Course.-Daisy Lillian Bennett, Nellie Myra Hayes, Margaret Marcella Farrell. Latin-German Course.-Lillian Isabelle Thomas. Latin-German Course. —Raymond Lynn Coffin, Ella Walters, James Otis Schurtz, Allen Wright Wolcott, Ralph Cone Taggart. Latin-French Course.-Susie Helen Allen, Hobart Birney Hoyt, Juliet Morton Butler. Classical Course.-Elton Pope Billings, Hobart Birney Hoyt, Fred Ellsworth Bradfield, Edward Granger McBride, Alice Brown, Eugene Boylan Palmer, Raymond Lynn Coffin, Carlton Hosmor Snashall. Normal School Graduating Class. Mamie L. Allison, Lotta Arrowsmith, Eva M. Ames, Annie Blanchard, Blanche M. Butler, Carrie E. Bartlett, Eva T. C. Clark, Irma Heath, Agnes 0. Heagle, Gezinna Luten, Winnie Iowes, Lenna M. Mead, Kate A. McDermott, Mary H. O'Keefe, Lena M. Perry, Nettie E. Side, Viola Thurston, Mary C. Tallmadge, Zaida E. Udell, Nettie Way, Luella E. Whitworth. 1893. Elective Course.-Grace Helen Clark, Ida Pick, Louis Chapin Covell, Stella Robinson Randolph, Herbert Lloyd Fairfield, Ella Van Leeuwen, Maude Alice Peters. Preparatory English Course.-William Clifton Allisan, Jennie Gilbert, Jennie May Barnes, Horace Whitney Hardy, Effie Louise Calkins, Florence Mary Harper, Frank Leonard Dykema, Lottie Elizabeth Kimerly, Elizabeth Evans, Bessie Loretta Lacey, Alonzo Prentice Ewing, Burton Edward Livingston, Arianna Innes Fre. ligh, Laura Naomi Macey, Grace Fyfe, Mary Louise Pyard, Percy Martin Shafer, Howard Platt Treadway, Homer Collar Skeels, Frances Augusta Tuck, May Aurelia Slocum, Edith Maria Tyler, a HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 363 Blanche Emma Smith, Bessie Marie White, Mary Smith, Ethel Evangeline Wood, Maude Hayes Thayer. German-English Course.-Lena Lecena Chase, Grace Harriet Lauback, Nellie May Colburn, Michael Ringler, Gilbert Cotton, Emily Jane Shaddick, Hattie Christina Cutler, Clarence William Squier, Evelyn Dell Kinney. French-English Course.-Jessie May Blanchard, Howard Platt Treadway, Julia Elizabeth Smith. Latin-German Course.-Jeanie Maud Backman, Ada Calista Meyers, Kate Belle Coye, Lida Carrie Osborn, Etta May Fuller, Maria Louisa Van der Veen, Max Levitt, Fisher DeVer~ Warner, Edith May Madden. Latin-French Course.-Claude Tuttle Hamilton, William Hervey Stuart. Classical Course.-Ida Leora Barber, Edith Conover Sligh, Harrie Newton Cole, Christian Van der Veen, Jr., Amaziah Donald Davis, Matthew John Walsh, Max Levitt. Post-Graduates. Latin-German Course.-Juliet Morton Butler, '92; Julia Pike, '91; Eugene Boyland Palmer, '92. Latin-French Course.-Eugene Boyland Palmer, '92; Julia Pike, '91. German-English Course.-Frances Jacoba Vandersluis, '92. Normal School Graduating Class. Effie M. Brisbin, Edith M. Culver, Nellie F. Campbell, Helen De Graaf, Helen E. Dickerman, Bertha B. Greenbaum, Lillian M. Harper, Isabella Johnson, Marie Jones, Violet G. E. Lowes, Alma Rosenthal, Maud E. Smith, Guinella Strand, Ella Walters. 1894. Elective Course.-Herbert Jerome Daniels, John Noordewier, Florence Annette Hilton, Charles Fred Powers, Albert Noordewier. Commercial English Course.-Myrtle Madeline Craig, Clara Frances Rosetta Smith, Alta Amelia Owens, Mattie Pauline Van Every. 364 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Preparatory English Course.-Cora Jipson Beckwith, Flora Annie L. Roelofs, Alice Eliza Bragg, Russel Sturgis Rowland, Emma Gertrude Ellis, Mary Louise Ellis, Fred Malcolm Smith, Harry Eli Harrington, Lilly May Smith, Louis Carol Howard, Anna Marie Yander Weyden, Marion Robina Lowes, Mina Alice Wilde, Jared Pomeroy Munson; Emma Georgia Wiley. French-English Course.-John Winford Byers. Short German-English Course.-Celia Bouma, Anna Grace Matter, Ida Alice Bundy, Fannie Belle Taylor, Almond Horace Hydorn, Greta Belle Young, Nellia Delcina Klose. German-English Course.-Mlay Florence Baldwin, Joseph Herman Petteresch, Frank Milo Clark, Edward Lafayette Ripley, Louis Gaikema, Kate Rosette Thompson, Fannie Elizabeth Osgood, Frances Mathilda Wallder. Latin-German Course.-Annie Elizabeth Ball, Mary Amelia Smith, George Newman Fuller, Evelyn C. Vyn, Charles Lee Merriman, Eugene Charles Worden. Latin-French Course.-Nora Elizabeth Barnhart, Anna Louise Rhodes, Henry Thomas Heald, George Curtiss Shirts, Fritz Carlton Hyde. Classical Course.-George Henry Allen, Frederic Morris Loomis, Summer E. Allen, Stuart Edwin Knappen, Florence Bedelle, Kate Lillian Macey, Will Arthur Bellamy, Flora Slayton, John Calvin Cutler, Charles Curtis Wallin, Hattie Ellen Harlan, D. Charles White, Ursula May Irish. Post-Graduates. Short German-English Course. —Ilorace Whitney Hardy, '93; Irma Anne Heath, '90-'91. Latin-German Course.-Ida Leora Barber, '93; John Matthew Walsh, '93. Latin-French Course. —Ierbert Lloyd Fairfield, '93. Classical Course.-IIerbert Lloyd Fairfield, '93; Fisher DeVere Warner, '93. Normal School Graduating Class. Maude Bachman, Mamie Ballard, May Colburn, Lena Chase, May FitzGerald, Clara Fuller, Nuta Keller, Grace Laubach, Edith Madden, Lida Osborn, May Pyard, Mary Smith, Blanche Smith, Jennie Shaddick. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 365 1895. Elective Course.-Frederick Charles Cogshall, Clara Conkling, Grace Darling Craig, Henry De Graaf, Frank Seymour Enos, Maude Myrtle French, Annie Emeline Fuller, Hattie Marie Gouldsbury, Josephine Young Hazeltine, Guy McKevitt Johnson, George Isaac Levi, Don Ambert Parkhurst, Verna May Raynor, Louise Gertrude Sullivan, Charles Goodell Watkins, Mabel Amanda Wells, Annah Kathleen Wilson, Daisy Jenny Wilzinski, Harriet Rumsey Wyman. Preparatory English Course.-Hattie Jeannette Beverley, John Charles Bradfield, Frank Egbert Bryant, Lydia Jane Chatfield, Clara Winifred Davis, Zopher Allen Davis, Lynn Norton Gilbert, Edith Gertrude Godwin, Percy Albert Himes, Grace Darling Hubbard, Mary Daisy Humphrey, Maude Lillian Kinney, Charles Walter Matheson, Bertha May McCormick, Ezra Burton Mead, Emily Louise Morley, Robert Russell Newton, Carrie Elizabeth Marie Niehaus, Helen Elizabeth Page, Marea Smith, Harry J. Sproat, Anna Adah Toren, Evelyn Aurilla Travis, Edith Loretta Turner, Regina Tyroler, Winnifred Watkins. Short German-English Course.-Leonia Edith Driscal, Ferry Kimball Heath, Bernard Charles Nichols. German-English Course.-Sam Braudy, Maude Frances Carew, Winnifred Emma English, Edith May Finch, Louis Hodge, Jay Elmer Malette, Anna Marie McNamara, Bernard Charles Nichols, Alfred Joseph Rasch, Henrietta Gertrude Magdalen Roelofs, Pauline Mathilde Stein, Grace Harriet Rose Thomasma, Jeannette Vanderberg, Bertha Idell Vincent. Latin-German Course.-Bertha Lovina Field, Laura Barbara Leitelt, Bernard Sinn May, Louie Belle McCready, Nellie Fuller Rice, Edith Laverne Smith, Katherine Blanche Wagner. Latin-French Course.-Cora Louise Bodwell, Sarah Virginia Bradfield, Bessie Florence Carpenter, Seymour Beach Conger, William Howard Failing, Anna Hacking, Helen Louise Hoyt, Frederic William Hillyer, Benjamin Bradford Metheany, Gertrude Rachel Madden, Ruth Schurtz, Emily Hortensia Pratt, Marie Katherine Frances Van Leeuwen, Olivia Rachel Burtis Taylor, May Cornelia Wyman. Classical Course.-Kate Lathrop Baldwin, Dexa Rose Creswell, Alice Mabel Donnelly; James Leslie French, Mary Ellen Hacking, 366 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Florence Slocum Hall, Thomas William Hefferan, Leroy Atwood Palmer, Leonard D'Ooge Verdier, Nellie Fuller Rice, John Faust Wilde. Post-Graduates. Engineering Course.-Gilbert Cotton, '93. Scientific Course.-Irma Anne Heath, '91. Short German-English Course.-Agnes Jeanne Hawley, '91. German-English Course.-Irma Anne Heath, '91; Nellie Delcina Klose, '94. Latin-German Course.-John Noordewier, '94. Latin-French Course.-Jessie Misner Peck, '91. Classical Course.-Maude Haves Thayer, '93. Normal School Graduating Class.-Annie Elizabeth Ball, Mary Ethel Ballard, Luetta Bettinghouse, Celia Bouma, Alice Eliza Bragg, Kate Belle Coye, Etta Mary Fuller, Anna Lucille Hurst, Mary E. Hyland, Vesta Pratt, Clara Saunders, Clara Frances Smith, Anna Marie Vander Weyden. 1896. Elective Course.-Cora Gardner Anderson, Dorothea Katherine Krause, Anna Marie Bertelson, Fred James Leonard, Clyde Henry Bettinghouse, Mary Lincoln, Edith Julia Davis, Lottie L. Macomber, Sietze Dekker, Jennie Mae Miller, Daisy Dewey, Harold Bruce Moore, Laura Alice Escott, Lou Anna Rookus, Myrtle Frances Foster, Bertha Louise Seekell, Paul Ray Gibson, Edith Jay Sessions, Arthur Otto Groff, Mabelle Edith Soutier, William Robert Harper, Carrie Adele Stickney, Maude Ernestine Haynes, Harriet Grace Rose Thomasma, Lillian Kathrina Hazelwood, Myrtle Ethelyn Turner, Henry John Idema, Lottie Anna Waddell, Guy Johnson, Thomas Gilbert White. Commercial-English Course.-Margaret Bouma, Flora Louise Lanfear, Glenn Raymond Chamberlain, Ralph Alonzo Mosher, Gertrude Lowella Failing, George William Nichols, Charles Farend Hext, William Richard Van Bree. Preparatory English Course. —Katherine Anna Britton, Everett Allen Phillips, Pearl Leonia Davis, Arthur Maurice Raymond, Josephine Maude Dykema, Rosamond Rebecca Rouse, Edna Charity Edison, Bessie Inez Savage, Marion Florence Hetherington, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 367 Nellie Rowley Smith, Mary Lizzie Kent, Harriet Minnie.Van Dam, Edward Payson Mills, Fred John Verkerke. French-English Course.-Bessie Mershon Shuler. Short German-English Course.-Ralph Melvin Hovey, Evalena Matthews, Elizabeth Wells Troutman. German-English Course.-Gertrude Bevier Champlin, Pleasant Irving Phillips, Oscar Frederick, Adeline Sligh, Ruby Alexandria Livingstone, Florence Emma Sullivan, Anna Wykes Miller, Mary Ellen Thompson. Scientific Course.-Ralph Clark Apted. Engineering Course.-Raymond Scott Curdy, Harry Clay Weatherwax. Latin-German Course.-Mae Katherine Barker, Elizabeth Mayerl, George Crofton Chickering, Ray Winchester Munson, Frances Crawford Ford, Mabel Pierce, Harry Harting, Charles Henry Reynolds, James Henry, Jr., Charles Frederick Schriver, Harriet Austin Hoskins, Nina Belle Ulrich, Maude Marie Jessup, Wil. liam Richard Van Bree, LaVerne Margaret Judkins, Frank Van Vliet, Minnie Joanna Kotvis, Pearl Maude Weightman, William P. McKenna, Mary Margaret Wurzburg. Latin-French Course.-Minnie Mae Clark, Delia Mae Robinson, Maude Helen Hilton, Helen Lilly Sproul, Carrie Louise Jenks, Ethel C. Stewart, Willy Lenhartz, Marion Bement Swain, Gretchen Margaret Orth, Frank Van Vliet, Mabel Pierce, Ethel May Williams. Classical Course.-Helen DuBois Bevier, Jay Stanley Jackson, Mary Butterfield, Maude Marie 'Jessup, Martha Elliott Clay, Frank Cameron Kinsey, William Theodore DeGraaf, Grace Edith Seekell, Frances Fern Haire, Rachel Victoria Shaw, Frances Elizabeth Hatch, John Russell Thomson, Frank Van Vliet. Post-Graduates. Preparatory English Course. —Jay Elmer Mallette, '95. French-English Course.-Seymour Beach Conger, '95; John Noordewier, '94-'95. Short German-English Course.-Seymour Beach Conger, '95; John Noordewier, '94-'95. Engineering Course.-Ezra Burton Mead, '95; Anna Louise Rhodes, '94. 368 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Scientific Course.-Anna Louise Rhodes, '94. Latin-German Course.-Seymour Beach Conger, '95; Florence Slocum Hall, '95; Anna Louise Rhodes, '94; Bertha Idell Vincent, '95. Latin-French Course. —Florence Slocum Hall, '95; John Noordewier, '94-'95. Classical Course.-Gertrude Rachel Madden, '95; John Noordewier, '94-'95; Bertha Idell Vincent, '95. Normal School Graduating Class.-May Aldrich, Maude Lillian Kinney, Jennie May Barnes, Esther Kinsella, Margaret May Blanchard, Lillian Matthews, Anna Loretta Boland, Bertha May McCormick, Bessie Florence Carpenter, Sarah Agnes McDermott, Iris Irene Dunham, Loretta Morrissey, Emma Gertrude Ellis, Carrie Elizabeth M. Niehaus, Addie Etta Field, Mina Ruth Savage, Bertha Lovina Field, Edith LaVerne Smith, Edith May Finch, Lillie May Smith, Nora Bernardine Hennessy, Anna Adah Toren, Jeanette Hoogesteger, Emma Georgie Wiley. 1897. Elective Course. —Minnie Berger, Grace Elizabeth R. Kohlhepp, Estelle Juanita Caulfield, Gilberta Edna Logg, Mattie Elmira Cogshall, John Christopher Loucker, James Cuddahy, Annah Anderson Rindge, Josie Jeanette Finch, Fannie Belle Shoemaker, Grace Estelle Franklin, Mary Eva Whitney, Carena Jeannette Kater, Brenda Grace Whitney, Edith Catherine Knox, Thoe. Frelinghuysen Vander Ven, Caroline Emma Lisette Kohlhepp. Commercial English Course.-Marshall Charles Beard, Mary Louise Matheson, Iva May Belden, George Frederick McCrath, Clarence Burr Colborn, Ernest Roy Post, Bert Marinus Langeler, Jennie Jane Smith. Preparatory English Course.-Stanley Rindge Alien, Sylvia Harris, Daisie Jeane Blanford, Genevieve LaBourslier, Ada Harland Bodwell, Mary Sentina Louwerse, Emma Margaret Brady, Cora Annah Lowrie, Lillian Haire Brennan, Myrtie May Myers, Antoine Blackwell Campau, Amalia Maria Newberg, Katherine Genevieve Crahen, Edith May Pearl, Cassis Coral Dunham, Una Potter, Blanche Eugenia FitzGerald, Maude Isabelle Prosser, Charlotte Clark Fox, John Howard Rutka, Wilson J. Graham, Theodore Edward Stein, Arthur Field Harrington, Annette Ida Van Leeuwen. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 369 French-English Course. —Anna Jennette Keeler, Sarah Darling Raiguel, Anna Louise Pierce, Bertha Christine Stein. Short German-English Course.-Mary Katherine Beamer, Jennie Mae Wilcox. German-English Course.-Wilma Emily Chase, Myrtle May Decker, Carrie Ethel Conklin, Walter Otto Nebel, Myrtie May Cress, Bertha May Putnam, Daisy Adelia Deane, Mabel Martha Waterson. Engineering Course.-Claude Lyman Lockwood, John Roy Thompson, Eva May Mills, William Henry Veenboer, Walter Otto Nebel, Josiah Wilbur Warner. Scientific Course.-Leon Jacob Cole, Walter Otto Nebel, Frank Carleton Hoskins, Carl H. Smith, Thayer MeLaren, William Henry Veenboer. Latin-German Course.-Helen Josephine Ahnefeldt, Luella Newton Jessup, Claude Sheldon Alien, George Milton -Kline, Leavitt DeCamp Averill, Clayton Wallace Lawson, William Barth Banks, Elbert Frank Lewis, Agnes Eleanor Brown, Otto Charles Marckwardt, Amy Florence Conger, Stanley Kane McDonell, Evelyn Noble Craw, Alice Mae McKinnon, Charles Dregge, Clara Norris, Grace Field, Jessie Camille Osbun, Cora Belle Fox, Mabel Helen Perkins, Nora Dell Fox, Forris DeAyre Stevens, Myrtella Alice Gorton, Gladys Lunette Van Deusen, Maynard Alonzo Guest, Leroy Woodward Voorheis, Julia Martha Hoebeke, Anna Cleaver Williamson, John Newell Holcomb, Isabelle Beatrice Woodman. Latin-Ftench Course.-Mary Louise Babcock, Anna Jeannette Keeler, Helen Haley Barstow, Luella Newton Jessup, Amy Florence Conger, Richard Rolliston Metheany, Jr., Mary Newell Eaton, Mabel Helen Perkins, Florence Fallass, Harry Edward Rodgers, Herbert Louis Ferrand, James Moses Taggart, Grace Tousey Godwin, Mary Ethel Wood. Classical Course.-Helen Josephine Ahnefeldt, Wilfred Steele Hannah, Prank Ayer, Blanche Howell, Roger Chaplin Butterfield, Woolsey Welles Hunt, Franklin Avery Clouse, Anna Katherine C. Huwer, Amy Florence Conger, Margaret Violet Mae Kerr, Mary Newell Eaton, Marianna Vine Mason, Schuyler Beauclerc Eddy, Mathilde Gunnison O'Niell, Herbert Louis Ferrand, Mabel Ruth Smith, Herbert John Haire, Edith Margaret Van Wicklin. 370 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Post-Graduates. Latin-French Course.-Helen DuBois Bevier, '96; Mary Butterfield, '96. Scientific Course.-Grace Fyfe, '93. Commercial English Course.-Arthur Otto Groff, '96. Engineering Course.-Pleasant Irving Philips, '96. Classical Course.-Emily Hortensia Pratt, '95. German-English Course.-Harriet Grace Rose Thomasma, '96. Normal School Graduates.-Mary Florence Baldwin, Frances Elizabeth Hatch, Kate Lathrop Baldwin, Flora Louise Lanfear, Margaret Bouma, Mary Lincoln, Effie Louise Calkins, Gertrude Rachel Madden, Maude Frances Carew, Jennie Mae Miller, Leonia Edith Driscal, Bessie Inez Savage, Maude Myrtle French, Marea Smith, Gertrude Lowella Failing, Ella Catherine Shannessey, Emma Cornelia Gast, Rachel Victoria Shaw, Edith Gertrude Godwin, Grace Harriet Rose Thomasma, Mary Daisy Humphrey, Jeannette Vanderburg. 1898. Special Course Based on English-Scientific.-Mae Ellen Marguerite Kinsella. English Commercial Course.-Helen Ball, Albertine Margaret Goodrich, Hannora Marie Crahen, John Hughes Gould, Corydon Alonzo Culp, William Davis Harris, John Garfield Emory, Jessie May Joslin, Lucy Lucetta Gale, Jean Elizabeth Underhill, Fred Peter Geib, Henry Van Aalderen. English Scientific Course.-Sarah Edna Adams, Minnie McMaster, Janette May Barager, Evangeline Marie Morrissey, Minnie Louise Behl, Florence Belle Munson, Fannie Mildred Bernard, Mabel Gertrude Riggs, Milcah Campau, Julia Augusta Stow, Anna Wilhelmina Flipse, Charlotte Eliza Tibbs, Ethel Adele Frye, Maud Iris Underhill, Ellen Thusenelda Frye, Jennie Winnifred Vanderfield, Alice Mary Rebecca Gillette, Sarah Adriana Van Hoven, Hattie Ruth Grove, Frances Maude Walker, Bertha Deane Hagens, Bertha Maude Wheeler, David Arthur Keeler, Nellie Whitmer, Marjorie Jane Kirk. French-English Course.-Geurdena Bouma, Marie Helen Mankel. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 371 Short German-English Course.-Franc Luella Leavenworth, Christelle Helene McAfee. German-English Course.-Claude Amsden, Gerda Person, Alma Ora Blumrich, Wilhelmina Petersen, Anna Eleanor Boylon, Frances Hope Richards, May Frances Conlon, Louis Benedict Saunders, Helen May Goodrich, Minnie Smalley, Rosa Ruth Kahn, Paul Frederick Steketee, Henrietta Clara Krause, Louise Rutherford Taylor. Engineering Course.-Chester Arthur Disbrow, Carl Frederick Meyer, William Charles Hoertz. Clyde Henry Shoemaker, Peter Martin Louwerse, Oscar Tandler, Robert Hall Merrill, Irwell Newton Woodworth. Scientific Course.-Sophie Amberg, Audie Belle Sinclair, Mary Daniels. Latin-English Course.-Angie Edith Roberts. Latin-German Course.-Georgia Marguerite Ashley, Ada Pearl Mosher, Amy Louise Broome, Clara Kathryn Nebel, Florence Trevette Chase, Florence Belle Nienhardt, Gertrude Ninde Crane, Toney Noordewier, Clara Louise Drew, Mathilda Augusta Scholz, Nora Ella Dunn, Laura Ethel Sessions, Caroline Ann French, Bert Sevensma, Julia Corinne Gelock, Mary Blanche EdmestoneSheldon, Grace Alberta Godfrey, Glenn Rice Shriver, John Francis Kelly, Ivah Gertrude Smith, Wilhelmenia Cornelia Luyk, Thomas Roy Van Wert, Margaret Laura Maybury, Howard Orin Ward, Katherine McNab, Carl Wright Wiley, Hedwig Ida Moeller, George Adelbert Worden. Latin-French Course.-Nina Godwin Blackmer, Adrian Marinus Landman, Harriet Eugenie Brooks, Allen Ross Smith, Frank Donald Campau, Mattie Louisa Waterman, Esther Louisa Collins, Walter Paul Weston, Leila Maude Cutler, Fred Browning Wilson, Anna Estelle Emmons. Classical Course.-Gilbert Haven Bacon, Elizabeth Morrison Rowland, Minnie Ethel Berry, Bert Sevensma, Bertha Adell Fox, Francis Carl Vander Veen, Carolyn Ann French. Post-Graduates. German-English, Short German-English, English-Scientific. — Arthur Otto Groff, '96-'97. Latin-German.-Edna Gilberta Logg, '97. 372 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Short Latin-German.-Anna Wykes Miller, '96. German-English.-Brenda Grace Whitney, '97. German-English.-Mary Eva Whitney, '97. Normal School Graduates.-Katherine Anna Britton, Nellie Dulcena Klose, Elizabeth L. Cavanaugh, Mary Sentina Louwerse, Gertrude Bevier Chaplin, Cora Anna Lowrie, Myrtle May Cress, Margaret McDermott, Myrtle May Decker, Jessie Camille Osbun, Blanche Eugenia FitzGerald, Helena Margaret Raferty, Ella Agnes Griffin, Delia M. Robinson, Maude Helen Hilton, Rosamond Rebecca Rouse, Mary Evelyn Holland, Harriet Thomasma, Blanche Howell, Nina B. Ulrich, Anna Jeanette Keeler, Gladys Lunette Van Deusen. 1899. Special Course.-Eva Beatrice McConnell, Sadie Millicent Morton. English Commercial Course.-James William Clark, Elsie Elizabeth Inslee, James Benjamin Davies, Albert William Karr, Margaret Monica DeVine, Margaret Belle McOmber, Josephine Dewey, Florence Mae Rowson, Bessie Adele Foster, Daisy Margaret Sokup, Fred Willis French, Joanna Verhoek, Abraham Hazenberg, Grace Lucia Williams. English-Scientific Course.-Julia Armine Crahen, Edith Abi Gale, Henry Osmore Davis, Charles Henry Gallmeyer, Elizabeth Clara De Vries, Blanche Belle Hewitt, Alice Belle Dickenson, Alice Jessie Luten, James Albert Duncan, Ralph William McMullen, Lucy Hattie Jane Feemster, Edith Violet Rix, Agnes Louise Finney, Harold Lynn Stevenson, Virtue May Wykes. French-English Course.-Agnes Theresa Caulfield. Short German-English Course.-Agnes Ethelberta Chubb, Stuart Hazelwood, Edith Lynn Chubb, Jennie Estelle Osborn, Caroline Frances Dickenson, LaVerne Agnes Pelton. Short Latin-English Course.-Grace Helena Collier, Frank Thomas Jenness, Lottie Fulkerson, Mollie Belle Kimball, Madge Wildfire Holt, Clifton Beach Rawlinson, Mabel Medora Rawlinson. German-English Course.-Samuel Ball, Edna May Leonard, Jeanette Bouma, Winnie Luella Rector, Florence May Culham, Laura Luella Rowson, Lillian Kusterer, Abbie Emery Roys, Maude Louise Lardie, Catherine H. Vander Weyden. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 373 Engineering Course.-Charles Albert Burbridge, Wayne LleweIlyn Mills, Herbert Shubal Cross, Lawson Clyde Payne, James Vernon Davidson, Paul Sidney Roberts, Stuart Hazelwood, Arthur Franklin Stevens. Scientific Course.-Harvey Elliot Clay, Marcia Ann Hudson, Wilbur Newton Fuller, Helena Gertrude Hurt, Harry Albert Greenly, Harley Emanuel Olson, Jennie Moulton Sloane. German-French Course.-Louise Schweitzer. Latin-French Course.-Eugenia Babcock, Sidney Eugene Osgood, Leni Mary Beecher, Jean May Rowe, Robert Sommers Corsen, Zelda May Rowe, Ida Almirall Diddie, Gertrude Cecil Shaw, Hayward Noye Hoyt, William Wilson Sproul, Harry Willard Hunt, Alida Wilhelmina Visschers. Short Latin, Short German Course.-Ella Vivian Fallass, Orrin Bowman Winter, Fred Maichele. Latin-German Course.-Lavina Cora Baert, Wilhelmine Fredrika Polzin. Lila Peta Best, Ethel Vivian Porter, Grace Mignon Fuller, Edward Clay Raymond, Elizabeth Grotemat, Lotta May Reed, Milford Leeland Hulburt, Mabel Vay Robertson, Elise Albertine Jaretzki, Mattie Ione Sanford, Mabel Grace Keith, Florence Ellenor Schmidt, Charles Potter Kellogg, Arend Ernest Stratton, Rosetta Caroline Leitelt, Fannie Elizabeth Towner, Margaret Alma Lewis, Anna May Tracy, Joanna Ellen Maxwell, Anna Van Strien, Zella Florence Mercer, Pauline Katherine Weissert, Fannie Leone Morris, Susanna Elizabeth Wieland, Caroline Margaret Mueller, Edna Wood, Helen Adeline Zwald. Classical Course.-Angie Maria Beckwith, James Molloy, Anna Elizabeth Braudy, John Champlin More, Lelia Jane Carlisle, John Fred Nordberg, Irving Marshall Clark, Bernard Horace Paddock, Joseph Hugart Griswold, Grace Anna Snitseler, Clara Adelaide Hoskins, Franc Stone, Ruth Agnes Hyde, Charles Messer Stow, Arthur George Kalmback, Katherine B. Stuit, Florence Knappen, Sidney Edward Sweet, Rex William Meek, Hazel McKennuy Thorne, Emilie Wilder Townsend. Post-Graduates. Short Gernman-English.-Lillian Haire Brennan, '97. English-Scientific.-Mary Daniels, '98. Latin-German.- Caroline Louise Jenks, '98. 374 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Normal Training School Graduating Class.-Hattie Jeannette Beverly, Martha Elliot Clay, Kathleen Veronica De Vine, Grace Field, Nora Dell Fox, Edith M. Johnson, Ruby Alexandria Kerslake Livingston, Marianna Vine Mason, Amelia Maria Newberg, Grace Edith Seekell, Bertha Christina Stein, Edith Margaret van Wicklin. 1900. English Commercial Course.-Charles Harley Bertsch, Eunice Blanche Inslee, Adrian Joseph DeBoer, Jennie Adeila Kilstrom, Genevieve Booth Eddy, Earl J. Lossing, Laura Eldred, Mabel Lenore Shrider, William Hartman Harris, Derk Tenckinck, Florence Eliza Holmes, Floyd Garrison White, Iva Myrtle Wimmer. English Scientific Course.-Jay Winfield Brooks, Joseph Labinskiji Deana Dunnewind, Henrietta Langeler, Jennie Danforth Finch, Mary Cornelia Rogers, Ruby Arvella Gregory, Ida Williametta Theibout, Florence Golden Labinski, Lena Rozena Tubergen, Flora Agnes York. French-English Course.-Carrie Adele Judkins, Robert Kelsey Walton. Short German-Ehglish Course.-Ethel Beatrice Condra, Robert Kelsey Walton. German-English Course.-Edith Gertrude Blanchard, Helen McRoy, Kate Blanche Brink, Ethel May Shafer, Katherine Helen Conlon, Charlotte Laura Smith, Estelle Belle Hibbard, Elsie Rose Thomasma, Grace May Watson. Short German-French Course.-Robert Kelsey Walton. Engineering Course. —Carroll Biggs, Wallace Daniel Hext, Eugene Taylor Brunson, William F. Lamoreaux, Charles Alfred Carrel, William Coryell McBain, William George Cook, H. Winchester Miller, John DeYoung, John William Seens, Gerrit Cornelius Dooge, Charles Willett Spooner, James Belden Gray, Ralph Albert Stow, George Morgan Hall, Robert Kelsey Walton, Otto S. Zelner. Scientific Course.-Kate Augusta Alden, William Garfield Logie, Noyes Latham Avery, A. William Pierson, Louis Herbert Conger, Thomas Brockway Roberts, Casriel Fishman, Leon Clark Stevenson, Jeannette Hinsdill Holt, George Philo Sweet, Edith Olive Lake, Clarence Sheering Voorheis, Robert Kelsey Walton. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 375 Latin-English Course.-Clara Lillian Ballard, William Julius Champion, Laura Ellen Barnett, Elizabeth Georgia Watson. Short Latin, Short German Course.-Catherine Celia Garry, Sarah Rathbun Van Horn, Martha Gertrude Wagner. Latin-German Course.-Kitty Irene Baker, Jacob Earl Meengs, Neva Buck, Mary Elizabeth Newton, Beryl Irene Burnette, Edward Foote Perkins, Georgiana Chace, Benjamin Bernard Rosenfield, Gracia Emma Fauth, Abbie McCreigh Sibley, Clara Galbreath, Helen Elizabeth Studley, Jay Boardman Hurd, James Walter Thompson, Mark Powell Hyde, Fred Hall Tracy, Ida Elizabeth Judson, John van Leuwen, Beatrice Eva Logan, John Marcus van Splunter, Royal Franklin Lynch, Martin D'Ooge Verdier, Gerald McCoy, Mary Estella Whitney, Isabel Constance Wylie. Short Latin-German Course.- Guy Denslow Halladay, Cornelius Iloffius, Robert Kelsey Walton. Latin-French Course.-John Joseph Caulfield, Rena Maude Hubbard, James Garfield Cooper, Mark Powell Hyde, Adrian Edward Donker, Helen Bocher Newton, Marion Follett, Helen Elizabeth Studley, Marcus Brown Hall, Hazel May Tracy, Mary Cooley Horton, Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg. Short Latin-French Course.-Robert Kelsey Walton. Classical Course.-Noyes Latham Avery, Cleora Cummings, William Fenwick Backman, Mary Cooley Horton, Adrian Thomas Benjamin, Mary Katherine McCool, Richard Broene, William Laurence Morley, John Sergeant Barstow, Gail Stevens, Willard Addison Chamberlain, William Cunningham Thayer, Thomas Welmers. Post Graduates.-Short German-French, Evangeline Marie Morrisey, '98. Classical.-Daisy Margaret Sokup, '99. Omitting duplicates, boys 62, girls 60, total 122. Post Graduates, girls 2. Total High school graduates 124. Graduates from Normal Training School: February Class, 1900.-Alice Mary Rebecca Gillette, Hedwig Ida Moeller, Grace Alberta Godfrey, Clara Kathryn Nebel, Silvia Harris, Nellie Moloney Sheehan, Anna Katherine Christina Huwer, Mary E. Smith, Henrietta, Clara Krause, Louise Sullivan, Sarah Ellena TeWinkel. 376 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. June Class, 1900.-Josephine Marie Bennett, Julia Corinne Gelock, Louise Genevieve Biddle, Emilie Marie Heid, Milcah Campan, Marcia Ann Hudson, Florence May Culham, Mary Frances Hyland, Elizabeth Clara DeVries, Gerda Person, Agnes Louise Finney, Mabel M. Rawlinson, Carolyn A. French, Matilda Augusta Scholz. 1901. Commercial Course.-Josephine Albright, Fred William McCormick, John Adrian Blok, Elizabeth Kundigunde Petersen, Thomas Philip Bonner, Carrie Edith Church, Mathilda Petersen, John Edmund Crahen, Thomas Earle Porter, Mary Mildred Field, Ethel Marion Rice, Sebastian Hazenberg, Mary Blanche Rice, Hattie Ganung Head, Robert Mortimer Teele, Weslyn George In. gram, Fred Crittenden Toot, John Henry Kotvis, Charles Nicodemus Zylman. English-Scientific Course.-Ethel Maud Bale, Wilhelmina Pauline Lowes, Ida Logic Blumrich, Anna Lucy Morton, Kathryn Rogers Carpenter, Ellen Reid Murray, Margaret Frances Collins, Cora Aurilla Nelson, Earle Latham Crossman, Clara Marie Nichols, May Anne Duthie, Minnie Clare Proctor, Leon Winferd Harrington, Mary Eleanor Rogers, Carrie Bernard Harris, Lottie Almira Shoemaker, Mary Maude Horton, Dora Delilah Toland, MIaude H. Karr, Luella Wiley. French-English Course.-Jennie Kahn. Short Gcrman-English Course.-Cora Miay Beckman, Wilhelmina Pauline Lowes, Adeline Estella Carter, Marie Caroline Neu. man, Flora Alice Ensign, Harriet Ogden, Clara Ellen Hodges, Lily Olive Wimmer, Mary Josephine Hornstra, Nettie Yonkers, Edna Belle Hosford. Short Latin-English.-Nellie May Adrians, Louisa Janet Fletcher, Ethel Maud Bale, Lena Ruth French, Beulah Minnie Blakeslee, William Alton Morse, Margaret Frances Perris, Pearl Isabel Peck, John Ernest Fisher, Velma Jane Smith. Engineering Course.-Albert Powers Ball, Claude Jesse Fry, Leon Taylor Closterhouse, Irving Leo Gill, Franklin B. Elmer, Edwin Emmanuel Johnson, Lillian May English, William Kletzer, Hiram Wesley Fox, Marshall Starr Walker. German-English Course.-Henry Charles Hagy, Winnie Adelia Norcutt, Frank Eugene Haugh, Helen Steketee, Caroline Wilhel HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 377 mina Hundemer, Alta Maude Trankler, Arthur Emil Kusterer, Bertha Wurzburg. Latin-English Course.-George Joseph Raymond, Helen Lough Waggoner. Short Latin-French Course.-Emma Ethel Closterhouse, Grace Mary Coffield Smith. Short Latin-Short German Course.-Morris Aa Cook, Corinne Frances May, Carol Mary Holt, Bessie Irene Smith, Frances Stanley Hughes, Liefy Jeannette Veenboer, Lillian Elizabeth Johnson, Elsie E. Wilbur, Carl Norman Mather. Scientific Course.-Harry Albert Beneker, Zennia Jean Reynders, Fred John Frueh, Edward Addison Rood, Albert Cary Horton, Albert George Schroeder, Earle Stephen Irwin, Howard Wright Smith, Carl Norman Mather, Harry Carter Stewart, Marion Louise McVean. German-French Course.-Alice Mary Newham. Latin-French Course.-Helen C. Bradfield, Lucretia Ruth Hobart, Nellie Hough Fox, Fern L. Katherine Richardson, Fanny Dickinson Hazeltine, Blanche May Utley, Marcia Helen Heath, Flora Judd Van Vranken. Latin-Germian Course. —Kate Hamilton Baxter, Jeannette Elizabeth Kotvis, Verle Frances Coppens, Arthur Emil Kusterer, Edith May Dennis, Eugenie Newhouse, Lillian Fallas, Carrie May Pyle, Helen Amanda Ford, Frances Rutherford Seamans, Matie Artemisia Fuller, Anna Vancleve Taggart, Jessie Maude Gleason, Alice Vandervelde, Fanny Dickinson Hazeltine, Lelia Volland, Mary Blanche Hendricks, Marie Volmari, Isla Helen Jones. Short Latin-German Course.-Ethelwyn Sweet, Myrtle Mae Tubergen. Classical Course. —Nellie Cronkhite, Evelyn Leonard, Harold Lyford Edwards, Vietta Madge Roselle, George Henry Hobart. Post Graduate.-Louis Herbert Conger (1900). Latin-French and Engineering. Summary, Omitting Duplicates: Boys 40; Girls 93; Postgraduate 1; Total 134. 1902. Commercial Course.-Elvie Sarah Cook, Abi Ella; Kellogg, Margaret Belle Curtiss, Florence Pauline Meyers, Henrietta Ellen DeBlonde, Alice Violet Saunders, Harry Edison, Estella Eliza, 378 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. beth Sprague, Bertha Anna Foot, Harry Story, Harry John Hagens, Charles Francis Wolcott, Ethel Lucile Ingram. Scientific Course.-Auta Anna Aten, Joseph Wade Tucker, Harold Clark Baldwin, Adriana VanDoorn, Myrtle Blanche Brown, Ethel Belle Ward, Arthur John Davidson, Olive Jessie Watson, Howard Blaine Drollinger, Fred Dow Works, Rosa Viola Smith. Engineering Course.- Graydon Roy Andrew, Wilder Meloy Rich, George Winfred Clark, Ray Spring, Eugene Bernard Houseman, Henry Hoag Tibbs, Parke Hathaway McMullen, Frank Felker Ulrich, Howard Morton, Jay Dewitt Utley, Jr., Bruff Ware Olin, Harry Gill Whitman, George Peter Reelman, Lewis Eugene Whitney. Twto Years' Language Course.-Mabel Emily Allen, Josephine Cornelia Oom, Grace Edel Barnes, Helena Otte, Lina E. Bostwick, Christina Peterson, Vivian Pearle Brown, Signe Christina Petrie, Joanna Margaretha DeVlieg, James William Powers, Sarah E. Forbes, Sadie Alena Roberts, Ethelyn Leola Haines, Edith Carry Robinson, Marion Josephine Heth, Gertrude Shoemaker, Lulu Virginia Johnson, Edith Mary Shattuck, Clara Louise Johnston, Adriana VanDoorn, Jessie Emily Johnston, Gertrude Vinkemulder, Lou Marion Lacey, Mary A. Wagner, Arthur Herbert Loucks, Doris Minnie Wolfe, Charles Warren Miller, Anna Elizabeth Woekman, Nellie Edna Miller. FoPtr Yea's' Language Course.-Mary Eliza Hale, Hattie Marie Keyes, Haninah Rebecca Bennett, Pauline Kuemierle, George Phelps Berkey, Loraine Vollam LoCkwood, Shelby Martin Boorhem, Christine Helen Louwerse, George Francis Clay, Elmer George M'Connell, Claude Aaron Conger, Beulah Belle M'Corrmitk, Georgia S3ylvia Davis, Walter Gordon Moffat, Isaac De Pagtet, Lois Alice Patterson, Francis Langley Goodrich, td*ard Albert Iliehard,. Othilda Rosina Greve, Jentie Olivia Rose, Bertha Magdalee Hirth, Fred Nelcy Rowe, Carrie Iaabelle tHurt, Glenn Pottet Sayers, George Kinney Johnson, Beulah Elizabeth Shannessy, Clyde Edward Smedley, Roy Pratt Tucker, Carrie Gay Smith, Julia Dorothea Tusch, Ollie May Smith, Frances Elinor Van Hess, Ina Steele, Jeannette E. Volmari, Charlotte Dobbibl Taylor, Nellie Mlaude Wall, J. Arthur Toren, Htelen Maro WheeleP. Six tears' Langtiage Course. —Edward Norton Barnard, Ilelen HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 379 Elvira Moseley, Florence Regina Bertsch, Rena Mosher, Archibald Drake Butterfield, Jennie E. Murphy, Isaac Lawrence Butterfield, Lillian Newhouse, Lottie Colson, Etta Lillian Newman, Kathleen Rose Daniels, Lucy Allen Newnham, Ina Birdella Dennis, Margaret Penney, Ethelyn Alice De Yore, Trixie Mae Pierce, William Ephriam Eddy, Marion Louise Powers, Coila May Fox, John Herbert Riley, Blanche Margaret Fuller, Frank William RQsenkrans, Alice Cornelia Godwin, Constance Mayfield Rourke, Violet Dosia Hart, Edna Helen Rutka' Eugene Bernard Houseman, Henrietta A. Schneider, Andrew Judson Kolyn, Alfred Burton Scoby, Carl Kusterer, Phebe Mildred Stiles, James Nelson Maynard, Lottie Carol Tipton, Stoddard Stevens More, Marshall Mortimer Uhl, Stanley Morris, Carrie Robinson Ward. Summary, omitting duplicates: Boys 53; Girls 88; Total 141. 1903. Commercial Course.-Charles Henry Foot, Courtney Smith McIntyre, Fred S. Hart, Jennie Rowland, Alta Hayward, Reginald Roy Hammond Saxton, Martin Heeres, Will Boyce Seamans, Ethel Belle Kimerly, James Frank Sherlock, Louise Link, Norman Clyde Tompkins, Don Gifford McAfee. Boys 9; girls 4; total 13. Scientific Course.-Rosa Braudy, Harriet Belle Lowing, Ola May Buck, Philip Smith Raiguel, Helen Pearl Cooper, Millard Rich Seymour, Henry E. Ford, Grace Louise Simmons, Amy Zoleido Hosford. Boys 3; girls 6; total 9. Engineering Course.-Melvin Dana Baldwin, Lewis Edwin Neahr, William Anthony Benjamin, John P. Otte, Dewey Blocksmia, Clifford Alhon Paige, W. Clay Bosworth, Carl Pelton Palmer, Martin Hubert Daane, Lawrence Earl Ruffe, Ernest Welker Dales, Harold Casewell Sharpe, William Theodore Dosker, Benjamin Franklin Sparks, Albert DeValois Evans, Carl Edward Rtiben Tannewitz, Maude Marie Gunther, Alfred Alanson Treadway, Herman Hanink, Stephen Van Manen, Charles Fenton Hilliker, Thomas Edward Wykes, George Arthur Kahn, Fred Wilb liam Zinser. Boys 23; girls 1; total 24. Two Years' Foreign Language Course.-Mabelle Beech Augur, Josephine Margaret Middleton, Georgia Casserdra Bondy, Jesgie R. Moore, Mtiude Mae Camp, Shelby Ernest Race, George Y. Clark, Maude Cylinda Sanford, Archie Fountain Corwin, Eda 380 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Catherine Schaefer, Gertrude Irene Davey, John Simmers, Anna Marie DeVine, Nellie Richardson Skeels, Flora Aliene Donaldson, Blythe Rooks Sleeman, Grace Ethel Dunaven, Phoebe Elizabeth Taylor, H. Monroe Dunham, Era Ommolene Tuxbury, Cornelius J. Dutmers, David Van Strein, George Berry Eaton, Mabel Marion Wendreiner, Gertrude Susan Ensign, Mary Elizabeth Williams, Oscar Blain Frye, Elvira Susan Wing, Arletta Marie Geib, Irving Ansel Woodruff, Leon MI. IIewitt, Agnes Henrietta Wright, Harry Albertus Hoxie. Boys 20; girls 13; total 33. Four Years' Foreign Language Course.-Helen Gertrude Alden, Edla Sophia Keyes, Melvin Dana Baldwin, Armen Stephen Kurk. jian, Mary Eliza Braden, Hazel Maude Marvin, Ethel Alice Brown, Jessie Neilson Maxwell, Edith Lenore Butler, William Albert MIulhern, Winafred Bell Camp, Lottie Violet Nebel, Lila Mae Colwell, Rose Newman, Alice Blanch Cummings, Laura Adeline Newham, Hazel Gertrude Davidson, Mary Peterson, Anna Elizabeth DeYoung, Glenn Emory Richards, George Argo Duthie, Margaret Louise Royce, Sadie Dyke, Renah Althea Rykert, Eudora Porter Estabrook, Adolph Philip Scheiman, Cornelia Florence Fisher, Nellie Dykeman Steketee, Mamie Katherine Frank, Mabel Fisher Thompson, John Henry Richard Gervers, Alfred Alanson Treadway, Florence Kellogg Groner, Samuel Austin Walker, Bessie Belle Hamilton, Arthur George Wall, Abram Baynton Horner, Bessie Louise Walton, Edwin Richard Kalmbach, Charles Gibson White, Hattie Keck, Pearl Evelyn White. Boys 13; girls 29; total 42. Six Years' Foreign Language Course.-Winifred Louise Allen, John Klaasse, Hazel Genevieve Amberg, Charles Herbert Lillie, Clara Bess Bennett, Grace Louise Logic, Vera Angeline Bennett, Laurie Madge Mason, Helen Matyer Borneman, Ina Isabelle Mickam, Merle Varion C6verstone, Margaret Hinsdill Palmer, June Emma Cowlishaw, Ethel Caroline Phelps, Clyde Curtis Cox, Eva Helen Deynier, Bessie Marguerite Crippen, Ebertha Josephine Roelofs; Anna S. DePree, Leonidas Scranton Sanford, Louis Edward Diamond, Shelby Brewer Schurtz, Edith May Dykema, Ada E. Shaw, Marie Lamira Estabrook, Edythe V. Smeeth, Viva Lenore Flaherty, Ruth Elizabeth Steglich, Olga Lillian Goetz, Sadie Agnes Stiles, Lillah May Haggerty, Maude Albertine Swanson, Rosa Viola Ilauser, Cornelia. VanRensselaer HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 381 Sweet, Celeste Higgins, Leonard Vander Schoor. Boys 8; girls 28; total 36. Summary, no duplicates.-Boys 74; girls 81; total 155. 1904. Commercial Course.-Beatrice Olive Baker, Mary Louise Ogilby, Ethel Ada Cryder, Harry John Proctor, Gertrude Dooge, Marion H. Ray, Ralph Albert Fleming, Maude Reavely, Ruth Ismon Goodrich, Milton Z. Rosenfield, Timothy P. Johnson, Jessie Lamonte Wagner. Boys 4; girls 8; total 12. Scientific Course.-Hazel Charlotte Keenan, William John M]'Nabb. Boys 1; girls 1; total 2. Engineering Course.-Harry Fales Amsden, Charles Ewing M'Crath, Willoughby Deuel Boughton, John Hewitt M'Pherson, Wallace Mac Rae Bunnell, George Arthur Munro, Robert Thomson Campbell, George Richard Roberts, Harry Bishop Clapp, James Schols, Jr., Hiram Fred Collins, William Durkee Smith, John Alexander D'Vlieger, William T. P. Spooner, Marion Adelbert Ferris. Erle Lane Sproat, Verner H. Kitson, Gerrit Waalkes, Marion Den Herder Kolyn, Henry Charles Worfel, James Harmon Marks. Boys 21; girls 0; total 21. Two Years' Foreign Language Course.-Asa Le Grande Albee, Paul Bert Markoff, Blanche Eloise Albright, Fred Arthur M'Caul, Alice Edyth Atkins, Helen Arms Misner, Rachel Margueritte Bailey, William Laurence Molloy, Eveline Hammond Bale, Sadie Beatrice Morton, Edna Louesa Barker, Eugenia Elizabeth Nordstrom, Charles August Behrens, Kathryn Arvilla Olin, Morgan Smith Biggs, William Joseph Powers, Mamie Blocksma, May Genevieve Quigley, William Henry Boland, Mamie Ernestine Rempes, Ethel Booth, Charity Elva Rice, Helen Ryburn Burton, Alice Martin Richmond, Gilbert Ernest Carter, Grace Leo Robinson, Ruth Ophelia Dunbar, Delia Caroline Sacia, Oneta Rhoda, Hodges, Edna Emma Stevens, James Edward Keegan, Winifred Florence Tuttle, Charles Brace Kelly, Clyde Emerson Waite, Joseph Kusseth Kortlander, Earle Bartram Winslow, Lydia May Lawyer, Ida M. Young. Boys 14; girls 24; total 38. Four Years' Foreign Language Course.-Mabelle Allen, Clara Elvira Eness, Alma Mae Appley, Eva Elisabeth Engel, Louise Aumert, Emma Howe Foote, Annie Forrester Barstow, Otto Joseph Frey, Pearle Edna Beattie, Marion Den Herder Kolyn, 382 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Ray Mason Belden, May Ruth Kunz, Charlotte Marie Blickley, Rudolph Paul Kutsche, Grace Mary Brink, Anna Montry Matthews, George Elgie Brown, Ann Isabel M'Nabb, Ethel Doug. las Bucher, Nina Louise Mercer, Eveline Rosina Buech, Hazel Radcliffe, Helen Elizabeth Burns, Wayne Remington Rice, Ella Elsie Butterworth, R. Lyman Sessions, Helen Chamberlin, Orrilla Marie Shattuck, Zoe Dorothy Coleman, Florence Augusta Smith, Audrey Bion Colvin, Jennie Henrietta Sonnema, Luna Mildred Colwell, Nella Mina Steketee, Iva De Ette Cook, Edith Lowell Story, Ida Mae Corwin, Ivy May Wardhouse, Louise Dales, Ida May Waters, Jessie Howe Deuel, Henry Charles Worfel, Harold Eastman, Clara Leila Yerex. Boys 10; girls 34; total 44. Six Years' Foreign Language Course.-Aldrich Blake, Henrietta Louise Helmka, Willoughby Deuel Boughton, Christine R. Kanters, Ralph William Bulkeley, Lillian Floy Mallory, Delight Boise Butts, Helen Motley, Charlotte Wait Calkins, Leo Sandler, Helen Moran Carlnody, Emma Lucia Schneider, Elizabeth Clapperton, Willard Barnhart Scott, Helen Eastman, Lena Simon, Jessie May Franklin, Florence Standish, Marion N. Frost, Helen Wanty, Mabel Claire Galbraith, Mabel Louise Wolcott, Olive Ruth Grinnell. Boys 5; girls 18; total 23. Totals exclusive of duplicates: Boys 52; girls 85; total 137. 1905. Commercial Course.-Frank Welles Bedford, Anna Pearl Blakeslee, Andrew Pyrl Harper, David Earle Harper, Roy Edwin Jepson, W. Vere Keeler, Earl Wright Munshaw, William Roy Smith, Clayton Solomon, Josina Marie Vose. Scientific Course.-Georgianna Alford, Bessie Virginia Brown, Edward Morris Burd, D. Earle Davidson, Hazel Mae Ketcham, John Wesley Knecht, A. Maud Lake, Addie Ellura Lozier, Rose Ellen McCarthy, Charles Thomas Sokup, William Charles Utley, John Jacob Wieland. Engineering Course.-Raymond Earl Clark, Aaron Bellmain Cole, John Walter Denison, Bernard Fisher Dolan, Frank Leroy Foote, Chandler Lee Ford, Robert Freyling, Kingsley Hall, John Jay Hovingh, Jr., Victor William Krause, Hugh Edward Lynch, Frederick Franz Marckwardt, John James McDonald, Roland Loehr Morley, Walter Seymour Palmer, Clare 0. Porter, Harvey Curtis Roys, David Sailors, Karl Boxheimer Shinkman, Frank J. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIPS. 383 Smith, Harold Lawrence Spooner, William Halsey Traphagen, Edward Frank Vidro, Glenn Warner, John J. Waterman, Edgar Wygant Wheeler. Twvo Years' Foreign Language Course.-Hazel Bel Ball, Mabel Clair Barker, Eleanor Bayne, Anna Blocksma, William Eugene Borrendamme, Lena Belle Boyer, George Victor Brandt, Eva Polona Brannam, Bertha Laurel Brown, George Estelle Cilley, Jennie Lavina Collar, Bernard Egber DeGraaf, Vivian Gilpin, Nellie LaVerne Haire, Charles Sheldon Holt, Lillian Marie Kettner, Frances Laura Kopf, Adrian Lamberts, Blanche Helen Loucks, Frances DeSayles Maloney, Mary McNapghton, Elsie Loraine Mosher, Alice Maude Robinson, Nellie Louise Roller, Zella E. Ross, Bessie Izetta Sayles, Reah Marie Scidmore, Irland Lawrence Simmons, George Douglas Sinclair, Shirlie Louise Smith, Frank Luther Spencer, Harold Arthur Steketee, Nellie Marion Stratton, Alice A. VanDeman, Henrietta Marina Vanderveen, Arthur Waite, Louis Stafford White, Arlene Isabella Whittemore, Lillie Elnora Williams, Beatrice Wilson, Eileen Catheline Worfel. Four Years' Foreign Language Course. —M\ary Isabelle Bailey, Howard Francis Baxter, Sophie Evalena Coats, Maud May Dailey, Helen Margrave Dayrell, Nellie Catherine Decker, Jay Arthur DeGraaf. Ethel Iola Dennis, Marie Katherine Dregge, John Albert Dykstra, Blanche Ethel Foqx, Margaret Freeman, Rodolphus Wickham Puller, Leslie Drew Goddard, William Joseph Gohlke, Gertrude Hazel Grady, Audley Fred Hewitt, Florence Evelyn Hollister, Marion Frances 'Holt, Anna Hornstra, Harold Horton, Ellen Birchard Howard, Valda A. Johnston, Jr., Hazel Margaret Keenan, Everard Leland, Edith Lloyd Luton, Abby Alice Mayhew, Duncan James MeNabb, Esther Mabel Mulder, Charlotte E. Neahr, Flora Lillian Peebles, Beatrice Gordon Richmond, Henrietta Qertrude Sonnema, Frederick Stolz, Luella Frances Thomson, Gerald John Wagner, Joseph Amasa Welton, Marjorie Wolfenden, Mark Hatfield Wright. Six Years' Foreign Language Course.-Martha Maud Alexander, Barbara Laura Brainard, Frances Catherine Case, Sara Margaret Conlon, Mitehell!~epp panforth, Irving Karl Davidson,!lbya E, 4i T, Cdit} 'aima Carlep WV!ace French, Frieda Hirachblrg, mw Ann Hobart, Jgte!leanor Horton, Carolyn J.mogee Jopinsop, Muriel Johnstop, tl4th Johnston, Katherine 384 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Watson Matheson, Maude Esther Nason, Lotta Amelia Ruben, Evelyn Deane Schrouder, William James Shackelton, Grace Anna Treusch, Ruth A. Wilmot, Estelle Wolf. In 1905, because of floods and smallpox, the schools were closed two weeks before the end of the school year and no graduating exercises were had. In the earlier days of the schools, tuition was charged, but now the public schools are wholly free, no tuition being charged from the lowest department to the highest, except to non-resident pupils. Not only are the schools themselves free, but the School Board can purchase text-books and all other supplies, and furnish the free use of them to pupils-such supplies, however, remaining the property of the Board. The course of study in the schools requires twelve years-the first four in the primary grades, the second four in the grammar, and the last four in the High School. The aim in the primary and grammar schools is to teach thoroughly the elements of a sound, practical, common school education. In the High School, as in the primary and grammar departments, the course of study is arranged with special reference to pupils who complete their school life there; although the classical course, including four years of Latin and a full course of mathematics, the Latin and modern language courses and the preparatory English course, entitles recommended graduates to enter the University of Michigan and many other universities and colleges upon their High School diplomas. The modern language courses, including four years of French or German with the sciences and mathematics, and the English commercial course which substitutes bookkeeping in place of higher mathematics, are well adapted to the needs of young men and women whose education ends in the High School. Among studies in the Grand Rapids High School curriculum not always included in High School courses. are zoology, biology, chemistry, geology, botany, astronomy, civics, economics and trigonometry. The natural sciences are studied by the experimental method Manual Training. Manual training is an important part of the public school system of Grand Rapids. Its introduction was agitated for many years before its consummation. In 1885 Superintendent Mitchell made some suggestions in his report that manual training should HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 385 be introduced into the schools. On April 28th, 1891, Mr. C. H. Leonard introduced the following resolution, which was adopted by the Board of Trade: Resolved, In the opinion of the Board of Trade of the city of Grand Rapids, what is popularly known as manual training is an element that should be introduced into and become a part of the educational systems of this city; and to that end we most respectfully yet earnestly urge the Board of Education to take proper steps for incorporating such an element in the public schools of the city and that a proper beginning be made in the coming school year, and we suggest that the sum of $5,000 be set apart for that purpose, for such beginning. In 1891 Superintendent Chalmers recommended its introduction into the High School. In 1892 he recommended work in domestic economy embracing cooking and sewing. He renewed his recommendation in 1893. In 1896 he ended his report with these significant words: "Manual training has come to be engrafted on our public school system. It has come to stay. It has come to harmonize the physical and intellectual; it has come to make productive all teaching and development, at whatever stage of growth the learner may withdraw from school; it has come to unite the intellectual to the highest physical sense." In October, 1900 the city Council approved an appropriation of $5,000 for manual training and it was introduced during the school year into the 5th, 6th and 7th grades. The classes were started January 2nd, 1901, in charge of a director and six assistants of whom one taught carpentry and joinery, one taught cooking, two, knife work, and two, sewing. Its introduction marked an event in popular education. The average cost per pupil for equipment the first year was as follows: For boys.................................... $1.28 For girls.................................. 83 For both.................................... 1.05 The average cost per pupil for maintenance was: For boys...................................... 15c For girls....................................... 21c For both....................................... 18c 386 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. In the fifth and sixth grades instruction in sewing and knife work was given in the regular school-rooms, the teachers of these branches visiting the various buildings once a week. In the knife-work 1,323 boys were enrolled and in the sewing 1,307 girls, in both 2,630. The cost of equipment was $519.10, for maintenance in the knife-work $77.85, in the sewing $68.87. The average cost per pupil for maintenance was: For boys.................................... $.06 For girls......................................05 In his annual report to the Board of Education after the introduction of manual training Superintendent Elson stated the following: "The introduction of this work marks a distinct event in public education in this city. Of course this initial work, covering a period of six months is not sufficient data on which to base conclusions as to the validity for manual training for educative purposes, but the results are entirely satisfactory and furnish abundant assurance that constructive work will in time fully justify itself as a vital and fundamental factor in education. "The absorbing interest of the children in the work; their better attendance at school on manual training days than on other days; their growth in skill in manipulation, in earnestness and purposefulness, as well as in habits of patience and accuracy are unmistakable evidence of the vitalizing influence of the work. Further training may, be expected to reveal its effect upon the character of the children in a steady growth of will power, manifesting itself in increased power of attention, concentration and perseverance; in a growing consciousness of their own power, of ability to do, to execute, to put forth, and a growing appreciation of the value of work; in a growing habit of using knowledge for practical life-purposes, adopting means to end, thus training the powers of judgment and reasoning; in developing qulities of devotion and benevolence, directing their energies to the realiza. tion of purposes intimately related to their own lives and co-operating with others in work for common ends. These are high aims effecting quality of character and citizenship, toward the realization of which manual training will be found a most potent agency. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 387 "One phrase of the educational importance of manual training is its economic value. It is this that appeals strongly to most persons and justly so. Citizenship implies the ability to do something and to do it intelligently-to become an active factor in the economic life of the community. It means efficiency in all the relations of life and this includes the economic relation. The modern demand is for intelligent and skillful workers and it is fair to ask that the school shall heed the demand. "Manual training has also a sociological value. The modern factory'system of labor removes all work from boys. The growing evils of street loafing and vice are the consequences. Manual training gains a strong hold on these boys and saves many from absolute wreck. It will reduce the number of children annually sent to reformatory institutions. Indeed, there is an influence in manual training that lays hold of the entire organism of the child-physical, mental and moral-affecting his whole being and changing his attitude toward things and life. It trains the whole child and awakens him to the fact that there are useful things in the world to be done and that he has the power to do some of them. Probably the vital thing in it all is that it offers opportunity for the exercise of the motor activities, directing them toward the interests that affect our very being-the problems involved in industrial pursuits, in the processes of our daily living, in the pursuit of food, clothing and shelter. These have been the pressing problems of the human race. They are lifeproblems and they command the interest of children. "The movement in education toward emphasis of the motor activities as a factor in development is the most fundamental fact in the present trend in educational thought. Within a few years we have changed our conception of the child from that of a static, receptive being to that of a dynamic, active doer, and this accords more with common-sense 'observations of children. We have come to see that through the exercise of the motor activities the child develops himself, hence the business of the school is seen to be to provide the exercise-ground for the motor activities and to direct and guide them. Manual training furnishes this need and connects directly with life-interests. 'fIndeed the mwtor activi~ pptitf tp e ppwit of departure around which educational praptice centers.. It is a method in education rather than a formal kind of work added to the usual 388 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. curriculum of the school. It is education by and through handwork and in introducing it in the school is only adjusting its practice to its theory. Herein lies an important fact for the teacher of manual training; it aims at character and efficiency; it has distinct social and economic value; its results are to be expected in the child rather than in the product; its value does not lie in the forms and exercises but in its adaptation to the needs of the children. Logically and ultimately it will find its roots in-and grow out of-the other phrases of school life. "Manual training should be so planned as to stimulate originality in children, enlist the pupils' individual interests and motives, offer opportunity for adapting means to end and provide for social co-operation. It is important that teachers of manual training should have this large view of the scope and aim of the work. The perfunctory giving of a series of set exercises will never accomplish these aims. The demand is for teachers of insight, scholarship and studentship. Mere technical skill will not satisfy. Teachers are needed who will study the work from its educative side. "The work, during the coming year, will include the eighth grade pupils. Three additional centers will be opened for shopwork and cooking-in the Madison avenue, Plainfield avenue and Turner street schools. "The Board of Education is to be congratulated on the introduction of the work into the elementary school where its need is most pressing and its influence on the nervous system is greatest. " In 1884 an ungraded or truant school was established as provided for by Act 144 of the Laws of 1883. The school was organized and opened November 8, 1884, with an attendance of eight. The number increased to 31 within the first month, and reached 44 by the last of December. The average attendance for the year was 30. This school has resulted in much good, not only to the so-called "incorrigibles" who are sent to it, but indirectly to other pupils by arousing in them a wholesome dread of the truant officer, and thus preventing irregularities in attendance. The Truant officer is a policeman maintained for the purpose of looking up truants, and otherwise serving the interests of the school. For several years the truant school has been located in the Central Grammar building and under the able management of HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 389 Mr. Carpenter as principal and 'Mr. Wright as teacher has maintained a high standard of mental and moral discipline and has accomplished the objects for which it was established. For many years Mr. Frank B. Fee has been the Truant officer and has gathered in the boys who unlawfully found attractions outside the school rooms. Manual training in the schools has had a beneficial effect upon truancy. In the Superintendent's report for 1904 appears the following: "The truant school, under the thoughtful- and efficient direction of Mr. Paul E. Wright, continues its helpful service to the boys assigned to this department. The school maintains a high record for regularity of attendance and the achievements of the boys in work are most gratifying. The spirit of the school is excellent and there is an earnestness that is both pleasing and promising." Training School. In 1871 a training school for teachers was established in Primary No. 3 (now Fountain street school), in which persons who wished to enter the schools as teachers were drilled in the work before being placed in charge of rooms. The school was conducted upon the following plan: The Principal, with eight pupil-teachers to assist, took charge of and taught the primary department in the building, which then occupied four rooms. Two pupil-teachers were assigned to each room, one for each half day, who continued to do the work in the same for ten weeks, when they were placed for the same length of time in charge of another room, thus passing through all the primary grades in one year. In a meeting at the close of each day, at which all pupil-teachers were required to be present, criticisms and suggestions were offered by the Principal, and plans presented for the following day. This training school was kept up until 1878, when the Board of Education adopted a cadet system, by which each year several cadet teachers were employed at $200 per annum, each of whom was assigned to some teacher whom she assisted, and by whom she was instructed. As soon as capable the cadet was placed ins charge of a room, which generally happened not later than the second year of her cadetship. In 1891 another training school was opened in the Jeffersop street school and was continued until 1894, when it was trans 390 HISTORY OlF GRAND RAPIDS. ferred to Wealthy avetnu school and continued until June, 1900, when it closed. The principals of the training school for teachers during the last period of its continuance were, Josephine A. Goss, Mary E. Doyle, and Emma Palmer. Night Schools. Since 1872 night schools have been maintained every winter as part of the school system, for the benefit of those whose employment prevents their attendance at school in the day time. These schools have been well attended, a large proportion of these pupils being Hollanders who wish to learn the English language, and young men and boys?mployed during the day in furniture factories. During the winter of 1904-5 night schools were maintained at Diamond street school, South Division street school, Madison avenue school and Turner street school. In the years that have gone by among those who have taught night school are the following: Wmi J. Stuart, Wim. C. Sheppard, Wm. H. Eastman, Charles Chandler, Albert Jennings, Jacob Quintus, Mrs. Albert Jennings, E. T. Muller, t. J. Von Ness, Miss Minnie Jennings, M. C. Sessions, C. B. iiilliams, I. N. Mitchell, I. M. turner, Franklin Everett, L. D. Osborn, C. S. Osborn, Kate A. Hulbert, A. R. Allen, Eugene A. Carpenter, R. tiunzicker, and Charles fI. Cogshall. ]Buene A. Garpentet was born in Gaines township, Kent county, Oct. 26, 1854. He first taught school when seventeen years old in Gaines township. He entered the Grand Rapids high school in 1872, finished in 1874, spent a year at the state normal college and then took up teaching ih the school at Caledonia. In 1889 he came to Grand Rapids as teacher in the ungraded school and held that position until he became principal of Central grammar school, which position he held for thirteen years. In 1888 he was married to Miss Theodocia Liebler of Caledohia, who, with two dhildren, survive him. Mr. Carpenter Wds an enthusiast in his work and often conducted state teachers' institutes. During several winters he di HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 391 rected night schools in this city and at the time his last sickness overtook him, was conducting a summer school. In 1887-8 he was county school commissioner, and for many years was on the county board of school examiners. He was a member of Grand River lodge No. 34, F. & A. M. and Grand Rapids chapter No. 7, Royal Arch Masons. He died August 5, 1905. In the summer of 1902 the Board of Education established a public play ground or vacation school as an experiment on the grounds of the Congress street school and appropriated $300 for its equipment and maintenance. The routine exercises included story telling, library tending, kindergarten, manual training and physical culture. The supervising force consisted of a director, a kindergartner and several assistants. The director was Miss Helen S. Sauers. Mayor Jones of Toledo visited the school one day and took part in its exercises. "In 1903 the Congress street school took up the work where it left off in 1902. Miss Helen Sauers, the principal of this school, was in charge. She accomplished much in making the playground a social center for the parents as well as the children. The parents were brought in close touch with the school methods. In addition, Miss Sauers was able to study the children in a way impossible in the school room. As a result she discovered many things in regard to the children that had never revealed themselves before in her long experience as a teacher. For instance, she found that boys who in school appeared dull and negligent, were bright and enthusiastic in doing certain parts of the vacation school work. They were simply not book children, but when gone at in the right way were capable of being turned into most useful citizets. "At the Second avenue school playgroundi Miss Clara Ward worked wonders in a reformatory way. She also did much in making the playground a social center for parents. Many parents that had never come into contact with the school or its ideas save through the children, visited the playground, and the result was much better feeling in that district. The school gardens at the Second avenue playground was the feature of the work there. "At the Union school Mr. Ulrich was in charge. He devoted special attentiWf t ilt;iflhig tle Jttig teti. The boys itnd y6uht lihit *ere eiri enithetiastid. "Each school was visited once a week by MisA Saiidge, who 392 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. taught knife work, and Miss Bishop, who taught cutting, fitting and sewing. The girls were taught to make various necessary articles of wearing apparel." The vacation schools were continued in 1904 and the Superintendent said in his report: "The children have come to look upon the school as a faithful friend that offers them opportunity for work and play in a wholesome environment. Principals report that children manifest a genuine enjoyment in the work of the school. Miss Helen Sauers directed at Congress street school, Miss Annie Blanchard at Second avenue school, and Mr. Frank Ulrich at the Union school. Too much cannot be said in commendation of the intelligent and faithful service of these directors. "The public playground and vacation school has fully justified itself and has become a permanently valuable force in the community. " In 1905 vacation schools were conducted at Congress street school, Second avenue school and Turner street school. At Congress street school Helen S. Sauers was director; at Second avenue school Etta F, Jones was director; and at Turner street school Charles H. Cogshall was director. Mrs. Helena F. Van Dusen directed work in sewing at the summer schools, and Mr. Emil C. Wydman conducted work in manual training. Free Lectures to the People. In the winter of 1903-4 an initial attempt was made to enlarge the use of the city's investment in public school property, making it serve for the education of all the people-old and young, as well as the children-by providing a course of lectures for the people in four school houses. It met with a degree of success which, on the whole, gave much satisfaction. Following is the list of the lectures given at the Widdicomb street school, which is typical of the entire series: Widdicomb Street School. Nov. 6-Music, under direction of Florence Marsh. Nov. 13-Oxygen, Hydrogen and the Chemistry of Fire, H. C. Doane. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 393 Nov. 20-Bacteriology, Chas. C. Wallin, M. D. Nov. 27-What Bacteriology Has Done for the Race, Dr. Wallin. Dec. 4-American Travel (stereopticon views), A. J. Volland. Dec. 11-A Tour Through Belgium, Germany, Italy and Greece (stereopticon views), Florence Ellis. Dec. 18-Parents' Evening, Mrs. Rourke, Principal. Jan. 8-Alienation of the Colonies, Dwight Goss. Jan. 15-Struggle for Independence, Myron H. Walker. Jan. 22 —Sea Fighters of.the Revolution, Roger W. Butterfield. Jan. 29-Making the Constitution, Myron H. Walker. Feb. 5-Music, under the direction of St. Cecilia Society. Feb. 12-Some Values of the Poet in Life, Cornelia S. Hulst. Feb. 19-Elizabethan Dramatists, Winifred Harper Cooley. Feb. 26-Emerson, J. Herman Randall. March 4-An Ideal Home Life, Mrs. Chas. Holden. March 11 —Meaning of American Citizenship, Delos F. Wilcox. March 18-Parents' Evening, Mrs. Rourke, Principal. In the winter of 1904-5 a course of lectures was given at three school houses with satisfactory results. In the latter course nearly all lectures were illustrated with stereopticon views. In 1885 women who were parents or guardians of children of school age, or who possessed taxable property, became qualified voters at school elections and eligible to hold office as School Trustees and ever since the law has remain unchanged. The first successful attempt to elect a woman as school trustee was in 1888 when Mrs. Harriet A. Cook was nominated and elected in the Third Ward. She received 674 votes out of a total vote of 1,275, which at that time was the largest vote that had ever been polled at a school election in the city. Mrs. Cook was the first woman ever elected a member of the Grand Rapids School Board. She served one term. In 1889 Mrs. L. D. Goodrich was elected in the Eighth Ward and served one term. In 1891 Mrs. N. Louisa Andrus was elected in the Ninth Ward and served three terms. In 1893 Mrs. Margaret Andrew was elected in the Fourth Ward and served one term. In 1896 Mrs. Josephine A. Goss was elected in the Second Ward and served five terms. In the same year Mrs. Frances B. Turner was elected in the Eleventh Ward and served two terms. In 1899 Mrs. Alde L. T. Blake was elected in the Third Ward and served one term. In 1900 394 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Mrs. Mary A. Phillips was elected in the Eleventh Ward and served two terms. At no time from the election of Mrs. Cook in 1888 to the passing of the new charter in 1905 was the Grand Rapids School Board without a woman member and several years it had two and three woman members. The women of Grand Rapids have done good work in influencing the school policies of the city. In the reports of the officers of the Board of Education often appear references to "The Gilbert Fund." It is a fund given by Thomas D. Gilbert many years ago and the cause of education in Grand Rapids has been greatly benefited by it. Mr. Gilbert is dead, but his generosity still does good to the schools of his beloved city. In the minutes of a meeting of the Board of Trustees held at the office of Ball & McKee, February 7, 1860, the following letter is recorded: Grand Rapids, January 20, 1860. To John Ball, Wilder D. Foster and other Trustees of Union School District Number One in the City of Grand Rapids: Gentlemen-Herewith I send you my bond for the sum of two thousand dollars, bearing date the first inst. and payable in five years from date with interest annually. I donate this amount to you and your successors in office, or such other persons as may be in your stead elected- or appointed to manage the public schools of the city, in trust for the following purpose: The income from this fund I wish to have distributed among the meritorious scholars of the public schools of the city, under the direction of yourselves and your legal successors in office, in honorary rewards for scholarship, regular attendance and good conduct. The condition of the donation is that all the scholars, in all the public schools in the city, shall have an opportunity, under the rules that may be prescribed for the distribution of the income of this fund, to compete for the prizes or medals to be awarded. I am, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, Thos. D. Gilbert. P. S.-I recommend that prbficients in English studies only, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 395 be rewarded from the income of this fund, and that a fair proportion of it be distributed among the Ward Schools. Thos. D. Gilbert. The Trustees accepted with thanks the generous donation of Mr. Gilbert, and pledged themselves to carry out the intentions of the donor to the best of their ability. The interest on the fund was thereafter apportioned among the three districts of the city-District Number One, Number Two and Number Six-in proportion to the number of children of school age in each. By r.-tual agreement between the Board and Mr. Gilbert the fund was not used, as at first intended, in the granting of rewards and medals for excellence in scholarship, but has been applied toward the purchasing of reference books and scientific and other apparatus for the schools. Prof. Strong and other experienced teachers considered this disposal of the income from the fund to be more beneficial than the other. Thus was founded what has ever since been known as "The Gilbert Fund." School Supply Department. In a dim little room in the basement of the City Hall, Supply Clerk Church handles goods sufficient for a fair-sized stationery store. The stationery supplies cost about $7,000 a year, and the kindergarten supplies another $1,000. In addition, the janitors' supplies cost about $1,500 and the coal for the schools costs nearly $15,000, and all are handled through the supply department. Although the greater part of the stationery and kindergarten supplies and all of the janitors' supplies are distributed to the schools during the summer vacation, yet a large quantity of stationery is kept on hand at the City Hall and the supplies from this source and books bought during the school year are distributed by the supply clerk. Requisitions must be received from the principals for every article sent out. The list of supplies is a long one and gives an idea of the material purchased by the Board of Education and handled by the supply department. The schools used 10,000 new spelling books, 15,000 language books, 2,000 reams of practice paper, 700,000 letter heads, 2,500 reams of drawing paper, 3,000 reams 396 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. of poster paper, 125 gross of lead pencils, 600 gross of pens, 15 gross of water color brushes during the school year of 1904. The supplies for the janitors of the city's schools included 16 dozen brooms, 74 coal baskets, 12 dozen iron dippers, 4 dozen dust pans, 10 dozen feather dusters, 166 floor brushes, 60 pails, 900 feet of lawn hose, 36 mop handles, 550 yards of toweling, 84 waste baskets, 60 wash dishes, 1,300 pounds of tiline, 18 garden hoes, a dozen garden rakes and scores of other articles. The business amounts to about $26,000 a year. Exposition Exhibits. The Grand Rapids public schools made an exhibit at the Centennial in 1876. An examination was held on February 24th and 25th, 1876, in accordance with the rules prepared by a Committee of the State Association of Teachers appointed at its preceding annual meeting. All the classes above the Third Primary were examined and the work of one entire class of each grade selected to represent the grade in each branch of study. The papers were bound in three volumes, one for each grade, which, at the close of the Exhibition at Philadelphia were placed in the Library at Lansing. The books contained in addition to the examination papers of the pupils, a statement of the Grand Rapids school system, a historical sketch, statistics, photographic views of three school buildings, philosophical apparatus, museum and views of the interior of the High School. New Orleans Exhibit. Late in October of 1884 it was determined that the Grand Rapids schools should be represented at the international exhibition at New Orleans. To this end the regular quarterly examination papers were all collected and the representative work of each grade in each subject, bound uniformly and forwarded to New Orleans. The work of the preceding year in drawing was also sent, together with a number of wood carvings, done after original designs by the Iigh School pupils. Other features of the exhibit were (a) two cases of slate work taken from first and second grade rooms without the foreknowledge of teacher or pupil; HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 397 (b) several Michigan albums made by the pupils of eighth grade rooms; (c) a collection of photographs of representative school buildings; (d) microscopical drawings from the class in philosophy and zoology; (e) a complete set of our school blanks and forms; (f) a group of relief maps showing the topography of the state, its geological formation and the distribution of pine timber; (g) a large collection of cards showing the work of the first and second grade in geography, color, form and inventions. This work was done with colored shoe-pegs and small oblong blocks and was finally presented to the French and Japanese Commissioners. The public schools of the city made no general exhibits at the Chicago and St. Louis expositions, although some special exhibits were made that did credit to the educational institutions of the city. In September, 1904, Rev. Seth Reed, of Flint, Michigan, visited Grand Rapids after an absence of sixty years, and while here gave the following account of his experiences as a school teacher in the early days: "I came to Grand Rapids in the fall of 1842. I was then 19 years of age and had been engaged to teach the district school, then the only school edifice in Grand Rapids. The school house was a small wooden building with only one room and stood on the north side of Fulton street at a spot that must have been about opposite where the Wellington Flats now stand. As; in any district school, the children were of all ages, but the village was then growing rapidly and at one time I had as many as seventy pupils under my charge. This was a good many for one man to handle, but the number was the least of the difficulties. "Each pupil brought the school books he had used in the place he last went to school, so that there was always a great assortment of texts. At one time I recollect having as many as six different kinds of readers and more than twice as many arithmetics. At one time I had one scholar studying surveying, one class in geography of the heavens, one class in natural philosophy and from that down to the A B Cs. "I taught all through one winter and then at the close of school entered the law firm of Martin & Johnston as a student. The office of the firm was then a small wooden building on the east side of Canal street about opposite the present site of the 398 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Pantlind. Mr. Martin, the senior member of the firm, was for a long time well known throughout Michigan, as he became circuit judge and then judge of the Supreme Court. Mr. Johnson moved some years later to Washington, where he became quite prominent in politics. "Studying law with me was a young man, Mr. S. L. Withey, who afterward became Judge Withey. Among the men then well known in the village were John Ball, Louis and Antoine Campau. I remember a young fellow named W. D. Foster, who was then a clerk in a hardware store near the lower end of Monroe street. He was taken into the firm soon afterward and his name is still used by the firm of Foster, Stevens & Co. "I stayed in the office of Martin & Johnson that summer and in the fall again began teaching school, this time at Flat River. After that I changed my plans for life and entered the ministry. "I received my license as a minister June 15, 1844, in the then unfinished Methodist church which stood where the Division Street Methodist church is now. The Rev. Larmon Chatfield was presiding elder at the quarterly conference which gave me the message. The following fall I was received into the Michigan conference and was appointed to the Flat River circuit. "This circuit then embraced all the settled part of Montcalm county, part of Ionia county and nearly all of Kent county. I covered this district once every four weeks, riding from place to place and preaching in school houses, private houses, barns and groves. Excepting in the village of Grand Rapids there was not at that time a church edifice in the whole circuit. "I continued in active service, preaching continually for fortynine years, most of the time in the eastern and northern part of the state. "I often preach now and find that I can easily preach three sermons a day when necessary." Academic, Private and Parochial Schools. In the early days private schools quite overshadowed the poorly equipped district schools, and kept their hold upon the public confidence until the establishment of the public schools upon a liberal basis made the private schools no longer such a necessity. Certain of the pioneer schools and the most important HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 399 of the private and parochial institutions of learning are worthy of notice. July 18, 1842, Miss M. Lovell opened a school in a room "over the Kent store," "for the instruction of Young Ladies in the French Language, Drawing and Chinese Painting." The terms were reasonable-$3 for French and Painting, and $1 extra for drawing-and Miss Lovell's school received a goodly share of the patronage of the young society ladies of the village who wished to acquire the accomplishments there furnished. Grand Rapids Academy. June 6, 1842, Henry Seymour opened a select school, "in the house occupied for worship by the Dutch Reformed Church," near the corner of Fountain and Ottawa streets. All the English branches were taught, together with the rudiments of Greek and Latin, at the rate of $3.50 per quarter. Mr. Seymour continued at the head of this school, and conducted it successfully until May, 1843, when he became principal of the Grand Rapids Academy. A movement for the establishment of this Academy began in March, 1843, and Monday, May 6, Qf the same year, the school was opened in a small building on Prospect Hill. The course of study was that of a good preparatory Academy or High School-and by this latter title the school was commonly known. The price of tuition varied from $3.50 to $5 per term, according to the studies taken-$4 extra being charged for German. The Academy for a time furnished the only facilities in the village for obtaining a higher education, and numbered among its students many who afterward became prominent citizens of the Valley City. By an act of the Legislature passed March 11, 1844, the institution was incorporated, with the following trustees: Daniel Ball, James Ballard, Francis H. Cuming, Jonathan F. Chubb, Charles Shepard, Samuel F. Butler, Amos Rathbone and Truman H. Lyon. In October, 1844, E. B. Elliott, a graduate of Hamilton College, N. Y., became principal. Mr. Elliott was succeeded in June, 1845, by Addison Ballard, who was aided the following winter by C. P. Hodges, in the capacity of assistant. In October, 1846, Franklin Everett, A. M., became principal; Mrs. Everett had charge of the female department as preceptress, and Miss Elizabeth White and Thomas B. 400 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS, Cuming were the assistants. At this time the school occupied the court house building on Court House Square, with an adjoining cottage near the southeast corner of the square, in which the female department was housed. The Academy was moved to this location from Prospect Hill, Oct. 18, 1844. After the building of the stone school house, and the organization of union schools in the district, the Academy found its occupation gone, and on April 16, 1851, Prof. Everett announced that the Grand Rapids Academy would close on the second of the following May. This ended the work of the Academy as a corporate institution, but Prof. Everett and his wife maintained at their residence a private academy upward of twenty years longer. Franklin Everett, A. M., was born at Worthington, Mass., Jan. 26, 1812. He inherited from his father a love of books, and with but few early school advantages he acquired what was then called a good English education, and fitted himself for college with little aid from teachers. At sixteen years of age he began school teaching; and in the following seven years his time was divided between the school house, the farm and the saw mill. At twenty-three he entered Colby University (then Waterville College) in Maine, and there graduated in 1838. He adopted the profession of teaching, which he followed until the weight of years admonished him to give up active labor. At one time he had charge of the Black River Academy in Vermont; afterward of academies at Canajoharie and Cooperstown, N. Y., and in 1846 came to Michigan, taking the position of Principal of the Grand Rapids Academy. This soon became an independent school, known as Everett's Academy, and with the exception of brief intervals Professor Everett kept it up until 1874. During more than thirty-five years his life was bound up in loving devotion to his profession, and he sought by his labors to make his teaching practical and useful to his students, to fit them for all the requirements of business and the duties of honorable citizenship. In early life he was bred to an orthodox Christian creed; but later he grew to be an independent thinker on religious subjects, with tolerance limited only by the demands of morality and purity of life. He did a good work and is worthy of remembrance in the educational annals of Grand Rapids. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 401 Other Early Select Schools. In November, 1844, Miss Sarah P. Stevens opened a school for young ladies in upper rooms of the dwelling of C. P. Calkins, corner of Justice (now Ottawa) and Fountain streets. She continued it for a second term in rooms on Monroe street, "opposite the Rathbone Buildings." During this same winter H. H. Philbrick conducted, in the Dutch Reformed Church, a "Science of Music;," or as ordinary minds termed it, "a singin' school." In the winters between 1847 and 1851, W. K. Wheeler kept a dancing school in the National hotel, to which the young men and maidens resorted in goodly numbers in order to perfect themselves in that graceful accomplishment. Mrs. A. F. Jennison, in 1848 and 1849, kept a select school for Young Ladies on Prospect Hill. A prosperous school of the early period was kept for some years by Mrs. Streeter, in a building on Barclay street, south of Fountain. This was for both sexes and was well attended. For some time prior to 1846 Miss Janes kept a young ladies' school on Monroe street, near Ottawa. Miss Janes was a natural instructor, and left her impress on the minds and hearts of her pupils. In the fall of 1848 Mrs. E. T. Moore had a "school for young ladies and Misses," at her residence, south side of Monroe street, above Market street. About 1850 Dr. Cuming, Rector of St. Mark's church, established a school which was known as St. Mark's College. In the school was a girls' department, which occupied a house on Lyon street, and a boys' department, which occupied a house near St. Mark's church. The pupils went to and from recital tions from one department to another, through an alley which they called "St. Mark's alley." The house used for the girls' department is still standing at No. 146 Lyon street, and is occupied by Miss Campbell of the Ryerson public library and her aunt. The house has been somewhat altered and improved. Dr. Cuming intended that the school should grow to be a large and strong institution. It thrived prosperously for 10 years, then it was discontinued because of the growth of the public schools. 402 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. During the years of the school 's existence there were five young women teachers in the girls' department. A remarkable fact is that these five teachers are all living today. They are Mrs. L. D. Putnam of this city, who was Miss Caroline Williams: Mrs. William Montague Ferry of Park City, Utah, who was Miss Jeannette Hollister, a sister to Harvey J. Hollister of this city; Mrs. George Lee of Cleveland, who was Miss Laura Prentice; Mrs. James McKee of this city, who was Miss Hannah Liangdon, and Mrs. John Hall of Ripon, Wis., who was Miss Tirzah Moore, daughter of Judge Moore, and who, as assistant, taught in the primary department through all the years of the school's existence. Mr. and Mrs. Stofly, who afterwards conducted a private school, were among the teachers. On August 9, 1905, the lady pupils of St. Mark's College held a reunion. Invitations to the reunion, the first ever held, were sent to these teachers, also to all the former pupils of the school who are living. Those who were present responded to roll call, as follows: Julia Peirce (Mrs. George G. Briggs). Clara Calkins (Mrs. J. C'. Herkner). Martha Kendall (Mrs. J. Edward Earle). Julia Hatch (Mrs. E. H. Hunt). Abbie Eivans (Mrs. Byron R. Pierce). Cadette EiVerett (Mrs. George Fitch). Elizabeth Cary (Mrs. Elizabeth D. Collins). Hattie Hall (Mrs. George Hardy). Gertrude Fitch (Mrs. Gertrude Hovey). Mary Squier (Mrs. M. A. Ashley). Rebecca IL. Richmond. Frances L. Peirce. Mary Cuming. Miss Emily Cuming, who was also present at the reunion, attended the school only as a baby visitor, as she was too young at that time to go to school. Regrets were read from Annette Henry (Mrs. Russell A. Alger) of Detroit, who is at present in the east. Terzah Moore (Mrs. John Hall) of Ripon, Wis. Jeannette Hollister (Mrs. William Montague Ferry) of Park City, Utah. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. t03 Hannah Langdon (Mrs. James M. McKee) of this city, who was too ill to be present. Mary R~ichmond (Mrs. Mary Richmond Kendall), who is at "Woodside," Hannibal, Mo. Sophie Bingham (Mrs. J. C. Buchanan), who is at present at Sault Ste. Marie. Maggie Hodenpyl (Mrs. A. B. Leet) of East Orange, N. J. Mary Pike (Mrs. William T. Hess), who is out of the city for the summer. Cordelia Granger (Mrs. Cordelia A. Parke), who is at Ottawa Beach for the summer. Charlotte CGming (Mrs. Jacob Reed), who is in Quebec, Canada, at present. Marrietta Holmes (Mrs. L. C. Remington), who was unable to be present on account of ill health. The reunion was a delightful affair. Teacher and pupil entered into the spirit of the occasion, with a zest which seemed to make the "days that were" a living reality for the time being. Incidents and events which had long ago faded from memory were recalled, and sometimes the tears shone very near the surface, when some dear friend and comrade of youth, who long since passed over the borders of this life, was named. An interesting feature of this occasion was an exhibit of old photographs and daguerreotypes of the teachers and pupils, taken in the school days, also souvenirs and mementos of St. Mark's college, most of which are in the possession of the Misses Cuming. Among these were shown the old school bell, a, school publication, "The Lily of the Valley," which contained essays written by the pupils. This was not a printed publication, but a "blank book," containing essays written in fine old-fashioned script. There were also old newspaper clippings regarding the school printed in the "Daily Eagle" in 1850. Among the most interesting things in the collection were some old sketches made by the now celebrated American artist, Fred S. Church, when he was a, pupil in the boys' department of St. Mark's school. In 1853 Mrs. Moore kept a children's school on Lagrave street. August 1, 1854, Miss H. S. De Pew opened a "cottage school" in a building opposite John Ball's residence on East Fulton 404 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. street. This was a small but vigorous school, and had an existence of some three years. In December, 1856, a "School for Painting" was kept in Collins Hall, at the corner of Canal and Erie streets. From 1855 to 1857, inclusive, the Rev. O. H. Staples conducted a select school for young ladies. The school opened March 2, 1857, in commodious quarters, at the corner of Bostwick and Lyon streets. Mr. Staples was assisted during the first two years of his school by Miss Laura Prentiss, and during the later year by Mrs. Mary E. Bryan. The course of study embraced the branches usual in High Schools. Miss Prentiss, after her retirement from Mr. Staples' Academy, with Mrs. D. Ives, of Detroit, opened "A New Select School for Young Ladies and Misses" in rooms over J. W. Pierce's store on Canal street, in which instruction was given in the common English branches,,together with vocal and instrumental music. For some twelve years prior to 1882, the Misses Bacon kept a training school and kindergarten in the Winsor stone house at the corner of Jefferson avenue and Washington street. The "writing school," the forerunner of the commercial college, flourished almost from the beginning of the settlement, but not until the community had grown to considerable proportions came its more ambitious development. In June, 1851, William and Garret Barry opened a "Mercantile Academy" in McConnell's block, for the teaching of book-keeping, mathematics, penmanship, and the other commercial branches of learning. In 1852 Joseph J. Watson opened a small private school at the corner of Monroe and Ionia streets, for the teaching of architectural drawing and drafting, which was well patronized for some time by young mechanics. In the spring of 1857, Prof. M. P. Clark conducted writing classes in the Union schools on the east and west sides, and a special class in "Ladies' Epistolary Writing." In the fall of 1859 a course in book-keeping was added to the curriculum of the East Side Union School, and Prof. Charles J. Dietrich was chosen to teach that branch of study. In addition to his work in the public school, he, in 1860, taught "Dietrich's Mercantile Institute" in Luce's Block on Monroe street. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 405 To Professor C. G. Swensberg is due the credit of giving to the city the first permanent commercial college, founded January 25, 1866. He infused into his school straightforward business methods which gave the Grand Rapids Business College a place among the best educational institutions of the West. The college offices and school room are now in the Norris Block. The institution is under the management of A. S. Parrish, who became proprietor upon the retirement of Prof. Swensberg. For many years this college was without a rival in the city, but later similar institutions have been established, and are in a prosperous condition. C'onrad G. Swensberg was born near Cassel, Germany, September 20, 1835. The Swensberg ancestry were prominent in military and civil circles among the people of their province. When the boy was eleven years of age, the family came to America, and settled at Linnwood Grove, Erie county, Ohio., where he followed the routine of farm life until, in 1857, they moved to Muscatine, Iowa. He next became a clerk on a Mississippi river steamer for a time; after which he entered upon a regular course of study at Oberlin College. When President Lincoln issued his call for volunteers he sought enlistment in the Seventh Ohio Infantry, but was not accepted. Afterward he enlisted and was assigned to the 127th Ohio Infantry. Mr. Swensberg came to Grand Rapids in January, 1866, and on the 25th of that month opened the institute known as the Grand Rapids Commercial College, which for nearly forty years has been recognized as among the most prominent educational institutions in the country. It was known as the Grand Rapids Business University. After a quarter of a century of successful work as an instructor, he retired from the active management of the college, to devote more attention to numerous commercial and industrial interests with which he had for many years been financially connected. Prominent among these was that of the publishing company of the TelegramHerald, of which corporation he was one of the organizers. It is now the Grand Rapids Herald. He was president of the Valley City Milling Company and was also one of the founders and the first president of the Aldine Manufacturing Company. Prof. Swensberg, August 5, 1875, married Hattie M., daughter of Abraham and Phoebe (Mofflt) Drake, of Howland, Trumbull 406 6HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. county, Ohio. Mrs. Swensberg died at Grand Rapids Nov. 11, 1878. Mr. Swensberg died October 5, 1897. The Grand Rapids Business University was founded in 1866 by Prof. C. G. Swensberg. In its early years A. S. Parish was principal of the commercial department, but afterwards went to another state and taught until 1888, when he returned and purchased the interest of Prof. Swensberg. Ever since Mr. Parish has been at the head of the school. It was incorporated in 1897. The first location of the school was in the Luce Block, afterwards it was in the Ledyard Block, but for several years has been in the Norris Block. The school has five teachers. The Mcbachlan Business University was established in 1899, when the McLachlan brothers purchased the Columbia Business College, which was organized in 1892. Malcolm McLachlan is the active manager of the institution and has been in charge since 1895. The school is in the McMullen Block on South Division street, where it has always been located. The school has nine teachers. About 1883 the Rev. Isaac P. Powell established a private school at his residence on North College avenue and successfully carried it on for many years. He was especially gifted in teaching boys and inspiring them with noble ideals. He died March 17th, 1903. The school founded by him is continued at 110 Barclay street by Mrs. Wm. H. Eastman. In the school year of 1904-5 the school employed five teachers and had about sixty pupils. Many of the younger business and professional men of the city received instruction in this excellent school. Rev. Isaac P. Powell was born May 7th, 1838, in Clinton, Oneida county, New York, on a farm near the foot of a hill on which is Hamilton College, which was his alma mater. At seven years of age Mr. Powell lost his father and his older brother, who was an author and clergyman, became his guardian. Mr. Powell prepared for college in the -academy taught by his brother. HIe was graduated from college in 1860 and entered the Union Theological Seminary of New York City. In 1862 Ile recruited a company and entered the military service as Captain. He was in the Army of the Potomac and participated in all its campaigns and chief battles. His health was broken in the army and he never recovered from the hardships of the service and southern prisons in which he spent seven months. After the HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 407 war closed he completed his theological studies and acted as pastor of a church at North Canaan, Connecticut, for five years. Then for twelve years he was unable to do work of any kind. In 1881 he came to Grand Rapids and soon began preparing boys for college and then established a private school, over which he presided until his death. He died March 17th, 1903. On June 2, 1868, he married Miss Sara H. Clay, of Grand Rapids, who died May 14th, 1886. On December 18th, 1890, he married Mrs. Helen Griffith Smith, widow of Hon. Henry S. Smith. He always took an active part in Park Congregationai Church. Mr. Powell was a man of rare literary abilities and was gifted as an orator. But for ill health he would have had a national reputation as an orator, an author, or an educator, as he would have won success in whichever line he had directed his energies. Even as it was his indomitable will and unusual genius permitted him to leave his imprint upon the culture and refinement of Grand Rapids. Kindergarten Association. The Grand Rapids Kindergarten Association was organized March 31st, 1891, with a "charter list" of thirteen members. The 'object of the organization at that time was "to advance the cause of Kindergartens and aid the growth of public sentiment in favor of Kindergartens in our public schools." The officers elected were: President, Emma Field; Treasurer, Irving W. Barnhart; Secretary, Clara Wheeler. One of the first efforts of the Association was the organization of a class of students for preliminary work in Kindergarten Normal training, supervised and conducted. by Mrs. Constance D. Rourke, then director of the Kindergarten department of Grandville avenue public school. Thirteen young women enrolled for this study of Froebel methods. During the spring of 1891 a number of public meetings were held, assisted by the young women of the Training Class. Among the pioneers in the work were Miss Emma Field, Miss Abbie Field, Mrs. J. Morgan Smith, Mrs. Constance D. Rourke, Mrs. M. P. Moerdyke, Miss Frances E. Peirce, Miss Rebecca L. Richmond, Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Fitz Gerald, Mrs. W. W. Hall, 408 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Mr. I. W. Barnhart and Mrs. P. M. Goodrich. At the first public meeting thirty members were added to the Association. In June, 1891, the Association called to the city Mrs. Lucretia Willard Treat, of Chicago. A kindergarten of fifty children was organized and conducted during July and August. Mrs. Treat also conducted classes for teachers. July 25th, 1891, a Mothers' class was formed. Mrs. Lydia C. Brown, President; Mrs. M. M. Koon, Secretary. Public meetings were held in August at Park Congregational and Fountain St. Baptist churches and such general interest manifested that at a meeting of the Executive Board, September 3, 1891, a unanimous call was given Mrs. Treat to remain in the city as principal of the work, including the Training School, Mothers' and Teachers' classes, and a private kindergarten. Mrs. Treat responded to the call and training school and private kindergarten were opened at 33 Bostwick street (corner Park street); Mothers' classes at the Young Men's Christian Association (then located on North Division street), and Teachers' classes held at the Central High School by courtesy of the Board of Education. The private kindergarten numbered twenty children; the Training class opened with thirteen, increasing during the first month to eighteen and closing the year in June, 1892, with thirty-one. The Mothers' class numbered forty members and the Teachers' class eighty-seven. The work in each department opening so largely, in October Miss Hester P. Stowe, of Chicago, was engaged as Mrs. Treat's assistant. April 14th, 1892, the Association became an incorporated body. During the year many helpful names were added to the list of workers, among others Dr. A. Hazlewood, Mrs. Katherine Aldrich Blake, Rev. Campbell Fair, D.D., Dr. J. B. Griswold, Miss Isabel W. Putnam, W. D. Fuller, Mrs. Belle O. Cook, C. II. Gleason and Mrs. M. L. Bocher, Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Fisher. The year 1892-93 opened with the following officers: President, Emma Field; Vice-President, C. II. Gleason; Treasurer, Isabel W. Putnam; Secretary, Clara Wheeler. In September, 1893, the work again opened and during the school year 1892-93 the Training School enrolled fifty-three, nineteen entering for a second year of study and thirty-four first-year students. Both beginning and advanced classes for teachers were held, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 409 two Mothers' classes conducted and the private kindergarten successfully continued. In the meantime other cities were giving attention to Kindergarten work and during a part of the winter Mrs. Treat directed fortnightly classes in Detroit and Muskegon. During the year public meetings continued and a number of prominent speakers from abroad were called to the city for lectures, Miss Amalie Hofer and Miss Mary E. McDowell of Chicago, and Prof. W. N. Hailman, then of La Porte, Indiana. An evening's readings by Mrs. Kate Douglas Wiggin was given for the benefit of the Free Kindergarten. The summer of 1893 the Summer School was continued and doubled in attendance, enrolling twelve students representing six states-Texas, Oregon, Ohio, Wisconsin, Illinois and Michigan. In summer of 1894 forty students enrolled, representing nine states. Such was the origin of the Grand Rapids Kindergarten Association, which has become an institution with a national reputation. For some years its headquarters have been in the Shepard Block, at the corner of Fountain and North-Ionia streets. Pupils numbering 800 have attended its sessions from over the entire country and its graduates are found in nearly all states. Its Alumnae number 269 in 1905. Mrs. Lucretia Willard Treat, who was its moving spirit for many years, died February 16, 1904, but her work is now successfully carried on by Miss Clara Wheeler. Its officers are as follows for 1904-5: Board of Directors-President, Mrs. Margaret Andrew; VicePresident, Hon. W. Millard Palmer; Treasurer, Clara Wheeler; Secretary, Nellie Austin; Clark H. Gleason, H. Antoinette Lathrop, Lucy Bettes, Hazen H. Morse, Gerald FitzGerald, Mrs. Mary Williams, A. R. Zimmer, Emma Field, F. A. Rutherford, M. D., Mrs. C. D. Rourke, Nellie Austin, Irving W. Barnhart, Mrs. Anna Putnam, Mrs. Wm. M. Graham. Advisory Board-Frances E. Peirce, Supt. Wm. H. Elson, Mrs. Geo. P. Wanty, Rev. Fr. Schmidt, Arthur Hazlewood, M. D., Rev. J. Herman Randall, Rev. J. N. McCormick, Mrs. Helen J. Hood, Hon. W. D. Fuller, Emma L. Chamberlain. Executive Committee-Clark H. Gleason, Emma Field, Mrs. Margaret Andrew, Lucy Bettes, Clara Wheeler. 410 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Committee on Special Lectures for Students-H. Antoinette Lathrop, Mrs. C. D. Rourke, Hazen H. Morse, Mrs. Wm. M. Graham. Loan Fund Committee-Frances A. Rutherford, M. D., Mrs. C. D. Rourke, Gerald FitzGerald, Irving W. Barnhart. Printing Committee-W. Millard Palmer, Clara Wheeler. Auditing Committee-Irving W. Barnhart, Hazen H. Morse. Training School Committee-Emma Field, Mrs. Mary Williams, Mrs. Anna Putnam, Nellie Austin. Summer School Committee-Lucy Bettes, Nellie Austin, Emma Field, H. Antoinette Lathrop. Mrs. Treat in her daily life represented the fundamental principle of the Kindergarten. Her thoughts and deeds were guided and governed by the impulses of her heart and she radiated good-will and helpfulness to all who came within the radius of her influence. "At her side girls grew purer, men nobler, And all through the town Children were gladder Who pulled at her gown." Truly the world is better and happier that she has been with us. The Training School and Froebel Club, inspired by the hope and trust engendered by her splendid enthusiasm, are to continue the work so dear to her. Margaret Andrew, President Grand Rapids Kindergarten Association. St. Andrew's Academy. In the years 1853 and 1854, Peter G. Koch, a theological student, kept a school for Catholic children at the corner of Monroe and Ionia streets. This "academy" was under the patronage of the church, Ibut it was not until several years later that a regularly equipped parochial school-St. Andrew's Academy-was established. It was chiefly through the efforts of Father P. J. McManus that the present well-appointed two-story brick school house was erected in 1871-72 on the corner of Sheldon and Maple streets, at a cost of $20,000. In 1877 the academy was organized under the present system, the instruction being given by the HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 411 Sisters of Charity. The academy grants diplomas, and the course of study is extended and comprehensive. It is especially notable on account of the thoroughness of the instruction given in instrumental music. Other Catholic parochial schools of the city are St. Adelbert's (Polish) on the east side of Davis street between Fourth and Fifth streets, taught by the Sisters de Notre Dame; the Sacred Heart Academy, at 69 Ransom street, taught by the Sisters of St. Dominic; the St. Alphonsus Catholic School, at 175 East Leonard street, taught by the Dominican Sisters; the St. James' Catholic School, on West Bridge street at the corner of Michigan street, taught by the Sisters of Notre Dame; the St. Mary's Catholic School (German), at 47 Turner street, taught by the Sisters of Notre Dame; the St. Joseph's Catholic School (Holland), at 33 Rumsey street, taught by the Dominican Sisters; the St. Isidore's Roman Catholic School, at 418 North Diamond street, taught by the Sisters of Notre Dame. Other parochial and private schools are the German Lutheran Immanuel Schools at 320 Second street and East Bridge street, corner of Crescent place; Fifth Avenue Holland Christian School, on Fifth evenue at the corner of Oakland avenue; Sigsbee Street Holland School, on Sigsbee street at the corner of Diamond street; the Williams street Parochial School, on Williams street between Commerce and Ionia streets; the Oakdale Park Holland School, on Gilbert street; the Alpine Avenue Free Christian School, at the corner of Alpine avenue and Eleventh street; the Frank Street Holland-English School, on Frank street near Canal street; the Crosby Street Holland Christian School, on Crosby street near West street; the Seventh Day Adventist School, on Cass -avenue; the Bissell House Kindergarten, at 425 North Ottawa street; the Walbridge Private School, at 15 Dunham street, and the Holland Theological School at the corner of Fifth and Madison avenues, organized in 1891. The public and private schools of Grand Rapids have been a credit to the city. Excellent work has been done by the teachers and educators of the city. No department of municipal growth is more satisfactory than is that of the educational department, but new problems are arising and must be met by those who will direct the educational forces of the future. CHAPTER IX. BANKS AND BANKING. By Clay H. Hollister. A bank was established in Michigan in 1806, by an association of Boston capitalists. It was incorporated by act of the Governor and Judges, then constituting the Legislature, passed September 19, 1806. For those days, when the entire civilized population' of Michigan was less than 5,000, it was a colossal institution, with a charter to run 101 years, and a capital authorized of $1,000,000, divided into 10,000 shares. It issued a large amount of notes-authorities vary as to the total, but range between $160,000 and $1,600,000-used mostly in the eastern States. It was named Detroit Bank, and its banking house was in Detroit, at the corner of Jefferson avenue and Randolph street. Its billholders certainly did not get rich. Its charter was annulled by Congress in March, 1807. Another bank in Michigan Territory was organized in 1818, under the title of the Bank of Michigan. It was located in Detroit, and its President and Cashier were respectively John R. Williams and James McCloskey. The capital of the bank was $100,000, of which but $10,000 was actually paid in. This bank, under many changes and vicissitudes, continued for twenty-four years, finally failing in 1842. In 1834 The Michigan Insurance Company obtained a charter from the Legislature, under which, the projectors claimed that a banking business could be done, and with a capital of $12,500 this institution began in 1838 to transact a regular banking business. This bank continued to do a successful business until 1865, when it was converted into the National Insurance Bank, with a capital of $200,000. The first effort to extend banking facilities to the residents of Grand River Valley seems to have been in 1838. A statement of the assets and liabilities of the Grand River Bank, as published under date of December 7, 1838, is given in full, and also the statement of the Bank of Niles, under date of November 28, 1838, 412 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 413 and that of the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad Bank, December 20, 1838. The Grand River Bank had for its offiqers, John Almy, President, and William A. Richmond, Cashier: Grand River Bank, December 7, 1838. Assets. Overdrafts............$ 3,930 Disc. (under protest)... 27,750 Disc. Not due.......... 2,229 Specie................ 4,403 Bills of other Banks.... 4,021 Personal and Real Property................ 1,313 $43,646 Liabilities. Capital, $50,000.......$15,149 Deposits (27 Depositors) 8,860 Circulation........... 16,949 Due to other Corporations................ 2,688 $43,646 Bank of Niles, November 28, 1838. Assets. Overdrafts............$ 549 Disc. (under protest)... 46,648 Disc. not due......... 5,067 Specie............... 1,251 Bills of other Banks.... 4,900 Personal & Real Est... 3,510 Stock in Companies.... 6,765 $68,735 Liabilities. Capital, $100,000....... Paid in............ $30,000 Deposits (68 Depositors) 11,302 Circulation........... 8,583 Due other Corporations 17,195 Profits............... 60 $67,140 Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad Bank, Dec. 20, 1838. Resources. Bills disc. (past due).. Bills disc. not due.... Overdrafts........... Due from Banks...... Snecie............. Bills other Banks.... Real & Personal prop $ 95,494 14,039 32.694 4,779 4,175 Liabilities. Capital (Paid in $66,000)...............$100.000 60 Depositors........ 17,056 Circulation.......... 40,268 Profits............... 2,794 512 160.118 Dlle f-om Directors...$ 30,867 $159,234 Dee from other Stockholders............ 42,952 Theso sttemrn nts s oae ra on;inallv -nublished. and indicate an ntter absence of modern methods either in form or statement. It does not seem to have been at all necessary in those days to 414 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. consider any less sums that round dollars, as no cents appear in any of the statements; nor was it obligatory upon the bank to have the two sides of the books agree one with the other, as appears in the last two statements. Below is given the advertisement at the final winding up by a Receiver of the Grand River Bank, after a fitful existence of about three years. Some financial reputations became insolvent about the same time: Receiver's Notice. —The undersigned, Receiver of the Grand River Bank, at Grand Rapids, Michigan, hereby notifies the creditors of said Bank, having their claims duly authenticated according to the provisions of law, that a meeting of such creditors will be held at his office, in this village, on Wednesday, the 25th day of August next, at 2 o'clock P. M., of that day, at which time the undersigned will lay before said meeting the details of his doings and ask the consideration of the said creditors thereon. Dated Grand Rapids, June 21, 1841. GEO. MARTIN, Receiver. The office of the Grand River Bank was in a small building on the northwest corner of Bridge and Kent streets. Another of the banks of that period (wildcats, as they were called) was started in Grand Rapids, on Monroe street; Louis Campau was its President, and Simeon M. Johnson, Cashier. It was wound up before it had fairly begun operations, and perhaps the most important transaction connected with its career was the loss by Rix Robinson of some $900 in silver, which he lent to its cashier, to make a show of assets to the State Bank Examiner, and never recovered. Village and Private Scrip. In those early days the village of Grand Rapids was compelled to resort to extreme measures to meet its obligations, and such was the scarcity of a circulating medium, that, according to the records of the Village, the corporation undertook to furnish for the time being a currency of its own. The Village Board, at a meeting the record of which bears no date (probably about September 12, 1838), passed the following: Resolved, That this Board order to be printed for the use of the Corporation, three hundred dollars in bills of the denomination of one dollar and two dollars, which shall be signed by the Treasurer and countersigned by the President, and shall be issued in the payment of debts. The form of the notes shall be as follows: HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 415 "For value received, the President and Trustees of the Village of Grand Rapids promise to pay to........... or bearer...... dollars on demand. Receivable for all taxes and all dues to the Corporation. " "Grand Rapids, 12 Sept., 1838. C. I. Walker, Treasurer. H. C. Smith, President." On the same page of the village record is a memorandum showing the number of notes or bills issued and to whom payable: "One Dollar" —Nos. 1 to 20, to James Watson; 20 to 40, to A. H. Smith; 40 to 60, to E. Emerson; 60 to 80, to Louis Godfroy; 80 to 100, to J. W. Peirce; 100 to 120, to L. Campau; 120 to 140, to Mr. Stoddard; 140 to 160, to Smith & Brownell; 160 to 180, to W. A. Richmond; 180 to 200, to E. B. Bostwick. "TWo Dollars" —Nos. 1 to 10, to T. Campau; 10 to 20, to J. N. Elbert; 20 to 30, to G. R. Whitney; 30 to 40, to J. M. & G. C. Nelson; 40 to -, to Cook & Evans. These shinplasters were freely used for seven or eight years, and were doubtless all called in and canceled. About this time some of the prominent citizens undertook to supply any remaining vacuum that might exist, and sent out their own "promises to pay" in bank note form of small denominations; even as small as 61/4 cents. It is pleasant to bear record to the fact that the currency issued by Judge Morrison was in excellent credit through the Grand River valley, and that it was.all promptly redeemed when demand was made. Referring to the published statements of the Grand River Bank as well as those of its cotemporaries, it is that the citizens of Michigan did not have a patent on wise banking methods. Much of the paper held by those banks had passed into the Notary's hands, as appears by the statements. "Wildcat" Banking. Those were the days of extraordinary acts. Men of apparently sound minds, reputation and prudence, were carried away by the craze for Michigan lands and town sites and city and village lots. Money was manufactured and put in circulation about as rapidly as charters could be obtained. From 1836 to 1840, a large number of banks were organized, and the delusive idea prevailed that banks created capital. Unscrupulous and ignorant legislators passed laws. The substance of the general banking law 416 6HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. passed March 15, 1837, was as follows: Any persons could form an association for banking business. The subscribers to stock were to elect nine directors for each bank; they to choose a President and Cashier. The Directors to be residents of the State, and at least five of them of the C'ounty in which the bank was located. Bonds and mortgages executed by the stockholders upon unincumbered real estate within the State, to 'be estimated by the Treasurer, Judge, Clerk and Sheriff of the County, in the name of the Auditor General for the use of the State, and its true cash value, exclusive of buildings, to the full amount for which the Association should become indebted, were to be taken and held for the final payment of all liabilities. The amount of bills issued or circulated and the amount of loans and discounts should never exceed twice and a half the amount of capital stock paid in. Under the provisions of this bank act forty organizations were perfected, including the Grand River Bank already referred to. The total nominal capital of these banks was $3,115,000. Many of these banks were located at inaccessible points, and beyond reach of the Bank Commissioners or the bill holders. As for instance, at Sault Ste. AMarie and Superior in the Upper Peninsula, and at Saline, Sharon, Gibraltar, Palmyra, Singapore, Kensington, Centerville and other equally unknown and remote points in the Lower Peninsula. The law was violated and evaded in many ways. Capital was not paid in; notes were issued in excess; securities were not always furnished, and when furnished were often of little or no value. A limited amount of coin served for the organization of many banks, and the three Commissioners appointed by the State, energetic, sagacious and honest though they doubtless were, found themselves utterly unable to protect the people from impositions and ultimate loss. It is impossible fully to portray the history of the early days of banking in Michigan. Enough has been related to enable the reader to contrast the past with the present. To-day no possessor of paper money hesitates to hold it for any length of time. It passes current everywhere in this country and in most parts of the world. It has behind it the credit of the wealthiest nation in human history. Yet we are scarcely half a century removed from the wildest forms of financial kite flying, of unscrupulous systems of legislation, and the issues of corporations utterly worthless. But a sound circulating medium, conservative and honest busi HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 417 ness methods prptect the people, and the country prospers and grows rich at a wonderful pace. In 1845 the Supreme Court of the State pronounced the general banking law or a part of it unconstitutional, and ended an experiment at banking without knowledge or capital. The pernicious effect of dishonesty and violation of sacred oaths was felt for a generation. It is no wonder that Michigan has since hesitated to introduce any general system of banking. The number of banks of issue did not exceed a dozen for the next twenty years. Other States and Canada furnished our State with whatever circulating medium was used other than coin and the issue of three or four Detroit banks and perhaps two interior banks. The passage of the National Bank Act in 1863, and the privileges it extended were a boon to Michigan, the full measure of which can never be fully estimated. No more important factor entered intb the marvelous development of th Northwest than the methods incorporated in the National Bank Act. Young business men of today have no adequate idea of the difficulties attending moneyed transactions-the transfer of funds in payment of Eastern indebtedness, the insufficiency and insecurity of the circulating medium, the unstable character of credits -sixty years ago. It is true that men's expectation and requirements in those early days were moderate. Living was inexpensive. Little was demanded or expected. It is an open question whether the business man of today gets much more out of life than did the business man of half a century ago. In those days life was not strenuous, but there was contentment and happiness. Private Banking and Exchange. During the years from 1840 to 1850 the good people of the Grand River Valley lived, without any banking facilities whatever; relying solely upon an occasional bill of exchange brought into their section by an emigrant from New York or New England, or the kindness of some friend who, for the time being, would on his eastern journey volunteer to act as express and mail carrier combined. Only in this desultory way were payments made and debts for goods purchased in Eastern markets liquidated. About 1851 William J. Welles, a gentleman of strict integrity and unquestioned honor, though possessing moderate capital, 418 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. opened a banking and exchange office in the old stone building on the corner of Monroe and Ottawa streets, then known as the "wedge," which stood for many years as a sign of what the early builders could do with limited means and stones from Grand River. Fire finally made an end of the building, but not until Mr. Welles had established within its walls an enviable reputation for fair and just dealing and a handsome business. Mr. Welles continued in business until June, 1861, when, owing to serious losses arising from the disturbed condition of business affairs in connection with the breaking out of the civil war, he was obliged to close his doors. Within a reasonable time his creditors received the amount of their claims in full, and Mr. Welles ever retained the good will and hearty sympathy of all who had business relations with him. He died in our city very suddenly in 1874, a poor man, greatly esteemed. Daniel Ball & Company commenced to send bills of exchange on Chicago and Eastern cities in 1852. Their business enlarged year by year until, in connection with Mr. W. J. Welles, the necessities of Grand River Valley-rapidly filling up with a vigorous and pushing population, including many new business enterprises -were fairly well provided for. Daniel Ball was a man for those days. Indeed he would have been a man of mark in any day and at any time and in any place. The opinion has freely been expressed that Grand River Valley has had no superior to him in scope of mind or business capacity. This city and this valley may feel proud of many splendid business men, men of excellent character and ability, but of no one of the number can it be said that he was more energetic, more enterprising or more persevering than was Mr. Ball. With not overabundant means, but with an unbounded faith in the future of Grand Rapids, he, with others, laid the foundation of dur beautiful city. He died at Jamestown, N. Y., December 30, 1872, at the age of 65 years. In October, 1861, Daniel Ball & Co., having suffered severely by failures of individuals and banks of issue in Illinois and Wisconsin, found it impossble to continue business, and the Exchange Bank of Daniel Ball & Co. went into liquidation. It is only an act of justice to record that within a limited time both of those pioneer institutions, driven to the wall by stress of untoward circumstances, paid in full their obligations, with interest, and that they yielded to the pressure of the times only after the most strenuous efforts to avert so great calamity as it HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 419 then seemed both to themselves and to the business community. From year to year until 1861 those two banking institutions, with comparatively limited means, furnished all the banking facilities enjoyed by the good people of a vigorous and growing town, and the country for many miles about. Indeed had it not been for the aid thus furnished many of the enterprises then originating and now enjoying wonderful prosperity and dimensions would never have attained any prominence whatever. Banking from 1850 to 1860 was a very different business in this country from banking at the present time. During those years no more hazardous business could be engaged in. With a heterogenous lot of irresponsible banks of issue scattered from Maine to Georgia (most of them in Georgia), with a class of impecunious adventurers desiring and pressing for accommodations, with but meager facilities for obtaining intelligence, or of transmitting moneys, it is no wonder that those who then engaged in the business often felt that they received but poor return for all their risk and labor. The rate of exchange on New York was oftentimes enormous, at one time rising as high as ten per cent. on Illinois and Wisconsin stock bank currency, rarely running down to less than one-half per cent. on any kind of paper money or coin. The high rates at that time were due to two facts: First, the impossibility of converting the western currency into eastern currency, it not being current further east than this State; and, second, the high rates of the express companies for transmitting from the East to the West and back again. It became necessary many times, in order to keep the New York accounts good, to send special messengers to Chicago or Detroit to convert the multifarious issues of paper money into New York drafts. With the incoming of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, in 1858, and the plank road to Kalamazoo, these difficulties of transmitting currency were in a measure obviated; but the business of banking during the first ten years of its history, from 1850 to 1860, surrounded by the uncertain values incident to an unorganized, uninformed commercial community, was neither pleasant nor profitable. Nevertheless both of the above named institutions were of great value to this new and rapidly growing section of the State, and undoubtedly would have been continued in successful operation but for the losses attending the winding up and failure of the Illinois and Wisconsin banks, the currency of which, at the breaking out of the great rebellion, formed, together with 420 HIST'ORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. the currency known as the "Daniel Ball currency," almost the entire circulation of the Grand River Valley. About the year 1860 W. B. Ledyard and M. V. Aldrich opened a discount and exchange business in the office formerly occupied by Wm. J. Welles, he having built for his especial use a neat wooden office, about where the entrance to the Arcade now is in the Powers block. In January, 1869, E. G. D. Holden and Marcus W. Bates, then operating in an insurance partnership, opened in connection with their business a savings department. This was afterward merged in the Grand Rapids Savings Bank. In 1858, Ei. P. & S. L. Fuller, after building a brick block there, opened a private bank at or near No. 54 Canal street, which they operated until 1876, after which Peter Graff and H. H. Dennis (as Graff & Dennis) continued it until 1879. In 1873, Randall & Darragh (L. H. Randall and J. C. Darragh) began banking and operated a private bank until 1879. In the latter year both of these were merged in the Farmers' & Mechanics' Bank. In 1860, Ledyard & Aldrich opened a private bank, and in the same year the interest of M. V. Aldrich was purchased by Henry Fralick. Mr. Aldrich resumed banking in 1871 and continued it until his death, and the Grand Rapids National succeeded to the business. Revilo Wells, for a time between 1857 and 1860 held forth as a private banker and custodian of other people's money. Ilis capital, both in money and integrity, was limited. His career was brief, and his methods so peculiar that many old inhabitants remember him with painful emotions. Obtaining several thousand dollars of the people's money, he "went west" and found a wider sphere of action somewhere on the Pacific coast. In 1870, David L. Lataurette, from Fentonville, in this State, instituted a branch in this city of his bank in Fentonville. He was heralded as a man of abundant means, great liberality, honorable in his dealings, and likely to prove a permanent acquisition to business circles. He soon adopted unusual and unsafe methods of conducting banking by offering extraordinary rates of interest upon deposits. Prudent and cautious persons avoided his institution, but many fell into his traps, and within two years he succeeded in getting into his possession not less than $75,000 of the hard earnings of our citizens. Secretly he left the city. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 421 His after record was a sad one. The dividends received by the Grand Rapids creditors were only nominal. In December, 1861, M. L. Sweet opened the office formerly occupied by Daniel Ball & Co., and he together with Ledyard & Fralick, who had succeeded Ledyard & Aldrich, continued until March 10, 1864, to transact the general banking business of the city. At this date, under the direction of several prominent business men, the First National Bank was organized, and commenced operations with Martin L. Sweet as President and Harvey J. Hollister as Cashier, with a capital paid in of $50,000.00. Even at this date in the history of our city this capital was deemed by some quite too large, and fears were entertained that it could n6t be safely invested in business paper. The first Board of Directors was composed of the following gentlemen: Martin L. Sweet, James M. Barnett, John Clancy, Zenas G. Winsor and Lewis Porter. Among the prominent men of our city who first and last occupied places upon the directorate of this bank were Amos Rathbone, Wilder D. Foster, S. L. Withey, Wm. A. Howard, Peter R. L. Peirce, T. H. Lyon, W. D. Roberts, James Blair, J. W. Converse and M. L. Sweet, all of whom have passed away. Among those still living are L. H. Randall, J. H. Martin, James M. Barnett and Harvey J. Hollister. The bank had a very successful history covering the entire length of its charter, nineteen years. It gave annual dividends of 12 per cent. and returned to its stockholders their original investment, and 70 per cent. additional above dividends. It had but two Presidents during its existence -Martin L. Sweet and Solomon L. Withey, and but one Cashier, Harvey J. Hollister. Its original capital of $50,000.00 was increased early in 1866 to $100,000.00. In July, 1866, a further increase was made to $150,000.00. Again, in 1868, it was increased to $200,000.00 and in 1871 to $400,000.00. The stockholders, as the limit of its charterd drew near, voted to go into liquidation, and the capital of $400,000 and $284,000 undivided -profits were paid to the stockholders. The First National Bank passed into history. Its record was a good one, and though born in troublous times in the midst of the war, and meeting with some severe losses, its record of dividends and ultimate division of reserve profits entitles it to take rank among the most successful institutions of the kind in the State. The management always sought to foster every legitimate industry of the city, and 422 422 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. to assist in all prudent ways the mercantile and manufacturing enterprises. February 24, 1883 the First National Bank ceased its active business career, and the Old National Bank, organized with a paid up capital of $800,000, succeeded to the occupancy of the banking office and a portion of the business formerly enjoyed by it. The first officers of the Old National Bank were: Solomon IL. Withey, President, James M. Barnett. Vice-President, and Harvey J. Hollister, Cashier. Its Directors were: Martin IL. Sweet, Joseph H. Martin, Splomon L. Withey, James M. Barnett, W. R. Shelby, John ClancyrifHarvey J. Hollister, F. Loettgert, H. C. Akeley, Willard Bernhart,, S. W. Osterhout, Joseph Heald, D. II1. Waters. The Old Natioual Bank. In addition to the above gentlemen the following have at different times served as members of its Board of Directors: Jacob Cummer, W. 0. Hughart, IL. E. Hawkins, IL. 11. Withey. Geo. C. Peirce, E. C. Fox, Win. Judson, E. G. Studley, W. D. Stevens, J. C. Ilolt, Ilenry Idema, Edward Lowe, W. W. C'ummer and C. H. THollister. The present Board of Directors are: James M. Barnett,7 Williard Barnhart, H1. J. Hlollister, ~Joseph II. Mlartin,' W. TR. Shelby, IL. II. Withey, Win. Judson. E. G'. Studicy, (1eo. C. 1"eirce, W. D. Stevens, C. II. Hollister, Ilenry Idenma, John C. Hiolt, Edward Lowe, WV. W. Cuinmer. The Presidents of the Bank since its inception have been Solomion IL. Withey, who served from 1883 to 1884; Martin IL. Sweet, who servedl from 1884 to 1895, and JTames Mi. Barnett, who has held the office since that date. In the office of Vice-President, J. M1. Barnett served from 188:3 to 1895, Willard Barnhart fromt 1895 to the present time, a(.nd IHarvey J. Hiollister from 1903 to date. Mr. hanrvey J. Tollister was previo..usly Cashier-, from 1883 to 1903. at whichl tim'e lie was sllceele in that office by his son, Clay 11. hbollister, wh0o has servedI in thiat capacity sine. C"lay 11. llollister was appointed A~ssistant Cashier in 1891, which position he held Until 1903, whiei he was succeeded] byN Frank~ S. C1olemtan. whto has,served since that time. Mfr. llov.t, G. P~ost served1 the B3ankc as Auiditor froml 1899 to 1904. having) bee~,i previously long- identified with the B~ank, eoni HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 423 ing into it as a young man and working up through the various departments and serving many years as Paying Teller of the institution. In 1903 the Bank entered upon its second charter, extending its organization for twenty years without changing its stockholders. Clay Henry Hollister, the Assistant Cashier of the Old National, is a son of Harvey J. and Martha Clay Hollister, and was born October 7, 1863. He was graduated from the Grand Rapids High school in 1882, and from Amherst college in 1886. After graduation, he spent a year and a half in the yards and mills of the Cummner Lumber Co., went into the Old National Bank in 1888, was made Assistant Cashier in 1891 and has held that position ever since. He is a director in the same institution; also in the Fred Macey Co., Ltd., and the Valley City Milling Co., and is interested as a stockholder in several other industrial corporations. In 1900 he was elected President of the Michigan Bankers, an unusual honor for one so young in years and in banking experience. Harvey J. Hollister, Cashier of the Old National, was born at Romeo, Macomb Co., Mich., August 29, 1830. For his ancestry he goes back to the pioneers of Connecticut, the first settler of his family in this country being Lieut. John Hollister, who came from England in 1642, at the age of thirty, and settled in Weathersfield. The subject of this sketch is a representative of the eighth generation from Lieut. Hollister, the son of Col. John Bently Hollister, who was one of the early pioneers in Michigan. Col. Hollister gave distinguished service as a civil engineer in the territorial organization of this state. Harvey J. Hollister seems to have made the most of the meager opportunities that a country village offered in his youth, being a hard worker on his mother's farm in summer and attending school in winter. When 17 years old, he taught school for a winter near Romeo, then entered into the employ of a drug store in Pontiac. Two years later he joined his family, who had moved to Grand Rapids. For a few month he was a clerk in a mercantile house, then for a time had charge of the old "Faneuil Hall" drug store, owned by W. G. Henry. In 1853 he became confidential clerk in the banking house of Daniel Ball & Co., the last of the three 424 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. banking houses in the city, to close out their business at a great loss to themselves, but their obligations were all met in full. M. L. Sweet opened almost at once, another bank, with Mr. Hollister as manager. This continued until 1864, when the First National Bank of Grand Rapids was organized. The Sweet bank was merged into it and its manager made cashier and director. The bank was successful, and when its charter expired was succeeded by the Old National, with Mr. Hollister as director and cashier. He is the pioneer banker in the city, and oldest banker in continuous service in the state, having served more than 50 years in these relations. Mr. Hollister is'always a busy man and besides his banking business has been identified with many other interests. He is a director in the Michigan Trust.Co., President of the Michigan Barrel Co., Director in the Grand Rapids Brass Co., and the Antrim Iron Co., of Mancelona, Mich., Treasurer of the Frusburg Lumber Co., of Norfolk, Va., and Treasurer of the Grand Rapids Malleable Co. In addition to his business interests, Mr. Hollister, is a director of the Charity Organization Society, and formerly one of the Board of Control of the State Public School, Trustee of Olivet College, Trustee of Butterworth Hospital, and has become identified with the, charitable and educational institutions of the state and country. He is a strong supporter of the principles of the Republican party, and although at no time actively engaged in politics, is closely connected with the councils of that party in the state. He has been a member of the First Congregational Church for fifty years, is one of its deacons, and has been its treasurer for thirty years. He has been identified with the Y. M. C. A. since its organization, and is greatly interested in anything that can benefit young men and better fit them for their life work. January, 1903, Mr. Hollister was elected unanimously to the position of acting Vice-President of the Old National Bank, a position he still occupies. James Melancthon Barnett, whose banking experience covers a period of forty years, was born in Brockport, N. Y., September 8, 1832, and received his early education in the village school and Collegiate institute at Brockport. Leaving school at the age of sixteen, he was first employed by Seymour & 'Yld'It.(btf -AT -/I ,I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 425 M\Iorgan, reaper manufacturers of Brockport, and afterwards in the factory of his father, George F. Barnett, a manufacturer of agricultural implements. In 1855 he attended Bryant & Stratton's Business college at Buffalo, and the following year returned to Brockport as bookkeeper for Seymour & Morgan. In 1856 he removed to Michigan, arriving in Grand Rapids on January 1, 1857. He at once became clerk and bookkeeper in M. L.. Sweet's flour mill; two years later he bought an interest in the mill and until 1869, when the firm was dissolved, the business was carried on under the name of Sweet & Barnett. In 1861, when the banking house of M. L. Sweet was established, Mr. Barnett became a partner in the enterprise. In 1864 the First National bank was organized, succeeding to the business of M. L. Sweet and Mr. Barnett was one of the organizers and became the first Vice-President of the new bank. In 1883 the First National bank was re-organized under the name of the Old National Bank. Mr. Barnett served continuously as Vice-President, both under the new and old organization, until 1905, when he was elected to his present position of President. Mr. Barnett has been interested in the lumber business since 1870, and for several years he carried on lumbering operations in various parts of Michigan, with Mr. Harvey J. Hollister, who for forty years has been associated with him in the management of the banking institutions above named. Subsequently, in company with Messrs. Thomas Byrne and John Murray, under the firm name of John Murray & Co., he was engaged in lumbering in Roscommon and Crawford counties, with a mill for manufacturing at Muskegon. In 1880, Mr. Wellington W. Cimmer, of Cadillac, Mr. Hollister and Mr. Barnett organized the Cummer Lumber Co., which carried, on its business in and near Cadillac until 1894, when the timber holdings of the Company were exhausted. Like other Michigan lumbermen, they sought a new field in the south and active business operations were resumed in North Carolina and Florida, one company being known as the Cummer Lumber Co., of Jacksonville, and the other as the Cummner Co., of Norfolk, Va. Under the name of the St. Tammany Land & Lumber Co., the same interest also owned a large block of timber in Louisiana. This tract was sold in 1902. About the same 426 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. date Mr. Barnett and Mr. Hollister exchanged their holdings in the Jacksonville plant with Mr. Chmmer for his share of the Norfolk business, and the latter was organized under the name of the Fbsburgh Lumber Co. Mr. Barnett is also identified with a number of local business interests at Grand Rapids. Besides being President and Director of the Old National Bank and the Fosburgh Lumber Co., he is a Director of the Grand Rapids Gas Light Co., the Michigan Trust Co., the Michigan Barrel Co., and Director and VicePresident of the Antrim Iron Co., of Mancelona, Mich. In 1872 he served on the jury in the condemnation proceedings connected with the straightening of Monroe St., and the enlargement of the C'ampau Place. His method of calculating the damages to property owners was the one adopted by the jury and ratified by the court. In politics Mr. Barnett is an independent Democrat, but has not taken an active part in political affairs. In 1896 he was a delegate to the convention at Indianapolis which nominated Palmer and Buckner on the Gold Democratic ticket. In 1893 he was a member of the Michigan Committee on Forestry exhibits at the World's Fair in Chicago, and was Treasurer of the Committee. Mr. Barnett was married on December 5, 1865, to Lucy E. Foote, daughter of 0. H. Foote, of Grand Rapids. Their four children are James, Katherine, Lucy and Laura. The National City Bank. The City Niational Bank was organized February 17, 1865, about one year after the organization of the First National Bank. Thomas D. Gilbert was its first and only President, and J. Frederic Baars its first and only Cashier. The permanency in office of these two men was of itself sufficient evidence both of the stable character of the institution and of its officers. The Board of Directors was composed of the following gentlemen: William B. Ledyard, Thomas D. Gilbert, Ransom E. Wood, Moses V. Aldrich, Henry Fralick, Ransom C. Luce, George Kendall, James M. Nelson, James Miller. The capital of the bank was $100,000. This capital was increased to $200,000 in 1867 (when its deposits were about $250,000), and in 1871 to $300,000. Among other well known names of our business men who served on its Board of HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 427 Directors were: Noyes L. Avery, John W. Pierce, Julius Houseman, Francis B. Gilbert, Lemuel D. Putnam, John C. Fitzgerald. In 1865 it was made a United States Depository. The City National Bank Charter expired in 1885. Its history as an active financial institution continued just twenty years. It met with some losses, unavoidable in so long a history, but its successful record will long be remembered by those who were fortunate enough to be numbered among its stockholders and patrons. It gave to the stockholders unusually fine dividends, averaging some 14 per cent. per annum during its last ten years, and at the closing up paid back the face value of its stock and 85 per cent. additional. It gave liberal encouragement to the business interests of the city and was always a favorite place for the conservative dealer. It built in 1869 and thereafter owned and occupied the very eligible banking house now occupied by the National City Bank, its immediate successor. It should have been heretofore said that the City National Bank succeeded to the business of Messrs. Ledyard and Fralick, both of whom took a prominent place in the management of the new institution, the latter remaining upon its Board during its entire history. The National City Bank, the successor of the City National, by reorganization when the charter of the latter expired, dated its incorporation from January 22, 1885, with a capital stock of $500,000. The officers were Thos. D. Gilbert, President; Julius Houseman, Vice-President; J. Frederic Baars, Cashier; Edward H. Hunt, Asst. Cashier. From that time to 1906, the following gentlemen have been connected with it as directors at one time or another: Thos. D. Gilbert, Geo. G. Briggs, L. D. Putnam, Ransom C. Luce, T. Stewart White, John C. Fitzgerald, Geo. Kendall, Noyes L. Avery, Constantine Morton, Julius Houseman, Henry Fralick, Philo C. Fuller, J. Frederick Baars, Edward H. Hunt, T. J. O'Brien, David B. Amberg, Francis Letellier, Lester J. Rindge, Henry Idema, Walter Winchester, James R. Wylie, Paul Doty, Chas. H. Hackley, Samuel A. Morman, Gaius W. Perkins, Fred Macey, Joseph J. Tucker, James D. Lacey and Thos. M. Peck. There have been several changes in the official boards of the bank. Mr. Gilbert, the President, dying in November, 1894, was succeeded by Constantine Morton, who was President from 1895 to 1898, who in turn was succeeded by Ransom C. Luce, who served as president until his death in 1902. Since that time, James R. Wylie has been the active president of the bank. In the office of Vice-President Geo. G. Briggs served until 1898, J. F. Baars to 1900, and Lester J. Rindge from 1900 to the present time. J. F. Baars served as Cashier until 1898, at which time 'he 428 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. became Vice-President and was succeeded as Cashier by Jas. R. Wylie, who held that position until 1902. In 1903 Frank Welton was elected Cashier of the Bank. Edward H. Hint has held the position of Assistant Cashier of this institution since 1875. The present directors of the bank are as follows: T. Stewart White, J. Frederic Baars, Constantine Morton, Francis Letellier, Lester J. Rindge, Philo C. Fuller, Walter C. Winchester, David M. Amberg, Gaius W. Perkins, S. A. Morman, James R. Wylie, Thos. M. Peck, Joseph J. Tucker, James D. Lacey. In 1905 the National City Bank renewed its charter for another period and at the same time organized within its own stockholders the City Trust and Savings Bank, which enables it, under the State Charter, to conduct a state bank. The stockholders in the one are also interested as stockholders in the other, and the sale of the stock of one institution carries with it the sale of the other, so that the institutions, except in their charters, are identical. In 1902 the National City Bank remodeled its offices, making extensive improvements of a substantial character. In 1905 it rented and occupied an office fully equipped in the Porter Block, on Monroe St., for the City Trust and Savings Bank. At this time the bank increased its capital from $500,000 to $600,000. Its deposits in 1905 are $2,344,675.50 and its surplus and undivided profit account was $162,597.27. James Robert Wylie, President of the National City Bank, was born October 14, 1849, on a farm in Martin, Allegan Co., Mich., of Scotch-American parentage. He was educated in the common and high schools of his native county, remained upon the farm until he attained his majority, when he engaged in business for himself, conducting with Thos. H. Shepard a general country store at Martin, under the firm name of Wylie & Shepard. This firm built up an extensive trade and conducted a successful and prosperous business. After a few years of active experience in this mercantile business, Mr. Wylie disposed of his interest therein and entered the law department of the University of Michigan, graduating therefrom with the class of 1878. He immediately engaged in legal practice in the city of Grand Rapids, continuing there for several years. In natural abilities, sterling character, legal learning and business experience, he was thoroughly equipped for legal practice, and soon became recognized as one of the strong, active and capable young men of his profession in Grand Rapids. In October, 1879, he was married to Jeannette C. Curtis, of Richland, Mich. Two children were born of this union: Miss Isabel, now at Vassar college, and Master Curtis, now a pupil in the schools of Grand Rapids. In 1882 he went with his brother-in-law, William L. Curtis, i' I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 429 to the growing country of Northern Michigan, and located in 'etoskey, where he engaged in the banking business as a member of the firm of Curtis, Wachtel & Co., and was also interested in a small banking business at Kalkaska, under the name of Wylie, Bleazby & Co. Some time later Mr. Curtis and Mr. Wylie purchased the interest of Mr. Wachtel in the banking business, and until 1893 they conducted it under the name of the Petoskey City Bank. They rapidly built up an extensive and profitable business in these places, the Petoskey City Bank being succeeded by the present First National Bank of Petoskey. In 1893 Mir. Wylie sold his banking interests in Northern Michigan to his partner and his partner's son, and returned with his family to Grand Rapids, where he again took up the practice of law, forming a partnership with George Clappertorl, under the firm name of Wylie & Clapperton. This firm did an active, general legal practice, Mr. Wylie remaining with it until he assumed the management of the National City Bank of Grand Rapids. Mr. Wylie possesses legal and financial ability of a high order, is a man of positive strength, clear judgment and unquestioned integrity, and stands in the first rank among the professional and business men of this city. IIe has achieved distinctive and solid success, thorough ability, character, hard work and perseverance. In financial affairs he is active, capable and progressive, but conservative and safe, being disinclined to speculation or the taking of risks beyond such as are reasonable and necessarily incident to the efficient and profitable management of money and of business enterprises. By reason of his ability, integrity, sound judgment and conservatism, he commands the unreserved confidence of all who know him. He has always taken.great interest and an active part in public affairs and in formulating loyal legislation in which his city or town was interested. He has never been an active politician or an office seeker, and never held a salaried public office of any kind. He was for years an active member of the Board of Education at Petoskey, and was president of that village during the last year of his residence there. He was appointed the first President of the Board of Poor Commissioners of Grand Rapids, and during his term of office, under his active direction, the entire management of that department was thoroughly renovated, reformed and organized along the lines of charity organization principles. He is Vice-President of the Charity Organization Society, and a Trustee of the Union Benevolent Association of Grand Rapids and a Trustee of Alma College, Mich., taking an active part in those lines of public work. In addition to' his active management of the affairs of the National City Bank, he is President of the City Trust and Savings Bank and a Director in the Widdicomb Furniture Co. In 430 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. religion he is a hereditary, active and loyal Presbyterian, and an elder in that church. He is a man of attractive and winning personality, of forceful character, affable, genial, companionable; commanding the respect and regard of all who know him. He is a distinctive type of the active, progressive, influential and successful man of affairs, and a positive force in the business, civic and social life of his city. John Frederic Baars, a native of Hamburg, Germany, was born July 8, 1820, the son of Friedrich and Friederike Margarethe (Dobbertien) Baarss, the former a native of Wismar, Mecklenburg, and the latter of Hamburg, Germany. His parents dying when he was a lad, the boy lived with an uncle until nearly fifteen years of age. He grew up with a desire for a seafaring life, and in 1835 shipped as a cabin boy on the bark Moscow, an American vessel, owned by Capt. Norris, with whom he went to live at Bristol, Rhode Island. Here he continued his studies in school, and also worked several years in the sperm oil and candle factory owned by Capt. Norris, and at the age of eighteen, he was bookkeeper in the counting room of his employer. Capt. Norris was afterward made Treasurer of the Pokanoket Mill Company and young Baars acted as his bookkeeper and soon afterward became cashier of a bank, and also during his residence in Rhode Island, was agent and part owner of vessels engaged in the West India trade. Mr. Baars settled in Grand Rapids in the fall of 1858, and on January 1, 1861, entered the employ of Messrs. Ledyard & Aldrich who had just established a private banking business. In 1862 the firm was changed to Ledyard and Fralick, Mr. Baars continuing as bookkeeper and teller until 1865, when the business was organized into the City National Bank with Mr. Baars as cashier. On the expiration of the Bank's charter, in 1885, the business was re-organized as the National City Bank and Mr. Baars served as its cashier until 1898, a total of thirty-three years. He has been connected with these several monetary institutions since their beginning, and is still a Director. Mr. Baars' financial abilities have long been recognized by his fellow citizens and he has been honored with various office of trust.,From 1864 to 1875 he served as city treasurer of Grand Rapids, except during the year 1869 when he acted as assistant treasurer. During this time he was also treasurer of the public school funds; he was treasurer of Fulton Street Cemetery Ass'n for more than a third of a century, and for over forty years, has been treasurer of churches with which he has been identified. On attaining his majority, Mr. Baars took out his naturalization papers and until the organization of the Republican party was a Whig in politics. He is now a Republican. He was reared under the influence of the German Lutheran Church. After coming to A1'! (^00 * \^/ 4/W HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 431 the United States, he worshipped for a time with the Episcopalians and then united with a Baptist church at Bristol, Rhode Island, and has ever since been a member of a church of that faith. On August 22, 1842, Mr. Baars married Miss Lucretia Norton Luce, of Bristol, R. I., whose birthplace was Vineyard Haven, on the island of Martha's Vineyard. She was the daughter of Captain Abijah Luce, who piloted the first steamboat into the harbor of Vineyard Haven. Mr. Baars is a lover of home, and during his long and active life has found rest and recreation in gratifying his love for music and in cultivating his well-kept garden. Kent County Savings Bank. Kent County Savings Bank was organized under the State law December 24, 1884. The incorporators were forty in number, and the capital stock was placed at $50,000, divided into one thousand shares of $50 each. Directors: A. J. Bowne, A. B. Watson, Joseph Heald, D. A. Blodgett, J. C. Bonnell, John A. Covode, James Blair, E. Crofton Fox, Thomas J. O'Brien. The first meeting of Directors was held January 16, 1885, when the Board organized by the appointment of the following officers: Joseph Heald, Presidert; J. C. Bonnell, Vice-President5 J. A. S. Verdier, Cashier. The bank was opened for business January 26, 1885, on which day six savings books were issued-the deposits entered in the same amounting to the sum of $82.50. The first regular election under the law was held May 4, 1888, when the same Directors were chosen, with the exception of A. J. Bowne, who was succeeded by Henry Idema; the same officers continuing to act. May 3, 1887, J. A. Covode was elected Vice-President to succeed Mr. Bonnell, he having sold his stock, and September 5, 1887, Mr. Bonnell's place as Director was filled by the election of J. A. McKee. Oct. 1, 1888, A. J. Bowne was again chosen a Director to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Major A. B. Watson. January 4, 1889, the bank met with a great loss in the death of its President, Joseph Heald, who had won the confidence and respect of his associates as well as the high esteem of our citizens. Since 1880 John A. Cbovode has been President. During that period from 1888 to 1905 T. J. O'Brien was Vice-President for three years, until 1891, when Henry Idema, being the active man 432 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. ager of the institution, was elected to that position, and has held it ever since. J. A. S. Verdier has been Cashier during the entire time. The position of Asst. Cashier has been filled respectively by K. Van Hof, A. T. Slaght, and A. I. Brandt, who was elected to that position March 21, 1905. The present Directors are as follows: John A. Covode, J. A. S. Verdier, Henry Idema, F. C. Miller, Edward Lowe, T. J. O'Brien, L. H. Withey, T. Stewart White. This bank has the distinction of having the smallest capital stock of any bank in the city but has the large surplus and undivided profit account of $228,000.00 in May, 1905, and deposits of $2,759,000.00 It has grown rapidly in the last ten years and is one of the best institutions in the State. J. A. S. Verdier, Cashier Kent County Savings Bank, was born in Oostburg, Province of Zeeland, Kingdom of Holland, Dec. 17, 1838, but came to this country early in life and received his education in Sheboygan, Wis. Commencing at the age of ten years, he was in a printing office five years, later in a hardware store, attending school half days and studying nights. He enlisted in the Army August 21, 1862, as first lieutenant, Twenty-seventh Regt., Wis. Vol. Inft'y, and was promoted to be Captain in the same regiment, December 23, 1863, and was mustered out Sept. 29, 1865. In October of the same year, he commenced the hardware business in Grand Rapids and continued in that until 1876. Aside from his commercial and banking connections, Mr. Verdier has been prominent in official life. He was Alderman from 1871 to 1874; City Comptroller in 1875 and 1876, and County Treasurer from 1877 to 1882 inclusive. He was also a member of the Board of Education six years and was President of the Board during the year 1900. His wide personal acquaintance with the Holland and German population in that vicinity is of great advantage to the bank. He has been cashier since the organization of the bank and a Director since 1892. Henry Idema, Vice-President of the Kent County Savings Bank, was born of Holland parentage in Grand Rapids, in 1856, and received his education in the city schools. He began work as an office boy and messenger in the Commercial Agency of Tappen, McKillop, & Co., in 1873, and was soon promoted to the position of chief clerk, serving with that company until 1882, when they Henry Idemna. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 433 retired from business. The Bradstreet Mercantile Agency at that time having no office in Grand Rapids, gave him the management and he continued in the mercantile agency business without interruption, until 1892, when he left it to take the vice-presidency of the Kent County Savings Bank. The nineteen years' continuous service in the agency business gave him a wide and extensive acquaintance in western Michigan which has been of valuable assistance in his present position. Aside from banking, Mr. Idema's business interests are extensive. He is Vice-President of the Foster Winchester Lumber Co., Vice-President Grand Rapids Malleable Iron Co.,, of the Turtle Lake Lumber Co., the Michigan Trust Co., and the Kent County Savings Bank. Treasurer of the Boyne City Lumber Co., the Dennis Salt & Lumber Co., the Emmett Lumber Co., the Vilas County Lumber Co., and the Michigan Timber Co. He is Director and member of Finance Committee of the Old National Bank, Director of the Grand Rapids Gas Light Co., the Cadillac Gas Co., the Laporte Gas Co., the Hackley-Phelps Bonnell Lumber Co., the Nichols & Cox Lumber Co., the Boyne City Electric Light Co., the Grand Rapids Directory Co., the Musselman Grocery Co., the West Side Land Co., the Grand Rapids Dry Goods Co., the Greenville Gas Light & Power Co.,, and the Wage-maker Furniture Co. The Grand Rapids National Bank. The Grand Rapids National Bank was organized and commenced business March 9, 1880, as successor to the banking house of M. V. Aldrich. The Directors were C. H. Bennett, Edwin F. Uhl, Freeman Godfrey,'W. B. Ledyard, W. G. Herpolsheimer, M. J. Clark, Paul Steketee, Enos Putman, George H. Long, and its officers were C. H. Bennett, President; T. C. Sherwood, Cashier; Freeman Godfrey, Vice-President; Edwin Hoyt, Jr., Assistant Cashier. The capital stock was $200,000. Average deposits, $250,000. The business of the bank was very prosperous, and, July 1, 1882, the capital was increased to $300,000 with an average deposit of $900,000. Again, August 11, 1883, the capital was increased to $500,000, with an average deposit of $1,100,000; after making semi-annual dividends of 41/ and 5 per cent. its surplus has reached the sum of $100,000. Before the beginning of the year 1884 the deposits had increased to the sum of $1,200, 434 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 000. The first President of the bank died in April, 1881. Edwin F. Uhl was elected President as Mr. Bennett's successor in April, 1881. T. C. Sherwood retired from the office of Cashier in April, 1883. Wm. Widdicomb was elected in his place, and held the office nearly six years. Nathan N. Brisbin was elected Assistant Cashier in January, 1888, and was chosen Cashier January 1, 1889, upon the resignation of Mr. Widdicomb. Frank M. Davis was elected Assistant Cashier at the same date. The following gentlemen constitute the Board of Directors in 1905: Joseph Houseman, Melvin J. Clark, Geo. H. Long, Wm. G. Herpolsheimer, Chas S. Hazeltine, John E. Peck, Wm. Widdicomb. Samuel Sears, Julius Berkey, J. Boyd Pantlind, Justus S. Stearns, Chas. S. Burch, Chas R. Sligh, John Mowat, Wm. S. Winegar, Chas. A. Phelps, Dudley E. Waters and Claude Hamilton. Others who have served during its existence and whose names were not in the first directorate were Daniel H. Waters, George C. Kimball, Charles Shepard, Silas P. Godfrey, Paul Steketee, and Amos S. Musselman. Edwin F. Uhl served until 1894 as President, when, by reason of his appointment as Ambassador at Berlin, he withdrew from the position and was succeeded by Enos Putman, who was President from January, 1894 to. January 1898. Upon his death he was succeeded by Mr. Uhl, who had returned from Germany, until May, 1901, and in the following June, Dudley E. Waters was elected to the position which he now holds. The Vice-Presidents have been Freeman Godfrey, who served from 1888 to 1894; J. E. Peck, who served from 1894 to 1898, and again in 1905; Joseph Houseman, from 1898 to 1901; Amos S. Musselman from 1901 to 1902, and Chas. S. Hazeltine from 1902 until this time. Following Mr. Sherwood the Cashiers of the Bank have been Wm. Widdicomb, who served until 1889; Nathan B. Brisbin, from January, 1889 to August, 1889; Frank M. Davis from January, 1890, to date. As Assistant Cashiers, from 1888 to 1890, Frank M. Davis; John L. Benjamin from 1890 to date; John D. Morton from 1901 to date. In October, 1905, this bank moved back into palatial quarters remodeled upon the site of its former offices and is doing a prosperous business. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 435 In 1905 the capital of the Bank was $500,000; its surplus and undivided profits were $151,000; and its average deposits $2,200,000. Dudley E. Waters was born in Grand Rapids, the son of the late Daniel H. Waters, and since the latter's death, in 1894, has acted as manager of his estate in behalf of his mother, two sisters and himself, under the style of D. H. Waters & Son. The father was one of the original stockholders in the Grand Rapids National Bank, and became one of its directors early in its history. He continued on the board until his death, and then his son was elected as his successor. Dudley El. Waters and the Waters estate are among the largest stockholders in the bank. Mr. Waters is also a director in the People's Savings Bank, which he helped to organize. He was a member of the Board of Public Works, a position he held for four years-three of them as president of the board. Under his auspices, the haphazard method of water rate collections was supplanted by a system under which quarterly payments are enforced. He also introduced other important improvements in the board's methods. A Life Sketch. Honorable Edwin F. Uhl was born in the town of Rush, near Avon Springs, in the State of New York, August 14, 1841. His parents moved to Michigan in 1844. His father, David M. Uhl, made a home on a farm on "the plains" just east of Ypsilanti, where he continued to reside until a few years since. When about thirteen years of age, Edwin entered the Ypsilanti Seminary, and was not quite seventeen when he completed his preparatory course. During the years that he was preparing for college his work was characterized by faithful and diligent attention to his studies, rather than by especial brilliancy; yet he was considered one of the most proficient students in the school. He was a handsome, sturdy ladof sober, steady habits and pleasing manners. He was best known for his oratorical ability, in which regard he was the leader of his class. In 1858 he entered Michigan University in the classical course, and there his career was marked by the same qualities as his preparatory course. He gained an enviable standing in college by virtue of conscientious, hard work, and was graduated 436 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. in the class of 1862, with a most honorable record. Immediately he took up the study of law in the office of Norris & Minde at Ypsilanti, and in January, 1864, was admitted to the bar of Michigan, before the Supreme Court of the State. For about thirty years he devoted himself almost exclusively to the practice of the law, and in that time gained a position among the leaders of the profession in the state. In 1866 he formed a partnership with Hon. Lyman D. Norris, then of Ypsilanti, under the style of Norris & Uhl, and this relation continued until 1871, when Mr. Norris removed to Grand Rapids. In 1871 and 1872 Mr. Uhl was prosecuting attorney for the County of Washtenaw, and in 1873 he became associated with Mr. Albert Crane, under the firm name of Uhl & Crane. This partnership continued until 1876, when Mr, Uhl came to Grand Rapids, and renewed his partnership with Mr. Norris, which business association continued uninterrupted for a period of eleven years. During this time they became one of the most highly esteemed and best known law firms in Western Michigan, with a wide and constantly increasing clientage. After coming to Grand Rapids, Mr. Uhl did not limit his activities entirely to the legal profession. In 1881 he wais made president of the Grand Rapids National Bank and managed that large financial institution with prudence and success. He became identified with numerous industrial enterprises as stock-holder and director, and concerned in the settlement and administration of many large estates. At the beginning of 1887, Mr. Norris retired from the firm, and MIr. Uhl once more became associated with Mr. Albert Crane, who had then also removed to Grand Rapids. Their partnership continued until Mr. Uhl accepted the position of Assistant Secretary of State of the United States, in October, 1893. Mr. Uhl's work as a, lawyer was characterized by careful and elaborate preparation of his cases before trial, and during trial his clear and impressive presentation of the law and facts to the court and jury. Possessing the patient, steady persistence that characterizes the German he also had the capacity for rising to a crisis with intellectual and emotional intensity )belonging to more nervous and imaginative strains of blood. His careful preparation never loaded hiii down so as to impair his mental elasticity or deprive him of the full resources of his course in action. I-e was wonderfully dex .m I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 437 terous in managing his own case and exceedingly quick t detect weakness in the case of his adversary. The finish and force of his addresses to Court and jury are famous in the annals of the Grand Rapids bar. In politics Mr. Uhl was all his life identified with the Democratic party, which was in the minority in Michigan. Had his party been in the majority, there is little doubt that he would have been recognized by the offer of many high honors and political offices. It was not until 1890 that he entered upon a public career. In that year he was elected mayor of Grand Rapids, and in 1891 was elected for a second term by a large majority. It is not too much to say that he added more honor and dignity to the office than the position could possibly confer upon him. He left the office of mayor with the universal respect of his fellow townsmen; and in the Democratic State convention of 1894 he received the unanimous nomination of his party for United States Senator but as his party was in the minority in the legislature, the nomination proved only an honorable endorsement by his party friends. Upon the inauguration of President Cleveland, in March, 1893, Mr. Uhl was tendered a high position in the War Department, which place was declined, on account of his entire unfamiliarity with military affairs. Later he was asked to accept a diplomatic post abroad, which was in like manner declined. Upon the resignation of Mr. Quincy as Assistant Secretary of State, in October, 1893, that position was tendered Mr. Uhl by the President, and accepted. As soon as he could arrange his business and private affairs, he took up his residence at Washington and entered upon the discharge of the duties of the position. Under the law and the usage of the department, the Assistant Secretary of State becomes acting Secretary, in case of the absence or disability of the Secretary of State. As is well known, Secretary Gresham was too ill to attend at his office for several months, and during that period Mr. Uhl was de, facto Secretary of State and some very important diplomatic matters were managed by him. The most cordial relations of mutual esteem and confidence existed between Mr. Uhl and his chief, and no uncomfortable restrictions were put upon his freedom of action. Perhaps the most important matter intrusted to him as Assistant Secretary was the arbitration of the boundary between Brazil and the Argentine. This case involved what is known as the "Mis 438 - IIHISITORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. siones Strip," embracing 31,000 square miles of territory and the nationality of 68,000 people. It was a matter of the utmost delicacy and in other times could have been settled only by war. Mr. Uhl devoted months of the most severe and careful labor to studying and briefing this case, and so thoroughly and conscie-ntiously was the work performed that the President signed his findings without change. To signalize his approval of the labor of Mr. Uhl, Mr. Cleveland specially commissioned him to deliver the award to the diplomatic representatives of the contending parties. This award was delivered February 6, 1895, and during the same year, Mr. Uhl went abroad, and traveled over a large part of the continent, inspecting the consular service, and directing such changes in methods as his examinations suggested. Not long after his return from this important tour, a vacancy occurred in the post of American Ambassador plenipotentiary to the German Elmpire. Numerous names were urged for this important mission, but as a result of his personal knowledge of andy acquaintance with Mr. Uhl and his excellent judgment in matters of state, the President, upon his own motion, tendered him the appointment. This was in February 1896, and in the following month Mr. Uhl proceeded to Berlin and entered upon the duties of his ambassadorship which continued until the spring of 1897 when the Hon. Andrew D. White, who had been one of Mr. Uhl's teachers was commissioned to succeed him. Returning to the United States in the summer of 1897, Mr. Uhl resumed the practice of law, in Chicago and in Grand Rapids. In Chicago he formed a partnership under the style of Uhl, Jones & Landis, and in Grand Rapids, under the firm name of Uhl, Hyde & Earle. But after a time, he found this double work too exacting. The vigor and energy of youth had been impaired during the years of his public service, and he withdrew from the Chicago connection, and in 1899 settled down for a quiet life of comparative ease, at his beautiful country place "Waldheim, " a little beyond the southern boundary of the city of Grand Rapids. He was re-elected President of the Grand Rapids National Bank, and many tokens of the continued esteem and confidene" of his old friends and townsmen. On May 1, 1865, Mr. Uhl was united in marriage to Miss Alice Follett, of Ypsilanti, daughter of Hon. Benjamin Follett, one of the most enterprising and honored of the citizens of the town. Of this union, four children were born: Lucy Follett (Mrs. Guy HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 439 V. Thompson), David Edwin, Alice Edwina and Marshall Mortimer, all of whom survive him. Mr. Uhl was an earnest and consistent believer in the great truths of the Christian religion, and for many years was a member and official of St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal Church at Ypsilanti, and later for twenty-five years he was a communicant of St. Mark's Church at Grand Rapids, of which he was for many years a vestryman and several years a warden. Fifty-five years of strenuous life told upon Mr. Uhl's constitution and before the end of the year 1900, it became known to his friends that he was no longer a well man. His last months were months of suffering and decline-of fluctuating hope and despair. Nothing that the tenderest love and untiring devotion could suggest was wanting to insure his recovery and return to active participation in the affairs of the community of which for more than a quarter of a century he had been so large a factor. But nothing could avail. The clock of life had run down, and on Friday, May 17, 1901, he peacefully passed over to the majority. Mr. Uhl was prominent as a lawyer, successful in business, loved as a friend, and favored in public life, but after all it is as a citizen he is chiefly remembered and honored. Possessing unusual and versatile talents he pursued many lines of activity and was successful in all. At his death family, friends, city, state and nation mourned for him, while fellow lawyers, business associates, sorrowing neighbors, political friends, and the greatest men of Europe and America paid honor to his memory. Without detracting in the least from the laurels of others, it can be easily said that he was the most distinguished citizen that Grand Rapids has produced. The Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank. The Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, the predecessor of the Fourth Nlational Bank, was organized, under act of Legislature of Feb. 16, 1857, and acts amendatory thereof, for discount, deposit, and circulation, with a capital of $100,000, Feb. 1, 1879, with forty-three stockholders, and to terminate January 31, 1909. Under the articles of association the following were named as Directors: Leonard H. Randall, William Sears, James M. Nelson, Amasa B. Watson, Thomas M. Peck, Henry H. Dennis and Edwin Bradford, and the following were elected officers: Leonard H. Ran 440 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. dall, President; Henry H. Dennis, Vice-President; James C. Darragh, Cashier. Among the stockholders, aside from the Directors named, were Henry S. Smith, Freeling W. Peck, Lewis Porter, John Clancy, Henry Spring, J. H. Wonderly, E. Crofton Fox, M. L. Sweet, and R. P. Sinclair, of this city, and Wm. A. Wood of Kalamazoo, all deceased. Other prominent stockholders were: E. S. Pierce, W. 0O. Iughart, H. J. Hollister, Geo. C. Peirce, L. E. Hawkins, G. K. Johnson,' S. B. Jenks, L. H. Withey, and D. P. Clay. Articles of association were filed with the Register of Deeds January 27, 1879, and with the Secretary of State January 28, 1879. The assets of Randall & Darragh and H. H. Dennis were accepted by the bank. They had deposits also of $80,558.56 and $29,368.59 respectively. The first dividend, made payable on and after July 7, 1879, at 10 per cent. per annum, was declared June 24, 1879. January 23, 1880, the capital was increased to $200,000, old stockholders being allowed to take pro rata $50,000 at par and the other $50,000 to be sold at two per cent. premium and added to the surplus. March 16, 1880, L. H. Randall resigned as Director and President, and Amasas B. Watson was elected President. April 4, 1880, Geo. C. Peirce was elected Director in place of L. H. Randall. May 10, 1880, H. H. Dennis resigned as Vice-President and Director. At the stockholders' meeting June 7, 1880, Andrew J. Bowne (then of Hastings) was added to the Board to fill vacancy. The same day Thomas M. Peck was elected Vice-President. July 26, 1880, J. C. Darragh resigned as Cashier, and II. II. Dennis was made Acting Cashier. Nov. 18, 1880, I. M. Weston was elected Cashier. Feb. 1, 1881, E. Bradford resigned as Director, and James Blair was elected in his place. May 2, 1881, H. II. Dennis resigned as Assistant Cashier. Oct. 18, 1881, Thomas 1M. Peck resigned as Director and Vice-President, but his resignation was not accepted until Jan. 17, 1882, at which time a resolution was passed to wind up the affairs of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank and reorganize under the name of Fourth National Bank, with nine Directors. January 9, 1882, the Fourth National Bank was chartered-circulation $50,000. Jan. 17, 1882, George W. Gay, Delos A. Blodgett, and I. M. Weston were elected Directors to fill vacancies. The same day A. J. Bowne was elected Vice President and the capital was increased to $300,000 and the circulation to $100,000. July 18, 1882, Henry P. Baker was elected Assistant Cashier. JTnim HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 441 ary 23, 1883, T. Stewart was elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of James M. Nelson. Feb. 27, 1884, A. J. Bowne was elected President, I. M. Weston, Vice-President, H. P. Baker, Cashier, and H. W. Nash, Assistant Cashier. Nov. 25, 1884, the bank moved from the old Randall block to quarters on the west corner of Canal and Lyon streets. At the annual meeting, Jan. 13, 1885, Geo. K. Johnson and A. D. Rathbone were elected Directors in place of I. M. Weston and T. Stewart White, and at the Directors' meeting following A. J. Bowne was elected President to succeed Major Watson, and Geo. C. Peirce, Vice-President, to succeed I. M. Weston. Sept. 7, 1886, the circulation was reduced to $50,000. Feb. 13, 1888, Fred K. Baker was elected Assistant Cashier, but resigned April 30, 1888. July 23, 1888, Geo. C. Peirce resigned. Sept. 22, 1888, appropriate resolutions were passed regarding the death of Major Watson. Oct. 9, 1888, H. P. Baker resigned as Cashier. On same date Delos A. Blodgett was elected Vice-President in place of Geo. C. Peirce, and H. W. Nash was elected Cashier. Upon the death of Mr. Bowne his chair as President was filled by D. A. Blodgett. S. F. Aspinwall was elected Vice President, Wm. H. Anderson, Cashier, and John A. Seymour, Asst. Cashier. This was in 1892. In 1893 George W. Gay succeeded Mr. Aspinwall. On March 21st, 1898, upon the voluntary retirement of Mr. D. A. Blodgett from active responsibilities, Wm. H. Anderson was made President, John A. Seymour,. Cashier, and Levant Z. Caukin Asst. Cashier. Since the death of George W. Gay in 1899, John W. Blodgett has been Vice President of the Bank. The Board of Directors in 1905 were John W. Blodgett, Christian Bertsch, Geo. K. Johnson, Amos S. Musselman, Ioyal E. Knappen, Wm. H. Gay, Samuel M. Lemon, Carl G. A. Voigt, Stephen A. Sears, Sidney F. Stevens, Wm. H. Anderson. From the time that Wm. H. Anderson was elected Cashier in 1892 the Bank has shown a substantial growth. Its capital, which was then $300,000.00 has remained the same, while its surplus and undivided profits,..which were then about $37,000.00, are in 1905, $179,000.00, regular dividends having been paid meanwhile. Its deposits were then about $800,000.00 and are now over $2,600,000.00. The bank is well managed and prosperous. 442 HISTORY OP. GRAND RAPIDS. In 1902 the bank purchased the building on the southwest corner of Canal and Pear] Streets and completely remodeled it, using the first floor entirely for its own offices, which are fitted up in a, very elaborate manner. In 1902 parties interested in this bank secured the majority of the stock of the People's Savings Bank and in the same year they further purchased a control of the stock of the Fifth National Bank since which purchases representative directors of this bank have served also as directors in these other institutions. William H. Anderson.' Few men in Michigan, following the quiet pursuits of private life are better known than William H. Anderson. A native of the state, having been born in Plymouth, Wayne county, September 6, 1853, he grew to vigorous manhood among environments that stimulate honest effort and sturdy determination to build up and develop such enterprises as he might become identified with. His father, Goram Anderson, and mother, Maria L. Anderson, were early settlers of Sparta township and did much toward developing northern Kent and inspiring the, improvements which have since brought that part of the county up to a condition of thrift and prosperity. In that work, the subject of this sketch rendered substantial assistance and while doing this, acquired habits of industry and energy which were of valuable aid to him in achieving the success that came to him in later years. Mr. Anderson settled in Grand Rapids in 1883 and at once became actively engaged in business. He was fortunate in his investments and was soon recognized as a man of rare judgment, untiring energy and possessed of that ability for which there is an ever increasing opportunity. In 1891 he became identified with the Fourth National Bank assuming the position of cashier, and after six years of service in that capacity, the bank had developed such a degree of prosperity that he was invilted to take the higher position of president, which he holds at this date, 1906. Mr. Anderson is largely interested in various enterprises, banking, manufacturing and commercial and is recognized as one of the most active of the city's prominent men. Besides his position with the Fourth National Bank, he is a director in the Fifth National and People Savings Banks, the Grand Rapids Gaslight company, the Grand Rapids Street Railway company, president /-,,, /" / / 1,f1111 - /1, I /I f IF v -- 1O HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 443 of the Anti-Kalsomine company besides having many other interests in and about Grand Rapids. While his many investments and responsibilities are exacting in their demands upon his time, and thoughts, he nevertheless is foremost in promoting such affairs as will benefit the city as a whole. He served three years as president of the Board of Trade and his influence and advice has done much towards building up that large and influential organization of business men and securing for it a suitable building for its own home. He is president of the West Michigan State Fair association, interested in the Grand River Boat line and in other affairs of a semi-public nature. Personally, Mr. Anderson is a pleasant, approachable man, modest and quiet in his methods, and although highly successful in a business way, he is cordial and hearty in his greeting of those who are less fortunate. In an unostentatious way, he does much good where assistance is deserving and lends a helping hand to others who are struggling over the road which he traveled early in life. The Grand Rapids Savings Bank. The Grand Rapids Saving Bank was organized March 23, 1870, with a capital stock of $100,000, of which 50 per cent, was paid in. The following named persons were elected Trustees for the ensuing year: Alfred X. Cary, Wm. S. Gunn, Henry M. Hinsdill, Solomon 0. Kingsbury, Edwin S. Pierce, Sluman S. Bailey, Eben Smith, John R. Stewart, Samuel M. Garfield and E. G. O'. Holden. Officers-A. X. Cary, President; George W. Allen, Vice-President, and Marcus W. Bates, Treasurer. April 24, 1872, the bank was reorganized, with the same officers, and the capital of $100,000 fully paid in. In September, 1878, for prudential reasons the capital stock was reduced to $50,000, but ten years later was again increased to its present amount, $150,000. In 1874 George R. Allen succeeded M. W. Bates in the Cashiership, who in turn was succeeded by D. B. Shedd in 1879. P. A. Hall, the present Cashier, succeeded Mr. Shedd July 1, 1885. Succeeding Mr. Cary, President, for various periods of time, we find on the records the familiar names of George W. Allen, Isaac Phelps and James D. Robinson. In addition to those already mentioned, the following appear upon the records as having served as Directors: Ben 444 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. jamin A. Harlan, George S. Lovett, J. M. Stanley, W. G. Beckwith, George M. Edison, W. D. Talford, J. E. Letellier, Thaddeus Foote, C. D. Swensberg, Aaron Brewer and Charles W. Garfield. in 1888 M. S. Crosby was elected Vice-President, and D. B. Shedd was made Assistant Cashier. The same officers continued until 1892, when J. M. Stanley was made President and E. S. Pierce, Vice-President. In 1893 Chas. W. Garfield was elected President, W. D. Talford Vice-President, and in 1895 Orson A. Ball was elected Vice-President. The officers in 1905 wer-e as follows: Chas. W. Garfield, Presi. dent; Orson A. Ball, Vice-President; F. A. Hall, Cashier; D. B. Shedd, Asst. Cashier. The Board of Directors were as follows: Chas. W. Garfield, O. A. Ball, Thos. M. Peck, Geo. M. Edison, Frank Jewell, Geo. G. Whitworth, Frank E. Leonard, N. Fred Avery, R. W. Butterfield, L. J. Rindge, Win. H. Gilbert, Wm. Alden Smith. In 1902 the location of the bank was changed to the northeast corner of Monroe and Ionia streets, the building being remodeled particularly to accommodate the bank and offices were fitted up in a very attractive way. In 1905, the bank showed deposits of $1,990,000.00 and a capital,anl surplus account of $215,000.00. The bank has always done a careful and conservative business and stands very well in, the community. For some years it has encouraged the school savings by conducting a department especially for school children. Samuel M. Garfield, father of Charles W. Garfield, was one of the original incorporators of the Grand Rapids Savings Bank. After his death, Charles W. Garfield, who was at that time connected with the State Agricultural College, became more closely identified with the bank, was called into its Board of Directors, and subsequently, in 1893, was chosen president, which position he now holds. He was born in Wa.uwatosa, near Milwaukee, Wis., in 1848; moved to Michigan ten years later. He received a common and high school education, supplemented by a course at the Agricultural College of Michigan, graduating there in 1870. He was, for a number of years, engaged in. teaching at the Agricultural College, and afterwards, for twelve years, was a member of its Board of Managers. He has been identified with the progress of Michigan HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 445 horticulture and a leading spirit in the organization of both horticulture and agriculture in this state; was a member of the legislature in 1881, following in the footsteps of his father who was a member several years previously. He was interested in the prosecution of legislation affecting the agriculture and forestry of the state; took up the matter of forestry as a study and is now president of the Michigan FPrestry Commission. He is identified with a number of the institutions in the city of Grand Rapids as director, is chairman of the Executive Committee of the American Pomological Society, and one of the vice-presidents of the American Park and Outdoor Art Association. The Fifth National Bank. The Fifth National Bank of Grand Rapids, Michigan, was organized March 9, and opened for business April 15, 1886, with the following Board of Directors: Wm. Dunham, J. D. Robinson, Geo. E. Dowling, R. G. Peters, W. Steele, C. E. Belknap, Leonard Covell, Hubert Weiden, Henry Idema, T. W. Strahan, J. E. Earle, Peter Weirich and A. D. Plumb. An office was opened in a buiidino erected especially for it on West Bridge street. The project of starting a bank on the West Side had been agitated several times previous to the organization of the Fifth National, but without success, and not by the parties who finally undertook the project. The officers elected at the outset were: Wm. Dunham, President; J. D. Robinson, Vice-President; and Win. H. Fowler, Cashier. The present officers of the bank are as follows: R. D. Graham, President; Cornelius Clark, Vice-President; T. W. Strahan, 2nd Vice-President; S. W. Sherman, Cashier; C. L. Ross, Assistant Cashier. The directors are: Cornelius Clark, Daniel Lynch, Christian Gallmeyer, John W. Blodgett, Hubert Weiden; T. W. Strahan, Wm. H. Anderson, W. H. Gay, T. F. Carroll, Christian Bertsch, S. M. Lemon, Henry J. Vinkemulder. In addition to the above named directors, the following men have at various times acted in that capacity: Mr. Wm. Dunham was President until Oct. 16, 1890, when he was succeeded by J. D. Robinson, and he in turn by J. Edward Earle, who held office until Nov. 4, 1897. C. D. Stebbins was then elected President and 446 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. held office until April 28th, 1899, when R. D. Graham was elected to that position, which he has held ever since. W. H. Fowler was Cashier from the beginning of the organization until July 29th, 1897. He was succeeded by W. A. Shinkman, who resigned Feb. 24, 1902, and was succeeded by S. W. Sherman. In March, 1902, the bank's offices were removed from the west side of the river to the east side, and established on the corner of Canal and Erie streets. Since this change the bank has prospered and grown. Its capital and surplus account in May, 1905, was $130,000.00 and its deposits, $826,000.00. Robert Darwin Graham, president of the Fifth National Bank, was born at Union, Ont., November 11, 1855, his father being of English and his mother of Holland parentage, but both of Canadian birth. When he was one year of age his parents moved to Minnesota, where they settled ipon the extreme frontier and engaged in farming. During the uprising of the Sioux Indians, when the news of it reached the Graham household, they left their home to the mercy of the Indians, the family taking refuge in the settlement. Homes were looted and burned as the Sioux swept through the country on their destroying raid, but, strange to say, although they looted the Graham house, they left it standing-the only one for miles around. In 1866 the family bought a small farm near Grand Rapids, and upon this farm Robert was brought up, receiving his early education in the neighboring district school. The few years about the time of reaching maturity were very busy ones. He was clerk in a store, learned the plumbing trade, asissted his father on the fruit farm, studied law and was admitted to the bar both in the Circuit and Supreme courts. He has since been engaged extensively in commercial fruit growing on his own account; has taken an active interest in politics, and has served two terms in the State House of Representatives and one in the Senate. When in the legislature, he introduced the Michigan Forestry Bill, the Inheritance Tax Bill and many measures of interest to the agricultural and horticultural industries. Mr. Graham at present carries on his extensive fruit growing business largely through others, devoting much of his own time to the Fifth National Bank, of which he has been a director R~obert D. Graham. I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 447 for some years, and of which he was Vice-President for two years before he was President. He is also interested in other business enterprises, notably the Citizens Telephone Co. and the West Side Building & Loan Association, in both of which he is a director. He has also been Vice-President, and a member of the Executive Board of the State Horticultural Society as well as the State Agricultural Society and a member of several fruit growers associations. The Commercial Savings Bank. The Commercial Savings Bank was organized on the fourth of May, 1903. It began business in the fall of that year on the corner of Canal and Lyon St. in the building formerly occupied by the Fourth Niational Bank and on November 4th, 1904, established a branch office in the south end of Division St. which now has been replaced by a substantial building of considerable size and very attractive construction. This bank was organized by the present President, Mr. Chas. B. Kelsey, who had been for seventeen years in the banking business, filling positions at different times in the Kent County Savings Bank and the People's Savings Bank; in fact, he organized the People's Savings Bank on February 9th, 1891, and was the first cashier of that institution. The present officers of the bank are as follows: Chas. B. Kelsey, President; Charles F. Young, Vice-President; Robert E. Shannahan, Vice-President; Lyman W. Welch, Vice-President; H. N. Morrill, Cashier. The following gentlemen are the Directors: E. G. Maxwell, Fred McR. Deane, Wm. D. Weaver, Wm. D. Bishop, Z. Clark Thwing, Huntley Russell, Wm. P. Kutsche, John Otte, Lyman W. Welch, George F. Beardsley, Robert E. Shannahan, Sumner M. Wells, Moses Taggart, Chas. F. Young, Jos. C. Ford, E. A. Turnbull and C. B. Kelsey. A statement of the bank, made in May, 1905, showed deposits of $882,000; capital stock, $200,000; surplus and undivided profit account, $19,000-a very handsome showing for the time that the bank has been in operation. Charles Bert Kelsey, President of the Commercial Savings Bank, was born in Cascade, Kent county, Mich.,. March 27, 1863, and until he was seventeen years of age, remained in that township, passing through the regular routine which is famil 448 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. iar to so many boys in the country of working on fhe farm in summer and attending the country school in winter. After leaving the farm, he was employed in the Post Office for a time at a salary of $5.00 per month including his board, in the meantime occupying his spare time in study preparatory to teaching a Berrien county school, which he afterward taught for two years, then entered the employ of the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, and remained in that office for two years. At about that time, steps were being taken for the organization of the Kent County Savings Bank, and Mr. Kelsey applied for a position as bookkeeper-the promise of which he obtained. He knew nothing of bookkeeping at that time, however, but by assiduous study, obtained a fair theoretical knowledge of it by the time the bank was opened, and of his work there he says: "The business was small at the beginning. People were not accustomed to savings banks here then and had to be educated to know that such banks were as safe as National banks. My work at the start was bookkeeping, collecting, and that of Teller, and for the first year sweeping out and building fires. In fact there was only two of usthe Cashier and myself,-and to me fell all that the Cashier did not do. As the business grew, my position became that of Teller, which was the work I was doing when I left that bank to take the position of cashier of this in 1890." Mr. Kelsey initiated the movement that resulted in the organization of the People's Savings Bank, and did more than any one else to carry it through. He was very naturally assigned to the position of Cashier, and for many years was an active working officer of the institution. When the Commercial Savings Bank was organized in 1903, Mr. Kelsey became its president. He is also Treasurer of the Michigan Lime Co., of Petoskey, a corporation incorporated in August, 1901, with a capital of $200,000, which is the successor of H. O. Rose, manufacturer of the famous White Lime brand. He is President of the Albion Gas Light Co., of Albion, Mich., President of the Athen Gas Co., of Athens, Ga., Sec'y and Treasurer of the Wyoming Valley Gas & Electric Co., Sec'y and Treasurer of the Mahoney City Gas Co., Sec'y and Treasurer of the Dauphin County Gas Light Co., of Pennsylvania, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 449 and Sec'y and Treasurer of the Northern Alabama Gas Company. The State Bank of Michigan. The State Bank of Michigan was established in May, 1892. Mr. Daniel McCoy was the first President and Chas. F. Pike was Cashier. In July, 1897, M. H. Sorrick succeeded Mr. Pike as Cashier, and in April, 1903, Caspar Bauman succeeded H. N. Morrill as Asst. Cashier. This bank was started with a capital of $200,000.00, which was later reduced to $150,000.00. It has since that time done a profitable business so that its surplus and undivided profit account in May, 1905, were $146,000, and its total deposits at that time were $2,411,000.00. The bank has had a large growth and has had associated with it an energetic body of men. In 1903 the bank remodeled new quarters in the Aldrich block, which were fitted up in a very attractive way, and it now has one of the best locations in the city. The following men have at one time or another been associated upon its Board of Directors: Daniel McCoy, I. C. Smith, Edward Lowe, C. C. Follmer, R. M. Montgomery, Maurice Shanahan, Chas. W. Watkins, Wm. J. Stuart, S. B. Jenks, H. N. Moore, Wm. H. Jones, Gaius W. Perkins, James K. Johnston, C. F. Pike, Thos. Friant, E. Crawford, E. H. Foote, E. A. Stowe, M. H. Sorrick, H. J. Heystek, Benj. Wolf, H. B. Herpolsheimer. The present Directors are: Daniel McCoy, E. H. Foote, E. A. Stowe, S. B. Jenks, Wm. H. Jones, Benj. Wolf, Wm. J. Stuart, Jas. K. Johnston, H. B. Herpolsheimer, Benj. S. Hanchett and M. H. Sorrick. Daniel McCoy, who ranks among the progressive, enterprising and successful business men of Grand Rapids, is a native of Philadelphia, Pa., born July 17, 1845, to John and Mary Ann McCoy. He was educated in the schools of his native city, and after leaving school, entered the employ of Messrs. Shields & Bro., wholesale hardware dealers of Philadelphia. On attaining his majority, in 1866, he went to the oil fields of West Virginia and spent about one year, and in 1867' settled at Romeo, Mich. In 1872 he engaged in the lumber business on the South branch of the Manistee River and continued in that line of business 450 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. until 1893, operating at Cadillac and other places, but removed from Cadillac to Grand Rapids in 1883. Mr. McCoy is pre-eminently a man of affairs and has always been active and interested in matters pertaining to the public welfare. He served' several terms as President of the village and Mayor of the city of Cadillac; was elected State Treasurer of Michigan in 1900, and re-elected in 1902. He has served as President of the State Bank of Michigan at Grand Rapids since 1886, and is associated with numerous other local organizations, either as a director or stockholder. The Michigan Ttust Company. This chapter would be incomplete without mention of the Mich. Trust Company, organized July 15, 1889. The functions of this corporation are unique in this community, and in order of their prominence are: The acceptance of any trust to which it may be appointed-the classes of trusts having broad range-the company acts as executor of wills, administrator of estates, guardian for minor children and for incompetent persons; trustee for married women in respect to their separate property; trustee for any person or corporation in the management of property; trustee for bondholders under mortgage made by individuals or corporations; registrar and transfer agent for railroads and other corporations; agent for the persons or corporations in the care of their property and in collections; assignee and as receiver; depositary for court funds and the funds of estates and trustees; and as agent for other persons in the purchase and sale of all kinds of investment securities, stocks, bonds, mortgages, etc. It also takes charge of the whole or any part of any person's estate; invests idle funds in bonds and mortgage or other securities as directed; loans its capital on real estate and collateral security, and maintains and manages safety deposit vaults, renting safes in which may be stored the securities or valuables of the renter. It receives and stores any valuables and becomes responsible for their safe keeping, and it transacts as agent any business with which it may be entrusted. It will be seen at a glance that this institution, carefully and properly managed, is a valuable adjunct to the banking facilities of the city, and the flattering manner in which this company has been received by the community is an evidence that it is appreciated, and that a cor I — I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 451 poration organized for the transaction of this class of business was a necessity. Perhaps the most important feature of the business transacted by this company is its administration of estates. It is a relief to business men to be able to decline acting as executor or guardian, and to suggest the appointment of the Michigan Trust Company instead. By law this company is obliged to deposit $100,000 of securities with the Treasurer of the State, to be held by him in trust for the security of its patrons. Its capital is $200,000, paid in; the additional liability of the stockholders is $200,000. The affairs of the institution are under the supervision of the State Banking Department, subject to the examination of the Commissioner of that department, and its statements are published at the same time as those of State banks. The features of the law under which the Michigan Trust Company is organized were conceived by Grand Rapids parties. The act was drafted by them, was presented to the Legislature during the session of 1889, was passed, and was approved by the Governor May 23, 1889, and is known as "An act to provide for the incorporation of Trust, Deposit and Security Companies." Since its organization this company has had a very substantial business, has largely increased the number of trusts and estates which it has handled, and has made a very creditable showing in this respect. It has kept out of commercial lines and confined itself strictly to the handling of trusts, estates and receiverships. In May, 1905, the capital was $200,000.00, deposits $780,000.00, and surplus and undivided profits $140,000.00. During the past fifteen years, the following gentlemen, outside of the present board, have been at one time or another connected with the institution: T. D. Gilbert, Julius Iouseman, A. D. Rathbone, D. H. Waters, Wm. Sears, Charles Fox, R. B. Woodcock, N. L. Avery, J. W. Champlin, A. G. Hodenpyl, John Caulfield, C. H. Hackley, F. Loettgert, G. Ei. Hardy. The present Board of Directors is composed of the following gentlemen: Willard Barnhart, James M. Barnett, Chas. J. Canfield, D. D. Cody, W. W. Cummer, E. G. Filer, F. A. Gorham, Thos. Hefferan, H. J. Hollister, Thos. Hume, Henry Idema, S. B. Jenks, Wm. Judson, Edward Lowe, J. Boyd Pantlind, Wm. G. Robinson, Samuel 452 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Sears, Wm. Alden Smith, Dudley E. Waters, T. Stewart White and L. H. Withey; and the official force are as follows: Lewis H. Withey, President; Willard Barnhart, Vice-President; Henry Idema, 2nd Vice-President; George Hefferan, Secretary; Claude Hamilton, Ass't Secretary. Mr. Anton G. Hodenpyl, who was for many years Secretary of the organization and later Vice-President, from Jan. 3rd, 1899, resigned on May 1st, 1901, because of removal from the city. Geo. E. Hardy, who succeeded him as Secretary in 1899 and as Vice-President in 1901, followed him to New York in July, 1903. Both gentlemen are with Hodenpyl, Walbridge & Co., of New York. F. A. Gorhan entered the service of the Trust Company as Assistant Secretary Sept. 1, 1895, and in December, 1903, was elected Third Vice-President. The present Secretary is Mr. George Hefferan, who was elected on December 7th, 1903. Mr. Withey has been President of the Company from its inception, has given it his entire time, and has built up an institution which ranks among the best of its kind in the country. In 1890 this Company organized the Michigan Trust Building Company, which proceeded to erect a handsome ten-story office building in the heart of the city on the corner of Ottawa and Pearl streets. This building not only furnished the Trust Company itself with a very spacious home on the second floor but was soon occupied by business and professional men who were eager to make use of its convenient appointments. In 1893 the Peninsular Trust Company was organized by prominent capitalists, among whom were Enos Putman. This Company did a modest business for some years, finally establishing itself in remodeled quarters at number 60-62 Monroe street. In 1900 this Company sold out its interests to the Michir gan Trust Company, which has since occupied that field alone. Lewis Hinsdill Withey, a native of Grand Rapids, ranks.mong her most enterprising, public spirited and successful business men. He was born January 21, 1847, and is the son of Solomon L. and Marion L. (TIinsdill) Withey. Lewis was educated in public schools of Grand Rapids and at Williston Seminary, East Hampton, Mass., and after leaving school, in 1867, he engaged in the lumber business and continued it with success till 1885. He then spent five years in travel, and |'A < air, "I 4 " I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 453 besides visiting the countries of Central and South America, spent much time in European countries, China, Japan, etc. Mr. Withey helped to organize the Michigan Trust Company in 1889, and has served as its President from the time of its inception and still (1905) holds that office. He is a Republican in politics, and although he has never been active in political affairs, he has served seventeen years as Police and Fire C'ommissioner of the city, to-wit: from 1881 to 1889, and from 1892 to 1901. On November 6, 1872, Mr Withey married Miss Margaret B. McQuewan. Grand Rapids Clearing House. Grand Rapids Clearing House Association was organized December 30th, 1885. Its charter members were the Old National Bank, the National City Bank, Grand Rapids National Bank, Fourth National Bank, Grand Rapids Saving Bank, Kent County Savings Bank. The Fifth National Bank was organized in 1886 and joined the Association in April of that year. The first officers of the Association were Harvey J. Hollister; President; H. P. Baker, Secretary; Alonzo B. Porter, Manager. At the present time all of the above banks are members of the Association and there are also four other members-the People's Savings Bank, State Bank of Michigan, Michigan Trust Co., and the Commercial Savings Bank-and the present officers are J. A. S. Verdier, President; James R. Wylie, Secretary; Edwin H. Hunt, Manager. The total clearings for 1886 were........$ 21,428,206.00 Balances......................... 4,828,486.00 The clearings for 1904 were............ 101,037,199.30 Which figures show by comparison with those at the inception of the organization, an increase in about twenty years of almost 500 per cent. These figures in a general way represent the growth of the city and its business. The Clearing House performs an important part in the relationship of the banks with each other, in that it gives opportunity for frequent discussion on matters of interest to the different members, and enables the bankers to meet together for consultation as to the best method of handling their business. In addition to this it has provided, by Resolution, for certain safeguards 454 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. which may be used in time of financial stress. A Clearing House Committee has been delegated by the Clearing House Association, which consists of five members, which have general charge of the affairs of the Association. Certain powers are delegated to them permitting them to make examination of banks and exercise discretion as in their judgment they see fit, so that all members of the Association shall be properly protected. Settlements, are usually made with exchange on other cities, although currency may be used wherever it is desirable to. do so. The'formation of the Clearing House has resulted in the creation of a very friendly feeling among the banks and a determination to stand together to protect the public from disastrous financial crises. In 1893 occurred a financial panic in this country which was apparently the culminating effect of a period of over speculation and over production. Banks throughout the country began to fail and each day some new disaster followed until depositors became almost universally timid and made steady and quiet withdrawal of funds from their banks even though no specific criticism might have been made against them. This withdrawal came so rapidly that the local banks became seriously concerned as to their ability to keep on paying out currency continually which should only be hidden away and not used for immediate circulation. Deposits in all the city banks shrank from $9,591,000.00 in December, 1892, to $6,598,000.00, in October, 1893, nearly $3,000,000.00, or 31%, while loans, bonds and mortgages were called in from $9,796,000.00 to $7,707,000.00, over $2,000,000.00, or 21%. Such reductions as these in a manufacturing community are only brought about by very strenuous effort on the part of both lender and borrower. The crisis was passed in October. It speaks highly for the ability and character of the men in control of the banking interests that no bank was obliged to close its doors during the emergency, while all have since regained what deposits they lost and many more besides, and are in excellent condition today. The recovery was slow, but was therefore more conservatively met. Since that time nothing of especial interest has affected the banks as a whole, although each has made advances in its own business. A comparison of the condition of the banks at several periods is shown below. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 455 1885 4 National Banks Loans.............. $4,713,015 Overdrafts......... 11,535 Stocks, etc.......... 311,684 Banking house...... 104,902 Real estate.............. Redemption fund.......... Due from banks..... 748,076 Cash on hand........ 635,846.Capital.............$2,100,000 Sur. and und. profits. 225,598 Certificates of dep... 1,718,060 Individual deposits.. 1,894,674 Certified checks........... Due banks.......... 261,956 U. S. deposits........ 37,028 Savings.................. Total deposits....... 3,959,911 Rediscounts............. 1895 5 Nat'l Banks 4 Sav'g " 2 Trust Co.'s $7,705,450 21,796 2,253,318 174,312 92,896 10,125 1,999,478 929,535 $3,000,000 808,902 3,513,348 2,803,402 3,872 877,807 51,424 2,021,044 9,270,3013 1905 5 Nat'l Banks 5 Sav'g " 1 Trust Co. $16,852,148 29,253 6,947,371 484,222 49,148 100,000 3,111,417 1,770,597 $3,150,000 1,648,867 7,502,524 7,859,874 17,526 1,970,303 151,716 4,222,470 22,505,648 221,500 Thomas Hefferan, President of the People's Savings Bank, was born July 28, 1831, in Washington Co., N. Y. In 1840 he moved with his parents from New York State to Barry County, Mich. Traveling in those days was primitive as compared with modern methods. The party with their goods and chattels went by canal'boat to Buffalo, thence by steamboat to Detroit, from there took the newly constructed Michigan Central Railroad to the terminal at Ypsilanti, and from there they traveled by teams and wagons to their destination. In 1846 the family removed to the Grand River Valley, where they settled on a farm. The boy received a brief education in the district schools. He left home in 1848 and entered the employ of Dr. Timothy Eastman, who resided at a point in Ottawa Couinty on Grand River, since known as Eastmanville. The doctor was a farmer and lumberman as well as a physician, and Mr. Hefferan remained in his employ for three years assisting in these occupations. In 1851 he attracted the attention of Galen Eastman, a, son of the doctor, and a lumber merchant in Chicago, who offered him, and he accepted a position in his lumber yard in that city. He remained there in the capacity 456 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. of yard foreman, salesman and general manager until 1858. The panic of 1857 so depressed business that he then decided to return to Michigan, where he still had charge of the general business of Mr. Galen Eastman. In January, 1865, Mr. Hefferan engaged in the lumber business for himself; purchasing the sawmill at Eastmanville from his former employer in 1869, and continuing an active and successful manufacturer and dealer in lumber for many years. In 1889, when it became manifest that the forests of Southern Michigan would no longer respond to the demand for logs, Mr. Hefferan closed out his lumber business and removed with his family to Grand Rapids, where he has since resided. In 1890 Mr. Hefferan was one of the organizers of the People's Savings Bank of Grand Rapids. He was elected Director and chosen to fill the responsible position of President, an honor which he still holds. He has also been for a great many years a stockholder in the Old National Bank of Grand Rapids, and a stockholder and' Director of the Michigan Trust Company of the same city. CHAPTER X. POIMOLOGY. By Robert D. Graham. The writer came to Kent County, Michigan, in September, 1864, with his parents from Minnesota, where we children had to content ourselves with eating turnips and rutabages in place of apples and peaches. My maternal grandfather owned and occupied a farm in the township of Walker on West Leonard street, and I well remember the first time I ever saw an apple tree loaded with ripe fruit and the astonishment and delight with which I viewed and sampled the fruit. This was in the apple orchard on the farm of Mr. Bradford now owned and occupied by Mr. Charles H. Bradford. The orchard though an old and well grown one at that time is still in fine condition and producing good crops-of fruit. A little later we were taken to the orchard of Mr. John Phillips where thousands of bushels of apples were on the trees and the ground beneath them. For a little more than a year we lived in the city, but in the spring of 1866 my father bought a little place on West Bridge street just outside the city limits from Mr. Geo. Dickinson upon which was an old house surrounded by an old apple orchard; this house was said to have been built and the orchard planted by Jesse Smith, one of the first settlers in this county. These trees were all seedlings and were probably thirty years old at that time; they were afterward grafted to good varieties. by my father and for many years bore good profitable crops. Some of them are still alive and thrifty, most of them, however, were removed in 1902 by my brother, Thos. E. Graham, who owns the place. Many of the trunks measured upwards of 24 inches in diameter and were as sound as as oaks. From the time of the purchase of this little farm by my father in 1866 up to the present time I have been intimately connected and actively associated with the fruit interests of the county and edge and observation. 457 A 458 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. First Shipment. Just east of us on Bridge street and now within the limits of the city, was the farm of James Scott upon which was growing what was at that time a large peach orchard, containing several hundreds of trees. This is the first commercial peach orchard of which I have any recollection. Joining us on the west was a, piece of land owned by John and James Barnes upon which had been planted an orchard of about six acres composed of apples and peaches, planted together. This place my father purchased in 1868, and from this orchard which, proved to be of good varieties were picked many hundreds of bushels of peaches. It was at that time the largest peach orchard in the county and contained perhaps six hundred trees of the following varieties: Crawford early and Crawford late, Barnard, old Nixon, early York, Morris, White, and others. From this orchard was picked what I believe to be the first car load of peaches ever shipped from this county; this much of what I shall say hereafter is a matter of personal knowlwas probably in 1874 or 1875. My father loaded and shipped a car of Crawford peaches to Saginaw, Mich. The car was an ordinary box car; the peaches were in bushel baskets, and placed directly on the floor. This constituted a car load at that time. The baskets were made by Mr. Allen who had a factory on the Canal about where the Bissell factory now stands. After this peaches wmre shipped by express to Saginaw and Bay City and other points. Mr. Allen made what I believed to be the first bushel basket cover used in Michigan. Before that peaches were shipped almost entirely in crates or slatted boxes. The success of this and a few other small peach orchards induced the planting of more. Mr. Geo. Smith planted a thousand peach and several hundred cherry, plum and pear trees. Mr. Thos. Maynard planted a commercial peach orchard. A little later MSr. Edward Swarts planted what was at that time the largest peach orchard in Kent county, containing several thousand trees. This was in the town of Sparta. The orchard proved a, great success as did those of Messrs. Smith, Maynard and Graham. This induced others to plant, so that along in the early eighties planting peach orchards came to be the fashion. Soon there were umany good profitable orchards all over the country, but mostly in the townships of Sparta, Alpine, Walker, Plainfield, Cannon, (rand Rapids, Ada, Gaines, Verhennes and Lowell. Prominent 'among these earl' commercial growers were Mr. Coon, Mir. Woodman, Mr. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 459 Henry Smith, the Maynards, Chas. Bradford, Chas. Kipp, E. C. Phillips, Warren Hilton and others of Walker township; Mr. Swarts, Mr. Bettis, Mr. Paine, Mr. Cheney, Mr. Cumings, Mr. Blacklock, Mr. Anderson and others of Sparta and Alpine townships. Mr. Deane, Mr. Knapp, Mr. Munson, Mr. Pearce, Mr. Braman of Grand Rapids and Plainfield. At that time nearly all the fruit was shipped by the growers to western markets, consigned to commission houses. The results were not satisfactory and growers began selling to local buyers, prominent among whom were: Ira Hatch, Moseley Bros., Davis & Greene, O. W. Blaine, Bunting & Davis and others. This practice gave rise to the present system employed on the Grand Rapids Market. About 1887-8 planting orchards became almost epidemic. Peach, plum, cherry and pear orchards planted six or eight years earlier were bearing large annual crops and prices were fairly satisfactory. The weather had been mild, and but few orchards had suffered from cold. As yet no disease or insect pests had appeared in dangerous quantities. Not only were planted peaches, plums, pears and cherry, but many vineyards were planted. Also large quantities of raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, currants and gooseberries were planted. Apples were nearly forgotten except possibly the earlier varieties. This heavy planting continued for several years and the Kent county farmer who lived in fruit territory and did not plant an orchard or a berry field was a curiosity. This extensive planting soon overstocked the market with inferior fruit. Local wagon makers were kept busy making the large dcouble boxed fruit wagons so common upon our streets, but never seen elsewhere. Many orchards which had been, planted upon unsuitable lands or in unsuitable locations were abandoned. First Growers' Association. However, this condition of affairs brought about the formation of the Grand Rapids Fruit Growers' Association, by whose efforts better market conditions have been obtained. This association has confined itself largely to the commercial side of the fruit business. It has a large membership among the growers and has sent out several thousand circulars to fruit buyers all' over the country in all markets accessible. It sets forth the advantages of buyers coming and seeing the fruit as it comes to 460 HISTI'ORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. market and then buying such fruit as their particular trade de' imiands. The association has also taken up the package and packing propositions. The results has brought to this market hundreds of buyers annually. It has built up a large home market with many local buyers, who buy for the outside trade; prominent among these are the Vinkemulder Co., Moseley Bros., C. B. Metzger, C. N. Rapp, John Doan, Maynard & Read, E. E. Hewitt, and many others. Since the adoption of this system nearly all the fruit is sold on the open market. The system has been satisfactory both to grower and buyer. The association has a membership of several hundred; prominent among those connected with the association in its' work may be mentioned Mr. Braman, Mr. Smith, Mr. Pearce, Mr. Stevens, Mr. Munson, Mr. Perkins, Mr. O'Brien, Mr. Maynard, Mr. Rowe, Mr. Malloy, Mr. Graham and others. The Big Year. Another result of large production was the establishment of canning factories, which have furnished an outlet for a large product. The weather of 1899 was very cold and while most of the peach trees survived, many of them were injured, so that the following year they bore no fruit, but this was followed by three good crop years in each of which an immense amount of fruit was marketed, reaching the climax in the season of 1902, when the following statistics were taken by the Grand Rapids board of trade: Fruit Products.-Peaches, 1,706,000 bu.; Pears, 7,416 bu.: Plums, 42,650 bu.; Apples, 174,000 bu.; Crabapples, 2,000 bu.; Quinces, 1,100 bu.; Cherries, 42,000 bu.; Pieplant, 7,300 bu.; Grapes, 125 tons; Strawberries, 213,000 crates; Raspberries, 92,000 crates;' Blackberries, 96,000 crates; Gooseberries, 2,100 crates; Currants, 5,400 crates. After a fairly moderate weather in 1903 and a splendid showing for a crop of fruit the night of April 31st developed a killing frost and I believe for the first time in our history the peach crop was nearly ruined. The winter of 1904, was severe; many tender trees suffered and the peach crop was again badly injured. Nearly every orchard was more or less killed. Many of the trees on the best and highest locations were entirely killed by root freezing. These conditions accompanied by the high cost and scarcity of labor, and the conparatively good prices obtainable for ordinary farm crops in HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 461 duced many growers to abandon their peach and plum orchards and devote the lands to other purposes. Consequently the number of acres in orchards has decreased since 1902. The crop of 1905 though large will not reach the high figure of other years. It will probably take one or more good crops with paying prices to again induce general and heavy planting. This is unfortunate for taken as a whole fruit growing in Kent county has been profitable. We have the best market in the country and our fruit has an established reputation. Above all our climate and.soil are well adapted to the highest development of all native fruits. Much of the high lands along.the Grand River Valley and for some distance on either side is good fruit land. The original timber growth was largely white oak and hickory, the soil ranging from a sandy loam to clay, resting upon a hard pan clay subsoil, which is very productive of fine high colored, sound and good flavored fruit. This soil appears to be especially adapted to the production of the peach. And a much larger area of this splendid soil should be devoted to this delicious of all fruits. So far in this article I have purposely omitted many things connected with the early history of the industry in this county and many of the names of pioneers in the business, because I have thought it better to reproduce the splendid article written by Mr. Chas. W. Garfield in 1887 and published in "A History of Michigan Horticulture" which is as follows: The Garfield Paper. The earliest history of horticulture in Kent county is connected with Grand Rapids, as a French trading post. Louis Campau, p-evious to 1834, had improved a piece of land extending from the present site of the Rathbun house, on the corner of Monroe and Ottawa streets (now a, commercial block) to the Eagle hotel, and thence to the river bank. This was a vegetable and flower garden, with shrubbery and trees scattered through it and a few fruits. The most attractive thing about it was the flowers, and it was a place of resort for whites and Indians. The latter used to land from their canoes and go up through the garden to Mr. Campau's house (which was till recently a portion of the front of the Rathbun house, what is now the Widdicomb 462 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Block). An old canoe answered for a, propagating bed, in which to start things before they were planted in the garden. In 1835 Abel Page came to Grand Rapids, where he brought his family in 1836, and located on the bank of the river, near the foot of Huron street. Mr. Page and John Almy, his nearest neighbor, started gardens upon the bank of the river, and planted in them such things as they brought from the east and could get through the mails from friends, in the form of seeds and slips. They also made some selections from the woods. It was in Mr. Page's river garden that, the first tomatoes were raised in the Grand River valley. They were a great curiosity, and grown as ornamental plants and called "love applies." There was but one person in the country that would eat them, and that was the school teacher. This was a matter of astonishment to the people, and at first dire consequences were expected as a result. For a good many of the first things planted in the gardens of the settlers they were indebted to the kindness of uncle Louis Campau, who grew nothing to sell, but gave many things away. In 1838 Mr. Page moved up on Bridge street hill and planted another garden with a sort of nursery attachment, the whole occupying perhaps three acres. This was the year of the great flood in the river, which occurred in February. It was this second garden that Mr. Page grew Morus Multicaulis and raised silkworms, dealing in the cocoons. It was about this time the Rohan potato had such a great run. Mr. Page raised specimens that would weigh two pounds, and sold them for seed at the rate of from $16 to, $20 per bushel. The fruit in this garden was grown largely from plants found in the woods. Mr. Page and his sons gathered gooseberries, currants, raspberries and blackberries, as well as plums, from the valley of Grand River, and by careful selection succeeded in growing very fine, smooth gooseberries, of large size; black caps were grown that rivaled the cultivated sorts in size and quality; white blackberries were found and propagated, and plums were found, large and delicious, that ripened as early as August. All these, added to slips of cultivated fruits and ornamental shrubs, made the nucleus of the future nursery. The first apple seeds planted were from fruit gathered from the old French trees about Detroit, and shipped to Grand Haven around the lakes, and from thence up the river in Mackinaw boats. The applies were eaten with the understanding that the HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 463 seeds should be saved, and no guest was treated to any of the fruit without this proviso. A quart of seed thus obtained were sown. At the same time a bushel of peach pits were planted, producing trees that were readily sold, without budding, at good prices. Mr. Page grew the wild cranberry here, and his garden was a resort for people who wished a feast of fruit. He also raised about the first melons grown in the country. Early Nurseries. Really the nursery business proper in Kent county was started by Abel Page and sons, in the year 1845. It was planted north of Coldbrook, and the first ten thousand root grafts were purchased at Monroe, of one Hartwell, a nurseryman there. Twothirds of these were applies, the remainder divided between pears, cherries, plums, etc. To these more were added rapidly, until in two or three years the number of trees in the nursery reached two hundred and fifty thousand, and for nearly twenty years about this amount of stock was carried. In 1850 the first mammoth pie-plant root was brought into this county by the father of John B. Colton, in a pot swung under his wagon. From this Mr. Page secured a slip for one dollar, and the next year sold five dollars' worth of plants from it, and two years thereafter sold Judge Withey enough pie-plant for Independence day's dinner for $2.00. The first Lombardy poplar was brought into the county by Samuel White and planted near the head of Stocking street. From this slips were taken to stock the Coldbrook nursery. When getting the first nursery stock at Monroe, Mr. A. T. Page, secured a quart of seed of the common yellow locust. This was planted, and from it within a few years over $2,000 worth of trees were sold. A few trees of the very best sorts were imported from Hodges nursery at Buffalo, by Page, while he was starting his nursery. The most of these were sold again, but a few were retained and planted from which to get grafts and to use as an advertisement of the nursery as they came into bearing. The first fruit thus grown was very precious and was preserved with the greatest care. The first trees sold were seedlings, and customers asked no questions. They were glad to get anything called a fruit tree, 464 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. but as soon as the first grafted trees bore more anxiety was shown to get good varieties. While waiting for fruit from the first apple trees, some one chanced to discover a fine grove of thrifty apple trees upon the bank of a small stream, just upon the outskirts of the settlement. The discoverer commenced to dig them, but as soon as the fact became known nearly half the people of the town resorted to the place to secure trees. When, during the second year after their removal, some of these trees came into bearing, the planters were much disappointed at the discovery that they were native wild crab apples. The root grafts brought by Page were some of them sold at three years of age, and distributed through Kent, Ionia and Ottawa counties. Abel T. Page, a son of A~bel Page, who was associated with his father in his nursery enterprise, states that his father died in 1854, but that he continued the business until 1859, when it was sold out. About 1855 Hiram Rhodes established a nursery on the river, just below Ada, and H. N. Peck started about the same time in the town of Grand Rapids. The Kellogg nursery was started a little later, on the hill between Fountain and Pulton streets, tnd was afterwards purchased by George Nelson. As soon as the Detroit & Milwaukee railroad-now the Grand Trunk-was completed to Grand Rapids, nursery stock, the refuse of eastern nurseries, was shipped into the Grand River country and sold at rates far below what the stock could be grown for here, and hence the business was gradually dropped. Soon after this the Husteds started near Lowell and ran a large nursery business until 1873. In 1836 Mr. Robert Hilton came to Grand Rapids, and the only two orchards started that were talked about then were those of Burton, in Paris, and Chubb, at Grandville. Mr. Hilton's farm was in Walker, and in 1840 he planted fifty apple trees about forty rods from the river. In 1845 he planted three hundred more grafted apple trees, purchased of George Baker, who had a small nursery out on Bridge street west, near the city limits, and of a small nursery that stood south of Monroe street, near the site of the Aldrich's block. The orchards are yet standing, and before Mr. Hilton left them, in 1848, some of the trees bore well. il HISTORY OP GRAND RAPIDS. 465 From two trees of Fameuse, in one year, (probably 1848) he took twenty-one bushels. He grew peaches on the land near the river, and in those days the locality seemed very free from frosts, even more so than the higher ground. The towns of Caledonia and Bowne were originally one, and the very first trees taken there had a very interesting history. Mr. Reuben H. Smith, in 1840, was returning from a trip outside the county, by way of the Grand River crossing at Lyons, and as he came to.. the ferry he found a man standing disconsolately with a bundle of seedling apple trees beside him. While arranging to cross with the ferryman he inquired of the stranger what was the matter, where he was going, etc., ascertaining that the man was entirely out of money and could not pay his ferriage, and was on his way to Ionia, hoping there to dispose of his trees for a little cash. Mr. Smith had compassion on the man and paid the fee, taking him over the ferry. The man expressed great obligations, and as they walked toward Ionia together they talked apple trees, prices, etc., and finally struck up a, trade, the result of which was that Mr. Smith took the bundle of seedlings into Bowne. These trees were mostly planted by Asa, and Loren B. Tyler. Charles N. Foster and William A. Beach were then little boys, and each was given a nice, straight seedling for his own. Foster's bore first, and in 1863 it was reported to have borne more than ten bushels of fine fruit. The two trees are now living and bearing crops regularly. Frederick Thompson and Isaac Wooley planted some trees on what is now known as the Jonathan Thomas estate as early as 1837, and a Mr. Kent planted seedling applies about the same time. About 1840 Peter and John Malcom, Daniel McNaughton and John A. Campbell planted seedling orchards in the same township. Paris and Gaines were originally one township, and the very first trees planted in this town were on the Barney Burton place, now known as the Garfield farm. Mr. Burton started a seedling nursery here, and furnished a good many trees to the early planters in his own town. Mr. S. S. Buck, on section 34, planted an orchard from this nursery in 1844. About 1840 A. L. Bouck had a small nursery on what is now the line between Paris and Gaines, on the old Kalamazoo road. As early as 1838 Foster Kelly and Mr. Blaine brought peach 466 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. trees from Orleans county, New York, and planted in this township, near where they now reside. J. W. Woolcott, in this town, planted seedling apple trees in 1843, and top-grafted them. Robert Jones was an early planter in this township, and brought his trees from Adrian, while the Brewers secured their first nursery trees in Ypsilanti. There is now a small nursery in C'aledonia, on section 36, owned by J. B. Proctor & Son. About the time when Mr. Bouck and Mr. Burton had their nurseries, Mr. Godwin, in Wyoming, started quite a variety of trees on the new Kalamazoo road, which was well patronized. Remains of the nursery are yet standing, on the place owned by Augustus Godwin. S. M. Pearsall is supposed to have planted the first orchard in the town of Alpine; he brought the trees from Troy, Oakland county, in 1843. They were brought in wagons, and cost him, when planted, about $1 each. Mr. Pearsall brought into the country from Avon the White Astrachan, or, as he then called it, Transparent Moscow. Very soon after this Mr. Noel Hopkins planted his orchard in Alpine. One of the oldest apple trees in Kent county stands in the garden of the writer (Charles W. Garfield), planted by Barney Burton, the body of which is five feet in circumference three feet from the ground, at a point below the enlargement caused by the branches. The top has spread nearly fifty feet, but has recently been shortened in. The nursery interests of Kent county received a severe shock from the hard winters in the first half of the past decade, but is recuperating again. As nearly as can be estimated, the present acreage is as follows: J. D. Husted, Lowell..................... 15 acres N. P. Husted, Lowell....................12 acres Munson & Knapp, Grand Rapids..........30 acres Thibos, Lewis & Co., Cascade............15 acres William Watson, Cascade................ 5 acres Since 1870 the heights of ground in Kent county, especially in Gaines, Paris, Grand Rlapids, Alpine and Sparta, have been planted with peaches, and the success has been all that could be asked. As yet there has not been an authenticated case of the yellows. In 1848 a township agricultural society was organized in the township of Walker, but in 1849 its scope and title were changed HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 467 and it became the Grand River Valley Agricultural Society. Agcin in 1851 its scope and title underwent a change, and it became the Kent County Agricultural and Horticultural Society. The horticultural suffix to its title seems to have gone into disuse since about 1854 or '5, its name subsequently, as given in its annual reports, being simply Kent. County Agricultural Society. The State Pomological Society, from its organization at Grand Rapids in 1871, took charge of the horticultural department of the fairs of the county agricultural society, which it conducted very efficiently and successfully. In 1873 it took charge of the horticultural exhibit of the district agricultural and mechanical association, which was during the following year consolidated with the State Agricultural Society. In 1874 an arrangement was made with the State Agricultural Society which provided that the State Pomological Society should collect the exhibits of fruits, plants and flowers, prepare the premium list, conduct the exhibition, draw upon the treasurer of the agricultural society for the premiums awarded, not to exceed $1,000, and that in consideration of the labor and expense involved, the pomological society should receive the further sum of $1,400. This arrangement, with slight occasional modifications, has been continued from year to year to the present time. In 1870 the town of Grattan was awarded a first premium by the Kent County society for the best township exhibit, in competition with the whole State, the collection having been made on behalf of the town by Messrs. Slayton and Dug-a. Horticultural Society. Early in the year 1874 the Grand River Valley Horticultural Society was organized at Grand Rapids. The precise date of its organization is not given, but it adopted by-laws to govern its proceedings on March 3d, 1874. It holds its meetings monthly. Its shows of fruits and flowers have been held in connection with the annual fairs of the Kent County Agricultural Society. At the August meeting in 1879 William Rowe, W. N. Cook, W. K. Elthmons and S. M. Pearsall were appointed a committee to collect fruits and make exhibits at the meeting of the American Pomological Society, at Rochester, New York, on the third week in September; also the same week at the State fair at Detroit; also at the fair of the West Michigan Agricultural and Industrial Society at Grand Rapids. 468 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. The committee sent fifty-four varieties of apples to Rochester, in charge of Edward Bradfield, of Ada, who also made a fine display of grapes, mostly from his own vineyards. The bronze Wilder medal was awarded to the society for the collection. At the State fair the society exhibited a fine collection of fruits for dessert and family use; also a collection for market, together with a general collection of applies, peaches, pears and grapes; with several single plates of apples, peaches and grapes entered in the name of the grower. These entries were fairly successful in winning premiums. A general collection of fruits was also exhibited at the Grand Rapids fair, including a collection each of applies, pears, peaches and grapes. The Agricultural and Mechanical Association of 1871 having been absorbed by the State Agricultural Society, previous to the year 1877, a new organization of a similar character was effected under the title of the West Michigan Agricultural and Industrial Society, with headquarters at Grand Rapids. This association has held fairs annually in September down to the present time. "At the August meeting of the Grand River Valley Horticultural Society in 1880 S. M. Pearsall, Wm. Rowe, W. N. Cook, W. K. Emmons and P. W. Johnson were appointed a committee to collect and exhibit fruit at the State fair of this State, the West Michigan Agricultural and Industrial fair, and at other fairs, in the discretion of the committee. Soon after this the secretary reSeived the premium list of the Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society, and laid the matter of making an exhibit at St. Louis before the committee and the executive board. It was decided to make an exhibit there, which determination was carried out. The society exhibited one hundred varieties of apples in one collection, forty varieties in another, and ten varieties as a collection for the market, north of the forty-first parallel; also several single plates of apples and pears; also a collection of twenty-five varieties of peaches, one of ten varieties, and several plates. This show of fruit at St. Louis was in charge of President William Rowe and Mr. Cook, and received marked attention from visitors. Dr. Warden, of Ohio, chairman of the awarding committee, said Michigan fruit was the best grown on exhibition and the most correctly named. "At the State fair our society exhibited a general collection of HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 469 family fruits, consisting of fifty-three sorts of apples, four of peaches, three of grapes, four of pears and four of crab apples. "Owing to the extremely warm weather when the fruit was being collected, and the prevalence of mildew in grapes, the exhibit in peaches and grapes was not up to the usual standard of the shows of our society, and, in consequence, the collection was awarded the third premium. "In division B, a general collection of market fruits, one hundred plates of applies, five of grapes, six of pears and four of crab apples received the first premium. "In division C, a special exhibit of apples for general purposes, consisting of sixty-seven varieties, received the first premium. We also received the first premium for the most correctly named collection in this division. "The society also, took premiums on sixteen plates of different varieties of apples. "At the West Michigan Agricultural and Industrial fair the secretary entered a collection of fruit, and received the first premium. He also took the first premium on a collection of apples, together with a, dozen single plate premiums." In 1882, at the February meeting, a fine display of fruits and flowers was made in response to offers of small premiums. On the 27th and 28th of June, at the regular monthly meeting of the society, a very fine display of early fruits, flowers and vegetables was made. In September Elwood Graham and Benjamin F. Decou, on behalf of the society, made an exhibit of fruits at the State fair at Jackson, of ninety varieties of apples, twenty of peaches, ten of pears, twelve of grapes, four of plums, four of crabs and one of quinces. The first premium of $50 was awarded to this collection. Two collections of fruits were also entered at the fair of the West Michigan Agricultural and Industrial Society, to each of which a first premium was awarded. C. W. Garfield, in his "Brief of Horticulture," says there is no one branch of horticulture that takes precedence in the county, although the peach and small fruit interests are very large. The Baldwin and Northern Spy are the leading market apples. Two evaporating houses and several cider and vinegar factories use the less marketable fruits. The peach crop is not as certain as upon the lake shore, but in 1883.more than twenty-five thousand bushels were marketed from the orchards about Grand Rapids. 470 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. All the peach orchards are on elevated locations. The marketing is mostly done in bushel baskets. Plantations are rapidly increasing. The profits are large, but skill is requisite to secure them. The yellows has appeared in several orchards, but has not, so far, become a serious injury. Pears and plums are not grown largely for market, but are raised in small quantities on a great many farms for family use. There are a good many successful vineyardists. The Concord has been the leading market variety, but the Worden and Niagara will be more largely planted in the future. Under the skillful management grapes can be grown for three cents per pound and yield a small profit. Duke and Morello cherries are profitably grown for market, and every farm has a few trees to supply the family. Small fruits are extensively grown and are a considerable source of profit. They are absorbed by the home market. Strawberries grown here come into market about June 5th, and Turner raspberries appear three weeks later, closely followed by Cuthbert, Mammoth Cluster and Gregg, which last till blackberries appear. Vegetable gardening, as carried on about Grand Rapids, is not excelled by any other locality in the State. Large areas are devoted to vegetable houses, and from early spring until winter the dealers have a magnificent display of finely grown vegetables. There are also specialists who devote themselves to celery, cauliflower, onions, squashes, or some other single vegetables, and derive large profits therefrom. J. D. Husted, of Lowell, says: Growing peaches, apples and small fruits for market is, to some extent, made a specialty in Lowell and adjoining towns. Not more than one-tenth of the land adapted to growing these fruits is yet in use for such purpose. Lowell village has two evaporating establishments, and both are running to their full capacity, besides many farmers use small sized dryers, and with jelly-pans and cider mills, the best part of the culled fruit is utilized; farm stock consume the refuse. The number of barrels of apples shipped from Lowell this season (1884) exceeds twenty thousand, and a large number of barrels, reckoned by thousands, were also shipped from the neighboring villages of Ada and Saranac. One peach orchard, planted by Matthew Hart, in 1880, contain HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 471 ing one thousand trees, has yielded a net incme of from $400 to $1,000 annually, for the number of years, and has seldom failed to bear a good crop of fruit. This orchard is still standing and promises a good yield of fruit next season. The peach orchard of the writer, including about twenty-five acres, produced, in 1883, a net return of $2,450. At a moderate estimate there are ten thousand acres of land within ten miles of Lowell village well adapted to the growing of peaches. About twelve hundred acres are now planted. In the autumn of 1883 the Grand River Valley Horticultural Society made an attractive exhibit at the State fair, and also at that of the West Michigan Society; besides which, its members contributed freely to the State display of fruits at the New Orleans Exposition, held during the winter of 1882 and 1883. In June, 1885, the society held a very interesting and profitable meeting at the residence of P. W. Johnson, three miles northwest of Grand Rapids, in the season of strawberries, and another in raspberry time at the residence of C. W. Garfield. A special meeting of the society was held on August 29th to perfect arrangements for the meeting of the American Pomological Society, to occur at Grand Rapids, September 9th to 11th. The arrangements for the meeting were very complete and satisfactory to both residents and visitors, who seem to have gained a highly favorable impression respecting the city, the people and the State. On November 30th to. December 2d, 1886, the annual meeting of the State Horticultural Society was again held at Grand Rapids, upon the invitation of the Grand River Valley Horticultural Society. The arrangements for the meeting were very complete and satisfactory, and the fruits, flowers and plants unusually varied and the quality superior. The flower and plant exhibit was unusually fine, including a large and superior display of chrysanthemums in bloom, together with specimens of sub-tropical vegetation, as well as fruits from California. The following awards were made to citizens of Kent County by the orchard committees of the State Pomological Society: In 1871. To Noah P. Husted, Lowell, first premium, for plum orchard. To David Robertson, Grand Rapids, first premium, for Delaware vineyard. 472 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. To George S.' Lin'derman, Grand Rapids, first premium, for half-acre plat of raspberries. To George S. Linderman, Grand Rapids, first premium, for a half-acre plat of blackberries. To Mrs. E. T. Nelson, Grand Rapids, first premium, for a private conservatory. To John Suttle, Grand Rapids, first premium, for a general greenhouse. In 1872. To S. B. Smith, Grand Rapids, first premium, for an apple orchard. To W. U. Knapp, Grand Rapids, second premium, for a peach orchard for profit. To Noah P. Husted, Lowell, first premium, for a plum orchard. To H. W. Slocum, Grand Rapids, first premium, for a collection of hardy grapes. To. C. J. Dietrich, Grand Rapids, second premium, for a halfacre of raspberries. To Mrs. R. Morris, Grand Rapids, first premium, for an ornamental city lot. To John Suttle, Grand Rapids, first premium, for a commercial plant house. To Noah P. Husted, Lowell, first premium, for a general nursery. In 1873. To L. P. Curtis, South Lowell, third premium, for an apple orchard for profit. To Fred Yeiter, South Lowell, fourth premium, for an apple orchard for profit. To J. M. Dean, Grand Rapids, first premium, for peach orchard for profit. To J. M. Dean, Grand Rapids, second premium, for a vineyard for table use. To John Suttle, Grand Rapids, first premium, for a commercial plant house. To T. I. Renwick, Grand Rapids, second premium, for a commercial plant house. To Noah P. Husted, Lowell, second premium, for a general nursery. The following persons contributed from this county to the Cen I f~ HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 473 tennial exhibit of the State Pomological Society of Philadelphia, in September and October, 1876, viz: Edward Bradfield, Ada, 36 varieties of grapes; William Rowe, Walker, also apples; H. Downs, Ada, samples of fruits; the Grand River Valley Horticultural Society, Grand Rapids, a general collection of fruit. The death of Hon. Henry Seymour, treasurer of the State Pomological Society for 1874 and 1875, and an honored citizen of Grand Rapids for many years, occurred at that city during the year 1877. John Suttle, one of the oldest and most esteemed members of the State Pomological Society, and a prominent florist of the city of Grand Rapids, died at that city on September 13th, 1877. Kent county, according to the census of 1884, contains of apple orchards, 10,922 acres, 344,927 bearing trees, yielding in 1883, 161,509 bushels of fruit. Peach orchards, 3,362 acres, 161,065 bearing trees, yielding in 1883, 41,592 bushels of fruit. The value of orchard products of all kinds, sold or consumed in 1883, was $164,658. Vineyards, 106 acres; grapes sold in 1889, 17,682 pounds; wine made in 1883, 395 gallons. Nurseries, 79 acres: products sold in 1883, $8,060. Market garden products sold in 1883, $39,797. Esquire 0. Phillips, son of Abram and Betsey Phillips, was born in Newfane, Niagara Co., N. Y., in 1833. When 17 years old he went to Fort Wayne, Ind., where he was employed for three years in the survey of the Wabash & Toledo R. R. After one year at home, came to Grand Rapids and learned the carpenter's trade and was in the employ of the D. & M. R. R. Company as foreman for one year, at Saddlebag Swamp, after which he worked in the city. He was married in 1858 to Mary, daughter of Silas and Susan Hall, born in 1839, at Gun Plains, Allegan Co., Mich., and came with her parents to Grand Rapids in 1844. They were in Denver, Colo., in 1859 and returned to Grand Rapids in time for Mr. Phillips to respond to the first call for troops in the civil war. He enlisted in 1861 in the 3d Regt. Mich. Yols. Inft. Co. B, Capt. Baker Borden. It was an independent artillery company and was in the first battle of Bull Run. Mr. Phillips was discharged at the end of six months at Camp Lyon, Va., and re-enlisted in Company B, 1st Regt. Mich. Engineers and Mechanics. 474 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. The regiment left for Louisville, Ky., December 17, 1861. He was with it every day until discharged at Chattanooga, Tenn. He was appointed Orderly Sergeant of Company B, by Col. W. P. Innes, and went to Nashville, Tenn., in the employment of the Government. On returning to Grand Rapids soon after he became associated with Wheeler, Borden & Co., in a sash, 'door and blind factory for about four years, then bought fifty-six acres of land in Walker township close to the city and engaged in fruit growing, in which he made a grand success. Fraternally, Mr. Phillips was a Free Mason, and both himself and wife were members of the Eastern Star. He was a member of the Old Settler's Society and the Grand Army of the Republic. He served four years as Justice of the Peace and was Treasurer of the Grand River Valley Horticultural Society for fifteen years. Was once President of the Durfee Embalming Fluid Co., and for twelve years was moderator in School District No. 7. In the face of strenuous antagonism, Mr. Phillips did more than any one else towards the improvement of the West Side, in way of securing extension of street sewers, grading, etc., to the enhancement of the value of property there. He died January 3, 1904. CHAPTER XI. STREETS AND BRIDGES. The primitive streets of the little village of Grand Rapids were devious, winding ways, and hard roads to travel. At first they were only foot-paths along the Indian trails. A trail from the southeast came in past Reeds Lake to the corner of Union street and Fulton street, and thence in a zigzag course down to the river near the foot of the rapids. Another trail came in at Coldbrook, and along the river bank to the lower part of the town. Another came from the southeast, entering about where State street is, and from there pursued a serpentine course to and around the southern base of Prospect Hill to the fur-trading station at the foot of Huron street. Mr. Abraham W. Pike (who at this writing, July, 1905, is still living) has stated that he first saw the Rapids on Christmas, 1827, when he came on an Indian pony from Ft. Wayne; that he reached here just at night fall, coming on the trail around the foot of Prospect Hill and reaching the river bank just above the Island near where now is the corner of Canal and Pearl streets; that he halloed until he attracted the attention of the people at the Mission, when an Indian came across the river in a canoe; that the Indian then took him over the river in the canoe with the pony swimming behind. There was also a trail that came up the bank of the river from Grandville, leading to the same point. On the west side were the trails from Grand Haven and Muskegon, and such Indian hunting grounds as lay in that direction, and another from the northward reached the Indian village here by way of the valley of Mill Creek. The large Indian village here made a central point for the natives of this section, much as our town is today for the people who have supplanted them. Early Wagon Roads. Naturally the first wagon roads to the village came in by or near the Indians' trails, and were correspondingly crooked. The 475 476 17HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Thornapple road came in by the trail first mentioned to Fulton street and down a ravine where now is the junction of Jefferson avenue and State street. The Bostwick Road, as it was called, came in from the direction of Green Lake, its entrance being about where now is the State street line. From the southward the early farmers drove in by way of the present site of the cemetery, and along the edge of the dry land some distance east of Division street. A road from the southwestern part of the county, joining another that came up the river, formed the one which is still known as the Grandville Road. First Village Roads. Within the present limits of the city, during the village days, there were wagon roads winding in various directions, unfenced, and unworked save by the wear of travel. The most feasible passage from the head of Monroe street to the Bridge street bridge, when that was built, was by a wagon track passing the National Hotel corner, skirting along the eastern slope of Prospect Hill a little west of Ionial street, crossing in a muddy gully the little creek which formerly ran around the north end of that hill, and over dry spots and past bogs near Kent to Bridge street, thence through a miry slough to the bridge. A similar wagon track ran in a zigzag course near the foot of the hill from Coldbrook to bridge street. The road toward Plainfield sought the dry places, but did not escape all the muddy ones. Nowhere within the village limits was there a good east and west wagon road. From Fulton street east of the public square was one that climbed the hill in a northeasterly direction through a ravine which reached the summit a little east of where the Central High School building now stands, and thence wound its way among the oak grubs back to the Thornapple Road. On the west side there was plenty of variety in the alternating patches of stony and gravelly and miry grounds, and for nearly twenty years the teamster chose his route, inside of what is now the town, over unfenced lands, through bushes and past the bad places, by the most feasible way. This condition of things has long since passed and it is only by the mind's eye that the great change from the ragged, original road to handsomely graded streets can be comprehended. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 477 Laying Out Streets. Streets there were in Grand Rapids-on paper-almost as early as there were roads, yet they were little worked and improved during the first twelve or fifteen years. In the year of the first settlement, 1833, Toussaint Campau platted into streets, blocks and lots, of the south half of the northeast fractional quarter of section 25, T. 7 N., R. 12 W. The plat included the territory bounded by a line lying midway between Pearl and Lyon streets on the north, Division street on the east, Fulton street on the south, and the river on the west. Louis Campau, who entered this land, insisted that the main street should be laid as near as possible on the Indian trail which came down from the southeast past the foot of Prospect Hill. That is Monroe street. Between that and Fulton street, the streets intersecting Monroe, were laid at right angles with the latter. This accounts for the diagonal street-pattern of that small section of the city. On the other side of Monroe street the cross streets were laid due north and south. On that plat was built the pioneer house. In 1835 and 1836 was platted the rest of the territory bounded north by Coldbrook street, east by a line about four rods further east than Ransom street, south by the section line (Wealthy avenue), and west by the river. The streets were laid 66 feet wide-which is about the average width of nearly all the streets in the city-except that Canal street from Pearl to Bridge was laid 100 feet, and north of Bridge 92 feet; East Bridge street to the top of the hill, 100 feet, and Monroe street one and a quarter chains. Their First Condition. In the platted portion of the town during the village days comparatively little was done for permanent improvement of the streets. They were simply treated as common roads through the districts occupied by residences, with occasional patches of narrow plank sidewalks, and little plank or log bridges across streams and mud-holes; most of the work was done on the country road plan, and many of the citizens personally working out their highway taxes. Something more was done by private enterprise at places along Monroe, Waterloo. and Canal streets, and other points where there were clusters of stores or shops or business houses, whose proprietors indulged in walks made of plank 478 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. laid lengthwise, from four to six or eight feet wide, in front of their places of business. Yet as late as 1845 the roadway of Monroe street, with rather a steep descent from Ottawa down, was, in wet weather, like a bed of brickyard mortar; while Canal street for nearly its whole length was a stretch of black mire of uncertain depth. Across that street, about twenty rods north of Lyon, ran a small creek, over which was a narrow plank bridge with log abutments. Only when Grand Rapids became a city began the era of public, systematic improvement of the streets. Further Plattings. Additional plats were made from time to time, until,' in 1853, three years after the city was incorporated, as a city map then made shows, there were within its limits (two miles square) besides those already mentioned, the following: On the East SideMorrison's Addition, 59 lots, south of Cherry street and east of Jefferson avenue. Smith's Addition, bounded north by Washington street, east by the section quarter line, south by Cherry street, and west by Jefferson avenue. Campau's Second Addition, containing three blocks south of Fulton and east of Lafayette street. Kendall's Addition, bounded north by Bridge street, east by the quarter line, south by Fulton street, and west by a line midway between Barclay and Lafayette streets. Williams' Addition, three lots north of Cherry street and east of College avenue. On the West Side-Scribner's Addition, bounded north by Bridge street, east by West Division, south by the center line of section 25, and west by the section line. Coggeshall's Addition, bounded north by Bridge street, east by Grand River, south by the center line of the section, west by West Division street. Cuming's Addition, north of West Bridge street, between West Division (now Seward) and Stocking. Scribner & Turner's Addition, bounded north by the quarter line of section 24, east by Grand River, south by West Bridge street, and west by West Division (now Seward) street. Smith & Van Allen's Addition, bounded north by Eleventh street, east by Grand River, south by Scribner & Turner's Addition, and west by West Division (Seward). Richmond's Addition, a strip north of Smith & Van Allen's Addition, running from the river to the line of West Division (Seward) street. Tryon's Addition, ten lots north of Richmond's Addition HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 479 and lying between front and Broadway. (That Seward streetformerly West Division-line is where the railroad tracks lie, north from West Bridge street.) The plats were within the city limits, number hundreds and are constantly increasing. Grading, Cuttifig and Filling. Street improvement has involved a. vast amount of labor and expense. There are few Michigan cities where it has been necessary to do so much cutting and filling as in that part of Grand Rapids east of the river. In Ottawa, Lyon and Pearl streets deep excavations through the solid clay of Prospect Hill have been made, necessitating the grading down of adjacent property to the extent at some points of nearly forty feet below the former elevation. In Lyon and Bridge streets excavations through the brow of the sand hill have been about as deep, and all the eastand-west streets going over that hill have cost a great amount of digging. Considerable cutting has also been done on Division street imniediately south of Fulton, and again to modify the grade where was formerly a steep clay hill from Cherry street to Goodrich; also in the streets passing through the hills between the railroads and the river, and southward well toward Plaster Creek. On the west side not so much excavating has been necessary except in a comparatively small section near the northwest corner of the city,.but the amount of filling there done has been something enormous. The grade of Canal street at the lower end has been raised nearly fifteen feet, and throughout its entire length an average of not far from four feet; and almost all the low grounds north of East Bridge street have been raised nearly as much by the deposit of earth brought from the adjacent hill. The raising of the grounds on what were formerly the Islands at Pearl street and below, and the filling of the east channel of the river in that vicinity to the present grades, have also furnished places of deposit for a. vast amount of earth from the hill excavations. A large area in the neighborhood of the Union Depot has been filled from two to eight or ten feet; also a portion of Division street directly east of that station. Most of the street grading on the West Side has been upward instead of downward, and a considerable proportion of the material therefor has been hauled 480 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. a long distance. The heaviest part of it was filling a large area of law marsh which lay west of Turner and north and south of Bridge street, and of a ravine through which the waters flowed, coming to the river a short distance south of Bridge street. This class of improvements has kept the city busy from the beginning, and the end is not yet. Number and Length of Streets. The streets of Grand Rapids are regularly laid, crossing at right angles, with few exceptions. A slight fault, apparent to one looking at a map of them, is in the number of short streets. Leonard, Bridge and Fulton streets run entirely across the city from east to west, each three and a half miles long. East street is the only one running straight through from north to south, five and a half miles, and next to that in length is College avenue. Mileage, of Streets. The mileage of streets in the city, and the length of each class of improvements are shown in the following table: Graded and paved with sheet asphalt.................... 6.050 Graded and paved with block asphalt on gravel foundation.683 Graded and paved with block asphalt on concrete..........230 Graded and paved with brick on concrete................ 8.657 Graded and macadamized.............................. 6.272 Graded and paved with tar concrete......................341 Graded and paved with cedar blocks on concrete.......... 4.694 Graded and paved with cedar blocks on plank.............184 Graded and paved with cedar blocks-on gravel........... 1.931 Graded and paved with cedar blocks and cobble stones.... 1.838 Graded and paved with Portland cement concrete........187 Graded and paved with cobble stones on gravel............755 Graded, graveled and gutters paved with cobble stones.... 83.069 Graded, graveled and gutters paved with brick........... 27.181 Graded and graveled................................. 29.654 Unimproved........................................114.537 Total..................................... 286.263 Street Numbering. The numbering of streets at first was very irregular. In the village days it was not attempted. Merchants were content to HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 481 simply mention the street they were on in their advertisements. To say "near the bookstore," "near the Bridge Street House," "Canal street, near Bronson," "foot of Monroe street," or to use some similar descriptive phrase, was deemd sufficient to convey information as to any particular locality. This method prevailed, till some time after the incorporation of the city. The names and locations of the more prominent buildings, such as the leading hotels, Backus Block, Commercial Block, Rathbone Block, Irving Hall, Faneuil Hall and others, were well known in all the country about. Numbering first began to correspond with the numbers of the lots on which the buildings were situated, but this plan was soon found too crude; though as late as the spring of 1865 the Common Council passed a resolution requesting residents to number their places of residence by that rule. But immediately it was reconsidered and decided to commence the numbering of Canal street at the foot and number northward, to number Pearl and Monroe from the foot eastward, and to number first the business portion of the city in conformity therewith. Later, in 1873, a more comprehensive system was adopted, and prevails to this day, so that in general, streets on the east side are numbered from the river eastward, and north and south each way from Fulton street; while on the West Side the numbers run from the river westward, and from West Bridge street north and south. In 1873 $200 was expended for placing signs at street corners. At present (July, 1905) the re-numbering of the streets and a change of system is being agitated and meeting with favor. It is proposed to adopt the block system; one hundred numbers to the block, and number east and west from the river, and north and south from Fulton street on the east side and Bridge street on the west side. By that method each number will approximately name its own location. The change is advocated by the Postoffice authorities and the business men generally. The Common Council may adopt it in the near future. Pavements. The first effort toward paving the streets, was the construction about 1847 of a piece of macadamized road from Bridge street southward on Canal. A thin layer of sand and gravel was put 482 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. upon the soft, deep mud, and top dressed with broken limestone.It was a good road bed for a short time, and then began to break through in spots, making it very rough, and dotted with deep mire holes. The next advance was the laying, in 1849, of a plank road up the sandy part of Fulton street hill east of Jefferson avenue. A short stretch of the steep part of Fountain street was also planked. But these were short-lived devices. The construction of the Kalamazoo plank road in 1855 made for a. few years good pavement of oak plank from the south city line on Division street to Monroe. In the following year began street paving in earnest —the first being that of Monroe with cobble stone as far up as Ionia, and this a little later was extended to Division street. In 1859 Canal street was similarly paved, as far north as Hastings street. Cobble stone, well laid on a solid, even bed, is a good pavement, indefinitely durable, but very noisy, and hard upon the horses' feet. Niot much progress was made in paving during the war period, but in 1866 the Monroe street paving was extended to its junction with Fulton street, and the latter was paved from that point east over the hill to its juncion with Lake avenue, with round stone. About that time also was extended the Canal street paving north, and in 1868 it was completed to the Grand Trunk Railway Depot. A change from stone to wood pavements was made about 1874. The first wood pavement tried was of blocks cut from four-inch pine plank, set on end upon a gravel bed, the interstices between the blocks well tamped with gravel and sand, making a wood roadway six inches in depth. Pearl and the lower part bf Monroe street were the first to be treated in this way. Soon afterward Canal street was repaved in the same manner. After this, little, if any, stone pavement was laid, except along street borders and gutters. Wood pavements were put in Lyon, West Bridge and some other streets in 1875 and 1876. The pine pavement did not prove lasting, the wood decaying in five or six years. The next advance was in the use of cedar blocks cut from the bodies of small trees in six inch lengths, the bark and sap-wood trimmed off, and the blocks set on end. These were first used in Pearl street from Canal street to the bridge, and in Monroe street, by way of experiment. The cedar block proved much the more durable. In re HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS, 483 cent years the popular pavements have been brick, sheet asphalt and brick asphalt. Street Sidewalks. For many years the sidewalks in Grand Rapids, with the exception of a few short stretches of stone or cement, were of wood; two-inch pine or hemlock plank, in general, laid crosswise on stringers and well spiked down. They were of widths varying from four to eighteen feet, according to the needs and uses of the streets in which they were placed, those in the residence districts averaging six feet. At the start, in the village days, the temporary walks were usually voluntarily laid by those in front of whose premises they were needed. Generally they were only such as were absolutely necessary to keep the feet of pedestrians out of the mud; often not more than two or three feet wide, of planks laid lengthwise rather loosely on sleepers and without much regard to the ups and downs of street grades. But after the incorporation of the city they were gradually bettered and extended, until they lined nearly every inhabited street, and those wooden walks were as good as those of any city, or as can be made of that material. There were handsome and solid walks of dressed stone in front of the business places on the lower part of Monroe street, and near by on some of the intersecting streets. Fine walks of this character also surround the Government Block, and three sides of the City I-all. The stone for these were brought mostly from other States. The first walk of this kind was laid in Monroe street. About 1888, on West Bridge near Turner street, at the corner of Canal and Crescent avenue by the Grinnel Block, in front of Powers' Opera House Block, by the Hermitage Block, at the corner of Bridge and Canal, and at several other points, experiments were made in putting down walks of artificial stone, or concrete made of cement, sand and gravel. These were moulded in blocks to suit the locality, usually of lengths corresponding with the width of the walk, and six or eight inches in thickness. The moulding was done on the spot, and when dry and hardened they were apparently as solid as granite rock. This walk is handsome, durable and permanent as stone. By ordinance all sidewalks except in the outlying districts are 484 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. now required to be constructed or repaired with good stone flagging or of artificial stone, or stone concrete to be approved by the Board of Public Works. Such an ordinance has been in force since 1894 with its limits extended year by year; and the result is that Grand Rapids now has on its principal streets and will soon have throughout its residence portions as fine sidewalks as can be found. Artificial stone walks can now be constructed cheap and durable and will soon cover the walks of the city. Derivation of Street Names. Names frequently are historic. Many of the street names in Grand Rapids have associations with persons or events. In most cases where a street bears the name of an individual it was named as a compliment. A peculiarity in the situation of a street may give the name. A few of the streets of Grand Rapids have taken their names from those of prominent streets of other cities. The origin of some of the street names was as follows: Allen —From an individual formerly living near it. Alpine avenue-From the Alpine road. Almy-Judge Almy, the early surveyor. Louis —Louis Campau. Barclay-Charles Barclay. Bartlett. Bates and Baxter-From early residents bearing those names. Beech-Some beech trees grew near there. Bostwick-Edmund B. Bostwick, an early settler. Bridge-Henry P. Bridge, a pioneer. Butterworth avenue —On the road which led to Butterworth's plaster beds. Campau-The early fur trader. Canal-From its proximity to the east side canal. Carrier-A farmer who once lived there. Cass avenue-Judge Morrison was a personal friend of Lewis Cass, and Cass avenue was named for him. Caulfield avenue-Was named for John Caulfield, a retired wholesaler. Clinton street-Was named for the famous DeWitt Clinton. Coit avenue-The name of an early land owner. Cherry-Some black cherry trees stood near it. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 485 Clancy-John Clancy, an early resident. Chubb-Name of an early resident. Coldbrook-Near the stream of that name. College avenue-Where a college was to be but was not built. Crofton avenue-From E. Crofton Fox. Cuming avenue-From Francis H. CGming. Davis street-Was named for Ebenezer Davis, an old settler. Delony-Delony Gunnison. Division-Line between ranges 11 and 12. East-Once the east line of city. Ellsworth avenue-Was Summit street in the old days, probably because it led to a high spot. The name it now bears is that of the Ellsworth who once owned a large tract of land in that part of the city. Fairbanks-Name of an early land owner. Fernando street-Was named for Fernando Page, who lost both legs during the Civil War and is now employed in one of the departments at Washington. Ferry-At the early river ferry landing. Finney-A painter and hotel keeper of the early days. Fisk street was named for John Fisk, who also gave its name to Fisk Lake. Fountain-The head of this street was formerly at Ransom, where there was a fine spring. Front-next the river front on the West Side. Gilbert street-Named from Thomas Gilbert. Grandville avenue-The line of the early road leading to Grandville. Godfrey avenue-Named from Freeman Godfrey. Gunnison-Lieutenant John W. Gunnison, who lost his life in an Indian massacre in the Rocky Mountains. Hastings-E. P. Hastings, one of the original proprietors of the land there. Houseman-From Julius Houseman. Hovey-William Hovey, a prominent citizen of the West Side for many years. Hines avenue-From General Hines. Island-The street that came down from the east to the river near the islands that are gone. Jefferson avenue-Was given its name by El. B. Bostwick, for 486 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. whom Bostwick street was named. He was the owner of the Bostwick addition and lived at one time on the present Tateum place on Cherry street. He left for California during the gold cfaze of 1849 and never returned. He was a great admirer of Thomas Jefferson. Kalamazoo avenue-On the line of the old Kalamazoo road. Kent-From the name of the county, originally given in honor of Chancellor Kent of New York. Livingston street was named for the revolutionary statesman. Lock-This street lies where the locks were to be from the east side canal to the river channel below. Lyon-Lucius Lyon, one of the original land owners here. Maple-Takes its name from the woods that were there. Mills-Warren P. Mills, an early settler. Morris avenue-From Robert W. Morris. O'akes —Charles Oakes, an early settler at Grandville. Ottawa-This Indian name is said to be the Algonquin word for trader. Page-Deacon Abel Page, a pioneer in the nursery business. Peaslee-An early resident, who went to California about 1850. Pettibone —Takes its name from K. S. Pettibone, who formerly lived there. Prescott-The Rev. Francis Prescott. Prospect-Runs across the brow of the hill, from which was a fine view of the city. Rumsey-James A. Rumsey, an early resident on the Grandville road. Scribner-James Scribner, a settler of 1837 on West Bridge street. Shepard-From Dr. Frank Shepard, who purchased the Guniison property many years ago. Sibley-A pioneer West Side citizen. Sigsbee-FrPom Captain Sigsbee of the U. S. Navy. State-Lies where the old State Road entered the village. Stocking-Named for Billius Stocking, the first settler in that part of the city. Tamarack-There was once a tamarack swamp close by. Turner-The name of a pioneer West Side family. Veto street-Recalls a council fight over the name. Waring-The Rev. H. E. Waring, a veteran pioneer. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 487 Wealthy avenue-Named by Judge Morrison in compliment to his wife. Wenham avenue-J. C. Wenham, who platted Wenham's addition. White-Samuel White, who. settled at an early day near the northwest corner of the city. Williamns-Henry R. Williams was one of the pioneer steamboat men. Many streets of the city are named for the plats of grounds near where they are located, or by the owners in honor of their children or other relatives. Some of these will be readily recognized. The study is a fascinating one, for the street names tell many interesting stories of the early days, with the element of superstition thrown in. Following are part of the changes in street names made by the Common Council in the last forty-five years: August 25, 1860, the four streets, Jefferson, South, Penney and Withey streets, forming one continuous street from Fulton on the north, to the city line on the south, were named Jefferson avenue. January 5, 1865, Court, north of Bridge, changed to Lincoln. West Division, north of Bridge, to Seward. May 28, 1866, Grove and Rebecca, to continuation of Turner. May 19, 1868, Stone, to continuation Fifth. June 27, 1868, Louis, between Cherry and State, to Luce. July 12, 1869, Caroline, to continuation of South Lafayette. July 11, 1870, Lincoln to Scribner. March 1, 1873, Plainfield road to Plainfield avenue. July 12, 1873, E:ast street on Withey's add., to Sycamore; Greenwich, Prairie and Grant street, to continuation of Ionia; Justice to, continuation of Ottawa; Elast Water to Waterloo; First, Second, Third and Fourth streets, Grant's add., to First, Seeond, Third and Fourth avenues, respectively; Newaygo State road to Walker avenue; Butterworth road to Butterworth avenue; Thornapple road to Lake avenue; William street, Eighth Ward, to Peaslee; New York and Shawmut streets to Shawmut avenues; Fremont to Bowery; Washington, Eighth Ward, to Sibley; Premont,* Eighth Ward, to Watson; Centre, Eighth Ward, to Shepard; Charles, Eighth Ward, to Hovey; Curtis, Eighth Ward, to Chubb,; West Water to. South Front; Siegel to Jefferson; Ann, Sixth Ward, to Elighth; Elizabeth, Sixth Ward, to 488 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Ninth; Caroline, Sixth Ward, to Tenth; Jonathan, Sixth Ward, to Eleventh; Franklin, Sixth Ward, to Twelfth; Pine, Sixth Ward, to Tamarack; Union, Sixth Ward, to Cypress; Centre, Fifth Ward, to Cedar; Park, Fifth Ward, to Columbus; Cemetery, Fifth Ward, to Taylor; Coldbrook, Brownr & Drew's add., to Vine; Park, Brown.& Drew's add., to Walnut; Grand, Eighth Ward, to West Fulton; High, Third Ward, to Charlotte; Official (a short street forming an angling connection between Spring and Monroe streets), to Spring; Canal, south of Pearl, to Monroe. October 11, 1873, North Withey to McConnell; McConnell to Third avenue; Mary to continuation of Second avenue; Ellsworth to continuation of Cherry; Elm to Goodrich; Fremont to Fourth avenue; Powell to continuation of South Lafayette; S. Withey to Withey; Ann and Smith to continuation of South Prospect; King, north from Quimby, to Queen; Mason and Fair to Muskegon; Dayton to Pettibone; Bank, West Side, to Michigan; Locust avenue to continuation of Davis; Butterworth avenue, north of Fourth, West Side, to McReynolds. October 12, 1874. Charlotte to Madison avenue. July 12, 1875, part of Coldbrook to continuation of Canal. October 15, 1877, Withey and Windsor to Fifth avenue. August 23, 1880, Cypress to Alpine avenue. October 1, 1883, Tile to Reed. August 17, 1885, Bronson to Crescent avenue. May 9, 1885, Holland to Irving place. November 23, 1885, Summit to Ellsworth avenue. November 29, 1886, Antoine to Sixth avenue; Evergreen to Seventh avenue; Cottrell to Eighth avenue; Adams to Ninth avenue; Shelby to Tenth avenue; Putnam to Eleventh avenue; Canton to Twelfth avenue. March 19, 1888, Crab Apple Alley to Brenner Court. April 16, 1888, Cemetery to North East. Ninth avenue to Alexander avenue, 1892. Ash street to, Logan street, 1892. Buckley street to Evans avenue, 1899. Baldwin street to Lettellier street, 1892. Darker street to Baxter street, 1892. Buch street to Diamond street, 1892. Chestnut street to Bemis avenue, 1892. Grove street to Coade avenue, 1899. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 489 Kellogg avenue to Carroll avenue, 1899. Spring street to Commerce street, 1898. Center street to Central avenue, 1891. Clark street to Terrace avenue, 1891. Cleveland avenue to Griggs avenue; 1892. Centennial street to Diamond street, 1892. Calder street to S. Ottawa street, 1897. Harrison avenue to Elm street. 1892. Escott street to Lincoln street, 1892. Forrest street to Maude avenue, 1899. Fourth street to Palmer avenue, 1892. Foster street to LaBelle avenue, 1892. Greenbrook street to Innis avenue, 1892. Lake street to Sigsbee street, 1899. Limit street to Diamond street, 1892. Little street to Gelock avenue, 1892. Mills street to Pleasant street, 1904. Mechanic street to Atwood street, 1904. Monson street to Highland avenue, 1892. Morton avenue to Fuller street, 1892. Ninth street to Knapp avenue, 1892. Oak avenue to Parkwood avenue, 1899. Peaslee street to Park avenue, 1890. Reed street to. N. Lafayette street., 1892. Tustin avenue to Innes avenue, 1892. Thompson avenue to Fuller street, 1892. Mills street to Hollister street, 1899. Waterloo street to Market street, 1899. Wilder street to Home avenue, 1892. Woodland avenue to Kalamazoo avenue, 1892. Yuba avenue to Houseman street, 1892. Bridges Across Grand River. There was no bridge for teams across Grand River at the Rapids until 1845. When the first settlers came all transportation was done by canoe. A ferry was soon established, a sort of scow or pole-boat, just below the upper islands, and used as needed, whenever the stage of the water in the river made it practicable. The landing on the east side was at the foot of Ferry street, midway between Pearl and Fulton, and the west landing was nearly 490 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. opposite. Many of the pioneers prior to 1845 kept canoes or small skiffs for their own use. Usually in the winter season there was good crossing on the ice both above and below the rapids. In 1834 heavily loaded teams crossed on the ice at the foot of the rapids till near the end of March. In the spring of 1843, as late as April 9, Daniel North crossed on the ice above the rapids with a loaded team. There was a good fording place near the line of Fulton street in times of low water. In the summer season for many years a temporary foot bridge was made use of during the low water stage, constructed by setting up wooden horses, and stringing thereon a narrow walk of plank. These seldom lasted long. Shallow places in the rapids, near Bridge street or below, were usually selected for them. In February, 1842, a meeting was held which resulted in the formation of an association to build a free bridge of timber or plank at or within half a mile of the Bridge street line. James Scribner, Lucius Lyon and Daniel Ball were prominent in this movement. Proposals were advertised for, but none were received. In June of that year a foot bridge was constructed a little below Bridge street, by Lovell Moore and James Scribner. It appears to have been strong enough to withstand moderately high water, and was kept in use two or three years, until the building of a, larger and permanent bridge adequate to meet all demands of teaming as well as foot travel. A bridge company was organized, and procured some special State legislation, but did not build a bridge. Bridge Street Bridge. The first bridge across Grand River in Grand Rapids was at Bridge street, built in 1845, under authority given to the Supervisors of Kent County by act of the Legislature, March 9, 1844. The grant was for "a free bridge," with an appropriation therefor as follows: "That six thousand acres of land be, and the same is, hereby appropriated for the purpose of building said bridge. The said Supervisors may select the land and report it to the State Land Commissioner, who~ shall reserve it for the purpose above stated, and who shall issue certificates therefor * * after the said bridge shall have been completed, provided it is finished within two years, * * and provided the amount of the certificates shall not exceed the cost of the bridge." This was a timber and plank bridge, and was built by Eliphalet H. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 491 Turner and James Scribner. David Burnett was the master carpenter. It was set upon eight stone piers, each 36 by 8 feet at the bottom, and five feet thick at the top, with ice-breakers up stream. John Harris was the master mason. The piers were 84 feet apart, with a stretch of over 100 feet to the east abutment. The superstructure was of the timber-truss pattern used in those days. There was an enthusiastic celebration upon the laying of the capstone at the west end, when the stone work was completed, August 9, 1845. Lovell Moore delivered an address in which he congratulated the workmen and citizens upon the success achieved, and the fact that the materials required in building the bridge "were all taken from where Nature placed them, within sight. ' The water in the river at that time was at a lower stage than it had been for seven years. The bridge was finished November 27. Dr. Francis H. Cuming was the first to drive across it.' At the same time the bridge across the canal was finished. It was built by Robert Hilton. Total cost of the two, about $1,000 paid by the county in addition to the 6,000 acres of land appropriated by the State. This bridge lasted only about seven years. The Grand Rapids Bridge Company was organized in January, 1852, its charter members being William A. Richmond, Henry R. Williams, William H. Withey, Harvey P. Yale and George Coggeshall, who were authorized to build a new bridge at Bridge street, and to take toll thereon. It was builta shingle roofed, lattice bridge-by David Burnett, and completed in the fall of 1852. Cost-about $9,500. This second bridge was burned April 5, 1858. At that time the Bridge Company consisted of William A. Richmond, President; John W. Peirce, Secretary and Treasurer; George Lovett, James M. Nelson and Abram W. Pike. They proceeded immediately to build another lattice bridge. The contract for this was also let to David Burnett, making it the third bridge erected by him on those piers. It was completed September 4. Until that year the Bridge street bridge was the only one across the river here. Its use was continued as a toll bridge until 1874, when the city purchased it for $1,000, and abolished the toll. This, lattice bridge lasted until 1884, when it was replaced by a wrought iron bridge, for the building of which the city had contracted in 1883. The formal opening of the iron bridge was celebrated July 26, 1884, by a public demonstration thereon in the evening, with speeches, 492 HlISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. music and a national salute of thirty-eight guns fired from the middle of the bridge. The structure was 650 feet long and 38 feet wide, resting upon substantial stone piers. The only woodwork was that of the plank roadway and the footwalks on either side. One span of this bridge was built in 1881 by the Wrought Iron Bridge Company of Canton, Ohio, at a cost to the city of $1,642.24. The main structure was built by the Morse Bridge Company of Youngstown, Ohio, cost $21,800. Piers and approaches, $11,944.83. East side canal bridge (wrought iron girder pattern) was built in 1888 by the Massillon (Ohio) Bridge Company, $7,000. Abutments, $2,100. Total cost, $44,487.07. After a few years the bridge was found to be inadequate for the travel and traffic. At the spring eleetion in 1902 a proposition to bond the city for $150,000 for two new bridges across the Grand river, one at Wealthy avenue and one at Bridge street, was submitted to the electors and was carried, 8,876 voting for the proposition and 5,718 against it. One-half of the proceeds of the bonds by vote of the Common Council on April 21st, 1902, was placed to the credit of the Wealthy avenue bridge fund and one-half to the credit of the Bridge street bridge fund. On July 14th, 1902, the Common Council by resolution declared that the construction of a concrete or concrete-steel bridge 66 feet wide at Bridge street was declared to be a public necessity. On April 17, 1903, plans and specifications by a concrete and a concrete-steel bridge were approved by the Board of Public Works. Bids were received and on June 5th, 1903, the contract was awarded to Joseph P. Rusche for $87,400. Work was commenced soon after and before cold weather the piers and abutments were completed. It was completed the next year and late in October, 1904, was open for travel. Its total cost was $97,393.61. Leonard Street Bridge. The second bridge for common road use was that at Leonard street, for the building of which a company was organized June 23, 1858-President, J. F. Chubb; Treasurer, Georg Kendall; Secretary, Win. A. Tryon. The contract for the piers was let to Peter Roberts, that for the superstructure to Luther Colby. It, was completed October 21, and under a charter given by the HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 493 Supervisors, was a toll bridge. It was 870 feet long, supported by seven stone piers, and landing upon stone abutments. It was of the Burr truss pattern, with a shingled roof. It was purchased by the city in 1873, and made a free bridge. In 1880, at a cost of $10,561.70, a new bridge (lattice) was built, which is still standing. Pearl Street Bridge. The Pearl Street Bridge Company was organized October 15, 1857-President, Solomon L. Withey; Secretary and Treasurer, William Hovey; Directors, S. L. Withey, J. W. Converse, W. D. Foster, Lucius Patterson. In the following year, Charles H. Taylor and Henry Martin were chosen Directors in place of Foster and Patterson. The main part of the bridge was built by J. W. Walton. It was of "double Burr truss" work, 620 feet long, resting upon massive stone abutments, and five-stone piers. The mason work was done by John Farr. It was completed for the passage of footmen and teams November 25, 1858. The eastern portion of the bridge, from the island across the steamboat channel to the foot of Pearl street (west line of Canal street), was built by Daniel Ball, and this was connected with the main structure by a high embankment across the island. The cost of the entire work was about $16,000. It was maintained as a toll bridge by the company until June, 1873, when the city purchased it for $1,000 and declared it a free bridge. By dint of much repairing, it was made to do service until 1886, and then superseded by the present structure, which was placed upon stone piers built by Sekell & Davidson in 1885. The superstructure was erected by the Massillon, Ohio, Bridge Company, at a cost of $20,480. Cost of piers, abutments, west-side canal bridge and approaches, $20,830.84. Total cost of bridge, $41,310.84. Fulton Street Bridge. The contract for the Fulton street bridge was let in December, 1884. John Olson was the contractor for the piers. It is of wrought iron, and high truss in style.' It has four spans, each 135 feet in length, set three feet apart, making the total length 549 feet. It is of an estimated average strength sufficient to sustain a load of 27,500 pounds to the lineal foot. The roadway is 24 feet wide, and the lateral braces are at an elevation suf/ 494 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. ficient to allow the passage under them of a load 16 feet high. It has a footwalk six feet wide on each side, with an iron fence or railing. The cost of the bridge, including piers, abutments, approaches, right of way and grading, was $61,251.25. It was constructed by the Massillon (Ohio) Bridge Company. In 1886, the Board of Public Works established wharf lines along the river banks, from Sixth to Fulton streets. They were to run from bridge to bridge, touching at the outer ends or angles of the abutments. Sixth Street Bridge. The bridge at Sixth and Newberry streets was begun in 1885, when the piers and abutments were constructed. These, with approaches, cost $11,084.95. The superstructure is of wrought iron, high truss pattern, and was erected in 1886 by the Ma.ssillon Bridge Company, costing $20,281; making the total cost of the bridge $31,365.95. Wealthy Avenue Bridge. For a Wealthy avenue bridge a contract for the substructure was awarded to James Higgins for $23,175 and work was comnienced in the fall of 1902, but high water and legal complications delayed the work, and finally the contractor abandoned the work, which was then completed by the Board of Public Works. Plans and specifications for the substructure were approved January 23d, 1904. Bids were received and the contract was awarded to the Milwaukee Bridge Company for $31,558, and called for a superstructure of a fixed span for 180 feet and a draw span of 234 feet, trusses 24 feet centers, with two six feet sidewalks. The superstructure is designed for a paved roadway and concrete sidewalks, and heavy electric cars. The contract of the Milwaukee Bridge Company was completed about April 1st, 1905. The total cost of the bridge at the last report was $65,553.34. It will be opened for travel before the end of 1905. The Railroad Bridges. The first bridge of the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railway (now the Grand Trunk) across Grand River was built of wood in 1857 and 1858. It was renewed in wood, in 1865 and 1866, with seven spans, each 100 feet in length. In October, 1877, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 495 the present bridge, built by the Detroit Bridge Company, of iron plate girders, was constructed at a cost of $40,000. It has five spans of 100 feet each, and two of 60 feet each. The work of putting it in place was done in forty-six hours. A portion of it was thrown from the piers in the flood of July, 1883, but soon was returned to its foundations. This is a very strong bridge. The first bridge of the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad was a Howe truss, of wood, and was completed in March, 1868. In the fall of 1874 it was replaced by another of similar character which cost $14,441.90. This latter was destroyed by the flood of July, 1883, when a temporary trestle was put across, costing $5,693.68. In January, 1884, the present structure, similar to the old one, but heavier, was erected. Its cost was $14,729. This bridge crosses the river above Falton street. The Chicago and West Michigan Railway bridge was erected in 1882 at a cost of something over $40,000. A large portion of it was carried away by the freshet in the summer of 1883, but it was soon rebuilt. It is a combination wood and iron Howe truss, and has a draw at the east end for the passage of vessels. It crosses the river diagonally a short distance above Wealthy avenue, close by the lower end of Island No. 3. It has a sidewalk for foot passengers. CHAPTER XII. THE CITY WATER SUPPLY. In pioneer days the region about the Rapids of Grand River was abundantly 'supplied with the finest and healthiest of spring water. Elxcept on the west side flats, there were few places where it did not come bubbling and sparkling from the earth. All along the foot of the hills and well up their sides were springs of most excellent water; and on the lower levels it was necessary to dig but a few feet for an ample supply of pure water for the households of the early comers. The growth to a village and then to a city changed all that. Where at first every family had a fine spring almost at its door, the increase of population befouled the water and created the necessity for an artificial supply. In the beginning of the settlement there was a large spring, from which came a rivulet large enough to run a turning establishment, half way up the hill north of East Bridge street-clear, cool and excellent for domestic use. Just a little southwest from where the Central High School building stands, under the brow of the hill, was another, from which a brook ran down Fountain street. In 1848 the latter, and a few years afterward the former, was turned into log pipes for the people "down town," and both sources for many years were used in the works of the Grand Rapids Hydraulic Company. But from this start grew the very comprehensive but not yet perfected system of water works now in use-or rather systems, for there are two; that of the Hydraulic Company being the older, started in 1848, while that of the City Water Works was not fairly established until 1874. In the course of examinations for sources of water supply in the city and adjoining country, the elevations of a considerable number of bodies of water were ascertained, and in 1886 the following statement of them was made by the City Engineer: Reservoir when full, 178 feet; Green Lake, 199; Reeds Lake and Fisk Lake, 141; Church Lake, 167; Saddlebag or Powers Lake, 190; Lamberton Creek (at river), 17; Lamberton Lake, 72.2; Button Lake, 85; Crooked Lake, 144; Hydraulic Well (Penney's 496 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 497 addition), 82.67. The base from which these elevations are calculated is low water at Fulton Street Bridge. Grand Rapids Hydraulic Company. In the fall of 1848 a number of gentlemen, of whom among the active workers were Canton Smith and Joseph J. Baxter, started the enterprise of supplying the more thickly settled portion of the village with good spring water for domestic use. For that purpose they took the water from a large spring situated between Ransom and Bostwick street, a few rods north of Fountain, from which flowed a lively creek down Fountain street. The pipes were the old fashioned pump logs-pine logs of about a foot in diameter, with three inch bore. The boring of the logs was done by Lucius A. Thayer, who fitted an auger especially for that purpose, and operated it by water power in one of the factories above Bridge street between the canal and the river. The pointing and fitting of the logs was done by hand by a ship carpenter. A square curb made of two inch oak plank was sunk at the spring. The trench in which the logs were laid was at no point more than three feet in depth. The piping was completed that fall from the spring down Fountain street to Ionia, thence to the National Hotel on Monroe street. In the following year the pipes were extended to the foot of Monroe, when it was found that the company had as many customers as that spring would supply. Meantime application was made to the Legislature for an act of incorporation, which was passed April 2, 1849, constituting George Coggeshall, Thompson Sinclair, Charles Shepard, Canton Smith, James M. Nelson, and their successors and assigns, a body corporate, to be known as "The President and Directors of The Grand Rapids Hydraulic Company," with a capital of not to exceed $30,000. The purpose of the organization was to be that of "conducting a plentiful supply of pure wholesome water to said village, for the use of the inhabitants of said village, and to supply reservoirs for extinguishing fires." The charter provided that the supply should "be obtained from the springs of water in and about said village, from Coldbrook, from the lake or lakes from which it has its source, or either of them, and from no other source." This charter was very comprehensive in the powers which it granted to the company, giving the right to enter upon and use streets, lands and 498 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. springs in and about the village, as might be requisite for its legitimate work, and moreover its franchises were given substantially in perpetuity. This latter point was determined in 1887 through a decision of the Superior Court, affirmed by the State Supreme Court, in a suit wherein the city attempted to restrain and enjoin the Grand Rapids Hydraulic Company from further laying of water pipes within the city. The decree of the courts was in favor of the Hydraulic Colmlpany. The Hydraulic Company's charter was drawn by Solomon L. Withey, who obtained some valuable hints for its ground work from the famous charter of the Manhattan Company of New York. Mr. Withey became a member of the company, and its first meeting was held June 20, 1849, at which time its organization was completed by the election of officers. Canton Smith was its first President, and its stock books were opened for subscription June 22, 1849. Having reached the limit of its supply, while the demand was steadily increasing, the company began to look about for more water. This they obtained from springs a little south of Wealthy avenue and east of Jefferson, laying logs from that locality to Fulton street, and thence toward the river. They then had a fairly adequate supply for the residents along their lines, and-that portion of the business part of the town west of Division and south of Pearl street. But the city continued to grow, while the springs did not, and more water must be had. The company went still further south and gathered the outflow from several springs on what was called the "Penney eighty." About 1854 Chriqtoph Kusterer and John Mangold began to use the large spring between Bridge and Hastings, a little east of Ottawa street, for domestic use. Previously, at a very early day, a portion of the stream from that spring had been carried down Bridge street to a watering trough in front of the Bridge Street House, which for years made an excellent watering place for horses. In the summer of 1855 the Council gave permission to the proprietors of the Bridge Street House and Western Hotel to lay pipes from the spring mentioned for their own use. Kusterer & Mangold, under a franchise obtained in 1859 from the Council, after having constructed a reservoir in which they collected the waters from this and other contiguous springs, laid pump logs down Bridge street and through Kent alley to Lyon street; also to and along by the buildings on the west side of Canal street, as far south as Huron, and down Canal street to HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 499J near Pearl, giving to the residents thus reached a fair supply of excellent water for domestic use. Neither they nor the Hydraulic Company had sufficient pressure to carry water above the second floors of buildings even-on the lower levels. Only wooden pipes or logs were used until 1857, when upon the first paving of Monroe street, the Hydraulic Company laid a small iron main down that thoroughfare. In 1864 Amos Roberts, Warren P. Mills, James Lyman and Joseph Penney became stockholders in the Grand Rapids Hydraulic Company. The total stock subscription October 29 of that year was $24,800. In 1870 the water rights of the Kusterer & Mangold Company were by mutual arrangement merged in those of the Hydraulic Company. In 1872 the company undertook the construction of a deep reservoir upon ground purchased of Mr. Penney toward the southeastern part of the city, in the hope of greatly increasing its supply. This was a large brick curb with a cast-iron shoe at the bottom, sunk to a depth of about thirty feet. The water from that source was of excellent quality, and though not abundant in quantity, enabled this company largely to extend the distribution. Not much addition was made to the water resources until 1886, when the company procured a site near the east bank of the river, north of the city, where this company sank a well and established a pumping-house station. The well curb is of brick, twenty feet in diameter, and about the same depth, and coated with cement outside and in, so that the inflow is at the bottom. It is fed by spring water from the high lands adjacent, where are fine springs and spring brooks. The pump house is supplied with one compound and one high pressure engine, and two boilers, five feet in diameter and sixteen feet long; four-inch flues, sixty-four in each. The pumping capacity is estimated at 3,000,000 gallons daily. Warren P. Mills, from 1864 up to the time' of his death in 1868, was collector and principal business manager of the company. After that time Rohert I. Shoemaker was Superintendent of the pipe system. The Grand Rapids Hydraulic Company has not increased, technically, the original capital stock of $30,000, but has issued stock certificates to a large amount, for enlarging and improving the works. Up to the end of 1888 the company laid about fifteen miles of iron mains, from six to twelve inches in diameter, C0O HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. and displaced all but three or four miles of the old wood and small pipes. The company also erected at the corner of Clinton and Newberry streets a stand pipe, 100 feet high and 20 feet in diameter. This was made of steel boiler plate, half an inch thick at the base and a quarter of an inch thick at the top. The officers of the company in 1888 were: Moses R. Crow, President; John E. More, Vice-President and Secretary; David A. Crow, Treasurer, and Robert I. Shoemaker, Superintendent. The Foreclosure. On February 12th, 1892, a bill of complaint for foreclosure was filed in the United States Circuit Court for the Western District of Michigan by the American Loan and Trust Company of Massachusetts against the officers of the Grand Rapids Hydraulic Company, and on April 25, 1893, Mr. Thomas J. O'Brien was appointed Receiver by the Court. The company has been operated by the Receiver ever since, and the Receiver has been able to do little or nothing in taking care of the debts of the company; it is hopelessly insolvent. Since it went into the hands of a Receiver no improvements have been made in the service; only by strict economy has the Receiver been able to pay operating expenses. At the last session of the Legislature (1905) a bill was passed repealing the Act of 1849 incorporating the Grand Rapids Hydraulic Company and providing for the allowance and payment of the claims of the company against the city for the value of its tangible property. Negotiations are pending (1905) for a settlement of the claims, but a resort to the courts may be necessary before the Hydraulic Company settles its affairs with the city, but undoubtedly in the near future the plant of the Hydraulic Company will be absorbed by the city and the two systems united. The present (1905) officers of the Hydraulic Company are: David A. Crow, President; John E. More, Vice-President and Secretary, and Cornelius Marsman, Treasurer. The City Water Works. Prior to 1874 the main reliance of the city for water was upon the Grand Rapids Hydraulic Company's works. That company's HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 501 system was chiefly for supplying water for residences, stores and other buildings. The supply for city uses procured from that source was small, although many reservoirs at street corners were fed therefrom. It was inadequate for great emergencies; in case of fire the pressure furnished was not sufficient to. carry large quantities much above the ground floors of buildings. Soon after two or three disastrous fires, in 1870, the citizens began to discuss the necessity of an ample water supply under the full control of the city. At a public meeting a resolution was adopted to the effect that, "We need a better water supply, and are able to have it." In the spring of 1871 a Council committee was appointed to investigate and report as to sources of supply, and plan of distribution. J. L. Pillsbury, a hydraulic engineer of Boston, was called, and in company with resident engineers, made an examination of the springs, streams and lakes, in and near the city. His report was substantially in favor of using Reeds Lake, and of a system of iron pipes for the distribution. The discussion was continued without arriving at a definite decision for two or three years. In the spring of 1873, Peter Hogan of Albany, N. Y., was called in, and another examination made. Mr. Hogan, in an elaborate report, recommended the construction of a reservoir on the hill, the use of cemented wrought iron pipes, and the utilization of the waters of Carrier Creek, Coldbrook and Lamberton Creek, as the necessities of the city might require. No immediate steps were taken, but the disastrous fire of July 13, in that year, north of Bridge street, again aroused the people to the need of decisive action. A Board of Public Works had been created for the city, by an act passed in March, 1873, under whose control the subject of water supply and the construction of the necessary works was placed, after a general plan should have been submitted to the Council. The Board in July submitted the plan of Mr. Hogan, with the recommendation that $250,000 be raised for that purpose, which was submitted to popular vote and adopted. The financial panic of that year delayed the work somewhat, but pipes were purchased, and before the first of December about two miles were laid down in Bridge, Canal and Monroe streets, and connected with a small reservoir belonging to C. C. Comstock, on the brow of the hill, near Newberry street. Thus a temporary supply of water was obtained, adding considerably to the means for extinguishing 502 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. fires. In the spring of 1874 work was resumed, and in that year about eleven miles of the banded wood pipe known as the Wyckoff patent pipe was laid. The site for a reservoir, comprising about five and one-half acres, was purchased, and the reservoir constructed at a total cost of $54,082.71. A site for the pumping house, on the bank of the river at the mouth of Coldbrook, was also purchased, and the building erected that year. This ground includes five lots, and has 250 feet front on Canal by 186 feet on Coldbrook street. The choice of this site gave, in addition to the control of the water in the creeks above mentioned, access to Grand River, rendering it certain Jhat in no event would the city ever be short of water as good as the river would afford. The works, as constructed, combine the reservoir and direct pressure systems; the pumps work directly into the mains; all surplus water passes into the reservoir, which is only drawn upon when the pumps are not running, or in case of emergency. Thq reservoir is on top of the bluff, at the head of Livingston and Mason streets, occupying an area of three and one-fourth acres. It was built by T. C. Brooks and A. C. Sekell, contractors, under the superintendence of Assistant Engineer William Thornton. The pumping house, erected at the mouth of Coldbrook Creek, is cruciform, 75 by 97 feet in extreme dimensions, and, except a two-story front, one story high. The chimney is 100 feet high. It rests upon solid rock. Robert Hilton and Robert Davidson were the contractors. The original pumping engines were designed by Demetrius Turner, and constructed by Butterworth & Lowe, of Grand Rapids. The river water being considered unfit for use in summer, resort was had to Coldbrook and Carrier Creeks, near their junction, about 1,900 feet east of the pumping works. The distribution at first included about twelve miles of pipe-about two miles being of cast iron, and the rest of wood (Wyckoff patent). The iron pipe was laid by Charles Peterson, and the Wyckoff pipe by T. B. Farrington and H-. A. Branch. The reservoir pressure is sufficient to throw water over any building on the lower levels of the city. Work Done in 1874. Work done in 1874 on the city water works cost upward of $260,000, of which about $118,000 was for the pipe system. A published statement showed at the end of that year 10,389 feet HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. I 503 of iron pipe laid, and 56,262 feet of Wyckoff pipe-about 12.7 miles in all. This Wyckoff wood pipe was made by turning from the logs the outside sapwood, then boring out the center to the requisite sizes, which varied from four to sixteen inches. The pipe was then wound spirally with strong hoop iron, three thicknesses, at a distance of about three inches between coils, and over 'all was put a coat of liquefied asphalt, rendering it impervious to water and air. These pipes were kept in use about fourteen years, doing good service under strong pressure. The work during the year 1875, in addition to laying of pipes in the streets, included a pipe across the river for supplying the west side, and the purchase of ground for, and the construction of a settling basin, the latter being located on Coldbrook, just above the crossing of the Grand Trunk railroad track, where it is joined by Carrier Creek. On the first of January, 1876, the city had 99,668 feet of water mains laid. Attached to these were 199 public and several private hydrants, and 107 stop valves. The engineer estimated the cost of the works up to that time at about $341,000. During.1876, about three and a half miles of water mains were added (17,766 lineal feet), and thirty-six hydrants. The amount expended upon the works that year was $29,328. In April, 1878, City Surveyor Sekell made a test trial of the pumping engine at the water works. The average steam pressure during the trial was 34 pounds. Water was taken directly from the twenty-inch supply main leading from the.ettling basin. The test showed a result of 25,483,915. pounds raised one foot for every hundred pounds of wood, or about two and a half times that amount for every hundred pounds of coal. The pump delivery was 97.82 gallons at each revolution, the piston l aving a stroke of six feet. A duplicate pumping machine was purchased which cost $11,200. From 1878 onward for several years very little progress was made in improving the city water works, the chief labor and outlay being for their care and preservation. September 2, 1880, after a heavy fall of rain, occurred a serious disaster to the force-main, which is the pipe leading from the pumping house to the reservoir. A portion of the end leading up the sand hill was undermined, only a few rods below the reservoir, through the washing out of the sand by the storm, and between 300 and 400 feet of the main -was carried out. This was of the Wyckoff pipe, 504 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 16 inches in diameter; thus broken up into its original sections of eight or ten feet in length. In repairing, this was replaced with iron pipe. Various efforts were made to. obtain funds to procure an increase of water supply. A proposition submitted for a loan of $100,000, July 24, 1883, was defeated by a majority of 430 votes against it. Another for $300,000, July 7, 1885, was defeated by an adverse majority of 515 votes. April 5, 1886, a proposition for a loan of $75,000 was likewise defeated. December.14, 1886, a proposition for a loan of $500,100 met with 1,104 adverse majority. Still another effort for a loan of $250,000 was voted down, December 6, 1887, the majority against it being 1,095. But in the following year there came a great change in public opinion, and on the 7th of August, 1888, the electors of the city voted-yeas, 2,799, nays 946-in favor of procuring by loan $150,000 to extend the mains and improve the water supply. Bonds to that amount were issued, and from this sale $168,248.35 was realized. Contract was made for 31 miles of pipe, and 13 miles were laid before the end of 1888. Other improvements made to the water system included a filtering crib in the center of the river, with a pipe from the crib to the pumping-house well; also a new boiler-house. A very important item in the water works system was the cast iron main, 16 inches in diameter and 600 feet long, laid across the river in 1886, near the pumping station. This took the place of an earlier and smaller one which had become valueless. Improvements. The Legislature at the session of 1889 passed an act authorizing the city to borrow a sum not exceeding $80,000, issuing bonds therefor, to substitute iron pipe for the Wyckoff wooden pipe, for the erection of a standpipe and for other improvements of the water works system. In accordance with a vote of the Common Council, bonds to the amount of $80,000 were issued, which were sold at a premium and the proceeds applied as designated in the act-the more important improvements being the replacing of the wood pipe with iron, the extension of the mains, the erection of a standpipe, and the construction of the filtering beds in the channel of Grand River nearly opposite the pumping house. The plans and work involved the abandonment of Coldbrook and Carrier creeks, as sources of supply, the great growth HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 505 of the city in that direction having contaminated their waters; and with them the settling basin also went out of the use for v hich it i as made. After those improvements the status of the City Water Works system was represented by F. A. TWamley, Secretary of the Board of Public Works, as follows: Water supply: Grand River through three gravel filtering beds, built in excavations in solid rock in center of the river, and below the river bottom. Sizes of filter beds: No. 1, 8 by 10 feet; No. 2, 6 by 104 feet; No. 3, 40 by 460 feet, with galleries below and conduit 3 by 3 feet in size from galleries to pump well on bank of river. Pumping to reservoir for low service; pumping to standpipe for high service. Pumping machinery: Daily capacity, 12,000,000' gallons. For low service, horizontal direct acting condensing pump with 33 inch steam and 20 inch water cylinder of 72 inch stroke, made by Eagle Iron Works, Detroit, capacity 5,000,000 gallons. One horizontal direct acting condensing pump with 33 inch steam and 15 inch water cylinder of 72 inch stroke, made by Butterworth i% Lowe, Grand Rapids, capacity 3,000,000 gallons. High service: One duplex compound condensing pump with 18 inch and 30 inch steam, and 16 inch water cylinder, 24 inch stroke, made by Smith, Vaile & Co., Dayton, Ohio, capacity 2,500,000 gallons. One qordon and Maxwell duplex high pressure condensing pump with 20 inch steam cylinders and 12 inch water cylinders, 18 inch stroke, to be used as an auxiliary pump, daily capacity 1,500,000 gallons. Pumping machinery and force mains of high and low lressure interchangeable. Distributing reservoir: Capacity, 6,000,000 gallons. In excavation and embankment 196 feet in diameter at the bottom, 271 teet at the top; twenty-five feet deep, with twenty feet of water. 'he bank is mostly of sand, with puddle in the center along the natural surface and over the bottom. The bank is twelve feet \wide on top with an inner slope of one and a half to one, and an outer of two to one. The inner slope is paved with one foot of cobble stones laid on one foot of concrete, except the upper two feet of the slope, which has six inches of cobbles set in gravel. The bottom has an eight-inch cobble stone pavement on eight inches of concrete. The flow line is 177 feet above the river. The reservoir has never leaked. The sixteen-inch force main and 506 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. twenty-inch effluvent pipe are carried under the bank, enclosed in masonry piers. The force main ends in a. mass of masonry and the effluvent pipe begins in a small masonry well, both at the foot of the inner slope. Stalndpipe: Of iron, capacity 397,000 gallons; thirty feet in diameter and seventy-five feet high, on a substantial masonry foundation. Distribution: Mains 59 miles in length. All cast iron except four miles of wood, which are shortly to be relaid with cast iron. Two cast iron submerged mains cross the river, 12 and 16 inches in size. Services-lead. Taps-2,568. Meters-Worthington. Crown, Ball & Fitts duplex, 400. Hydrants-Mathews, Galvin Mathews, Ludlow, and Lowry, 604. Valves-Galvin & Eddy, 412. Average consumption-2,716,736 gallons daily. Pressure-70 pounds low service, 35 pounds high service. Cost. Cost of entire works, $715,885.52. Debt, $612,000; $382,000 at 8 per cent., and $230,000 at 5 per cent. Annual operating expense, $22,084.44. Annual revenue, $41,838.66. No revenue from the city. In 1890 a stand pipe of wrought iron, 30 feet in diameter and 75 feet high, was built on a lot purchased for that purpose next to the reservoir. In 1893 a subsidence basin was excavated in the rock bottom of the river to a depth below the bottom of the pump-well, with walls built from the river bottom to a point above the surface of the ground about the station. The basin was built with a partition wall through the center longitudinally, so that one side can be cut out of service whenever it becomes necessary to remove sediment from it, by closing rates, leaving the other side open for use. The basin is covered with a roof to prevent dust or foreign material from getting into the water, as well as to protect the public against injury. The basin was calculated to dimensions admitting a flow of 20,000,000 gallons daily, with water moving so slowly as to allow all sand to precipitate. The same year a larger conduit than the old one wias found essential, and plans were adopted for excavating a new one HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 507' which extended from the subsidence basin to the intake. The sides of the conduit were lined up with masonry and an arch of stone work built; the arch being covered with concrete masonry. This conduit has an area of cross-section of twenty-five square feet, length of same being 274 feet. In connection with this work was the extension of the Coldbrook and culvert across the pump house grounds to the river. This extension was about 200 feet long. The river rock bed was cleared off, stone abutments built thereon upon a footing of concrete which extended entirely across the work. The last 100 feet toward the river was plastered with cement mortar one inch thick, making the bottom where it passed over the new conduit and for a considerable distance each way as tight as a cistern. This arrangement placed the outfall of the creek culvert below the conduit, in the rapid current of the river. In addition to the items mentioned there was a large quantity of earth deposited between the retaining wall and the subsidence basin and around the culvert. In January, 1892, a Gaskill pump was purchased by the city at a cost of $48,000. Owing to the quantity of sand drawn through the old intake, the work was not wholly satisfactory, but since the new intake and subsidence basin have been in use the pump has given satisfactory work. For the year ending April 30th, 1894, 887,839,831 gallons of water were pumped into the stand pipe. To meet the continually increasing consumption of water, the board in 1895 erected a fifteen million Triple Expansion, High Duty Nordberg Pumping Engine, which when installed, together with the Gaskill Pumping Engine, transferred to the hill service, was able to furnish a daily supply of 23 million gallons; a quantity anticipating the city's demands for a number of years, leaving what is known as the Butterworth Pumps (combined capacity 10 million gallons) as a reserve. The large pumping engine was installed September 5th, 1895. To economically distribute the quantity thus used, it was necessary that an additional force main be placed on the hill service, remote sections of which were for a time poorly supplied, as well as to increase the standpipe to give additional pressure on that service, and a large main was laid to that section of the low service where the supply was inadequate. These required ex 508 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Fenditures were necessary to supply the territory that was added to the city in 1891. Because of extremely cold weather in the winters of 1898-99 many water mains were frozen. The following summer the mains which gave the most trouble were lowered. In 1898 the City commenced a policy of putting in meters for metering the water to residences. It was expected that this would result in reducing the amount of water pumped. Each year some additional meters have been added. Report of Experts. In 1899 the City employed two water experts of New York, Allen Hazen and Samuel M. Gray, to examine the water works of the City and the conditions of the City and surrounding territory and report thereon. On December 6, 1899, these experts reported: That the source of supply was ample in quantity, but that it was contaminated by sewage and manufacturing wastes, which rendered the water unsuitable for domestic use. The experts also reported that there was an insufficient pressure of water for fire protection.. The experts also considered the possible sources from which water could be obtained; the Bailey Springs, Lake Michigan, Little Muskegon River above Newaygo, Muskegon River near Hersey, the small Lakes northeast of the City in Kent County, the water from driven wells, Thornapple River, and Grand River. As a result of their investigation and study they recommended Grand River as a source of supply and that the water be taken from the river above the Soldiers' ome and that it be filtered by sand filtration. The experts also recommended the improvement of the water works at a Cost of $1,426,000. The experts reported that a sufficient quantity of water to supply the City could not be obtained from the Bailey Springs; that Lake Michigan offered an unlimited supply of good, pure water suitable for a domestic supply without being filtered, but that to obtain water from Lake Michigan would cost over $4,000,000. They reported that the cost of obtaining water from Little Muskegon River would amount to $4,000,000; that the Kent County lakes could not furnish an adequate supply. They reported that they could not recommend driven wells as a means of supply. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPID5) 509 They also reported, in substance, that the Thornapple River possessed few, if any, advantages over Grand River as a source of supply for the City. The cost of the different projects, as summarized, was as follows: Lake Michigan project, $4,144,566; from the Lakes to Kent County, $4,223,961; from Muskegon River, $3,975,861; the Thornapple project, $2,733,375; Grand River project, $2,530,364. In the year ending in April, 1900, 910 meters were set in the City, making the total number in use at the end of that year 2,103. That year showed a decrease in water consumption of over 1,000,000 gallons a day. Break in the, Reservoir. Early in the morning of July 2, 1900, the City reservoir burst its walls to the south at the head of Livingston street and poured its contents of 6,000,000 gallons with a tremendous roar to the south and east and moved away nearly everything in its path. The pumping station had sent too much water into the reservoir. Early in the morning just after daybreak two newsboys delivering their morning papers discovered the water running over the bank and alarmed the neighborhood, but within about twenty minutes a break in the bank let out the flood which swept down the hill east to Coldbrook creek, which was soon swollen to the size of a great river. Houses and sidewalks were overturned and wrecked. Trees and telephone poles were torn out of the earth. Newberry street, Colt avenue, Clancy street, and Bradford street for many rods were torn up and completely wrecked. The residence of Jacob Bolhae at No. 481 N. Lafayette street. with its sleeping inmates, was carried to the Grand Trunk Railway track. The residence of Mrs. McIntyre at No. 200 Coit avenue was pierced clear through with a telephone pole. The house of William Cooper at 225 Clancy street was. carried away and overturned. Mr. and Mrs. Cooper were carried away by the flood and Mrs. Cooper was severely injured by its violence. No lives were lost by the accident, but several were severely injured. The loss in property was estimated at nearly $100,000.00. In the year 1902-03 two new boilers were installed at the pumping station at a cost of $3,500 and a steam header at a cost of $5,149.32. Commencing with January 1, 1903, an annual 510 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. charge of $2.00 per year was made against all service supplied with meters and the minimum for metered water was placed at $7.00 per year. Water Works Extension. At the spring election in 1903 $170,000 was voted for water works extension. This year the number of meters was increased to 2,766. This year also a Tell-Tale was put in service between the reservoir and the pumping station at a cost of $1,440.68. By this instrument the exact height of the water in the reservoir can be ascertained at any time and a threatened outbreak like that of July 2, 1900, avoided. In the winter of 1903-04 many mains in the City were frozen and for several weeks large districts in various parts of the City were without service. Artesian Wells.-Besides the eight deep wells sunk in this vicinity in efforts to establish the manufacture of salt, a considerable number have been bored to procure water for domestic and factory uses. In most of these flowing veins have been struck, at depths varying between 150 and 325 feet, with pressure sufficient to elevate the water a considerable distance above the ground; in some cases to a height of 30 feet in localities not far above the river level. The Butterworth well, started to procure salt, was subsequently used for a time to furnish medicinal baths. In the spring of 1873, William T. Powers put down a well in the Arcade under his opera house, and at a depth of 304 feet, procured a fine flowing stream. He put in tubing and constructed a fountain, where thousands of passers by take refreshing draughts daily. An analysis of the water shows it free from organic matter, and in that sense perfectly pure, while it carries about 157 grains to the gallon of mineral agents in solution, and is deemed excellent for its medicinal properties. Its temperature is agreeable, and its taste not unpleasant. At the Phoenix Furniture Factory,.a well was sunk in the spring of 1883. Here was produced a stream flowing about 2,000 barrels daily, with a pressure furnishing a head of about 38 feet. Its depth is 168 feet. The water is useful for different purposes about the factory, and is deemed good for drinking, having HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 511 a slight mineral taste. Two years later, another well was bored, on South Front street at Wallin's Tannery. This went down 151 feet, and from it the water flowed to, a height of 30 feet, clear, pure and cold. Soon afterward a well was drilled at the Eagle Hotel, from which water pronounced good as a beverage came up in abundance. In 1886, in the Widdicomb Block, a bore 210 feet deep struck apparently the same vein that was reached at the Eagle Hotel. In 1888 was put down a well by the northeast corner of the Hermitage block, at the junction of Canal and Bridge streets, from which the water came up in a rapid current from a depth of 323 feet, through a six-inch tube, and with pressure sufficient to carry it several feet above the ground. This water was strongly impregnated with mineral substances, acids and carbonates. It was not palatable for drinking. This well cost $1,194.40. The flow at first was at the rate of 160 gallons per minute, or about 7,432 barrels daily. January 15, 1887, a company was organized in this city with the avowed purpose, as one of them expressed it, of "going for salt, coal petroleum, gas or China." In other words, their object was to sink an experimental test well, to ascertain the character of the geological structure underlying the town, and to determine the question whether or not oil, inflammable gas, salt, coal or other valuable substance could be found available for profitable use or manufacture. They started with the intention of putting the well down 3,000 feet, or reach Trenton rock, if necessary to the accomplishment of their object. Upward of fifty prominent business citizens invested in stock of this association, of which the capital was placed at $10,00'0. The following directors were chosen: Freeman Godfrey, John L. Shaw, William T. Powers, Robert B. Woodcock, Adolph Leitelt, William Widdicomb, and James K. Johnston-President, Freeman Godfrey; Vice President, J. L. Shaw; Secretary and Treasurer, William Widdicomb. The contract for sinking the well was let to Noble & Co., who at once entered upon the work. At the depth of 240 feet there was a flow of fresh water. At 452 feet the water was cased off. From that down to 1,205 feet the drilling was mostly dry and through hard strata. Then came sand rock with a flow of strong salt water. At 1,500 feet there were traces of oil and gas. The 512 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. flow increased until at 2,200 feet it burned at the mouth of the well, with a bluish flame four feet in length; and the quantity of gas continued to increase until strong salt water came in at about 2,220 feet and drowned it out. At 2,300 feet boring was suspended and the well cased with 412 inch tube, internal diameter. After this the drilling was continued to 2,340 and there stopped, the bore having become clogged, leaving the detached drill at or near the bottom. This well was sunk at a. point near where Godfrey avenue comes to the railroad track. It is commonly called the Godfrey well, or the "Deep Well." Sewerage,-The original charter of the city invested the Common Council with "full power and authority to construct, repair and preserve sewers and drains." There was at that time abundant need of such work, but the city did not fully wake up to a realization of that fact during the first three or four years. The first work was done sparingly and economically. Some of the early sewers consisted simply of lines of box pipes made of plank put together in square form, and of various inside dimensions from six to twelve inches. But about 1855, when grading began in earnest, permanent materials for sewering, and more systematic methods, were found necessary. The first brick sewer was laid down in Monroe street when that thoroughfare was paved with cobblestone in 1856; previous to which time efforts at drainage had been limited to wooden pipes, open ditches, and cheaply constructed culverts at places where spring rivulets crossed the streets. Short sewers or drains were put in about 1857 at the foot of Canal and Bridge streets and Crescent avenue, and one of greater length from Washington street toward the river. The work proceeded without much system until about 1865. In the. early part of that year, what was called a city grade bench was established. It was made of a large granite boulder, appropriately marked and sunk in the ground at the southwest corner of the triangular park in which stands the Soldiers' Monument. This was adopted as a starting point from which to establish grades, and thereafter the fixing of grades of sewers was determined with reference thereto. Thus was established a general uniformity of descent and flowage, as near as might be, through these conduits. The slopes of the east part of the city are such as to make this system of drainage most excellent and well-nigh perfect. The, trunk sewers made since that HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 513 date from the vicinity of Washington and Jefferson, and in Fulton, Monroe, Fountain and Ionia, Crescent avenue, Bridge, the alley between Canal and Kent, and also in South Division street, all constructed of brick, are large and expensive. They are laid at a depth sufficient for the drainage of buildings, cellars and basements adjacent, and a small fee is exacted of the property holder for each connection with a sewer. On the west side also are several large conduits of considerable length, especially that in West Bridge street, and the main trunk coming down from the northward across Bridge street a little east of the railroad track and curves to the river below, where formerly ran a brook. At the west line of the city is a flowage of considerable volume through a large open ditch, going out southward, which will some day need transformation into a covered sewer. Being so nearly level, the outflow of drainage on that side is rather sluggish; yet, the sewerage is generally good and efficient. Considerable difficulty has been encountered in the matter of the disposal of sewerage into the river. From the foot of Lyon street down to near the steamboat landing, a large, arched culvert receives the contents of several trunk sewers, and conducts them below. Yet there has often been complaints of the offensive odors arising from the still water into which they discharge. The aggregate length of the sewers of the city in 1904 is given as follows: Miles. Combined...............................119,128 Separate system Sanitary................................ 12,726 Storm................................... 11,619 Composed of the following: B rick.................................. 23,083 Vitrified pipe........................... 118,120 Cement pipe............................. 100 W rought iron pipe........................ 160 Cast iron pipe............................ 224 Concrete sewer................. 1,392 Concrete-brick........................... 394 Total...................................143,473 In conection with this system there are 2,434 manholes. There are several water companies which for many years have 514 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. furnished water in bottles to the citizens of Grand Rapids. The Artic Spring Water Co. furnishes water from a spring in the hill side north of Bridge street, which has been used from the first settlement as a water supply for the neighborhood. There is also the Crystal Springs Water Company which obtains its supply from springs on the bank of Plaster Creek. The Ponce De Leon Water Company obtains its stock from springs a few miles southeast from the city. The Minnehaha Spring Water Company receives its supply from springs on West Bridge Street hill. CHAPTER XIII. GRAND RAPIDS FIRE DEPARTMENT. When, in a city like Grand Rapids, there is an alarm of "Fire," and the various pieces of appartus, polished until they look like myriads of mirrors, go rustling by, how few people who gaze thereon consider who were the men, or what were the amounts of money expended, that built up, from an unorganized mass of men and women fighting against a common enemy, so large and efficient a fire department. For those who do care to know what lies back of that brilliant display of uniformed men, prancing steeds and glittering metal this chapter is written. In the beginning and the beginning began July 12th, 1844, the Court House of Kent Co., a two story frame building located on what is now Fulton St. Park together with its contents valued in all at $5,000.00 burned. The next morning the "Enquirer" printed the following: FIREi FIRE! The citizens of Grand Rapids are requested to meet at the Mansion House on Monday evening, next, for the purpose of proteeting themselves against fire. Many Citizens. This resulted in the construction by Wim. Peaslee, a local manufacturer, of a hand engine called "a tub." It consisted of a box five or six feet long, two and a half feet wide and fifteen inches deep, set upon four wheels perhaps thirty inches in diameter. In the bottom of the box was a force pump with no suction attachment leading outside. On either side attached to the pump handles -was a brake of sufficient length for four men to work. From the pump was a short line of hose and a nozzle attached. In case of fire men dragged this little machine to the spot by ropes. A double line of men called the "bucket brigade" extended from the machine to the nearest water supply, one line passing up filled buckets and the other returning them empty. "Man the brakes" wou.: be the order. Eight 515 516 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. men, four on each side, would rock the brakes and simultaneously the bucket brigade would pour a steady stream of water into the tub. Thus a stream of water could be thrown over a three story building. In addition to the Bucket Brigade, Hook and Ladder Companies Nos. 1 and 2 were organized. These were unpaid un-uniformed volunteer men and their apparatus consisted of a few buckets, hooks and ladders. These were placed on a cart drawn by hand. The engine house, at the northeast corner cf Kent and Crescenf Ave., where the apparatus was stored cost $60.00. Following this Mr. Peaslee constructed another hand engine provided with double force pump and suction hose arranged to throw two streams at the same time. It took 16 men to operate it. Feb. 22, 1849, the first school house built in District No. 1, northwest corner of Fulton and Barclay St., burned. In 1849 the Wendell residence, situated on the northwest corner of Fulton and Lafayette Sts., occupied by Judge Mundy, burned together with nearly all of its contents. Within a week the following petition, the original of which is in the historical room of the Ryerson Library was presented to the village council: To the Honorable Board of Trustees of the Village of Qrand. Rapids: The undersigned citizens of Grand Rapids would respectfully petition your honorable body to take immediate measures to procure for the village a good fire engine and other necessary apparatus for the extinguishment of fires. Signed: C. H. Taylor, Win H. McConnell, L. N. Wade, Wm. Bemis, C. P. Calkins, C. W. Hathaway, S. P. Perkins, W; Woodward, Jas. M. Smith, Geo. F. Jones, E. B. Smith, Wm. L. Waring, Ira S. Hatch, W. P. Coggeshall, A. Roberts, J. T. Finney, W. D. Porter, G. C. Nelson, C. Smith, John C. Buchanan, W. N. Cook, W. H. Godfroy, Leonard Snyder, John Mathison, W. A. Richmond, T. W. Parry, John King, Jas. D. Lyon, Wm. W. Hatch, Jas. McCray, A. H. Proctor, A. B. Turner, Wm. H. Stewart, Alexander McColl, P. R. Jarvis, Chas. Burnhan, Cyrus Bennett, J. M. Stanly, Richard Sterling, John I, Ellis, Edward E. Sargeant, L. R. Atwater, Geo. Martin, R. W. Cole, George Fitch, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 517 J. W. Peirce, F. H. Quming, John W. Squier, A. H. Smith, T. Campau, J. M. Nelson, W. P. Mills, D. Burnett, Ben Haxton, J. Morresy, James Miller, John Clancy, Henry Martin, Win. Shelton, G. Supernant, I. T. Sawthel, L. Covell, W. J. Wells, W. L. Coffinberry, H. Dean, W. A. Brown, J. J. Baxter, Henry R. Williams, John Bemis, Jas. Lyman, E. C. Putnam, D. McConnell, R. C. Luce, G. B. Rathbone, G. M. Mills, Barker and Almy, Alonzo Platt, R. I. Shoemaker, Geo. Kendall, J. Morrison, H. P. Gale, W. G. Henry, John Wescott, Sam'l Buchanan Sr., Michael Connolly, J. P. Hanchett, Jacob Barns, R. M. Collins, Wm. Haldum, Joseph Marion, Wm. T. Powers, Gains S. Dean, John E. Wyman, E. S. Marsh, B. S. Hanchett, P. H. Bowman, E. T. Nelson, John M. Connell, Wmn. I. Blakeley, Baker Borden, Samuel Howland, Geo. Stevenson, A. W. Pike, Benjamin Teller, C. B. White, H. H. Ives, F. Everitt, H. S. Wartrous, A. X. Cary, J. W. Robbins, Daniel F. Tower, Chas. Shepard, L. Moore, John T. Holmes, Harry Eaton, William Clancy, B. Noble, H. K. Rose, H. C. Patten, J. L. Clements, Z. G. Winsor, Charles C. Grompe, J. W. (? /; Sligle, J. W. Wallace, T. H. Lyon. ' Of this number D. McConnell, E. T. Nelson, Wm. T. Powers, George C. Nelson, W. N. Cook and A. W. Pike are the only ones living at the present writing. As a result of the movement started by this petition a hand engine was purchased from Wm. Snook of Rochester, N. Y., together with one hundred and fifty feet of riveted hose, the total cost of engine and hose being eight hundrd and three dollars and fifty cents, which was paid for by popular subscription. While awaiting the coming of the apparatus early in the fall of 1849 Alert Fire Co. No. 1 was organized with the following members: Charles H. Taylor, Solomon O. Kingsbury, John Clancy, Wm. D. Roberts, Daniel McConnell, Frank N. Godfroy, William H. Almy, Thos. W. Parry, Wilder D. Foster, Ira S. Hatch, Benjamin Haxton, Geo. H. White, William Clancy, Harvey K. Rose, James W. Sligh, T. S. Rock, Justin M. Stanlr, William N. Cook, George C. Fitch, John C. Buchanan, Charles Trompe, William B. Renwick, M. Sparlin, Ruben Wheeler, Samuel F. Perkins, Robert M. Collins, Jacob Barnes, C. W. McKenzie. Of this company Charles H. Taylor was elected foreman. Dec. 17, 1849, the hand engine arrived. It could throw five barrels of water per minute over the highest building in Mon 518 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. roe St. It was stored in the school house on Prospect Hill, southwest corner of Ottawa and Pearl, Jan. 2, 1850, Alert Co. No. 1 drew it to the residence of Ranson C. Luce, now 35 and 37 Monroe St., and there extinguished a blaze. Jan. 14, 1850, the Catholic Chapel, southeast corner Monroe and Ottawa Sts., erected in 1834 by Richard Godfroy burned. Mrs. and Miss Kilroy, mother and sister of the priest, perished in the fire. Jan. 15, 1850, Hook and Ladder No. 1 was organized with the following members: Foreman, C. B. White; Assistant Foreman, David Burnet; Mimbers, Wm. I. Blakely, Robert Hilton, Wm. Dickinson, Pliny c nith, Benjamin Luce, Byron Morton, Harry Ives, Alridge Pelton, Godfrey Gill, Isaac Nichols. Later in Jan., 1850, Protective Fire Co., No. 2, was organized with the following members: Foreman, Dudley Handley; Assistants, Darwin B. Lyon and Daniel Devendorf; Secretary, S. Y. Sterling; Members, James N. Davis, Eugene E. Winsor, Alfred A. Tracy, Gray Martindale, T. H. Penny, Ed. Lyon, John H. Withey, John H. Slack, Charles McConnel, J. A. Smith, James T. Sargent, Thos. Sargent, James Lochlin, and Charles F. Moore. The hook and ladder companies of those days differed greatly from the truck companies of today. There were ladders and also hooks which resembled pike poles varying in length from ten to twenty feet long. Upon the ends of these poles were stout hooks for tearing off shingles, making holes in buildings, etc. These were loaded upon a cart which was hauled by hand. Some time previous to Jan., 1850, but the writer is unable to determine just when there was organized, on the West Side of Grand River, a company known as Cataract Co. No. 3. Among its members were Elisha Brace, Henry Clay, Fredrick Rice, Duncan Stocking and John Watson. But it grew until there were about forty. The members assessed themselves one dollar apiece and bought the model which Mr. Peaslee made when he began the manufacture of tub engines. It was quite like the one used on the East Side by the bucket brigade in 1844. Feb. 25, 1850, Cataract Co. reorganized and became Wolverine Co., No. 3, with the following members: Foreman, Silas Hall; Assistant, Wilson Jones; Secretary, Joseph Penny Jr.; Members, Henry G. Stone, Joseph Penny Jr., Leonard Covell, Wilson Jones, Silas Hall, Wm. A. Hyde, Baker Borden, Loren M. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 519 Page and Wm. K. Wheeler. There were some changes in the Company. In July Wm. A. Hyde was made secretary, and he in turn was succeeded by E. P. Camp and he by Elias Hall. In August, 1850, Wilson Jones was made foreman and served for three years when he was succeeded by Silas Hall, and he was followed by James D. Robinson. In 1857 Elisha O. Stevens was foreman. On the northwest corner of Front and First streets Elisha Turner gave the use of a lot for an engine house.- Thereon was built by popular subscription and volunteer labor a one-story wooden building, 18x24 feet. The Wolverine Cbmpany established themselves there. They were the most prominent men of the West Side. They abstained from drunkenness and so conducted themselves that they were ever remembered with feelings of pride. Their engine, which was a hand engine made either by Mr. Peasley or obtained from Rochester, still retained the name of Cataract No. 3. It took from twenty to thirty men to "man the brakes." Many things were needed which the village council would not purchase, hence in 1850 the custom of holding a Fireman's Ball was inaugurated for the purpose of raising money. The custom continued for about forty years. Dec. 16, 1851, C. W. Taylor's tannery at Coldbrook burned with a loss of $10,000, also the engine house on Prospect Hill. April 8, 1853, John Westcott's residence on lot 2, block 15, Campau plat, where the Tracy block now stands, burned. Jan. 15, 1854, the sawmills of H. S. Wartrous and David Caswell on Mill St., just below the bridge burned. The department now consisted of seventy-three unpaid, ununiformed members in three companies, three hand-engines, three hose carts, two hundred and fifty feet of hose, a few ladders and no buckets. Charles H. Taylor, Foreman of Alert No. 1, was the Foreman or Chief. On the East Side no engine houses were owned by the village rooms for the engines up to this time, having been leased. Prospect Hill school house was occupied at first, then quarters were rented in the rear basement of a wooden building which stood on the southwest corner of Monroe and Ottawa Sts. In the autumn of 1854 the west half of lot 3, block 15, Campau Plat, on the south side of Monroe St., now known as 112 520 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. and 114 Monroe St., was purchased and an engine house erected there. It was the first engine house on the Bast Side and was built of brick by Isaac Leonard. This house was known as No. 1 engine house and so remained until No. 1 engine house, on Lagrave St., was built in 1868. This house was the home of Alert Co. No. 1. No. 2 was located in a room on the corner of Fountain and Ionia Sts. Feb. 10, 1855, the Bridge St. House burned with a total loss. Feb. 5, 1856, Taylor's Coldbrook tannery burned a second time. Loss $12,000. In February, 1857, an act was passed by the State Legislature revising the city charter of Grand Rapids and giving the Common Council authority to create fire districts and organize fire companies. In accordance with this legislation the Common Council on July 30, 1859, passed an ordinance organizing the Fire Department of Grand Rapids. There were named a chief engineer with four assistants, two wardens for each ward, and firemen to each engine not exceeding fifty. Terms of office were at the pleasure and discretion of the Common Council. The service continued to be exclusively volunteer. An annual review, however, was instituted and caps, badges, and official uniforms were provided. In 1857 fire losses amounted to over $100,000. This consisted mostly of buildings on Canal, Monroe and Ottawa Sts. At the fire when these buildings burned Sept. 25, 1857, there were present the three hand engine companies: No. 1 from their station on Monroe St.; No. 2 from their station in some rented room on the corner of Ionia and Fountain Sts. and No. 3 or Wolverine Co. from their station on Front and First Stsl, West Side. Soon No. 1 became exhausted and No. 2 became demoralized, while Wolverine, No. 3, worked on and on. Afterwards the ladies of the village gave them a beautiful silk banner. It is now in the possession of Charles Belknap. On one side is an oil painting of David Caswell, the foreman of the company. Also a picture of the Cataract hand engine. It is beautifully inscribed with an appropriate expression of their appreciation of the heroic efforts of the company. The plaster mill owned by Hovey & Co. burned this year. There also occurred this year an event of unusual importance to HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 521 the fire laddies. They attended a firemen's tournament at Detroit. They went by steamboat from Grand Rapids to Lyons and there took the D. & M. R. R. train to Detroit. There were some fifty went, taking with them the "Cataract" hand engine and one of the hand hose carts and wearing their unique uniforms. It was about this time that the engine house at the corner of Kent and Crescent avenue was built and No. 2 moved there from their old quarters on Fountain and Ionia. In February, 1858, Adrian Yates, O. C. Bush, A. H. Fowle, G. Collier, J. Jerman and J. Beeman organized a company called Young America No. 1. The life of this company was brief, but their work was well done. 1858. January 27, roofs burned from three stores at foot of Monroe street. March 22, two buildings next north of Lovett Block on Canal and row of buildings east 'on Pearl, to the Arcade burned. April 5, Bridge street bridge and two or three factories at the east end burned; loss $24,000. November 9, the "Old Red Warehouse," on river bank, below Louis street, burned. 1859. February 7, nine buildings, including half a dozen stores, from Crescent avenue south, east side of Canal street, burned; loss $30,000. In 1859 Elisha Turner furnished the lot and money was raised by popular subscription for material, and Wolverine Company No. 3 built, nights after their day's work was done, the old No. 3 engine house which stands on Scribner street, and after being remodeled is now the West Side Ladies' Literary Club House. It took two or three years to build that firm, stanch structure, which may truly be called a labor of love. The second story was used as a hall and soon became the social center for the entire west side. The firemen gave balls and the citizens rented it and also gave balls. Few walls in this city have looked down on so much merriment, so much joy and so little sorrow. This condition of things continued until 1872, when Wolverine Company ceased to be, but before disbanding they gave to the city their lot, their building, their apparatus, reserving for themselves a few relics and pleasant memories of other days. In 1860 the department was under the management of Benjamin B. Church and James Cavanaugh. N"" 522 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. At about eight o'clock P. M., January 23, 1860, fire broke out in Porter & Sligh's store, in the Taylor & Barns block, located on the southeast corner of Lyon and Canal streets. This block was among the finest four-story brick structures in the city, and most of the county offices were located in the building. The fire soon extended to the wooden postoffice building across the Arcade, and both were totally destroyed, with the bulk of their contents. It was estimated that $250,000 would not cover the losses, the most serious and irreparable of which were the papers and records burned in the county offices. A number of accidents occurred at this fire. Perhaps the most severe was by the falling of a plate of glass which struck the wrist of Wilson Jones, cutting to the bone and severing two cords. Mr. Jones was mounted upon a ladder holding the hose pipe. This mishap disabled him for nearly the entire summer. Mr. E. H. Cady sustained a painful injury in spraining and badly bruising his ankle and heel. Among those who met with less serious casualties were A. N. Norton, E. W. Dodge, L. E. Patten, and L. S. Scranton, register of deeds. April 15, about $15,000 worth of property on Canal and Kent streets burned, including nine store buildings between Latimer's and W. H. Godfroy's brick blocks, also two dwelling houses, one storehouse, one wagon shop and three barns. The firemen were promptly on the ground and worked nobly, but a stiff breeze was blowing, and it was only by great efforts that the further spread of the flames was prevented. David Caswell and Geo. H. White had charge of the department during 1861. In 1862 Adam Lawyer and Wm. Grove were the heads of the department. Philip Edge and George R. Pierce were the heads of the lepartment in 1863. July 13, 1863, twenty-five wooden buildings, south of Bridge street, between Canal and Kent, burned. In 1864 the department was under the management of George R. Pierce and Benjamin A. Harlan. January 8, 1864, the office of the Daily Eagle was totally destroyed by fire. March 17, an early morning fire consumed eight wooden buildings in Exchange place and Pearl street; loss HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 523 $10,0X0. August 7, Harvey P. Yale's house and other buildings burne!; loss $6,000. In 1865 Josiah M. Cook and Charles Hilton were the heads of the department. January 16, 1865, Comstock, Nelson & Co., furniture warerooms, on Canal street, burned; loss $8,000. February 1, Colnstock's pail factory burned; loss $9,000. October 7, tannery of DeGraaf, Rademaker & Nyland burned; loss $7,500. The first steam fire engine purchased for use of the department arrived in town on March 19, 1865, and attracted much attention. It cost five thousand six hundred dollars, exclusive of freight charges, and was named the "David Caswell" in honor of a former chief of the department. Thomas Gibbons was its first engineer and George R. Pierce was the assistant. It was stationed in No. 2 engine house, corner of Kent and Crescent avenues, to take the place of the old hand engine. Three days after its arrival it was given a public test on Bridge and Monroe streets and fulfilled the expectations of its friends. 1866. Josiah M. Cook continued in charge of the depart-. ment, assisted by Elliott Judd. About two o'clock on the morning of,May 1, 1866, citizens were awakaned by the clangor of alarm bells and the shouts of firemen. Fire was discovered in the Union Hotel on Lyon street. A strong wind was blowing, which wafted flames and brands across Lyon street to Leppig's restaurant and the adjoining buildings. As yet no stream had been brought to play upon the flames, and the postoffice was seriously threatened. Water buckets were pressed into service, and the woodwork kept thoroughly drenched with water. The fire meantime crept slowly but surely towards the brick block situated on the corner of Lyon and Canal streets, built and owned by Mrs. Twainley. In a short time the rear of the block was ablaze, and in five minutes more the entire building was in flames. Commuinicating itself to the wooden building on the north, occupied by Smith & Perkins, wholesale and retail grocers, the fire fiend held this also in his grasp in an incredibly short space of time. There was a loud report and sudden glare as the flames communicated with the powder stored in Smith & Perkins' cellar; then the column of, smoke disappeared, to give place almost instantly to a huge pillar of fire as the store of oil was reached. 524 IllSTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. This was a mighty conflagration, and owing to the headway gained before its discovery, and the alarming and the arrival of the fire companies, together with the adverse force of the wind against which they labored, it seemed for a time that everything east of the C'anal must become a sacrifice to the fiery monarch. Firemen and citizens labored long and faithfully against overwhelming chances and were well-nigh disheartened, when lo! as though Heaven had looked in pity on the scene at last, rain began to fall, and to this circumstance was due the subjugation of the flames, and a prevention of a further spread of, the disaster. The loss, which was shared by many, was estimated to be $100,000. Many persons were more or less seriously burned in attempts to save their property. Another fire of some magnitude, though small in comparison to the last, occurred May 31 of this year, starting in the block on Justice street known as the "Six Sisters," being six wood buildings exactly alike and owned by Ransom E. Wood. Fanned by a west wind, the entire blo'ck was enveloped in flames in twenty minutes from the time of the discovery of the fire, and thence communicating with the residence of T. W. Porter and Charles Dean, and other buildings on the south; these were also engulfed in the general havoc. The loss at this fire was about $15,000, and fifteen families were turned into the street and their household goods for the most part destroyed. No. 1 hand engine threw the first stream of water; the steamer was on the ground and playing in a short time after the giving of the alarm. During the year 1867 the department was managed by Wnm. Hyde and James Paul. May 31, 1867, occurred the third burning of Charles W. Taylor's tannery; loss $12,000. A blaze October 11 caused a loss of $8,000 at the corner of Monroe and Greenwich (now Ionia) streets. The promptness and perseverance of the firemen in this case saved a large amount of adjacent property. Berkey Bros. & Co.'s office and finishing room, built across the Canal north of Bridge street, burned December 12, 1867; loss $10,000. 1868. Wm. A. Hyde continued as chief of the department, with Benjamine F. Porter assistant. Engine House No. 1 at 49 La Grave was built in 1868. It HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 525 was furnished with a one-horse, two-wheeled hose cart and hand engine. Warren Weatherby, Thomas O'Donohue, Arthur DeWolf and Ed Stover were the foremen, who preceded Richard Roberts. In 1874 a chemical was added to take the place of the hand engine which was sold to Cedar Springs. Al Milmine, Frank Luce, Peter Martin, William Ormand and John Smith were the former lieutenants of the chemical. A barn was also built in 1874. After the purchase of the "David Caswell" and its being placed in No. 2's home, in 1865, there arose a protest front Wolverine Company No. 3 requesting that owing to its name, "David Caswell," and the fact that Mr. Caswell was a west sider and a former fireman of Wolverine No. 3, that they, not No. 2, should possess the pretty steam engine. The Common Council who, since 1857, had had control of fire affairs, in 1868 bought another steam engine, and having learned wisdom by experience named this the "Louis Campau," who was a French trader and an early pioneer. This engine was made by H. C. Silsby of Seneca Falls, N. Y., and was stationed- in No. 2's house, with Thomas Gibbons as engineer, and the "David Caswell" went to No. 3's. There it grew old in the service, George R. Pierce and Joseph Miller became its engineers. During these years the department owned no horses, but had the use of three teams for $1,000 a year. The teams worked during the day but were stalled in the engine houses at night. When an alarm was sounded it took ten or twelve minutes to hook up and drive out. In case of fire the alarm system was rather imperfect. Information was passed along the street and the bells of the engine houses were rung by hand. Fires in the north end were announced by the steam whistle of C. C. Comstock's factory, while those of the south end were proclaimed by the bell of St. Andrew's Cathedral. The fire engines were supplied with water from cisterns or from the river. The hose was not always in good working order. Leather hose was first used. It required frequent oiling and repeated manipulation. Afterwards rubber hose was used and then rubber hose with cotton jacket. October 5, 1868, the Valley City Woolen Mills were totally destroyed by fire; loss $30,000. Mr. r Homer Collar, one of the 526 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. proprietors, succeeded in saving the books and papers from the office, but in so doing had his hair all singed off and his hands and face so badly burned that the skin peeled off from nearly the entire surface. He also received internal injuries which it was feared at the time would prove fatal, but he recovered. During 1869 and 1870 Wm. A. Hyde continued chief of the department, with John Gegon as assistant. The only fire of any size during the year of 1869-70 was that which, September 7, 1869, destroyed the sash and door factory of Letellier & Robinson, on the corner of Canal and Trowbridge streets; loss $15,000. The steamer company was early on the ground and so was hand engine No. 2, which threw the first stream on the building. The firemen worked with a will, and though no skill could have saved that factory, their efforts saved the buildings on either side which, though wooden, were yet valuable, while closely connected for a long distance each way were piles of costly lumber, dwellings and shops. Had the lire succeeded in getting among them the damage must have been immense before its ravages could have been checked. Some complaints were made at this time of the length of time required for getting up steam with the engines, and requests for improvement of either method or appartus were made. 1871 found Win. A. Hyde as manager of the department, assisted by Josiah Peak. We now come to 1871, the year which saw the devastation of our sister cities, Chicago, Holland and Manistee, when Grand Rapids, though more fortunate than many of her neighbors, was not allowed to pass unscathed. April 11 the city was visited by the most destructive fire it had ever known. About 9:30 o'clock in the evening smoke was seen issuing from Wilkins Bros.' shop on Mill street at the foot of Erie. The alarm was immediately raised, but before the steamer could arrive on the grounds the entire building occupied by Wilkins Bros:, Judd & Co., Winchester & Co. and Janies L. Pitts was wrapped in flames. The high wind which prevailed at the time, coming from the west and southwest, caused the fire to spread rapidly, taking in its course Comstock's mill on the north. At this time both steamers were placed on the canal, on either side of the burning buildings, and the immense streams of water which they threw held in check somewhat the terrible flames. It was due HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 527 to the faithful exertions of the firemen that Butterworth's large block, just completed, Remington's box factory and several other shops along the river escaped. Fanned by the breeze the flames leaped across Mill street, spanned the canal, notwithstanding the prodigious efforts of the firemen and citizens with buckets, and the three-story frame building occupied by Spaulding & Bonnell, Sonn, Clark & Ball and a wood turning shop next swelled the conflagration. Neither persistent efforts nor heavy fire walls availed to save the large foundry and machine shop of Leitelt Bros., on Erie street, from whence it communicated to the gothic building of J. W. Pierce, corner of Canal and Erie streets, thence crossing to Collins block on the opposite corner, owned and occupied by John Caulfield as a wholesale grocery house, with living rooms and offices overhead, and a hall occupied as a theater. Three heavy, streams were thrown on this building, but the flames eventually obtained the mastery, and the whole block from basement to roof was one seething mass of fire. From this block, slowly but surely advancing, the blaze next enveloped the so-called Marble block, a fouistory brick with gypsum front, on the north; the Franklin block on the south, one of the oldest stone buildings in the city, and later the adjoining three-story brick block owned by N. L. Avery and occupied by Escott's drug store. Contiguous to this store were several small wooden buildings owned by Messrs. Morman & Congdon, which were pulled down by the truck company, thus saving the livery establishment of Moore & Rathbun. The fire companies did faithful service in the face of blinding heat and stifling smoke, but the night's work, wherein was consumed over a quarter of a million dollars' worth of property, was cited as a forcible argument in favor of a better water works system. Among the heavier losers were John Caulfield, John W. Pierce, Joseph Martin, Leitelt Bros., Mrs. Helen Roberts, N. L. Avery and Wilkins Bros. Another destructive fire occurred on the night of May 27, 1871, breaking out shortly after midnight in a small house adjoining the Bronson House, in the rear of which were stored liquor supplies, the combustible nature of which soon created a fine pyrotechnic display and at the same time caused the rapid communication of the flames to the Bronson House, although but a few minutes elapsed after the sounding of the alarm before 528 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. the fire companies were throwing four handsome streams on the seething, crackling mass. It was certainly owing to their efforts that the fire was confined on the south and east to the Bronson House property. In other directions, however, they were less successful, and the fire gradually spreading to the north and involving in its destructive march four small frame and two two-story brick structures on Canal street, occupied as stores, and on Bronson street (Crescent avenue) a small frame building used as a harness shop and the rear portion of the Judge Almy house. A fortunate circumstance attending this fire was the stillness of the night; not a breeze seemed to be stirring. There were no serious accidents, although some of the sleeping inmates of the Bronson House had narrow escapes. Loss estimated at $25,000.,During 1872 the department continued to be under the management of Wm. Hyde, with Elisha A. Stevens as assistant. There were numerous heavy fires during this year, the first of these being that which partially destroyed Sweet's Hotel, Febru-.ary 20, involving a loss of $30,000. The steamers Campan and Caswell-were stationed at the Pearl street reservoir, lines of hose laid, and both played vigorously until it was discovered that with two engines pumping from it, the water supply here would soon be exhausted. The Caswell was then ordered to the old river channel. In going down the bank she was disabled, thus leaving only one steamer, supplemented by the Wolverine hand engine, to combat the flames. Bucket brigades guarded the adjacent blocks, and neighboring cities were telegraphed for aid. The firemen worked like heroes, redoubling their efforts as they saw that there, was probability of their having to fight it out alone. The fire had been checked when the arrival of a Grand Haven company, accompanied by Chief Engineer George E. Hubbard, afforded a much needed temporary relief, and renewed the courage of our brave boys, so that by their joint efforts the hotel was rescued from utter destruction and the adjoining buildings saved. May 3, a $40,000 blaze started in a barn between Kent and Ottawa streets, near Bridge, sweeping in its course of destruction twelve buildings in that block, including the First Reformed Church, corner of Ottawa and Bridge streets. This fire left one hundred homeless human beings. The Valley City HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 529 steamer, then new, received flattering encomiums in the newspaper columns, and the apparatus and the fire department generally were highly commended. About one o'clock in the morning of May 8, fire broke out in a paint shop in Squier's Opera House block. The whole of this block and the flouring mill in the rear were burned to the ground, but the flames were confined to these buildings. The block was occupied by stores on the ground floor; above was the opera house and other rooms used as living apartments. First Assistant Engineer Stevens was nearly suffocated by the dense smoke, as were also Chief Engineer Hyde and several others. The loss was heavy, about $55,000. Between September 15, 1871, and September 15, 1872, the loss by fire had been $187,235. About this time a wooden and brick building was built at 220 Barclay street and was called Engine House No. 2 because it was in the Second Ward, and the house on Crescent.avenue. formerly known as No. 2 was changed to No. 4 for the same reason. In the house was stationed a one-horse, two-wheeled hose cart. The year 1872 marks an era in the Grand Rapids Fire Department. The "David Caswell" engine was sent to its manufacturers for repairs. A new and more powerful steam engine, the "Valley City," was purchased. The "Valley City" was stationed in No. 3's house on the West Side until the return of the "David Caswell." Then the "Valley City" was placed in No. 4's house on Kent and Crescent avenue, and the "Louis Campau" went to the new No. 2's house on Barclay, and Thomas Gibbons went with it. At the annual review held on June 3 all the men appeared in new suits consisting of black trousers, red shirts, blue caps and black leather belts. On the night of December 28 an ordinance passed the Common Council requiring the chief engineer to give his entire time to the work, and giving him a salary of one thousand dollars a year. The National Hotel burned September 20. A defective chimney caused a fire to break out at 3:30 o'clock in the morning in the roof at the rear. The flames were soon beyond control. There were about three hundred guests lodged in the hotel, all of whom made their escape with most of their effects. The work of the fire department was retarded by scarcity of water 530 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. supply. Two buildings adjoining the hotel were also burned. The loss was about $30,000. The most disastrous conflagration of the year occurred the night of October 30. The fire was discovered at 11:30 o'clock, in Gallup's drug store, in the Mills & Clancy block, on Canal street near Pearl. The department arrived promptly, but during the progress of the fire the steamers had to be moved several times as the water supply from first one source and then another became exhausted. The morning sun looked down upon a different scene from that which he bade adieu on the previous evening. Where had stood the Mills & Clancy and Rood blocks was only a heap of debris and ashes and the loss of these buildings and that of other property involved, including nine stores, was said to aggregate nearly $200,000. The Lovett block was left standing alone on the corner of Canal and Pearl streets. November 2;, the "Old Congregational Church" building. southwest corner of Monroe and Division streets, and buildings adjoining to the amount of $12,000, were burned. From 1873 to 1875 inclusive Michael Shields and Anthony Hydern conducted the affairs of the department. New Year's afternoon, 1873, the Kent woolen mills, owned by John E. Earle, took fire between five and six o'clock, and burned out the inside of the building, leaving only the walls standing; loss $23,000. May 16, Sonn, Clark & Co.'s brush factory, at the west end of Pearl street bridge, burned, throwing two hundred and fifty employes out of work, and the pecuniary loss was very heavy, aggregating $63,000. May 23, Perkins & Co.'s tannery, West Side, at the north line of the city, was destroyed by fire; loss $15,000. July 14, 1873, was a day which brought perhaps the most exciting experience in the annals of fire of Grand Rapids. It was Sunday afternoon and an oppressively sultry day. A hot wind blew from west to southwest in changeable gusts, at times dying down to a whisper, and at no time affording much relief. Many people had driven to "the lake" and elsewhere to seek shade and fresh air. The streets were unusually silent, even for the Sabbath, most of those who remained at home having sought recumbent positions indoors, and what semblance of comfort they could find. A spirit of drowsiness seemed to pervade the city generally, when at a quarter past four the ringing of the HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 531 fire bell on the Kent street engine house startled all ears. A thick smoke from the Bridge Street House barn proclaimed that fire was doing its best with some inflammable substance. A general turmoil ensued from all parts of the city. The fire companies responded promptly to the call, and there was great need of them. The strong wind rapidly spread the area of fire and smoke; faster and further the dread element raged, until it was plainly apparent that by no possible management could be averted the greatest destruction ever experienced here in the number of buildings involved. Business blocks, mills, Christ's brewery, stables and dwellings shared in the general destruction, and ere nightfall fifteen acres of blackened ruins lay where only a short time before had been prosperous homes and thriving business enterprises. Other fires had perhaps destroyed property to a greater amount in value, but none ever wrought such a widespread desolation. More than a hundred families, many of them poor, seeing their homes in imminent danger, with ruinous excitement hauled their household goods out of doors and pitched them out of windows, seeking by removal to save them, and were driven by the flames farther and farther, and at last obliged to abandon them and flee for their lives. The savageness of the fire, intensifying the heat of the already hot afternoon, and the shifting wind, thrusting its scorching breath into every available space, served to aggravate the horrors of the time, causing, together with the internal heat resulting from violent exertion, cases of similar attack to sunstroke. Among this class of sufferers were Wm. Osborne, a fireman, and a Mrs. Herbstreith. Mrs. George Ruby had her hair singed and was quite badly burned about the head, neck and arms; and others were burned, strained or otherwise hurt. The burnt district covered nearly the entire ground bounded by Trowbridge street on the north, Ionia street on the east, Bridge on the south and Canal on the west. The losses were never estimated with any approach to probable c&orrectness, but there was insurance on the property upward of $160,000. Henry Lemoin, who is the present fire marshal, had entered the service as part-pay fireman just previous to this fire and his abilities as a fire fighter were marked and conspicuous during the conflagration. From September 15, 1872, to September 15, 1873, the loss by 532 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. fire was $421,145, the greatest loss the city has ever known before or since. In 1874 the "Utica" fire alarm telegraph system was introduced by Preston Merrifield. He was succeeded by John Chase. In 1880 the "Utica" gave place to the "Gamewell" fire alarm telegraph system. Henry C. Bettinghouse, who entered the department in 1880 as engineer at No. 5's engine house, became in 1883 second assistant marshal and succeeded John Chase as superintendent of fire alarms. In 1895 the offices were separated and Allen K. Lamb became superintendent of fire alarms. He was succeeded in 1897 by M. J. Canfield. Upon the retirement of First Assistant Marshal Solon Baxter, in 1895, Mr. Bettinghouse was made first assistant marshal, and in 1902 the office of superintendent of fire alarms was again added to his other duties. May 26, 1874, fire destroyed six buildings on the West Side, north of Bridge, between Scribner and Turner streets; loss $12,000. The same morning Nelson, Matter & Co.'s factory on Lyon street was damaged to the amount of $2,000 or $3,000. June 4, Verdier & Brown 's hardware store on Canal street burned; loss $14,000. July 7, the Michigan Central Railroad depot burned; loss $10,000. July 8, J. W. Boynton's millinery store, 28 Kent street, burned; loss $23,000. August 21, D. P. Clay's woodenware works, F. J. Sokup & Co.'s galvanized iron works and a warehouse owned by Reuben Wheeler were destroyed by fire; loss $25,000 to $30,000. The first fire which tested the advantage of the new system of water works, established this year, occurred on Thanksgiving night, November 26, on Pearl street, burning the builAing occupied by Crawford Bros., grocers, and Mohl & Schneider, tobacconists, and the east end of the Lovett block. The loss was heavy, being about $65,000, but by the efficient service of the firemen and the increased advantages offered them the fire was checked here, or the loss must of necessity have been much greater. Fire loss from September 15, 1893, to September 15, 1874, was $120,950. On June 19, 1875, was the great West Side fire which caused a loss of a quarter of a million of dollars worth of property. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 533 It was at once charged that the disaster was due to mismanagement in the fire department. It appears that just before the West Side fire broke out a fire started in the east end beyond the city limits, to which Company No. 3 was sent by command of the chief of the department, but contrary to the ordinances of the Common Council. When the West Side fire commenced Steamer No. 1 was disabled, Fire Company No. 3 was miles away; as a result there was a general conflagration which might have been avoided by perfect management. Following the fire was a citizens' indignation meeting, an official investigation, and the removal of the chief, Michael Shields, on the charge of general incompetency and violation of the signal code. It is not just to pass by the removal of Michael Shields, who was a good, true, honest, kind-hearted, generous Irishman, without some comment. The Common Council had now had control of affairs nearly twenty years and had, like many another common council, conceived the idea of making of the now growing fire department a political machine. Wishing to gain favor with the Irish and the Democrats they appointed Michael Shields as chief of department. Mr. Shields had none of the qualities which make a fireman and no executive ability. The result was disastrous. The losses by fire were greater than they ever were before or have been since. Insurance rates flew to the top notch. The department was completely demoralized. A board of fire commissioners was named by the Common Council, who themselves began to fear the situation. The board made the following report: To the Honorable the Mayor and Common Council of the City of Grand Rapids: Your board of fire commissioners beg leave to report that in accordance with the provisions of the ordinance they have met and organized as a board, and did thereupon immediately enter upon their duties, and have, in company with the chief engineer, made a thorough examination of all the apparatus, equipment and buildings belonging to the fire department, and have, after mature consideration, come to the following conclusions, viz.: That the fire department is in a very inefficient condition. 534 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. That to make it efficient and reliable will require an outlay in the purchase of horses sufficient to handle the apparatus without depending as now mainly upon the use of hired teams and drivers, and also an expenditure in the erection of suitable stables at each engine house, and in the purchase of a fire escape or other suitable apparatus which can be used more expeditiously than the present hook and ladder apparatus in getting water into the upper stories of high buildings; and also in the employment of one good, competent engineer and machinist under full pay, who shall be provided with a shop in which he shall do all needed repairs of the department which can be done by hand, besides having charge of and running one of the steamers; and also in the employment of a sufficient number of full-pay men in each company, so that the apparatus may be promptly moved to the scene of action and prepared for duty; and for the organization and maintenance of two independent hose companies. These appropriations may seem extravagant, but, gentlemen, when you consider the present condition of the department you may comprehend that it will be economy, eventually, to make such outlays as are now necessary to build up and make the department a, model one, and thus cause the reduction in the rates of insurance now. charged by companies doing business in this city, and the winning back of many good and reliable insurance companies who have withdrawn their business from here solely on account of the inefficiency of our fire department. Our estimate of cost for equipping the department as above is the sum of $8,500. The cost of maintaining and running the department properly managed, under this system, will not exceed the cost for maintaining the department for the past year. In our estimate we have considered the use of but one of the chemical engines or extinguishers. The changes which we deem proper to make in the organization and location of apparatus will be to remove No. 1 steamer, located in No. 4's house, to the engine house on the hill, and remove No. 2 steamer to No. 1's house on Legrave street, where the repair shop will also be located, and remove one of the extinguishers, the hook and ladder truck and No. 4 hose cart To Kent street engine house. The organization of an inde HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 535 pendent hose company in each of the Fifth and Sixth Wards, to be located at their respective engine houses. These changes will require a complete reorganization of the department, as the changes in the location of the apparatus will of necessity require changes in members of companies, and all full-pay men, and at least one-half of the entire company, will be required to sleep in their engine houses. We therefore recommend that you so amend your ordinance as to enable us to reorganize the department, and confer on us such other powers as you may deem expedient, to the end that we make and keep the department in as perfect working condition as possible. The ordinance as now existing is incomplete and does not confer the power which you evidently intend to confer upon the board. Trusting that the above suggestions and recommendations will meet your approval, we await your action. Respectfully, Wm. P. Innis, WTm. H. Powers, A. B. Watson, Board of Fire Commissioners. When the report was submitted the Common Council, September 14, 1875, acted upon some of the recommendations of the board and passed an amended ordinance relative to the management and duties of the fire department. About this time or perhaps a few months previous there had been built on a lot owned by the city upon the northwest corner of East Leonard and T'aylor streets an engine house called No. 5, because of its location in the Fifth Ward. The building was of brick and wood and contained one horse and a two-wheeled cart. Martin Gilmartin was foreman, John Horton assistant foreman, James Byrne pipeman and Michael Finn driver. The affairs at this house continued the same until 1880. Where the Baptist Church now stands, at "Church Crossing" on Scribner street, the city owned the lot and built a brick and wooden engine house. In the church building are portions of the material of that building. This house was called No. 6 because of its location in the Sixth Ward. It contained one horse and a two-wheeled hose cart. Leonard J. Bradford was 536 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. foreman, John Johnson and Richard Stack were pipemen, and William French was driver. The latter was succeeded by Truman Smith. In June, 1879, Truman Smith became foreman and John Emmons driver. This condition of affairs remained the same until 1880. July 18, 1875, Berkey & Gay's joiner and furniture shops, corner of Kent and Hastings streets, was damaged by fire to the extent of $20,000. July 26, Koster & Kruger's tannery on South Division street burned; loss $20,000. Fire loss from September 15, 1874, to September 15, 1875, $353,400. December 17, Steamer Jennison burned at the lower boat landing. After the removal of Michael Shields the department was managed by Israel Smith and Charles Belknap until 1880. During this time certain members of the Common Council could not contentedly give up the scheme to make a political machine of the department and they tried some of their tactics upon Mr. Smith. It was all in vain. He and Mr. Belknap, foreseeing the calamities that would befall the department if politics ever succeeded in getting a firm foothold, took advantage of the unpopular position in which the council had placed itself and began that agitation which resulted in a board of police and fire commissioners, who are and have always been nonpartisan. Should a man wish to join the department he files a request with the marshal. He is then called to some engine house to work as a substitute during the absence of some member of that house. How long he continues to act as substitute depends entirely upon chance and how well he is liked by the captain for whom he works. He may get in in a month and he may not get in for a year, and he may never get in. If, after getting in as driver, pipeman, ladderman or stoker, he is willing to conform to the discipline of the captain and house there is nothing to prevent his some day being captain. Many of the captains and the second assistant marshal began as drivers. There is no red tape, no educational examination, no civil service where the bad features outweigh the good, but HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 537 rather a patient, steady, continual attention to the petty details of a fireman's life which always brings its reward. May 31, 1876, fire broke out in the roof of the Michigan Barrel Company's factory and the upper part of the building and its contents were destroyed, but the fire was checked there, and it was declared that the fire department had again paid for itself. The loss was between $10,000 and $15,000. A most disastrous conflagration and one which severely tried the mettle of the firemen was that of July 28, which destroyed the Rathbun House and the Lyon and Botsford blocks. Some delay in giving the alarm allowed the flames to get full headway before the arrival of the fire department. They found the rear staircases and platforms connected with them covered with a sheet of flame, which had also communicated to the rear windows and was fast spreading to the front. They went to work with a will, laying lines where the hose fairly scorched, and literally drowned out the fire. Not a man could be found that day to grumble about the cost of water works and fire department, for disastrous as were the results of this fire, there was no comparison to be made between them and those which would have ensued without those powerful adjuncts. One life was lost, that of Edward T. Parish, an occupant of the Botsford block who, after going to the Rathbun House to give the alarm, rushed back to arouse thb other occupants of the block, of whom there were a score or more. and assist them in escaping. and was overcome by the heat and smoke and died before he could be rescued. Mr. Charles Thompson was so terribly burned and inhaled so much smoke and hot air that his injuries were for a time thought to be fatal. Many people in these blocks had hairbreadth escapes, and there was lively work for firemen and citizens as well. Among those whose names were on the roll of honor for gallant deeds performed that day were Oliver From of Extinguisher No. 1, John Smith and Thomas Martin of the truck company. The loss was probably in the neighborhood of $60,000. August 28, Irving Hall's grocery and residence, corner of Fourth and Stocking streets, burned; loss $11,000. Upon this occasion Charles Swain, foreman of the truck company, distinguished himself by bringing from the center of the burning 538 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. building a keg of powder which had already become so hot as to scorch his hands. The loss by fire from September 15, 1875, to September 15, 1876, was $80,000. No. 4's engine house stands on the site of the former engine house and a portion of the old wall yet remains. It was rebuilt in 1876 and equipped with a hose cart and two trucks. One of the trucks carried short ladders and was used in the residence district and the other, a larger truck, was arranged with long ladders for the large fires of the down-town district. If, when the fire bell rang, the fire was in the residence district the horses were hitched to the small truck. But if it was down town the same horses were hitched to the larger truck. This one team of horses and one crew of men managed two machines. In 1888, when No. 3's engine house was built, one of the trucks was transferred there, and in 1892 when the ariel truck was purchased the other truck was placed at No. 3's house. In 1896 a steamer was added. James Hogan, Wm. Walsh, Philip Collins, Michael Kerwin, Wm. Tufts, Archie McDugal and John Goodrich have been the captains of the hose company. Charles Swain, John Smith, Edward Howell, David Walker and George Boughner have been captains of the truck company. The deaths of Albert Emmer and Wm. Reed occurred while they were stationed at No. 4's house. At the junction of Grandville and Ellsworth avenues No. 6 engine house was rebuilt in 1877. It was called at first No. 7, but after No. 6 on the West Side was abandoned it was called No. 6. It contained a one-horse, two-wheeled hose wagon, of which Edward Howell, James Collins, Wm. Osgood, Michael Kerwin and Luke Kerwin have been captains. A better hose cart has replaced the old one, and in 1892 a steamer was added. After the erection of Engine House No. 11 Captain Kerwin was, by his own request, transferred there and Alex Miller became captain. Passing over the year 1877, when the total losses were only $17,710, we come to January 29, 1878, when about four o'clock in the morning an attempt to burn the county jail was made by prisoners confined therein. This effort to escape, although rendered futile by the coolness of Sheriff Peck and the prompt HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 539 ness of the firemen, cost the county in the neighborhood of $10,000. April 15, Powers & Walker's burial case factory on the West Side canal was burned. Loss, $13,000. This same factory was visited by a second destructive fire December 16, 1879, with a loss of $10,000. The loss by fire from September 15, 1877 to September 15, 1878, was $31,852.79, while the loss from September 15, 1878 to September 15, 1879, was $35,573.72. In 1879 two chemicals were purchased at a cost of $2,000 each. The engine house at 220 Barclay street was rebuilt in 1879 on the site of the wooden and brick structure that formerly stood there. It was named No. 2 because of its location in the Second Ward and the engine house on Crescent avenue was henceforth known as No. 4. In this house was placed a hose wagon and a rotary Silsby engine, of which Thomas Gibbons was engineer. He entered the department in September, 1854, and in September, 1892, he died. "And when they buried him that little town had seldom seen so grand a funeral." His stoker, Solomon Tanner, who entered the department in 1888, became engineer. In 1900 he died. There is extant an excellent photograph of that old Silsby engine drawn by a remarkably clever team of white horses whose wonderful tricks are still among the stories you may hear at No. 2's engine house. In the foreground stands "Sol." Tanner and behind him rugged, energetic "Tom" Gibbons. All are dead! Engineer, stoker, engine and horses all died in the harness. Only George Cotton, the driver, remains. In 1893 a new engine was purchased. The captains have been Henry Lemoin, A. B. Richmond, David Walker, Oliver Kyle and Anthony Brown. March 10, 1889, Jerome W. Sweet died while stationed at,this house. Prom January to September of 1880 David L. Steven and Charles R. Swain had charge of the department affairs. A fire which destroyed the Grand Rapids Plaster Company's buildings May 26, 1880, caused a loss of $35,000. Luther & Summer's agricultural works and Hartman's foun 540 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. dry on the West Side were damaged June 9 to the extent of.116,000. In 1880 the new engine house No. 5, beautifully located on the bank of Grand River at the southwest corner of Canal and Leonard streets, was built. It was to take the place of both old No. 5 and No. 6 on Scribner street. An engine was placed there and Henry C. Bettinghouse was made engineer and given charge of the house. The hose cart at old No. 5, under charge of Martin Gilmartin, together with the hose cart at old No. 6, under charge of Truman Smith, were placed there. After a fortnight Mr. Smith sent in his resignation. Then Mr. Gilmartin had charge of both companies. In the autumn' of 1880, after Mr. Lemoin's appointment as fire marshal, he ordered Mr. Smith to go to the engine house on Grandville avenue called No. 6, which was built in 1877, and take command of it, but in the meantime, before the execution of the order, affairs at No. 5 seemed to demand immediate attention and Mr. Lemoin requested Mr. Smith to look after the two companies then. Mr. Smith continued in charge of No. 5's company until spring, when a misunderstanding took place between Mr. Smith and Charles Swain, Mr. Lemoin's assistant, and John Horton was given charge of the companies for about four months. He resigned. Then Mr. Lemoin gave Mr. Smith full charge of both house and companies. Since then the sun of serenity has smiled continually over this engine house. It has no such record of deaths and disabilities as the others. in fact Death has never entered its sunny portals and no house shows so few changes in its personnel. It contains the oldest man in the department, Oliver From, who entered in 1871. This is the engine house where captains have been made and Captain Smith is truly a "captain maker." First Assistant Miarshal Bettinghouse began there as engineer, Second Assistant Marshal Walker, Captains Brown, Van Steinberg, Denney, and Ex-Captain Roberts all commenced as drivers under Captain Smith, and each in turn drove those wonderful horses that have lived and worn away their lives in that old engine house. There is little doubt but that Captain Smith, had he so desired, might have been an assistant marshal, but he much prefers to be the Fire King of the Fifth Ward than to be swallowed in the maelstrom of the down town houses. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 541 September 6, 1880, the Common Council elected Henry Lemoin Chief Engineer, which title has since been changed to Fire Marshal. Charles Swain was assistant. He was succeeded by Solon Baxter. In 1895 Mr. Baxter was placed upon the retired list and Henry C. Bettinghouse, former engineer at No. 5's engine house, was made First Assistant Marshal, with David B. Walker Second Assistant Marshal, which office was created in 1885 and was formerly held by Mr. Bettinghouse together with position of Superintendent of Fire Alarms. There has been no change since. There was a radical change in the management of the Fire Department in 1881, when by an act of the Legislature there was created a Board of Police and Fire Commissioners. These were appointed by the Mayor for a term of five years. The first Board of Police and Fire Commissioners were George (4. Briggs, Geo. Gay, Lewis Withey, WVm. H. Powers and Israel Slnith. Alpha Childs was made seoretary and he wvrs succeeded by A. A. Tracy. Loss from September 15, 1879 to September 15, 1880, $16,254. With the organization of a Board of Police and Fire Commission a portion of the men were made, full time and granted fifteen hours off every month. A well remembered fire was that of January 30, 1881, in the wholesale drug house of Shepard & Hazeltine in the Ledyard Block, which damaged property to the amount of $28,000 and in which Mrs. Rose Lowe lost her life. When help arrived on the scene the building appears to have been burning for some time, being filled throughout with a dense smoke, although there was scarcely any flames. The single stairway was in flames, cutting off escape in this direction from tenants of the third story, and their only chance of rescue was that of being reached from the windows by the firemen. Four persons were saved in this manner, but Mrs. Lowe, who attempted to escape by the stairway fell instantly to the floor. She was rescued by John Smith and brought down the ladder by Robt. Putnam. She died later. The Novelty Iron Works burned February 1. Loss, less than $10.000. Fire destroyed I. L. Quimby's saw mill on North Canal street October 21. Loss, $12,000. 542 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. The Kusterer Brewing Co.'s establishment was damaged by fire November. 4. Loss, $15,000. Loss, September 15, 1880 to September 15, 1881, $26,714. Putnam & Brooks' candy factory, 63 and 65 Canal street, was seriously damaged by fire February 25, 1882. Loss, $31,000. March 20, the New England Furniture Company's warerooms on Canal street were totally destroyed by a blaze which was very hot and tedious, and one which was heroically battled against by the "fireboys." Loss, $25,000. One of the hottest, fiercest fires, and one which in some respects was the most difficult to manage of any Grand Rapids has ever known was in the lumber yards of the Michigan Barrel Company and adjoining property, commencing about one o'clock on the afternoon of July 24. The weather had been excessively dry, and the day was hot and sultry, while a brisk wind blew from the west and northwest. Under these circumstances the fire which started in the company's barn spread so rapidly that before the arrival of the company from No. 5 engine house it was making strong headway among the lumber piles on the north and east, where it raged with a fierceness that, coupled with the intense heat of the weather, made it almost impossible for the firemen to work effectively. For some time it was feared that the barrel company's warehouse, office and other property must go, but gigantic efforts of the firemen and citizens saved these. At one time Marshal Lemoin had eleven streams playing on these alone, and Ex-Chief Engineer Smith, Ex-Assistant Belknap, Commissioner Withey, George E. Pantland, E. Crofton Fox, John J. Belknap and others rendered most efficient aid in directing these efforts to the best advantage. It was a gallant and a desperate fight, and it succeeded, as it deserved. Notwithstanding this, a loss of $75,000 was the result of the fire. Assistance for which a telegram had been sent to Grand Haven arrived at 5:15 p. m., but as the fire was then under control their steamer was not unloaded. The barrel company's loss was about $80,000. Perhaps this day's and night's work illustrates as well as any the vicissitudes of fires service. The alarm for this fire was sounded from Box 16 a little after one o'clock in the afternoon, and as related, the entire department was called into requisition. As soon as the fire was sufficiently under control HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 543 to be managed by part of the force, which was not until between nine and ten o'clock at night, detachments from each company were ordered back to their respective houses to get in readiness for any other alarms which might come. Nearly every available foot of hose in the city had been pressed into service, and this must all be washed and the apparatus cleaned. As we cannot follow all these companies, we will take for example the detachment which returned to No. 2 engine house, as related by the member in charge. In fire department parlance, the work of "cleaning up" and "reeling on" fresh hose was but just accomplished, when an alarm was "turned in" from Box 62, over the river. This the boys "answered" and the cause proved to be only a smudge in a smoke house near Widdicomb's furniture factory. Returning, the horses had barely crossed the sill of the engine house door, when another alarm from Box 32 summoned them to the Bending Works on Prescott street, where they succeeded in saving these from total destruction, the loss being $8,000. They fought fire here unt;l seven o'clock in the morning, thus completing a round of eighteen hours of incessant labor, with only such refreshments as could be taken in the hand while at the scene of action. In June, 1882, Benjamin F. McReynolds was appointed secretary of the Board of Police and Fire Commission and has filled that office continuously until the present writing. August 16, Mechanics Block and contents were damaged $14,000. November 12, the Kent Furniture Company's warehouse and furniture shop and A. B. 'Long & Son's saw mill were destroyed by fire. Kent company's loss, $24,000, A. B. Long & Son's, $50,000. Loss, September 15, 1881 to September 15, 1882, $169,739. At 1:30 o'clock on the morning of February 5, 1883, an alarm from Box 5 summoned the department to the Eagle Hotel, which being old and weak, collapsed before the building was much burned. There were about seventy-six persons sleeping in the house, fifty guests, nineteen employes and the family of J. K. Johnson, the proprietor. Most of the guests saved their clothing and personal effects but the employes lost everything, most of them narrowly escaping in their night clothes. The loss was about $18,000. One of the guests in the third story was saved from being -seriously if not fatally 544 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. burned, by being pulled onto the front awning by ladderman J. B. Fortier. Two other guests were rescued by Assistant Marshal Baxter, 'and brought down the ladder when it was too late for them to have escaped by any other way. Fireman Ed. Howell, of the truck company, fell while at work and was badly hurt. One of the waiter girls and two of Mr. Johnson's children were sick with measles, and had to be carried out into the cold night air, to temporary places of refuge. The Grand Rapids Furniture Company's works, on Butterworth avenue were destroyed by fire April 21. Loss, $40,000. Loss, September 15, 1882 to September 15, 1883, $77,581.40. March 12, 1884, a fire which broke out in an old iron-clad factory on the East Side of the canal, just south of the Comstock little mill, resulted in the destruction of nine manufacturing industries; the most important of which was the Bissel's Carpet Sweeper Factory, Grand Rapids Felt Bed Factory and Spencer & Powers Novelty Iron Works. The total loss was estimated at $150,000. This fire was a hard 'one for the firemen. The fumes of burning felt and rubber were so nauseating and suffocating that it was with difficulty that they could maintain their positions for any length of time, and many of them went home sick after the flames were conquered. Fire loss from Sept. 15, 1883 to Sept. 15, 1884, $101,327.50. No. 8's Engine House, corner Jefferson and Veto Sts., in Eighth Ward, was built in 1884. It contains a hose cart and steamer. Wm. Fitzpatrick was its captain. He was succeeded by Eugene Dunn who in turn was followed by Wm. Curtis. June 29, 1885, the Grand Rapids Manufacturing Company's works, on South Front street, were burned. Loss, $30,000. July 18, DeGraaf, Vrieling & Co.'s planing mill, corner of South Ionia and Bartlett streets. Loss, $25,000. September 13, the Giant Clothing Company's stock was damaged to the extent or $20,000 to $25,000. Loss Sept. 15, 1884 to Sept. 15, 1885, $19,798.10. February 5, 1886, the car shops of the G. R. & L. R. R. were damaged to the amount of $22,400. October 6, the Union Furniture Company's manufactory, at the north end of the city, was destroyed by fire. Loss, $75,000. Strahan & Long's parlor furniture factory on Front street was damaged by fire, December 24, to the amount of $10,000 or $12,000. December 25, Powers & HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 545 Walker's burial ease factory was again visited by fire. Loss, $15,000. Fire loss from May 1st, 1885, to May 1st, 1886, $75,747.38. A fire occurred on the night of. June 9, 1887, which was most deplorable in its results. Prof.- Morris, who was giving exhibitions at Powers' Opera House during the week, had secured quarters at the stable of Clarence Marsh on Ottawa street for his trained dogs and ponies. Fire broke out in this stable at about eleven o'clock at night, and before they could be released seven of the ponies, beside four other horses, were burned. The loss of these ponies was a severe blow to Prof. and Mrs. Morris, who were much attached to their dumb friends. Pecuniarily the damage was estimated at $6,000. Loss from May 1, 1886, to May 1, 1887, $68,148.75. For the protection of firemen while ill or disabled there was incorporated July 5th, 1877, a healthy organization known as the Grand Rapids Firemen's Fund Association with the following charter members: Charles Swain, Robert E. Hilton, Warren Y. Barclay, John G. Cleugh, Wesley W. Skinner, John Johnson, Thomas H. Bedell, Dwight Skinner, Cornelius Howe, Henry Lemoin, James A. Smethurst, Robert K. Putnam, Edward Howell, Frank A. Emmer, Warren C. Weatherly, Martin Gilmartin, Preston V. Merrifield, Vine Welsh, Michael Finn, and Francis Luce. The association was first served by President,'W. C. Weatherly; Vice-President, W. W. Skinner; Secretary, and Treasurer, F. W. Luce. The fund of the association is maintained by the addition of initiation fees which are $4.00, with quarterly dues of $1.00 paid by each member. Disbursements are provided for in the by-laws and are made through a Board of Trustees. Provision is also made for burial expenses within a certain sum upon the death of a member, with relief for families of deceased members, at the discretion of the Board. The association provides for a sick and visiting committee, and in case of the death of one of the members of the association must be represented at the funeral by one or members from each company. The fund of the association is being constantly increased by donations from generous individuals or firms who feel that thus 546 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. department has been of untold value to them in saving property in times of bad fires. The Association has on hand at the present writing $10,280.00. The heaviest fire in a number of years, was that which destroyed the fine furniture ware-rooms of Nelson-Matter & Co., at the foot of Lyon street. This fire, which broke out in the early morning hours of November 27, 1887, required all the best and strongest endeavors of the fire, department to confine it within the limits of that block, but this they succeeded in doing. The entire ground from Huron to Erie street lay an arid, blackened waste. The loss, whieh most fortunately did not extend to other buildings, was estimated at not to exceed $150,000. Loss from May 1, 1887 to May 1, 1888, $288,470.89. No. 3 Engine House, located at the corner of Front and Second Sts., was built in 1888. In 1889 it contained a hose cart, steamer, truck and chemical. Some of these have been replaced by new machinery but no additional apparatus has been added. The steamer captains have been Wm. Scott, John Mason and Wi. Croll. The truck captains have been Charles Berger and George Rowley who died April 30, 1894. He was buried under the auspices of the department and the numerous fraternal, orders of which he was a member. Because of this the procession of his funeral which occurred on Sunday, was remarkabe for its length and brilliancy of display. He was succeeded by Frank Fenn. The chemical was under the management of Frank Lemon. While on duty he became suddenly insane. He died in the Kalamazoo asylum. He was succeeded by James Faulkner. Then followed Henry Beekman, Christopher Denney, George Cole, Wm. Curtis and Walter Corbin. At No. 3's engine house is stationed the repair shop where hose carts, buggies, express wagons are made and general repairs are done. Wm. Apted died at this house in 1899 and James Branigan in 1902. In 1888 the full time men were granted twenty-four hours off each month. From April 30, 1888, to April 30, 1889, there were 115 alarms of fire with a total loss of $41,042. Five fires showed a loss from $1,000 to $9,(00, while the only one above $10,000 was the Haney Manufacturing Con HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 547 pany's establishment on North Front St., which sustained a loss of $15,000. From April 30, 1889, to April 30, 1900, there were 139 alarms, showing a total loss of $78,914.52. Nine fires confined their losses to less than $9,000 while those which exceeded that amount were the Grand Rapids Furniture Factory at 117 Front St., which took fire Feb. 11, and whose loss was $18,000, and Wi. T. Lamorean's Seed Store which caught fire Feb. 12, only 24 hours later and whose loss was $13,062. During the year ending April 30, 1891 there were 196 alarms with a total loss of $198,631.55. Ten fires showed a loss of from $1,000 to $9,000. May 16 at 10:45 P. M. the fire bell rang for the Oriel Cabinet Co.'s furniture factory. Ignited woods, oils and varnishes were sending forth tongues of flames which were constantly climbing Heavenward. No one could get within a block of the seathing, boiling, burning mass. Soon Leonard street bridge and every other elevated available spot was a sea of upturned faces. Stream after stream was poured into that immense furnace, apparently without avail, but after a while fire gave place to smoke and then we knew the deluge of water was gaining on the flames. When at last the fire gave up the battle nothing of the factory remained save a part of a wall and adjoiining buildings were either gone, in ruins, or badly scorched. The loss was $106,000. The factory has been rebuilt and is one of the largest of our many furniture factories. July 13, a brick factory of the Grand Rapids Camera Co., owned by H. D. Brown & Co., at 81 and 83 Campau street, was also burned; cause unknown. Loss $20,000.00. Ttwo supposed incendiary fires reached considerable proportions. One was the brick block on Canal street, owned by Dr. J. K. Johnson and occupied by Berwin and others. It was burned on the.night of December 8, at a loss of $10,300.00 The other was the store and dwelling occupied by Doyle Brothers and others, owned by H. Van Vorheis and others, 699 to 705 South Division street, which burned in the early morning hours of April 6, 1891. The loss reached $23,800.00. All full-time men were during this year granted two twenty-four hours off each month. 548 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. In 1891 No. 1's engine house on Lagrave St., was enlarged and in 1892 one of the trucks then at No. 4's engine house was stationed there. John Smith, who entered the service ii 1873 and a former lieutenant of the chemical became its captain. In 1895 he died and Christopher Denney succeeded him. In 1889 Richard Roberts was captain of the hose cart but when No. 7's engine house was built in 1891 he was by his own request transferred there. In 1901 Locomotor Ataxia compelled him to cease active service and he was placed upon the pension list, and Isaac Senke succeeded him as house captain. John O'Connor who entered the department in 1887 was his lieutenant. July 18, 1901, at the fire caused by the collapse of the Luce Block, John O'Connor fell from a ladder and sustained various injuries. He was placed upon the pension list and later employed in the Marshal's office. Solon W. Baxter, who entered the department in 1872, was in 1889 First Asst. Marshal. He was stationed at No. 1's engine house. In 1895 he became, unable to take an active part in the department and was placed upon the pension list. David Walker, who entered the department in 1881, a former captain of No. 4's engine house succeeded him. In 1889 James Eddy drove the chemical and in 1895 he injured himself in an effort to stop a runaway team. From that day he was never entirely well. When 10's house was built he was transferred there and afterward became insane. He died June 15, 1900, in the Kalamazoo asylum. June 6, 1901, the Truck Co. while responding to an alarm ran over and killed Charles Burcauss, a twelve-year-old lad, who whenever the fire bell rang always mounted his bicycle'and ran with the apparatus to the fire. He had been repeatedly warned of his danger but all to no effect. At the present writing the building is old and very inconvenient. It can never be made modern and will doubtless be sold and a new house built nearby or torn down and rebuilt upon its present site. During the year ending April 30, 1892, there were 259 alarms, entailing a total loss of $148,655.71. Twenty-six fires show a loss of from $1,000 to $9,000. Six of the twenty-six fires occurred in May, it being the banner month for fires. In addition to the other fires there occurred a fire, on the night HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 549 of May 5, completely consuming the brick building owned by the Street Railway Company, at the corner of East and Sherman streets, together with some frame dwellings. Loss $29,400.00. A fire starting from a hot journal burned the plant of the Worden Furniture Co., on Front street near the C. & W. M. R'y tracks, August 26. The loss was $28,214.00. Engine house No. 9, corner of West Leonard and Quarry Sts., was built in 1892. A hose cart was placed there and Frank Van Steinberg was made captain. In 1905 a steamer was added. In this house Hugh Kennedy became hopelessly insane and is now in the Kalamazoo Asylum. For the year ending April 30, 1893, there were 282 alarms with a total loss of $163,501.50. Ten fires show a loss from $1,000 to $9,000. In addition to this there occurred a fire in Power's Opera House showing a loss of $40,865. A $10,000.00 fire occurred November 8 in the lumber yards of the Michigan Barrel Co., on North Canal street. The cause was never ascertained. November 22 fire broke out from causes unknown in the factory of the Folding Table Co., corner of Wealthy Avenue and South Ionia street. The building was a wooden one, and on account of the nature of its contents was entirely consumed. The loss was $46,000. For the year ending April 30, 1894, there were 292 alarms with a total loss of $79,305.77. Twenty fires showed a lots from $1,000 to $9,000 and the only one exceeding that amount occurred November 11, in a brick block, 19 Canal, street, owned by the Groger estate and occupied with paint and paper stock of C. A. Goebel & Co. The loss reached $14,700.00. The year ending April 30, 1895, shows 310 alarms with a total loss of $49,318.22. There were fourteen fires with a loss from $1,000 to $9,000 and notwithstanding the large number of alarms no fire exceeded $10,000. The year ending April 30, 1896, shows 362 alarms with a total loss of $104,692.63. There were nineteen fires whose loss was between $1,000 and $9,000. May 23 will be long remembered as a day of fire. Shortly after noon the department was called to put out a fire which 550 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. started from electric wires in the stables of Greenly & Co., corner of Ionia and Fountain streets. The building was entirely consumed, the loss being $2,300.00; fully covered by insurance. The stable was an old frame building, owned by Mrs..Anna Newkirk. The firemen had been at work scarcely an hour when another alarm was turned in, calling them to the rescue of the Second Reformed Church, on Bostwick street near Lyon street, which had been fired by sparks from a burning barn. It was one of the most spectacular fires ever seen in the city, and its progress was witnessed by thousands of residents. The fire first caught around the base of the steeple, completely girdling it, when it felt, crushing in the roof of the edifice. Only the walls were left standing, and the loss to the church society and contiguous dwellings, which were badly scorched, was $17,620.00. On the night of January 26, 1896, occurred a fire which, by the peculiar circumstances, is warranted more than a passing notice. Shortly before midnight the residents of the city were. startled by an explosion which was heard for miles around this locality. Even residents on the West Side were so startled by it that they dressed hastily and rushed out doors, believing it to be near their homes. As a matter of fact the explosion was in the residence of W. E. Boyd, 244 Fuller street, and it was of such terrific force that the building was lifted off the foundation walls and deposited several feet distant. Passersby noted that flames burst out all over the building at about the moment of explosion. The house was furnished at the time but was not occupied, Mr. and Mrs. Boyd living in rooms down town. Both house and contents were entirely consumed at a loss of $2,200.00. The fire is supposed to have been incendiary. February 12, Mrs. Willard's house, a frame dwelling at 41 South Prospect street, burned; loss $21,650. A very destructive fire occurred February 17th, when the Houseman block, at the corner of Ottawa and Pearl streets, burned. The night was bitter cold, and when the firemen responded to an alarm at 2:55 a. m., they had before them about as severe a job of fire fighting as they had ever experiencell. The fire had gained considerable headway when the department arrived, and it became necessary for the men to devote their first attention to removing the people from the building whose HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 551 escape had been cut off from the regular stairway. Batallion Chief Walker went to the top floor of the old building where he found Mrs. Wedgewood crouched upon the floor. He removed her into the corridor of the new building where she was turned over to Patrolman White of the police department. and conveyed to the ground. Captain John Goodrich, of Hose Co. No. 4, found a man and a woman, and later a small boy, lying upon the floor of the burning building, and carried them to a place of safety. Captain Boughner and his men, of Truck No. 4, rescued Capt. McCarthy of the Reed's Lake Steamer Hazel A, wife and daughter. The captain and his men continued the work of searching for occupants of the building, and later rescued Mr. and Mrs. Pickle, Mr. and Mrs. Gibbons, and Mr. and Mrs. N. P. Allen. Other persons made their escape by the means of the iron fire ladder in the rear of'the building. being assisted by printers employed in the composing room of the Democrat, and by Captain Fenn and men, of Truck No. 3. There were two deaths as the result of the fire, Mrs. Wedgewood and the other H. W. Beecher, a prominent insurance man. The death in each case was due to inhaling the smoke and the excitement incident to the occasion. The firemen suffered severely while performing their duty, The building was owned by Mrs. D. M. Amberg. The total loss was $33,092.25. The year ending April 30, 1897, shows 287 alarms with a total loss of $43,264.89. There were ten fires which ranged from $1,000 to $6,000 and none exceeded that amount. Should any one ask why Grand Rapids has suffered so little from heavy fire losses since 1881 as compared with other cities, I would answer, "Eternal vigilance." Mr. Lemoin, Mr. Walker, Mr. Bettinghouse, together with the captains and lieutenants, are constantly doing what is termed "'fire warden" work. Every factory block, flat, tenement building, church, opera house, hall and all places where people congregate, are inspected. Under their instructions rubbish is burned, chimneys cleaned, cellars and garrets overhauled and set to rights, zinc placed under wood stoves, stove pipes made as near fireproof as possible, etc., etc. Mr. Lemoin's hobby, if he has one, is cleanliness and the laws concerning it are and have been during his entire administration, strictly enforced. In addition to this work the captains of the various pieces of 552 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. apparatus under the supervision of Mr. Walker, are constantly, when the weather will permit, doing practice work with the apparatus and men. This work has been brought to such a perfect system that when any down town building ignites each captain knows exactly where to station his piece of apparatus, what is expected of him and moreover, he not only knows that, but given certain conditions, he knows what every other piece of apparatus is doing and just how and where to co-operate with them to the best advantage. At the time of the Morse fire in the Gilbert Block recently, the good results of this systematic practice work were plainly demonstrated, and it was the wonder of the citizens how so much fire could be extinguished with so little loss to adjacent buildings, but of course they did not know or had forgotten that many times those same men and that apparatus had "played fire" on that identical building, and when the fancy became fact they knew just what to do. This year, 1897, No. 10's engine house was built, corner of 1Hall and Ionia streets. A hose cart was placed there under George Cole. In 1901 a steamer was added. The year ending April 30, 1898, shows 335 alarms with a total loss of $100,983.47. Fourteen fires had losses of more than $1,000 and less than $9,000, and in addition there were two that assumed larger dimensions. June 21st the Valley City Desk Company's factory at 61 South Front street caught fire, and after a few minutes collapsed, one wall falling inward and the other falling outward, endangering the lives of firemen and citizens who fortunately escaped. The loss was $17,152.19. The store of Wm. Reid, the glass jobber at the corner of Louis and Campau streets burned. Loss, $35,300.00. There were in the year ending April 30, 1899, 438 alarms, with,a.total loss of $123,162.60. Thirteen fires showed a loss from $1,000 to $9,000, respectively. June 17, 1898, the factory of the Grand Rapids Stove Co., 310 South Front street, burned with a loss of $32,730. One employe lost his life. Sept. 9, 1898, fire in the iron works of Adolph Leitelt, former president of the Board of Police and Fire Commission, caused a loss of $14,586.00. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 553 The mirror factory of J. A. Hickey burned April 14, loss $22,150.00. The year ending April 30, 1900, shows 387 alarms, with a total loss of $116,480.70. There were thirteen fires whose respective losses ranged from $1,000 to $9,000. May 15th the Veneer Works burned to the ground. The loss was $44,500.00. A large quantity of valuable woods were destroyed. For spectacular beauty of the grandest type nothing exceeds a furniture factory fire. This one was remarkable for its brilliancy and brightness, lighting the city for many blocks equal to day light. Of course the firemen were unable to enter the building and confined their efforts to drowning out the fire and saving adjacent property. Stiles Brothers' lumber yard and the Michigan Central Railway suffered to the extent of $14,800.00, June 30. A number of cars standing upon the railroad track formed the loss sustained by the railroad company. No. 7 engine house was built 1891, and a hose cart was placed there under Capt. Richard Roberts, formerly captain of No. 1's hose cart. In 1894 a steamer was added. In 1901 Capt. Roberts was retired and placed upon the pension list. He was succeeded by William Spencer. The year ending April 30, 1901, shows 392 alarms with a total loss of $129,538.13. There were nine fires whose loss lay between $1,000 and $9,000, and four very bad ones that exceeded that amount. May 7 the Michigan Central freight house and nearly all its contents burned. The loss was $19,500. May 9 occurred a fire in the electric light and power house, with a loss of $10,089.43. December 31, a fire in the factory of the Grand Rapids Bookcase Company on Alabama street, caused a loss of $25,360. March 25, St. Andrew's Cathedral on Sheldon. street, was struck by lightning. For several hours the fire slowly burned. in the roof and, then at 2:19 a,. m. it sprang into a fierce mass of flame. The building, including everything except a few paintings, burned. Only parts of the walls remained. The sobs and cries of the people when they came to, 8' o'cloek mass and found their church in ruins was heart hending. Pieces of the beautiful pipe organ which had melted: and fiowed' like 554 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. lava over every thing were gathered up and carried away as relics. No. 11's engine house, corner of Chester and Diamond streets was added to the already large number of well built and well equipped tidy engine houses of the growing city. In it were placed a hose cart and steamer, and Luke Kerwin, former captain of No. 6 was by his own request transferred there. The year ending April 30, 1902, shows 394 alarms, with a loss of $202,596.50. Fifteen fires show losses between $1,000 and $9,000, and four wild fires exceed that amount. July 18 was a never to be forgotten day. There had stood for several years on the southwest corner of Ottawa and Monroe streets a building known as the Luce Block. The tenants had been making extensive repairs and had removed some important partitions. About 1 o'clock in the morning there came a noise like the belching of many cannon or the bellowing of mighty thunder. Citizens were awakened and saw immense clouds of dust rolling and tumbling about where the Luce Block had stood. Owing to its weakened condition it had collapsed. An alarm of fire was turned in and the department responded. If there was fire, as testimony in court subselquently tended to prove that there was, previous to the collapse, the latter so smothered it that when the apparatus reached the scene no fire was visible. Mr. Lemoin sent the apparatus back to their stations, but he himself remained to watch the course of events. Suddenly the whole heterogeneous mass became a seething roaring furnace. Alarms were again sounded and in rushed the various pieces of apparatus. It proved to be a fierce, stubborn, contrary fire, and smoldered for days. John O'Connor' fell from a ladder and sustained injuries from which he never fully recovered. The loss was total and reached hundreds of thousands of dollars. The insurance was eventually paid, but not until several suits for payment of same were instigated. In the meantime the Michigan Barrel Factory sustained a loss from fire of $30,500.00. Nov. 3 a few hours after the play, Powers Opera House, for the third tine, burned, only a few of the walls were left. The loss was $28,100. Jan. 20 Hopson Haften Kamp Company, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 555 builders of roofs and portable houses, sustained a loss of $46,900. The year ending April 30, 1903, shows 376 alarms and a loss of $127,949.73. There were ten fires whose losses range from $1,000 to $9,000 and two that exceed that amount. Feb. 28 the Pere Marquette Freight House was damaged to the extent of $43,187.68. March 20 the Clarendon Hotel burned, four gentlemen r,ceived burns, viz., Guy Doty, Wim. Laughrey, Harry More and Peter Stezborg. Wm. Hawkins was suffocated and died. The financial loss was $10,700. A third twenty-four hours in each month was granted the firemen during the year 1903. The year ending April 30, 1904, shows 430 alarms, with a loss of $124,104.39. Eighteen fires show a loss between $1,000 and $9,000 respectively and only one exceeds that amount. Aug. 12 the dry storage house of E. M. Radcliffe was damaged to the extent of $33,400.00. The year ending April 30, 1905, shows that 390 alarms have been received and a loss of $276,637.95. Eighteen fires show a loss of from $1,000 to $10,000, and one, the fire in the Gilbert block the morning of April 3rd, caused a loss of nearly $200,000. This fire was the only large fire of the year and was intensely dramatic as it occured when the block was full of people. Several music teachers were rescued from their studios by means of fire escapes. The entire stock of Morse'sl large department store was ruined or badly damaged. The cause of the fire was unknown. In trying to give a complete history of the Fire Department it seems only just to mention the faithful horses who in their way are as important a factor as the men. Each house has at some period of its existence possessed one or more teams who were almost human in their wonderful intellect and unchanging affections and as for speed I would not dare to say which driver draws the reins over the fastest steed lest I bring upon my head Ihe whips of all the others. There were in 1904 sixty-four horses in the department. For many years the horses have been under the care of a veterinary surgeon. Uriah Hunter, U. S. Springer, E. W. Wells, P. J. Fitz Morris, Leonard Conkey and Robertson Muir havr filled that office. 556 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Board of Police and Fire Commissioners. George G. Briggs..............................1881 to 1883 George W. Gay..................... 1881 to 1883 Lewis H. Withey.................... 1881 to 1889 Wim. H. Powers..................... 1881 to 1890 Israel C. Smith..................... 1881 to 1883 A. D. Rathbun................................1883 to 1886 Israel M. W eston..............................1883 to 1887 A. J. Rose.....................................1883 to 1886 John Killean............1886 to 1886 L. E. Hawkins........................... 1886 to 1891 1. S. Dygert..................................1886 to 1888 John E. More............................ 1887 to 1892 Adolph Leitell................................1888 to 1893 Frederick Loettgert.............................1889 to 1894 Ira C. Hatch..................................1890 to 1893 Charles H. Bender................... 1891 to 1896 lewis H. Withey.................... 1892 to 1901 S. G. Ketchan......................1893 to 1898 Lester J. Rindge..............................1894 to 1899 Wim. B. W eston..............................1895 to 1900 Stephen A. Sears.................... 1896 to 1901 Charles A. Hauser.............................1898 to 1903 W illiam H. Boyns..............................1899 to 1904 Dennis L. Compau.............................1900 to 1902 Charles A. Phelps.............................1901 to 1905 Philip Corrigan...............................1901 to 1902 David E. Uhl.................................1902 to 19(05 Alvah W. Brown.............................. 1902 to 1 ~'~ 7 W illard F. Keeney............................1903 to 19(6i Sidney F. Stevens.............................. 1904 o 19)09 Charles H. Bender....................... 05 to 1910 John S. Lawrence..............................1905 to 1906 The cost of the Fire Department since it passed under the control of the Board of Police and, Fire Commissioners is shown by the following table of Fiscal Exhibits for each year since 1881: 1882, Sept. 14.................................. $ 35,195.41 1883, Sept. 11.................................. 44.6;3.93 1884, Sept. 11.................................. 50.387.3 1885, Sept. 15................................. 57. 72 1886, Sept. 15.................................. 54,532.7!) 1887, Sept. 15................................. 52,767.73 1888, Sept. 15.................................. 63,251.94 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 557 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, Sept. 15.................................. Sept. 15.................................. Sept. 15.................................. Sept. 15.................................. S ept. 15.................................. Sept. 15...................... Sept. 15............ SeAugpt. 15.................................. A ug. 1................................... Aug. 1................................... Aug. 1................................... J u ly 1.................................... July 1.................................... July 1.................................... July 1.................................... 58,921.84 63,523.25 70,279.01 103.656.36 109,171.90 102,207.97 106,565.73 99,251.44 118,090.82 114,638.91 107,607.11 113,337.99 119,619.35 127,517.66 April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April 30....1889 30....1890 30....1891 30....1892 30....1893 30....1894 30....1895 30....1896 30....1897 30....1898 30....1899 30....1900 30....1901 30....1902 30....1903 30... 1904 30....1905 Members. 80 81 84 106 106 108 111 114 121 121 124 124 127 128 137 136 137 Full Time. Call Men. Salaries. 43 37 $ 40,601.20 50 31 42,457.3;3 53 31 43,801.24 82 24 46;771.56 82 24 58,406.78 98 10 67,577.81 107 4 75,027.43 109 5 79,677.61 117 4 69,740,61 117 4 88,198.23 123 1 92,856.50 All Full Time....... 86,501,28 All Full Time......... 93,482.77 All Full Time......... 101,898.89 All F ll Time......... 107,907.95 All Full Time......... 109,307.80 All Full Time......... 113,001.37 No. Engine Houses. April 30....1889 7 April 30.... 1890 7 April 30....1891 8 April 30....1892 8 April 30....1893 8 April 30.... 1894 8 April 30.....1895 8 April 30.....1896 8 April 30.....1897 10 April 30....1898 10 April 30....1899 10 April 30.....1900 10 April 36.....1901 10 Valuation. $125,336.66 131,285.88 134,629.19 168,857.52 171,882.57 175,898.12 176,817.98 190,843.09 206 417.67 208,6268'9 209,76~986 209,40498 209,548.58 558 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. April 30....1902 10 219,428.58 April 30....1903 11 220,967.86 April 30....1904 11 222,967.80 April 30.... 1905 11 234,667.86 Members of the Fire Department. Abbott, Justin...........1891 Addison, Wm............1882 Adrien, Homer.........1884 Aldrich, Joel............1890 Aldridge, Edgar..........1891 Apted, William.........1892 Armstrong, Arthur......1894 Bailey, Harris............ 1893 Baker, Eddie...........1882 Baker, Samuel J.......1893 Baker, Wm.............1902 Ball, Ezra..............1902 Barendse, John...........1902 Barker, Silas...........1890 Barrett, Wm............1900 Bates, John............1895 Baxter, Edward..........1902 Baxter, Solon............1872 Baxter, Ernest..........1902 Beach, Emery...1888 Beckwith, Henry....... 1893 Beebe, Frank...........1899 Beebe, Charles N.........1886 Beekman, Henry........1884 Belknap, T. R...........870 Bellaire, Theodore Edward... Berger, Charles.........1880 Bettinghouse, IIenry......1880 Bigelow, Wm......... 1895 Billsborrow, Fred........1891 Bird, George.............1882 Bischoff, Charles..... 1897 Bischoff, Wm............1897 Bissonette, Joseph........1884 Blake, John, Jr......... 1880 Bliss, Frank.............1888 Bonser, Thomas..........1893 Boughner, Edual........1891 Boughner, George.......1888 Bovee, Lloyd............1902 Branch, John............1886 Branigan, James......... 1890 Breamer, Frederick...... 1888 Bremer, William.......1891 Brewton, Wm...........1902 Bridenstine, Charles.......1902 Brodberg, John.........1903 Brown, J. Anthon........1880 Brown, Joe..............1890 Brown, Frank...........1883 Buck, Guy.............1890 Bullis, Avery...........1885 Burtelson, Andrew.......1890 Butler, Thomas..........1881 Byrne, James............ 1876 Calkins, Fred............ 1903 Callahan, A. E...........1881 Canfield, W. G...........1897 Carlin, Harry............1898 Carner, Oscar...........1903 Carr, Michael...........1891 Chard, Leory............1897 Chase, John W.........1881 Chism, Chisholm.........1882 Christie, Geo............1900 Clark, tFed W...........1887 Clayton, John...........1899 Colberg, Charles.........1900 Cole, Emery.............1899 Cole, Geo..............1891 Collins, James.......... 1882 Collins, Philip...........1880 Collins, Wm.............1881 Collins, Justus......... 1894 Colson, Boyd............1902 Condon, Charles..........1902 Connor, Harry.........1900 Cooney, Charles........1883 Corbin, Walter..........1902 Corbin, Wm............1889 Corbin, Charles..........1889 Corboy, James...........1900 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 559 Corby, Wm........'....1904 Cotton, Geo.............1890 Cotton, Frank.........1892 Crawford, Ray..........1891 Cr'issey,.. S............1881 Croll, Wi...........1900 Crump, Geo............1903 Cummings, Lewis........1888 Cummings, Frank......1892 Cummfmings, Julius.......1886 Cunninogam, W. J.. 1880 Curry, Robert..........1901 Curtis, Michael.........1890 Curtis, Wm...........1894 Davenport, Iarry.. 1894 Davis, Wm............1903 DeBoer, Peter......... 1893 DeCells, Eugene.........1883 Delaney, William.......1892 Denney, Christopher....1887 Denton, Edgar..........1896 Deurloo, Herman.......1904 DeWolf, Andrew.........1881 Dickerson, Charles......1887 Donahue, Thomas........ 1880 Downs, J. W.............1881 Duncan, George.........1890 Dunn, Eugene...........1888 Eddy, James...........1886 Emmer, A. J.............1880 Emmerson, Thos.........1884 Emmons, John..........1881 Emmons, Oscar........1878 E;mans, Ben...... 1899 Eness, Wm...........892 Engel, John V...........1880 Esterhill, Wm. H.........1894 Farwell, Peter........ 1886 Faulkner, James.........1887 Faulkner, Thomas........1895 Felton, Fred............ 1899 Fenn, Frank............1888 Findlay, Theodore......1897 Fisher, John............1894 Fitzpatrick, Wm....1880 Fitzpatrick, John........ 1895 Fitzpatrick, Michael......1887 Fitzpatrick, Thomas......1896 Fortier, John............188( Foster, James............1882 Fox, A. D...............1902 French, Ralph........... 1892 From, Oliver...........1871 Fryant, Dwight..........188S Fulkson, Wm.............1882 Galligan, Andrew....... 1902 Galloway, Edward...... 1894 Garhet, James..........1881 Cavity, Newton..........1891 Gibbons, Thomas.........1854 Gilmartin, Martin............ Glidden, Herbert.........189' Goodrich, John...........1887 Gordon, Louis...........1899 Gorham, Edwin.........1886 Griffith, Edgar A.........1899 Griffith, James......... 1901 Grom, Charles..........1905 Groskopf, August........ 1885 Guild, Elliott............ 1882 Guzzenbauer, George.....1890 Haggerty, John..........1900 H all, E. F................1873 HIIaln in, M. J............. 188 Hammer, John....... 18S5 Hammer, P. N...........1897 Hammerslag, L.......... 1905 Haner, Wm.............1888 Harris, Wim. II...........1883 Harter, Clarence.........1895 IIartson, Louis...........1881 Hathaway, James........1882 Hawk, W. T.............1884 Hayes, Dennis.......... 1892 Hazeltine, Bert..........1886 Hembling, S............1881 H-ensler, Fred.......... 1892 Heyman, Luke.......... 1893 Higgin, Fred............1895 Higgin, Robert..........1901 Higgins, Patrick........ 1882 Hill, Frank..............1894 Hilton, Edward..........1882 Hohn, Peter.............1888 Horton, Titus P.........1880 Horton, John........... 1893 560 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Howard, Charles.........1884 Howe, Charles..........1887 Howell, Edward.........1873 Howell, Ed., Jr...........1884 Howell, Jamess...........1873 Ilubbard, Floyd..........1886 Huguenot, Emanuel......1892 Hulf, Win...............1897 Hun, ndrew B...........1882 Hungerford, Clarence.... 895 Hyde, Edward...........1889 Ilydorn, George.......... 1885 Ilymnan. Luke............1893 Inman,,W.............. 1888 Jackman, W. J...........1884 Jenkins, John H., Jr.....1887 Jennings, Fred N.........1881 Jennings, Will.........1892 Jennings, Edward........1897 Johns, George F..........1887 Johnson, (leorge.........1888 Johnson, Elmer.......... 1891 Jolsrma, Winl.............1902 Kean, Frank............ 1880 Keeler, Wml..............1888 Kelley, John............. 1882 Kelley. Dell.............1889 Kennedy, lugh..........1892 Kennedy, John...........1885 Kerwin, John............1884 Kerwin. Luke........... 188 Kerwin, Alike............1880 Kirkwood, Thos. B........188() Kitts, (1ICarles II..........1880 Klosterhouse, John.......1892 Kriser, Frank............ 1897 Kriser, Anton............1902 Krupp. Jacob...........1892 Krupp, John............1892 Kyle, Oliver............ 1883 La lmb, Alle K........... 1888 llamore, Charles..........1884 Lanore, Dan............. 1884 Larson, Mathew.........1904 Leach, Albert...........1882 Lelmoin, Ray.............1902 Lernoin, Henry...........1872 Lemoin, oy............ 1897 Lemon, Frank...........1882 Lemlon, Luther..........1886 Lewis, George C..........1.882 Lewis, Charles...........1889 Linderman, Herman......1902 Lorren, John........... 1895 Lovell, Robert...........1891 Lucas, Henry............1894 Lynch, Geo..............1899 Lyons, Wm..............1882 Malddren, Wm........... 1903) Mlaher, Michael.......... 1887 Maitland, Walter........1901 Marks, John.............1882 A5 arvin, Henry.......... 77 5Mason, John............. 1887 Mathie, Jalmes..........1897 MaItthews, Judson........1 8;i Maxam, Walter..........1892 A'eArthur, Ira...........1901 iC1Carltv. Pey......... 1902 MAeCaul. (Geo............1883 MeCaul, Frank......... 1882 MeComi tik. Frank.......1891 McDerlmott Wn..........1888 AMcI)onald, (George.......1881 MIel eDon-ll Thomas.....18 SI Mel)outlgl, Archie........ 188I AI(1 Ga ry, Andrew........ 1882 M\Ic( innis, Kemr.......... 1890 cA'd(( pij'\, rriehae l........t,l:S l AeMdllltn, Thos........1881 tl[edbl v, Samuel........ 1 S AIMerrlificld. PIreston V.....1875 M iller, A. 1..............1899 M1iller, John1........... 18(99 Miller, Alkx............. 1S81 Mliller, Joseph............ IS78 MAithl e i.. Geore F...187 Mol, C. C...............1905 Montgonmey, Jas.........1884 5Morga n, lluogh J.........1881 Murphy, Aichael.........1887 AMuteliler. Frank.........1892 Myers, Warren......... 189( Nagelkirk, Peter........ 1895 Namgelkirk, Herbert......1902 Neal, Albert............1887 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 561 Nelson, Paul............1899 Nerenhouse, John........1883 Newhouse, John..........1883 Newman, Joseph......... 1898 Nicholson, Howard.......1895 Nicholson, Eugene.......1891 Noel, Geo................190 Oakwood, Rayy...........1902 Ormond, Wmi. J.........1878 Osgood, Wim. L.......... 1874 Osgood, W. S............1884 O'Donohue, Wm........1896 O'Neil, John............1893 O'Keefe, Morris.........1892 O'Connor, John..........1881 Parker, George...........1875 Patterson, Thomas.......1882 Peterson, Andrew........1893 Petrie, Arthur...........1888 Pfeifer, Burton......... 1890 Pierce, Oscar............1883 Pitts, Wm..............1890 Poe, Amos...............1899 Pomeroy, Samuel........1891 Porter, Edward......... 1887 Porter, Frank............1881 Postmus, Seitse...........1900 Primeau, Frank.........1905 Prindle, Seth............1882 Putnam, R. K............1872 Quigg, John............1897 Quinn, John.............1880 Rafferty, John...........1897 Rau, Gottleib...........1893 Rau, Stephen............1891 Reed, Wm...............1883 Reed, Reason............1893 Reed, William...........1905 Reetsburg, Isaac.........1884 Renahan, John........... 1884 Rexford, Wm...........1900 Richmond, A. J.......... 1875 Riley, Leo..............1901 Riley, Charles...........1896 Rittenberg, John........1904 Roberts, E. A............1874 Roberts, George L........1878 Roberts, Riehard........1880 Root, Richard...........1893 Rose, Andrew............ 1899 Ross, Alex..............1892 Rowley, George..........1884 Ruck, Fred.............1899 Runions, James.........1899 Sain, Clinton............. 1883 Schenck, Elmer..........1895 Schneider, E. L........... 1885 Scott, Wm..............1887 Sergeant, Fred..........1887 Seymour, Glen C........ 1882 Shook, Charles..........1891 Shriver, Fred, Jr........1881 Sidell, Charles..........1899 Silcott, Wm.............1889 Simmons, Charles........1890 Slovinski, Theodore.....1897 Smith, Cecil.............1903 Smith, Robert...........1885 Smith, John.............1873 Smith, Wm..............1891 Smith, Alden............1882 Smith, Alf...............1882 Smith, John, Jr..........1880 Smith, Truman..........1878 Smith, Walter...........1882 Sneeden, Freeland....... 1884 Sneedman, J. C...........1894 Snyder, Henry..........1882 Somers, William.........1884 Somers, John........... 1888 Sonke, Garret..........1887 Sonke, Isaac............1885 Soules, Lamont...........1891 Spencer, Wm............1890 Spencer, Charles........1881 Speyer, Roger..........1904 Spoelstra, George.......1888 Steinman, John..........1885 Stevens, Charles.........1900 Stevenson, Wm.........1887 Stewart, Wm............1887 Stover, Ed.............1881 Sutherland, Eugene......1890 Swan, W. A.............1882 Swartz, John...........1882 Sweet, Iremus W.........1882 562 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Sweetman, Richard......1892 Sylvester, Charles...... 1890 Tanner, Solomon........1888 Taylor, Chapin.........1900 Taylor, Geo.............1889 Taylor, James B.........1885 Taylor, Thomas..........1885 Thomas, Charles.........1882 Thurkettle, Harry.......1900 Thomas, James..........1889 Tolsma, Wm.............1894 Tomsma, Jerry...........1893 Toren, Jacob............. 1895 Tracy, Frank...........1882 Troy, Frank............1901 Tryman, Robert..........1880 Tucker, Harry...........1874 Tuffts, Wm.............1882 Van der Linde, Frank....1899 Van Haitsema, Titus.... 1890 VanSteinberg, Frank.....1881 Veenstra, John..........1903 Verlin, Michael..........1892 Vickeman, John........1899 Wade, Mathew.......... 1874 Walker, David..........1881 Waller, Wm.............1896 Walsh, Chas............1897 Watterson, J. K.........1881 Weaver, Jacob..........1894 Weitbrecht, Fred.........1901 Wellman, Arthur........1904 Werkman, John........1895 W est, Milo..............1894 Whalen, John..........1897 Wheeler, Charles.........1890 White, Wesley..........1895 Wickelson, Eugene......1891 W ieland, P..............1903 Wilcox, Fred..........1902 Wildberger, Frank H.....1895 Williams, Wm. H.........1883 Winegar, Andrew........1887 Wise, Wm..............1880 Witters, Gilbert.........1881 Worful, Charles..........1885 Wortz, Ray............1898 Wriglet, E. O.............1902 Wykes, Newton.........1880 Younglove, John.........1893 Youngs, Wm............1885 Yntema, Hessel.......... 1897 In the preparation of this chapter thanks are due to Fire Marshal Lemoin, Mr. Bettinghouse, the captains of the various engine houses, W. N. Cook, Charles Belknap and others. Henry W. Lemoin, fire marshal of the city of Grand Rapids, was born January 28, 1844, in the township of Stow, Summit county, Ohio, and was the youngest of eleven children, who were left fatherless and penniless when he was but a year old. His educational advantages were those of the common district schools. Dependent from the first upon his own exertions, to aid in the care and support of the family as well as himself, he worked on a farm from the age of twelve until he was twentytwo years old. Meanwhile, in 1861, the burning of the family residence, involving the total destruction of the building and household goods, gave him his first experience in fighting fire. Afterward he learned the trade of carpenter and joiner. In 1868 he came to Grand Rapids, where for several years he worked at his trade; after which he took a position in thp well-known business house of Shriver, Weatherly & Co., as 00, r 0 Ir HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 563 collector and shipping clerk. While at his trade, in 1873, he entered the fire service as part-pay pipeman in No. 1 Hose Company. There he very soon had his abilities put to test; taking an active part and serving with conspicuous gallantry at the great conflagration in July of that year, on East Bridge and Kent streets, under Chief Shields. Upon reorganization of the department he was appointed foreman of Steamer Company No. 2, and served in this capacity until 1880, and on September 6 of that year was elected by the Common Council chief engineer of the fire department; which position he has since filled with zeal and good judgment. Mr. Lemoin married, May 21, 1874, Harriet J. Findlay, of Ada, Michigan. They have four children, two sons and two daughters, named Roy, Bessie, Ray, and Florence. In his youth the major part of the expenses and care of his mother fell upon him, and to her ever kind and constant watchfulness and advice does he attribute the success he has atained in life. Mr. Lemoin became a member, in 1871, of Valley City Lodge, No. 86, of Free and Accepted Masons, and is still in that fellowship; also is a member of Valley City Council, No. 611, Royal Arcanum, of this city. The orderly and well disciplined condition of the fire department, its efficiency and its high standing among organizations of that kind, amply attest the abilities of Mr. Lemoin as a manager in the important and responsible position which he has held for many years and still holds at its head, and his integrity and fidelity as a citizen and a public officer. His home is at 223 Barclay street, and his official headquarters are at Engine House No. 4. For a quarter of a century he has been the head of the fire department, watched its growth, and guarded its interests. CHAPTER XIV. SAW AND FLOURING MILLS, Early Saw Mills. The first saw mill in Grand Rapids was built for the Indian Mission, at Government expense, in 1832, by Gideon H. Gordon. It was on Indian Mill Creek, and stood near where now is the railroad junction. It was a small, slow mill, with an old-fashioned upright saw, capable of cutting from five to eight hundred feet of boards per day, when there was sufficient power to keep it in motion. The lumber for a school house and meeting house at the Baptist Indian Mission, and for a small house and chapel at the Catholic Mission was made there. Boards were also sawed in that mill for the pioneer dwelling house of Joel Guild, and for some other buildings put up by Louis Campau and others in 1833 and 1834. When Darius Winsor came, he purchased or leased the mill, and ran it for a short time. The creek was small, and the mill could not be operated steadily; it was necessary for the dam to fill, then the mill worked till the water ran out, when the operation was repeated. It did good service for the pioneers, but was soon allowed to decay. The second saw mill was built on the east channel of the river, just above the present site of the Pantlind. It was begun by Luther Lincoln, and completed in the spring of 1834 by Abram S. Wadsworth. A low dam was constructed from the head of Island No. 1 to the east bank, and the power was applied to an undershot wheel. It did its work slowly. Not much lumber was cut there. The mill stood a few years, but the great freshet of 1838 swept it away. Three saw mills were built in the town of Wyoming in 1834, another in 1835, and one in 1836 on Plaster Creek where has since been a plaster mill. In the winter of 1837-38 Harry H. Ives built a mill for William H. Withey, some miles above the rapids, west of the river, on a small creek. About the same time Samuel White and Sons erected a saw mill a. short distance northwest 564 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 565 of town; and James M. and George C. Nelson also built one on Mill Creek. From these little outside mills much of the lumber was procured for several years after settlement. Ab,~ut 1837 was constructed the first mill with a muley saw in thl valley. It was built on the little Lamberton Creek that flows to the river near the Soldier's Home. It was a novelty, and attrar ted considerable attention for the time. It was operated only a few years. The first saw mill on the race, or east side canal, was built by James M. Nelson and H. P. Bridge, in 1837, at the north end of the "big mill" of Lyon & Sargeant. The second saw mill by the canal was that of James H. Scott, just above Bridge street, and the third was that of James M. Nelson a few rods below, built in 1842. Near Nelson's was the Haldane mill, and a little above, shortly afterward, was built the Harry Wartrous mill. In 1851 Powers & Ball built a small mill east of the canal, by Erie street, which they operated-with a muley saw for a few years. In 1854 C. C. Comstock built a mill adjoining that of Wartrous. In 1858 David Caswell and Rosenberg & Day were running saw mills by the canal. All the early mills were run by water power and cut from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 feet each per season. A mill which would turn out 4,500 feet per day was in those times considered an exceptionally good one. In 1837 a mill with an overshot wheel on Coldbrook, was built just east of Plainfield avenue. It was afterward owned by Charles W. Taylor. It was built by Dwight and James Lyman, who in 1837'advertised for 1,000 pine logs, to be delivered at the head of the rapids. Judge John Almy of the Michigan Board of Internal Improvement reported in 1837, "At the rapids of Grand river, and within a circle of eight miles around the same, there are in operation no less than eight saw mills, and several of these mills are double mills. Three millions of feet would be a low estimate of the average amount of lumber cut by these mills during the season of their operation." Later and Steam Saw Mills. About 1853 Powers, Ball & Co. put up the first steam mill, with a circular saw, in this region. It was on the West side, north of Leonard street, where the Long & Company mill afterward stood, 566 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. which was built in 1873. Wonderly & Company erected a large mill near there in 1870, with a cutting capacity of 100,000 feet or more daily. In 1864 C. C. Comstock built a water power mill near the head of the east side canal and put in a circular saw, which was burned down in 1878, but rebuilt and run for many years. He also built in 1868 a water power mill by the river bank opposite Erie street, where the Leitelt machine shops are. This was burned in 1871, rebuilt and again burned in 1884. About 1865 Elijah D. and Daniel H. Waters built a saw mill and box factory south of the old Nelson mill on the canal, which was burned several years later. When William T. Powers finished his west side canal he built a saw mill at the foot, but subsequently turned the power to, other uses. On the east side, by the head of Canal street and below the railway, B. R. Stevens & Sons put up a steam saw mill, about 1864. This was afterward sold to. Robinson, Solomon & Co., rebuilt on a larger scale, and finally sold and removed. Benjamin Ferris about the same time with Stevens & Sons, built a mill which was afterward purchased by L. H. Withey & Company, who operated it for many years, when the machinery was sold and taken away. Ichabod L. Quimby also for a number of years operated a mill near the one last mentioned. In 1882 C. C. Comstock built a steam power saw mill on the bank of the river above the chair factory. This was burned down in 1884, and rebuilt by the Cupples Wooden Ware Company, who ran it for many years. C. F. Nason had for many years a steam power saw mill a little north of the Grand Trunk Railway junction, west side. The Phoenix Furniture Company also built and operated a large saw mill in connection with the factory for some years. Pine Lumber. The beginning of lumber shipments from this point was made by George C. and James M. Nielson, and William H. Withey, about 1838. The first lumber rafts down the river were sent out in that year by James M. Nelson. Soon after, George W. Dickinson brought down' a raft of 30,000 feet of lumber from Flat River, which was the first one from that locality. For twenty years from the commencement of the lumber trade, the only profitable avenue for shipments to other markets was by floatage a Yt 4 4 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 567 to Grand Haven and shipment from that port by lake vessels. Until 1850 or thereabout, the growth of the lumbering business was moderate, but as the western country developed the trade grew rapidly. In 1855, lumber shipments from Grand River at its mouth, amounted to 45,000,000 feet, and an estimated value SItiprents of the same year also included about $100,000 worth of shingles and $33,000 worth of lath. The principal sources of sr pply of logs for sawing here, and also of logs floated past this point to Grand Haven, were extensive tracts of pine timber along Rogue River, Flat River, Maple River, Fish Creek, and one or two other affluents above Grand Rapids. These forests, within available distance of streams for running logs, furnished thousanis of millions of feet of the finest pine timber for market. Charles Fox was born at Ann Arbor, December 15th, 1853. He was the youngest of six sons. His parents were Rev. Charles Fox and Anna M. (Rucker) Fox. Rev. Charles Fox was a native of England and an ordained clergyman of the established Church. For some years he was engaged in pastorial and church work at Jackson, Michigan, Columbus, Ohio, and Detroit, Michigan. In 1843 he took up his residence on Groose Isle. Later he became connected with the State UJniversity as Professor of Agriculture. He died in 1854. In 1861 Mr. Fox's mother located in Detroit and for the next seven years he attended a private school in that city. Later the family removed to Ann Arbor and Charles Fox graduated from the Ann Arbor High School in 1871 and from the Literary Department of the University of Michigan in the class of 1875. In March, 1876, he came to Grand Rapids and engaged in the manufacture of lumber as a member of the firm of Osterhout, Fox & Co., which afterwards became the Osterhout & Fox Lumber Co. He has also been connected with the Grand Rapids Tie and Lumber Co., the South Grand Rapids Improvement Co., also a director in the Michigan Trust Co., and a director and Vice-President of the Grand Rapids Board of Trade. Mr. Fox ha.s taken all the Masonic degrees and is a Knight Templar and a member of the Mystic Shrine. Politically he is an ardent Republican. In 1892 he married Miss Carrine Hinsdill of Grand Rapids. Their home is on Clancy street at the corner of South College avenue. It is one of the finest residences in the city. His mother 568 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. was an inmate of his household until her death in 1901 at the age of eighty-four years. Mr. Fox has been an extensive traveller. In his college days he spent eight weeks on a fishing schooner in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Immediately after graduating from the University in company with his mother, his' brother (Dr. G. A. Fox), and his uncle and aunt, Sir William Fox and Lady Fox of New Zea. land, he spent a number of months in Europe, visiting England, Prance, Germany, Italy and Egypt. In 1883 he again spent six months abroad, visiting Ireland, Scotland, France, Spain, Algiers and other countries. In 1886 he traveled over New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. In 1890 he made an extended tour through Old Mexico. In 1892 he made a trip to China, Japan and Corea. Log Running and Booming. The Grand Rapids Boom Company was organized in 1870, and after that date handled all the logs in Grand River that were run to or below this city. Prior to its organization the Rouge River and other log running companies did a similar business, but often each owner looked after his own. The principal officers of the Grand Rapids Boom Company were: President-I. L. Quimby, 1870-74; C. C. Comstock, 1875-76; L. H. Withey, 1877 and after. Treasurer-L. H. Withey, 1870-74. Secretary-F. Letellier, 1870; Daniel H.'Little, 1871; W. J. Long, 1872-73; F. Letellier, 1874. After 1874 F. Letellier was Secretary and Treasurer. Besides the logs delivered by this company to local mills, during the years of its existence, it passed by for parties at the mouth of the river not less than 2,000,000,000 feet. During the years it did business it delivered to Grand Rapids mills over 700,000,000 feet. It did business until 1893. A fair estimate of the total yield of logs from the forests adjacent to and above Grand Rapids which found market over the waters of Grand River would be over three and a half billion feet. The lumber industry of Grand Rapids can be divided into about four periods, each of which had its own methods and each of which tendered good profits to those who knew the business. First were the small mills which cut chiefly for home consumption and supplied the settlers of the valley with materials for their buildings. Most of the logs for those mills were cut in their HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 569 immediate neighborhood and were drawn by teams directly to the mill. Much of the stock was furnished by farmers from their own land, but occasionally an enterprising lumberman would organize a small camp for the winter and employ a gang of men to put in an extra amount of stock. Soon the development of the west and the increased commerce of the Great Lakes brought a manufacturing period when large mills were erected which were worked to their utmost capacity during the summer and were supplied with logs floated down Grand River and its branches in the spring. In those days Grand Rapids lumbermen bought large tracts of pine lying at least within five miles of a stream upon which the logs could be floated to Grand River. In the winter large camps would be established on these tracts, logs cut and drawn to the banks of the streams down which they were sent at the breaking up of winter to the mills to be cut into lumber for market. The routine of lumbering in those days was establishing camp in September, cutting logs from then until camp broke up in the spring, drawing logs as soon as sleighing came, driving the logs down the streams as soon as winter broke up and starting the mills as soon as the logs came. Mills generally ran from April to October. The cutting of the logs in the woods was generally done under a different management from the running of the mills. Mill owners often bought their logs delivered in the booms alongside their mills. Manufacturing trees into logs was unlike manufacturing logs into lumber, and was a distinct business, although some men succeeded in both lines. Much of the timber on Rogue River, Flat River, Maple River, and Fish Creek was manufactured and marketed by Grand Rapids enterprise and capital. The third period came when the railroads reached from Grand Rapids north into the pine country and timber which before had been inaccessible found a profitable market. Saw mills were built alongside the railroads in the midst of pine woods and when the neighboring forests were cut logs were brought by railroad to supply the mills. Branches of the railroads were built directly into the woods for the express purpose of bringing out lumber and logs. For a time a mill would furnish more freight and profit for a railroad than, would an entire township of. agricultural land. After 1876 many log roads were built directly from the railroads 570 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. into the forests. The third period lasted until Michigan pine was exhausted. Then came the fourth period when Grand Rapids became the "office tower" for dealing in timber lands in distant states and territories, and men who had made fortunes in the second and third periods sought investments for their capital and sold the products of distant mills from Grand Rapids offices. In the first and second periods timber was manufactured in Grand Rapids and its vicinity by Grand Rapids labor and capital, but in the third and fourth periods Grand Rapids furnished only the capital and the enterprise. In a general way the periods blend into one another, but the first three lasted about twenty years each, commencing with the first settlement, and the fourth period still continues. At the present time large tracts of timber all over the country and even in foreign lands are owned and controlled by Grand Rapids capital and enterprise. Grand Rapids has had its share of prosperity from lumber. It was only fit that the State Foresters' Association should be organized in this city for preserving Michigan timber and re-foresting Michigan lands. It was established early in 1906 and it is hoped that it marks the beginning of a new era in Michigan's timber interests and enterprise. It may be more profitable than any period that has preceded. E. Crofton Fox was born at Grosse Isle, Wayne County, Michigan, on June 18th, 1852. He was a son of Rev. Charles Fox and Anna M. (Rucker) Fox. Rev. Charles Fox for many years was a. lecturer upon agriculture in the University of Michigan. E. Crofton Fox was raised on a farm on Grosse Isle and was educated in the schools of Detroit. and Ann Arbor. He was in the State University for a time but left college to engage in business in 1873. He came to Grand Rapids and became a partner with Williard Barnhart and Smith W. Osterhout in the lumber business. The firm and its successors operated mills at Fife Lake and Deer Lake. In 1875 Mr. Fox began buying lands in the upper Peninsula. He located about 20,000 acres. In 1887 -88 he located large tracts of land in Mississippi. He was an expert on timbered lands and looked over and located and purchased lands in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Canada, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas, and Virginia. He was well acquainted with the timber resources, of the County. +g\/}4 ~01^(-ZD %ow-, T I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 571 In politics he was a Republican and took a deep interest in campaign and committee work. Under Governor Luce he was President of the State Military Board with the rank of Colonel. He was. a member of nearly all the Masonic bodies of Grand Rapids and erected the building known as the Masonic Temple on Ionia street. He was also a member of the Knights of Pythias of Grand Rapids. He was Vice-President of the Nelson & Matter Furniture Co., a director of the Old National Bank, and also of the Kent County Savings Bank. He was an enthusiastic woodsman and sportsman and spent many days in the woods and forests hunting and fishing. Col. E. Crofton Fox never married. He died at Grand Rapids March 2, 1904, survived by his brother, Charles Fox. Flouring Mills. In 1834 at the Indian Mission saw mill which stood near where now is the junction of the Grand Trunk railway and the Pere Marquette and the G. R. & I. railways on the West side was done the first grinding of grain for the settlers of Grand Rapids. A run of stones was attached to the saw mill and for two years did what work was possible with its limited resources and lack of power. In 1836-37 Dwight Lyman and James Lyman, brothers who in 1835 had come from Connecticut and opened a store on Market street where now is the Eagle Hotel, built a grist mill on Coldbrook Creek just above where now the Grand Trunk railway crosses Coldbrook street. It was a popular custom mill for many years and was operated until about 1867, when the flouring machinery was removed. The old mill building was blown down in a gale on February 28th, 1880. The "Big Mill," as it was called in the old days, was built in 1836-37 on the river bank near the foot of Hastings street. In 1846 it was bought by Martin L. Sweet and John L. Cleiients, who operated it for about' eight years. The purchase of that mill was the advent of Martin L. Sweet into the business life of Grand Rapids. For many years James M. Barnett was'associated with Mr. Sweet in operating the "Big Mill." In 1854 Mr. Sweet built another mill across the canal from the "Big Mill," and both mills were operated under one management for many years. 'In the big 572 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. fire of 1873 the new mill burned and the "Big Mill' also was destroyed by fire soon after. The'Kent Mills were erected in 1842-43. It was a stone building built by John W. Squire and situate between Canal street and the mill race a few rods south of Bridge street. The machinery and mill stones for this mill were brought down Grand River on a scow from Jackson. The mill was operated by Mr. Squire for many years. It was destroyed by fire on May 8th, 1872, at which time it was operated by H. Grinnell Co. The Valley City Mills were built in 1867 by A. X. Carry & Co. They are on the south side of Bridge street between the canalt and the river. They are now operated by the Valley City Milling Co., which was organized in 1884. The Globe Mill was erected in 1868 by G. M. Huntly and C. A. Moross on the river bank a few rods south of the Valley City Mills. It is now operated by the Valley City Milling Co. The Star Mills on the west bank of the river just south of Bridge street were built in 1868 by Wellington Hibbard & Co. They are now operated by the Voigt Milling Co. The Crescent Mills are at the west end of Pearl street bridge on the south side of Pearl street. They were erected in 1875 by Hibbard-Rose & Co. They are now operated by the Voigt Milling Co. In 1881 W. W. Hatch and Henry Mitchell built the Model Mills on Winter street south of West Bridge street. After a few years they were moved to corner of Court street and the railway tracks, where they are now operated by the Valley City Milling Co. William N. Rowe was born at Rochester, N. Y., October 5, 1853, and removed to Michigan with his father when he was thirteen years old. They first settled on a farm and later removed to Grand Rapids. At the age of seventeen, he left home and took a course at the Fredonia Normal school at Fredonia, N. Y. After completing this course, he returned and took a course at the Grand Rapids Business college. After graduating, he entered the employ of LaBar, Heath & Co., of Cadillac, as bookkeeper, and it was while in this position that he secured his first knowledge of the milling business. About a year later he left this position to teach school at Mountain Grove, Mo., and left that city to become superintendent of the public schools at North Springfield, in the same state. This position he filled for three years I : 4 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDIS. 573 and was re-elected but resigned to fill a position with Mangold, Kusterer & Co., who conducted the Star mill in this city. He remained with this firm about five years and then organized the Valley City Milling Co., of which he was president at the time of his death, selecting as partners Prof. C. G. Swensberg, of the Grand Rapids Business college, the Hon. M. S. Crosby and Richtrd M. Lawrence, the latter being his assistant bookkeeper at the Star mills. They began business as equal partners Feb. 1, 1884, by purchasing the Valley City mills. This mill was soon found to be inadequate and was changed to a full roller mill. In May, 1890, the company purchased the Model mill. The company had mills and elevators at different points throughout the state and built up an immense milling business. Mr. Rowe was prominent in church circles, being a member of the Fountain St. Baptist church, and having been one of the organizers of the Berean Baptist church on Plainfield avenue; also Scribner St. Baptist church on Scribner St. He was also identified with the Grand River Horticultural Society, having been president from 1878 to 1881. He was a director of the Michigan Millers' Fire Insurance Company; Treasurer of the Millers' National Association and a member of the Board of Directors of the Millers' National Federation. He was a member of the Advisory Board of the Chicago University, and a director of the Kalamazoo college. It was practically through his influence that the Grand Trunk Railway Company was induced to make its terminal in this city at the east end of Bridge Street bridge. He was a man whose advice and experience were eagerly sought in business life, and his integrity was never questioned. He died March 21st, 1905, leaving a widow and two sons, W. S. Rowe, and Fred N. Rowe, both of whom were identified with their father in the milling business. Voigt Milling Company. The Star Mills situated on North Front street south of Bridge street were erected in 1868 by Mitchell and Hibbard. In 1870 John Mangold purchased an interest in the firm and the partnership name became Mangold, Hibbard & Co. January l1t, 1875, Christopher Kusterer bought out John Mangold's interest and in May of the same year Voigt & Herpolsheimer purchased the Hib 574 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. bard interest. In 1881 Mr. Voigt and Heirpolsheimer bought' out the interest of Christopher Kusterer, who was lost on the Alpena, and the firm became C. G. A. Vdigt"& Co. with Carl G. A. Voigt, W. G. Herpolsheimer and Louisa F. Mangold 'as partners. This firm continued until 1897. The Crescent Mills at the west end of Pearl street bridge were erected in 1875 by Hibbard, Rose & Co. The building is of brick and its original cost with equipment was $65,000. The next year John F. Craft bought out Mr. Rose and the firm became Hibbard & Craft and continued so until 1880 when John F. Craft leased the mills and continued the business until 1882, when the Crescent mills were purchased by C. G. A. Voigt and W. G. Herpolsheimer, who carried on business under the firm name of The Voigt Milling Company until 1897, with Frank A. Voigt as manager. In July, 1898, the business of the Star mills and the Crescent mills were merged and both mills are now operated by the Voigt Milling Co. and managed by Carl G. A. Voigt and Frank A. Voigt. The partnership is composed of Carl G. A. Voigt, Frank A. Voigt, Louisa P. Mangold and Edward C. Mangold. The Voigt Milling Company has about sixty employes and its annual output is about 270,000 barrels of flour, orabout 800 barrels a day. The firm also deals in corn, rye and oats. Thirty years ago the neighboring farms supplied the flouring mills of Grand Rapids with sufficient wheat to keep them running the year round, and millers- shipped wheat to other markets, but now the wheat farms about Grand Rapids have become fruit farms, and the local supply of wheat makes a small part of the flour manufactured in the city. The Voigt Milling Company buys its wheat in the open markets of the world and sells its products in the markets of the United States. Twenty-five years ago' all the mills in Michigan used burrs; now all use the roller process. The Crescent mills installed the roller process in 1883, and the Star mills in the summer of 1885. The flouring mills of Grand Rapids are among its most important indu.striP. In 1875 the four mills in Grand Rapids produced from 450 to 500 bbl. daily; they now produce from 1,800 to 2,000 bbl. daily, or four times as much; at that time the mills were all wholly de ~2A I I' I IFI HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 575 pendent on water power, while today they are all equipped with steam, as an adjunct. Oarl G. A. Vogt was born Dec. 5, 1833, in the village of Wennugen, province of Saxony, Prussia. Soon after his birth his parents removed to a larger town named Muecheln in the same province, and remained there until Carl was 13 years old. The names of his parents were Adolph A. Voigt and Johanna Voigt nee Schlegel. As a boy he commenced going to school when five years old, and attended the public schools of the village until the family left for America, which was Aug. 10, 1847. They sailed from Bremen for New York, and were on the ocean 42 days. His father intended to settle at Chicago, but as there was no opening there for his business (he being a baker) they went to Michigan City, Ind., which at that time was a small village of about 500 inhabitants. In those days it was noted for its harbor and had about nineteen large elevators; the grain was brought in prairie schooners from as far south as Lafayette. Carl was the oldest of five boys. After the family settled he did anything that came handy; after a time he worked in a grocery store for a couple of years, and in January, 1854, went into a drygoods store and remained with the same firm until November, 1865, when he went, into the drygoods business for himself with Mr. W. G. Herpolsheimer for a partner, under the firm name of Voigt & Herpolsheimer, which firm did business for a number of- years. In 1870 the firm started a branch house at Grand Rapids, of which Mr. Herpolsheimer took personal charge, while Mr. Voigt stayed at Michigan City. In 1875 Mr. Voigt and Mr. Herpolsheimer bought an interest in the Star Mill, of which Mr. Voigt took the personal management. They were in partnership in the milling business and the drygoods business for 35 years, when the partnership relations were dissolved by mutual consent. Mr. Voigt and his family continue to manage the milling business, while Mr. Herpolsheimer and his family continue to manage the drygoods business. Mr. Yoigt lives at 81 So. College ave. CHAPTER XV. PARKS AND CEMETERIES. By C. W. Garfield. In the early days it was but a step to the deep woods from the center of the city, so that a poor, tired mortal could in a few minutes be in communion with Nature, and enjoy the restful influences of a quiet hour in the woods. There was no need of parks or park areas. Later on, as the city grew and the woods were cut off, the distance to a quiet, restful place in the forest was so great few could take the advantages of it because of,the expense of transportation. The park came in as a part of urban life to assist in relieving the tension and adding opportunities for entertainment and rest greatly needed by busy men and women. City authorities were quite slow, however, in adapting themselves to the new conditions, and park growth for a good many years was very slow. Even as late as the publication of Baxter's History, an item occurs in that publication which indicates that Grand Rapids had not much to boast of in size, number or attractiveness of her parks' and pleasure grounds. The rapid growth of the city, the congestion of its enterprises, the intensity of city life, and all those artificial conditions which grow with the growth of the city, led to a larger interest in park enterprises and the one little square on Fulton street multiplied into nearly a score of breathing places which have not only made Grand Rapids attractive but have added to the satisfaction of living within our borders. Grand Rapids is a very beautiful city, and her parks and boulevards are supplemented by spacious private grounds in many locations, which add practically to the park ways of the town. In projecting new streets, park ways along the sides are recognized as important factors, and the organization of a Park & Boulevard Association to act in conjunction with city authority, in conserving natural scenery and building up lines of travel in an artistic way, have all made contributions to the reputation of our city for home building. There are sixteen named parks hav576 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 577 _. I I[ 1 1 ing an aggregate area of 235-76-100 acres. They are distributed so as to be of the greatest use to our people, and admirably suited to the embellishment of the city. Near the close of the session of the Michigan Legislature for 1905, an Act was passed to revise the charter of the city of Grand Rapids, and in it a provision was made for a Board of Park and Cemetery Commissioners. Previous to this date, the parks had been under the management of the Common Council through a standing committee. The new charter combined the duties of park and cemetery management in one commission of five members. Among the powers and duties detailed by this charter provision, are the following: "The Board shall have the control and management, and shall have charge of the care and improvement of all the parks and public grounds of Grand Rapids, whether within or without the city limits, and all such parks or public grounds as shall hereafter be acquired, laid out, purchased, or dedicated for public use by said city. It shall also have general control of the planting and care of shade trees and flowers on' the margin and park ways of the public streets and may make such rules and regulations and give such directions in regard thereto as shall tend to improve and beautify the same." Another provision gives the Board of Park Commissioners the control and management of any boulevards which may be acquired and.laid out by the city. In truth, all of the duties and powers which heretofore have been invested in the Board of Public Works and the Common Council of the city, relating to public parks, grounds and boulevards, are transferred to the Board of Park Commissioners. This marks the beginning of a new epoch in park management in Grand Rapids, and by those who have given the largest amount of thought and energy to the making of a more beautiful and attractive city, the new plan is welcomed with keen satisfaction. Fulton St. Park. The oldest, most centrally located, most popular and most useful park in the city of Grand Rapids, is the public square on E. Lulton St., bounded by Fulton and Park Streets on the south and north, and East and West Park Streets on the east and west. In the early days it was used for a play ground and for all the public out-of-door meetings on holidays and for many public 578 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. functions of a popular character. Under the direction of Thos. D. Gilbert, with our pioneer nurseryman, John Suttle, in immediate charge, it was planted to sugar maples scattered evenly over the entire area. In recent years other embellishments have been added in the way of lawn flower beds, under the direction of the Superintendent of Parks, and a little shrubbery here and there has been added and forms a pretty piece of embroidery. A large fountain and basin occupies the central area, from which all of the walks radiate. In later years the public square has not been used for popular gatherings to any great extent, but the function of the Park has been that of a breathing place, and its proximity to the business streets makes a popular place for resting. Abundance of seats are furnished during the summer season for the convenience of people, and they are liberally patronized. The shade is restful to the eye, the fountain is a source of attraction, and the busy street scene from beneath the canopy of foliage is a constant source of attraction. It is a great change from the uses to which the park was placed in days when the ball games were played there, the fireworks on Independence Day were exhibited there; the greased pole with the trophy at the top for the best climber which was a feature of the gala days, and people who were fortunate enough to have homes facing the park delighted their friends by giving them opportunity to witness the attractions. It was here the IHorribles, which claimed to find a weak spot for entrance into the city on Independence Day, tarried in their journey and performed many interesting evolutions, to the great delight of the younger members of the community, and afterward retired to their "hole in the wall." In the early history of the park there was a board fence around it for protection, and this became a place for the boys to gather and sit and visit and arrange schemes which the City Fathers thought were improper, and as a method to break up these gatherings, the fence was taken away, and a bar consisting of a 4 x 4 scantling set into posts, was placed about the entire park with the sharp corner on top, so that no convenient roosting place was left for the boys. History does not tell whether the results accomplished were satisfactory to the city government or not, but for years this fence remained around the park. The park is upon the site selected by Territorial Commissioners HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 579 in 1833 for the county seat of Kent County. It came to the public use by dedication in the original platting and as a result of further action and expenditure in perfecting the title. One of the distinguishing features of the park is a bust of one of Grand Rapids' most useful citizens, Thos. D. Gilbert, and was placed there as a memorial by corporations in which he was greatly interested. A very useful feature of the park is a drinking fountain in the southeast corner, placed there by Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Immen in memory of their son. John Ball Park. The first 40 acres of John Ball Park became the property of the city upon the death of the donor in 1884. The land was State School land. A certificate No. 1025 U. was issued to Mr. Ball Jan. 19, 1855. The state patent for the land was not, however, issued until August 9, 1867. The will in which this public bequest was made was written in 1869, when Grand Rapids was hardly more than a village, having less than 16,000 population. Even at the time of Mr. Ball's death many of the aldermen doubted the wisdom of accepting the gift, as small value was at that time placed upon park areas, and this 401 acres was then outside the city limits and seemed to many too far from the center of population to be of any real value. It is doubtful if the gift would have been accepted had not the Hon. T. D. Gilbert, a life long friend of Mr. Ball, at that time been a member of the Common Council. Being both far sighted and public spirited, he took great interest in the matter and through his efforts and influence, the gift was duly accepted and the first funds appropriated for its improvement. It was but a few years, however, before the natural beauties of the "Ball 40" with its steep wooded hill sides and charming ravines-for which in its natural state Chicago would gladly pay $100,000, if it could be placed within her limits-began to attract general attention. Because of it the Common Council was able to secure an extension of the street car system to the park itself, and the improvement of neighboring streets, and but a few years later the 40 acres north of the original 40 and 17 acres to the south of it, taking in the entire line of high bluffs from Butterworth Ave. north nearly to Bridge St., were purchased. This 580 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. forms a 100-acre park, which for natural beauty cannot be excelled in the country. The aldermen who have been members of the Park Commission have all become enthusiasts in park development. Under the superintendenee of Mr. Cukierski, the natural beauties of the park have been supplemented by richest beds of flowers and foliage plants. Natural rivulet beds have been turned into a series of ponds and water-falls, the pure filtration from the sandy hill is collected in grottoes for the thirsty, a chain of artificial lakes adorns the low lands at the foot of the bluff, a splendid greenhouse plant with a large nursery for park plants has been established. Fine roads and paths and rustic stairs and lunch cottages have been built, while deer and elk parks and cages for scores of wild animals, both feathered and furred, add much to its attractiveness. John Ball, whose name the park bears, was born near Hebron, Vt., Nov. 12, 1794. He was one of the pioneers of Western Michigan, settling in Grand Rapids in 1837. He was a citizen particularly interested in the public schools, and was a member of the village and school board for upwards of 40 years. Oomstock Park. In 1891 Hon. Charles C. Comstock and wife deeded to the Western Michigan Agricultural and Industrial Society a beautiful tract of land containing something over ninety acres, fronting on the west side of Grand River, just a little outside of the present city limits, in trust for a park, specifying that it might be used for fairs and exposition grounds and for the holding of exhibitions, shows, religious and political meetings, for a race track for the speeding of horses and for other purposes of a like nature. Evidently it was the generous public spirited purpose of Mr. Comstock to set apart and dedicate this valuable tract of ground, conveniently located, for'the perpetual benefit and pleasure of the people of Grand Rapids, as by the terms of the deed he provided that in case the trustee first named should violate or neglect or refuse to carry out the trust in holding the property for such uses, that it should then be conveyed to the city of Grand IRapids upon the same trust for the public purposes mentioned. There seems to have been a lack of information as to the full HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 581 scope and broad and generous purpose of Mr. Comstock in dedicating this property to the use and pleasure of the public. The association trustee took possession of it and it has been used almost exclusively so far for the purposes of holding an annual fair and for race track purposes. The ground is outside of the city and until the adoption of the new charter, providing for a. Board of Park and Cemetery Commissioners, giving them full power and authority to go outside of the city limits in providing and improving parks for the pleasure of our people, the city authorities were not in position or authorized to co-operate with the trustee in enabling the trustee to open the grounds to the first and proper use and purpose specified by Mr. Comstock, that of a public park. As soon, however, as the new charter goes into effect the Board of Park Commissioners will then be empowered and in a position to co-operate with the trustee in beautifying the grounds and opening them for the pleasure and enjoyment of all our people during the entire park season of the year. Possibly the trustee may deem it wise a little later to transfer -the legal title in trust to the city of Grand Rapids, where the grounds can be kept under permanent and wise control for all the uses and purposes mentioned. The future years and the proper development of the ground will bring a proper appreciation of the broad, thoughtful generosity of Mr. Comstock in setting apart this park for the use of the people. Crescent Park. Previous to 1858, the bluff which formed the western boundary for the high relief of ground on the east side of the river extended from Bridge St. around to Fountain St., and there was no method of getting directly down on the line of the present location of Crescent Ave. This bluff was a very beautiful feature of the city and was occupied on either side of Bronson St.-the name that was changed later to Crescent Ave.-by two attractive residences, the one on the north side of the street owned by Dr. Francis H. Cuming, and the one on the south side owned by Dr. Geo. K. Johnson. These homes were noted for the beautiful shrubbery and flowers with which they were embellished. As the business of the city increased, and commercial enter 582 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. prise began to assert itself, there was a strong expression of feeling on the part of merchants on Canal St. and others interested in business enterprises in that part of the city, to have Bronson St. cut through in a continuous street from the upper part of the city to Canal St. This looked like a stupendous undertaking in those days. At the foot of the hill was a marshy piece of ground fed by springs, so that Dr. Cuming in going from his residence to St. Mark's church, which then stood on the corner of Bronson and Division Sts., followed a winding pathway which was so arranged as to avoid the marshy ground. The residents on top of this hill wlo would be most affected by putting through the street, objected because it would destroy the beauty of their residences, which were in a large sense, a pride, not only to the owners, but to the city itself. A controversy was carried on quite earnestly, and as a result of it, a compromise was effected by the establishment of Crescent Park, and a plan instituted by which people could get up and down hill, the plan having been made by Col. Meunscher. Dr. Cuming and Dr. Johnson, who served in the Civil War together and were very warm friends, cordially united in deeding the piece of ground necessary to the operation of this plan, to the city in October, 1858. Dr. Cuming was not only a public-spirited man, but a man of genius, of strong personality, and he took a great interest in the first grading and putting into shape of the bill declivity in the development of the park. One of his original ideas was to preserve the contours of the bluff, maintaining the beauty of the residences for all time, but there was a, great deal to be done in the evolution of a city not dreamed of by the good Doctor in the formation of his plans. Some time after his death a cut of 15 feet was made in putting Bostwick St. through to Bridge St., and later on a cut of 19 feet more was made, thus leaving the Cuming residence at the apex of a., sand hill, and the so-called street improvement rendered it necessary to make great changes in the building in order to preserve it from demolition. These severe cuts shortened the distance somewhat of the steep drives forming the northern and southern boundaries of the park, but rendered many changes necessary in connection with the contour of the land. The city then for the first time -entered into a methodical way of developing the park. This provided for a stairway 12 feet wide, made of 56 stone steps, the whole plan being carried HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 583 out in Joliet stone. In the middle of the park, next to Bostwick St., and at the top of the flight of steps, was located a fountain with a circular basin, the central figure being quite ornate, and as a. piece of art greatly admired by the people of the city. The level area next to Bostwick St. is provided with seats and it is a favorite resting place for people who enjoy the wonderful panorama presented by the Grand, flanked on either side by the array of manufacturing industries, the background of the picture being the beautifully wooded relief of land extending north and south nearly the whole length of the western boundary of the city. Antoine Campau Park. in the early days, Antoine Campau, one of Grand Rapids' oldest and most respected pioneers, built a home on what was then the new Kalamazoo Road, and which later became Division St. The farm home was located on the west side of the street south of Fifth Ave. It was a very neat and well-kept premises and a distinguishing characteristic was two beautiful pine trees that were land marks in that part of town. An attractive feature was a beautiful garden, which was always kept in the pink' of condition and furnished the family with many delightful things for the table during the entire season, and was an object lesson in gardening for all the earlier inhabitants of the city. As the years passed and Mr. Campau died, the property, or at least a portion of it, was acquired by his grandson, Mr. Martin' A Ryerson, who, in remembrance of his grandfather's useful life in Grand Rapids, donated that piece of land which is bounded by 7th and 8th Avenues and S. Division and Ionia Sts., to the city of Grand Rapids, for a permanent park. The Common Council, by resolution on June 19, 1899, formally accepted the gift, 'and placed in its records the resolution that the park shall be known forever as The Antoine Campau Park, and that Mr.'Martin A. Ryerson and his heirs have the right to erect on the site of the Campau homestead, within the city park, such suitable 'monument to the memory of Antoine Campau as he shall see fit to place tihre. On July 10th of the same year, the city received the deed from Mr. Ryerson, and it was formally accepted by George R. Perry, who was then mayor of the city. On.this latter date the following action was taken by the Common Council of the city:' ~ Whereas, the southern portion of the City of Grand Rapids 584 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. has never had a public park, and there has seemed to be no practical way of supplying this part of the city and its citizens with a suitable public breathing-place; And, Whereas, through tht generosity of Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, a resident of Chicago, Ill., but a son of this city, that need has been supplied by the donation of a valuable plat of ground, the same originally occupied by his grandsire, the respected pioneer, Antoine Campau; Therefore, Be it resolved by the Common Council of the City of Grand Rapids, Michigan, that the sincere thanks of this body be, and are hereby, extended to Mr. Ryerson, and with them the heartfelt wish that he may ever enjoy the full measure of prosperity that his generosity entitles him to receive. It is said that he who causes two blades of grass to grow where but one grew before, is blessed, then how much more blessed is he who gives the soil upon which innumerable blades shall grow, for the pleasuse of his fellow men? And, Be it further resolved, that a copy of this resolution suitably engrossed and framed, be prepared and presented to Mr. Ryerson as a slight token of the city's appreciation. On July 17th of that year, a resolution was adopted instructing the superintendent of parks to furnish a plan with approximate estimates of cost for the proper improvement of Antoine Campau Park. On August 20th the plan was submitted and adopted, and an appropriation of $2,500.00 made for the purpose. Subsequently the plan was carried out, and this park in a most beautiful way commemorates the life and services of a most worthy man, through the generosity and thoughtfulness of his grandson. The distinguishing feature of the park is the variety and beauty of its shrubbery. The lawn is also attractive because of the perfection of the turf, and it is a resting place for many tired people during the summer months, and the trees and shrubbery have been so selected as to make it a very pretty picture during the inclement season of the year. Lincoln Park. A level tract of 15 acres lies at the foot of W. Bridge St. Hill, bounded by W. Bridge St., on the north, Marion St., on the east, Jackson St. on the south and Garfield Ave. on the west, which HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 585 was dedicated to park purposes in 1873, having been deeded to the city by Theodore F. Richards and wife, Mr. Richards also deeding as executor, the interests of Jane D., Chas. F., Edward A. and Emma L. Tuttle. The consideration was $8,800, and the park was named for our martyred president. It was necessary to secure an additional deed from Wm. Haldane, who was the guardian of the infant children of Chas. F. Tuttle. The consideration of this case was $1,200, making the total initial cost of Lincoln Park $10,000. The distinguishing feature of the park is the beautiful trees, which have been planted at various times and the accessibility for people upon the west side of the river. The city at various times has had under consideration a project to connect this park with John Ball Park by a boulevard, which would be a wonderful improvement to the park interests on the west side of the river. Highland Park. A beautiful piece of rolling ground with Coldbrook winding its way through it, was presented to the city by the parties who platted Bissell & Harland's addition to the city of Grand Rapids. In 1873 Alpius Bissell and Melville R. Bissell and wife, and Benj. A. Harland and wife, executed the deed to the city, the consideration being an agreement to expend not less than $500 in improving it. The original deed covered but 31/2 acres of land. Later on another 11/2 acres were added at a cost of $1,200 to the city. This park is located along the north side of the Grand Trunk Ry. between Union St. and KGrand Ave. It is covered with a beautiful natural growth of oaks and is a very attractive piece of ground, unspoiled by any artifice of man. It is a favorite place for picnic gatherings and a delight to the children because of the liberty allowed for play. State, Street Park. State Street Park is a small triangular piece of ground bounded by Washington and State Streets, with the acute angle of the triangle toward Jefferson Ave. Nothing has been done by the city to improve it except to keep a good turf upon the entire area of ground. It contains but 11-100 of an acre. It was deeded to the city as a gift by Canton Smith, Aug. 8th, 1849. 586 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Foster Park. Foster Park is a triangular piece of land lying between Cherry St. and State St., the apex of the triangle resting upon Madison Ave. This was deeded to the city in August, 1849, by Canton Smith, as a gift, and has been preserved in lawn, with no additions except the planting of a large bed of annuals each season during the later years. The opportunity for making a little gem here with appropriate use of shrubbery, the city will undoubtedly take advantage of at an early date. De Commer Park. In June, 1900, by action of the Common Council, an ordinance was passed which declared the plat of ground within the corporate limits of the city of Grand Rapids and lying in the First ward of said city, between Third Ave. proper and the north arm of said Third Ave., as a public park to be known and designated as De Commer Park. Monument Park. Near the geographical center of the city is a triangular piece of ground bounded by Fulton St., Monroe St., and Division St., containing 6-100 acre, which is known as Monument Park. A border of maple trees facing on each street was planted in the area between the curbstone and the sidewalk. This bit of greenery has been an attractive feature and is dear to the hearts of many of our citizens. In the interests of trade there have been several attempts to have it leveled off and the trees taken out, so that the space could be utilized for commercial purposes on account of the congestion in this part of the city, but each time the projectors have been thwarted in their efforts by the wave of sentiment which has arisen and manifested itself in strong protests which have been effective. During recent years this shady place has been utilized by placing seats about it in such manner as to add to the-comfort of people who desired a few moments rest and recreation. Though the paved streets and the small area render it difficult for the maple trees to grow thriftily, they have thus far been preserved and have performed a valuable mission. In the central area of this triangular park is situated the HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 587 Soldiers' Monument, erected in memory of the men who gave their lives during the Civil War in the cause of their country. In 1864 while we were in the midst of the great struggle for the preservation of the Union, the Kent County Soldiers' Monument Association was organized. The original incorporators were Truma.n H. Lyon, Peter R. L. Pierce, Alfred X. Cary, Geo. W. Allen, Eben Smith, Jr., Henry Grinnell, Thos. D. Gilbert, Henry Fralick, Wilder D. Foster, and Ransom C. Luce. The executive officers were: Thos. D. Gilbert, president; R. C. Luce, treasurer; Eben Smith, Jr., secretary. Of all these public-spirited gentlemen who initiated this movement, not one is living. The organization was started upon the dollar membership plan, the purpose being to raise a considerable fund, which should finally be used in the building of a suitable monument in the memory of the soldiers who served their country in the war thlat was then pending and gave their lives in its service. The writer of this well remembers, although a young lad at the time, that his father made every individual in the family a member of the organization. However, money came in very slowly because there were so many calls that seemed to be of greater immediate importance. A fund of five or six hundred dollars was gathered, however, and for a long period very little was heard of the organization. Mr. Gilbert and Mr. Fralick, with their usual thrift and forethought invested the money already obtained in such a way that the fund grew quite rapidly. Early in the 80's interest in the project was revived, and plans were submitted by The Detroit Bronze Co., which were finally accepted, for a monument to cost $3,500. The plan on the part of the citizens most interested, was to have it in readiness for dedication at the annual reunion of the Army of Cumberland, which was to be held in September, 1885. This was a larger expense than was warranted by the fund in hand, but Mr. Gilbert put himself into the breach, and became responsible for any balance that was needed to complete the work. The fund had grown from its original $600, as a result of the skillful investment, to be nearly $2,500. In connection with the entertainment of the Army of the Cumberland, a fund was raised by subscription, and after all bills were paid, there was a balance in the treasury of $750, which was turned over to the monument fund. Private subscription took care of the needed balance to complete the payment for the monument. 588 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. MIany criticisms have been made upon the memorial shaft, and perhaps from the artist's standpoint the exceptions have been well taken-; but notwithstanding this it was placed there as a result of a movement with the most beautiful purpose in view, and it stands in the center of our city as a mark of self-sacrifice and thoughtful consideration on the part of a large number of people whose sympathies went out with their gifts, not only in rememberance of those who. gave their lives for their country, but a memento of the sacrifices made by those who remained at home and suffered in their country'ss cause. That part of the design which recognizes the faithful work of the women in their nmission of mercy, was suggested by Mrs. Thos. D. Gilbert. The monument is set in a basin and performs during the warm portions of the year the function of a fountain. On; each annual Memorial D.ay the monument is appropriately decorated and draped by representatives of the G. A. R., and every day in.the year it is recognized by the passing populace as standing,for a permanent recognition of the beautiful spirit which supported in every practical way our country's cause in her greatest need. It is interesting in connection with this park to know that it has a meaning to men of science as well as men of patriotism. Captain Coffinbury, who was for many years the leading civil engineers of our city, and who responded to his country's call and fought bravely during the great Civil War, has made permanent record of a matter that is of scientific interest in its relation to this bit of ground. The record runs as follows: "At a meeting of the Common Council of the City of Grand Rapids, called' the 17th of April;, 1865, the city surveyor made a report, in pursuance of a previous order, to erect a. city grade bench, and the' siurveyor was ordered to put the same on record in, the city grade book." Captain Coffinbury, who was then city surveyor, wrote the text of this report of his action, which is as follows: "A large granite boulder with an iron bolt inserted in the top and leaded in securely is planted at least three feet in the ground with the top an iron bolt, visible at the surface, in the southeast corner of the small triangular park bounded on the south by Fulton St.. on the west by Division St., and on the northeast by Monroe St. Said bench is to be recognized as the HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 589 base of all street grades in the city east of the river, and must be referred to in all the records for street grades, from and after this date. Bearings-Iron post south 72~ east-176 links 1 inch. Iron post south 77~ 45' west 187 links 1 inch. Recorded April 18, 1865. W. L. COFFINBURY, City Surveyor.' Thus there was established a starting point or base for all the surface and levels in connection with the future work of the city engineers. Grand River Drive. In the year 1904 at a gathering of public-spirited citizens an organization was perfected called the Grand Rapids Park & Boulevard Association, having as its. object the building and ornamentation of beautiful drive-ways contiguous to the city. The immediate work taken up by the association was the development of a drive extending from the end of Godfrey Avenue down the east side of Grand River to a point opposite the village of Grandville; thence extending by ferry across the river and running mostly upon already established highways to the city, with a possible diversion to John Ball park. This association gathered in the neighborhood of $12,000, and at the time of this writing it has acquired title to a considerable tract of ground near the Lnke Shore railroad drawbridge, known as the "Indian Mounds," together with a varying width of land along the border of the river extending from the Indian Mounds to Grandville. This river drive has been fenced and cleaned up so that it is already used as a drive way, and its distinguishing feature is the large number of great forest trees which have thus been saved from destruction, which stood on the border of the river at the rear of the many farms which lie between the city and Grandville. The drive in itself, with no embellishment, is very beautiful. But the plans of the association contemplate the opening of splendid views up and down and across the river, together with the planting of additional trees and shrubs which will complete the representation of prominent varieties grown in this latitude, the plans being to arrange for landscape effects and eventually to pass the title into the hands of the Grand Rapids Board of Park Commissioners, to be a part of the park system of the,city. The Indian Mounds, which represent the only prehistoric 590 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPlPS. life in connection with Western Michigan, have thus been rescued from obliteration and the great trees that are thriftily growing upon their summits, give evidence of the great age of the mounds. Among the important trees represented by large, beautiful specimens upon this drive, are the hackberry, the linden, the black walnut and the butternut, sycamore, beech, maple, white wood, the elm, black and white ash, and a number of species of oaks. The design of the association is to wind its road bed among these trees so as to save them all from destruction, and the prediction is freely made by those who have done the most to promote the objects of the Association, that in twenty years this will be the most attractive parkway tributary to our city. The officers of the Association who have been most instrumental in carrying out its purposes are: Lester J. Rindge, President; Jas. R. Wylie, Vice-President; H. D. C. Van Asmus, Secretary; Chas. W. Garfield, Treasurer; Sam'l M. Lemon, Chairman Finance Committee; Wm. H. Anderson, Chairman of Committee on Location of Drives. In the wise foresight of this organization, our ctiy will be able to rescue from destruction some of the most attractive features which will in the future add to the satisfaction of its citizens. Summary of Park Acres. Acres. John Ball Park...........................107.65 Lincoln Park............................. 15.00 Antoine Canipan Park..................... 3.58 Crescent Park.............................95 E. Fulton St. Park........................ 1.65 Highland Park........................... 5.00 Lookout Park............................. 1.81 State St. Park.............................11 Foster Park...............................29 E. Bridge St. Park..........................14 Ellsworth Park............................08 Monument Park...........................06 Pearl Park................................04 Hosken Park..............................01 De Commer Park...........................01 Hess Settling Basin....................... 8.78 Comstock Park........................... 90.00 Total Acreage........................235.76 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 591 CEMETERIES. The Earlier Burial Places. The first Mission at Grand Rapids was established by the Roman Catholics and the burial grounds at this date were those previously established by the Indians near the river on the west side. The little Mission Church was located in proximity to the cemetery. No monument of any kind now marks the exact place. The first village reservation for burial purposes was made on a hill west of Livingston Street and north of Walbridge. This was occupied'until about 1855 when a small hospital for those suffering with contagious diseases was built on it and soon after this it was abandoned, the bodies reinterred on other grounds and the land reverted to its original owners. There was also a temporary burial ground near the present corner of Madison Ave. and Cherry St. in the village days but upon the permanent dedication of Fuller St. Cemetery this was also abandoned. Fulton Street Cemetery. What is now known as Fulton Street Cemetery had its beginning on land purchased by the vilage authorities of James Ballard in 1838. It was but six acres in extent but was found sufficient for the needs of the community for a period of twenty years. The area was then increased by additions secured from Thomas D. Gilbert and others and in 1868 it passed into the hands of a corporation under State Law formed by the owners of lots. The first officers were: President, Thomas D. Gilbert; Clerk, James B. Willson; Treasurer, J. Frederic Baars; Sexton, John Suttle; Directors, L. R. Atwater, A. L. Chubb, and Alonzo Platt. All of its larger trees that now give to this ground its forest' effect were planted by Mr. Suttle who was at that time the fore-' most gardener in the city. At the date of this writing the corporation is managed by the following roster of officers: Board of Directors, H. B. Moore, Frederick K. Tinkhaus, J. Frederic Baars, Charles T. Hovey, J. W. Jones and John Ringold; H. B. Moore, President: Charles T. Hovey, Secretary; and John Ringold, 'Sexton. 592 HISTOlRY OPF GRAND RAPIDS. Catholic Cemeteries. Following the Indian burying places the Roman Catholics had one third of the Fulton Street Cemetery set apart for their use. St. Andrews' cemetery was established on the east side of Madison Avenue, south of Prince St. in August, 1852, the ground-ten acres-having been purchased from William Howard by Rev. Charles L. DeCeunink and deeded to Bishop Lefeore in December of the same year. Mt. Calvary contains eighteen and one-fourth acres, is situated at the junction of Walker Ave. and W. Leonard St., and was bought May 3, 1882, for $1,750, from Mary E. Colyer by Rev. John G. Ehrenstaussen who was then pastor in St. Mary's parish and it was subsequently consecrated according to the Roman Catholic ritual. The burials at the date of this writing in these two cemeteries number about 4,000 as estimated by the present custodian of the records. Oak Hills. July 14, 1853, the S. E. 1/4 of S. E;. 1/4, Sec. 31, T. 7-Ni. R. 11 W. was sold by N. L. Avery and wife to Julia A. Baxter, for $800. Sept. 21, 1857, one-half acre in S. W. corner was sold to Jos. Houseman for $100 as a Jewish cemetery. June 16, 1859, an undivided half interest in the south 30 acres was sold by Jos. Baxter and wife to J. Alien Giddings for $800, and Oct. 24, 1859, the remaining half interest was purchased by J. Alien Giddings and Eliza E. Giddings for $1,500. In the meantime, Mr. Giddings had caused this 30-acre tract to be surveyed and beautifully laid out and platted into 10 blocks and two circular parks divided by gracefully winding drives and avenues, and these 10 blocks into 1,376 oblong and circular shaped burial lots, ranging mostly 18x30 and up to 16x60 feet in size, and all marked off with solid stakes of oak, and also into 7 additional spaces for ornamentation, making a total of about 42,500 sq. feet of park and ornmental spaces. The name given by Mr. Giddings to the Cemetery, Oak Hill, and to the various parks and drives, as Park Circle, Oaken Bluff, Forest Lawn, Evening Dell, Wildwood Glen, Sylvan Shade and Central Ave. Emblem, Woodland, Greenbough, Sunset, Woodlawn, Summit Highland, and Forest TLawn Avenues, were all taken purely from Nature and the natural existing conditions. The r~.... ~' T,.. HESiTORY,OF GRAND RAPIDS. 593 surface of tihe ground naturally moulded into a series of graceful hills and valleys, was densely -covered with a forest of lnighty oaks and their sylvan shade and green boughs, were leaves in the Book of Nature from which he selected these beautiful names. Emblem Ave. was so-called because with Central Ave. it formed the Emblem of the Cross. Oct. 25, 1859, the Oak Hill Cemetery, in the presence of a large gathering, was dedicated by the Rev. S. S. N. Greeley, the Congregational Pastor, with a beautifully impressive and appropriate,service and address delivered under the shade of the Oak on Oaken Bluff, a circular park on the summit in block five, and which was printed in full in the Daily Eagle. Oct. 29, 1859, the Oak Hill Cemtery Association was organized under Chapter 57 of the Compiled Laws of 1857, at the office of.Capt. W. L. Coffinbury, by Harry Dean, Jos. Houseman, Jos. J. Baxter, Alexander McKenzie, and J. Allen Giddings, the first officers being W. L. Coffinbury, president, C. H. Chase, Clerk, J. Allen Giddings, Treasurer, and A. B. Judd, Sexton. At a meeting of the stockholders held Nov. 11, 1859, the appraised valuation of lots was fixed at five, ten and twenty dollars per lot, making a total valuation of $16;620. Nov. 30, 1859, the half acre in the southwest corner previously purchased by Jos. Houseman was deeded by himself and wife to the Oak Hill Cemetery Ass'n., accepting in payment therefor 18 lots in Block 7. At a meeting of the Association held March 18, 1861, at which the following members were present, to-wit: Savell Wood, Harvev J. Hollister, A. B. Judd, Henry Spring, L. H.Randall, C. H. Chase, and J. Allen Giddings, there were chosen as five trustees, Dr. Geo. K. Johnson for one year, Dr. O. H. Chipman two years, Harvey J. Hollister three years, Jas. Van Buren four years, and C. S. Dietrich five years. Subsequent officers were Presidents Savell Wood, 1861; 0. S. Camp, 1869; Jacob Barth, 1881; and Nelson W. Northrup, 1883. Clerk, A. B. Judd, 1865, Dr. Wallace Giddings, 1872, and H. M. Reynolds, 1881, J. Allen Giddings being treasurer almost continuously. During these and later years, Mr. Giddings transplanted from the banks of the Thornapple River and intermediate points a large number of Red Cedar, Spruce and other evergreen trees, -which still adorn the grounds so beautifully. Jan. 20, 1859, the city purchased of G. B. Rathbun and wife 594 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. for $2,400 the east part of N. /2 of N. E. fraction 1/4, Sec. 6-7-6 N. R., 11 W. comprising 40 acres, the north 22 acres of which were laid out and platted into 885 lots for cemetery purposes Dec. 17, 1860, and dedicated at the Valley City Cemetery, the pest-house, then so-called, being located for many years in the dense underbrush on the south 18 acres. Some time after the platting of Oak Hil Cemetery two petitions were presented to the Common Council, signed by James Lyman, Savell Wood and 565 other citizens of Grand Rapids, asking the City Fathers to cease work upon the cemetery which was then in progress, afterwards known as the Valley City Cemetery, and to make some arrangement with the owners of Oak Hill; stating that certain persons had formed the Oak Hill Cemetery Association under the Laws of the State and had surveyed and platted 30 acres of land within the city limits, into lots, drives and walks, with design to ornament and beautify the grounds, which were believed to be sufficiently extensive to meet the wants of the community for half a century or more, the lots being offered at from five to twenty dollars each; and that they believed the citizens generally would prefer to buy lots in Oak Hill rather than in the new ground proposed to be laid out by the City; that the families of our city who have mingled together in the events and scenes of life should be interested in one and the same cemetery, when the homeless, the unfortunate, the very poor, and those who have lived in circumstances of some affluence, may alike have burial in a place where nature and art contributed to make the scenery pleasant and beautiful; that in the present embarrassed condition of the pecuniary affairs of individuals and the public, it would be unwise in our city to incur the expense necessary for surveying, platting and improving properly the grounds recently purchased by the city for cemetery purposes, especially if, as we believe, the city grounds when thus platted and improved, would not be the choice of our citizens generally, and possibly prevent our city possessing any one ornamented and beautiful cemetery; that arrangement be made with the Oak Hill Cemetery Association for an acre or more of their ground, where those who cannot become owners of lots may have a burial place without charge. The Committee, however, to whom the petition was referred, declined to recommend any definite action at that time. A portion of the Oak Hill cemetery ground was, however, set apart by Mr. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 595 Giddings for use of those unable to buy lots, and was named "Strangers' Home. July 9th, 1885, after having disposed of about 450 lots, many to the best citizens, the Oak Hill Cemtery was turned over by Mr. Giddings and the Association, to the City of Grand Rapids, on a contract by the terms of which the city was to have the care of the grounds and sale of the lots, returning 50% of the avails of lots sold by them, 30% of which was to be used for the improvement of the grounds, and 20% to constitute a fund for their perpetual care and improvement, the remaining 50% to be paid by the city to Mr. Giddings, his heir, or for his account. As lots were sold April 1898, the terms of this contract were ended by the purchase by the city of the interest of the Giddings Estate, the city paying $22,114.12, including $6,114.12 previously advanced. At the time of the purchase there were still unsold 795 single and 28 double lots, equal to 851 single lots, amounting, at the city selling price, to about $136,000', outside of the 425 sq. ft. of ornamental space, which, according to the terms of the contract would, if sold for burial purposes, have been subject to the same percentage of division as the regular lots. Illustrating the value of these park spaces, one of the Cemetery Commissioners stated about two years since, that had the adjoining lot owners been willing, the city could have disposed of Park Circle in the eastern part of Oak Hill, with a radius of 75 feet, for about $15,000, and to a party who would have expended many times that amount in its improvement. The purchase of the Giddings interest was effected through the efforts of Commissioners Herman G. Barlow, Geo. A. Davis, and Hiram Madden. In 1898 a fine building of narrow pressed brick was erected in the southern portion of Oak Hill near the entrance for use a.s an office and waiting room, the office previously having been located in the western portion of what was then known as Valley City. The cemeteries, "Oak Hill" and "Valley City" were originally entirely separate, being divided by a straight and unattractive roadway, with sidewalk on either side, but at the suggestion and under the direction of Mr. Eugene Goebel, the present superintendent, Hall Street, the dividing line, was about three years ago converted into a beautiful boulevard, with center park and wind 596 HISTORY OF CGRAND RAPD1. ing drives ad walks,,artistically connecting the two cemeteries into one, now known as Oak Hill. Not long singe a ptri\p of several acres adjoining on the north was added by the city to the Oak Hill Cemetery grounds, to be used, however, only for park or ornamental purposes. The Valley City Cemetery. The Valley City Cemetery, which is now a part of Oak Hills, Wcas purchased under the direction of the Common Council February, 1859, and was dedicated to cemetery purposes in December of the following year. It was developed quite rapidly and attraetively, and became a popular burial place under the direction of the cemetery commissioners, C. P. Babcock, N. L. Avery, and N. Robinson. The dedicatory exercises were very impressive, the,two addresses being delivered by Rev. S. S. N. Greeley and Rev. Courtney Smith. There was some rivalry in those days between the two ce6meteries which now form the one known as Olak Hills. They lay across the road from each other, and each one had its partisans. In connection with this rivalry and the subsequent growth of our city and its cemetery needs, the following extracts from a petition presented to the Common Council of Grand Rapids late in 1859, signed by 147 prominent citizens, are interesting: "Your memorialists respectfully represent that certain persons have associated together under the laws of the State, and become incorporated as the Oak Hill Cemetery. They have surveyed and platted 30 acres of land lying within the city limits, into lots, drives and walks, and design to ornament, beautify and render these grounds a pleasant and tasteful cemetery. These grounds are believed to be sufficiently extensive to meet the needs of this community as a burial place for half a century or more. The lots are offered at prices ranging from $5.00 to $20.00, so that nearly all who desire will be able to purchase and own a lot on these grounds. "Your memorialists believe that our citizens who are not owners of lots in the old city cemetery, will generally prefer to obtain lots in Oak Hill Cemetery, rather than in the new grounds proposed to be laid out as the Valley City Cemetery. "Your memorialists represent that in the present very generally deranged and embarrassed condition of the pecuniary affairs HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 597 of individuals and the business public, it would be unwise in our city and an unnecessary burden upon our citizens to increase the expense and impose the tax necessary for surveying, platting and improving properly the grounds recently purchased by the city for cemetery purposes, especially, if, as we- believe, the city grounds, when thus improved and platted, would not be the choice of our citizens generally; and if it should result as we also believe it will, in separating the last resting place of our fellow citizens, and possibly prevent our city possessing any one ornamented and beautiful cemetery. "Your memorialists therefore respectfully ask that no further expenditures be made or liabilities incurred by the city on the grounds recently purchased, and that some suitable and proper arrangement be made with the Oak Hill Cemetery Association, for an acre or more of their ground, where those who cannot or do not become owners of lots may have a burial place without charge in the one cemetery of common interest." In view of the fact that other large areas have been purchased during the half century and utilized for cemetery purposes, and that ultimately these two rival burial places became one, the fears of the early citizenship in retrospect were groundless. Greenwood Cemetery. In the northwest corner of the city is situated a most beautiful burying ground, known as Greenwood. Its situation commands a view of the entire city, and is a favorite place from which to get a comprehensive view of the Valley of the Grand as it flows through the entire length of the corporate limits. The original purchase was made under the direction of the Board of Cemetery Commissioners, composed of W. P. Mills, W. D. Foster, and Chas. P. Babcock, on Feb. 16, 1859. The original area. purchased was 20 acres bought of Daniel Bush and Sophronia Bush, his wife, the consideration being $1,000. It was not until June 1st, 1883, that any addition was made to the size of the cemetery. At this time the area was doubled through the purchase of 20 acres additional, of the estate of Daniel Bush, for $4,000. The balance of the present cemetery area was purchased Dec. 5, 1889, and consisted of a 40-acre addition, the purchase price being $6,000. Of the 80 acres, only 35 acres are improved and platted at this writ 598 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. ing. A very attractive little office has been erected, costing $2,500. The situation being so high above the city, it was impossible to secure water facilities from the city system and it became necessary to sink a well 370 feet in depth, which pierces the Marshall sandstone, from which an abundance of excellent water has been secured for permanent cemetery use. A reservoir having a capacity of 85,000 gallons has been erected, and a 15-horsepower gasoline engine draws the supply from the well. At the period of this writing about 5,000 burials have been made in this cemetery. Under the direction of Mr. O. C. Simonds, landscape gardener, a general plan for the development of the cemetery has been furnished the city and gradually, as the needs appear, the work is done in accordance with the general features of this plan. CHAPTER XVI. COMMERCE AND TRADE. As property in civilized life begins in land and the home, transfers in real estate and changes in its values or prices naturally come foremost in an examination of the course of trade. The Government price of lands in all this region of country was $1.25 per acre. Nearly the entire city of Grand Rapids was purchased by the pioneers at that rate, though in some instances at an early day lands were procured for less by the use of land warrants or ''scrip" that had been issued by the Government as war bounties, and purchased at a considerable discount of the original holders. The first sale of village lots in Grand Rapids was that of Louis Campau to Joel Guild, of lots one and two, section eight, Campau Plat; being that on which the National City Bank now stands and the one adjoining it on the south, for $25 each. This was in June, 1833. In the latter part of 1835 they were sold to Junius Hatch, as the agent of a syndicate of land speculators, for $560. The portion covered by the bank building was purchased for $13,000 in 1869. It is now assessed at $50,000 and could not be bought for twice that sum. The original proprietors of the plats of the village did not grow enormously rich out of their sales. Almost fabulous prices prevailed during the speculative fever of 1836, but in many cases both sellers and buyers were engaged in other speculations which landed them all about on the common level when the revulsion came in 1837. In the fall of 1849 a vacant lot on the east side of Canal street midway between Lyon street and Crescent avenue, twenty-five feet front, sold for $200, and a few months later was resold for $275. In 1854 the property then known as the "Rathbone Wedge" at the northwest corner of Monroe and Ottawa streets, with a stone block thereon, was sold for $4,000. In 1856 it sold for $11,000, and in 1857 for $17,000. A little earlier the corner property on the opposite side of Monroe street, the place where Luce's block stood, was sold for $4,000. After the Luce Block burned the corner was sold about 1903 to the Herpolsheimer Com599 600 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. pany for over $90,000. It is now assessed at $82,000. After fire had stripped the buildings from the "Rathbone Wedge" property it sold, in 1859, for $9,000. It is now assessed at $40,000. In the fall of 1859 forty feet front on Monroe street opposite Market street where the Gunn hardware store stood sold for $7,000; and a lot of twenty-one feet front near the same place was sold for $4,500. In May, 1856, a lot thirty feet front by one hundred deep, on Pearl street, next east of the Lovett property, was sold for $5,000, with a wooden building thereon. In May, 1859, the property, eighty feet front, at the corner south of Bridge and west of Canal street, sold for $10,000. In the fall of the same year the lot, with residence, at the west corner of Fulton and Ransom streets, sold for $8,000. Among the more valuable properties of the city improved by the digging away of Prospect Hill, are the parcels between Kent and lonia streets from Monroe street two or three blocks northward, where stand the Ledyard Block, the Shepard Block, the AMichigan Trust Building, the Houseman Block, City Hall and other fine buildings. The Shepard Block where is the Auditorium, sold in 1892 for $200,000; until about 1887 it was the home of Dr. Charles Shepard. The bare ground fronting the west side of Ottawa street between Pearl and Lyon was estimated by judges of real estate values to be worth $60,000 in 1888; it is now assessed with the building on it at $225,000. The building was built for the use of the land for 15 years. Fifty years ago it would not have sold for $10,000. It is the site of the old Daniel Ball and A. D. Rathbone homesteads. The land for the Michigan Trust Building was purchssed in 1892 for $50,000. In 1863 the Eagle Hotel property was sold for $4,000, in 1867 for $8,500, in 1872, with some betterments, for $20.000. It is now assessed at $45,000. The old Gilbert, or Bostwick place, as it was once called, on the south side of Cherry street east of Madison avenue afterwards known as the Morris place, was sold in 1865 for $45,000. It then contained about twenty acres of ground. It is now covered with fine residences all built within 20 years. The site of the Evening Press building at the southwest corner of East Fulton and Sheldori streets was sold in September, 1903, for $40,000; in 1868 it sold for $7,000. At that time it was residence property with a good brick house on it. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 601 The property bounded by Monroe, Division, Fulton and Commerce streets in 1888 was estimated by dealers in real estate to be worth $100,000 exclusive of buildings, and is now worth twice that sum. It was purchased by Lewis Porter, about 1868 for $12,000. It was the old Congregational Church property. Lots 155 and 166, Kent Plat, on Ionia street, between Bridge street and Crescent avenue, with a comfortable dwelling thereon, were sold in 1853 for $950. About the same time the price put upon what was called the Gunnison House property, about 60 by 130 feet, on Monroe street opposite the Morton House, was $2,000. This and the Ionia street parcel just named probably would sell now for twenty times those prices, with the improvements as they stand. As to all the central business property of the city, it would not only be difficult to set down in figures the exact average growth in value and prices, but also difficult to estimate the proportion of advance representing the legitimate increase from moneys invested, anwl what belongs to the hard labor and expense of improvement. Cutting and filling and grading and sewering and paving of streets, and particularly the removal of that dense body of clay known as Prospect Hill, cost immense sums of money. Add to the original price all these expenditures with interest and ordinary taxes, and the footing would in many cases show a sum as large as the present estimated value. A few further illustrations may serve to exhibit the wide gap between early and late values. The forty-acre tract next north of Fulton street in Kendall's Addition which extends from Fulton street to Crescent avenue and from 124 feet west of Barclay street to 195 feet east of Prospect street was purchased of the Government by Joel Guild in 1833 at $1.25 per acre. It was sold by him in 1835 for $588.50. George Kendall relates that when he came to Grand Rapids in July, 1846. he occupied the "Hatch House," so called. That house was built by Charles I. Walker about 1838, and was on the northwest corner of Fountain and Barclay streets, so far out of town that for a dozen years it was generally vacant to receive new comers as tenants. The Rev. Francis H. Cuming, the Rathbun family, Thomas B. Church, and others, occupied it prior to 1846, when there were but two or three small houses south of it on Barclay street, and only two dwelling houses and a school house next to Fulton street. 602 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. The remainder of what afterward became Kendall's Addition was covered with a growth of small oaks and hickories, with here and there larger trees, and across it were two wagon roads winding through the thicket. Fountain street from Division to Ran. som was wet and miry, almost impassable, and extended no further east. Francis H. Cuming and George Kendall purchased the Kendall Addition property for $4,500. A short time afterward Kendall purchased Cuming's interest, platted the ground and built the first brick house on that part of the hill, moving into it in the fall of 1851. At that time he sold large lots at from $100 to $200, which would now sell, if vacant, for from $3,500 to $7,000. George Kendall relates that his entire taxes on the lots 6 to 18 inclusive in Block 7, Kendall's Addition, were $26.42. This included his homestead and seven other large lots. His buildings were then completed and occupied, and he afterwards expended about $1,200 in improvements. In 1851 he owned sixteen lots, being Block 20, on the Bostwick & Co. Addition, on which his tax for that year was only $9.31. St. Andrew's Cathedral is now on that block. In 1853 Antoine Campau offered to sell his farm of 100 acres, lying on both sides of Division street south of Fifth avenue, for $50 per acre, and actually made a verbal sale of it, to which his wife refused assent, in which matter he afterwards frankly conceded that she had the better foresight. The entire tract is now popular and valuable city residence property with Campau Park in its midst. It was then half a mile south of the city line. The property known as Grant's Addition which lies south of Wealthy avenue and west of Division street was first put 'in market, platted into five acre lots, in 1850, at $50 per acre. It was then in the woods, entirely unimproved. In 1868 the west half of the "Penney eighty," lying on the east side of Jefferson avenue, between Wealthy and Fifth avenues, was sold for $15,000. The original purchase for the Kent County Fair Grounds, south of Hall street and east of Jefferson avenue, comprising about 35 acres, was made in 1855 for $100 per acre. The ground worth at least $2,000 per acre, was sold to Joseph Houseman in 1888. It is now covered with residences. Better than isolated instances, by which to judge of the average growth of property values in the city, are the general assess HRSTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 603 ment figures such as are given in a table in the statistical part of this work. The total county valuation in 1851 was $833,014.78. Two years later that of the city alone had grown to be $944,139. In 1856 it was $2,166,904. Going forward to 1872 we find the total as assessed in the city to be $2,941,744, and in the following sixteen years the amount had grown, in 1888,' to $18,200,000. The assessed valuation for 1906 made by the board of assessors.before it was confirmed by the Common Council was $77,036,000. Something here must be allowed for a change made in 1882 in the rate of assessment, which nearly doubled the valuation from the previous year. For a few years after the assessment was probably about 70 per cent. of the true value. It now approaches nearly to its cash value. It should be remembered also that previous to 1857 the city was only two miles square. Henry Grinnell was born January 14, 1818, at Howard, Steuben County, N. Y. His parents were William and Ruth Grinnell. His education was acquired in the district schools of that locality and in the high schools of Rochester. At the age of sixteen years he entered the employ of a Rochester grocer as a clerk. Five years later he was appointed clerk in the offices of the Erie Canal Toll Collector, where he remained for three years, and then became a book-keeper for a large firm at Mount Morris, N. Y. Two years later he was sent to Monroe, Mich., to buy wheat but returned in a year to Buffalo. A short time later he went again to Monroe where for two years he conducted a commission house. New York City then offered splendid opportunities for him and during the following three years he was engaged there in the commission and transportation business. In 1854 he saw Michigan's many advantages and came to Grand Rapids where he immediately resumed dealing in wheat. Only a short time after he had resumed this business, he entered into, a copartnership with David Miller for the purpose of conducting a wholesale and retail grocery establishment. In 1860 this copartnership was dissolved and he continued the business until 1865 when he and John W. Squier joined forces and for five years conducted one of the most prosperous flour mills in the state. He was also supervisor of the city during a portion of the Civil War period. In 1872 Mr. Grinnell erected the Grinnell building at Creseent 604 ITISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. avenue and -Caal street. At the time of its erection it was considered one of the best buildings in Western Michigan. In 1875. he entered the insuraneP hKiiness which he followed to the day of his death. Mr. Grinnell married Miss Henrietta Squier, daughter of John W. Squier, October 23, 1856. Only six weeks before her husband's death, Mrs. Grinnell passed away at the family residence on Paris avenue. The death of his wife was a severe blow to him, as for nearly fifty years they lived together and their married life was an exceptionally happy one, for he was an affectionate husband and a devoted father. Mr. Grinnell had a serene yet active old age. He was always genial and pleasant in word and manner-no doubt his happy, cheerful, contented disposition added to his years and his usefulness. His big, kind heart always made him friends and brought him health and happiness. He led a life honorable and upright; was true to his agreements, active in the discharge of his duties and thoroughly interested in the progress of the city. Mr. Grinnell came to Grand Rapids when it was a city only in name; he grew with it, sharing its burdens and responsibilities, bearing losses bravely when they came and accepting prosperity quietly and without ostentation. Politically Mr. Grinnell was a Democrat. Although not a member of any religious denomination, he was a regular worshiper at the Park Congregational church. He was also a charter member of both the Peninsular Club and the Old Settlers' Association. On October 31, 1904, he was stricken with apoplexy in a street car on Monroe street, and expired almost instantly. His death was a shock to the city which had been his home for so many years. He was survived by two sons, Charles L. Grinnell, and Henry Grinnell, Jr., and one sister, Mrs. E. G. Gregory, all of whom reside in Grand Rapids. The insurance business established by Mr. Henry Grinnell in 1875, is still continued by his sons. Dealers and Brokers. Dealing in real estate is no small item in the business of Grand Rapids; platters and sellers are numerous, and agency offices for the business are many. An enumeration of real estate agents belongs to a directory. It is an occupation that grew into promi I &,: rla HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 605 nence soon after the incorporation of the city, and has grown with the growth of the town. Upward of a hundred names are published in lists of real estate dealers. Among the more prominent of the real estate brokers of the years previous to 1860 were J. L. Baxter, D. G. Brown, James VanBuren, H. B. Holbrook, J. S. Crosby, A. H. Hovey and J. C. Tryon. In 1888 the chief dealers were Wim. R. Scribner & Bros., A. R. Antisdel, E. G. D. Holden & Sons, C. C. Comstock, M. S. Crosby, John Caulfield, Arthur Meigs, Henry Grinnell, R. C. Hatheway, L. S. Provin, Abel T. Page, S. L. Fuller, P. C. Fuller, Jay D. Naysmith, the Tuttle Brothers and four or five score more in traffic either as principals or agents. During the past few years the city has extended in every direction, but to the south and southeast more than in other directions. Electric car lines and suburban roads are taking people from crowded neighborhoods. The Reed's Lake region is rapidly developing. With rapid transit business men enjoy country life with city advantages. The open country and city commerce are joined by electric roads. W. Fred MlcBsloin, son of William and Catherine McBain, both of whom were of Scotch ancestry, was born December 1, 1863. He received his education in the public and high schools and afterwards engaged in the insurance business which he followed for five years in connection with his father at Saginaw, Mich. He then became special agent for the Grand Rapids Fire Insurance Company, and later served sixteen years as its secretary. Mrr. MeBain is one of the substantial insurance men of the city and has his office at the corner of Ottawa and Pearl streets. On February 17, 1897, Mr. MeBain was married to Miss Kathleen Hughston. They have one child, Hughston Maynard MoBain. CHAPTER XVII. IMPROVEMENT'S AND PROGRESS. A Grand Rapids View of Long Ago. Go back in imagination to 1833. Take a position on the roof of the Michigan Trust Building on the corner of Pearl and Ottawa streets. Imagine that you are comfortably seated in a tree on Prospect Hill, the highest part of which was near that spot. Look to the north. The hill slopes gradually to near Crescent avenue, where there is a narrow and shallow ravine, in which is a little brook. Beyond is a nearly level stretch, comprising the territory between the river and Ottawa street, and extending upward of a mile northward. It is a narrow strip, varying from about twenty-five rods in width just above Bridge street, to about fifteen rods wide a little south of Coldbrook. It is dotted with maple, elm and oak woods, but for a considerable portion of the way is a miry and almost impassable black ash and tamarack swamp. Turn your gaze eastward. Prospect Hill slopes in that direction down to a large frog pond and swamp, which were a little west of the Division street line. Beyond, and stretching from Coldbrook southward to the present line of Pulton street and farther, is a precipitous sand-hill bluff, rising to an elevation of about 160 feet above the river level, cutting off further view in.that direction. This hill is fringed with a thin growth of oak trees, most of which are not very large. Now turn to the south. Almost at your feet is the precipitous descent of the southern point of Prospect Hill, its base resting at the Indian trail where now is Monroe street. Beyond is a gentle incline to a ravine that crosses Division street, passing near the present Union Depot grounds, westward to the river. At the bottom of this ravine is a brook. In the distance, and as far as the eye can reach, the view is nearly level, though slightly broken and irregular, with forest landscape, some of it bearing a heavy growth of timber. In it, if you were to wander along the Division street line, you would find marshy ground, at some 606 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 607 points very miry; innumerable springs, and a number of rivulets. Westward of that line are alternating gravel and clay hillocks, gorges, dells, swamps and quagmires. On the westward side is the steep declivity of the hill to where now stands the National City Bank, and thence a gradual descent to the river's edge. Within sight the only evidences of the presence of man are the Campau trading post with its block houses a little to your right, on the east bank of the river; and the mission buildings, across the rapids in the same direction on the farther side, and slightly to your left on the west side the Indian village. In midstream are three beautiful islands. West of the river, the landscape view is that of a level, wooded plain, about a mile wide, of which a strip next the river is under rude Indian cultivation; and in the distance is a long range of bluffs, considerably timbered, shutting from vision the country in that direction. But in that part of the picture, were they not hidden by the trees, you would see a line of swamps and lakelets in the rear ground and near the hill. The view is a fine one in every direction, with beautiful verdure and enough of variety to please the eye of the most fastidious. The roar of the rapids in the river echoes in the woods. Nature has had few finer scenes. Transitioin. Look again upon the present scene changed by man. The hill of solid clay has gone from beneath you. The trees have disappeared. The little streams are gone. The springs are not in sight. The seams and the holes have been filled. The inequalities of surface have been graded away. Streets, fine blocks, residences, factories, public buildings, and modern appliances are all about. The air is filled with the hum of city life. Beginning of Improvement. The first improvement here was begun by Louis Campau, when he made his village plat, from which has extended the network of streets that covers many square miles of territory. In no particular is the march of improvement better shown, than in the great change from the winding ways of the Indian trails and first wagon roads, and from the deep gullies, muddy holes and sharp hills about which they traversed to the gently inclined grades now established in every part of the city. 608 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. East Side Water Power. The second step in important improvements was that taken by Lyon & Sargeant and their associates in the development of the water power. These gentlemen, when they undertook the construction of that mill race on the east side of the rapids, had great foresight, and anticipated a profitable outcome. But they builded wiser than they knew, in laying the foundation for the great industrial interests of Grand Rapids. This work was started in 1835, and its progress marred more fortunes than it made during the next fifteen years until its complete development. A number of energetic and hard working men began there the struggle which led to success and prominence. A companion work was the west-side canal and water power improvement made thirty years later. In connection with these is the dam across Grand River, first built in 1849 some distance above where the present dam stands, and rebuilt where it now is in 1866. The immense water power, utilized by these canals, has been estimated as high as 2,400 horse-power, turns many industrial wheels, gives employment to thousands of men and support to hundreds of families, and contributes more largely than any other single factor to the value of our manufacturing interests. West Side Water Power. In 1865 and 1866 Wm. T. Powers secured by purchase the river front on the west side of Grand River from a point below the G. R. & I. R. R. bridge above Fulton street to a point just above Seventh street in the Sixth ward, and during the years 1866 and 1867 he constructed the West Side Water Power Canal and guard gates. This canal is over three-quarters of a mile in length, and cost, including the lands through which it runs, upward of $90,000. In the construction of the dam across the river at the head of the canal, Mr. Powers and the East Side Water Power Company joined, he constructing that portion west of the center chute, and the east side company the eastern part. The chute was constructed at the joint expense of these parties, and a contract was entered into to perpetuate and maintain it. The work of constructing the guard gates and dam belonging to the west side canal was done under the supervision of Silas Pelton, and the earth-work was under the supervision of W. W. France. The HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 609 first factory on this canal was built by Powers & Ball, a planing mill and sash and door factory. The present owners and users of the water power are, besides Mr. Powers, who has several factories: The Powers & Walker Casket Company, Voigt Milling Company, C. G. A. Voigt & Co., Perkins & Co., Grand Rapids Brush Company, and others. The Grand Rapids Water Power Company was organized February 2, 1864-President, G. M. Huntly; Secretary, James M. Barnett; Treasurer, W. A. Berkey. The chief work of this company was keeping in repair and serviceable condition the east side canal with its water power privileges, and its members were the owners of water rights there. Changes at Pearl Street. Prominent among what may be classed as the general improvements of the city, is one which could be scarcely noticed by a stranger unacquainted with its early history, though its locality is now almost in the very center of heavy business. This was the filling up of the east channel of the river, and making business property of that and the adjacent islands. It involved the destruction of the main steamboat channel, which came up to the foot of Pearl street at Canal street. The encroachments upon that channel began soon after the building of Pearl street bridge; but its complete extinguishment was not accomplished until about the time of the straightening and extension of Monroe street to its foot, or later, when the Island Addition Company platted Island No. 1, and the accretions by filling the adjacent channel were laid into lots for business property. It is now a part of the most valuable real estate in the city, including nearly all south of Lyon and west of Canal street as far down as Fulton street, except that which fronts on Market street. The old National Bank and the Fourth National Bank do business upon ground reclaimed from the river. The old banks are changed to new banks. In the spring of 1873 was completed a street change after several years of effort. It was the extension of the westerly line of Monroe street down to a point even with the west line of Canal street. It originally came down only to a point six or eight feet east of where the east line of Canal street, if extended, would strike it, and there angled and ran due north to Pearl street, the 610 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. corner at the foot being about eighty feet west of the National City Bank. Thus was formed the breathing space at the foot of Monroe street now called Campau Place. A general public improvement was the sinking.out of sight of nearly all the springs and rivulets and the disposal of the water therefrom by means of a comprehensive system of sewerage which extends throughout the municipality. Among the public and quasi-public improvements may also be placed the Government Building, the City Hall, the Soldiers' Home, the engine houses, the churches, the school houses, the U. B. A. Home, Butterworth Hospital, the Ryerson Library, the Central High School, the County Court House, and other buildings under process of construction. Improvements of a private and business character are in all parts of the city. Tasty dwellings have multiplied from the beginning, and beautiful and stately residences are to be seen on every hand. Fine brick business blocks and mercantile houses, from two to ten stories high, line the centrally prominent streets. Many furniture exhibition buildings are to be seen on every hand. Large factories and mills are all about. Millions of dollars are invested in improvements, which in turn are destined to yield millions on millions to the general sustenance and increase of wealth. Thus has the city grown from the conditions existing when the first Yankee settler appeared. Of its material interests it may be said that their growth has been healthy and strong, and during the last half century rapid. The contrast of its present beautiful buildings with the humble rough-board pioneer dwellings is but a fair illustration of the advance in less than eighty years of our beautiful valley from its primitive state, as the home of the untutored Indian. Fifty years ago railroad lines were infantile, few and short, and had not reached the Grand River Valley. The steam giant was in its childhood. The street railway was undreamed of. The telegraph and the telephone were unknown in the valley. The lights by night were chiefly of sperm oil and the tallow candle. The man who should have imagined the electric light, and the telephone in Grand Rapids, had he given utterance to his thought, would have been looked upon as a visionary lunatic. What will be the story of the next half century? CHAPTER XVIII. GRAND RAPIDS ROADS. Early Wagon Roads. When Grand Rapids was settled there were a few wagon roads open and partially worked from Detroit into the country; one near the southern border of the Territory running to Chicago,, and one on the eastern side as far north as Saginaw. But there were only Indian trails, north of what is now the line of the Michigan Central Railroad, and west of Shiawassee county. The first teams to enter the Grand River valley came in 1832, through from Ypsilanti, by way of Battle Creek, Middleville, to Grandville, with no other guide than an Indian trail. The Dexter Colony of sixty-three persons, with teams, cut their way where no white man had driven a team before, from Pontiac to Ionia. These primitive routes, through woodland, and across swamps, vales and streams, were only passable at a slow pace, involving patience and, great labor. In 1832 an appropriation of $3,500 was made by Congress for a wagon road from Detroit through Shiawassee county to the mouth of Grand River. It could not have been done for that sum, but before it was ever attempted, the pioneers had cut their own way over a good portion of the route. In 1841, $9,729 and 500,000 acres of what were called internal improvement lands were appropriated to the State by Congress, to be used in the construction of State roads, some of these to and from Grand Rapids. Some of the earlier routes into Grand Rapids, south and southeast, were shortened by the laying of new roads within a few years after settlement. A road was projected from Kalamazoo to Grandville, and another from Black Lake to the same point; and later, State roads were authorized up the valleys of the Grand and Thornapple rivers, and another was opened to the south by way of Green Lake. A road down the river to Grand Haven and one to Muskegon were laid out and partially worked by State aid. Over these early roads for many years there were regular 611 612 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. stages, with set times of arrival and departure, but time tables were not accurately followed. Passengers were carried and goods transported, usually in heavy, old-fashioned lumber wagons, drawn by horses or sometimes by oxen. There were teamsters carrying for hire on nearly all these routes, upon such terms as they could make with their individual customers, only promising to go through as expeditiously as the weather and the state of the roads would permit. Many a pioneer, who when he made his bargain thought the charges exorbitant, changed his mind before reaching the end of his journey. Roads from the village into the country reached out slowly, as farms were settled and improved, but, for ten years after settlement, those which were fairly passable with loaded teams were few. A winter incident, of December, 1842, serves to illustrate some of the difficulties which the early settlers had to surmount. A party of men from Grand Rapids were engaged in building a mill at Newaygo. Deep snow came in November, and early in December, when they stopped work for the winter, the way of their return home was blocked with deep drifts over the thirty-eight miles of hills and gullies. To reach home. they loaded an ox-sled with forage and provisions, went down the valley of the Muskegon river to its mouth, thence across to Ferrysburg, and thence up Grand River to the Rapids. The journey took nearly three weeks of time. Roasted potatoes, salt pork and johnny-cake were the staple articles of subsistence for Isaac Turner and his men during that trip. Teaming in those days was wearisome and toilsome, and yet many people, when they hitched up oxen or horses to go ten or fifteen miles to a pioneer dance, scarcely realized that they did not have the best roads in the world. In 1845 the Legislature established a State road from Grand Rapids to Muskegon, and also one from Hastings by way of Middleville to Grand Rapids. Of this latter road John Ball was appointed special commissioner, empowered to let contracts and disburse the moneys, the taxes on non-resident lands within two miles of the road having been appropriated for its construction. The Days of Stages. Not many years after the settlement, the stage business began from Grand Rapids. Early in 1841 mails were carried by stage wagons, when the weather permitted, once a week to Kalamazoo, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 613 Howell, Jackson, Grand Haven and into the north part of Kent county. Some carried passengers also. In the fall of 1842, a line of stages was established from Grand Rapids to Pontiac, running three times a week, connecting there with the Detroit and Pontiac Railroad. In the summer of 1843, there was stage connection with Battle Creek twice a week, and with Ionia and Lyons once a week. About 1849 daily lines of stages on the southern routes began running. Canton Smith and Julius Granger ran a line to Battle Creek, on the Gull Prairie route. In 1850 there were three -lines of daily stages-to Lansing, to Battle Creek, and to Kalamazoo. On the latter route that year were established two lines, one by the way of Green Lake, driven by Asa Pratt, the other a mail line by way of Yankee Springs, Middleville and Cascade. Shortly after the Michigan Central Railroad reached Kalamazoo, the Kalamazoo route became the favorite for passengers from the east, and most of the staging from the railroad was over that route. The completion of the Grand Rapids and Kalamazoo plank road, in 1855, gave a wonderful impetus to stage traffic, and the passage of from six to eight coaches a day over that road vrwas not unlusual. The opening of that plank road marks the change, in this part of Michigan, from the old "mud-wagons'" to the Concord stage coaches. The earlier stages were simply square-box farm wagons, provided with wooden springs inside for the seats to rest upon, and sometimes with' steel half-springs under the body, and canvas covering stretched over bent frames and given a thick coat of white or yellowish paint, the better to protect the passengers from storm. The Concord coach had an elaborately built body, hung upon leather supports called thorough-braces, which gave it a rolling rather than a springy motion. It was furnished with comfortable seatings for six and eight passengers, but was sometimes crowded to the extent of carrying twice as many, or,more, inside and on the top. At the rear of the body was attached a "boot," for carrying trunks and baggage, while the driver's seat was at the top in front. A light iron rail around the top provided for the storage of baggage on the roof in cases of emergency. These, in the day of their popularity, were considered the acme of pleasant travel by stage. About 1855, a line of stages northward to Croton, on the Muskegon river, and back once a week was established, and soon a 614 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. longer line was running to Traverse City. In 1856, eleven regular stage lines running from this city were in operation, with an invested capital of $59,000, employing sixty-two men, and 190 horses. They used forty-five stages and carried an average of about 150 passengers daily. Besides these regular stages were several competing or opposition lines, carrying an average of two or three daily passengers each, and employing some thirty horses and a dozen men, with about $10,000 aggregate capital. The most profitable route was to Kalamazoo, and next to that the Ionia route. In 1855, Harvey P. Yale succeeded William H. Withey in the management of the Kalamazoo stage line. Staging did not die out when the railroads came. It dropped suddenly, and very materially, south of Grand River, but on the north continued an increasing and in many cases lucrative business, until the railroads in that direction were established. Stage Incidents. Stage travel in the old days was not without its perils and disasters. Sometimes a passenger had a limb or a rib broken, oftener there was some ludicrous mishap by the overturning of the vehicle. Drivers became skilled and expert in their profession, and usually brought their passengers safe to the journey's end. An incident related by Edward Campau illustrates the more common accidents: Edward came to Grand Rapids from Detroit in 1839, when a boy fourteen years of age. Two or three years later he began to drive stage, on the Gull Prairie route to Battle Creek. One dark, stormy night, an axle-tree was broken about six miles above Ada, and the passengers, five or six in number, had to walk through the mud and snow to that place, which was the nearest settlement. In winding about among hills and through swamps in those days, it was no uncommon thing to get stuck in the mud, or overturn the stage. At one time John Ball, Mrs. Thomas B. Church, and others, were passengers; including Pred. Church, the well known New York artist, then an infant. They overset in a mud-hole, and all were plunged into the mire, and Fred. was nearly suffocated before he was rescued. At another time, William A. Richmond and Harvey P. Yale were passengers. Yale fell asleep, when by the sinking of a wheel into a rut, the stage gave a lurch and landed him upon his head and shoulders in the mud. Gathering himself up, he laughed with HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 615 the rest of them, and resumed his seat. Now and then a mishap of stage riding was more serious, but it was upon such incidents that the old-time stage driver loved to dwell in relating his adventures. The old stage line from Grand Rapids to Battle Creek followed closely the trail by which the Indians traveled from the Rapids to Detroit before the coming of the white man. Over that trail doubtless went the Indians from the Grand River valley who fought against the English at Braddock's defeat, helped Pontiac at the siege of Detroit, engaged in warfare on the frontier during the Revolution, and met the Americans in the campaigns of Harmer, St. Clair, and Wayne. Over that line came settlers, and land brokers, and speculators, and adventurers, to see the valley; and over the line also traveled Cass, and Chandler, and Felch, and Ransom, and other public men of early days. On the farm of Edward Campau in Caledonia is an old oak under whose branches passed the old trail and under which went the old stage line. If the old tree could talk and repeat the words of the voices it has heard, what an epitome of interesting American and local history it could relate. Kalamazoo Plank Road. Grand Rapids was not more than ten years old, when the people began to look forward to better means of communication with the outer world than was afforded by the old-fashioned dirt road. At first the clamor was for railroads. The railroad fever after a time subsided, to be succeeded by a desire for plank roads, mainly because of greater cheapness, and being within the means of the people. The first public meeting here for considering the project of plank road connection with the Central Railroad, was held at the Rathbun House, December 23, 1848. The subject was agitated for a year or two, and schemes were broached for roads from Battle Creek by way of Hastings, and from-Kalamazoo by two or three routes, all but one of which fell through. The successful one was the Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids plank road. Stock subscriptions were started in the summer of 1849 by the Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids Plank Road Company, and in October of that year a committee was appointed to survey the route, and secure the right of way. Charles H. Taylor and George Kendall of Grand Rapids, and Timothy I. Tanner of Paris, repre 616 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. sented the Grand Rapids portion of that committee. A preliminary survey was made immediately, and the company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature passed in March, 1850. Subscriptions to the capital stock proceeded slowly, and pending the preparations for its construction there was considerable rivalry along two lines proposed for the north half of the projected road -the one by way of Green Lake, the other the route finally chosen, further west and coming through Wayland, in Allegan county, in the most direct line to this city. In October, 1851, stock had been subscribed to the amount of $37,000. The Directors at that time were Epaphroditus Ransom and Israel Kellogg of Kalamazoo, and Charles Shepard and William H. Withey of Grand Rapids. These gentlemen pushed the road with energy and persistence. The principal contractor for the planking was Titus Doan, and an energetic and able assistant in the prosecution of the work was Benjamin Livingston. The road was completed and tolls taken thereon throughout its length in the summer of 1855, and for about the term of thirteen years, it was a principal and serviceable avenue of communication, for passengers and for freighting, between this city and the outside world. Its length was about forty-eight miles; running due south on Division street, and varying but about a mile from that range line tn where it entered Kalamazoo. CHAPTER XIX. RAILWAYS. Agitation for securing a railroad into Grand Rapids began in 1845, when the hamlet was only twelve years old. June 25 of that year the citizens held a meeting and resolved to petition the Legislature for a charter for a railroad from Battle Creek to Grand Rapids. December 1, following, at another meeting, it was resolved that 'application be made for a charter for a railroad from Port Huron, or some point on the St. Clair River to Grand Rapids. From that time forward, railroad meetings were frequent, but with no immediate results. About 1847, after the Central Railroad had reached Kalamazoo on its western way, a meeting was held in Irving Hall, at which an address was. delivered by Dr. Joseph Penney, on the growth, prospects and coming importance of the village of Grand Rapids, the population of which at that time was only about 2,000. He urged immediate organization, and efforts to secure the attention of capitalists at home and abroad upon the subject. Home capital was not abundant, and gave poor promise of ability to build a railroad. He astonished his hearers with the prediction: "I do not expect to live to see it (as many of you will), but before the year 1900 I believe the census of the city of Grand Rapids will show a population of 30,000 souls!" Discussion continued, and the demands for a railroad grew more and more imperative, until, in the spring of 1853, active work began on what was then called the Olakland and Ottawa Railroad. William P. Innes came and took charge of the survey between Ada and Grand Haven, and Joel Gray took charge of the work between Ada and Lyons. In 1855 the Olakland and Ottawa became the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad by consolidation. In July, 1858, the first railroad train came and there was general joy. In 1854 as soon as the Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids Plank Road became a reality, spirited movemnents began to secure a railroad from that direction. The Great Western Railway through 617 618 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Canada was completed in that year, which gave additional impetus for an outlet by rail from Grand Rapids. At a meeting in the Public Hall, March 15, 1855, Grand Rapids citizens bravely resolved: "That we are in favor of the construction of the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, in preference to any other project, and that we, the citizens of Grand Rapids, will organize and build the road alone, if necessary, from this city to Kalamazoo." After fourteen years of waiting for railroad connection southward, there came four roads in a bunch-one from Jackson, one direct and one by way of Allegan from Kalamazoo, and one from Chicago by way of Holland. Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee. The first railroad incorporation within the old Northwest Territory was that of the Pontiac and Detroit Railroad, chartered by the Territorial Legislature July 31, 1830. Five years were allowed to complete the line, but failed. A new corporation, the Detroit and Pontiac Railroad Company, was chartered March 7, 1834. In 1835 contracts were let for clearing the line at the Detroit end, but the progress of construction was slow. In 1838 the State loaned the company $100,000, and before the end of May in that year the road was in operation for a dozen miles. At first the cars were operated by horse power, and on wooden rails. It was opened to Pontiac in July, 1843. A locomotive was first used on the line in 1839, and as late as 1845 the cars ran on what were called strap rails. The Detroit and Pontiac Railroad Company, chartered March 7, 1834, and the Oakland and Ottawa Railroad Company, chartered in 1848, were consolidated April 21, 1855, under the name of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railway Company, to construct a road from Detroit to Grand Haven, a distance of 189 miles. The line west of Pontiac was completed by this company November 22, 1858, reaching Grand Rapids early in July, and the first through train from Grand Haven to Detroit passing here September 1, 1858. Trains between Grand Rapids and Detroit began running July 12, 1858. In 1860 the property was sold under foreclosure, and a reorganization under the name of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad Company was effected. In 1873 the new company made default in the interest on its bonds, and the road was put into the hands of a receiver. September 4, 1878, it was sold to HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 619 the bondholders, and in November the company was reorganized as the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railway Company. This road ever since its construction has been operated in connection with a daily line of steamers across Lake Michigan, between Grand Haven and Milwaukee. It has also made connections with steamboats between Chicago, Grand Haven and Muskegon. For many years the D. G. H. M. R. R. was operated as an adjunct of the Grand Trunk system. Finally on November 12th, 1900, the Grand Trunk Western Railway Co. was organized and took possession of the Grand Trunk system in Michigan and its branches. In 1905-6 it constructed a line from its main track down the east bank of the river to Bridge street, where in the summer of 1906 a fine depot building is being built. When these improvements are completed, the first railroad depot of the city will go out of commission after serving the public for nearly fifty years. Lake Shore! and Michigan Southern. The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad had its beginning in a charter granted April 22, 1833, by the Territorial Legislature of Michigan, to the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad Company. It was provided with strap rails, and was opened for business in the fall of 1836, the cars then being drawn by horses, and operated between Toledo and Adrian. The Michigan Southern Railroad was opened and operated by the State, and subsequently sold to parties who also purchased the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad and organized the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Company. This mammoth corporation comes into Grand Rapids over its leased line from Kalamazoo (Kalamazoo, Allegan and Grand Rapids Railroad). It reached this city in March, 1869; the construction having been pushed from Kalamazoo by way of Allegan, with great energy and celerity, by Ransom Gardner, from which it was familiarly known in those days as "The Gardner Road." A bonus of $10,000 was raised by citizens, on condition that the road should reach Grand Rapids on or before March 1, 1869. An engine and flat car. entered the town in the afternoon of that day, and the bonus was paid. The first regular passenger train from this city to Kalamazoo over this route left the depot at 8:30 a. m., March 29, 1869. Freight trains began running regularly March 22, 1869. 620 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Grand Rapids Pad Indiana. At Hartford City, Ind., January 18, 1854, was organized the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad Company, for the construction of a railroad from that place to the Michigan State Line, in the direction of Grand Rapids. It was intended to make direct connection between Louisville, Ky., and this city. The officers were: President, Joseph Lomax; Secretary, William H. Campbell; Treasurer, Sylvester R. Shelton; Engineer, Josiah D. Cook. To carry out the plans of the company, President Lomax came and located in Sturgis, Mich. The Michigan general railroad law was passed and approved, February 12, -1855. The Grand Rapids and Southern Railroad Company was organized at Sturgis, May 29, 1855, to extend the corporate rights and powers of the first named company northerly from the State Line to Grand Rapids. August 1, 1855, the two companies signed articles for consolidation, and were merged under the name of the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad Company, at Sturgis, Mich., August 28, 1855, with the following Directors: Sarell Wood and James Scribner, Grand Rapids; Wilson C. Edsell and Abram Hoag, Otsego; Patrick Marantette, Mendon; William Henry, Jonathan G. Wait, Philip H. Buck and Joseph Lomax, Sturgis; Francis F. Jewett, Lima, Ind.; William S. Boyd, LaGrange, Ind.; John L. Doty and Richard Hartongue, Northport, Ind.; and for Officers: President, Joseph Lomax; Secretary, William Allman; Treasurer, Richard Reed; Chief Engineer, Josiah D. Cook, all of Sturgis, Mich. In 18.55 the Fort Wayne and Southern Railroad Company changed the southern terminus from Hartford City to Fort Wayne. Early in the winter of 1856 the company presented petitions praying Congress to grant land aid, to enable them to construct the road from Grand Rapids to the Straits of Mackinaw. Instead of a land grant direet to the railroad companies, the grant was made to the State of Michigan, and the bill approved by President Pierce. July 3, 1856. The Legislature of Michigan did not meet until 1857, and during the interim two other companies were organized, intent upon obtaining the land grant-one at Kalamazoo under the management of George A. Fitch; the other at Grand Rapids, under the name of Grand Rapids and Northern Railroad Company; the latter with the following Directors: William A. Richmond, Daniel Ball, John M. Fox, Wilder D. Foster, Charles Shepard, William HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 621 H. Withey, John Ball, Francis B. Gilbert, Fred W. Worden, Albert H. Hovey, George Coggeshall, George C. Evans, Amasa B. Watson. This company, organized in 1855, to construct a road to some point on or near Traverse Bay, elected John Ball, President; Daniel Ball, Treasurer; Peter R. L. Peirce, Secretary; William P. Innes, Chief Engineer. Mr. Innes and his assistants made a reconnoisance of the country to be traversed by the proposed road, and at a meeting of the Directors, January 3, 1857, presented his report and estimates. The bill to give a land grant to the Grand Rapids and Northern, after a long struggle, passed the Legislature, amended by striking out Grand Rapids and Northern Railroad, and inserting Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, and on February 14, 1857, the Governor approved the act. The grant was accepted by the company February 25, 1857. By its terms they were to complete at least twenty continuous miles of the road each year after December, 1857, and to finish the entire line within seven years from November 15, 1857, failing which they would forfeit the grant. When the grant was conferred, the corporate rights of the company extended only from Hartford City to Grand Rapids. The officers returned from the stubborn fight, victorious, but with a depleted treasury, and with a large amount of legal obligations on their hands. The question most important was, "how can means be raised to extend the line from Grand Rapids north to the end of the grant?" From the stock subscriptions not enough could be raised to pay the year's expenses. The law conferring the grant prohibited the issue of stock that was not paid for in full, but a clause in the general railroad law allowed several companies consolidating and merging their stock to agree on the ra.te at which the stock of each company should go in, and be taken by the new corporation. Under a verbal and mutual arrangement of all the parties interested, the Grand Rapids and Mackinaw Railroad Coompany was organized May 23, 1857, with the following Directors: Sarell Wood, Grand Rapids; Jonathan G. Wait, William Henry, Benajah M. Adams, Philip H. Buck and Richard Reed, Sturgis; Wilson C. E!dsell and Edwin Mann, Otsego; John B. Howe, Lima, Ind.; Patrick Marantette, Mendon; John L. Doty, Northport, Ind.; James Z. Gower, Wolcottville, Ind.; Wm. S. Boyd, La Grange, Ind. The line was stated to be 215 miles long, from Grand Rapids to the Straits of Macki 622 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. naw. June 19, 1857, the Grand Rapids and Fort Wayne Railroad Company was organized at Lima, Ind., to extend from the State line fifty miles to Fort Wayne, with the following Directors: Wm. Allman, Jonathan G. Wait, Richard Reed, Benajah M. Adams and Joseph Lomax, Sturgis; Patrick Marantette, Mendon; Wilson C. Edsell and Abram Hoag, Otsego; Francis T. Jewett, John B. Howe and James B. Howe, Lima; John L. Doty, Northport. June 26, 1857, the three companies consolidated and merged under the original name of Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad Company, receiving as full paid stock 2,160 shares of the Grand Rapids and Mackinaw Company on which there had been paid ten per cent. The line was located, and maps were placed with the State Department at Lansing, and approved by Kinsley S. Bingha.m, Governor, November 23, 1857. On January 11, 1858, the Land Department at Washington accepted and approved the line, as a basis of the adjustment of the land grant made to the company. The act of the Legislature of Michigan, conferring the land grant upon this company, gave them the right to sell 120 sections, on the completion of each twenty miles of the land grant part of the road. Adjusted by the proper departments at Washington, the net amount of the grant was 678,889.7 acres, being an average of only 74,398.8 for each twenty miles, or 3,719.94 acres per mile. The expectation was, that the land would sell as soon as the road was constructed, for an amount sufficient to pay the funded debt of the company. The company by the grant and its amendments, was to receive about 1,150,000 acres, but by reason of there not being enough unsold public lands, only received about 850,000 acres. The first twenty miles of the land grant part of the road was one of the most expensive divisions of the line. The withholding of so much of the lands from sale (that were authorized to be sold by the Congressional grant), the limited time given for the completion of the first twenty miles, and other matters proved too much for the company; therefore the Legislature extended the time to December 1, 1859. The company again prosecuted the work with renewed energy, but were unable to complete the first twenty miles in time. The Board of Control had a vague and indefinite power conferred upon them to declare the grant forfeited and confer the lands upon some other company, which, however, the Board did not exercise. Yet, as the time had lapsed, HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 623 the company could obtain no credit or funds on account of the land grant. But it sought and obtained from the Legislature in 1861 further extension of time, by which it was allowed till June 3, 1866, to complete the road. The interruption in financial affairs caused by the War of the Rebellion, together with the high prices and great scarcity of iron and all railroad equipments, prevented the company from making much advance, and at times things looked-so dark as to discourage the stockholders, and for several years the Directors held over for want of a sufficient representation at the annual meetings, until July 15, 1868, when, there being a quorum, the following named persons were elected Directors: Joseph K. Edgerton, Pliny Hoagland, James R. Bunyan, Jonathan G. Wait, Richard Reed, Israel Kellogg, James A. Walter, George H. White and Mancel Talcott. In the President's report at that time, July 1, 1868, is the following statement: "The following equipment is now in use, viz.: 2 engines, the Pioneer and Muskegon; 1 passenger coach, 1 baggage car, 6 new box cars, 24 flat cars, 5 hand cars-total, 2 locomotives and 39 cars, the aggregate valuation of which is $43,000." March 3, 1865, an act was passed by Congress extending the time for the completion of the road, eight years, until June 3, 1874. The protection of the land grant by this extension, and the bonds issued by various corporations and villages enhanced the credit of the company, and enabled them to complete the first twenty miles, from Bridge street in Grand Rapids, to Cedar Springs, which was opened for business December 25, 1867. But the failure of the company to pay the interest on the bonds issued under the mortgages, again hurt the credit. July 14, 1868, the Board of Directors authorized the President to endorse all municipal bonds voted and issued under the provisions of an act of the Legislature of Michigan,?pproved February 5, 1864, in aid of the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, with a similar guaranty endorsed on the bonds of the City of Fort Wayne, and also guaranteeing the payment of the interest coupons semi-annually in the City of New York. The City of Grand Rapids had voted $100,000 of aid bonds, which were pronounced unconstitutional and void by the State Supreme Court, but in 1872 they were held valid by the United States courts. Early in 1869 the company was vexed by a suit in behalf of 624 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. judgment creditors residing at Allegan and Grand Rapids, praying for an injunction, the appointment of a receiver, and a dissolution of the corporation, alleging its insolvency. This was stopped by payment of the claims. But it became apparent that judicial protection was needed for self-defense, and suit was instituted in the United States Circuit Court for the Western District of Michigan, by William Fleming, in behalf of himself and other bondholders, and on January 19, 1869,, Jesse L. Williams of Fort Wayne, with the consent of the company and without prejudice to its rights, was appointed Receiver. Similar proceeding with similar result was had in the United States Court in Indiana. Receiver Williams immediately took possession and managed the affairs and construction of the road with energy and ability until June 14, 1871. In the early part of 1869, it became evident that unless more effective measures could be adopted, the land grant would pass from the control of the corporation, and, May 1, an agreement was entered into with the Continental Improvement Company to complete the line from Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Little Traverse Bay, Michigan, "within the time and in the manner limited and provided by the acts of Congress and State Laws applicable thereto." To perform this contract, it was necessary, on the part of the Continental Improvement Company, to construct twenty miles of railroad, from Cedar Springs to Morley, within sixty days. This seemingly impossible task of obtaining material, engaging men to do the labor, cutting the ties, grading the road and putting it into running order, was accomplished, and June 21, 1869, fifty-one days from the date of the agreement, the last rail of that section was laid, and the Governor notified. Thus was the grant saved, and the work was formally accepted by the Governor, September 1, 1869. June 20, 1871, formal notice was published by the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad Company of the discharge of the Receiver and that the Continental Improvement Company had taken possession of the property under terms of a mutual agreement. The Continental Improvement Company was a corporation created under the laws of Pennsylvania, and chartered in 1868, for the purpose of building the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad. George W. Cass, of Pittsburg, President of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway, became interested in the road, and HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 625 succeeded in securing the co-operation of certain Indiana and Pennsylvania capitalists, and the Continental Improvement Company was organized, with a capital stock of $2,000,00(-George W. Cass, President; William Thaw, Vice President; William R. Shelby, Secretary and Treasurer; Thomas A. Scott, Director. At first the principal offices were at Pittsburg, but in September, 1871, were moved to Grand Rapids, with W. R. Shelby as Treasurer and Secretary in charge. The operation of the road was in charge of J. N. McCullough, of Pittsburg, as General Manager; Charles E. Gorham, of F'ort Wayne, as Superintendent, and Henry D. Wallen, Jr., Assistant Superintendent. Under the terms of the agreement, bonds were issued by the G. R. & I. R. Co., to the amount of $8,000,000, secured by a mortgage upon its railroad, land grant, and franchises. September 30, 1869, the G. R. & I. R. R. Co. made an agreement with the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway Company, by which the latter company became the guarantor of the interest on $4,000,000 of the bonds thus secured, which agreement was assigned to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, October 1, 1869. In pursuance of this agreement, the Continental Improvement Company contracted to finish the entire road, on or before June 3, 1874, in accordance with the act of March 3, 1865, fixing that date as the limit of time for completion. From this time on, the Continental Improvement Company built, operated and practically controlled the road until December 1, 1873, at which date it was turned over to the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad Company. October 1, 1870, the line from Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Paris, Michigan (201 miles), was opened for business, the first "through" train between those points running over the line at that date. The track from the south into Grand Rapids was finished September 13, 1870. The entire line from Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Petoskey, Michigan, a distance of 333 miles, was finished November 25, 1873, and on December 23, a committee appointed by the directors, consisting of Robert B. Potter, Thomas D. Messler and Pliny Hoagland, began the examination, and submitted a report of the work January 14, 1874, upon the basis of which, two days later, a settlement contract was made between the two companies, by the terms of which the road was accepted 626 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. by the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad Company as completed, December 1, 1873. June 1, 1871, the Cincinnati, Richmond and Fort Wayne Railroad Company leased its road and property to the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad Company. The former road was opened for business January 1, 1872, at which date it was turned over to the lessee. Thus the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, with its direct connections, furnishes the longest north and south line in the state, and its history is of prominent importance, in its relation to the business and commercial affairs of this city. The road was opened to Mackinaw City July 3, 1882, and the distance by this line from that point to Cincinnati is 529 miles, connecting at the latter place with railway systems running to the Gulf of Mexico. In 1886 the company projected an "air-line" branch to Muskegon, and on December 1 of the same year it was open for business, a distance of 39/2 miles, thus bringing that city within an hour's ride of Grand Rapids. The G. R. & I. R. R. Co. has always remained in name an independent corporation, but is generally understood to be an adjunct of the Pennsylvania system. John H. P. Hugart is now its General Manager. William Read Shelby was born in Lincoln County, Kentucky, December 4, 1842, and is a member of the celebrated Shelby family which has figured so extensively in American history and especially in the history of Kentucky. Mr. Shelby was educated in the schools of his native state and at Centre College, Danville, Kentucky, but his college course was cut short by the Civil War. As a member of the "Home Guard" he assisted in recruiting and enrolling men for the national army. In the, latter years of the Civil War he was engaged in supplying wood to steamers on the Mississippi river. From 1865 to 1869 he was employed in the office of the Adams Express Company at Louisville, Kentucky. Rapids & Indiana railroad company. In June, 1896, the Grand Rapids & Indiana railroad company was sold out under foreclosure proceedings and reorganized under the name of the Grand Rapids & Indiana railway company. Of this company he is now vice-president, treasurer and purchasing agent. Mr. Shelby is largely interested in farming lands in North Dakota, Illinois and Indiana. For many years he has been a ' $ * HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 627 director of the Old National Bank. He is also a stockholder in many manufacturing and industrial institutions that have aided in the growth and development of Grand Rapids. He was a member of the Board of education for two years and the Board of Public Works for five years. In politics Mr. Shelby is a Demorcat. In 1896 he was chairman of the sound money Democratic committee of Michigan. During his entire residence in the city he has been an active member of the St. Mark's Episcopal church and for many years has been its senior warden. On June 16, 1869, he married Mary K. Cass, daughter of General George W. Cass, who was a nephew of Lewis Cass, so famous in American history. Mr. and Mrs. Shelby have had a family of seven children-five sons and two daughters-five of whom, three sons and two daughters, are living at this date. Their home is upon North Lafayette street. Grand River Valley Railroad. The Michigan Central Railroad is one of the great trunk lines, and reaches this city over the Grand Rapids Division of its system. This branch was built from Jackson to Grand Rapids, a distance of ninety-four miles, in 1869, and was then known as the Grand River Valley Railroad. The first train from Jackson over this line arrived January 1, 1870, and consisted of the locomotive "Muskegon" drawing six cars. It was the first run on the then new time card which promised four trains daily each way, and made a very appropriate New Year's gift to the business interests of the city. But it did not long remain an independent road. From its inception it had been an adjunct of the Michigan Central, and on the 18th of April, 1870, became a branch of that corporation. For the construction of this road the company received a subsidy from the city of Grand Rapids, which originally was to have been $100,000, but was settled by the payment of $25,000, according to an amicable agreement. Chicago and West Michigan Railway. The Chicago and West Michigan Railway was very closely connected with the history of the city. The company was formed 6218 HISTORY OF GRAND BAPIDS. October 1, 1881, by the consolidation of the Chicago and West Michigan Railroad from New Buffalo to Pentwater, a distance of 170 miles, and with 92 miles of branch lines, giving 262 miles of track; the Grand Rapids, Newaygo and Lake Shore Railroad from Grand Rapids to White Cloud, a distance of 46 miles; the Grand Haven Railroad from Allegan to Muskegon, 57 miles, and the Indiana and Michigan Railroad of Indiana. The Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore Railroad Company was organized April 24, 1869, and reorganized as the Chicago and West Michigan Railway Company January 1, 1879. The Grand Haven Railroad Company was organized February 16, 1869, as the Michigan Lake Shore Railroad Company. The Grand Rapids, Newaygo and Lake Shore Railroad Company was organized September 11, 1869, and opened to White Cloud September 24, 1875. The opening of the division from Holland to this city, was accomplished January 6, 1872, and that of the Newaygo division took place September 11 of the same year. The pushing through to Newaygo of that branch of the road in 1872 was accomplished in the face of great difficulties by the indefatigable energy and persistence of David P. Clay, then its President, and the strong backing of James W. Converse. Grand Rapids, Lansing and Detroit. The articles of incorporation of the Grand Rapids, Lansing and Detroit Railroad were filed with the Secretary of State May 20, 1887, the company being formed for the purpose of constructing and operating a railroad between Grand Rapids and Lansing, to be a branch of the Detroit, Lansing and Northern Railroad. The right of way was quietly purchased by the officers of the D., L. & N. R. R. Co. and persons in their behalf, and in July, 1888, the new line was opened and a saving of time and distance made between Grand Rapids and Detroit. In December, 1896, the Detroit, Grand Rapids & Western Railroad Co. was formed and operated the line until it was merged into the Pere Marquette systemn. For many years the Chicago & West Michigan Railroad and the Detroit, Lansing and Northern Railroad and its successors were operated under one management. In the latter part of 1899 the Pere Marquette Railroad Company was incorporated HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 629 and on January 1st, 1900, took possession of.the property and business of the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, the C. & W. M. R. R., the D. G. R. & W. R. R. and the Lowell and Hastings R. R., and operated them until December 5th, 1905, when the Pere Marquette system was placed in the hands of a Receiver, Judson Harmon, of Cincinnati, who is now operating it. The Railroad line from Grand Rapids to Saginaw has had a checkered career. Through trains were first put on in 1888 and ran over the G. R. and I. R. R. to Howard City and from there on the D. L. & N. R. R. line to Saginaw; then they ran on the C. & W. M. to Sparta and from there on the Muskegon Railroad to Sheridan where they changed to the D. L. & N. line. Afterwards a line was built from Lowell to Belding and passed under the control of the Pere Marquette which already controlled the Lowell and Hastings R. R. Trains then went by way of Elmdale, Belding, Howard City and Edmore to Saginaw. In 1901 the line was built from Stanton to Greenville and trains commenced running by way of Elmdale, Belding, Greenville, Stanton and Edmore to Saginaw. It is now a part of the Pere Marquette System. The Pere Marquette System, the Michigan Central, and the G. R. & I. System use a, union depot on S. Ionia street. Grand Rapids, Grand Haven & MuskPgon Railroad Company. This electric railroad company was organized March 6th, 1899. On February 1st, 1902, it ran its first cars between Grand Rapids and Muskegon. On June 18th, 1903, it first ran cars into Grand Haven. It has 44 miles of track, 18 passenger cars, and 6 express cars. It has about 250 employes. It connects with the Goodrich line of steamers. Its offices and waiting room are at 81 Lyon street. It is capitalized at $1,200,000 and has a bonded indebtedness of $1,500,000. The road was promoted by Thomas P. Carroll and Joseph Kirwin. Thomas F. Carroll was its first President. The firm of Carroll, Kirwin & Halloway has always been General Counsel for the Company. The capital of the Company is largely held in the East. The present officers of the Company are: President, J. D. Hawkes; Vice-President, W. K. Morley; Secretary, Wallace Franklin; Treasurer, Carl M. Vail; Auditor, Kirke Lathrop. This road does a large business and is a great aid to Grand Rapids business interests. It has met the expectations of its promoters and organizers. 630 6HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. The Grand Rapids, Holland & Chicago Railway. The Company was organized early in 1901. as the Grand Rapids, Holland & Lake Michigan Railroad and this new company was organized in 1903. It operates an electric line from Grand Rapids through Holland to Macotawa Park and Saugatuck. From Grand Rapids to the Park it is a double track, the first in Western Michigan. The first car ran over the line from Holland to Grand Rapids in September, 1901. At the beginning of 1906 the Company has 19 passenger cars, 5 express cars, 12 box freight cars, 11 flat cars and 2 locomotives. There are 250 employes. It operates 42 miles of line. From the Saugatuck Junction to Saugatuck it is a single track. In 1902 it inaugurated a fast express between Grand Rapids and Chicago, and also handles freight. It connects with the Graham & Morton boat line and its freight and express leaving Grand Rapids at night are landed in Chicago before the night trains from Grand Rapids reach that city. The line runs through the fruit belt and in season does a large business in transporting fruit to market. The road has $81,358,000 worth of stock and has issued bonds to the amount of $1,500,000. The road was promoted by Benjamin S. Hanchett. Its present officers are Benjamin S. Hanchett, President; Strathearn Hendrie, General Manager, and Charles N. Willis, Freight and Passenger Agent. Its ticket office and waiting room are at 71 N. Market street, and its freight office at 67-73 Ellsworth avenue. There are other electric lines projected which will reach Grand Rapids in a year or two; one from Ionia and the east; one from Kalamazoo and the south; and another from Battle Creek and the southeast; one from Ludington, Pentwater and the northwest; one from Belding and the northeast. The present projects may be modified and changed,, but undoubtedly in a few years Grand Rapids will be a center for electric railway lines. CHAPTER XX. STREET RAILWAYS. Street Railway Company of Grand Rapids. The original movement for the establishing of a street railway in Grand Rapids was made by William A. Richmond, John W. Peirce, Henry Grinnell, Wm. H. Withey and others, who on May 19, 1864, secured the passing of an ordinance by the Common Council which gave them the right to construct a street railroad from the D. & M. R. R. depot down Canal and up Monroe and Pulton streets as far as Jefferson avenue. It required a license fee, and an annual tax of $15 per car. This charter was repealed, October 11, 1864, and a new one passed, granting similar privileges to George Jerome of Detroit, Daniel Owen of New York and Thomas S. Sprague of Saginaw. The cars were started May 10, 1865. In December, 1869, the line was sold for $39,200. George S. Frost, trustee for himself and others, was the purchaser. The Canal and Monroe street line was the only street railway until the summer of 1873, when the Division street extension to the fair grounds was constructed and cars began running there early in September of that year. In 1875 a line to Reed's Lake was put into operation. It went out Sherman street from East street. This was afterwards made a, "dummy" road, worked by a steam engine. As started, this project included a line through the city to the West Side and in two or three streets there. From the lake it came down Sherman and East streets, Wealthy avenue, Lagrave, Monroe, Division and Lyon and through Kent street. Its officers in 1875 were Hiram Knapp, President; David Thompson, Secretary; J. W. Boynton, Treasurer and General Manager. Within the following ten years lines were built in Scribner, Stocking and West Bridge streets, crossing both the Bridge and Pearl street bridges in their connections. In 1883 an association of Cleveland and Grand Rapids capitalists purchased the several street railway franchises; and by an ordinance passed in August, 1885, they were consolidated into a single corporation: President, Charles A. Otis; Vice-President, L. H. 631 632 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Withey; Treasurer, M. S. Crosby; Secretary, I. M. Weston. Fiom that time there were increased investments, great improvements and extensions. The corporation as thus organized was known as The Street Railway Company of Grand Rapids. Of the prior or intermediary companies, George W. Thayer was Manager and Ebenezer Anderson Superintendent of the Grand Rapids Street Railway Company, for several years; of the Reed's Lake branch line George W. Thayer and J. H. McKee were managers; of the Division street line William Winegar was President and Superintendent and Jacob Kleinhans Secretary; of the Scribner street line J. W. Boynton was Manager. The new arrangement brought all the lines constructed prior to 1886 under one control. The company at once made heavy outlays in the construction of new roads, tracks, routes, buildings and other betterments, and in the purchase of cars and equipments. Soon there was a capital of $1,000,000 invested. Valley City Street and Cable Railway. November 10, '1884, a report made in the Common Council recommended that permission be given for the construction of a cable railway in Lyon, Union and East Bridge streets, and an ordinance was passed February 16, 1885, granting a franchise therefor with conditions. The Valley City Street and Cable Railway was incorporated June 6, 1887-President, Wm. P. Innes; Secretary and Treasurer, Robert W. Innes; Engineer, Wm. Phenix. The first cable line was in Lyon street, from the foot to Grand avenue; and horse-car lines in connection were constructed from the foot of Lyon to Waterloo and down Grandville avenue to the south city line, also across Fulton street bridge and to the west city line, and one north from Lyon on Barclay street. The company began work in August, and the horse-car branches were running in October. The cable in Lyon street was drawn to place April 13, 1888, grip cars ran on the 16th, and soon began regular trips. The power house was at the Lyon street and Grand avenue corner, where powerful steam machinery was placed to operate the line. The lines of this Cbmpany were: Lyon and Bridge street (cable), from the corner of East Fulton and East streets over Fulton, Union, Lyon, Canal, and East Bridge streets and Grand avenue. Ottawa street (cable), from the City HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 633 Hall by the way of Canal and East Bridge streets to Ottawa, and over North Ionia and Taylor streets to the north city line at Sweet street. West Third ward line (cable), from Pearl street and business center to city limits by Louis, Spring, Wealthy avenue, Sheldon, Wenham avenue and Lafayette streets. Grandville avenue line (horse), from Canal street and business center to city limits south on Grandville avenue. West Fulton street line (horse), Fulton, Straight, Jackson, Pine and Bridge and business center. Barclay street line (horse), Coit, Trowbridge and Clancy to D., G. H. & M. track. Ionia street line, south on Ionia to and beyond the city limits. Some seven miles of roadway were completed. A central power house plant was built at the foot of Lyon street, between Campau street and the river. Twenty-five passenger and twenty-three grip (cable) cars were in use, and fifteen passenger cars drawn by horses. The capital invested was half a million dollars. The Directors were A. J. Bowne, James Blair, John W. Blodgett and A. D. Rathbone, of Grand Rapids; W. S. Crosby and John M. Hagar, of Chicago; H. P. Breed, of Minneapolis. On April 24th, 1891, an ordinance was passed by the Common Council permitting the two street railway companies to consolidate and to discontinue certain parallel lines. In July, 1891, the consolidation was completed and the street railway system of Grand Rapids became known as The Consolidated Street Railway Company of Grand Rapids. Electricity was substituted as a _motive power, and the cable and horse soon disappeared. Its successor, The Grand Rapids Railway Company was organized in April, 1900. Its present officers are Clarence M. Clark, President; Lester J. Rindege, Vice-President, and Benjamin S. Hanchett, General Manager and Treasurer. The Company's offices are at 38 North lonia street. North Park Street Railway. The North Park Street Railway Company was organized in 1889, and soon had a track completed, starting from a. junction with the Valley City Street and Cable Railway Company's line and extending from the north line of the city at Taylor street past the Soldiers' Home to the bank of Grand River at what was known as the gravel road bridge. It was two and a half miles in length. It was well equipped and operated by steam 634 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. power. George W. Thayer was President, and C. C. Comstock Secretary and Treasurer of the company. The Directors were G. W. Thayer, C. C. Comstock, John E. More, Julius Houseman, A. J. Bowne, G. G. Briggs, James Blair. It was built to help the north end and was a success. After about five years it was consolidated with the city system, and still later was extended across the river to Comstock Park. Reed's Lake Electric Railway. The Reed's Lake Electric Railway Company, organized April 15, 1890, constructed a street railway line to be operated by electricity from the east line of the city, starting at Fulton street, and running to the north side of Reed's Lake, a distance of about two miles. The officers were Sybrant Wesselius, President; John Dregge, Secretary 1 Treasurer; Daniel McCoy, J. C. Porter, John Dregge, S. Wesselius, Directors. This company operated its road for only a few days when it met financial and legal troubles, and soon ceased to do business. It was finally abandoned and all that remains are the remnants of a road bed. The South Grand Rapids Street Railway Company was' organized in 1892. Its officers were Charles Fox, President; J. W. Moore, Vice-President; and P. T. Cook, Secretary and Treasurer. For a time it operated a line from Hall street to South Grand Rapids, when Hall street was the south line of the city, but the line was not a financial success, although it doubtless aided in developing that portion of the city. It ceased to do business in 1900. The present (1906) street railway lines of Grand Rapids are the Plainfield avenue and South Division street line running from Sweet street through Coit, Plainfield, Leonard, Canal, Ottawa, Trowbridge, Canal, Monroe, and Division to Burton avenue. The Taylor and Wealthy avenue line running from Comstock Park to Reed's Lake, which enters the city between Canal and Center streets, passes down Taylor to Leonard, where it joins and goes over the same line as the Plainfield line to Wealthy and goes out Wealthy to the lake. The Scribner and Wealthy line which runs from the Railroad Junction to Reed's Lake by passing through Turner, Webster, Scribner, Bridge, Canal, Monroe, kpl; 72-?O HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 635 Ionia, Williams, Division and Wealthy; the Stocking and S. Lafayette street line, starting from Seventh street through Stocking, Bridge, Canal, Monroe, Division, First, S. Lafayette, Hall, and around Oak Hill Cemetery; West Bridge street and Grandville avenue line which starts at the foot of the West Bridge street hill, passes through Bridge, Canal, Monroe, Market, Elsworth, and Grandville avenue to Plaster Creek; the Cherry street and Shawmut avenue line which runs from John Ball Park to Reed's Lake, through West Fulton, Straight, Shawmut, Front, Pearl, Monroe, E. Fulton, Jefferson, State, Cherry, Lake and Wealthy; Butterworth avenue line which runs from S. Lane avenue through Butterworth, Gold, Fulton, and Market to Monroe; the Bridge and Lyon street line which runs from Grand avenue through E. Bridge, Canal, Lyon, North Union, and E'ast Fulton to Fuller street; the Leonard and Fifth avenue line which runs from Greenwood Cemetery through W. Leonard, Scribner, Bridge, Canal, Monroe, Division, First avenue, S. Lafayette and Fifth avenue to East street. There is also a line which runs from the Country Club grounds to Plainfield avenue through North College avenue and Carrier street. CHAPTER XXI. THE TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE SERVICE. Prior to the coming of the first railroad Grand Rapids had no telegraphic communication with the outside world. Kalamazoo was the nearest office and Grand Rapids messages were sent to and from that office by stage or special messenger. The first wire of the Western Union Telegraph Company came into Grand Rapids in November, 1858, over the line of the D. & M. R. R., which had just been completed, and immediately afterwards the first telegraph office was opened in Grand Rapids. The total receipts of the Grand Rapids office for December, 1861, were only $146.15. The manager, Mr. E. D. Benedict, was the only operator and had only one set of instruments. He sent only 329 messages, which would be less than one hour's work with present facilities. The Western Union now has its main office at 13 Canal street, with branch offices at the Houseman Building, 7 South Ionia street, and the Union Station. Wm. Fry is manager. He has 11 operators, 8 clerks and 14 messengers. lie does not have in his department the railroad operators. The office handles nearly a thousand messages a day, and has 46 wires leading out of town. The Postal Telegraph-Cable Company. This company founded its first office in Grand Rapids, July 15th, 1886, and was then known as the Michigan United Lines Telegraph Company. S. Stewart Palmer was manager and operator and for assistance had one messenger boy. In October, 1886, the office handled 1,565 messages. Its first office was on Pearl street where now is the Furniture Exhibition Building, and had one wire out of the city. Since 1890 its offices have been on Monroe street and are now located at number 27. It also has branch offices in the Michigan Trust Building and the Clark Building. Frank S. Gould is manager and has 6 operators, 5 clerks and 14 messenglers. It has 9 wires leading out of town, Duplex with l)etroit and Chicaglo and Pllantoplex with Chicago making 11 wires. 6(36 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 637 G. R. & I. Telegraph. Though not a chartered corporation, the Grand Rapids and Indiana Telegraph Company has had a nominal existence ever since the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad Company erected lines for their private business and the accommodation of their patrons. In 1874 it made an arrangement with the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company for the transmission of messages off the line of the railroad, holding one wire exclusively for commercial messages. James Hawkins was the first Manager under this arrangement, with office at the corner of Monroe and Ottawa streets; succeeded in 1877 by William Fitzgerald, and the office was removed to the Old National Bank. The receipts at first were small, but increased steadily. In May, 1881, P. Vincent Mlehan became Manager. In the fall of 1882 the Atlantic and Pacific was absorbed by the Western Union, and six months later the G. R. & I. entered into a working arrangement with the Mutual Union. The latter was finely equipped, and the business grew rapidly until its office receipts reached nearly $2,000 per month. In 1884 the Mutual Union was absorbed by the Western Union. The G. R. & I. then made a similar arrangement with the Baltimore and Ohio Telegraph Company, which lasted until the fall of 1887, when this company met the fate of its predecessors. Thereupon President IHughart determined to let the G. R. & I. Telegraph (Co. revert to its former position as a department of the railroad company, opening an office therefor in the Morton I-louse, of which Henry E. Saunders was placed in charge. At present the G. R. & I. telegraph has its headquarters for comnmercial purposes in the G. R. & I. Building on South lonia street. It has seven wires, three north and four south, five operators and four messengers. J. W. Hunter is manager of the department. The Telephone. A Telephone and Telegraph Construction Company was established in Grand Rapids October 1, 1879, as a branch of the Michigan Telephone Company of Detroit. The first Manager was S. E. Watson, with one operator and about twenty-five subscribers, with ten miles of wire in operation. The Company in 1888 had in Grand Rapids eleven hundred subscribers, and employed twenty-seven operators and thirteen linemen, inspectors and I-,, i j'T Ir 638 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. clerks, making a total force of forty, of which C. L. Boyce was Manager, Mr. Watson having been promoted to Superintendent of the Western District in September, 1882. In 1888 the Grand Rapids Exchange, in the ratio of instruments to the population, was the largest in the United States. The Michigan State Telephone Company was organized in April, 1904, taking over the business of the Michigan Telephone Co. The number of subscribers in Grand Rapids in 1904 was 4,300. Mr. W. J. Berry was Manager from 1890-1899. Mr. W. H. Lincoln, 1899-1904; Mr. C. H. Brewster, 1904-1905; Mr. E. P. Platt, present Local Manager; C. E. Wilde, District Manager. The number of local switchboards is 40; the number of local operators, 70; the number long distance operators, 25. The main exchange building was erected in 1898, at the corner of North Ionia and Franklin streets, and in 1906 was enlarged and remodeled to care for additional business. The main building was first occupied in July, 1899. The south exchange building, corner Terrace avenue and Hall street, will be occupied in May, 1906. The first office of the predecessors of the Michigan State Telephone Co. was located in Lovett Block, Canal street, and later moved to the new Blodgett Building, corner Ottawa and Louis streets, and from there to the new building, corner Fountain and Ionia streets. The Citizens Telephone Company. This company had its origin in the fall of 1894, when several gentlemen led by Wm. J. Stuart, applied to the Common Council for a franchise to establish an independent line of telephones. The franchise was not granted until July 20th, 1895. June 10th, 1895, the company filed articles of association. E. B. Fisher and J. B. Ware were the promoters and organizers of the company; E. B. Fisher was the first President and Amos S. Musselman was the first Secretary. The offices of the company were established at 87 Campau street. The first pole was set October 2nd, 1895. June 1st, 1896, the company had 1,600 subscribers. July 1st, 1896, the company commenced to do business with 832 instruments, 8 switch boards, and 1 toll board, and 18 operators. In 1903 the company completed its own building on the bank of the river at the foot of Louis street and moved into its offices there HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 639 in October and November of that year. On January 9th, 1904, the company established automatic service in its Grand Rapids exchange, which for some time was the largest automatic exchange in the world. Just before the change was made the company had 140 operators on its switch boards. The company has an authorized capital of $3,000,000, of which $2,600,000 is already subscribed. The company was promoted and financed by Grand Rapids enterprise and much of the capital invested is local and many subscribers are stockholders. The officers of the company for 1906 were: Directors, C. F. Rood, President.; Edward Fitzgerald, Vice-President; E. B. Fisher, Secretary; Wm. J. Stuart, Treasurer; Philip Graham, Lester J. Rindge, Gaius W. Perkins, Jos. B. Ware, Cyrus E. Perkins, Robert D. Graham, Elbridge G. Studley. April 1st, 1906, the company had 7,525 phones in the city, and 27,000 outside. It had 500 employes, and was extending its service daily. Within 50 miles of Grand Rapids the Company reached more than 250 exchanges and toll points. In less than thirty years the telephone has been in operation and during that time has revolutionized the methods of business and the habits of Grand Rapids people. Every office and every place of business of any pretension has telephone connections. In resident districts there are blocks upon blocks in which every house has a telephone. The housewife does all her marketing by telephone. The lawyer advises his client by telephone, the doctor prescribes for his patient by telephone, the merchant sells his goods by telephone, the manufacturer runs his factory by telephone, the farmer sells his produce and buys his supplies by telephone. Social engagements and business appointments are made by telephone. All over Michigan bargains are daily made from Grand Rapids by telephone. Even the children make their appointments for play by telephone. Surely the telephone has made history since its advent in Grand Rapids. Fifty years ago messages came by stage. Now Grand Rapids daily talks direct with New York, Boston, and all intermediate points. The telephone and the telegraph have made the world akin. CHAPTER XXII. SECRET SOCIETIES. For many years the Masonic bodies of 'Grand Rapids met in various halls of the city as suited the convenience of the membership. When the Masonic Temple was built by the Fox Bros. at the corner of North Ionia and Louis streets, an offer was made that if all the Masonic bodies would take long time leases the upper stories would be constructed with special reference to the needs of Masonry and that the building should be called the Masonic Temple. The building was so constructed and was completed in 1895. The Masonic bodies took possession of their quarters and on October 15, 1895, there were dedicatory exercises. In the evening there was a grand reception to the public from 8 to 12 o'clock. The program opened with a parade which was.a grand, imposing pageant. Among the visiting Masonic bodies were commanderies from Detroit, Kalamazoo, and Benton Harbor, and lodges from Lowell, Allegan, Rockford, Spring Lake, Middleville, and Grandville. The procession formed on West Bridge street. More than two thousand Masons were in line. Col. Charles H. Rose was Chief Marshal of the day. It was more than half an hour passing a given point. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon there were Grand Lodge dedicatory exercises in the Temple, to which but few of the throng could be admitted. In the evening more than ten thousand people attended the reception. The vast crowds moved up through the stairways and were let out by the elevator. Of the General Committee, C. W. Davidson was chairman, and Charles Meech was secretary. The public exercises were on Tuesday. The remainder of the week was given up to meetings of Masonic bodies in the new quarters. Altogether it was one of the most enthusiastic Masonic gatherings ever held in Michigan. Masonic Bodies of Michigan. Grand Lodge, F. and A. M.-Organized in 1844. Grand,Master n elected from Grand Rapids have been: Lovell Moore, 1864; John 64() HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 641 W. Champlin, 1871; Wnm. Dunham, 1877; R. C. Hatheway, 1887; Edwin L. Bowring, 1895; John Rowson, 1905. William P. Innes was elected Grand Secretary in 1878 and served until his death in 1892. Grand River Lodge No. 34, F and A. M.-Instituted March 19, 1849, under dispensation from the Grand Master of the State. First officers: W. M., Truman H. Lyon; S. W., Ira S. Hatch; J. W., Aaron Dikeman; Treasurer, Harry Eaton; Secretary, Wm. D. Moore; S. D., Julius Granger: J. D., George 'M. Mills; Tiler, Harry Dean. Membership, 603. The officers for 1906 are: W. MI., George H. Hobart; S. W., HI. T. Baldwin; J. W., Glenn N. Deuel; Secretary, George MI. Peacock; Treasurer, Fred H. Iosford; S. D., A. G. Girsberger; J. D., C. S. Cornelius. Valley City Lodge No. 86.-First meeting under dispensation, Nov. 25, 1856. First officers: W. M., David S. Leavitt; S. W., James W. Sligh; J. W., Edward S. Earle; Treasurer, Seymour S. Porter; Secretary, Wm. IT. Reynolds. Ias 450 members. The officers for 1906 are: W. M., J. E. Hyde; S. W., Charles S. Dake; J. W., Richard Bruinler; Treasurer, George (. Steketee; Secretary, D. W. Gallup; S. D., Rolland J. Cleland; J. D., Joseph Brown; Tiler, E. S. Cornell. Doric Lodge No. 342, F. and A. M.-Instituted January, 1877. First officers: W. M., Wm. K. Wheeler; S. W., N. B. Scribner; J. W., W. B. Folger; S. D., Joseph Albright; J. D., David E. Emery; Treasurer, John B. Folger; Secretary, Charles W. Loud. Until the Masonic Temple was built, Doric was a West Side lodge with lodge rooms on West Bridge street. The following are the officers for 1906: W. M., Frank S. Gould; S. W., Carl F. Meyer; J. W., George W. Powers; S. D., Harry H. Luton; J. D., George W. Bowen; Treasurer, Thomas W. Strahan; Secretary, John P. Wheeler. Its membership numbers 327. York Lodge No. 401, F. and A. M.-The first meeting looking to forming York Lodge was held April 20, 1904, at the Commandery rooms in the Widdicomb block. Those who asked for the dispensation were Charles Fluhrer, Ed. M. Barnard, Fred H. Ball, Lucius M. Cary, Jno. A. Seymour, Lucius D. Harris, Frank A. Rodgers, Wm. H. Boyns, Frank Wurzburg, Charles E;. Fink, Per J. Lundquist, John Gillett, J. Eugene Williams and Milford L. Fitch. 642 6HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. The first meeting under the dispension, a. special communication, was held September 7, 1894, when it was decided to hold the meetings of the lodge Thursday evenings, that the initiation fee should be fifty dollars, and the annual dues two dollars. Chas. Fluhrer was named in the dispensation as W. M., Edmund M. Barnard as S. W., and Fred H. Ball as J. W., and at this meeting other permanent officers were chosen as follows: Treasurer, J. Eugene Williams; Secretary, John A. Seymour; S. D., Lucius D. Harris; J. D., Frank A. Rodgers; Tiler, Noah I. Reynolds. The first regular communication was held September 13, 1894. The present officers of York are as follows: W. M., H. B. Moore; S. W., Guy Johnston; J. W., Harry E. Rodgers; Secretary, Frank W. Boughton; Treasurer, Hobart B. Miller; Chaplain, J. Herman Randall; S. D., Guy W. Lewis; J. D., S. Eugene Osgood; S. Steward, A. B. Merritt; J. Steward, Fred J. Zwald; Marshal, J. H. P. Hughart; Organist, Phin K. Miller; Tiler, C. L. Davidson. Grand Rapids Chapter No. 7, Royal Arch Masons.-Organized March 19, 1850. First officers: M. E. II. P., Samuel L. Bigelow; King, Joshua Boyer; Scribe, Amos Roberts; Treasurer, Truman H. Lyon; Secretary, F. D., A. Foster; C. H., James P. Scott; P. S. and Tiler, Harry Dean. Number of members, 446. The officers for 1906 are as follows: M. E. H. P., Fred II. Hosford; King, Wmn. E. Clark; Scribe, Charles S. Reeves; Treasurer, Thomas S. Freeman; Secretary, George W. Peacock; C. H., N. A. Fox; P. S., Frank E. Spraker; R. A. C., John Ogden; M. 3d V., Clarence E. Hosford; M. 2d V., Charles S. Davies; M. 1st V., John Hardiman. Columbia Chapter No. 132, Royal Arch Masons.-Was organized in 1893. Its first Excellent HIigh Priest was Harvey C. Taft. It now numbers 300 members and its officers for 1906 are as follows: E. H. P., W. A. Stowe; King, Stanley N. Allen; Scribe, Henry N. Stone; Treasurer, Charles S. Coburn; Secretary, Adam S. Mitchell; C. of H., Claude L. Chambers; P. S., William A. Brown; R. A. C., John G. Gronberg; M. 3d V., David L. Keeler; M. 2d V., John W. Powers; M. 1st V., Oscar C. Garrett; S. S., William S. Rowe; J. S., John H. Goss; Sentinel, Eli A. Kahler; Organist, John Hardiman; Finance Committee, George E. Luther, Kirk E. Wicks. Tyre Council No. 10, Royal and Select Masters.-Chartered in 1861. First T. I. M., Ed. D. Benedict. It now numbers about HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 643 250 members. The -officers for 1906 are as follows: T. I. M., Fred H. Hosford; Deputy, H. B. Miller; P. C. and W., Charles A. Greenman; Treasurer, Thomas S. Freeman; Recorder, W. L. Freeman; C. S. C., Charles W. Howard; C. O. N. C., D. L. Keeler; Sentinel, Edwin Wade. Knights Templar. De Molai Commandery, No. 5, K. T.-Organized at Grand Rapids, July 23, 1856. First officers: Em. Corn., David S. Leavitt; S. W., James W. Sligh; J. W., Wm. K. Wheeler; Treasurer, James W. Sligh; Recorder, John McConnell. The official roster for 1905-'06 is as follows: Eminent Commander, Sir W. H. Booth; Generalissimo, Sir Chas. L. Fitch; Captain General, Em. Sir Jas. G. Robinson; Senior Warden, Sir Mark Norris; Junior Warden, Sir Geo. J. Calkins; Prelate, Rt. Em. Sir Chas. P. Bigelow; Treasurer, Sir Geo. G. Steketee; Recorder, Sir H. C. Taft; Standard Bearer, Sir L. J. Katz; Sword Bearer, Sir W. J. Clark; Warder, Sir H. G. Robertson; Captain Guard, Sir D. Egery; Organist, Sir P. K. Miller; Adjutant, Sir F. El. Spraker; Quartermaster, Sir E. J. Herrick; Surgeon, Sir J. W. Riecke; Bugler, Sir F. Wurzburg. The Past Commanders are as follows: Rt. Em. Sir R. D. Swartout, 1889; Em. Sir J. E. Herkner, 1890 -'91-'92; Em. Sir J. D. Utley, 1894; Em. Sir C. M. Heald, 1895-'96; Em. Sir F. M. Briggs, 1898; Em. Sir H. K. Dean, 1899; Em. Sir C. E. Fink, 1900; Em. Sir J. Rowson, 1901; Em. Sir J. H. P. Hughart, 1902; Em. Sir J. G. Robinson, 1903; Em. Sir W. M. Adams, 1904. The Commandery numbers 323 swords. It has in its membership two Past Commanders of the State: Rt. Em. Sir Charles P. Bigelow elected in 1888, and Rt. Em. Sir R. D. Swartout, elected in 1904. Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite. Moriah Lodge of Perfection, P. and S. M.-Organized April 23, 1868. P. T. G. M., E. D. Benedict; H. T. D. G. M., P. V. Fox; G. K. of S. and A., Charlie T. Hills. Officers for 1906 are W. R. Andrus, P. T. G. M.; S. Eugene Osgood, Deputy; Charles S. Coburn, S. W.; R. R. Hayslett, J. W. Cyrus Council Princes of Jerusalem.-Organized April 24, 1868. First officers: M. E. S. P. G. M., J. W. Champlin; V. G. S. K. of 644 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. S. and A., George Voorhis. Officers for 1906 are as follows: M. E. S. P. G. M., L. B. Winsor; Deputy, Mark Morris; S. W., J. H. Thompson; J. W., H. S. Hoebeck. Robinson Chapter of Rose Croix de H-R-D-M1 —Organized at Kalamazoo, under charter dated December 10, 1866. Reorganized at Grand Rapids, August 15, 1878. Officers: M. W. and P. M., Wim. P. Innes; R. and P. K. Treasurer, J. Barth; R. and P. K. Secretary, Richard D. Swartout. Officers for 1906 are: M. W. and P. M., E. S. Rankin; S. W., James Fraser; J. W., Isaac Goldberk. DeWitt Clinton Consistory S. P. R. S. 32~.-Organized at Kalamazoo. Date of charter, December 1, 1866. First officers: Commander-in-Chief, Charleg H. Brown; Grand Minister of State and Grand Orator, Foster Pratt; Grand Chancellor, Colly A. Foster; Grand Secretary and Keeper of Seals and Archives, James W. Hopkins; Grand Treasurer, George H. Gale; Grand Engineer and Architect, John B. Robinson. August 15, 1878, the charter having been burned, they reorganized at Grand Rapids. The date of the present charter is September 19, 1878. The officers in 1906 are the following: I. C. C., John H. P. Hughart; 1st Lieutenant I. C. C., John Rowson; 2nd Lieutenant I. C. C., Clarence W. Sessions; Secretary, R. D. Swartout. The following are the thirty-third degree Mlasons of Grand Rapids at the beginning of the year 1906. For Grand Rapids to have five who have received the coveted honor, speaks well for the Masonic spirit of the Valley City: Perrin V. Fox, Richard D. Swartout, Daniel Egery, John II. P. Hughart, Harvey C. Taft. Saladin Temple. Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine.-Organized under dispensation April 2, 1886. Chartered June 20, 1886. Its first officers were: Potentate, George E. Pantlind; Recorder, Samuel E. Watson. The officers for 1906 are: Potentate, Hutson B. Coleman; Recorder, Charles E. Fink. In 1900 Saladin Temple furnished the highest officer for the Imperial Council, Louis B. Winsor being elected Illustrious Imperial Potentate. The next year the Council made a pilgrimage to Honolulu and established there a Temple at which Grand Rapids was well represented. Michigan Masonic Home Association.-Organized in 1885. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 645 First officers: President, Wm. Dunham; Vice-President, R. D. Swartout; Secretary, John D. Jennings; Treasurer, Jacob Barth. The home is under the management of the Masonic bodies. It is situated at Reed's Lake and has been open for many years, affording a home to many aged Masons, their wives and widows. The following were the officers at the close of 1905: Trustees of the Home Properties.-For the Grand Lodge, Andrew W. Durkee, St. Johns; for the Grand Chapter, Charles D. Blanchard, Marquette; for the Grand Council, George P. McMahon, Detroit; for the Grand Commandery, George A. Dunham, Manistee. The Board of Control. For the Grand Lodge.-William Wente, Manistee, to 1906; Reuben C. Webb, Detroit, to 1907; Wilson R. Andress, Grand Rapids, to 1908. For the Grand Chapter.-FPrank N. Clark, Northville, to 1906; Maro M. Read, Ypsilanti, to 1907; Judson E. Rice, Grand Rapids, to 1908. For the Grand Council.-Charles L. Fitch, Grand Rapids, to 1906; E. L. Bates, Pentwater, to 1907; Elias C. Phillips, St. Louis, to 1908. For the Grand Commandery.-Charles H. Pomeroy, Saginaw, to 1906; John Rowson, Grand Rapids, to 1907; William C. Grobhiser, Sturgis, to 1908. For the Grand Chapter, 0. El. S.-A. Augusta Matteson, Middleville, to 1906; Margaret T. Moore, Bay City, to 1907; Helen E. C. Balmer, Lansing, to 1908. Organization of the Board. Maro M. Read, Ypsilanti, President; Chas. L. Fitch, Grand Rapids, Vice-President; R. V. McArthur, Grand Rapids, Secretary; William Wente, Manistee, Treasurer. Committees. Executive.-John Rowson, Chas. L. Fitch, Helen E. C. Balmer, William Wente, W. R. Andress. Finance.-J. E. Rice, A. Augusta. Matteson, Elias C. Phillips. Ways and Means.-William C. Grobhiser, Margaret T. Moore, E. L. Bates. 646 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Officers of the Home. Rial V. McArthur, Superintendent; Olive McArthur, Matron; Dr. Collins H. Johnston, Home Physician. Order of the Eastern Star. Founded 1876. Object to provide for the wives, mothers, sisters, daughters and widows of Master Masons. Robert Morris, LL. D., was one of its founders. Oriental Chapter, No. 32.-Chartered October, 1883. Charter officers: W. M., Mrs. M. M. Parsons; W. P., N. B. Scribner; A. M., Mrs. T. W. Strahan; Treasurer, T. W. Strahan; Secretary, Miss Lizzie Anderson. From a charter membership of about twenty, the lodge has grown to number 400 in 1905. The present officers for 1906 are: W. M., Mrs. Emma Harper; W. P., Dr. Orville M. Barton; A. M., Eugenia Swan; Secretary, Miss Lora V. Foote; Treasurer, Mrs. Frank J. Sokup. Peninsular Chapter, No. 65.-Organized in April, 1890. Its first officers were as follows: W. M., Mrs. Jennette Spraker; W. P., R. C. Hathaway; A. M., Mrs. George F. Owen; Secretary, George F. Owen;' Treasurer, Clara T. Boldie. It now numbers 535 members. Its officers for 1906 are: W. M., Mrs. H. N. Stone; W. P., Charles S. Reeves; A. M., Mrs. J. H. Horton; Secretary, Miss Florence N. Greene; Treasurer, Mrs. Mary E. Tibbitts. Signet Chapter.-Application for dispensation for this Chapter was made in March, 1906, with 29 charter members. The first officers are: W. M., Mrs. Frank S. Gould; W. P., Harry E. Rodgers; A. M., Mrs. O. M. Barton. White Shrine of Jerusalem, Palestine Shrine No. 1, Grand Rapids, has Chapter No. 1 of this order. The local Chapter was organized in 1896 and incorporated in 1897. Only members of the Order of Eastern Star are eligible to membership in the White Shrine of Jerusalem. The charter members were: Fred H. Hosford, John Rowson, George F. Owen, John Van Alden, E. M. Butler, Edwin Wade, George Snyder, Charles D. Stebbins, Oscar Alien, L. D. Mosher, and Mrs. Mary A. Pearsall. The chapter numbers 225 members. The officers for 1906 are: W. H. P., Mrs. Mary A. Horton; Secretary, Miss Florence N. Greene; Treasurer, Miss Emma Harper. In 1898 a Supreme Body was organized with headquarters at Grand Rapids, of which Fred HI. Hosford HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 647 is Supreme Chancillor. There are now (1906) 25 subordinate bodies in the country, of which 20 are in Michigan. Independent Order of Odd Fellows. The first lodge in Grand Rapids of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows was established January 15, 1846, with five charter members. They were Samuel B. Ball, Harvey P. Yale, William D. Roberts, Benjamin Smith and Joseph Stanford. It was known as Irving Lodge, No. 11. Its first lodge room was in Irving Hall, a large brick building near the foot of Monroe street, south side, and which took its name from the lodge. Irving Lodge continued work eleven years, and then surrendered its charter to the Grand Lodge, January 21, 1857, at which time its lodge room was in Public Hall, on Canal street. During its life this lodge had a large membership from among the prominent business and professional men of the place. In a long list of names are found those of Charles H. Taylor, George C. Evans, Ebenezer Anderson, William Otis Lyon, Wright L. Coffinberry, Reuben H. Smith, John T. Holmes, Lewis Porter, Franklin Everett, Henry Martin, Jacob Barns, Henry Smith, George H. White, C. P. Babcock, Warren P. Mills, T. W. White, A. X. Cary, Harvey K. Rose and Robert M. Collins. Grand Rapids Lodge No. 11, was established February 5, 1858 -a revival of Irving, No. 11, under a new name. First officers-N. G., Lewis Porter; V. G., James M. Green; R. S., Eben Smith, Jr.; T., Ebenezer Anderson. Its first lodge room was in the Commercial Block, which stood at the foot of Monroe street, where now is Campau Place. From there it moved to the Lovett Block, and thence to the Pierce Block. It now meets at No. 10 Lynn street. It has a good outfit of lodge furniture and regalia. Present officers: N. G., O. V. Benham; Secretary, W. O. Kimball. Originally this was what was known as a non-benefit lodge, not paying stated amounts and assisting only members who were in want. The by-laws were changed, and it now pays a benefit to sick or disabled members. Old Enterprise Lodge, No. 212, was instituted August 5, 1873, with 18 charter members. First officers: N. G., Henry Baldry; V. G., H. M. Reynolds; R. S., A. W. Paris; P. S., A. G. Duffers; T., Allen Engle. Its lodge room was in Luce's Block. June 29, 648 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 1885, it was consolidated with Grand Rapids Lodge, No. 11, to which it turned over its property and $549.42 in cash. Many of its members are still with the Order in the various lodges of the city. Other Bodies of Odd Fellows are Furniture City Lodge No. 41, which meets at No. 60 West Leonard street; South End Lodge No. 250, which meets on South Division at the corner of Sycamore street; Enterprise Lodge No. 406, which meets at Odd Fellows Hall, 213 Stocking street; Imperial Lodge No. 427 which meets at the corner of Madison avenue and Hall street; Equity Lodge No. 459, which meets at Simmons Hall, No. 500 South Division street. The next grade in the order of Odd Fellows higher than a subordinate lodge is the Encampment, to which the requirement for admission is a scarlet degree membership. Grand Rapids Encampment No. 43 was instituted September 1, 1870. The charter members were George W. Griggs, James D. Lyon, Ebenezer Anderson, S. O. Kingsbury, Alfred X. Cary, Jacob Barns and E. M. Fitch. First officers: Chief Patriarch, E. M. Fitch; High Priest, George W. Griggs; Senior Warden, Jacob Barns; Junior Warden, James D. Lyon; Scribe, S. O. Kingsbury; Treasurer, Ebenezer Anderson. The fee for admission was fixed at $10, and it quickly acquired a large membership. It has worked uninterruptedly since. Its place of meeting for many years was in the rooms of Grand Rapids Lodge No. 11. It now meets at No. 213 Stocking. Adam Weymer is C. P., and W. G. Peterkin is Scribe. Canton Pierce, No. 24, P. M., was organized during the winter of 1886-'87, and was mustered in March 15, 1887, with twentyone charter members. The name was adopted in honor of Col. E. S. Pierce, who had been identified with the Order almost from its start in this city. First officers: Captain, Adrian Yates; Lieutenant, Henry N. Wilder; Ensign, George II. Jacobs; Clerk, Clark S. Slocum; Accountant, Miles S. Carpenter. Canton Pierce at once took high rank among the cantons of the State for military proficiency. It took the first prize at Muskegon July 4, 1887, for the largest and best drilled canton, in competition with many rivals. Officers (1905): Captain, Win. D. Bryant; Clerk, M. L. Lindhout. It meets at No. 213 Stocking street. Next, of the allied bodies of Odd Fellowship, is the Daughters HISTORY OP GRAND RAPIDS. 649 of Rebekah, to which are admitted the wives and daughters of 'Odd Fellows.. The ritual for this degree was prepared by the late Schuyler Colfax, Vice-President of the United States. Purity Lodge, No. 14, of this order was instituted in this city February 22, 1879, with thirty-six charter members. The active lodges now in the city are Violet Lodge, No. 34, which meets at 213 Stocking street, Ethelyn Lodge, No. 121, which meets at the corner of South Division and Sycamore streets, and Ierkimer Lodge, No. 353, which meets at 500 South Division street. Knights of Pythias. This fraternity is of Michigan origin, having been conceived by /Justus H. Rathbone while he was teaching school at Eagle Ha.rbor, sometime prior to 1861. The first lodge was instituted in the city of Washington in 1864. The fr t lodge of Grand Rapids was instituted November 23, 1872, known as Eureka Lodge, No. 2. It was afterwards, in 1881, reorganized under the same name and number. The first lodge was instituted by W. J. Long. In 1891, Pythian Temple was completed. It was built by Pythians by whom it was controlled for several years as a stock company. Dr. Walter A. Dorland finally obtained a controlling interest and for several years he has been the owner. The Temple is located on Ionia street, between Monroe and Fountain streets, and is a landmark of the city. The following are the lodges of Grand Rapids: Cowan Lodge No. 89, meets at 617 South Division street, and has a membership of 135; Eureka Lodge No. 2, meets at Pythian Temple and numbers 176; Imperial Lodge No. 154, meets at 701 Wealthy avenue, and has a membership of 231; Lily Lodge No. 110, meets at the corner of Plainfield and North Coit avenues; it numbers 180. Valley City Lodge No. 124, meets in Pythian Temple, and has 274 members. There is also Furniture City Co. No. 3, M. R. R. P., which meets in Pythian Armory. The ladies are interested in Pythianism and Grand Rapids has Mispah Temple No. 6 of the Rathbone Sisters, which meets in the Temple twice a month. There is also the D. O. K. K. Keaab Temple No. 69, which meets in the Temple. Grand Rapids has furnished several Grand Chancellors for the Slpreme body of the state. William James Long, of Eureka Lodge, was Grand Chancellor from ]873 to 1876. William H. 650 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS.,I I I Loomis, of the same lodge, was Grand Chancellor in 1892-93. Leo A. Caro, of Lily Lodge, was Grand Chancellor in 1901-03. William II. Loomis is Brigadier-General of the Michigan Brigade, Uniform Rank. Knights of the Modern Maccabees. The Knights of the Modern Macabees is a fraternal insurance organization of Michigan origin with headquarters at Port Huron, which during the past twenty years has had a phenomenal growth. There are six local Tents which meet as follows: Abraham Lincoln Tent No. 564, at Good Templar's Hall; Crescent Star Tent No. 152, at No. 12 Lyon street; Division Tent No. 479, at No. 617 South Division street; Oriental Tent No. 644, at No. 10 Lyon street; Schiller Tent No. 171, at 54 West Bridge street; Valley City Tent No. 496, at 462 South Division street. Ladies of the Modern Maccabees. The ladies have organized an affiliated society with the Knights of the Modern Maccabees, and now have eleven hives in the city. Connor Hive No. 265, at 23 Fountain street; Division EIive No. 299, at Pythian Temple; Easter Hive No. 811, at.Strahan's Hall, West Bridge street; Emma E. Bower Hive No. 573, at 182 East Fulton street; Furniture City Hive No. 656, at 611 North Coit avenue; Grace Hive No. 56, at 10 Lyon street; Independent Hive No. 489, at 462 South Division street; Isabella Hive. meets at 23 Fountain street; Oriental Hive No. 350, at 10 Lyon street; Valley City Hive No. 194, at Pythian Temple; West Side Hive No. 599, corner Fulton and Jefferson streets. Modern Woodmen of America. This is a fraternal organization which has had a healthy, rapid growth in Grand Rapids. Its camps are as follows: Batavia, meets at 10 TIyon street; Excelsior, meets at 460 South Division; Kent, meets in the Herald Building; Loyal, meets at the corner of Coit avenue and Quimby street; Star, meets at the corner of Leonard and Turner streets; Sycamore, meets at 662 Wealthy avenue; Valley City, meets at 10 Lyon street. HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 651 Elks. Grand Rapids Lodge, B. P. 0. E., was chartered in 1886. They meet at the Elks Hall in the new Clark Building on South Ionia street. The officers are, David E. Uhl, E. R.; and G. D. Bostock, Secretary. Independent Order of Red Men. Owashtauwong Tribe No. 19 meets at 52 Lyon street. Ancient Order of Hibernians. Division No. 1 was organized in 1883, and meets at Hibernian Hall, 257 North Ottawa street. Knights of Columbus. Grand Rapids Council No. 389, meets at 186 East Fulton street. Royal Arcanum. Bryant Council meets at Pythian Temple, Grand Rapids Council meets at 52 West Bridge street, Valley City Council meets at Pythian Temple. Grand Rapids has many secret societies besides those mentioned which are doing a good work in charity and fraternity. Many have other features, but all are doing a fine work. City Clubs. The Peninsula Club.-Organized October 26, 1881, and incorporated October 26, 1883. It purchased the site of the present club house, 66 by 99 feet, on the northeast corner of Ottawa and Fountain streets, and erected in 1883 the building which now stands there. The cost of the lot and building was $50,000. It was opened with a grand reception on February 25, 1884. - The objects and work of the organization are entirely social. It has several hundred members, and since its organization has been the leading social club of the city. Its officers since its organization are as follows: Presidents, with dates of their election.-Edwin F. Uhl, October 26, 1881; George G. Briggs, January 21, 1885; John S. Law 652 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. rence, January 14, 1886; Amasa B. Watson, January 15, 1887; F. A. Gorham, January 11, 1888; Charles W. Watkins, January 12, 1889; Willard Barnhart, January 17, 1891; William R. Shelby, February 11, 1896; John A. Covode, January 14, 1898; George H. Davidson, January 12, 1899; Charles M. Heald, April 11, 1899; Closson L. Lockwood, January 13, 1900; J. H. P. Hughart, January 9, 1901; 0. E. Brown, January 15, 1903; Mark Norris, January 16, 1904; Mark Norris, January 16, 1905; Mark Norris, January 15, 1906. Vice-Presidents, with dates of their election.-George G. Briggs, October 26, 1881; Wilder D. Stevens, January 21, 1885; Thomas J. O'Brien, January 14, 1886; John C. Bonnell, January 15, 1887; Noyes L. Avery, January 11, 1888; Daniel McCoy, January 16, 1892; John W. Champlin, January 11, 1893; John A. Covode, February 11, 1896; John McQuewan, January 28, 1897; William Judson, January 14, 1898; E. I, Maddox, January 12, 1899; William Judson, January 13, 1900; C. S. Burch, January 9, 1901; O. E. Brown, January 15, 1902; McGeorge Bundy, January 15, 1903; LI. W. Welch, January 16, 1904; W. C. Winchester, January 16, 1905; W. C. Winchester, January 15, 1906, Treasrers, with dates of their electlon.-Charles E. Olney, October 26, 1R81; F. A. Gorham, January 21, 1885; Closson L. Lockwood, January 11, 1888; McGeorge Bundy, January 16, 1892; Richard D. Swartout, January 11, 1893; Fred H. Ball, February 11, 1896; Benjamin S. Hanehett, April 25, 1896; E L. Maddox, October 18, 1897; W. Fred McBain, January 12, 1899; Closson L. Lockwood, August 8. 1899; 0..E Brown, January 20, 1900; John S. Lawrence, January 15, 1903: L. W. Welch, January 16, 1904; L. W. Welch, January 16, 1905; L. W. Welch, January 15, 1906. Secretaries, with dates of their election.-John S. Lawrence, October 26, 1881; Anton 0. Hodenpyl, January 14, 1886; John W. Blodgett, February 8, 1887; John McQuewan, January 11, 1888: Henry D. Waldbridge, January 28, 1897; John P. Homiller, March 30, 1897; James M. Crosby, January 6, 1899; Roger W. Griswold, January 13, 1900: George P. Sinclair, January 9, 1901; Mark Norris, January 15, 1903; John Duffy, January 16, 1904; George P, Dowling, January 16, 1905; George P. Dowling, January 15, 1906. Its Direetors for 1906 are as follows: Mark Norris, L. W. Welch, John Duffy, George P. Dowling, Dr. D. S. Sinclair, George HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 653 F. Sinclair, William M. Wurzburg, John T. Byrne, E. J. Keate, W. C. Winchester. The Owuhta;non Bot Olub. This club was organized July 12 1883, and soon after opened rooms in the Commercial Bank building. Its first officers were: President, Fred H. Smith; Secretary, Charles W. Chancey; Treasurer, Asa B. Kennan. In 1886 it built a boat and club house at Reeds Lake, at a cost of $12,000, being the pioneer club at the Lake. Soon after the club house was opened, the Northwestern Amateur Rowing Association was held at Reed's Lake. The same year the club fitted up fine club rooms in the Barnhart building, at the corner of Ionia and Louis streets, at a cost of $12,000. In building the club house and fitting up its down town rooms, the 'club assumed an indebtedness which it was unable to pay. It ran until 1892, when it was obliged to close its doors, and its property was sold at auction to pay its debts. In social and athletic affairs the club was a success. It was essentially a young men's club and many middle aged men of the present remember with pleasure their connection with the old Owashtanong Club. The Lakeside Club. The Lakeside Club was organized February 6, 1895. Its first directors were: J. Boyd Pantlind, C. W. Black, C. B. Kelsey, T. F. McGarry, W. Swetland, D. E. Waters, G. Stewart Johnson, W. H. Boyns, Don J. Leathers, W. E. White, Henry Spring. It has a fine club house at Reed's Lake on the site of the old Owashtanong Club house, and is one of the leading social clubs of the city. Otto H. L. Wernicke is President, and Fred W. McBain is Secretary. Its membership is full and vacancies are eagerly sought after. Kent County Country Club. This club was organized April 12, 1900. It has pleasant grounds and a magnificent building at the corner of North College avenue and Sweet street, It has the best golf groupds in Western Michigan; the house and gronuds are kept open the entire year for the enjoyment of summer games and winter sports. The officers are: J. C. Jolt, President; Edward Lowe, ViceTPresident; Clay H. Hollister, Treasurer; and Charles H. Bender, Secretary. 654 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS; The Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Olub.-This club was organized on January 25th, 1902, and its first officers elected on January 27th, 1902, at the Military Club rooms. The following were its organizers: Chas. McQuewan, Huntley Russell, A. Guy B. Dayell, Seymour B. Conger, Chas. W. Boltwood, Albert A. Carroll, Wm. Edward Raiguel, Comstock Konkle, Alfred Baxter, Bryson Reynolds. The club has quarters at North Park and during the boating season the river is often alive with members and their friends enjoying the water and aquatic sports. The present officers are: Abram Jennings, President; Robert Y. Speir, Treasurer, and Joseph R. Taylor, Secretary. The Grand Rapids Cturling Club. The Curling Club was organized January 8, 1902, with the following incorporators: Mark Norris, John W. Blodgett, Charles B. Kelsey, John McNabb, N. Fred Avery, Wi. Miller, T. Stuart White, E. Crofton Fox, J. I. P. IIughart, Lewis 11. Withey, George IT. Davidson, William E. White, A. Harry Sherwood, C. A. Renwick. It has an attractive club house at the corner of ljake and Norwood avenues, which in the winter season is the scene of many contests and festivities. Lewis 11i. Withey is President, and James A. Coye is Secretary. Knickerbocker Society. Membership in this club is limited to those of Holland descent. It was organized in August, 1898. The first President was J. A. S. Verdier, and its first Secretary, llernmal Van Aal(deiell. It mlleets (lqarterly, and has its annual meeting on August 31, the birthday of the Holland Queen. Its objects are fellowship and the preservation of I)utch virtues and the Holland spirit. Its present officers are 0. 11. I)e (1raaf, President, atid William Ii. Van Leeillwel. Sons of the Revolution. The Miechigan branch of this society was orginazed February 22, 1896, and ever since has celebrated Washington's birthday with a banquet. Its membership is limited to the lineal descendants of those who took part in the American Revolution on the American side. Its objects are to promote fellowship a(id HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 655 patriotism among its members. It sometimes meets on other days than the 22nd of February, like Bunker Hill day, and Yorktown day. Its present officers are: Dr. John W. Beardslee, President; Andrew B. Coffinbury, Vice-President; Robert W. Merrill, Treasurer; Dwight Goss, Secretary; and Laurens W. Wolcott, Registrar. The Daughters of the American Revolution. This is a patriotic society confined to ladies who are lineal descendants from Revolutionary ancestors who served the American cause in the war for independence. The officers of the Grand Rapids Chapter are: Regent, Mrs. Edwin F. Sweet; Vice-Regent, Miss Fanny IT. Boltwood; Secretary, Miss Laura E. McKee; Historian, Miss Rebecca J. Coffinberry; Treasurer, Miss Mary E. Barnard. The society is intended to inculcate the spirit of patriotism and a love of American history. It numbers more than one hundred members. The L. L. C. (Prepared by Mrs. L. P. Rowland.) The Ladies' Literary Club of Grand Rapids owes its origin to Mrs. Lucinda H. Stone of Kalamazoo, who is justly named "The Mother of Clubs." During the winter of 1869-70 a small company of women, whose single purpose was self-improvement, under her skilled direction formed a small club, known as "The History Class." Mrs. Stone came to Michigan in 1843, a New England woman, with a wide experience and years of study and travel. A teacher by instinct, keenly alert intellectually, and an inspiring leader, Mrs. Stone had already sent out from under her instruction many young women all over our land. Her interest in the intellectual development of women led to the formation of literature and history classes in many towns in Michigan that eventually became women's clubs. The seed once planted grew and thrived. The History Class of 1869 became in 1873 by a natural process of evolution an organized club. The germ of intellectual progress planted at that early date became later a vigorous Tree of Knowledge, bearing abundant fruit in the present, active, altruistic L. L. C. of Grand Rapids. 656 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. An invitation extended through the daily press to all women interested in books and study led to a preliminary meeting in the parlor of Mrs. S. L. Fulter, followed by a subsequent meeting, in April, 1873, in Park Congregational Church, and the Ladies' Literary Club was no longer a vague ideal. It was an established fact. A constitution was framed at this initial gathering, and Mrs. L. D. Putnam was chosen its first honored President. It is interesting to observe that the constitution framed and adopted at the very outset still forms, with occasional revision, the basis of the work of the present club. The early constitution called for regular sessions on Saturday afternoons and programs provided by chosen. committees upon "Art and Literature," "Science and Education," "History" and "Entertainment," with President's day whenever a fifth Saturday occurred. These customs of the past are still closely followed. L. L. C. still treads the old, well-worn paths, but with a broader vision, and a very different point of view. The club organized with about one hundred members, rapidly increased to 500, even passing beyond that limit, when it was decided that a working, definite membership of 500 was more practical than an uncertain enrollment and by official vote the membership was limited to 500, and has remained there ever since, with a long waiting list, forming a separate organization known as the Fortnightly, knocking for admission to the work and privileges of the larger club. The growth and prosperity of the club led to its incorporation, under and pursuant to the provisions of an act of the Legislature of the State of Michigan, entitled an act to authorize the formation of corporations for literary and scientific purposes, approved March 21, 1865. Trhe Articles of Incorporation bear the signatures of thirty-three members, and it is declared that the Ladies' Literary Club is incorporated for a period of thirty years, from April 18, 1882. Upon July 31, 1887, the corner-stone of the present club house, on Sheldon street, was laid with appropriate ceremonies, and on December 31 of the same year the building was dedicated and opened by the club for their exclusive use. Hitherto the club had occupied rented rooms, but about $1,500 in the treasury as a nucleus, an assured annual income, abundant enthusiasm and an unswerving purpose, which last formed their principal asset, led HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 657 to the decision to have a home of their own. The result was the present club house. The exterior is plain and unpretending. The interior is attractive and homelike. Years have added many useful and decorative touches. Here are enshrined the accumulated possessions of the club;-books, pictures, piano, and furniture. The club house is built of Ohio blue-stone, with white brick and terra-cotta trimmings, slate-roof, stained glass, and French plateglass windows. The main entrance opens into a reception hall, with a broad oaken stairway. Upon the left sliding doors form the entrance to the library, that is finished in oak. The walls are lined with book cases, containing many valuable volumes used both for circulation and reference. Beginning in 1887 with 1,500 books, additions both by gift or purchase have been made year by year. Above the mantel a panel bears the word "Books" in bold carved letters and encircling it the legend, "Round these our pastimes and our happiness will grow." The exigencies of the passing years have rendered imperative the enlargement, improvement and redecoration of the auditorium, and today with ample facilities for study, committee-work, class-work and social entertainment the L. L. C. club house is not only a satisfaction to its owners, but a source of pleasure and profit to the entire community. Those women who laid the foundations of the club builded more wisely than they knew, and have remained constant and active friends throughout its history. The primary purpose of all women's clubs was self-development and education. In the words of a distinguished club-leader, the first object was "selfculture, mental improvement, self-development, enlargement of powers." No one lives to himself alone, and unless the club would become dwarfed and stunted, it must share its growth with others. The vitality of the club was expressed by the organization of Study Classes, oldest and most permanent, the Shakespeare Study Group, followed by Shakespeariana, and classes in Art, Parliamentary Law and Current Events. Next in order came the organization of the Evening Club for Business Women, with officers of their own and a club woman as leader. An occasion of unusual interest was the gathering of the National Association for the Advancement of Women in October, 1891, in response to the invitation of the club. This was their greeting: 658 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. The Ladies' Literary Club of Grand Rapids flings open its gates and bids you enter, on this the occasion of your Nineteenth Annual Congress. We welcome you, good friends, to our city, our halls, our homes and to our fallow fields of thought. Bring to us, with these bright autumn days, the garnered harvest of your wide experience, kindle, we pray, the torch of truth that shall shine with no uncertain light. Balance for us an even scale of justice that we may judge wisely and fairly in all the plans and purposes of life. Lift aloft a right and true standard of honor to guide and direct our days. We welcome you with receptive minds, with ardent hopes, with warm and cordial sympathies. It was a notable gathering of distinguished women. Mrs. Julia Ward IIowe was the President. Able papers were read, "Women in Colleges," by Miss Octavia W. Bates; "The Conditions of Success for Women,7 by Mrs. Charlotte Emerson Brown; "The Wise Economy of Time and Strength as a part of Education," by Miss Mary A. Ripley. The speakers were all women of national reputation and strong personality. The three days' sessions were crowded, with practical discussions. Other topics considered were, "The Responsibility of Women for the Tone of Public Sentiment," "Woman's Relation to Labor Reforms," "Women in the Forum," "The Rights of Children," "Ideal Homes," and "Scientific Charities." The motto of the Congress was "Truth. Justice, Honor." The visit of the Congress was a fine example and stimulus. The club is a democratic institution. Every member stands upon her own merit. The club is a great educator. It gives to the individual member, motives for study, self-confidence, and the power of expression. The club is a friend of progress and reform. There is an old classic tale of the father who took in his hand a bundle of faggots. I-e showed his sons that while he could easily break a single faggot, it was impossible to bend them, when they were bound together, so the influence of a single member may count for nothing but the united club is a mighty force. During the thirty-three years of its existence L. L. C. has had twenty presidents. All )ut four of these are living and except when removed by distant residence are faithful friends of the club. L. L. C. expresses its growing interest in municipal affairs by HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 659 the formation of committees to consider local needs, and conditions. The special committees of the present year are the Committee on Civic Health and Beauty, upon Local, Philanthropic and Industrial Conditions, one upon City Schools and Home Science, and the Lecture Committee. Among petitions signed by resolution of the club were one against the sale of liquor to minors; one asking for the establishment of a juvenile court, and one urging a tuberculosis sanitarium. The Committee of Civic Health and Beauty has done valuable work by the encouragement of both school and home gardening. Recent notable events have been the increase of annual club dues from three to five dollars, the formation of a standing advisory committee of ex-presidents, and the completion of the Stone Memorial Fund, by the gift of $300 from the Club Treasury. A special philanthropic interest of L. L. C. is the Henry Memorial fund. This was originally a tribute to the memory of Miss Dexa E. Henry, a much loved teacher in the public schools. It was established in 1880 by the gift of $102. This sum has been increased year by year, and now amounts to $1,084.40. The interest is used chiefly to provide shoes for needy school children. L. L. C. has hung upon the walls a beautiful picture by Fred S. Church in loving memory of Mrs. Harvey J. Hollister, an early president, and untiring friend of the club. The complex mechanism of club life will not run, without the application of time and thought, and energy. Here was a woman who gave her very best. The Arthuretta S. Fuller Memorial District Nturse Fund originated in April, 1904, by a collection amounting to $102.58. The club moved to take a similar collection annually on election day, in memory of Mrs. S. L. Fuller, a former president, the interest to be given each year to the District Nurse of Grand Rapids, for the sick poor. L. L. C. has celebrated its tenth anniversary, the attainment of its majority, and its silver birthday. Among the changes that time has gradually brought are a less conservative altitude toward guests, the frequent introduction of gentlemen upon its platform, the discussion of topics of the day, and the "ensemble evenings," that are a practical instance of the ideal club-the club of men and women. The sentiment that introduces the Year Book for 1906 is "That which comes after, ever conforms to that which has gone before." 660 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Hence we argue larger influence, better days for the future L,. L. C,. since the club that has been is the pledge and promise of that which is to be. Administrations are fleeting, organizations are permanent. The following are ex-presidents of the Club: Mrs. L. D. Putnam, 1873; Mrs. Marion Bliss, 1874; Mrs. S. L. Fuller, 1875; Mrs. S. L. Withey, 1876; Mrs. Geo. Fitch, 1877; Mrs, Harvey J. Hollister, 1878-9; Mrs. J. C. Herkner, 1880-1; Mrs. A. J. Daniels, 1882-3; Mrs. Enos Putman, 1884-5; Mrs. Henry $. Smith, 1886-7; Mrs. J. Morgan Smith, 1888; Mirs. Loraine Immen, 1889; Mrs. J. C. Wenham, 1890-1; Mrs. L. P. Rowland, 1892-3; Mrs. Cyrus E. Perkins, 1894-5; Mrs. H. E. Thompson, 1896-7; Mrs. Dwight Goss, 1898-9; Miss Ellen Morrison, 1900; Mrs. Jose A. Gonzales, 1901-2; Mrs. Sherwood Hall, 1903-6. West Side Ladies' Literary Club. The West Side Ladies' Literary Club was organized April 3, 1875, by fourteen ladies who responded to a call issued by Ms. A. J. Rose and Mrs. Wellington Hibbard for the purpose of forming a club for mutual improvement. They first met at the home of Mrs. Rose. The first officers were: President, Mrs. P. M. Goodrich; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. E. B. Ketcham and Mrs. A. J. Rose: Secretary, Mrs. E. B. Escott; Corresponding Secretary, Miss H. A. Lathrop; Treasurer, Mrs. J. Widdicomb. Committees were appointed, courses of study outlined, and details for work planned. At first they met at private houses, but the growth of the club soon enabled them to rent rooms in the Martin Block. June 19, 1875, the block was destroyed by fire. It commenced while the club was in session, but the ladies by an effort saved their property. They then for a time met in the parlors of the Presbyterian and Methodist churches. They then secured rooms in the new Scribner Block, then building, which they occupied in December with a membership of seventy-five, easily paying the rent of $100 per year, and adding much to articles for use and comfort in their new quarters. Private donations of books and other things also aided them. For several years the society kept up its membership to nearly its maximum, but as the novelty wore off many dropped out, leaving only those who were earnest workers and still clung to the original idea of self-culture. Its growth HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 661 has never been so much in numbers as in educational progress. Financially it has been able to sustain its place of meeting, meet its necessary expenses, and has never closed a year in debt. Its real work has been steadily carried forward to the satisfaction of all its members. Works of history, of art, science, English, French and American literature, and educational and religious themes (avoiding doctrinal and sectarian controversies), have been the subjects of their studious attention and discussion. In its social aspects, the friendly feeling engendered, and in its recreations, the experience of the members of the club has been valuable to them. Presidents of the society have been: Mrs. P. M. Goodrich, Mrs. E. B. Keteham, Mrs. E. G. D. Holden, Mrs. I. M. Turner, Miss H. A. Lathrop, Miss Bertha Kutche, Mrs. C. H. Holt, and Mrs. H. J. Felker. Its present officers are: Mrs. H. J. Felker, President; Miss H. A. Lathrop, Vice-President; Mrs. Laura Escott, Recording Secretary; Mrs. V. M3. Tuttle, Corresponding Secretary; Mrs. Gertrude Dubridge, Treasurer; Directors, Mrs. E. G. D. Holden, Mrs. Clark Brown, Miss Frances Van Buren, Mrs. H. P. Belknap. Its President, Mrs. Felker, is also President of the State Federation of Women's Clubs. It owns its Club House at 52 Scribner street, which was opened in November, 1902. Grand Rapids Women's Club. The Grand Rapids Women's Club was organized in 1890 under the title of the "South End Ladies' Club," and in 1892 it became incorporated. In 1895 it joined the State Federation. In 1897 it built its own Club House at 490 Cass avenue, and in 1900 its name was changed to the "Grand Rapids Women's Club." Its original membership was seven, which has been increased to two hundred, and its membership is limited to three hundred. The following is a list of its Presidents: 1890, Mrs. Clara J. Denton; 1891, Mrs. Emma P. Noble; 1891-2, Miss Effie Van Valkenburg; 1892-3, MYr. Mary E'. Waller; 1893-4, Mrs. Mary A. Hosford; 1894 -5, Mrs. Helen J. Hood; 1895-6, Mrs. Frances B. Turner; 1896-7, Mrs. Ella Beneke; 1897-8, Mrs. Mary E. Waller; 1898-9, Mrs. Frances B. Turner; 1899-1900, Mrs. Caroline H. Wright; 1900-1, Mrs. Frances H. Turner; 1901-2, Mrs. Adeline Powell; 1902-3, Mrs. 662 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. Ida E. Fish; 1903-4, Mrs. Caroline H. Wright; 1904-5, Mrs. Harriet Hilliker; 1905-1906, Mrs. Edith Versluis. The following are its present Officers: President, Mrs. Edith Versluis; First Vice-President, Mrs. Hanna M. Lewis; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Florence Johnston; Recording Secretary, Mrs. Lena Lamoree; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Leota Keil; Treasurer, Mrs. Josephine Buchanan; Directors, 1905-1906-Mrs. Margaret H. Downs, Mrs. Mary Phillips, Mrs. Mary Lewis; 1906 -1907-Mrs. Flora Pursel, Mrs. Maria Jessup, Mrs. Kate DeGraaf. The purposes have been set out by a member as follows: "The Grand Rapids Women's Club is not a church, nor is it a university, still less is it a theater. It is a happy combination of what is best in all three. It is akin to the church in its philanthropy and practical usefulness; to the university in the mental stimulus and educational discipline it affords and to the stage in the artistic and recreative purpose it fulfils. It is democratic, extending 'Equal rights to all and special privileges to none.' It is republican in its application of the old and true maxim 'E Pluribus Unum.' It is inclusive rather than exclusive, believing that a fence-however ornate-shuts out more than it shuts in, and finally it is self-supporting, having struggled through the years to a position where it can grant rather than solicit favors." In recent years with the development of the city there have been many organizations perfected with club features, but having their chief functions along special lines. There are many flourishing athletic associations, and many fraternal organizations with club features. The Military Companies have generally had a club. The M:asonic bodies for years have maintained a club. Many of the churches have organizations with club features. There are many successful neighborhood clubs for social intercourse and mutual acquaintanceship. Many of the large industrial institutions have clubs for the benefit and improvement of their employes. There are many successful literary clubs for the study of special subjects. The more highly and specially society is organized the greater need for clubs and the more they flourish. CHAPTER XXIII. WHOLESALING AND RETAILING. Wm. L. Waring in July, 1843, began to advertise dry goods and groceries at "wholesale and retail," and following him in 1844, as a, wholesaler, was Samuel B. Ball. The growth of the wholesale trade was slow as there were but a few villages about with stores to be supplied. In the hardware line Foster & Parry and Wm. TI. McConnell began wholesaling as early as 1848. Others followed, from time to time, but it was usually in connection with a retail business. In 1864 L. H. Randall started an exclusively wholesale trade in groceries and liquors. After the railroads came from the south and extended north between 1869 and 1871 the growth of wholesaling was quite rapid. From two or three houses the number increased to about seventy in 1888, the aggregate of whose business at that time was upward of $12,000,000 per annum. The Judson Grocer Co. The Judson Grocer Co. commenced business November 1st, 1902. It was established as a consolidation of the Ball-BarnhartPutman Co. and the Olney & Judson Grocer Co. The former had been doing business for many years at the corner of North Ionia and Louis streets, and the latter at the corner of North Ottawa and Louis streets. The new company had a building built for its own use at 14-18 North Market street. About January 1st, 1906, it absorbed the Clark-Jewell-Wells Co., which for many years had done business in the Clark Building on S. Ionia street. A history of this company and its predecessors is almost a history of the wholesale grocery trade in Grand Rapids. In 1865 Charles H. Taylor and Frank McReynolds formed a co-partnership and engaged in the wholesale grocery business at the corner of Canal and Erie streets. After about three years the business was purchased by Charles D. Lyon and D. D. Cody and the business removed to Monroe street. In 1870 the Lyon interest was purchased by Cody and the business continued un663 664 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. der the style of D. D. Cody & Co. Subsequently Charles E. Oiney purchased a half interest and the firm name became Cody & Olney. Later Cody & Olney became interested in the lumber business of Putman, Barnhart & Co., while Putman & Barnhart became interested in the grocery house of Cody & Olney. The firm name was then changed to Cody, Olney & Co. In 1881 Orson A. Ball purchased the interest of Charles E. Olney and the firm name changed to Cody, Ball & Co. Mr. Ball assumed full charge of the business in 1882 and so continued until the consolidation with the Olney & Judson Grocer Co. After Mr. Ball became connected with the firm there were changes in the firm's name as follows: Cody, Ball, Barnhart & Co., Ball, Barnhart & Putman, and Ball-Barnhart-Putman Co. After withdrawing from Cody, Olney & Co., Charles E. Olney became connected with Olney, Shields & Co., which afterwards became the Olney & Judson Grocer Co. Mr. William Judson became connected with the Grand Rapids Grocery trade about 1887. Prior to that time he had been in the lumber business at Big Rapids and Grand Rapids and had been connected with the Putman and Barnhart lumber interests. The Judson Grocery Co. is capitalized at $200,000. Its officers are: Wm. Judson, President; Edward rick, Vice-President; Orson A. Ball, Vice-President; Herman G. Barlow, Secretary, and Henry T. Stanton, Treasurer. Herman G. Barlow in point of service is the dean of the Grand Rapids wholesale grocery trade. He commenced with Cody & Olney in 1872 with which firm he was engaged several years and was then connected with the following firms before becoming an officer of the Judson Grocer Co.: John Caulfield, C. W. Jennings, Cody, Ball & Co., Cody, Ball, Barnhart & Co., Ball, Barnhart & Pittman, and the Olney & Judson Grocer Co. Lemon & Wheeler MO. Lemon & Wheeler Co. is a wholesale grocery company of which Samuel M. Lemon is President, John A. Covode, Vice-President, George B. Caulfield, Secretary, and Richard J. Prendergast is Treasurer. This company was a successor to Lemon & Peters, Bulkley, Lemon & Hoops, and Shields, Bulkley & Lemon, wholesale grocers which did business in the same location as the Lemon & Wheeler Co. at the corner of Island and South Ionia streets. ,w rw 19 I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 665 Samuel McBirney Lemon, Senior partner and President of the Lemon, Wheeler Co., wholesale grocers, was born at Corneycrew, Parish of Mullabrack, County of Armagh, Ireland, of Scotch-Irish ancestry. His parents were Samuel and Rachel (McBirney) Lemon. After receiving the best education his native country afforded, he entered a grocery store at Partadown, where he remained some five years, without pay. In November, 1870, he sailed for the United States and after arriving, secured a position with the grocery firm of Acker, Merrill & Condit of New York, at a salary of $10 per week. After a short time, he accepted a position with A. M. Semple, of Rochester, N. Y., and after five years' service, became manager of the business. He also spent five years with Lantz Bros. & Co., of Buffalo, and in 1880 removed to Grand Rapids and became a member of the wholesale grocery firm of Shields, Bulkley & Lemon, which has since been succeeded by Lemon & Wheeler Company, one of the most substantial wholesale grocery firms of Grand Rapids. Mr. Lemon has also been a director in the Fourth National Bank for a number of years. He was married January 17, 1883, to Miss Mary M. Peoples, daughter of James; and Margaret. Peoples of Rochester, N. Y. Mr. Lemon is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, having attained the rank of Knight Templar. He is a Republican in politics and was appointed by President McKinley Nov. 1, 1897, Collector of Internal Revenue for Grand Rapids. The Musselman Grocery Co. The Musselman Grocery Co. is a branch of the National Grocer Co. and does business at 21-23 South Ionia street where it has been located for many years. It is a successor of A. S. Musselman & Co. (A. S. Musselman and William Widdicomb) and Fox, Musselman & Loveridge, which did business on South Division street for many years before moving to Ionia street. This company also has branches at Traverse City and Sault Ste. Marie. Amos S. Musselman is its manager. The Worden Grocer Co. The Worden Grocer Company commenced business January 1st, 1895. It was established by A. E. Worden and conducted by 666 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. him until his death January 11th, 1899. SMr. A. J. Daniels was then its manager until December, 1904, since which time Guy W. Rouse has been manager. For the first ten years of its existence it was located at the corner of East Fulton and South Ionia streets. Since February, 1st, 1905, it has been located at the corner of South Ottawa and Island streets. It is capitalized at $75,000. A few years after its organization this company was financially crippled from embezzlement by one of its officers who was afterwards severely punished by the state for his offenses, but it was enabled to continue business by the skillful management of its remaining officers, who are entitled to great credit for their perseverance and courage in the face of unusual difficulties. Its present officers are as follows: N. Fred Avery, President; Guy W. Rouse, Vice-President and General Manager; E. G. Winchester, Secretary; W. F. Blake, Treasurer. Directe — A. J. Daniels, Geo. B. Daniels, Chas. W. Garfield, Chas F. Rood, C. Van Cleve Ganson. Hardware. Foster, Stevens Co. is the oldest and largest hardware house in the city. It is located at 10-12 Monroe street and is composed of Wilder D. Stevens, Charles C. Philbrick, Sidney F. Stevens and Charles F. Rood. It was founded by Wilder D. Foster who came to Grand Rapids in 1838 and for a time worked at his trade of a tinsmith as a journeyman. Ile first went into business with E. G. Squire in a small shop on Pearl street. Squire withdrew in 1841 and Mr. Foster continued alone until 1845 when he formed a partnership with Thomas W. Parry which continued for ten years. For a short period Henry Martin and Martin Metcalf had an interest in the business but most of the time until 1873 Mr. Foster was sole proprietor. The present firm commenced business January 1st, 1873, since which date there have been changes in partners and interests but no change in the firm name. The business has been conducted substantially at its present location since 1848. Mr. Wilder D. Foster died September 20th, 1873. At the date of his death he was a member of Congress. Prior to his election to Congress he had been an alderman, mayor, member of the state senate and had held other positions in public life of honor and trust. Other firms doing a wholesale trade in hardware are: Clark HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 667 Rutka-Weaver Co., Miles Hardware Co., Grand Rapids Hardware Co., and the Hardware Supply Co. In early days wholesaling was carried on by individuals or partnerships, but of recent years the business is almost entirely done by stock companies. Retail Trade. The first retail trade of Grand Rapids was by the Indian traders who brought goods to trade for furs. This was carried on for many years at certain seasons before Grand Rapids became a regular trading post. Joseph La Flamboise commenced making regular trips to the Grand River valley about 1796, and thereafter there was undoubtedly "retail trade" at the Rapids every year at stated periods until Louis Campan established a permanent post here in 1826, and for the next seven years there was a brisk retail trade with the Indians with an occasional sale to white men who were missionaries, surveyors or land lookers until the first settlers came in 1833. The Indian trade continued for many years after the coming of the white men; and for many years both white men and red men traded over the same counter and called for the same goods. For many years Louis Campau, Antoine Campau, Toussaint Campau, and Richard Godfroy carried on a retail trade with the settlers as well as with the Indians. In November, 1833, Jonathan F. Chubb became a settler and brought with him a small stock of goods for trade. Jefferson Morrison came with a stock of goods in 1835 and commenced trade in buildings that stood facing what'is now Campau Place. James and Dwight Lyman opened a small store in Market street opposite the Eagle Hotel in 1835. The first drug store was opened in 1836 by Wm. G. Henry. The first book and stationery store was opened by John W. Peirce in 1836 at the corner of Kent street and Crescent, where now is the engine house. Mlerca.stile Trade in 1837. A glance at the retail trade of Grand Rapids in the spring of 1837 is interesting. At the foot of Monroe street Antoine Campau was selling teas, groceries, wines and liquors; at the same time trading in furs and Indian supplies, also pipes, tobaccos, 668 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. cigars, oils, brushes, "mould and dip candles," and "other articles too numerous to mention. " Across the way from this store, where the Lovett block stands, was Orson Peck, "wholesale and retail dealer in groceries." The wholesale trade was chiefly giving a small discount on a large sale. Next south of Campau was Jefferson Morrison, dealing in all sorts of goods then marketable. Over Morrison's store was a paint shop, where 7 by 9 and 8 by 10 glazed sash were for sale by the painter, John Beach. Down Market street, opposite the Eagle Hotel, were James M. Nelson & Co., with dry goods, hardware and groceries, and on the next corner below was the store of A. H. Smith & Co., stocked with clothing, dry goods, hats, boots and hardware. Near the latter T. Campau had a similar store, and Richard Godfroy another. Up Monroe street there were a few shops and stores not advertised in the newspaper of the time. Wm. G. Henry and N. H1. Finney were at or near the place where the Morton House now is. Over in "Kent" (as the north part of the hamlet was called) was the Kent Bookstore, at which was advertised a mixed assortment-books, stationery, pocket compasses, lucifer matches, snuff boxes, maps, razors, oysters, cigars, ready-made clothing, drugs and medicines and boots and shoes. E. W. Emerson dealt in hardware, crockery and groceries on Canal street, "opposite the mammoth mill." J. J. HIoag had a drug store near the corner of Kent and Crescent avenue, and over it was the shop of "C. II. Taylor, draper and tailor." Samuel L. Fuller was a surveyor and drafter, and Hopkins S. Miles, surveyor and map maker. There were several parties proffering bargains as real estate and insurance agents. Carroll & Lyon were selling saws, chains, mill supplies, leather and lanterns. John Allmy wanted proposals for excavating on the canal, the foot of which at that time was several rods above Bridge street. This comprises nearly all the business advertised in the first newspaper issued here. The retail business in Grand Rapids began, as did that of all stores in those days with the miscellaneous traffic in all sorts of articles for domestic use; from pins and needles to axes and crowbars; from cotton thread to flannels and jeans; from vinegar to whiskey and brandy; from salt to salt pork and butter; fron tacks and shoe-pegs to tenpenny nails and spikes; from pepper and spice and West India molasses, to maple and loaf sugar; from ladies' slippers to stoga and calfskin boots; from pepper boxes HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 669 to tin and earthen milk pans, and jars and jugs; from gimlets to post-augers, and from wooden chopping bowls to tin bakers and window glass-a general medley of all sorts and sizes. Some of the first comers were traders in a small way, and for many years the store keepers along Monroe street had about equal success with the farmers round about, in their efforts to eke out an economical existence. During the first fifteen years after settlement there was comparatively little classification of goods in the stores. The man who kept pork and pickles also sold silks and calicoes, and nail hammers and hatchets. But after a time came the branching out into specialties in trade. As a specialty, the drug business took the lead; next was the hardware line, in which Foster & Parry may be considered the pioneers. Theirs began in a tin and sheet iron shop, which was the foundation fromn which has grown the now prominent hardware establishment of Foster, Stevens & Co. Their store, a little one, and literally packed with tinware, stoves and pipe, and iron utensils for family use, was on Pearl street, a little west of the Arcade. Following this was a small store of a similar sort, which was kept running but a few years, by Joseph Stanford, where now is the Grinnell Block, corner of Canal street and Crescent avenue. Win. and John McConnell sold both hardware and dry goods a little above Market street, on Monroe, and about 1850 branched out into separate establishments, making of each line a specialty. Later came in other retail dealers in hardware. The very early mercantile business clustered, on Market street, near the Eagle Hotel corner, where were the Lymans, A. Hosford Smith, and others; and another little nucleus was at the intersection of Ottawa with Monroe street, where three or four general assortment stores were kept. Still another was at the foot of Crescent avenue, and as far up as Kent street; also there were two or three little stores in the vicinity of the Bridge Street House. In 1842 there were only about a dozen stores of all sorts in the village, but these were as many as were necessary to accommodate the few thousand people then in the valley. When the city was incorporated, a business and professional summary was published, which showed in the place twenty dry goods, two hardware, two clothing, four drug, two hat and cap, and two bookstores, twelve grocery and provision stores, ten boot and shoe stores, eight public houses and victualing establishments, 670 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. and two printing offices. At that time also, not as commercial establishments strictly, but contributing to the trade and resources of the town, were two tanneries, three flouring mills, five saw-mills, between forty and fifty factories and mechanical shops of various kinds, three bakeries, two regular meet markets, and about one hundred carpenters and joiners. There were then seven churches, with eight resident ministers, twelve lawyers and six physicians in town. Prom that time forward there was a rapid increase of both mercantile trade and manufacturing business contributing thereto. In 1855 along the streets were upward of sixty stores of various kinds, besides thirty groceries. Eight steamboats and eight barges and tows were plying to and from this port in 1855. These and similar facts were encouraging to the growing and ambitious city. By that time there was less of mixed trade with general.asortments of goods in the mercantile line. It was branching out into classifications, such as dry goods, clothing, hardware, groceries, jewelry, yankee notions, etc., each distinct from the others. To recall the names of some of the early merchants may be interesting. Take for instance a period of five or six years from and after 1846. In the grocery trade, which in those days generally included liquors, were Clancy & Brother, Heman Leonard, Harry Eaton, Gideon Surprenant, Sinclair & King, R. C. Luce and others. Among the general merchants of the village period may be mentioned Benjamin S.luh - & Co., Young & Luther, Rose & Covell, Sheldon eavitt, Kendafht. -oodward, William Bemis, Boardman Noble,T'alford & Porter, weorge & John Kendall, James Lyman, the RWztsors, Robet& Son, G. C. Nelson & Co., C. H. & L. E. Patten, a2l. W. & P. R. L. Peirce. In the boot and shoe business were the brothers Ringuette, and Perkins & Woodward. Dealing in drugs and medicines were Shepard & Putnam, W. G. Henry, Sanford & Wood and Barker & Almy. Many of the large retail stores of the city had their origin in small beginnings long ago. Foster, Stevens & Co. had its origin in a tin shop established by Wilder D. Foster on Pearl street about 1839. The business of the Spring Dry Goods Co. commenced when Henry Spring found a partnership with David Burnett and Amos Rathbone in February, 1854. The book business of the W. Millard Palmer Company conl :.,?",:~m. c' r pa amaSgSiQBX I D1 -C1 t-CI 'BirsBiaPeass+aaasery. \ L F ---:':://///////CEfE ete8h i r'lI ): 1841LB -F - Fb -pFES69aEsaea;-rp_, lr Ifre c uP"IUgB - I-""-CrePbPPag'=~,` :;jliiiiillii:i' I:: r,"i'i'~ riiill. ''' ~' ''' i;u"~l ~, 4 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 671 menced in 1859, when Henry Mi. Hinsdill established a book store at 14 Canal street. The business was moved afterwards to 22 Canal street. It was moved to its present location in 1881. The business of the Houseman & Jones Clothing Co. really commenced in 1852 when Julius Houseman came to Grand Rapids and opened a clothing store. Joseph Houseman came to Grand Rapids in 1857, and has since been engaged in business. Joseph Housemaa was born February 13, 1832, at Zeckendorf, in the Kingdom of Bavaria. His father was a cotton manufacturer. Joseph was an only son and received a liberal education. After leaving school he followed the business of his father for some time. In July, 1853, he came to America. The next year he visited Grand Rapids, and in 1857 came here permanently to reside. At first he was associated in business with his cousin, Julius Houseman. Ever since his residence began Joseph Houseman has been engaged in the retail trade of Grand Rapids. lie founded and for many years has been President of the Houseman & Jones Clothing Co,., which has occupied the ground floor of the Widdicomb Building ever since it was built. For many years he was a. member of the School Board from the Second Ward, and also for many years has been a Director of the Grand Rapids National Bank. September 21, 1858, he married Henrietta Rose, of Grand Rapids, who bore him three children-Maurice M., the attorney, who died a few years ago; Henry L., who is associated with his father in business, and a daughter, Helen. Mr. Houseman has done much for his adopted city. In his School Board work his business experience was valuable in directing the business department along prudent and conservative lines, while in the educational department he welcomed and assisted improvement and advancement. He always considered the public schools worthy of every encouragement and incentive for progress. In business he believes in growth and development and gives to all enterprises with which he is connected his per, sonal attention and fostering care. The W. Millard Palmer Oompany is successor to Eaton & Lyon, organized by Charles W. Eaton and Charles D. Lyon, in 1870. and, until June, 1883, located at the corner of Canal and Lyon streets, under the management of W. R. Utley and Henry G. Allen. In 1882 Henry G. Allen became connected with the in 672 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. stitution officially, and the firm name changed to Eaton, Lyon & Allen, and later to, Eaton & Lyon, then Eaton, Lyon & Co. In 1892, Palmer, Meech & Co., started in business at 59 Monroe and 89 Ottawa streets. The firm of Eaton, Lyon & Co., changed to Lyon, Beecher & Kymer, and in 1897 the two firms consolidated under the corporate name of Lyon, Beecher, Kymer & Palmer Co., and two years later it became Lyon, Kymer & Palmer Co. This continued until 1903, when the Company was re-incorporated for $80,000.00, under the name of W. Millard Palmer Co., wholesale and retail dealers in books and stationery and manufacturers of stationery novelties. The firm now employs 29 persons, and the annual output is $100,000. The present officers are W. Millard Palmer, President; Willis B. Perkins, Vice-President; Hazen H. Morse, Sec'y and Treasurer. W. Millard Palmer was born July 9, 1861, on a farm in Kent Co., Mich., to Walter A., and Theodosia (Depuy) Palmer. He was educated in the Grand Rapids schools and employed in a store conducted by his father. He read law in the office of Stuart & Sweet for a time and later spent two years in the office of Fletcher & Wanty, then entered the employ of Elaton & Lyon, and in 1892 organized Palmer, Meech & Co. Mr.' Palmer was elected Mayor of tile city in 1902 by the Republican party and served one term. He is now President of the American Book-sellers' Ass'n, a member of the Masons, Knights of Pythias and several other societies. He was married in Grand Rapids January 17, 1884, to Miss Jeannette H. Seymour, and has three sons and two daughters. The business of the IHerpolsheimer Co. commenced at Michigan City, Indiana, in 1865, when C. G. A. Voigt and Wm. G. Herpolsheimer found a co-partnership for the dry goods trade. In 1870 they established a branch store in Grand Rapids which soon became their main business. They located first at 42 Monroe street, then moved to 52 Monroe street, then to 66 Monroe street and finally to 80 and 82 Monroe street, which was their business home for more than twenty-five years until the firm was dissolved and the Herpolsheimer Co. and the Grand Rapids Dry Goods Co. were organized. The Herpolsheimer Co. located at the corner of Monroe and Ottawa. streets in 1902. William G. Herpolsheimer was born in Tauenzinow-Oppelu, Prussia, January 30, 1841. In 1849 he came with his parents to W. (G. IHerpofl She ililne. I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 673 America and they settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where they remained for about three years. During that time he attended the public schools of that city. On leaving Milwaukee they settled in Wishawaka, Indiana, and Wm. G. then attended parochial school until he was confirmed, after which he studied nights to perfect his education. At fourteen years of age he entered a store at New Carlisle, Indiana, for six years, and ever since has been personally engaged in the mercantile trade. For about a year he had charge of a store at Buchanan, Michigan. In 1862 he became clerk in a store at Michigan City, Indiana, where he continued until 1865, when he and Mr. Voigt formed a partnership for carrying on a dry goods store in that city. The business at Michigan City was continued until 1879. In 1870 the firm opened a branch store in Grand Rapids, of which Mr. Herpolsheimer took personal charge, and immediately moved his family to this city, which ever since has been his home. Within a year the business of the Grand Rapids store surpassed that of the store at Michigan City. He continued in partnership with Mr. Voigt until the Grand Rapids Dry Goods Co. was organized, in 1902, to take over the wholesale business of the firm and the Herpolsheimer Co. to continue the retail trade of the firm. On May 8, 1904, the Herpolsheimer Co. entered its new building at the corner of Monroe and Ottawa streets. Mr. Herpolsheimer has always given his personal attention to the retail trade of his business, although of recent years details are largely left to younger associates. HIe has been a director of the Grand Rapids National Bank since its organization, 1880. He is also President of the Grand Rapids Dry Goods Co. November 8, 1867, he was married to Miss Amelia L. Bremmer, of Grand Rapids. Their home is at 372 Crescent avenue. Mr. Herpolsheimer is a Republican on national issues, but independent in local matters. He is a member and since his confirmation has always been a communicant of the Lutheran Church. His store and his home have been his business and his recreation. He started in life without means, determined to be a merchant, and by devotion to duty has won success. His success was not won suddenly. He has become a merchant prince by 674 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. legitimate, direct, straightforward methods, each year doing a little more and a little better than the preceding year. He came to Grand Rapids for a wider field and better opportunities, and the city has justified his judgment and his hopes. The business of P. Steketee & Sons at 83 Monroe street commenced in 1862, when the firm of Dornink & Steketee was organized. They did business for some time at 55 Monroe street. In 1872 the business was moved to Holland, Michigan, but in May, 1878, the present firm of P. Steketee & Sons was organized and the present business established. The business of the J. C. Herkner Jewelry Co. had its origin in 1870, when J. C. Herkner commenced business for himself on Monroe street. The retail business of H. Leonard & Sons had its origin in a general store established by Heman Leonard at 19 Monroe street in 1844. Over that store Charles H. Leonard was born January 15th, 1848. The stock was gradually changed to that of crockery and fancy goods. It remained on Monroe street until a few years ago when it was moved to the corner of East Fulton and Commerce streets. The retail business of Peck Bros. was established in the spring of 1876 at the corner of Monroe and North Division streets where it has since continued. The business was transferred here from Newburg, New York. The grocery business of John Killean & Son at 28 East Bridge street has had little or no change since it was founded by John Killean in 1867. The business of Studley & Barclay began in 1875 when E. P. Preston of Chicago established a store at 87 Monroe street for selling leather and belting. Air. E. G. Studley was bookkeeper for the concern and after two or three years bought the stock. The store was moved to 1]3 Canal street and then to 4 Monroe street and finally to 66-68 'cearl street where it is now located. The business of Thomas W. Strahaln, the West Side merchant tailor, was established in 1879 when Thomas W. Strahan opened a store at 52 West Bridge street whlicl lhas since been continued at that place excel)t for five years when Mr. Strahan was in business on Monroe street. John Killean, was born at, lBuffalo, New York, Nov. 27, 1831. hTis partents were.hnll id ll11Mary (Wv1alsh) Killeall, both nlltives HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 675 of Ireland. His father came to the United States in 1819, and in 1831 settled on a farm in the town of Hamburg, Erie Co., N. Y. That portion of the country was then newly and sparsely settled with here and there a log school house. John, Jr., obtained his early education in the district schools during the winter months, until he was sixteen years old. At twenty-three, he was married to Miss Mary C. Walsh, at Buffalu, o. February 18, 1855. He was thereafter engaged principally in the lumber business, until his removal to Grand Rapids in 1863, when he entered the grocery business, where he has since remained and is now in partnership with his son, E. J. Killean, firm being John Killean & Son. In the spring of 1882, Mr. Killean was elected alderman from the 4th ward, and re-elected two years later, and during his service as such, he was for three terms in succession chosen President of the Common Council. In the spring of 1886 he was appointed a member of the Board of Police and Fire Commissioners. At the general election in November, 1886, he was elected one of the representatives from this city to the State Legislature, and reelected in 1888. At the charter election in April, 1889, he was elected Mayor of the city of Grand Rapids. Mr. Killean has four sons and three daughters living. Dry Goods. The Spring Dry Goods Co. is the oldest dry goods house of the city and for many years has had a wholesale department. Henry Spring, who died January 14, 1906, was its founder and its president at the time of his death. He commenced business for himself in Grand Rapids in 1854 with David Burnett and Amos Rathbone for partners. He afterwards had for partners Edwin Avery and Richard D. Swarthout. When the Spring Dry Goods Co. was formed many of the old employes became stockholders. It is located at 4-8 Monroe street and the business has been at that place since the straightening of Monroe street and the opening of Campau Place in 1873. Henry Spring, son of Jared S. and Catherine Spring, was born February 7, 1830, in Cataraugus County, N. Y., and was the eldest of six boys. He attended the district schools in winter and worked during the summer months on a farm to help support the family. During the spring of 1845, his parents, with the boys, started for the State of Michigan and in due time 676 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. arrived at Cannonsburg, Kent Co., having traveled overland from Detroit. They purchased a farm on which they settled and remained until mature age overtook them; the father, Jared S. Spring, died in 1891, at the age of eighty-eight, having survived his wife some seven years. Henry Spring began business as a clerk in a small general store at Cannonsburg, where he remained until 1849, then came to Grand Rapids and entered the employ of Jefferson Morrison, then one of the leading merchants of the place. In February, 1854, while in the employment of Lewis Porter, as clerk, in a clothing store, Mr. Spring receiv.ed and accepted an offer from David Burnett and Amos Rathbone to unite his business ability with their capital in the establishment of a large store. After a few years his partners retired from the firm, leaving Mr. Spring sole proprietor. Prom this modest beginning, sprang the fine business which for so many years has been known as the Spring Dry Goods Company. Mr. Spring was associated with Edwin Avery under the firm name of Spring & Avery from November, 1860, until the spring of 1876. The firm then became Spring & Co., which continued until April 1, 1898, when a corporation was organized with a capital stock of $100,000 with Mr. Spring as its President. He was for some time President of the Grand Rapids Electric Light & Power Company and Vice-President of the Grand Rapids Building & Loan Association. He also took an active interest in the old County Fair Association and the Lakeside Club, of which he became President and did much to improve the social side of the lives of business men of the city. He was a Mason and an Elk, and no man stood higher in the hearts of his breth-' ren. For many years he was a member of All Souls church. In February, 1854, Mr. Spring was united in marriage at Clarendon, Orleans County, N. Y., to Miss Annis Salsbury, whom he survived several years. He died January 14th, 1906, leaving two children, Mrs. Cora S. Raymond of Grand Rapids, and Willard S. Spring of New York City. Henry Spring was a genial, warm hearted man who did much to develop Grand Rapids trade and commerce. His ways were ways of pleasantness, and all who knew him were his friends. The Grand Rapids Dry Goods Company is capitalized at $185,000 and commenced business January 1st, 1902. It is PI I I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 677 located at 48-52 Ottawa street and its officers are Wm. G. Herpolsheimer, President; Henry B. Herpolsheimer, Vice President, and John Snitseler, Secretary and Treasurer. The business is under the direct management of Mr. Snitseler. This Company when organized took up the business which before that time had been carried on as a wholesale department of Voigt, Herpolsheimer & Co.'s dry goods store. The firm of P. Steketee & Sons has for many years carried on a wholesale department with the store at 79-83 Monroe street. Drugs. The Hazeltine & Perkins Drug Co. does a wholesale drug business at the corner of Ottawa and Louis streets. It was incorporated in January, 1886, and has a capital of $150,000. Its officers are Charles S. Hazeltine, President; Cornelius Crawford, Vice President; Lee M. Hutchins, Secretary and Treasurer; Henry B. Fairchild, General Manager. The business of this company commenced as a wholesale department of the drug business of Shepard & Hazeltine, which commenced business at the southwest corner of Ottawa and Pearl streets and afterwards moved to the "corner of Ottawa and Louis. Peck Bros. also have a wholesale department in connection with their store. George G. Steketee -was born in the village of Borsselle, Holland, Europe, March 12th, 1835. In 1847 his parents came to Holland, Michigan, and purchased a farm. In November, 1849, he came to Grand Rapids and learned the tailor's trade; in 1865 he engaged in the mercantile trade with his brother Paul Steketee which continued until 1868. In 1869 George G. Steketee engaged in the drug business and ever since has been connected with that business. For many years he gave his personal attention to the retail drug trade, but becoming interested in Family Medicines he has of recent years left the drug business to others and devoted his efforts to proprietary medicines, known as Steketee's Family Medicines, in which he has been successful. In 1881 he was elected Mayor of Grand Rapids and served the city as chief executive for one term. Prior to that time he was an alderman for several terms, and also held the office of Collector of taxes for the 3d Ward, and for a time was also Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue for Holland, Michigan. 678 ~ HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS, Mr. Steketee takes a deep interest in Masonic affairs. For 10 years he has been treasurer of De Molai Commandery and never misses a meeting when he is in the city. He also is a constant attendant at the meetings of the Consistory and Mystic Shrine. In 1855 he was married to Hannah Eskes who died in October, 1866, leaving four children, Albert G., Mary L., Reka P. and John G. His second wife was Mrs. Lucy E. Brinkman. They have two children, George E. and Leander W. For many years the house of Mr. Steketee has been at the corner of LaGrave and Oakes streets. He is one of the solid citizens of the city who has seen Grand Rapids grow from village to town, and from town to city. H. Leonard & Sons. The business of H, Leonard & Sons was founded by Heman Leonard who came to Grand Rapids in 1842. He was a native of Parma, New York, and in early life came to Sturgis, Michigan, where he worked on a farm, and married. On coming to Grand Rapids he kept the Eagle Hotel for a time and in 1844 established a general store at 19 Monroe street. He bought the vacant lots at that place and erected a store building. At first it was only one story but afterwards a second story was built in which the family lived for some years. The family then moved to the Eagle Hotel and Mr. Leonard for some two years conducted both store and hotel. He then erected a dwelling at the corner of East Fulton and Commerce streets which was the family home for some years. In the meantime the business of the store was gradually changed to an exclusively crockery stock. In 1868 a brick block was built on the site of the old store. The business grew beyond the capacity of the new building and was then removed across the street to where the Boston Store now is, and remained there for five years. In 1886 more room became necessary and in thirty days the Leonard Block was enlarged and refitted for the increased business. It was a double store building with four stories and each floor was occupied with a stock of goods, It was the first store to use electric lights in the city. In the meantime the firm had beconme engaged in manufacturing refrigerators and had built a factory on the site of the old home at the corner of Fulton and Spring streets. Both lines of business increased so that the mercantile business was moved to the cor -Z v HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 679 ner of E. Fulton and Commerce streets and a new factory was built for manufacturing refrigerators and novelties. Mr. Herman Leonard died in 1884. Prior to that time he had associated with himself in business his sons Charles H., Frank E. and Frederick. The business is still continued by Charles H. and Frank E. The firm of H. Leonard & Sons engages in both the wholesale and retail trade. There are many other jobbing and wholesale institutions in the city. Many manufacture their own articles of trade in the city, while others use Grand Rapids only as a distributing point. There are some large importers in town who sell in wholesale to the trade. As the years go by Grand Rapids is destined to hecome more and more a wholesale trading city. It has financial, industrial, and transportation facilities which will increase its trade, and the enterprise to extend it. Thomas W. Strahan, son of Thomas and Margaret (Windrum) Strahan, was born in the village of York, Haldemand Co., Ont., March 14, 1854, and educated in the common schools of the village to 15 years of age. The father was born in the County of Armagh, Ireland, in 1812, was a tailor and came to Ontario in 1834, settling first in Hamilton, He married his wife in Brockville in 1834. She was born in the County of Armagh and came to Ontario, on the same steamer as her husband. They had 10 children. At the age of 15 Thomas W. went to Newark, N. J., and took a full course in Bryant & Stratton's Business College. In busy seasons he clerked in a store. He was in Newark five years. In 1874 he went to S. Egremont, Mass., and engagedl in general merchandise as a proprietor for two years. He then went to Hillsdale, Columbia Co., N. Y.; was there three years and then went to Newark again, where he was engaged in clothing and merchant tailoring. In the spring of 1879 he came to Grand Rapids on account of ill health and started in business as a clothier and merchant tailor and has remained here ever since. Hte is a member of St. Mark's Episcopal church and in politics is a Republican. He belongs to all the Masonic bodies here. He has been treasurer of Doric lodge for over 20 years, treasurer of Masonic Home 8 years, and treasurer of the Lakeside Club; is also a member of the finance committee of fhe Consistory, Commandery, and Shrine. He is vice president of the Fifth National Bank of Grand Rapids. 680 HISTORY-OF GRAND RAPIDS. He was married May 9th, 1877, to Emma H. Coon, daughter of Levi and Mary Coon, natives of Columbia. Co., N. Y. They have three children, Anna May, wife of Arthur C. Sharp, assistant paymaster of the G. R. & I. R. R.; Nellie Windrum, wife of John Edgar Foster, furniture salesman of New York City; William H. is with his father in the store. William Cartwright was born in Wales, March 4th, 1824-. When eleven years old he came with his parents to Canada who settled on the Canadian side near Buffalo, New York. Some time afterwards the family moved to the American side and settled on a farm near Buffalo where William obtained his education in the country schools. In 1854 he came to Grand Rapids and engaged in the feed and supply business. About 1860 he went to Mexico where he remained until after the Civil War closed in the United States. While in Mexico he was engaged in mining and was successful. In 1865 he returned to Grand Rapids and the next year married Martha Kelly, daughter of Foster Kelly of Gaines. Three or four years after he engaged in the hide and leather business and continued in that line until his death, December 14th, 1895. For many years he had charge of the Grand Rapids business of the Cappon & Bertsch Leather Co. and was a heavy stock holder in that institution. His first wife died in 1876 leaving one daughter who is now Mrs. John Burns of Arizona. January 21st, 1879, he married Miss Ida E. Leigh of Buffalo who survives him. They had two daughters, Maud born in 1881, who is now Mrs. Thomas McBride of Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Florence, born in 1883, who lives with her mother on Morris avenue. Mr. Cartwright was elected a member of the Common Council in 1881 and served for one term. It was the only public office he ever held although he always took an interest in political and municipal affairs. For many years his home was at the corner of North Division street and Crescent Avenue where he lived at the time of his death. He was successful in business but was not given to ostentation and display. Hle enjoyed good fellowship in a quiet way, and his friends always found a hearty welcome at his home. Ie did his part in developing Grand Rapids and its resources and won success because he possessed the qualities of heart and mind that made the most of opportunities. Leman H. Chapman was born in Cannon Township, Kent Co., "tw I I HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. 681 Mich., June 5, 1849, to John Chauncey and Mary (Cannon) Chapman. He attended the public schools of Cannonsburg and G. H. Ranney's select school. After teaching three terms, he associated himself with George S. Frost & Co., of Detroit, dealers in pine timber land, and immediately went into the forest locating government land, and after ten years, he formed a partnership with his father and brother and dealt in timber lands. He spent three years farming in Cannon township and then took charge of the land office in the Upper Peninsula for the Detroit & Macanac Railroad Co. From 1881 to 1900 he was with the Fuller & Rice Lumber Co., being located in the Upper Peninsula. Resigning his position in 1900, Mr: Chapman was elected Sheriff of Kent County, and served in that capacity from January, 1901, to January, 1905. He is now engaged in the Livery business at 50 North Durrig street. HIe was married at Washington, MIacomb Co., Mich., to Miss Florence A. Manley. They have three daughters and one son. John W. Blodgett.-John W., son of Delos A. Blodgett, was born in 1860 near where the village of Hersey, Osceola County, now stands, which at the time of his birth was being redeemed from the wilderness by his father, who had located it as a farm and timber lot in 1851, and which in 1860 had gathered into the neighborhood a considerable population, engaged on lumbering and farming pursuits. John attended the district school which was established with the increasing population, and later when the village was organized, the higher schools which were then established as a part of the corporation. From eleven years of age until sixteen he attended first a boarding school at Woodstock, Illinois, and subsequently a military academy at Worcester, Massachusetts, where he laid the ground work of a business education. At the age of sixteen he left school and entered the office of D. A. Blodgett at Muskegon, where he soon mastered,the details of the saw mill business and soon after became businress manager of the firm of Blodgett & Byrine and of Tillottson & Blodgett, his father having purchased a half interest in the Tillottson mill in 1878. In 1892 he was admitted to a partnership with his father. Mr. Blodgett has practically had the management of his father's vast interests since 1878, including the responsibilities attaching to the general oversight of the land and logging, the sawing, and disposition of an average of sixty mil 682 HISTORY OF GRAND RAPIDS. lion feet of lumber annually. He was married January 16th, 1895, to Miss Minnie A. Cumnock of Lowell, Massachusetts. He lives at 365 Cherry Street. John W. Blodgett is esteemed not only for his business success, but also for those social qualities which mark the good and useful citizen. In politics Mr. Blodgett is a Republican. For several years he has been the member for Michigan of the Republican National Committee. James A. Lombard was born in Casco, Maine, on August 21st, 1861. His family was an old New England family who had resided in Maine for several generations. He was educated in the common schools and at North Bridgeton Academy in his native state. In 1883 he was graduated from the Law Department of the University of Michigan after having spent two years in that institution. For the next eight years he was a traveling salesman and a professional baseball player. During the four seasons that he played professional baseball he spent the winters in legal studies. In March, 1891, he commence to practice law in the city of Grand Rapids, which has since been his home. He has been state lecturer and local attorney for the Woodmen and General Consul for the Royal Neighbors. He has been a Grand Lodge officer of the A. O. W. He also belongs to the Elks, the Knights of Pythias and the Maccabees. Mr. Lombard was married on May 7th, 1884, and has three dalughters. His home is on North Prospect Street. BIOGRAPHIES. Albright, Joseph............ 5 Almy, John.................. Anderson, Wm. H............ Arndt, Hugo R................ Atwater, Luman R........... ] Baars, John Frederic....... Ball, Daniel................. Ballard, Jas.................. Barnett, James Melancthon... Barns, Jacob............. Barstow, Haley F............. Barth, Louis................ Botsford, Alban B............. Botsford, Alvah H........... Baxter, Joseph J............. Bermis, W m................. Blakely, W m. I............... Bliss, W illard................ Bliss, Zenas E............... Blodgett, John W.......... Blumrich, Wensel............ Bodle, Arthur T............. Boise, Eugene............... Bostwick, Edmund B........ Bradfield, Thos. Deane........ Brady, Jno................. Brigham, Gershom N........ Brigham, Homer C........... Burnett, David............. Burton, Barney.............. Butler, Sam'l F.............. Butterworth, Richard E...... Butts, Louisa M.............. Campau, Antoine............ Campau, Toussaint.......... Carpenter, Eugene A......... Cartwright, Wm............. Cary, Alfred X................ Chapman, Leman H........... Chipman, Oscar Harry........ Chubb, Jonathan F......... Coffinberry, Wright L........ Coggeshall, Geo............. Collins, Robt. M............. Covell, Leonard............. Dales, Oscar Lewis.......... Davis, Ezekiel W............. Dean, Harry................ Deane, Gaius S.............. De Camp, Wm. Henry........ De War, Harry D............. Dikeman, Aaron............. Dorland, Walter A............16 L70 442 230 [92 130 185 186 124 179 189 215 231 232 186 186 193 211 212 681 224 231 221 183 210 219 233 232 176 165 182 186 233 166 188 390 680 187 680 225 165 194 187 189 185 218 166 180 192 225 240 184 241 Droste, Caspar M............ Earle, Bessie................ Eaton, Harry............... Edie, James Orton........... Ellis, Erastus R............. Ellis, Jno................... Evans, Amanda J........... Everett, Franklin............ Foster, Wilder D............ Fox, Charles................. Fox, E. Crofton.............. Fox, Jno. M................. Fuller, W m................. Garfield, Samuel M/.......... Godfroy, Jno. F............. Godfroy, Richard............ Godfroy, Wm. H........... Graham, Robert Darwin...... Granger, Julius............. Graves, Schuyler Colfax...... Gray, Jedediah............. Grinnell, Henry............ Griswold, Joseph Bascom.... Grove, James Fulton........ Gunnison, Jno. W............ Haldane, Wm.......... Hatch, Damon.............. Hazelwood, Arthur......... HIebard, Chas. Everett........ Hebard, Ezra Armstrong..... Hefferan, Thos............... Hempel, Chas. Julius....... Henderson, Chas. Luther...... Henry, Wm. G.............. Herrick, Orris Emmett...... Herpolsheimer, Wm. G........ Hilton, Robert............. Hillyer, Frances S........... Hinsdill, Hiram............. Hinsdill, Myron.............. Hoag, Frank Lindley......... Hollister, Clay, Henry........ Hollister, Harvey J.......... Hollister, John Hamilcar....... Houseman, Joseph........... Howland, Samuel............. Hulst, Henry............... Hunt, De Forest............. Idema, Henry.............. Johnson, Collins Hickey...... Johnson, Geo. Kinney........ Kellogg, Truman............ Kelsey, Chas. Bert........... vii 218 202 180 216 233 233 235 400 190 567 570 191 227 444 187 166 187 446 195 202 191 603 223 203 193 180 191 215 226 224 455 234 223 172 214 672 178 234 168 172 235 423 423 226 671 172 218 235 432 217 204 182 447 viii BIOGRAPHIES Killean, John................ 674 Kirkland, John............185 Lemoin, Henry 'v............ 562 Lemon, Sam 'l McBirney.... 665 Locher, Henry Eugene........ 222 Lombard, James AX.......... 682 Lupinski, Hugo............. 210 Luton, Robert M............. 236 Lyman, Dwight.............. 168 Lyman, James............... 168 Lyon, Lucius................ 168 Lyon, Truman H............ 190 Marion, Joseph.............. 168 Marvin La Dor.............. 236 Mathison, John.............. 192 McBain, W. Fred............ 605 McColl, John Alexander...... 214 McCoy, Daniel............... 449 McCray, Jas................. 184 Milner, Samuel G............. 236 Miller, Gaylord Brown....... 207 Mills, Geo. M................ 181 Mills, Warren P.............. 181 Moore, Lovell............... 175 Moran, Louis................ 180 Morrison, Jefferson........ 167 Morrison, Walter Bacon...... 207 Mosely, Wm. G.............. 188 Nelson, Geo. C.............. 196 Nelson, James M............ 182 Page, Abel.................. 181 Page, Loren M.............. 178 Palmer, W. Millard.......... 672 Pannell, John................ 180 Parks, Robert S.............. 191 Peirce, Jno. W............... 174 Penwarden, Wm. Francis..... 207 Perkins, Samuel F.......... 173 Peterson, Reuben............ 206 Philbrick, Henry H........... 192 Philbrick, Joel.............. 192 Phillips, Esquire C.......... 473 Phillips, James.............. 188 Pike, Abraham W............ 195 Platt, Alonzo.............. 203 Porter, Lewis................ 192 Potter, Joseph S........... 166 Powell, Isaac P............. 406 Rathbone, Amos............ 173 Rathbun, Charles............. 195 Rawson, Wm. A............. 241 Reed, Ezra.................. 166 Ringuette, John............ 173 Ringuette, Maxime......... 173 Roberts, Nathaniel P........ 165 Rose, Chas................ 240 Rowe, Wm. N............. 572 Rumsey, Jas. A....... 183 Rutherford, Francis Armstrong 221 Salmon, Archibald........... 184 Sargeant, Nathaniel 0...... 170 Sargeant, Thos............. 177 Saunders, Henry G......... 208 Schonten, Roelof A.......... 208 Schurtz, Perry...............220 Scott, James H............ 192 Scott, John..................188 Scribner, James............. 177 Seymour, Henry............. 191 Shelby, Win. Read........... 626 Shepard, Chas................ 208 Shotwell, Walter Scott...... 237 Sibleyj Wm................ 192 Sinclair, Daniel S............. 237 Sinclair, Malcolm C......... 230 Smith, Canton.............. 179 Smith, Henry C............. 174 Spencer, Ralph Henry........ 222 Spring, Henry.............. 675 Squier, Jno. W.............. 191 Steketee, Geo. G............ 677 Stewart, Simeon S............ 193 Stockin, Billius.............. 178 Stone, Henry........... 184 Strahan, Thos. W...... 679 Swensberg, Conrad G...... 405 Taylor, Chas. H............ 175 Tracy, Philander.......... 190 Turner, Eliphalet H......... 165 Turner, Isaac................ 172 Tuttle, S. Porter............. 238 Uhl, Edwin F............... 435 Vander Berg, Martin D..... 241 Verdier, J. A. S.............. 432 Voigt, Carl G. A.............. 575 Viszoczky, Andreas..........172 Walker, Chas. I............ 188 Waters, Dudley E..........435 Watson, Edward............209 Welsh, D. Emmett...........217 White, Nehemiah............193 Whitfield, Isaiah J...........237 Whitworth, Herbert........ 238 Wildberger, Geo. Henry......210 Williams, Henry R..... 186 Wilson, Wm. A............215 Winsor, Darius...........162 Winsor, Jacob W........... 164 Winsor, Zenas G...........162 Withey, Lewis Hinsdill...... 452 Withey, Solomon............177 Withey, Wm. H............195 Woodward, Kendall..........177 Wood, Wm..................209 Wooster, Samuel Russell......219 Wright, Philander B... 2.... 27 Wylie, James Robert........428 Young, George............. 184 a PORT RA IT S. Anderson, Wm. H........... 442 Baars, J. Frederic............ 430 Barnett, James M........... 424 Campau, Antoine.....Frontispiece Cartwright, William.......... 680 McBain, W. Fred............. 604 VMcCoy, Daniel............... 450 Fox, Charles................. 566 Fox, E. Crofton.............. 570 Graham, Robert D.......... 446 Grinnell, Henry.............. 602 Herrick, Orris Emmett....... 214 Herpolsheimer, Wm. G........ 672 Houseman, Joseph........... 670 Idema, Henry................ 432 Johnson, George Kinney...... 204 Lemoin, Henry W............ 562 Lemon, Samuel McB......... 664 Phillips, Esquire C........... 472 Rowe, William N............ 572 Sehurtz, Perry............... 220 Sears, Samuel................ 634 Shelby, Wm. Read........... 626 Shepard, Charles............. 208 Steketee, Geo. G............ 678 Sping, Henry.............. 676 Uhl, Edwin F................ 436 Voigt, Carl G. A............ 574 Withey, Lewis Hinsdill....... 452 Wylie, James Robert.........428 ix INDEX. Abbott, Effie.................1261 Abel, John B.................1243 Abel, Julius C...96, 133, 160-61,................ 260, 265, 307-8 Abell, Gertrude M............ 994 Achenboch, W................1192 Ackerman, John.............. 986 Ackerman, Hannah L.........1263 Ackerman, J. B............... 812 Adams, Alson................1158 Adams, Edgar J.......838, 839, 881 Adams, Elisha M............ 896 Adams, Fred J............... 74S Adams, Henrietta............ 884 Adams, Miles S............... 267 Adams, Mrs. M.............1292 Adams, W. M................. 811 Adkin, G. R................. 227 Adsit, Allen C................ 987 Adsit, H. L.................. 810 Agnes, Mary................. 1247 Agnew, J. K. V...............1174 Ahern, M. J..................1254 Aiken, D. E.................. 227 Aitkin, D. D................. 832 Akeley, H. C................. 422 Albee, A. N................. 812 Albers, Gerrit H............. 882 Albright, Joseph......202, 884,........ 1025-6, 1030-32-33, 1282 Albright, Jacob....... 216, 227,...................... 926, 1188 Alden, A. E.................. 227 Alden, Chas. M............... 811 Aldermen...... 270-71-72,.................... 73-74-75-76 Aldine Grate & Mantel Co.....1084 Aldrich, M. A................ 905 Aldrich, Moses V.....266, 420,............421, 426, 433, 1244 Aldrich, W. J...... 434-35, 1133,.................... 1134-1135 Alexander, A. P............. 958 Alexander, Ethel............1273 Alexander, J. G..........810, 1158 Alger, Russell A......825, 837,...............872, 1002, 1003 Almy, A. W..................1122 Almy, Chas. D................ 905 Almy, Tom H................ 517 Almy, John....46, 96, 138, 161,...265, 462, 838, 886, 1190, 1197 Almy, William H.............. 517 Allen, C. B................... 896 Allen, Chas. S................. 239 Allen, Edward P.........1003-4-10 Allen Geo. A................ 959 Allen, George E..............1138 Allen, Geo. R.............443, 926 Allen, Mrs. Geo. R............1267 Allen, Geo. W............443, 838 Allen, Madeline R............1262 Allen, Marina D.............. 927 Allen, Stanley N.............. 646 Allen, Sterling W............. 198 Alles, R. W.................. 812 Allgayer, Ferdinand..........1248 Amas, Eva..................1273 Amberg, A. M................ 811 Amberg, Mrs. A. M...... 1265, 1284 Amberg, David B...........427-8 A-mberg, D. M.......811, 830, 1184 Amborski, Andrew...........1256 Ames, E. R..................1132 Ames, Geo. M.................1176 Ames, James E...............1141 Ames, Mary.................1261 Amherst, Jeffrey.............. 816 Amsden, Alice E.............1267 Amsden, H. M................ 811 Anderson, Alexander......... 227 Anderson, A. J................1193 Anderson, Chas. M............ 993 Anderson, Ebenezer... 267, 881,....................1205, 1241 Anderson, Goram............. 442 Anderson, I. A................ 812 Anderson, Jeremiah H........ 838 Anderson, J. L...............1292 Anderson, Maria L............... 442 Anderson, Ralph H........... 928 Anderson, Wi. H...441-2, 809,......... 811-12, 898, 994, 1174 Anderson, Mrs. Wm. H........1270 x INDEX. xi Andree, R................. 1221 Aylesworth, W. W........... 1136 Andres, Wilson R.............1296 Baars, J. Frederic.....267, 426, 430 A.drus, Wesley P............. 837 Baars, Friederike M....... 430 Angee, Crawford.....266, 267, 1292 Baars, Friederich............. 430 Angell, H. C.............813, 1282 Baar, Isabel................ 1273 Angell, James B............. 932 Baar, R............... 1230 Angell, M. S.................1151 Baar, Robert M............. 96 Annach, Katie.............. 1258 Babcock, Bud H.............. 267 Annis, James................1196 Babcock, Charles P..185, 1121, Annis, W illiam..............1196....................1128, 1129 Annunciata, Mary...........124S Babcock, Eugene..............1205 Ansorge, Edward............. 810 Babcock, W. Irving......985, 1294 Antisdel, Arthur R...959, 966, Babcock, Ora M..............1263....................1116, 1118 Bach, L.......1190 Antflink, Gerrit.... 1218, 1219, 1220 Bachelor, Maude I............1263 Appley, HI. V............227, 1181 Backus, Ella M.............. 981 Apted, A. H................. 811 Backus, Charles..........1150, 1151 Apted, A. M..................1135 Bacon, Mrs. C. R........ 922 Apted, Ralph........202, 995, 1272 Bacon, C. S................. 813 Apted, R. C...............7... 227 Bacon, Mrs. F. E.,............. 935 Archibald, James............ 6 Baert, George H......201, 227, 1267 Ardiel, Walter...... 200, 227, 1266 Bagley, John J............... 836 Ark, HI. Vander...............1234 Bailey, Burley.............. 955-56 Armstrong, John H...........1292 Bailey, Edna................ 1264 Armstrong, M. B.............1136 Bailey, Frances............... 71 Armstrong, Sullivan........... 249 Bailey, Sherman S........443, 979 Armstrong, Wesley........... 703 Bajema, E.................. 1221 Arndt, Hugo R............... 230 Baker, C.................. 1238 Arnold, Frank............... 1122 Baker, Fred K............441, 1292 Arnold, Ienrietta........... 1261 Baker, O. E................. 1283 Arnold, Oliver.............. 87 Baker, H. B................... 453 Arnold, Sir Edwin........... 878 Baker, Henry................ 945 Arthur, F. P.................1195 Baker, Henry P........... 440-1 Arthur, Katherine A..........1263 Baker, John A............... 1120 Arthur, W. W...............1136 Baker, Sibelia F.............. 222 Aspinwall, S. F..........441, 1174 Baker, W. B.................1265 Assessors................... 276 Balcom, C. E...................1171 Atwater, Luman R.....97, 192, Balcom, John M...........1121................516, 1130, 1292 Baldry, Henry............... 647 Atwater, Mrs. L. R...........1129 Baldwin, Henry P........... 83f6 Atwood, Carl A...........954, 956 Baldwin, H T................. 810 Austin, Horace................ 1137 Baldwin, Mary.............1273 Austin, Mrs. J. E.............1267 Baldwin, Simeon L......838, 844 Austin, J. F.................. 239 Baldwin, Tuthill & Bolton...1090 Austin, W. S............... 812 Balmer, Helen E. C............1296 Averil, Maria................118 Ball, Byron D........ 837, 853, 896 Averil, Maud...............1180 Ball, Daniel, 158, 260, 493, 847, 898 Avery, C. E................. 260 Ball, E. Morris...........1046, 1158 Avery, Edwin............675, 676 Ball, Frank W........904, 905, 939 Avery, Mrs. Elizabeth........1266 Ball, John,.......129, 138, 260, Avery, N. Fred.............. 444................305, 838, 938 Avery, Mrs. Fred N........... 1265 Ball, Lucy...............924, 936 Avery, N. L.....427, 451, 527, Ball, Mrs.. A................ 920................908, 962, 1278 Ball, Orson A..........444, 810-11 Avery, Miss Louise...........1164 Ball, Samuel B...256, 259, 1127, 1128 Avink, H. J.................1214 Ball, Mrs. S. B..............1129 Axtell; Chas. N...............1294 Ballard, James,...178, 186, 260, Aylerworth, W. W............1136...............1146, 1147, 1298 xii INDEX. Bancroft, J. W................ 260 Baraga, Frederic..........91, 1240 Barber, C. W................1172 Barber, Frank H.............. 964 Barclay, Chas................. 484 Barclay, W. Y................. 81 Barendse, B..................1220 Barendse, Mariea.............1263 Barber, Cora E................1271 Bargelt, Henry................1142 Barker, Geo. M................ 249 Barker, Geo. M................ 85 Barker, John T................1118 Barker, Mrs. J. F..............1158 Barker, M. M............... 956 Barker, Palmer S.............. 964 Barker, S. W........809, 812, 993 Barnhart, Franklin...........1282 Barnhart, Roy S...............1048 Barnhart, Mrs. Roy S..........1270 Barnhart, Willard......451-2, 1270 Barnhart, Mrs. Willard....... 944 Barnhart, William............1048 Barlow, Herman G............. 996 Barlow, J. B............ 810 Barlow, John D...........1176 Barnaby, H. T........... 838 $arnard, B. W.............1135 Barnard, Edmund M...811, 837, 838 BErnard, Wm. R...........96, 1116 Barnard Wm. R..........246, 1122 Barnes, B. F.............1133 Barnes, C. R..................1168 Barnes, F. A............ 813 Barnes, James...........458, 900 Barnes, Jno...............458 900 Barns, E. W................. 746 Barns, Isaac................ 244 Barns, Jacob..97, 147, 179, 247,......................517, 901 Barnett, Geo. F............ 425:arnett, James M... 421-22-24,............... 451, 959, 1160 Barr, A. E....................1169 Barr, Emmna E.............1262 Barrett, Herbert L.......... 964 Barrett, Ida A.....1261, 1265, 1267 Barrett, P. H......... 1255 Barry, John S................. 837 Barrett, Wm. H............... 898 Barstow, Chas. F.........248, 902 Barstow, Haley F.............. 189 10arth, Jacob.......1183, 1292, 1294 earth, Jac. Sr.............1139 Birrth, Louis...........215, 227 Barth, William...............1141 Barton, O. M............ 239 Bartz, N. B............. 227 Barzynski, O. Vincents........1251 Bassett, Merritt G............. 227 Bassett, Olive Daley...........1262 Bastiaanse, Jacob.............1218 Batcheller, Wm.............. 898 Batdorf, J. C.................. 227 Bates, A. L................. 1296 Bates, Lewis J................ 906 Bates, Marcus W.....420, 443, 1154 Bates, Octavia W............ 656 Battjes, N. H............... 812 Bauer, Christina..............1262 Bauman, Casper............. 449 Bauman, Wm. F.............. 956 Baxter, Albert,..94, 810, 822, 906 Baxter, John............... 981 Baxter, Joseph J......97, 186,..................... 497, 517 Baxter, Leonard G..........96, 170' Baylies, H.................... 260 Beach, John.................. 1196 Beach, Samuel E.............. 694 Beach, Wm. A................. 465 Beal, Mary J..................1122 Bean, FraAk L............... 968 Bean, B. R.................. 811 Bear, Charles................. 1180 Bear, I. J.....................1180 Bear, Emma..................1180 Bear4sley, Geo. F............. 447 Beardsley, J. W..............1209 Beattie, R. M.................1282 Bechtel, Thomas F............ 687 Bechtold, Irma..............1274 Becker, G.................... 687 ]eckwith, W. G..........444, 813 Beckwith, Sidney............1205 Bedell, H. W................. 752 Beebe, David................1158 Beebe, Luther.............. 247 Beebe, Lydia................1158 eebe, Sarah.................1158 Beeman, J................... 520 ~ecrs, Philo..............264, 838 Beets, Henry........927, 932, 1232 14egale, Josiah W....... 837 Behan, ph. D................1169 behnke, G, H............... 812 igelden, Harriet.............. 852 Belknap, C. E.....266, 445, 520,............81, 8 4, 840, 926 Belklnap,!. P............... 810 Belknap Wagon Co...........1085 Bell, A. W..........812, 1307, 1309 Bll, Dligby Y.........122, 123, 837 qelaamy, G. H................239 ~elaamny, William.......1194, 1195 Fellows, C. F. R..............1294 INDEX. xiii Bellows, Pearl...............1273 Bement, H. H...............1137 Bement, H............ 1142 Bement, Leonard............ 268 Bement, W. H............964, 988 Bemis, Jno.................. 517 Bemis, W............186, 259, 516 Bemis, Zelotes............... 249 Bender, A....................1121 Bender, Chas. IH....809-810, 947,..............957, 996, 1270-71 Beneker, Louis L............. 964 Benham, 0. V.............. 647 Benjamin, D. M............1177 Benjamin, Mrs. D. M.........1177 Benedict, Charles B.......... 912 Benedict, E )...........1292, 1294 Benjamin, H................. 1161 Benjamin, Mrs. H............1161 Benjamins, Jas...............1232 Benjamin, John L............ 434 Benjamin, L............ 1142 Benjamin, Wm.............. 902 Benker, H...................1238 denner, Violet........... 1262 Bennctt, C................260, 516 Bennett, C. H........... 433 Bennett, Ed. C............. 713 Bennett, E. R................ 1169 Bennett, Isaac...............1134 Bennett, S. P. Co..............1098 Bcnning, Joseph.......1242-3, 1248 Bennington, Sarah............1180 Berg. F. E.................. 227 Berg, Y......................1228 Berge, F. E..............200, 1266 Berger, Fred G..............908-9 Bergman, Morse...............1184 Berhorst, Francis J............1243 Berhorst, Henry..............1248 Berkey, C. H............... 812 Berkey, Mrs. Chas. H....1264, 1267 Berkey and Gay Furniture Co..1049 Berkey, Julius...434, 959, 1049,....................1132, 1138 Berkey, Mrs. Laura..... 1264, 1311 Berkey, Lulu................ 1267 ~Berkey, William A....881, 908,.......... 1049, 1135, 1290-91 Berkey, Mrs. W. A............1291 Berkey, William A. Furniture Co......................1063 Berkhof, L....................1234 Bernardine, Mary............1275 Berr, Dermie W............... 713 Berridge, Louis A............ 928 Berry, Chas........... 956 Berry, Dennis T............... 964 Berry, Philip................1208 Berry, W. J.................. 638 Berry, Willard S............. 964 Bertram, Gustav.............1138 Bertsch, John............... 989 Bertsch, Christian............1174 Best, E. E...............227, 1265 Best, L. E...........200, 227, 1266 Bcssey, W. E................. 227 Bettinghouse, Henry C......... 532 Betz, M................... 1139 Beycr, Andrew..............1191 Bidwell, A. B.................1134 Bierce, D. E.................. 1156 Bigelow, Chas. P.............1294 Biglow, Samuel L............. 642 Bigham, Earl..............227, 810 Bigswell, C. W.............. 964 Billings, Miss Julia...........1306 Bingham, Abel...............1165 Bingham, A. J............... 1165 Bingham, Earl........200, 1266-67 Bingham, Ira................. 205 Bingham, Kingsley S...... 823, 837 Bird, Stephen................ 957 Birdsall, Ira D............... 1158 Bishop, Loomis K.....828, 963,................... 974, 1003 Bishop, W. D........812, 447, 1283 Bisschop, S..................1230' Bissell, Mrs. Anna.......... 1311 Bissell Carpet Sweeper Co..... 1079, Bissell, Covey P..... 884, 1027,................... 1030-1032 Bissell, M. R................. 805 Bissell, Mrs. M. R.......1277-78-79 Bitti, John..................1122 Black, J. C.................. 826 Blackner, M. C. W. A......... 260 Blackney, Wm. A.............1197 Blak, Aaron.................1181 Blak, P......................1231 Blades, Francis A............1129 Blaine, James G........824, 826, 875 Blaine, 0. W................. 459 Blair, Austin P...213, 823, 837, 999 Blair, Charles............833, 996 Blair, James.....421, 431, 440,....................963, 1177 Blair, Jonathan..........249, 1134 Blakely, Wm. I....97, 161, 247,.................... 259, 517-18 Blanchard, F. G...............1155!lanchard, Jno. C............. 908 Blashfield, Ella.............. 162 Blesscher, H.................1233 Blickle, C. C................1191 Blickle, G.................... 13 xiv IN Blickle, J..................... 1138 Blickle, L....................1138 Blickle, M...................1138 Blickley, C..................1139 Blinston, T. D................ 956 Bliss, Aaron T....832, 837, 882,...................... 997, 1003 Bliss, D. W...............198, 212 Bliss, Lyman W............. 1003 Bliss, Obediah............... 211 Bliss, Willard................ 211 Bliss, Zenas E................ 212 Blodgett, Delos A.431, 440, 870,................881, 1264, 1285 Blodgett, Mrs. D. A............1177 Blodgett, John W....445, 811, 1264 Bloodgood, Chas.............. 227 Blumrich, Wenzel.........197, 224 Blymeir, Fred J.............. 986 Board of Public Works......316-17 Bocher, M...................1161 Bocher, Mrs. M. L.............1267 Bockstahler, J. J..............1139 Bockstahler, Luella..........1274 Boecher, Mrs. M. L...........1265 Bodle, Arthur T.............. 230 Bodelack, Anthony............ 989 Bodmer, John R..............1138 Bodwell, J. E................. 813 Boer, G. E.............. 1227, 1238 Boer, Henry K................1223 Boer, Jeannette..............1274 Boer, Jno. L........267, 993, 995-96 Boer, Nicholas...............1224 Boerema, K.................1233 Boerns, A...................1138 Boersema, M..................1227 Bohn, F.....................1273 Boise, Eugene....202, 221, 227, 1271 Boise, Mrs. Eugene........1270-71 Bolhae, Jacob................ 509 Bolt, H......................1233 Bolt, J.......................1229 Bolt, R. D..........1228, 1233, 1235 Boltwood, Charles W......... 659 Boltwood, Elvira.........1267,1302 Boltwood, Fannie............1267 Boltwood, G. S.............. 811 Bommelje, Wm.....1216, 1217, 1228 Bondy, Charles E............1120 Bonell, Frances E.............. 959 Bonnell, Mary................1267 Bonnell, J. C................ 431 Booker, G. S..................1282 Booth, Ballington........... 881 Booth, H. C................ 1120 Booth, Katherine............1273 Booth, Ralph................. 909 DEX. Borden, Baker.....517-18, 1134-35 Borduin, S....................1235 Bowencam-rne, C.............. 1232 Borgess, Casper W.............1249 Borst, Petrr................. 1224 Bos, J........................1230 Bos, S........................1233 Bosma, M. J.................. 1236 Boss, S. S................... 1180 Bosscher, A.................. 1236 Bostwick, Edmund B...97, 141,........ 183, 260, 415, 979, 1197 Botsford, ~. B............231, 1292 Botsford, A. H......229, 232, 1158 Bouck, A................. 465 Boughnerc, S. D............227, 239 Boughton, W. W............. 909 Bouma, P J. A............. 1217 Bourdeau,. S.............. 227 Bouwman, ).................. 1234 Bovyer, John................1168 Bowditch,. H.............. 813 Bowic, M.?.............. 1171 Bowman, I.ilander H..197, 248, 517 Bowne, A...........431, 440, 441 Boxheimcr Frank............1117 Boyer, Jos aa.......161, 256, 1116 Boyer, J............1161, 1169 Boyer, Mr J. A............1161 Boyd, C................... 956 Boyd, Joh )............... 1150 Boyns, W. -................ 947 Boynton, 'emy........867, 1131 Boynton, Lthan............ 117 Boynton, rry............... 117 Boynton, ' n............... 117 Braak, P...................1225 Brace, A-v,................ 249 Brace, E'................. 518 Bradficld, Iward............ 468 Bradfield,,hn C............. 211 Bradfield, os. D... 210-11, 227,.............. 1292, 1294 Bradfield -s. S. C............1264 Bradford.................. 966 Bradford arles............. 459 Bradford, i. Charles........1266 Bradford. win......... 439, 440 Bradford. 'cent L...........82-83 Bradley, F............878, 1149 Bradley, -f -e..............1129 Bradley, 'T................1291 Brady, Jc................. 219 Brady, T )s............1241 Bradish, T.............. 227 Braendle. E.23.......... 239 Bragg,................. 267 Branch, T................ 502 INDEX. xv 'Brandan, Minnie L............. 928 Brandt, A. H................ 432 Brandy, Samuel..........810, 994 Bready, Russell H............1138 Breas, Ph....................1236 Breed, Mrs. David R...........1272 Breen, Lucy................ 1274 Breidenstein, W. N...........1180 Bremer, Henry............... 267 Bremer, Henry...............1191 Brennan, Wm. A............. 956 Brewer, Aaron............... 444 Brewer, J. H................. 811 Brewster, C. H............... 638 Brezee, Lloyd...............908-9 Bridge, Benj. G............... 157 Bridge, Emery L..............1120 Bridge, Henry P... 123, 247, 306,..............484, 837, 1196-97 Bridgeman, John M........... 239 Briggs, Cordelia T........... 940 Briggs, Edward L............. 838 Briggs, Fred M.............809, 812 Briggs, Geo. G.......427-8, 810,...............945, 963, 986-87 Briggs, Nathan H............. 704 Brigham, Gershom N...232-33, 1177 Brigham, Homer C............ 232 Brink, J. W.................. 1235 Brimsmaid, C. G............... 921 Brimsmaid, T. C............... 113 Brittian, John B.........1117, 1120 Britton, Roswell.............. 838 Brisbin, N. N................ 434 Brobst, Henry................ 812 Broderick, Mrs. James........1144 Broekstra, M. E...............1221 Broene, G.....................1234 Brogger, Anna................1722 Brogger, Frederick...........1222 Bronson, Arthur.............. 82 Bronson, Isaac...............82-83 Brooks, A. E...............810, 878 Brooks, E. H.................1167 Brooks, Horatio............1127-28 Brook, Peter............... 1218 Brooks, T. C.................. 502 Brooks, Walter H......... 813, 1181 Brooks, Wm................. 867 Brooks, W. C..................1174 Brown, Mrs. A. C.............1220 Brown, Alvah W...809, 811, 947, -.......... 957, 1158, 1280 Brown, A. J............... 811 Brown, Mrs. A. J............. 1269 Brown, Charles H...... 1145, 1294 Brown, C. M................. 813 Brown, Endora..............1274 Brown, F. E.............. 811 Brown, Mrs. F. E..............1266 Brown, F............... 227 Brown, Holmes................1190 Brown, Joseph............1126 Brown, J. B................... 1186 Brown, Michael......... 997, 1003 Brown, M. P................. 1209 Brown, Nettie............ 1261 Brown, Mrs. 0. E.............1265 Brown, 0. E................. 811 Brown, Robert W..............1254 Brown, Simeon.............. 702 Brown, W. A.............. 517 Brown, Wm. H............... 100 Brown, Wm. 0............ 995 Browne, Addie.............1262 Brosscau, Edith.............1261 Brosscau, E................. 1273 Brosseau, G. A............1161 Brouwer, Barnard............ 964 Brouwer, C. J............... 1232 Brouwcr, G. H..............1234 Brouwer, K................. 1235 Brouwer, P................... 1235 Brumler, Richard............ 641 Brummeler, Wm............1183 Brummeler & Sons, William...1084 Brummeler, Fred.............1219 Brundage, C. L...............1004 Brunn, L....................1189 Brunsting, A................ 1233 Bryan, Myrtle...............1262 Bryan, Wm. J......828, 830, 880-81 Bryant, Geo. W..............1164 Bryant, Wm. D............. 648 Buchanan, Miss Angie....... 1311 Buchanan, A. W...............1152 Buchanan, Claude............ 811 Buchanan, John C.........239, 516 Buchanan, Mrs. J. C..........1267 Buchanan, Sr., Samuel........ 517 Bucher, Carrie...............1261 Buck, Miss Clare D...........1307 Buck, S. S................ 465, 1141 Buce, W. A...................1144 Budde, Geo. H................ 956 Buddenbaum, Henry..........1138 Buehler, Daniel..............1191 Buell, G. A...1133, 1138, 1141, 1143 Buford, John................ 205 Buffenga, J..................1227 Buhrmann, H. M.............1183' Buize, Kryn............... 1224 Bulkley, Mrs. W. F............1269 Bull, C. H............201, 227, 1267 Bullen, C. S...............239, 813 Bullen, Ernest.............. 752 xvi INDEX. Bundy, MeGeorge..... 652, 686,......................687, 802 Burch, C. S...434, 809, 811, 884,.............981, 1030-33, 1282 Burch, M. C................. 986 Burchard, S. N............... 994 Burford, S................... 991 Baford, Spruille..............1202 Burloot, Edmund............ 838 Burger, David J...............1196 Burgett, Gabriel............. 846 Burgess, A. Mead............1205 EB rgess, Mary............... 1273 Burggraaf, J. J................1221 Eurkart, J. L.............. 227 Burleson, W. M............... 227 Burleson, W. N............. 812 Burlingame, Anan.......... 1273 Burlingame, E. A.........710, 748 Burnhaw, Chas.............. 516 Buractt, David...97, 176, 491,..........517-18, 1185, 1219-21 Burns, David E........ 837-38,............. 844-85, 1028-29-32 Burr, Ezra D........ 239, 901, 904 Burr, Olive..................1262 Burridge, G. T.............. 812 Burrill, O. A..................1125 Burrows, J. C................ 840 Bursch, C. S..................1291 Bursma, A...................1220 Buschop, A...................1229 Burt, Wellington R......... 826 Burt, Richard......... 904 Burton, Mrs. A. S. K....1290, 1292 Burton, Barney.... 96, 98, 100,.............. 138, 244, 247, 465 Burton, Harriet.............. 874 Burton, Josiah...82, 84, 96, 99,.......................165, 249 Burton, Lewis................ 99 Burton, Ransom.............. 239 Burton, Wm. S............... 701 Bush, A. G.................. 227 Bush, Daniel................. 1126 Bush, O. C................ 520 But!er, Burridge D............ 905 Butler, D.................... 1145 Butler, E. M................. 646 Butler, T. D.................1195 Butler, H....................1234 Butler, Lydia...............1206 Butler, Samuel F...97, 161, 260,..........182, 1044, 1146, 1206 Butts, Louisa M.............. 233 Butts, Wm. M................ 882 Butterfield, Champlin......... 802 Butterfield, Miss Mary....... 1311 Buttcrfield, I................ 1165 Butterfield Roger W...444, 839,..........987, 1049, 1278, 1282 Eutterworth, Irving.......... 810 Butterworth, Richard E....186,................... 1269, 1275 Buxton, Thomas..............1126 Buys, A......................1215 Bylinga, C................... 1225 Bylsma, J................... 1231 Bylsma, S.............. 1230 Byork, Elna.................1273 Byrne, John J................ 956 Byrne, Jamcs................1242 Byrne, Thos................. 425 Cady E. H................... 522 Calder, W. J................ 813 Calder, John P...............1196 Caldwell, D. M............... 709 Gale, Mrs. E. E..............1265 Calhoun, John C............. 902 Calkins, C: W.............946,, 995 Calkins, Chas. P...97, 247, 516, 1197 Calkins, George J............. 643 Calkins, H. W................ 710 Callahan, John...............1120 Callins, R. M................. 517 Camburn, Mrs. Chas. M.......1265 Camburn, M. B..........1129, 1131 Cambron, Horace............ 909 Cameron, R. A.............1022-24 Camp, Edward P.....170, 519, 1158 Camp, Mrs. E. P.............1158 Camp, Martha................1158 Campau, Andrew S........... 167 Campau, Antoine..96, 98, 123, 147, 160-61, 166, 188, 244-.....................45-47, 925 Campau, Dennis L.........167, 947 Campau, Emily.............. 863 Campau, Etienne............. 166 Campau, Jacques............. 166 Campau, Louis.... 68, 70, 74, 75, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 107, 118, 119, 122, 123, 132, 138, 147, 156, 158, 160, 166, 170, 180, 188, 260, 306, 414, 415, 461-62, 477, 484, 820, 900,....1016, 1116, 1118, 1147, 1,240 Campau, Mrs. Mary E.........1311 Campau, Toussaint...82, 94, 99,......... 123, 147, 188, 262, 415 Campbell, A................. 7.00 Campbell, Alexander M....201,....... 202, 227, 995, 1267, 1272 Campbell, C. P............... 802 Campbell, Cornelia S......... 928 INDEX. xvii Camp ell, Mrs. Caroline P.....1311 auk, evant Z..........441-5 Campbell, James.........813, 1254 (Gukin, Volney W.......... 838 Campbell, Mrs. James.........1152 Caulflcld, Chas. J........... 451 Campbell, Jas. H..............1203 Caulfeld, John...........451, 527 Campbell, John A............ 465 Cavanaugh, James........267, 520 Canpbcll, J. D............... 227 Ccntcr, Byron...............1273 Campbell, Milo D........... 33 Central Furniture Co......... 1074 Campbel!, Nellie.............1267 C( phas, H. M................1145 Canmp cell, P. C.............. 810 Chabollier, Louis............. 76 Campbell, V. V...............1292 Chabolierre, Pierre........... 76 CamDnclIl, Samuel............ 877 Chadwick, Orra.............. 813 Candee, George.............. 916 Chadwick, H. J............... 227 Canfeld, A. C............... 927 Chaffee, C. C................. 225 CarFeld, F. C.............. 811 Chamberlain, Miss Emma......1299 Canflid, John............... 484 Chamberlain, E. J........239, 1163 Canright, D. M..............1170 Chamberlain, G. A............. 239 Carew, David................ 1144 Chamberlain, Henry..........1294 Carg;ll, C. C.................. 812 Chamberlain, Mary B......... 239 Carlos, Mary................1248 Chamberlin, L. H............ 227 Carlton, Sir Guy.............. 816 Champlin, John W....451, 266, Crrlton, W ilna...............1264................ 268, 839, 1294 Carman, Mrs. Chas. W........1266 Champlin, Stephen G.......689, Carmell, Antoine.............. 99.....................693, 745 Carmen, Prof................. 17 Champlin, W............... 641 Carnegie, Andrew............ 924 Chandler, Chas............... 885 Carpenter, Eugene A.......... 390 Chandler, Geo. W.............1294,arpenter, E. R. E............ 239 Chandler, Zachariah.......822-825 Carpenter, M. S............. 648 Chauvin, M.................. 815 Carpenter, Mrs. N. D.........1266 Chapin, L. C................. 1201 Carpenter, Theodore M.....907-908 Chapin, Seth S...............1203 Carpenter, Mrs. W. A.........1120 Chapman, John C............ 681 Carr, Harvey 0............947-955 Chapman, L. H.............. 680 Carr, H. J.................923-935 Chppel, G. H................ 227 Carrier, A. B.................1282 (,happell, J. B.............. 239 Carroll, A. A................ 654 Chappel, L. E................. 227 Carroll, A. A.................. 810 Charbon-eau, Margaret.......1263 Carroll, Chas. H....170, 1116, 1197 Chase, Benjamin W...........1136 Carroll, Elizabeth C...........1271 Chase, Frances.............. 1136 Carroll, Thomas F.445, 810, 924, Chase, John..................532...................... 963, 966 Chase, M rs. L. J..............1267 Carstens, Christof............1191 Chase, Solon................. 826 Carter, Ferdinand E..........1152 Chatfield, Larmon............1127 Cartwright, Florence.......... 680 Cheff, P. P................... 1225 Cartwright, Wm............... 680 Cheney, Amherst B........... 838 Carver, David................ 255 Childs, Alpha............ 907, 946 Carver, Jonathan............. 41 Childs, Nicholas.............. 852 Carveth, C. G............... 1144 Chilver. Arthur H............ 838 Cary, Alfred.... 186, 247, 267, Chinnick, W. C............... 810............ 443, 517, 647, 896 Chipman, H. H............... 746 Case, Jno. D...............809-812 Chipman, John S.............. 821 Casper, Walter L..............1277 Chiirm,an, Oscar H........ -198, 225 Cass, Lewis... 47-48, 77-79, 484, Christ, Gottlieb............. 1116......................817, 822 Chubb, A. L.................. 921 Castle, Thomas H.............1126 Chubb, Jonathan F..83, 96, 165, Qaswell. David.........519-520, 22..........:..244, 260, 492, 989 Catlin, Geo. B........... 909, 1292 Chubb, Mary................ 959 Catlin, Herbert. W.........201, 227 Chubb, P. F................. 79 Cattanach, Barbara........... 1.2~ Church, Benj. B..........520, 823 r — 7 t^1"___!" "*.v^~,w (r_ —sff.,~ ) -',,~^.., viii INDEX. -:hurch, Mrs. M. E............1259 - Jhurch, Nathan.............. 908 'hurch, Thomas B..73, 260, 822,............ 838, 873, 901, 1197 hurchill, HI P............... 904:lley, C. Dexter............ 1186;ty Physicians..............268 ity Solicitors and City Attorneys..................... 268 lancy, John....219, 421-2, 440,........... 485, 517, 896, 1288 'ancy, Wm................. 517 'lay, D. P..........440, 1177, 1202 ay, Mrs. D. P...............1177 ay, Henry................. 518 ay, Jno.................... 812 app, C. I................... 812 appcston, George....429, 809, 812 "apsaddle, D................. 260 'ark, Arthur M..............1294 "ark, Clyde.................1153 i rk, Cornelius............. 445 ^rk, Daniel F.............. 964 srk, Edith E...........1267, 1296 'ark, Frank N.............. 645 rk, Horace B.............. 965 Irk, I. M................ 1285 -rk, James R............... 981 'rk, James................ 96 irk, Melvin J.............433-4 'rk, Mrs. M. J.............1287 -rk, Merrils H............. 904 lrk, N. B.................. 880 'rk, Walter.......813, 1136, 1283 -^rke, Terrence............ 1255 s'rke, Wm.................. 227 'irkson, David.............1200 'lay, D. P.................. 804 ments, E. A...........813, 1176 ments, J. L................ 517 rks................... 267 -veland, Grover............ 832 veland, J. P.............1147\ (lesdell, James............. 845 '-ton, De Witt............. 484/ ock, Fred S............... 748 -sterhouse, L. T.......... 813 -sterhouse, Mrs. J. W......1267 ide, J. C................... 813 ' h, Charles F..............1292 'b, Sanford H....1156, 1163,.................... 1269, 1282,urn, Charles S............ 642 nlirn, Cynthia..............1262 'hran, Bourke..........828, 880 rhran, B. H............... 872 'v, Darwin D.......451, 926, 959 1v, Mrs. D. D..............1265 Coffin, Chas P............. 1003-10 Coffinberry, A. B.......... 995 Coffinberry, Wright L..194, 517,................. 869, 940, 1185 Coggeshall, George.97, 159, 160 -161, 186, 234, 247, 255, 260,.,.'..t...306, 491, 497, 1185, 1196 Cogg6ehall, Fred C........... 1283. ib shall;, Israel..............1131 O'Cgeshall, W. P............. 516 Cohn,, B............. 1184 Coit, Daniel W............82-83-84 Colby, Luther................ 492 Colelazer, Henry.............1125 Cole, Ralph W.... 266-268, 516,.................. 903, 962, 988 Colegrove, W. E.............1195 Cdlvemah, N.'................. 941 ColemanF, S................8 811 Colfax, Schuyler............. 898 Collar, Alien P...........267, 855 Collar, Homer................ 525 Collectors................... 281-82 Colleton, Dennis M........... 993 Collier, Charlotte........... 957 Collicr, G.................... 520 Collicr, J. F................238-39 Collins, A. B.................1143 Collins, G. R................. 1144 Collins, John......1144 Collins, Robert M.....189, 517,...................... 896, 901 Colson, Manley G.............1048 Colson, Sherman T.........985-987 Colton, Clarence.............. 905 Colton, John B................ 463 Colwell, Mrs. Lena...........1285 Colwell, Luna E............... 1285 Comstock, Mrs. Barbara........1150 Comstock, Charles C...266, 501,....... 525, 839, 908, 1042, 1047 Comstock, D. W..............1170 Comstock, E. D.............. 748? Comstock, Tileston A..........1048 Conant, Harry A.............. 832 Conant, W. F................ 907 Congdon, Geo. R..............1135 Congdon, Warren H...........1134 Conger, Eugene D.809, 812, 830,............ 884, 885, 901, 1030 Conger, W. S................. 812 Conley, C. E..................1168 Conlon, Ray................. 957 Conlon, John................ 957 Connell, Chas............... 813 Connell; John M............. 517 Connolly, Michael.......161, 517 Connor, M. H............... 956 1 i INDEX. / xix Converse, James W...421, 493, 1167 Conklin, Mrs. Adele...........1292 Constant, Pierre............... 73 Constables...........284, 285, 286 Controllers................... 270 Copeland, Joseph B........... 96 Cook, C. M.................. 239 Cook, F. J.................. 746 Cook, George E............... 965 Cook, John G................ 1218 Cook, Joseph.................1134 Cook, Josiah 1................ 523 Cook, Jonathan...............1134 Cooke, S. A.................. 255 Cook, W. N...........467, 516, 517 Coolbaugh, F. C...............1203 Cooley, George Eliot.....1175, 1178 Coon, D. L.................. 897 Coon, Levi.................. 65 Cooper, William............... 509 Corbett, John................1254 Corbett, Louise Engle........ 1261 Corbin, W. H...............1136 Cordes, Joseph............... 83 Corey Solomon............... 248 Corman, C. W.................1181 Cornelius, C. S............... 641 Cornelius, Mrs. C............1308 Cornell, E. S................ 641 Cornell, W. F................. 915 Corrigan, Philip.............. 947 Corser, Mrs. Nettie.......... 1292 Corwin, B. M...810, 926, 1282, 1283 Corwin, Frank.............. 876 Cottman, S. R................1144 Coughlin, Cornelius........... 874 Coulter, Alva L.............. 979 Courtright, Aaron........... 1121 Cove, Charles A............. 813 Covell, Elliott............... 1122 Covell, George G.............. 98 Covell, Leonard........97, 101,.............. 185, 267, 445, 518 Covell, P. F..................1135 Covert, A. H................ 260 Covode, John A...........431, 810 Cowan, H. D................. 752 Cowles, W. F...............1129 Cox, M. H.................. 239 Cox, Thomas...........1135, 1266 Cox,'W. E................... 811 Coy, John...................1186 Coye, James A............... 980 Coye, William S.............. 993 Coykendall, M. A.............. 239 Cramahe, Hector C............ 816 Cramer, Harriett.............1262 Cramton, Alamson.....96, 170, 894 Crandall, E. B................ 239 Crane, Albert................ 436 Crane, Mrs. A. D..............1267 Crane, Caroline Bartlett........1175 Crane, E. H.................. 940 Crane, J. M................... 1203 Crane, Thomas...............1163 Crapo, Henry H.............. 836 Crawford, E................. 449 Crawford, G. A...........239, 810 Crawford, R. C...............1141 Creelman, A. J......... 1164, 1165 Creswell, Harry L............ 904 Creswell, John A............. 904 Cress, George................1190 Crewe, William............... 995 Crichton, Jessie..............1273 Crippen, Elliott M.............1126 Crissman, John............... 959 Crittenden, C. D............. 812 Croll, Nellie..................1153 Cronin, James A.............. 965 Cronk, D....................1143 Crosby, James M.............. 812 Crosby, Mary................ 1274 Crosby, Moreau S..444, 837, 879,............908, 921, 1277, 1278 Crosby, W. S............ 633 Croswell, Charles M......... 837 Cross, John S............1293, 1294 Crooks, Adam................1137 Crook, Isaac.................1133 Crow, David A............... 500 Crow, H. E................... 811 Crow, Moses R............... 500 Crozier, A. 0................ 1275 Crozier, E. A................. 812 Crozier, J. G.................1141 Crozer, James A.............1003 Crull, A...................... 1192 Cudney, Lulu................1273 Cudworth, A. B.............1294 Cukierski, J. N................ 812 Cukierski, L................. 996 Cuming, Charlotte...1259, 1264,.......................... 1268 Cuming, Francis H.... 248, 260,..485, 491, 517, 1198, 1199, 1204 Cummer, Jacob............... 422 Cummer, W. W.......225, 422, 451 Cummings, E. H.......... 227, 813 Cummins, John...............1165 Cummins, R. J............... 994 Cummins, William............ 994 Curdy, S. E............ 1150, 1169 Curdy, Mrs. S. E..............1265 Currier, A. O.....938, 939, 940, 941 Currie, Katherine.............1274 XX INDEX. Curtis, Edith.................1265 Curtis, George M..............1165 Cuftis, Isabelle............... 429 Curtis, Jeannette C............ 429 Cuit-ss, John L....... 266, 837, 908 CurtiSt L. P.................. 472 Curtis, William L............. 429 Cutcheon, L. V............... 994 Cutcheon, Byron M............ 999 Cutcheon, Lewis B............ 907 Cutler, B. C..................1282 Cyrylla, M..................1257 Daane, H...................1232 Daib, J. L...................1192 Dales, Mrs. 0. L............1267 Dales, 0. L.......... 201, 218, 227 Damskey, Albert S............1251 Damskey, Frank S............1122 Danhof, J. J................ 802 Danhof, Peter................ 802 Daniels, Anson J..............1311 Daniels, Mrs. A. J.......920, 1264 Daniels, Eva.................1267 Daniels, G. B................. 813 Daniels, Lyman............... 244 Daniels, T. I................ 747 Daniels, W. S................. 812 Darling, Z. C................. 260 Darragh, J. C.............420, 440 Darrow, George C............. 895 Datema, G...................1231 Datema, H...................1230 Dathenus, P................. 1239 Daugherty, Myron A.......... 1131 Davidson, C. W..............1269 Davidson, Diantha............1125 Davidson, George H....... 809, 812 Davidson, George I....... 812, 994 Davidson, James F.......... 1127 Davidson, Mrs. Jennie E.......1311 Davidson, Louise.............1265 Davidson, Robert............. 502 Davidson, Sara J..............1285 Davidson, William C... 97, 260,......267, 956, 1125, 1134, 1241 Davies, Charles S............. 813 Davies, John................1164 Davis, Aaron t............. 975 Davis, Charles E.............. 995 Davis, Clara..................1262 Davis, Ebenezer...83) 248, 485, 1146 Davis, Euphemia.............1207 Davis, Ezekiel W.......96, 166................. 245, 247, 260 Davis, Eugene............... 813 Davis, Frank M............434, 811 Davis, George A..........809, 811 Davis, George N............. 979 DaVis, Horace W.............. 947 Davis, James....83, 888, 902, 1294 Davis, J. W................. 1163 Davis, L. H................ 1160 Davis, Millard F........... 955, 956 Davis, Webster............... 830 Davis, William R............. 838 Daw, Agnes................1273. DaWley, A. E................1224 Dawson, George.............. 821 Day, H. A............. 1137 Day, William R.............. 981 *Dayton, Winifred............1261 Dean, Charles................ 524 Dean, B. T.............. 956 Dean, Harry.....97, 161, 180,..........811, 1126, 1128, 1185 Deane, Alexander.............1126 Deane, Ellen L..............1129 Deane, Fred McR............. 447 Deane, Mrs. G. S.............1129 Deane, Gaines S.......192, 517,...............1128, 1129, 1298 Deane, J. M................. 472 Debs, Eugene V.............. 880 Deccker, Abram............... 84 Deckers, H. A................1189 Decker, Henry E............. 1208 Decker, P. W................ 813 Decon, Benjamin F........... 469 Deemes, Michael..............1196 Dekker, Cornelius............ 227 Dekker, H................... 1221 Delamater, N. B............. 231 Denio, Grace................. 923 Denison, Arthur C.........809, 810 Denison, W. C............... 1292 Denison, William S............ 813 Dennis, A. L................. 813 Dennis, Mrs. Elmer E.........1265 Dennis, H. H....... 420, 439, 440 Dennis, J. D................. 227 Derby, Grace................1261 Dettenthaler, F. J............ 812 Deutsch, Addie E............1273 Devendorf, Daniel............ 518 Dewey, Wealthy A........... 227 DeWey, W. C................. 986 DeXter, Samuel......82, 83, 86, 88 Dexter, Warner........... 87, 96 Dexter, Winsor.............. 87 De Baun, J. Y..........1231, 1232 De Bei, F................... 1236 De Bey, D. J................1214 Do Boer, Mrs. Brino....... 1244 De Boer, J................... 1236 De Boer, T................... 1237 De Bruin, John.............. 1219 ~ INDE De Bruyn, Dick.............. 996 De Camp, William H...225) 881,.............. 939, 940, 941, 942 De Coux, R. H............ 227 De Fouw, I................ 1237 De Pagter, Peter.....884, 1027,.....................1032, 1224 De Graaf, Berend.............1226 De Graaf, G. H.......810, 995, 1238 De Graat, B.................1232 De Haan, John...............1220 De Haan, G. D...............1234 De Jonge, Adrian............1222 De Jonge, A. W...............1215 De Jonge, B..................1233 De Jonge, C.................1216 De Jonge, Henry.............1163 De Jonge, Jacobus............1226 De Jonge, W. P........ 1215, 1218 De Kleine, Franklin..........1165 De Kroker, J. M......200, 227,.....................1222, 1266 De Lano, Will............... 227 De Later, John.............. 884 De Leeuw, Adrian.......1216, 1228 De Long, Moses..............1134 De Merse, Rose...............1274 De Neui, P. J...............1172 De Oude, John C............ 965 D' Ooge, L...................1209 De Pree, Alice...............1274 De Pree, Elizabeth...........1273 De Pree, Peter....1217, 1218, 1220 De Rosset, Frederick A.......1202 De Ruiter, M................ 1237 De Voogd, M..................1231 De Vore, Mrs. Adele M........ 926 De Vore, J. A................ 227 De Vree, A........1216, 1218, 1222 De Vries, Edward...........1165 De Vries, Jacob, Jr........... 227 De Vries, Sienus............. 993 De Yries, iilke.............. 227 De Vries, W..................1235 De War, George............. 240 De War, H. D.............239, 240 De Windt, A................. 813 De Wit, C...................1216 De Witt, Peter A.............. 9.79 De Witt, Jacobus............. 227 De Wolf, Arthur............. 525 De Young, Adrian............ 956 De Young, James W......965, 1153 De Young, John A............ 965 De Young, Engel.............1163 d'Aillebout, M................ 815 d 'Argenson, Viscount......... 815 d 'Avangour, Baron........... 815 X Xxi Ix. xxi d'Kooi, R. V.................1220 de Beauharnois, Marquis...... 816 de Callieres, Chevalier........ 816 de Champlain, Samuel........ 815 de Chastes, Commander........ 815 de Chateaufort, M............. 815 de Conde, Prince............. 815 de Courcelles, Chevalier....... 815 de Dedonville, Marquis....... 815 de la Galissonere, Count....... 816 de la Jonquiere, Marquis...... 816 de Longueuil, Baron.......... 816 de Montes, M................ 815 de Rigaud, Marquis.......... 816 de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre.. 816 de Saffrery-Mesy, Chevalier... 815 de Vaudreuil, Marquis......... 816 Diamond, W. H...............1136 Dibble, J. B.................1016 Dickenson, George............ 457 Dickinson, Don M..826, 829, 831, 879 Dickinson, William........... 518 Diekema, G. J................. 829 Dietrich, C. J................ 472 Dikeman, Aaron............ 641 Dikeman, Aaron....97, 184, 247,............260, 842, 895, 1197 Dikeman, E. B............... 266 Dillenbeck, G. W....1141, 1180, 1181 Dillenback, J. D............. 907 Diel, F. W....................1189 Dillon,' Joseph............... 838 Dingley, E. N................ 907 Directors of the Poor......... 269 Distler, Joseph...............1255 Dixon, E. G.................. 239 Doan, John............... 460 Doan, J. G................... 811 Doan, Mary A...............1263 Dockeray, James............. 838 Dodds, Alex.......811, 1167, 1173 Dodds, L....................1142 Dodge, E. W................ 522 Dodge, F. R................. 1143 Dodge, John................. 84 Dodshon, Joseph H.........1203 Dodson, S. E..............239, 240 Doezema, F................. 1234 Doezema, T...................1235 Dohany, James............... 845 Doherty, Patrick............. 956 Donald, Agnese T...........1262 Donaldson, A. W.............1169 Dondero, Charles............. 845 Donker, M...................1239 Donlan, Charles W........... 965 Doland, J. D............... 986 Dole, George H...............1186 xxii INDEX. Donnelly, J. B.................1169 Donohoo, D. J................1145 Donohue, Charles.............1205 Donovan, John T....884, 1027, 1033 Dood, K......................1233 Dooge, William............... 995 Dooley, Margaret.............1273 Doolittle, H. W................ 208 Doornbos, Maarten........... 1222 Doornink, D. J.........1277, 1278 Doornink, Rudolph........... 993 Doran, Frank J.............. 956 Doran, H. E.................. 986 Doran, James................. 905 Doran, Peter.............. 837 Doran, Thomas........267, 809,..................810, 995, 996 Dorland, Amos................ 241 Dorland, A. B................. 239 Dorland, Walter A............ 649 Dorland, W. H........239, 240, 241 Dosker, Bernard..............1214 Dosker, C.................... 1214 Dosker, H. E.................1218 Dosker, N. H.1212, 1213, 1215, 1216 Doty, E. F.................. 910 Doty, Paul................... 427 Doty, William G..............294 Douglas, Fred................ 826 Douglas, Hazel...............1153 Douglass, Mrs. S. J...........1290 Dowling, Emma C.............1263 Dowling, George E............ 445 Doxtater, N. J...............1141 Doyle, E. J.................. 752 Doyle, Garret................. 956 Doyle, J. B................... 239 Dracht, Harm................1222 Drake, D. D.................. 239 Draper, G. C..................1143 Dregge, Charles.............. 812 Drephurs, J................... 1235 Dress, E. H.................. 1192 Drew, John A................ 53 Drew, Walter W..........811, 1311 Drew, Mrs. W. J...............1265 Drew, William M............. 956 Drollinger, S. C............... 227 Droste, Casper M..........218, 227 Drukker, H............... 1227 Drukker, L............1232, 1235 Dubois, C. H............... 913 Du Bois, Wm. J...... 200, 228, 1266 Ducey, M. H................. 811 Dudley, Mrs. J. M............1265 Duff, E. M...................1205 Duiker, R...............1222, 1227 Duncombe, Helen.............1274 Dunford, Mary E............. 1263 Dunham, Geo. A............. 645 Dunham, E. M............... 228 Dunham, William.... 445, 1292, 1294 Dunn, J. Wm................. 956 Dunnett, William............1135 Dunning, W. M.............. 228 Dunton, John C............. 813 Dunwell, D. J............... 239 Duquesne de Menneville, Marquis 816 Durand, George H............1294 Durand, L. T.................. 830 Durfee, Allen................. 881 Durfee Embalming Fluid Co...1094 Durfee, Hosea N............. 852 Dye, I. T.................1168 Dyer, C. H.................. 240 Dygert, I. S................ 946 Dyk, F. J.................... 813 Dyk, Jacob...................1154 Dykema, F. L.............. 811 Dykema, Jacob............... 995 Dykema, W................1235 Dykema, John................1219 Dyrin, Anna.................1263 Dyring, Clara................1262 Dykstra, J. W...............1234 Dykstra, T..................1227 Earl, L. W............ 1....1134 Earle, Bessie................. 202 Earle, Edw. S.............641, 802 Earle, Elizabeth...202, 228, 1272 Earle, J. E.......... 445, 530,.....................1270, 1278 Earle, Mrs. J. Edward.... 1271, 1272 Earle, Nathaniel A.........838, 945 Earle, Mrs. N. A..............1265 Earp, Samuel..........1200, 1201-3 Eason, Lavina C............... 959 Eason, Samuel C.............. 959 Eastman, W. H............878, 947 Eastman, Timothy............ 455 Eaton, C. A................ 1205 Eaton, Charles W.............1298 Eaton, Harry......49, 97, 161,.........242, 259, 265, 308, 517 Eckhoff, Andrew E........... 965 Eckstrom, J. A................1193 Eddy, E.................... 228 Eddy, Franklin D............ 974 Eddy, Mary Baker G......... 1178 Eddy, Thomas M..............1132 Edge, B. F...................1143 Edge, Philip................. 522 Edie, James 0.....202, 216, 228,.....................1266, 1272 Edie, John................... 216 Edison, George M............ 444 INDEX. xxiil Edison, Nora.................1136 Edwards, E. G............... 228 Edwards, E. P................ 228 Edwards, J. S................ 228 Edwards, P. S................ 228 Edward, Stewart............. 898 Eggleston, Ebenezer S.......... 838 Eggleston, James.............1049 Ehrenstrasser, Henry.........1248 Eikenhout, Henry.............1219 Ekster, P.................... 1230 Elbert, J. N................ 415 Eldred, Caleb................ 71 Eldred, Andrew J........1130, 1131 Eleveld, P. H.................1183 Elferdink, D. W.............. 967 Elgin, Marshall D..........809, 811 Elhart, H....................1183 Ellen, Jacob........884, 1027, 1033 Ellet, Charles................. 81 Ellinger, H. W.............. 1136 Elliott, Agnes................1274 Elliott, A. J................ 1292 Elliott, Jean.................1274 Elliott, John T................ 959 Ellis, A. A.................. 910 Ellis, Doc. J.................. 259 Ellis, Erastus R............229, 233 Ellis, George E............811, 838 Ellis, John...........124, 229, 233 Ellis, John I................. 516 Ellis, R. E...................1144 Ellsworth, H. L............82, 84 Elsner, R. E................. 994 Elson, William H..........811, 927 Elston, F. S.................. 711 Emerson, Charles.............. 909 Emerson, E. W.............. 668 Emerson, Lyman.............. 118 Emerson, Edward...118, 119,.................... 415, 1196 Emery, J.................... 909 Emery, Joseph J.............. 905 Emery, Lucile................1262 Emery, N................... 260 Emmer, F. W................ 813 Emmerson, Charles E......... 910 Emmett, T. A................. 238 Emmons, Halmer E............ 981 Emmons, W. K............... 468 Emperor, Cornelius...........1243 Emperor, Mayme............. 996 Engle, D.....................1135 English, David E.............. 247 Enos, Kate.................1267 Enwright, John J............ 826 Epstein, E...................1184 Erikson, P....................1193 Ermetinger, C. O.............. 53 Erve, J. Vander..............1225 Esch, Peter................... 957 Escott, Joseph...............1127 Esveld, A....................1215 Evans, Amanda J..........228, 235 Evans, Daniel W............ 97 Evans, George C.......161, 260,................267, 1116, 1121 Evarts, H. P............... 228 Everett, C.................. 926 Everett, Franklin..138, 248, 400,.......................517, 939 Evers, Martin................1224 Ewing, A. E.................. 750 Ewing, James..........1126, 1128 Extence, George..............1155 Faber, N.....................1214 Fair, Mrs. Campbell...........1270 Fair, Campbell........... 1202, 1269 Fairbanks, Charles W.......... 831 Fairbanks, C. H............... 228 Fairbanks, John D............ 694 Fairchild, H. B................ 810 Fairchild, Mrs. H. C...........1292 Fairchild, Isabel S.......1271, 1273 Falconi, Diomede.............1245 Fallass, H. B................. 802 Fall, De Los................. 943 Fallass, Wesley..............1126 Fallass, Silas S................ 838 Farnham, T. D............... 1158 Farnham, Jennie.............1261 Farnum, James H.........991, 1294 Farnham, Amelia D...........1158 Farnsworth, Helen A..........1263 Farnsworth, I. F........... 826 Farr, John S........... 493, 960, 992 Farrar, J. S.................. 697 Farrant, W. S................ 898 Farrington, T. B.............. 502 Fassett, J. Sloat........... 828, 878 Fast, Genevieve...............1262 Faxon, Elihu N...... 249, 1158, 1298 Fay, I. S.....................1165 Feakins, Edward............. 96 Feakins, Emily...............1138 Fearing, C. J................. 198 Fee, Frank B................ 956 Feenstra, T..................1221 Felch, Alpheus............... 837 Felger, C. A................. 1282 Felker, Henry J............... 883 Felt, Caroline................1262 Fennell, Charles E........... 993 Ferdinand, Charles........... 224 Ferdou, J. W............... 811 Ferguson, James............ 909 xxiv INDEX. Ferguson, Nettie..............1261 Fletcher, L. J................1174 Ferguson, Sarah..............1158 Fletcher, Mary...............1262 Ferguson, Thomas C.......811, 1158 Fletcher, Niram A...838, 1275, 1278 Ferguson, R. M............... 813 Fletcher, Thomas G........... 905 Fcrleman, L. M. B............. 228 Flood, Jennie................. 884 Ferris, Lewis G............... 225 Florence, Mary...............1248 Ferris, John M............ 1208 Flowers, Charles F........... 832 Ferris, W. H............ 813 Floyd, J. C..............1133-35 Ferris, Woodbridge N.......... 831 Fluhrer, Charles.878, 991, 1172, 1182 Ferwerda, Thomas............1218 Fodd, S. C................... 228 Ferry, Asa P............... 838 Follett, Alice............. 438 Ferry, Dexter M.............. 832 Follctt, Benjamin............. 438 Ferry, Thomas W..........839, 999 Foll(tt, David E.............. 439 Ferry, W. M................. 73 Follctt, Lucy................ 439 Fidelis, Mary.................1248 Follett, M. M................ 439 Field, Emma................1277 Follner, C. C.....449, 809, 813, 1158 Fike, George E.............. 956 Fontaine, Alvina.............1262 File, Georgia................. 1273 Fouts, Pierce.............. 1173 Filer, E. G.................. 451 Foot, Elijah H.... 449, 809, 810, Fillmore, Millard............. 193................ 813, 1004, 1113 Finch, John W..............1294 Foote, Mrs. E. H..............1265 Findlay, Clare M............. 965 Foote, James................. 426 Finley, J. S................... 812 Foote, Julia................. 1261 Fink, C. E................... 641 Foote, Katherine.............. 426 Fink, Nicholas............ 1122 Foote, Lucy E............... 426 Fink, W......................1139 Foote, Laura................ 426 Finney, J. T....247, 516, 1116, 1118 Foote, L. A.................. 228 Finley, Noble H........97, 123, 838 Foote, O. H............ 426 Finney, T. J............... 260 Foote, Thaddeus......444, 823, 1270 Fish, H. M...................1141 Force, J. P...................1142 Fisher, A. W.............1169 Ford, H. H..................1171 Fisher, D. E................1116 Ford, Mrs. H..............1171 Fisher, E. V................ 810 Ford, Joseph C................ 447 Fisher, Ernest B...266, 813, 906, Ford, Melbourne H....835, 838, 840............. 907, 987, 1278 Folger, John B................1205 Fisher, Frank J............. 965 Forgers, K...................1229 Fisher, H...................1169 Formsma, J...................1237 Fisk, John................... 485 Fortuin, W. A............. 239 Fisk, John W............... 102 Fosburg, Hilma..............1263 Fisk, Nathaniel....... 176, 260, 1205 Foster C. A................ 644 Fiske, John P................1294 Foster, Charles N............ 465 Fiske, Richmond..............117 Foster, Josephine............. 273 Fitch, Andrew M............. 1128 Foster, Wilder D..181, 247, 259, Fitch, Charles L..........982, 1296........465, 517, 837, 839, 840 Fitch, George C........... 516, 517 Fowle, A. H........520, 960, 1292 Fitch, Marietta.............. 846 Fowle, R. H.................. 1205 Fitch, Norton................. 838 Fowler, W. H...........445, 446 Fitch, W. H............ 1145 Fox, Charles..............451, 810 Fitzgerald, Gerald........... 802 Fox, Mrs. Charles.......1270, 1271 Fitz Gerald, John C... 427, 826, 839 Fox, Mrs. C. H.............. 1139 Fitzgerald, J. W.............. 810 Fox, Charles S............... 1135 Fitzgerald, May..............1267 Fox, E. C.........422, 431, 440, 485 FitzGerald, William........70, 883 Fox, George.............. 228 Fitzpatrick, M................ 956 Fox, John M..........191, 266, 889 Flaws, Elizabeth G............1271 Fox, W...........812, 1282, 1283 Fleming, William A..... 1159, 1161 Frace, G. H................. 228 Fletcher, Edgar A............ 995 Fralick, Henry........420, 426, 958 Fletcher, Mrs. Julia..........1311 Franklin, L. A............... 1173 INDEX. XXV Frazer, James............... 644 Freeborn, J. G...............1151 Freeman, David.............. 84 Freeman, L. G................1165 Freeman, Lewis............... 84 Freeman, Thomas S........... 642 Freere, W.................... 1238 b'reese, James H............. 1126 Fremont, John C.............. 825 French, Charles A............. 904 French, Rufus S...810, 993, 995, 996 Fren cken, Henry........ 1242, 1250 Trcshney, Samuel A........... 994 FriPbig, H. C................. 239 Friant, Thomas..........449, 1206 Friar, Jam es.................1254 Frick, Mrs. Edward.........1266 7riel-'g, Harke..............1222 Ar'elirg, W. H................1230 Friend, John................. 97 Frie(lman, Mrs. M........1184, 1307 Friedrich, J. A. J......... 810, 927 Friedrich, J. A. J., Jr..........1191 Friedrich, J. A. J., Sr..........1191 Frincke, C. J. T................1192 Friction Set Works Co....... 1092 Fritz & Goeldel Mfg. Co........1101 Frontenac, Comte......... 815, 816 Frost, C. L...............812, 1158 Frost, Marcus H.............. 267 Frost, Shepard............... 811 Frost, William D.........985, 987 Fruch, Joe...................1139 Frye, E. G.................1189 Frye, W. A..................1143 Fuller, Asa................... 99 Fuller, Edwin................ 267 Fuller, E. P..420, 1117, 1268-9, 1278 Fuller, Mrs. E. P...1275, 1277, 1278 Fuller, F. W................. 810 Fuller, Philo C.....427-8, 1203, 1270 Fuller, Mrs. Sarah............1292 Fuller, Samuel L..97, 420, 1196, 1201 Fuller, Mrs. S. L..........920, 1269 Fuller, William....200, 227, 228,...............1265, 1266, 1277 Fuller & Rice Lumber Co......1099 Fulton, J. M..................1157 Fulton, W. B................. 813 Furguson, Raymond M......... 993 Furman, J. E............ 813-1135 Fyfe, Andrew........811, 837, 980 Gable, J. E................. 812 Gage, Franklin...............1127 Gage, George W............. 908 Gage, S...................... 260 Gaikema, J..................1225 Gairdner, R. H...............1203 Gaiser, Marie................. 1274 Gale, G. H................... 644 Galenteen, Mary.............1263 Gallagher, Michael J......... 1243 Gallmeyer, Christian........809, 996 Gallup, James............963, 1155 Gallup, Mrs. James.......... 1151 Gannan, Sarah E..............1263 Ganoe, Jesse................. 897 Ganson, Mrs. C. V. C....1264, 1265 Ganson, Mrs. C. V. C.........1265 Gardiner, D. D.............. 967 Gardner, A. B................1120 Gardner, Washington......... 999 Garfield, Charles W........... 241, 444, 461, 469, 471, 809,...................... 810, 838 Garfield, James A.............. 825 Garfield, Samuel M.......443-4, 838 Garlock, Alfred.............. 198 Garman, G. H........... 1022-26 Gainey, J. J................. 228 Gast, Cornelius............... 955 Gates, C. S.................. 915 Gates, Errett................. 1195 Gavett, William A.............1294 Gay, George W.....440-41, 946,..................... 1167, 1282 Gay, William 1..441, 445, 810,............. 1264, 1267, 1282-83 Geary, Eva.................. 1262 Geary, Rose.................. 1262 Gegon, John.................. 526 Geib, Fred P..................1283 Geis, Benjamin.............. 1183 Gelman, Milo B............... 957 Gelock, John................. 1226 Gelock, M. A................. 812 German, Clara............. 1262 Genia, Henry............. 99, 104 Gentz, C. F. W............... 1017 Gentz, C. F. W., Sr............1139 Gerechter, E................ 1184 Gerow, John A...............1294 Gerry, Ruth A............... 222 Gezon, Johannes.............1226 Ghysels, Abraham....884, 1027, 1033 Gibbons, Thomas..........523, 524 Gibson, C. K................ 910 Gibson, W. P. L..............1144 Giddings, A. J.............. 713 Giddings, H. M............. 1283 Giddings, Theron F............1294 Gidley, Miss Josephine........1287 Gifford, Kate................1274 Gifford, Vine................. 1274 xxvi INDEX. Gilbert, T. D..150,426, 451, 485, 848, 870, 894, 987, 1147, 1260, 1275, 1277. Gilbert, Mrs. E. T.............1149 Gilbert, Francis B......427-8, 9Q4 Gilbert, Francis B............. 894 Gilbert, Frank B............... 989 Gilbert, Henry C.............. 54 Gilbert, John................. 1294 Gilbert, J. E................. 1133 Gilbert, Orrin B.............. 150 Gilbert, Mrs. T. D...........1278-9 Gilbert, Thomas D......... 683, 919 Gilbert, Wm. H...444, 809, 813, 1282 Gilbertson, Mamie............1136 Gilbertson, Martin........... 965 Gilchrist, Florence............ 1273 Gilman, W. W................ 83 Gill, F. A................... 239 Gill, Frank H.............. 838, 987 Gill, Godfrey................. 518 Gillard, R.................... 1174 Gilleland, L. H.................228 Gillespie, George D.... 868, 987,................ 992, 1205, 1280 Gillespie, G. De N.............. 1201 Gillespie, George H........... 199 Gillett, A.................... 1141 Gillett, John K................ 1131 Gingrich, Jesse................ 1136 Girardey, F..................1255 Given, J. V..................1145 Gleason, C. H................. 812 Gleason, Rachael.............. 221 Gleason, Thomas J............ 267 Globe Knitting Works........1096 Glupker, J................... 1234 Clowczynski, Edward......... 965 Godfrey, Freeman..433, 434, 485, 511 Godfrey, Frank............... 907 Godfrey, Silas F.........434, 1265 Godfroy, John F.............. 186 Godfroy, Louis............... 415 Godfroy, Richard....70, 84, 89, 118, 138, 155, 161, 166, 197, 247, 306, 518, 820, 894, 1240 Godfroy, Wm. H...96, 115, 186,............. 260, 516, 522, 1116 Godwin, Augustus............. 466 Godwin, G. Chase............. 981 Godwin, Wm. R.............. 96 Goebel, Eugene V............. 996 Goff, E. F............. 1151, 1155 Goldie, Mary................. 1273 Goldsmith, J., Jr............. 1292 Gordon, J. W................ 836 Goodman, A. S.............. 811 Goodman, Margaret...........1262 Goodman, Reuben S...........1156 Goodrich, Bessie.............. 1263 Goodrich, Elizabeth...........1267 Goodrich, Mrs. Eugene C...... 1266 Goosens, Bernard............. 1242 '^-osman, George............. 1121 GorctiL, Alphonso E.......... 903 Gordon, Gideon H............96, 244 Gordon, James................ 96 Gordon, Thos. P............... 965 Gore, Victor M............... 833 Gorham, F. A.................451-2 Gorham, Mrs. F. A............1271 Gosch, Emil.................. 877 Goshert, J. L.................1181 Goss, Dwight......... 811, 827, 1176 Goss, Mrs. Dwight............. Goss, J. H.................... 812 Goudzwaard, Chas............. 995 Goudzwaard, M........1229, 1236-37 Gould, A. M............. 1133, 1143 Gould, Bessie F.............. 1136 Gould, F. S.................... 812 Gould, John S..............984-5-87 Grabill, E. F..................1003 Grace, Beulah................ 1261 Grady, John..................1244 Grand Rapids Blow Pipe CO.... 1093 Grand Rapids Boiler Works..... 1090 Grand Rapids Brewing Co...... 1088 Grand Rapids Brush Co........ 1097 Grand Rapids Chair Co.........1052 Grand Rapids Clock & Mant1l Co........................1084 Grand Rapids Hand Screw Co..1091 Grand Rapids Fancy Furniture Co.......................1077 Grand Rapids Felt Boot Co.... 1086 Grand Rapids Sheet Metal Co.. 1096 Grand Rapids Stave Co....... 1098 Grand Rapids Underwear Co.... 1087 Graff, Peter.................. 420 Graham, Beatrice............. 1274 Graham, Elwood.............. 469 Graham, Helen................ 1263 Graham, Ida.................. 1261 Graham, John................ 1133 Graham, R. D..445-446-447, 809-....................810, 837-838 Graham, T. E.................. 812 Graham, Wm. M............... 1279 Granger, Julius............... 195 Granger, 0. C..............813, 996 Granger, Sylvester.97, 247, 902, 1118 Granger, S.................256, 260 Granger, Warren.............. 246 Grant, Elijah................82-84 Grant, James................. 1282 INDEX. xxvii Gray, Geo. W.................1167 Gray, Edward................ 701 Gray, Geo............. 268, 855 Gray, Horace...............96, 119 Gray, H. J................... 813 Gray, Jedediah............... 191 Gray, Leon C............. 994 Gray, Lyman......96, 119, 247, 894 Gray, Perry................. 994 Gray, Robert................. 1170 Gray, Samuel M............... 508 Gray, V..................... 898 Graves, Benjamin F............1003 Graves, C. B.................. 228 Graves, Frank............... 695 uraves, Gideon D............. 249 Graves, Geo. G................ 1135 Graves, Schuyler C....200-202, 228 Graves, Samuel.. 1166-1167-1169, 1209 Graves, W. C................. 909 Greiner, D.................... 1190 Gregory, Carrie...............1262 Greeley, S. S. N.............. 1148 Green, Clara C.............. 884 Green, D. M.................. 228 Green, Frank................ 1195 Green, Hezekiah.............. 97 Green, J.....................1145 Green, William.............. 1134 Greene, Amos D............... 267 Greene, Geo. H...............1294 Greene, Thomas..............1294 Grcenly, Wm. L.............. 837 Greenman, C. A............... 811 Grenlich, C. W............... 812 Greve, W.....................1235 Griffin, Thomas.............. 996 Griffiths, W. R............... 813 Griggs, Edyth Young..........1263 Grinnell, C. L................. 812 Grinnell, Henry.............. 959 Grinnell, O. S.................1137 Griswold, Augustus D......838, 981 Griswold, Joseph B.... 197, 200,............. 223, 228, 811, 1266 Griswold, Scott............... 837 Grit, H. J................ 1231 Grobhiser, Wm. C.............1296 Groen, John..................1229 Groen, W..................... 1235 Groendyk, Alje...............1222 Groendyk, J.................. 1233 Groenleer, B.................. 1234 Groeneweg, Peter.............1216 Groesbeck, E. C.............. 813 Gromberg, J. G............... 813 G(rompe, Chas. C.............. 517 Groner, F. J.................. 228 Grootenhuis, Bernard.........1208 Grooters, E...................1215 Grooters, John B..............1219 Grooters, Wm. J.............. 995 Grout, Camille W..............1263 Grove, William............... 522 Grove, James F............... 202 Grove, T. M..................1209 Gruber, J...................1183 Grummond, Melnott........... 909 Guenther, Richard............ 826 Guild, Consider............ 94, 100 Guild, Daniel............... 94 Guild, Edward........... 87, 94-96 Guild, Joel..82, 90, 95, 101, 1:3,.... 171, 244, 247, 843, 961, 1116 Guild, Louis............... 95 Gunn, Anna M.............1273 Gunn Furniture Co...........1074 Gunn, Wm. S........ 443, 966, 1177 Gunn, Mrs. W. S.......... 1177 Gunnison, Delony......... 485 Gunnison, John W.... 84-85. 193, 485 Gulliford, J. C............. 813 Gust, R....................1233 Gustin, F. M................. 228 Haage, A...............1 19, 1285 Haan, E. R.................1235 Haan, G. J...............811, 1232 Haan, Gysbert............1226 Haan, H....................1232 Haan, L.....................1230 Hackley, Chas. H......... r27, 451 Haek, Jacob............. 945 Haekenga, N............1222 Haessig, Geo. A.............. 956 Hager, T...................1239 Haggart, Ida..............1261 Haggerty, Wm. H..........1282 Hahnes, Daniel............1137 Haight, T. D................1194 Haines, Cnas. H...........1187 Haines, Geo................ 995 Haire, John.............. 838 Hake, Adolph J.......... 994 Hake, William........202, '7, 1272 Hake, W. F..........200, i'S, 1266 Hakenson, C...............1193 Hakken, J............... 1216 Hale, Martha J.............1262 Hale, Stephen............. 956 Haldane.97, 102, 180, 517, lri,1 1298 Haldimand, Frederick.... 816 Haliday, John.......... 53 Hall, Bert.............. 909 Hall, Charles H......... 974-975 Hall, Claire.............. 881 Hall, Frederick......... 15, 888 xxviii INDEX. Hall, Elias................... 519 Hall, Erastus..............247, 267 Hall, F. A.................444, 810 Hall, Hartman.......... 826 Hall, Jane E..................1263 Hall, Lowell................. 823 Hall, Mary B.................1262 Hall, Nellie..................1274 Hall, R. Allen..............1294 Hali, Sherwood............. 811 Hall, Silas............248, 518-519 Hall, W. C...................1165 Halloran, John.............. 956 Halsey, Sarah................1274 Hamblin, Chas. H...........908-909 Hamelin, Jr., Augustus......... 53 Hamilton, Claude..434, 454, 809-................ 810, 1270, 1282 Hamilton, C. T................1283 Hamilton, E. L............ 830 Hamilton, Henry.............. 816 Hamilton, J. L.............. 810 Hamilton, S. L................1141 Hamilton, W. John...........1155 Haming, D...................1173 Hammond, Mrs. E. J.........1284 Hammond, H. L..............1148 Hammond, Jesse.............. 956 Hammond, J. H...............1195 Hanchett, Benj. S..449, 809-810, 885 Hanchett, Benton............. 832 Hanehett, J. P............... 517 Handley, Dudley............. 518 Handy, Ruth.................1273 Haughey, A. G...............1125 Hann, J. G.................. 908 Hanis, Alanson............... 83 Hansen, John C............... 965 Hardy, G. E.............451, 1282 Hardy, G. W..................1203 Harford, W. M................ 908 Harger, Geo. D................1170 Harlan, Benj. A...........444, 522 Harley, Maria................1273 Harmer, Louise F............1261 Harmer, General.............. 44 Harmon, Luther N............ 161 Harmstra, G.................1228 Harmstra, H.................1230 Harring-Atwood Co...........1087 Harriman, Chas. A............ 868 Harrington, A. F.............. 228 Harrington, C. D..............1282 Harris, Israel V............... 160 Harris, John................ 491 Harvey, C. L......809-810, 927,................ 987, 1158, 1279 Harvey, Frank A............. 1158 Hastings, Eurotas P...........82-83 Hastings, H. T................1293 Hastings, H. F................1293 Hatch, Damon............191, 1197 Hatch, E. E...................1292 Hatch, Fred.................. 957 Hatch, Ira C.................. 881 Hatch, Ira S..161, 267, 459, 516-....................... 517, 947 Hatch, Junius H............125, 188 Hatch, Reuben............... 811 Hatch, Wim. W................ 516 Hastings, E. P................ 485 Hatfeld, D. S................. 228 Hathaway, C. W.............. 516 Hathaway, Chas. S............ 809 Hathaway, N..............256, 260 Hathaway, Ruby.............1273 Harris, Jno. M............... 908 Harris, L. V.................. 958 Harris, S. G............... 255, 264 Harrison, Roy G............... 811 Harrison, Thomas............1133 Harrison, Wm. Henry..253, 816,.................819, 821, 1136 Harrison, Wm............... 1135 Harter, F. D.................. 228 Hart, Flora L.................1263 Hart, Joseph................. 812 Hart, J. W...................1141 Hart, Kittle................. 1263 Iart, Matthew............... 470 Hart Mirror Plate Co..........1093 Hart, Richard] P............... 83 Hart, S. A...................1184 Harting, Samuel.............. 965 Harting, Marmus.............1208 Hartley, Reuben H.......1089, 1157 Hartman n, F.................1139 Hartman, F. & Co.............1089 Hartman, H. J............... 811 Hartstuff, Wm............... 1003 Hathaway, Rufus C........... 1294 Hathaway, Wm. M............ 904 Hauser, Chas. A.......... 877, 947 Hausmann, Gustave...........1184 Hauser, Orson................1161 Havens, Benj................. 956 Hawkins, James S............ 993 Hawkins, Mrs. John...........1287 Hawkins, L. E.........440-442, 946 Hawkins, Wm. G.............. 883 Hawley, Geo. F.................1187 Haxton, Benjamin............ 517 Hayward, H. L..........1144, 1174 Hayes, Isaac................1016 Hayward, John %............. 838 Hayes, Miss Nellie...........1158 INDEX. xxix Hays, N. S...................1292 Hazelwood, Arthur........215, 1278 Hazcltine, Chas. S....434, 874, 1203 Hazeltine, Mrs. Chas. S.......1271 Hazen, Allen................. 508 Heald, C. M................ 643 Heald, Henry T........811, 838, 898 Heald, Joseph...........422, 431 Healy, Thomas............... 249 Heart, B.....................1184 Heasley, J. A................. 228 H eath, J. L...................1116 Heath, Washington...........1116 Heazlitt, Blanche.............1258 Hebard, Charles E............ 226 Hebard, Ezra H............... 226 Heddis, Ben J............... 995 Hcemstra, H................. 1230 H eerirg, Mcl S............... 965 Ilecrhng, Henry........... 965 HcIfcran, Gco................ 1264 Hcfferan, Mrs. George.........1265 Hefferan, Thomas..451-452, 455, 810 Hefferan, Mrs. Thomas........1265 Heiden, Louis F............. 965 Hcincs, C.....................1223 Hekman, E................... 1235 Helmath, W. Tod....... '238 Hemkes, G. K................1238 Helms, H.................... 1233 Hempel, Chas. J.......... 229-30-34 Hemstreet, Alfred............ 956 Henderson, Chas. L........197, 223 Henderson, Don.............. 908 Henderson, Frank............1294 -endricks, John..............1219 'Tendricks, Jno. M............ 965 Henman, Mary A..............1158 Henning, Geo. E.............. 267 Henry, James.............228, 981 Henry, Wm................ 1245-6 Henry, Wm. G....160, 172, 255,............260, 517, 939, 1298 Hensen, John............813, 1171 Henshaw, Joshua.............1154 Herbert, W. H................1140 Heritage, John...............1169 Herkner, Elizabeth............1267 Herkner, J. C................ 812 Herman, C. B................. 228 Herpolsheimer, B.............. 898 Herpolsheimer, H. B........... 449 Herpolsheimer, W. G... 433-434, 1191 Herrick, Eva................ 881 Herrick, E. J.............810, 1121 Herrick, O. E....200, 214, 228, 1266 Herrmann, Joseph............1122 Herron, Willis J..........980, 1158 Hershey, Ada L...............1264 Hertel, \V....................1227 Herstein, Justus C............1217 Herzer, Gustav...............1138 Hess, A. W................... 239 Hess, Frank A............... 996 Hess, Geo. H................. 919 Hess, Wm. T............... 812 HIcssey, C. E.................. 968 Hcth, Bert M................. 967 Heth, E. W.................. 1154 Hcwitt, Susan..............1273 Hewitt, B. P................. 1170 Hewitt, E. E..............460, 812 Heyboer, W. J................1237 Heyman, Morris.............1184 Heyman, Mrs. Morris..........1265 Hpyns, W....................1238 Hcystek, H. J............ 449, 810 Hibard, E. A.................101 6 Hibbard, Milan...............1194 Hickin, Eleanor M............ 92S Hicks, A. S.............. 810, 1176 Highway Commissioners.....282-83 Higgins, H. C................. 239 Higgins, James............... 494 Higgins, R. M.................1153 Higginson, Francis J..160, 197, 1197 Hild, George................. 1255 Hildreth, Thompson F... 1133, 1140' H ill, F. H.................... 443 Hill, James................985-987 Hill, Nicholas R............... 838 Hilton, Chas.................. 523 Hilton, G. W................. 228 Hilton, H................ 260 Hilton, J. F................ 956 Hilton, Robert.....97, 249, 464,............491, 502, 1185, 1241 Hilton, Stephen F............. 965 Hilton, Warren............... 459 Hilliker, J. B.... 202, 228, 813, 1272 Hillis, Mrs. A. A..............1292 Hills, Berney.................1307 Hills, Charles T.............. 1294 Hillyer, Amanda J............ 235 Hillyer, Frances S...1265, 1277-1278 Hillyer, Mrs. F. S............. 228 Himmler, Emma..............1274 Hindman, A. C................ 802 Hinds, Calvin................. 189 Hine, A. W...............812, 1176 Hine, Frank W............... 993 Hine, James W.............. 837 Hine, Milton B................ 837 Hines, A.................... 811 Hinkley, Z. D................. 228 Hintz, L............. 1139 XXX INDEX. Hinman, S. D.... 200, 228, 810, 1266 Hinman, Mrs. S. D............1267 Hinsdale, Mrs. H. W..........1268 Hinsdill, Chester B........... 981 Hinsdill, Hiram...96, 168, 245, 1117 Hinsdill, Henry M....443, 982, 1298 Hinsdill, Myron.... 96, 118, 136,................172, 1117, 1146 Hinsdill, Stephen..150, 189, 191,..................... 260, 1147 Hinsdill, Wm................ 96 Hobbes, F. J................. 908 Hodenpyl, A. G..........451-2, 1282 Hodge, Chas. R...............1203 Hodges, Mrs. C. D...........1290 Hodges, Mrs. C. D............1291 Hoebeke, G............. 1214 Hoeksema, J.................1230 Hoeksema, Peter J............1224 Hoekstra, J. B................1236 Hoffins, Cornelius............ 802 Hoffman, Benjamin..........1219 Hoffman, Stella May...........1263 Hoffman, Wm. H..............1161 Hofs, H. W.............1217-1218 Hofstra, H...................1231 Hogadone, Chas. E........995, 987 Hogadone, Geo. P............. 249 Hogan, Peter................ 501 Hogle, Clara.................1274 Hoke, Alta A.................1262 Holcomb, Jno. W.............. 996 Holcomb, Frances E........920-921 Holden, Chas...............810, 838 Holden, Ebenezer G. D.420, 443,...................... 810, 837 Holden, Wm.................. 881 Hollingsworth, Edna......... 228 Hollingsworth, F.............. 228 Hollister, Clay H..422-423, 809, 1282 Hollister, F. W............... 997 Hollister, Harvey J... 421-422 -423-425, 451-453, 871, 921, 1151, 1270, 1275, 1278, 1280 Hollister, Mrs. H. J......... 920 Hollister, John............... 423 Hollister, J. B................ 423 Hollister, John H..........225, 248 Hollister, Mrs. J. H...........1264 Hollister, Jeanette A...........1199 Hollister, Martha C........... 423 Hollister, Wm. A............. 965 Holloway, John...............1150 Holloway, Mrs. J..............1150 Holloway, Samuel............ 70 Hollway, Geo................. 802 Holmes, Andrew............ 1187 Holmes, A. L.................. 813 Holmes, Bert............. 880 Holmes, E. S......... 239-40, 942-3 Holmes, Glenn W.............. 975 Holmes, J. C.................. 104 Holmes, John T....97, 268, 517,.......874, 878, 965, 1197, 1292 Holmes, W. F................. 811 Holmes, W. L.................1141 Holt, C. H.................... 228 Holt, Jacob..................1174 Holt, J. C..................... 422 Holt, S. H....................1141 Holtman, Charles.............1219 Homer, John................. 1281 Honbolt, W A......... 1212 Hondelink, Christopher........ 996 Hondorp, Hermanns...........1218 Hoog, Frank L.............. 235 Hoogerland, J................1229 Hooghins, A.................1230 Hooker, Chas. E......202, 228, 1272 Hooker, Mrs. Chas. E..........1271 Hooker, Mrs. Lena............1165 Hope, Henry................. 816 Hopkins, A. S................. 909 Hopkins, Mordecai L.......... 905 Hopkins, Noel............... 466 Hopson, W. C........812, 1282-1283 Horlings, W.................. 1233 Horner, Jno. S............. 818 Horner, Joseph............... 812 Horton, Abraham.............1206 Horton, Anna................1285 Horton, Asa..................1186 Horton, E. J..................1292 Horton, Mrs. E. J..............1285 Horton, James S.............1206 Horner, John.................1282 Horst, J. H...................1139 Horton, R. C............... 1125 Hosford, F. H................ 908 Hosford, Frank H............. 907 Hosken, J. B................. 228 Host, T. J.................... 812 Hot Blast Feather Co........1312a Hottinger, Geo............... 866 Hoult, Mrs. John..............1265 Houman, Henry........... 994 Houseman, H. L.............. 812 Houseman, Mrs. Henry........ 1265. Houseman, Joseph...434, 1184, 1278 Houseman, Mrs. Joseph...1184, 126.5 Houseman, Julius...... 266, 427,..451, 485, 838-839-840, 870, 1183 House, J. W................239-240 Hovenden, Robert............1151 Hovey, C. T.................. 813 Hovey, Wm.............485, 493 INDEX. xxxi Howard, Orville L........... 945-6 Howard, Henry W..... 202, 228, 1272 Howard, Mrs. W. A............ 921 Howard, Wm. A...... 421, 839, 863 Howe, Julia Ward............ 877 Howe, R. G................... 956 Howe, Wm. B................ 903 Howell, Thomas.............. 955 Howland, Geo. W............. 845 Howland, Samuel..96, 172, 260,...................... 517, 1146 Howlett, Robert.............. 96 H oxie, A. T................... 228 Hoxie, Harry A............... 994 Hoyt, Edwin, Jr...........434, 921 Hoyt, G. Post................. 422 Hoyt, M.....................1197 Hoyt, Melancthon............ 248 Hoyt, William............... 267 Hubbard, Ernest F............ 993 Hubbard, F. M................ 228 Hubbard, Gurdon S.......61, 66, 71 Hubbard, Geo. E.............. 527 Hubbard, Georgiana M......... 928 Hubbs, J. Brewster........... 1203 Huberta, M.................. 1248 Hudson, Mrs. E. J.............1292 Hudson, Lewis C.............. 1137 Hudson, T. 'S.................. 239 Hudson, Wm. G...............1294 Huelster, H..................1189 Huelster, W. W...............1190 Hufford, S. J................. 813 Hugenholtz, F. W. N..........1182 Hugenholtz, Henrietta M......1263 Hugenholtz, H. P..............1183 Hughart, Jno. H. P........... 809 Hughart, W. O..422, 440, 1157,.......... 1158, 1161, 1163, 1164 Hughart, Mrs. Wm. O., Jr.....1271 Hughes, J. S..................1195 Huizinga, J. G................ 228 Hulbert, C. E.................1280 Hulbert, John................ 53 Hulbert, P. S................. 908 Hull, General................45-46 Hull, Wm.............. 817, 904, 907 Hurlburt, Chas. R............. 84 Hulst, Henry....202, 215, 228, 1272 Hulst, L. J..............1216, 1228 Hulst, J. B...................1227 Hulswit, Frank M............. 1298 Hulswit, F. T................. 810 Hult, A......................1193 Hummer, Geo. P.......... 810, 1176 Hummer, Mrs. Geo. P.........1265 Hume, Thomas............... 451 Humfreys, John..............1154 Humphrey, Watts S........... 833 Hunt, Alfred H.............. 802 Hunt, Chas. R.............. 955, 956 Hunt, De Forest.............. 235 Hunt, Edward H..... 427, 453, 1203 Hunt, James A....809, 810, 813,.......... 1174, 1176, 1278, 1279 Hunt, Leonard................ 838 Hunt, Rebecca................ 1274 Hunt, Samuel................ 235 Hunt, Thomas K.............. 909 Hunter, J. W................. 811 Hunter, Robert............... 1016 Hunter, Fred B............811, 974 Huntcr, Frank W.............. 266 Hunting, Mrs. Edgar W........ 126o Husband, J. Z................. 239 Husted, J. T..................1151 Husted, J. D................ 466-70 Hurst, J. M................... 1163 Husted, Noel P..............466-71 Hutchins, Helen.............. 1273 Hutchins, J. B................ 811 Hutchins, Lee M..809, 811, 1158,..................... 1264, 1282 Hutchinson, R. J..... 202, 228, 1272 Hutchinson, W...............1273 Huttenga, W................. 1229 Hyde, Harriet................ 1158 Hyde, J. E.................. 641 Hyde, James T................ 1149 Hyde, Miss Mamie............ 1165 Hyde, Milton................ 1116 Hyde, Wesley W..... 810, 830, 1176 Hyde, William H...... 518, 524, 526 Hyde, William............... 528 Hydern, Anthony............. 530 Idema, Frank................. 712 Idema, Henry........ 422, 427, 431, 445, 451, 684, 809, 811,......... 1158, 1270, 1279, 1282 Idema, Mrs. Henry...... 1265, 1267 Ignatius, Mary............... 1275 Ihrman, Peter................ 1222 Illman, Thomas............... 1174 Immen, Mrs. Loraine......... 660 Imperial Factory............. 1072 Tnglesh, Ethel................ 1144 Innes, Kate.................. 1274 Innes, W. A.......... 909, 914, 917 Innes, Wm. P.....474, 641, 644,...698, 710, 837, 908, 1292, 1294 Innis, J. IH...............228, 1282 Ives, Harry H...... 97, 154, 517, 518 ITve, Henry..................1269 Irish, F. N.............1119, 1120 Irish, H. D..............1119, 1120 Irwin, R. W....807, 809, 812, 898 xxxii INDEX. Ivine, Paulus Emelius......... 816 Irwin, T. C....... 200, 228, 813, 1266 Jablonowski, T. Casimir....... 1252 Jackson, Andrew..92, 170, 820, 981 Jackson, E. R................. 239 Jackson, J. L................1167 Jackowski, Stanley........... 994 Jacob, C.................... 959 Jacobs, George H............. 648 Jacobs, Miriam...............1261 Jahrhaus, John............... 1138 Jacox, Marie C.............. 1263 Jakobitz, Gottlieb............1191 Jamison, Agnes..............1273 Jamison, Julius M............. 831 Jansen, R....................1238 Jansma, A....................1234 Jarvis, J. H.................. 239 Jarvis, P. R.................. 516 Jean, F. R................... 810 Jean de Lauson, M............. 815 Jefferson, Normon............1205 Jefferson, Thomas............ 486 Jend, Henry................. 1138 Jenks, S. B..449, 451, 811, 1265, 1278 Jenkins, Minnie.............. 1274 Jennison, A. C.............. 1165 Jenison, Hiram............... 134 Jenison, L................... 897 Jennings, Abram............. 654 Jennings, Albert..............1136 Jennings, C. H............... 228 Jennings, C. W............... 664 Jennings, C. W.............. 811 Jennings, Howard...... 97, 894, 895 Jennings, John D.........645, 1292 Jenning, Joseph..............1131 Jerman, J................... 520 Jerome, David H.............. 837 Jesselson, Felix W............1184 Jessup, Maria................ 662 Jewell, Edward............... 838 Jewell, Frank........... 444, 810 Jewell, Mrs. Frank...........1265 Jewell, Harry D.......749, 750,..................802, 809, 811 Jewett, Henry.......... 959, 1045 Joachlin, Herman............. 126 Johnson, Albert.............. 880 Johnson, Andrew............. 213 Johnson, Charles T..884, 1027, 1033 Johnson, C. E................ 1136 Johnson, C. W................ 239 Johnson, Eli................. 97 Johnson, Miss Eva B.........1308 Johnson, G. J................. 812 Johnson, George K....201, 204, 228, 440, 441, 699, 1270,.................... 1271, 1272 Johnson, George Stewart...653, 884 Johnson, H.................. 1225 Johnson, H. M................1173 Johnson, J. D................ 1174 Johnson, John G.........955, 956 Johnson, J. K................1278 Johnson, Lucia...............1259 Johnson, N. C.................1119 Johnson, P. W..............468-71 Johnson, Simeon M....719, 114, 122, 251, 259, 414, 719, 838,.................... 900, 1196 Johnson, Wm. J...............1298 Johnson, Mrs. W. T...........1292 Johnson, Welcome W.......... 838 Johnston, Andrew W.....901, 1206 Johnston, Collins H....202, 217,............. 228, 646, 811, 1272 Johnston, Mrs. Collins H.......1271 Johnston, Florence........... 662 Johnston, H. Digby...........1178 Johnston, H. H...............1206 Johnstn, J. K........... 449, 1116 Johnston, J. W................ 898* Johnston, Mary............127 Joedersma, R. II........1219, 1225 Jones, A. C...................1143 Jones, Berkey................ 712' Jones, Charles W............. 875 Jones, Mrs. Chas. W...........1267 Jones, Cyrus................. 96 Jones, Eugene W......711, 809, 812 Jones, Gco. F............... 516 Jones, L. F.................. 812 Jones, Ira......82, 96, 165, 244, 247 Jones, Jno. W................. 965 Jones, Mabel.............. 1274 Jones, Robert.......... 466 Jones, Thomas...............1148 Jones, T. Z. R.......260, 1165, 1298 Jones, Wm. H........449, 1186, 1265 Jones, Mrs. Wm. H............1267 Jones, Wilson....518, 519, 522, 689 Jongejan, H.................. 1183 Jonker, A...................1235 Jonkhof, G............... 220, 1222 Jordan,. S.................. 811 Josclyn, Geo. B............... 1132 Josenhaus, Clara..............1263 Joseph, Mary.................1247 Josephine, Mary..............1275 Joy, Henry M...........1133, 1136 Joy, Mrs. H. M...............1299 Joyce, Kate..................1258 Judd, Elliott................. 523 Judd, Mrs. Elliott............1265 Judd, Mrs. E. E..............1290, INDEX. xxxiii Judd, Geo. E..708, 711, 838, 926,.....................1003, 1011 Judd, Samuel A............... 693 Judkins, J. Byron............. 802 Judson, H. J..................1126 Judson, K. S.................. 810 Judson, Wm..422, 451, 652, 910,..........947, 1264, 1265, 1282 Justices of the Peace......283, 284 Kahan, Rabbi Emanuel........1184 Kahler, Eli A................. 642 Kalmback, Edwin R........... 943 Kalmbach, Hencry G........... 967 Kalmbach, J. G......... 1139, 1277 Kalmbah, Wmi. B............. 711 Kampfschulte, Frank L........ 965 Kane, Frank.................1117 Kanitz, Louis............ 1003-4-10 Kanousc, Wm................. 894 K arsic3, D....................1230 K ate, C......................1223 Katsma, J................... 1235 Katz, L. J.................. 643 Kearney, Mary E.............. 684 Kcating, Chas. S.............. 994 Keete, E. G................... 653 Keef, Edwin L................ 965 Keegan, James E.............. 994 Keegstra, K..................1235 Keeler, David L...........642, 643 Keeler, M. S.................. 81 Keeler, Mrs. M. S.............1265 Kceney, Willard F..802, 809-10,................. 947, 957, 1267 Keifer, C. J...................1190 Keil, Lcota................. 662 Keinth, P.................... 1190 Keirstead, Wm............... 228 Kelsey, Charles B..447, 809, 811, 898 Kelley, John.................1117 Kelley, Jno. L................ 904 Kelley, John M............... 956 Kellogg, C. E................. 967 Kellogg, Francis W....700, 701,.............702, 703, 838, 839 Kellogg, Mrs. H. S............ 1267 Kellond, Minnie..............1262 Kellogg, R. B................. 811 Kellogg, Truman..... 97, 182, 813 Kelly, C. E...............813, 1254 Kelly, Foster.............465, 680 Kelly, Martha................ 680 Kelsy, C. B...............653, -654 Kendall, D. W................ 992 Kendall, George...161, 426, 492, 517. 620, 959, 1156, 1199, 1272, 1275. Kendall, Mrs. George..........1269 Kendall, John................ 670 Kennedy, W. J................ 813 Kennan, A. B.............653, 1292 Kennan, Geo................ 877 Kent, David................ 151 Kern, J......................1139 Ketcham, Mrs. E. B........660-661 Ketcham, Smith G.........828, 947 iKcttner, J. C................. 228 Keycs, Alice................ 967 Kiefer, E. S................... 811 Kidd, James H................ 703 Kik, Cornelius................96 Kik, Nicholas..............752, 996 Killean, Edward..............1120 Killean, E. J................. 674 Killean, John..... 266, 674, 834,.......................838, 946 Killean, Mary................ 674 Kilstrom, Emil................1193 Kilstrom, 0. E.267, 713, 927, 993, 995 Kimball, Geo. C...........434, 1177 Kimball, WV. 0............... 687 Kindikens, Joseph............1241 King, Adam E................ 826 King, E. H...................1141 King, Eva................... 1262 King, G. W.................. 228 King, John...............516, 1161 King, Mrs. J.................1161 King, Noah E................. 84 King, W m. F.................1294 Kingsbury, S. 0..161, 247, 308,............. 443, 838, 962, 1197 Kingsley, James............ 819, 982 Kingsley, Willard......... 721, 802 Kinney, James A.............. 995 Kinney, Lyman T............. 746 Kinney, Malachi:........1027, 1032 Kinney, Malachi............. 884 Kinsella, Mary Inez...........1247, Kinsey, Wm. H............... 813 Kinkstra, S...................1220 Kinska, Chas................. 957 Kirtland, G. H...........1180, 1181 Kirkland, John.............97, 185 Kirkland, R. J........202, 228, 1272 Kirtland, Ora................ 1180 Kipp, Charles................ 459 Kirwin, Joseph............... 802 Klaassen, M................... 1215 Klap, Homer..............813, 996 Kleibacker, Herman F......... 993 Kleinhaus, Jacob............. 802 Kleinhaus, Mrs. Jacob.........1265 Kling, W. J.................. 813 Klijn, H. G..................1227 Klippe, D. Vander.............1218 ' i n R I xxxiv INDEX. Kloet, J.................1216, 1223 Klomparends, Dirk....... 1222 Kloosterman, J...............1231 Kloppenburg, C...............1238 Klyn, Fredreka J.............. 975 Klyn, H. G..............1212, 1226 Klyn, John C.................1141 Knapp, E. H..................1272 Knapp, E. U..................1142 Knapp, Hollis F.............. 1294 Knapp, W. M................. 472 Knapp, T. J.............1203, 1265 Knapp, W. B..............228, 967 Knappen, Loyal E.441, 802, 810,..................... 1133, 1203 Knappen, Stuart.............. 802 Knight, F. F.................. 812 Knott, H. A.................. 812 Knowlson, A. B.............. 986 Knowlson, A. B............... 805 Knowlton, W. H..............1203 Knox, Frank W...711, 830, 909, 911 Knox, J. C....................1283 Knox, William E..............1161 Koch, H......................1192 Kohlhepp, Henry.........810, 1139 Koke, J. J....................1214 Koke, P. J.................... 812 Kolozinski, Thomas...........1251 Kolyn, Matthew.............1214 Koning, K...................1236 Konkle, C.................654, 813 Konkle, Luda................1272 Koole, J......................1218 Koon, C. E......202, 228, 811, 1272 Koon, T. M.......202, 228, 813,.....................995, 1272 Koopman, J...................1216 Kornejcwski, F. J............ 228 Kortlander, Mrs. Joseph......1271 Koster, John......1216, 1228, 1235 Koster, Martin...............1224 Kraai, T............. 1235 Krakowski, L. P.............1256 Krause, G. A.......812, 1190, 1283 Krikel, Frederick.............1191 Krekinboe]d, M..............1215 Kremer, John............228, 1227 Kridler, Miss Julia...........1186 Kriekard, A......1215, 1220, 1223 Kriekaarl, P. J.............. 228 Krill, HRilry................1138 Kromer, Mrs. E. J.............. 709 Kromer, Leon B.............. 712 Kruger, Charles J............1294 Krukaar(d, Adrian............1285 Kuhn, Elizabeth M............1263 Kuiper, T................... 1238 Kurper, Gelmer............. 811 Kuiper, J.................. 1227 Kuiper, P.................... 1236 Kuiphof, A...................1234 Kulp, C. B...................1135 Kuppenheimer, J.............1184 Kuppenheimer, H............. 1184 Kusterer, C................... 1138 Kusterer, Christian...........1191 Kusterer, Christoph........... 498 Kusterer, Christopher......... 866 Kutche, Bertha............... 661 Kutsche, William P........... 447 Kutts, Frank F............... 745 Kuyper, Cornelius............1218 Kuypers, Dena..............1264 Laas, Gustav.................1138 Laansma, D............... 1172 Ladner, Frank............... 838 Lacey, James D...............427-8 Lacey, E. S.................. 826 La Flamboise, Joseph....45, 46, 667 Lamb, George G........... 748, 996 Lamberts, H..................1235 La Mar, John D.............. 203 Lamar, John......1221, 1223, 1224 Lammers, Antony............1183 Lamoreaux, J. F.............. 964 Lamoreaux, Issac F.... 267, 746,......884, 986, 1027, 1030, 1033 Lamoreaux, Mrs. I. F.........1152 Lamoree, Lena............... 662 Lamy, Theodore..............1255 Landes, George B.............1282 Landes, SE.R.............. 228 Landglade, Charles.........40, 42 Landman, Wm. J.... 802, 813, 1311 Lane, John................... 712 Langeland, T................ 1223 Lanman, Charles......... 819, 982 Lapham, Smith.......... 837, 838 Larabee, F. H................1144 Larson, Charles J. B........... 956 Larson,. N................. 833 Laraway, Abraham........... 96 Laraway, F. D............... 956 Lasley, William.............. 53 Lason, Eleanor...............1273 Latham, D. R.................1131 Lathrop, Adams N.............1196 Lathrop, Freeman............1154 Lathrop, Miss H. A.......660, 661 Lathrop, J. 1. T........... 811, 1133 Latimer, W. Irving............1294 Laufman, Alberta............ 1136 Launt, Florence..............1274 Laniere, Louis L..........956, 975 Laufman, William l...........1135 Lawrence, D. C............256, 260 F: @ INDEX. XXXV Law, G. W................. 228 Lawrence, DeWitt C.......144, 247 Lawrence, John S.....651, 652, 802, 811, 829, 947, 957,..................... 982, 1278 Lawrence, Wm. S........1136, 1294 Lawton, J. D................ 711 Lawyer, Adam.............. 522 Lawyer, Roy................. 957 Leach, C..................... 260 Leathers, Don J...........653, 839 Leavitt, A...................1184 Leavitt, David S......96, 641, 643 Leavitt, Sheldon............. 670 Leckie, Wm. H............... 748 Ledyard, W. B........420, 421, 989 Lee, B. H................239, 1283 Lee, C. E................... 1168 Lee, F. J............200, 228, 1266 Lee, George D...............1135 Lee, Mrs. George............. 922 Lee, I. L.................... 239 Lee, John G................... 913 Lee, Walter C............... 803 Leech, W. P.................. 956 Leenhouts, James....811, 1282, 1283 Leet, Lizie C.................. 924 Lefebre de la Barre, M...... 815 Lefevcre, Petcr Paul.........1241 Leffingwell, H. H.............1152 Leffingwcll, Wm. S........... 912 Leggett, A. T...............1205 Leggett, Gertrude............1264 Lehigh, George M.............1170 Lehman, J. George.......810, 1282 Leigh, Ida E................ 680 Leitelt, Adolph...... 511, 813, 947 Leland, Eugene..............1125 Lemke, J. J................ 956 Lemoin, Henry............... 531 Lemoin, H. W............... 812 Lemon, Mrs. Rachel......... 665 Lemon, Samuel M......441, 445,........665, 809, 881, 979, 1027 Lennon, W. J................. 956 Leo, Pope....................1246 Leonard, C. H.....674, 679, 805,........................809, 898 Leonard, F. B................ 113 Leonard, Frank E....444, 679, 811 Leonard, Mrs. Frank E.. 1265, 1267 Leonard, G.................. 812 ~ Leonard, Heman.....161, 265,................670, 674, 1116 Leonard, Isaac.........519, 974 Leonard, Wm.......... 1028, 1033 Leppink, G. J................1218 Le Roy, Simon, Jr.......... 228 Leslie, W. F............... 239 Letellier, Francis..... 266, 427, 810 Letellier, Mrs. Francis........1269 Letellier, J. E................ 444 Levi, Adele.............1265, 1267 Levoke, Henry A............. 53 Levi, Isaac C.............805, 1184 Levi, Jacob I...............1183 Lewis, E. G............926, 1133 Lewis, Guy W............ 642 Lewis, Hanna M............ 662 Lewis, Mary.............. 662 Lewis, Mrs. M. E............1265 Liesveld, Herman W........1208-9 Lillie, W alter I............... 981 Limbert, Clara...............1267 Limpens, Gustave............1253 Lincoln, Abraham............ 213 Lincoln, Luther........ 96, 126, 244 Lincoln, Robert T............. 211 Lincoln, Wm. B..............87-88 Lincoln, W. H................ 638 Lindberg, C. J................1193 Lindemulder A............. 1230 Linderman, George........... 472 Lindhout, J................... 1216 Limes, Libbie M..............1261 Linzee, C. E................. 711 Little, Frank............ 146, 151 Little, Henry.................. 50 Littlefield, Allyn C............ 703 Littlefield, B. F............... 711 Littlefield, M. S............... 689 Littlefield, Solomon 0......... 902 Littlejohn, F. J............... 821 Livingston, Miss Anna........1287 Livingston, Owen.............1152 Locke, Arthur H.............1205 Locher, Miss Anna............1155 Locke, George W............ 904 Locke, J. D................... 239 Locher, A. G.................. 926 Locher, H. E..............222, 228 Lochlin, James............... 518 Lockwood, Closson L.......... 652 Lockwood, Miss Loraine.......1309 Lockwood, Mrs. Claude.......1265 Loettgert, F.....422, 868, 947, 1277 Loew, Elisha.................1181 Loewenstien, Samuel..........1117 Logan, I. J................. 1145 Logie, William..809, 811, 1157, 1282 Logie, William, Jr.............1158 Lohman, George..............1180 Lombard, James A............ 682 London, John................. 884 Long, George H............... 434 Long, J. N..................497-8 Long, William James.......... 649 Longstreet, Philip............1220 xxxvi INDEX. Loomis, R. B.....810, 830, 837,...........839, 987, 1171, 1173 Loomis, Wm. H............... 650 Loomis, W. J............ 813 Loot, Clarence J............. 905 Loud, Charles W............ 641 Louise, Maria................ 1248 Loutenbach, J................1234 Louwerse, P......... 994 Love, William De Loss........1149 Love, Violet M...............1261 Lovell, Louis S............. 745 Lovell, Jean G.............. 1261 Lovett, George............491, 683 Lovett, George S............. 444 Lovett, J. F..................1242 Lowe, Edward.... 422, 432, 449,...........451, 996, 1203, 1270 Lowell, Arthur............... 802 Lozier, Daniel E......884, 1027,................... 1033, 1165 Lucas, T. J...................1292 Luce, Abijah................. 431 Luce, Benjamin.............. 518 Luce, Cyrus E.........826, 831,................ 837, 999, 1002 Luce, Frank................. 525 Luce, Lucretia N............. 431 Luce, Marston C.........1116, 1118 Luce, Ransom C...426, 517, 518,...670, 690, 849, 883, 1176, 1265 Luikaart, J.................. 1237 Lumkes, J. M.................1220 Lumkes, J. W...............1222 Lundgren, Charles J..........1194 Lundquist, J.................. 641 Lunzing, C. F.............228, 239 Lupinski, Hugo............... 210 Lurton, Horace H............. 981 Luther, Arthur.........1152, 1153 Luther, George E......642, 812,...................1264, 1282 Luther, Mrs. George E.........1266 Luther, Miss Mary L......1304,............... 1306, 1309 Luther, S.................... 260 Luther, William..............1203 Luton, A. E...............228, 810 Luton, Leonard............... 230 Luton, IH. H...............239, 641 Luton, R. M..............228, 236 Lyle, Gertrude.............. 1273 -Lyle, R. C...............813, 979 Lyman Dwight........96, 168, 667 Lyman, D. A..................1196 Lyman, James..83, 96, 133, 168,........... 499, 517, 670, 886 Lyman, Mrs. James............ 689 Lyman, W. C................1164 Lyon, Charles D......663, 671, 1118 Lyon, Daniel B.............. 1199 Lyon, Darwin B............. 518 Lyon, Edward.............130, 518 Lyon, James D....125, 267, 516, 648 Lyon, Lucius....... 53, 83, 169, 186, 244, 486, 490, 839, 887,.............'........1185, 1197 Lyon, Truman H...97, 190, 247,....... 253, 641, 962, 1116, 1118 Lyon, William 0......161, 260, 647 Lynch, Daniel................ 445 Lynch, Michael............... 956 Lyttle, A. A..................1136 Maas, L....................1229 Maatman, J................. 1223 Macauley, Katherine.........1263 Macey, Fred..........427-8, 1282 Macy, Edward P.............. 163 Mackie, John................. 956 Maddox, E. L................. 652 Madigan, Timothy............ 955 Maentz, Henry...............1138 Maher, E. A...............721, 803 Maher, Thomas............... 957 Mahcr, William............. 812 Malcom, John................ 465 Malcom, Peter................ 465 Malone, Patrick.............. 957 Mangold, E. C............... 812 Mangold, John............... 498 Manly, Charles H.............1003 Manley, Florence A........... 681 Manni, Cornelius............. 956 Mann, William D............. 703 Manning, Mary A............1267 Manning, Randolph........... 305 Mapes, Carl E........803, 811, 838 Marcellus, C. N............... 812 Marco, Maurice..............1248 Markey, D. P................. 833 Markham, James............ 1186 Marks, V. L................. 228 Marion, Joseph........96, 168, 517 Marion, Jules................ 86 Marrin, M. M............... 810 M aris, P.................... 1236 Marsac, Dan................. 89 Marsh, Augustus.............1159 Marsh, Edward S...........97, 517 Marsh, E.................... 259 Marsh, Florence............. 926 Marsh, Justin.............. 1159 Marshall, Henry..............1152 Marshall, Mary..............1274 Marshals................. 267 Marsman, Cornelius........... 500 Martin, A.L................ 119 INDEX. xxxvii Martin, George.... 97, 157, 160, 247, 248, 253, 260, 307, 414,.... 516, 719, 744, 745, 903, 1197 Martin, Henry.... 493, 517, 647,............. 666, 883, 919, 1197 Martin, J. B.............810, 1282 Martin, Joseph H...........422, 527 Martin, Peter................ 525 Martin, W. L................ 1189 Martindale, Gray............. 518 Martindale, W. A............. 812 M arvin, E................... 1205 Marvin, E. S................ 1169 Marvin, Henre C............. 1158 Marvin, La Dor.............. 236 M arvin, L. D................. 228 Mary, Mother................ 1290 Mason, Adolph B.......... 749, 750 Mason, A. W................. 1174 Mason, Charles G............86, 96 Mason, Edith A............. 1263 Mason, Fletcher H............ 965 Mason, L. G.............. 897, 959 Master, Sheridan F............ 980 Mason, Stevens T...... 301, 818,..................820, 836, 894 Mason, William............ 88! Masonic Bodies of Michigan... 64D Mather, M. W................ 810 Mather, Mrs. N. W.......... 1265 Mather, W. J................ 916 Mathison, John.......192, 516, 939 Matkowski, M.......... 1252, 1255 Matter, Elias.......805, 1047, 1257 Matthews, G. S............. 895 Matthews, W. B...........228, 818 Matteson, A. Augusta......... 645 Mattison, Anna H............ 1296 Matulaitis, W. V............. 1251 Maxfield, Ira H..............1126 Maxium, Charles H.......... 199 Maxwell, Mrs. E. G......1264, 1205 M axwell, E. G................ 447 May, Abraham....... 807, 809,................. 810, 813, 1279 M ay, M oses.................. 1183 M ay, M. S................... 810 Maybee, Frank............... 1169 Maynard, Fred A.745, 829, 837, 1278 Maynard, H. N............... 239 Maynard, J. H................. 987 Maynard, M. H...............1294 Maynard, Rezen A............ 980 Maynard, J. C................ 812 Maynard, Thomas............ 458 Mayors...................... 266 Maze, James H............ 908, 913 Maze, William R...........904, 908 M azereuw, J................. 1234 MacFarlane, Peter....... 102, 1205 McAfee, Mrs. Don I........... 1266 McAllister, John J............ 1243 McArthur, Olive.............. 646 McArthur, Rial V..... 645, 646,..................... 813, 1296 McAvoy, G. E............... 228 MeBain, Fred W....... 652, 653, 810 McBain, M.................. 1278 McBride, G. L........ 202, 228, 1272 McBride, James C............. 1048 McBride, James E............ 752 McBride, Mrs. Thomas........ 680 McCallum, P................. 1176 McCoskry, Samuel A...........1196 McCarthy, John F............. 1254 McCarthy, Joseph P........... 1135 McCarty, Charles............. 249 McCaul, Fred................ 1136 McCausland, Wm.............. 96 McChesney, John H........... 225 McClelland, Robert........... 8:37 McCloskey, James............ 412 McClure, Edith B............. 1263 McColl, Alexander........214, 516 McColl, Douglas.............. 214 McColl, Irvine............... 214 McColl, John A.. 202, 214, 228, 1272 McConnel, Charles........... 518 McConnell, D......... 517, 689,,')I McConnell, Miss Ellen........ 1302 McConnell, John......... 643, 669 McConnell, Mrs. John......... 1268 McConnell, William........... 669 McConnell, Wm. H....161, 516, 663 McCool, Daniel.............. 686-7 McCool, James.............1033 McCool, James 0.............. 884 McCool, James 0............. 1627 McCormick, Henry F.......746, 838 McCormick, John N...710, 812,..................... 926, 1270 McCormick, Michael.......... 957 McCoy, A. D.................1146 McCoy, Colonel............... 45 McCoy, Daniel.....449, 634, 652,...................... 812, 882 McCoy, Mrs. Daniel....... 1264,............... 1265, 1267, 1271 McCoy, E. M................ 228 McCoy, Isaac.... 47, 48, 49, 63,............. 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 McCracken, S. B............. 908 McCrath, James............ 97, 184 McCrath, John W..............1003 MeCrath, John............... 97 McCrath, William........... 97 McCray, Gilbert M....266, 689, 846 xxxviii INDEX. M cCray, J.................... 256 McCray, S. B................ 919 McCray, James........... 516 McCready, L. R.............. 228 McCready, R. D.............. 994 McCulloch, Hugh........1135,.................... 1293, 1294 McDonald, Alex.............. 965 McDonald, A. N.............. 955 McDonald, D. A.............. 228 McDonald, D. F..............1163 McDonald, E. J...............1254 McDonald, John R............ 979 McDonald, John S.........803, 812 McDonald, Miss Lillie.........1290 McDowell, Carrie.............1273 McDowell, Hugh............. 911 McDowell, Hugh.............908-9 [McGarry, Thomas F...653, 828,...... 882, 883, 1022, 1024, 1026 McGee, T. A................. 812 McGill, C. W................. 838 McGlem, W. P................ 228 McGrath, John W:...826, 1294, 1296 McGowan, Raymond.......... 964 McGurrin, Win. T.710, 711, 712, 810 McHarness, Charles........... 1170 Mclnnes, George.............1161 Mcnerney, T. E............... 956 McIntyre, George A........... 907 McIntyre, H. A...............1151 McIntyre, J. D............... 909 McIntyre, Mae............... 1274 McIntyre, Susan W...........1158 McKay, Charles.............. 943 McKay, John...............,1151 McKee, James H.......921, 938, 939 McKee, Mrs. J. H....... 1265, 1269 McKee, J. L............1282, 1283 McKee, Laura E............. 655 McKee, S. W................ 1158 McKee, Mrs. S. W.......1265, 1267 McKelvey, Mary J............1262 McKenzie, Alex............... 877 McKenzie, C. W............. 517 McKendrick, Mrs. Miles...... 879 McKinley, President Wm... 665,...................... 826, 828 McKnight, Wm. F...... 82, 745,...........830, 884, 1028, 103o McLachlin, John.... 884, 1027, 1033 McLane, Thomas............. 945 McLaren, K. K............... 687 McLaughlin, Robert W....932, 1150 McLean, Ernest.............. 812 McLean, Wm. A...........813, 994 McLeod, Fannie..............1271 McLeod, S. V........ 882, 1022,.................... 1025, 1032 McMahon, Anna M............1263 McMahon, D................. 26 McMahon, George P........... 645 McManus, Ellen..............1247 MeManus, P. J............... 1241 McMillan, Emerson...........1280 McMillan, H. B............... 239 McMillan, Neal.......837, 838, 926 McMillin, Emerson........... 6S4 McMullen, George K.......... 810 McMunn, John............... 843 McNabb, John........... 654, 812 McNally, Christopher......... 965 McNamara, Mary.............1275 McNamara, Michael.......... 867 McNaughton, Daniel...... 465, 746 McNeil, Mrs. E...............1292 McPherson, A. G.............. 228 McPherson, J. A.............. 228 McQueen, John............... 746 McQuewan, Charles........... 813 McQuewan, John......652, 654,....................... 742, 982 McQuewan, Margaret B........ 453 McRae, Jessie...............1261 McReynolds, A. C............. 721 McReynolds, Andrew T....687, 881 McReynolds, A. T...... 690, 707,............. 708, 742, 981, 1293 McReynolds, Benj. F.......... 946 MeReynolds, B. F.............. 957 McReynolds, Frank........... 663 MeVean, Daniel C............ 747 McWilliams, R. A........ 810, 1266 Mears, Charley............... 126 AMeddler, Jacob............... 897 Meech, Charles............... 640 M eengs, D. R................. 228 Meeuwsen, Peter............. 813 9II11............V oqoj 'MeSoW Mehan, P. Vincent............ 637 Mehrtens, C. H...............1120 Meigs, Mrs. Arthur.......267, 1269 Melenbocker, H. W........812, 1120 Melis, Martin............... 965 M elville, J. C................ 228 M endels, D................... 1230 Menter, Rosenbloom & Co......1099 Merriam, Alexander R....1149,....................1269, 1291 Merrick, Benj. P............. 803 Merriman, David P..........1143 Merrifield, Fred..............1170 Merrifield, Preston........... 531 Merrill, Enos............... 1121 Merrill, Kate................1261 Merrill, Leonard A...... 9.5 Merrill, Robert W........655, 1167 M errill, S. M................1133, INDEX. xxxix Merritt, A. B................. 649 Merritt, Alberta............. 1261 Merritt, A. V................ 813 Meskle, Charles..............1191 Messer, William L............ 965 Messerschmidt, Adolf.........1191 Messmore, I. E.............. 904 Metcalf, Abram T........... 1294 Metcalf, Martin.............. 666 Metzger, C. B................ 460 Meulendyk, J................1223 Meulpolder, Peter............1218 Meyer, Carl F............... 641 Meyers, Frank J.............. 994 Meyers, J. K................ 228 Meysters, T.................1239 Meyering, R.................1228 Meyers, Wm. W............... 965 Michael, Nona...............1274 Michigan Barrel Co...........1101 Michigan Chair Co.............1071 Michigan Stove & Caster Co....1091 Middleton, Victor H............1293 M iles, F................... 812 Miles, Hopkins S.............. 668 Miles, Luke.................. 145 M ilis, M. R................... 266 Millaley, Dennis.............. 955 Millard, Estella..............1262 Millard, Helen...............1263 M ills, E. P.................. 911 Mills, Geo. M.... 83, 84, 97, 158,......... 161, 181, 517, 641. 720 Mills, H. R.................. 1004 Mills, Warren P....97, 181, 260,..486, 495, 647, 689, 895, 1118 Milne, Robert................ 965 Milnes, Alfred........1003-4, 1010 Milner, S. G..............236, 1194 M iller, A. P.................. 114. Miller, A. W................. 81 Miller, Emma.................1274 Miller, E. B.................. 813 Miller, E. M................. 150 Miller, F. C...........432, 807,.................809, 812, 1282 Miller, Frank N.............. 965 Miller, Gaylord B............. 207 Miller, Hobart B..........642, 643 Miller, James.....247, 256, 426,........................ 517, 988 Miller, John..................1188 Miller, Joseph............444, 525 Miller, J. T................ 1280 Miller, J. W.............813, 1135 iler, Lewis M.............. 09 Miller, Louise................268 Miller, Phin. K...........642. 643 Miller, Van N...............1137 Miller, William.............. 654 Miner, E. B..................1159 Mingane, Mary...............1273 Minogue, Michael M........... 965 Minogue, John............... 956 Minor, Don E.............803, 811 Minty, Robert H. G...........700-1 Miskiewicz, Joseph.........1256 Mitchell, A. J................1203 Mitchell, Adam S............. 642 Mitchell, Gaius L............. 965 Michell, George P.. 1...........1171 Mitchell, John L.............1294 Mitchell, Mrs. L. I...........1292 Mitchell, Orrin...............1126 Mitchell, William............ 965 Mitchell; William T...........1294 Mitchell, Webster W.......... 996 Mitts, C. A.................. 812 Mizner, John K............... 701 Mizner, Henry R............. 696 Moeller, Henry...............1245 Moere, Levi Vander......... 877 Moerdyke, Mamie............1274 Moerdyke, Peter...1208, 1209,..................... 1269, 1291 Moerdyk, William............1214 Moerman, Hendrik...........1227 M ohr, A.................... 1228 Mohr, D................... 1235 Mohrhard, John...............1117 Mohrhard, William...........1190 Mol, James.......... 884, 1027,...............1031, 1032, 1234 Molesta, Frank...............1165 Monett, Osbond..............1125 Monroe, Charles W............1167 Monroe, James............742, 981 Montgomery, Robert M.....745,.......................839, 987 Montgomery, J. R............. 228 Montgomery, R. M............ 449 Mooney, James............... 956 Moor, Daniel C............... 159 Moore, Charles.............. 830 Moore, Charles F............. 518 Moore, Dan.................. 1116 Moore, Effie..................1262 Moore, Ellen C...............1285 Moore, G. P................. 1154 Moore, R. B...............642, 813 Moore, Herman M.....239, 469,.....................963, 1293 Moore, Mrs. H. N......... 1285 Moore, Lovell.....97, 146, 175, 244, 247, 248, 249, 490, 491, 1197 Moore, J. W.................. 634 Moore, L........... 256, 260, 517 Moore, L. G................1125 xl INDEX. Moore, Margaret G............ 1296 Moore, Margaret T............ 645 Moore, Orlando H............ 697 Moore, Orlando H............. 695 Moore, Miss Thirza...........1199 Moore, Wm. D............... 671 Moors, A. P................. 1134 Moran, James L...........945, 947 Moran, John.................1117 Moran, J. P................ 812 Moran, Louis.....105, 180, 181, 1116 Morgan, Harrison............. 111 Morgan, Katherine Z.......... 967 Morgan, 0. T................ 967 Morgan, Henry...............1131 Morgan, James H............. 239 Morgan, John H............. 697 Moreley, E. A................ 1282 More, John E..... 500, 634, 803,................. 811, 946, 995 Morehouse, Mabel............1273 More, Susan A................ 959 Morley, Clara S................1285 Morley, W. K............... 812 Morman, Harry.............. 943 Morman, S. A........427, 428, 811 Morman, Wm.............. 97, 959 Morrall, Cora............ 1264 Morrill, H. N............... 810 Morrill, H. N.............447-449 Morresy, J............... 517 Morris, Robert W..........483, 646 Morris, Mrs. R.............. 472 M orris, S. T.................1152 M orris, T....................1174 Morrison, Ellen............... 660 Morrison, Fred J..........711, 876 Morrison, Mrs. J..............1264 Morrison, Jefferson.....98, 104, 151, 167, 199, 517, 676, 749, 1196 Morrison, Walter B........... 207 Morrison, Mrs. W. M..........1264 Morrissey, Jos................ 956 Morrissey, John.............. 956 Morse, A. B...............828, 998 Morse, Peter................ 877 Morse, Hazen H.............. 672 Morse, James H.......900, 901, 1197 Morse, R. F..................1292 Morton, Byron............... 518 Morton, Mrs. C.............. 1267 Morton, Constantine......427, 1265 Morton, C. M.................1152 Morton, George B.............1118 M orton, G. C................. 260 Morton, John D............... 434 Mortimer, George D. E........ 1201 Mosley, Alpha E.............. 965 Mosely, Charles.............. 188 Moseley, E. L.............. 940 Mosher, C. B..................1203 Mosher, Ines................. 1273 Mosher, Henry...............1161 Mosher, L. T)............... 646 Mosher, Ralph A.............. 713 Mosher, T. J................. 915 Moses, M....................1184 M oss, Fred................... 1172 Moulton, Mrs. Agnes R....... 1267 Moulton, Luther V.........838, 908 Mowat, Elizabeth.............1267 ' Mowat, John.............434, 811 ' Mueller, Fr....................1189 M ueller, J. F................. 812 Mueller, Slack Co.............1077 Muilenburg, T. W.............1221 Muir, James................. 843 Muir, John........884, 1027, 1032 Muir, J. D................810, 968 Muir, John D................. 812 Muir, William H.............. 813 Mulder, R....................1234 M ulder, W................... 1235 Mulford, P...................1127 Mulhern, James............. 228 Mullane, Daniel............1255 Mullett, John................ 82 Mulvey, John A..............1243 Mundy, Edward..........744, 841 Munson, Mrs. Lillian.........1311 Munson, J. Roy............... 1153 Muln:on, Wm. K...............1152 Munson Co.................. 1084 Murphy, Edward M.......... 996 M urray, D..................... 810 M urry, E. R................. 82 Murray, F. B............... 239 Murray, James............... 816 Murray, John.............425, 813 Murray, Lynan.............. 837 Murray, F. B................ 228 Mussehnan, Amos S....441, 443, 638, 805, 809, 811, 898, 1043,.................... 1163, 1282 M ussey, R. D................. 872 Muste, M.....................1218 Myers, 1). W................. 228 Myers, E. E.........990, 991, 1017 Nachtegale & Veit Co.........1066 Nagele, Jacob...............1121 Nash, H. W.................. 441 Nash, Homer W............... 267 Nash, Edward P:............. 83 Nash, H. S............. 922 Nash, Homer W...............1292 Nauta, D...................1220 Naysmith, Henry............. 1174 Nease, Charles............... 1143 INDEX. xli Neimeyer, John F.............1158 Nelles, John A................ 227 Nelson, Ezra T...182, 472, 517,.......688, 804, 959, 1048, 1197 Nelson, George C...97, 168, 182,....196, 260, 516, 670, 956, 1196 Nelson, George............... 464 Nelson, James M...97, 160, 161, 182, 239, 247, 259, 439, 441, 491, 497, 517, 999, 1048, 1199 Nelson, Mrs. J. M.............1264 Nelson, Mrs. J. C..............259 Nelson, John................. 1203 Nester, Thomas............... 267 Neuville, Cora................ 995 Nevius, Margaret............1158 Newberg, John..............1193 Newell, E. Burton........813, 1267 Newell, E. B.................. 239 New England Furniture Co....1067 Newcombe, George K........ 703 Newman, Ralph..............1138 Newnham, Richard L.748, 803, 811 Newport, Alice E............1263 Newton, Alice...............1273 Newton, A. D............... 1142 Newton, Dudley..............1127 Newton, Mrs. Helen..........1163 Nichols, A. H................1287 Nichols, George E.... 883, 884,...............1026, 1028, 1033 Nichols, Isaac................ 518 Nichols, Lillian...............1261 Nicholson, William..........1120 Niehof, T....................1235 Niemann, Flora...............1262 Nieuwenhuise, Cornelius....... 965 Nieuhardt, Carl.............. 913 Noble, Boardman.161, 247, 670, 1158 Noble, Emma P............... 661 Noble, F..1....................1 54 Noble, Gorra B...............1294 Noble, P................... 517 Noble, S. B................ 239 Noble, T F.................. 812 Noel, James H................ 711 Noonday, Chief........49, 50,................70, 71, 80, 170 Noom, Peter.................1152 Noran, Louis................. 53 Nordberg, Carl...............1192 Noordhoff, Nellie............. 126'3 Noordewier, Albert........... 223 Norlin, J. A................. 1193 Norris Lyman D.......435, 744,.................... 839, 1278 Norris, Mark......... 643, 644,...652, 654, 803, 810, 1278, 1279 Norris, Maria....... 200, 228, 1266 North, A. F..................1154 North, Daniel.............96, 490 Northrop, Henry M......... 1159 Northrop, Mrs. N. W.....1265, 1278 Northrup, William............ 228 Northwood, John.........999, 1003 Norton, Miss Anna...........1150 Norton, Anson N...28, 522, 707,................. 746, 884, 1045 Norton, Magilvray............1150 Norton, Myron H............. 959 Norton, Mrs. M..............1150 Noyes, Avery L.............. 652 Noyes, Charles J............ 826 Nuechterlein, J. G............1192 Nugent, Daniel.............. 957 Nyhoff, T....................1220 Nyp, T.......................1224 Nyren, C. A..................1194 Oakes, Charles........115, 134, 486 O'Brien, Katherine...........] 271 O'Brien, P. H............... 81& O'Brien, Thos. J....... 427, 431,......... 500, 652, 684, 802, 803 Ocker, Stephen H............. 1282 O'Connell, Timothy.......... 1243 'Connor, Wm................ 945 O 'Connor, Mazie............. 994 O'dcll, Ida M..................1264 O 'Donnell, Edward........... 981 O 'Donnell, James............. 83g O'Donnell, Thomas G......... 993 O'Donohue, Thomas.......... 525 O 'Donnell, William........... 697 Oesterle, Fredric...1138, 1139, 1191 O'Flynn, J................. 260 Ogden, John................. 642 Ogilby, Miss Blanche.........1165 O'Keefe, T. B................ 228 O'Leary, John............... 956 Olmstead, H. A.............. 1188 Olney, Charles E..........652, 664 Olney, E. C.............1151, 1154 Olree, Adrian............... 928 Olson, John............... 493 Olson, Constantine............1194 Olthuis, W............. 1233, 1235 Oltmans, F., Sr................1214 Oltmans, W.................1236 Olewine, Clifford R............ 965 Onderdonk, F. A.............. 812 Oriel Cabinet Co.............1061 Oosten, D. Van...............1234 Orcutt, Benjamin F......... 697 O'Rell, Max................. 878 Ormond, Wm............. 525, 945 Orton, Jesse F............803, 811 Osborn, Chase S............... 833 Osborne, Emily C..............1206 xlii INDEX. Osborne, H. R..... 97, 185, 1197,..................... 1206, 1207 Osborne, Wm................ 531 Osborne, N. H................ 71 Osborne, Wm. H............. 1207 Osburn, Charles Y.........997, 1003 Osgood, S. Eugene.........642, 643 Osgood, Sidney J...........985, 987 Ossewaarde, James........... 1224 Osterhout, Peter.............. 880 Osterhout, S. W............... 422 Osterle, R.................... 1138 Ostrander, William........... 1125 Otte, John.................... 447 Ott, J. Wm....................1190 Owen, Charles M.......... 803, 812 Owen, Mrs. Edwin......1265, 1267 Owen, George F.............. 646 Owen, Mrs. George F........ 646 Owen, L. F...............239, 240 Packer, E................... 1273 Paddock, B. E............... 1143 Page, Abel........ 97, 103, 181,............ 462, 463, 464, 486 Page, Cabel.................1126 Page, Fernando.............. 485 Page, H. P.................. 182 Page, Loren M.....97, 178, 259, 519 Pagelson, M. Louise.......... 239 Page, Wm. L................ 1148 Paige, L. E................. 987 Paine, C. S.................. 810 Paldi, Angelo................ 699 Palin, J. H................. 239 Pallis, John................. 248 Palma, D.................... 1234 Palmer, Lewis G......742, 833, 981 Palmer, Luke................1135 Palmer, Mrs. Oscar........... 1267 Palmer, S. Stewart........... 636 Palmer, Theodosia (Depuy).... 672 Palmer, Thomas W........... 872 Palmer, Walter A............ 672 Palmer, W. Millard...672, 810,..........883, 1155, 1245, 1279 Palmerlee, Heman........... 838 Paloski, Mary B............ 1264 Pangler, Adele M...........1261 Pannell, John............ 97, 180 Pantlind, A. V............... 1118 Pantlind, George E......... 044 Pantlind, J. Boyd.....434, 451, 653, 996, 1118, 1119, 1269,....................1270, 1272 Parish, A. S................. 810 Paris, A. W.................. 647 Parrish, Herbert.........908, 909 Parish, Isaac H......742, 748, 981 Parish, Jasper........... 150, 895 Parish, W. F...............1122 Parke, Maggie............... 1262 Parker, Burton.............. 832 Parker, Cora................. 1180 Parker, Joel C............239, 939 Parker, John.............742, 981 Parker, J. C................. 239 Parks, Charles P............. 897 Parks, Robert S....... 114, 191,................ 211, 896, 1194 Parkhurst, L. P.............. 228 Parkhurst, W. D............. 1125 Parmelee, H. P............... 812 Parmenter, L. C.............. 812 Parrot, R. P................. 53 Parry, T. W............. 516, 666 Parsons, Andrew............ 837 Parsons, D. W.......... 1111. Parsons, Mrs. M. M........... 646 Pasco, M. H................. 228 Patten, Charles H............ 702 Patten, H. C................. 517 Patten, Miss Jennie..........1292 Patten, L. E............522, 1298 Patton, C. H................. 670 Patton, Emma............... 1261 Patton, John....803, 828, 846, 926 Patton, John, Jr..........839, 879 Patton, Lyman E.........670, 918 Pattison, George W........... 899 Patterson, A. J.............. 228 Patterson, B. J.............. 956 Patterson, C. E............... 228 Patterson, Charles T..........1154 Paterson, D. D.............. 1187 Patterson, Hewitt M......... 965 Paterson, John..............1188 Patterson, Lucius........493, 689 Paul, James................. 524 Peabody, L. F............... 812 Peacock, George M........... 641 Peacock, Thomas H........... 943 Pearce, L. H............1134, 1282 Pearre, S. E.................1194 Pearsall, Jay A..............1320 Pearsall, Mrs. Mary A........ 646 Pearsall, S. M............466, 468 Pearson, W. L............... 994 Pease, L. W................. 228 Peaselee, Wm.........84, 158, 161 Ieasley, W m................. 266 peek, Mrs. Francis A.........1292 Peck, Fred N................ 904 Peck, John E.............434, 810 Peck, Preeling W........440, 746 Peck, H. N.................. 464 Peck, Lewis T...............1181 Peck, Orson.........171, 668, 895 INDEX. xliii Peck, Thomas M......427, 428,............439, 440, 444, 1158 Peirce, Frances E............ 1277 Peirce, George C..422, 440, 441, 994 Peirce, John W....97, 161, 175,..248, 491, 517, 667, 705, 1196 Peirce, Julia R.............. 705 Peirce, Peter R. L.... 255, 266,...421, 670, 746, 837, 919, 1201 Peirce, Mrs. P. R. L.........1268 Pelton, Aldridge............. 518 Pelton, Ata..............1262 Pelton, C. H.................1018 Pelton, Mrs. Chauncey........1265 Pelton, Edward L............ 752 Pemberton, Helen A..........1261 Penfield, Henry..............1130 Pengelly, R................. 1134 Penney, Joseph...499, 518, 841,.........1111, 1134, 1156, 1158 Penney, Mrs. Joseph.......... 269 Penny, Joseph, Jr............ 518 Penny, T. H................. 518 Penwarden, Wm. F.......207, 883 Peoples, James.............. 665 Peoples, Margaret........... 665 Peoples, Mary M............. 665 Perkins & Co................1090 Perkins, Charles F........809, 813 Perkins, Mrs. Charles H........1271 Perkins, Cyrus E..... 639, 749,................803, 809, 1279 Perkins, Mrs. Cyrus E........ 660 Perkins, Gains W......427, 449,.............639, 807, 811, 898 Perkins, George R....266, 884,..........925, 1027, 1031, 1294 Perkins, George W......1142, 1158 Perkins, Jr., G. W............. 811 Perkins, Sam'l G.............. 517 Perkins. Mrs. Cyrus E.........1271 Perkins, Willis B......672, 745,................ 803, 810, 1176 Perkins, S. F.......97, 160, 173, 516 Perrin, Miss H. E.............1292 Perry, John.................. 947 Perry, Laura S...............1139 Perschbocker, S.............. 1139 Peschman, J. F..........1138, 1141 Pechmann, Susie.............1261 Peterkin, W. G.............. 648 Peters, Gerrit E...............1200 Peters, J. D................... 228 Peters, R. G................... 445 FPetersen Brewing Co..........1085 P'erf, Ohas................ 502 Peterson, Ruben.............. 206 Petts, Louisa M............... 959 PAttibone, K. S.....486, 1125, 1126 Pettibone, Mrs. K. S..........1125 Pettiford, Louis..............1144 Phelps, Chas. A........434, 435, 947 Phelps, Isaac................. 443 Phelps, Mrs. Wm. A...........1265 Phelps, W. H.................1144 Philbrick, Chas. C.........666, 811 Philbrick, Henry H........... 192 Philbrick, Joel............... 192 Philips, E. C................. 884 Philips, Jas..................1145 Philips, Abraham............. 473 Phillips, Betsey.............. 473 Phillips, C. C................. 979 Phillips, E. C.............459, 473 Phillips, Eli C................1296 Phillips, Elias C.............. 645 Phillips, James............... 188 Phillips, John D.............. 457 Phillips, Mary............... 662 Phillips, Wm. L.............. 981 Philomena, Mary.............1275 Phippen, W. W............... 228 Phoenix Furniture Co.........1051 Pickering, Geo. R..........522-3-4 Pickering, T. F...............1119 Pickle, Geo. A................1117 Pieneman, J.................1239 Pienta, James...............1256 Pierce, Byron R...... 239, 693,........... 872, 997, 1003, 1120 Pierce, Canton............... 648 Pierro, Capt.................43, 46 Pierce, Eidwin S...440, 443, 444,................ 648, 685, 708 Peirce, Geo. C............... 687 Pierce, Geo. R.............522-3-4 Pierce, Harry H.............. 908 Pierce, Herbert M............1158 Pierce, John W....103, 245, 247,. 260, 427, 527..................260, 427, 527 Pierce Neva............ 1262 Pierce, Peter BR L....103 Pierson, G. E................. 868 Pike, Abraham W.....159, 161,..... 195, 196, 267, 475, 491, 517 Pike, Abram................ 55 Pike, Charles F.............. 449 Pike Julia...................1267 Pike, Lewis M................1126 Pilcher, E. H,............. 1126 Pilsbury, J. L.............. 500 Prlgrim, C. E.............1181 Pitndres, John H...............1298 Pingree Hazen S.......... 832, 837 tfingree, Hazen S.............10 Pimkney, Chas. A.............1144 Pioneer Wood Carving House..1068 xliv INDEX. Piper, Aline..................1264 Pitts, James L............... 526 Platt, Alonzo.....197, 201, 203,............517, 959, 1197, 1199 Platt, E. P................. 638 Platt, Doc. A................. 260 Platt, Henry................ 203 Pleune, Adrian................1227 Pleune, H.................... 1237 Pleune, M. C.................1214 Ploeg, L. Vander.............1234 Plowman, Mary..............1274 Plugge, Cornelius E..........876 Plumb, A. D................ 445 Plumb, W. K................ 812 Plumley, Frank..............826 Plumley, Orin.............1122 Pohl, A. J................... 956 Polk, Josiah F...............53 Poll, C.............. 1235 Pollard, Annie A....... 927 Pollard, Mrs. G. A..........1154' Pomeroy, Chas. H........645, 1296 Ponganus, Simon..1251, 1252, 1255 Pool, William................1220 Poole, Emory C...............1180 Popaskey, Joseph............. 228 Porter, Alonzo B......453, 711, 995 Porter, Benjamin P.......524, 1294 Porter, George B............. 817 Porter, John................. 838 Porter, J. C................ 634 Porter, Lewis....192, 440, 647,..............676, 742, 837, 981 Porter P. W............... 956 Porter, Seymour S........641, 689 Porter, Thomas............ 33 Porter, T. W.............. 524 Porter, W. D................ 516 Post, Jared L................1154 Post, John...............153, 1229 Post, Creyton J..............1154 Post, Hoyt G................ 884 Postina, D..................1231 Postema, S...............1235 Postma, S. S.................1229 Potter, Charles J.....742, 803, 982 Potter, Mrs. Cicero..........1264 Potter, Mrs. John... 126......12 64 Potter, Joseph S...96, 166, 247, 1116 Potts, R. D............... 79 Pourrot, F. X...............1241 Poulin, Napoleon N...........1242 Powell, Mrs. Adeline..... 661, 1311 Powell, Isaac P..........406, 1278 Powers, Benj................ 813 Powers, Bessie A............. 993 Powers, Elizabeth W......... 959 Powers, Geo. W...........641, 880 PoWers, Henry.1............. 1177 Powers, Isadora S............. 228 Power, John............. 742, 981 Powers, Jno. W........... 642, 803 Powers, William H.... 685, 805,.............. 838, 908, 945, 946. Powers, Wm. T....14, 266, 510, 517, 685, 804, 897, 1045, 1112, 1177 Pratt, Asa...................1121 Pratt Charles R..........742, 981 Pratt, Foster................. 644 Prendergast, R. J..........664, 811 Prentiss, Samuel............. 212 Prescott, Francis.....79, 486, 1165 Preston, C. L..............1137 Preston, E. P............... 674 Preston, J. T................. 803 Pretzel, Wm. J............... 956 Presidents of School Boards... 349 Pressburg, Henry S..... 813, 1183 Price, A. C...................1283 Prichett, E. K................ 811 Priestley, Forrest M...........1155 Prince, Arthur C.............. 697 Prince, Eric.............822, 1298 Principals of Schools......... 350 Prindle, C. W................ 838 Pritchard, Benj. D............ 701 Pritchard, Frederick.....202, 1272 Pritchard, F. N..............1271 Price, Thomas C.........956, 996 Proctor, A. H............. 516, 903 Proctor, tsenry B........ 747 Proctor, G. L.............. 1152 Proctor, J. B................ 466 Proper, Wm. R............. 711 Provin, L. S............. 1275, 1278 j t Provin, Mrs. L. S........1277, 1279, i ' Prozier, Ernest A............. 747 Puffer, W. M.................1142 Pugh, James A.............. 1048 Pulcher, James C.... 1241, 1252, 1253/ Pullman, Henry............. 113 Pulte, Frank E.......811, 996, 1278 Purdy, C. W...................1136 Pursel, Flora................. 662; Putman, Enos.......434, 452, 944 Putman, Mrs. Enos..660, 1264, 1267 Putman, Estelle..............1267 Putnam, Mrs. Alfred.......922, 935 Putnam, B. M................ 805 Putnam, E. C................. 517 Putnam, Helen R............ 944 Putnam, Lemuel.........427, 1177 Putnam, Mrs. L. D....656, 660,..................... 920, 921 Putnam, Mrs, L. D........... 1176. INDEX. xlv Pyle, Benjamin............... 228 Quackenbush, Myndert W.... 696 Quayle, C. M..................239 Quick, J. J.................. 956 Quiglky, H...................1241 Quigley, Isaac................1161 Quigley, J. H.................1163 Quigley, James Edward.......1245 Quigley, J. J................1163 Quigley, May G............... 927 Quigley, Wm. H.............. 967 Quimby, Mrs. Fidelia.........1150 Quimby, George I............. 827 Quintus, Jacob............864, 915 Quist, P......................1193 Racette, Edward.............1243 Radlicki, John...............1256 Rafter, Thomas..............1242 Raiguel, Wm. Edward.........654 Rainey, W. J................1164 Rainesy, Mrs. W...........1165 Raller, Louis A............... 202 Ramsey, Wm. H.............. 959 Ran, A. F.................... 267 Ranck, Samuel.......810, 927, 936 Rankin, C. E................. 228 Rankin, E. S................. 644 Randall, Herman J.........................642, 810, 943, 1167 Randall, Leonard H..............266, 267, 420, 440, 663, 804, 1294 Randall, Mrs. L. H........... 921 Randall, Paul.............915, 916 Ranney, G. H................ 681 Ranney, Joel.................1129 Ransom, Epaphroditus....744, 837 Ransom, James W............ 838 Rapp, C. N................... 460 Rasch, A. J................... 967 Rasch, Edward R............. 965 Rasmussen, Peter............ 965 Ratajczak, Chester A......... 996 Rathbone, Amos......161, 173,.........260, 421, 670, 675, 959 Rathbone Alfred D.... 118, 160, 248, 260, 307, 451, 809, 902,..................... 962, 1115 Rathbone, Gouverneur B.,.... 908 Rathbone, G. B.............260, 517 Rathbone, Justus H.......... 649 Rathbun, A. D................ 946 Rathbun, Charles........195, 1118 Rathbun, Charles P........... 748 Rathbun, Gouverneur B....... 173 Rathbun, Hiram..8......... 1118 Rathbun, T. H...............1117 Rathbun, Sebra..............1135 Rawson, Myron............. 241 Rawson, W. A........239, 241, 1265 Raymond, Cora S............ 676 Raymond, Fred. M............ 803 Read, L. C................. 228 Read, Maro. M............645, 1296 Reardon, James.............. 956 Recorders................... 268 Redmon, T. H................1113 Reed, Ezra.........96, 99, 166, 746 Reed, G..................... 266 Reed, J. H................... 228 Reed, Lewis...........96, 247, 745 Reed, N. A..................1166 Reed, Porter................. 96 Reed, Seth...................1128 Reeves, Andrew J............. 745 Reeves, Chas. S...........642, 646 Reeves, W m.................. 928 Reid, John.................. 1243 Reid, J. W..................1135 Reid, Louis.................. 247 Reid, Mary Ann..............1158 Reid, Thos. J.................1243 Reidsema, Dena..............1262 Reinders, J. H............... 813 Reinhart, H..................1216 Remick, Royal A.............1003 Remington, A. E.............. 813 'Remington, C. N............. 812: Remington, L. C..............1169 Renihan, Joseph............. 803 Rennick, Chas. A.........654, 997 Renwick, J. R................ 228 Renwick, T. J................ 472 Renwick, Wm. P............. 517 Reno, Margaret C.............1263 Renzema, H................ 1221 Retting & Sweet.............1074 Revell, Charles E............1187 Reynolds, Bryson............. 654 Reynolds, B. F............... 956 Reynolds, Florence E......... 928 Reynolds, George............1164 Reynolds, H. M.............. 647 Reynolds, Noah H............ 642 Reynolds, Reuben............1129 Reynolds, William H......... 641 Rhodes, Hiram............... 464 Rice, Ethel M................1264 Rice, Ever.................. 812 Rice, Frederick..........518, 1134 Rice, Jesse T...............1142 Rice, Judson E.......645, 1117, 1119 Rice, Nathaniel...........746, 985 Ridley, M....................1174 Rich, John S.....828, 837, 879, 1003 Richards, Mrs. Alfred........1266 Richard, Gabriel..........81, 1240 xlvi INDEX. Richards, A. F............228, 239 Richards, E. A.............. 967 Richards, G. A............... 812 Richards, Ida............... 1273 Richards, John K............ 981 Richards, Ransom R..........1126 Richards, Theo. F.......1043, 1049 Richardson, Qeo. F........836, 839 Richardson, W. D............. 990 Richardson, W. F........1195, 1291 Richmond, A. B............... 812 Richmond, F................. 260 Richmond, L. B.............. 711 Richmond, Wm. A..97, 119, 160, 266, 306, 491, 516, 690, 820, 1196 Richens, Mrs. Paul...........1266 Rickenbaugh, Ralph..........1267 Rickenbaugh, Rosalie.........1267 Richmann, F. W.............1192 Richter, Joseph Henry....868, 1242 Richter, H. J....... 1242, 1243,...............1245, 1246, 1249 Richter, Minnie..............1262 Richter, Valentine...........1122 Riechel, Henry............... 812 Riecke, J. W.....200, 228, 643, 1266 Riechel, Emil................ 967 Ries, Judson E..............1296 Rietberg, Albert D............ 993 Rietberg, G...................1235 Rievers, P................1241 Riewold, J..................1221 Riley, C. A..................1155 Riley, W. A........... 994 Rindge, Alfred............... 917 Rindge, Lester J.. 427, 444, 684,............ 810, 947, 996, 1264 Rink, H....................1220 Rinker, A. A................. 813 Ringold, Jno................. 813 Ringuette, John............97,173 Ringuette, Maxime.........97, 173 Riordan, Edmund J........... 965 Ripley, Mary A............... 656 Risedorph, H. B............... 813 Riseley, Frank...............1119 Risendorph, Jno. A........... 965 Riser, K. S................. 812 Ritsema, J...................1225 Ritzema, H............1.......225 Roach, Samuel J............. 965 Robbins, Andrew............. 96 Robbins, B. C................1137 Robbins, Jno. W......517, 895, 1121 Robarge, Basil............. 84 Robe, J. T....................1134 Roberts, Adda E.............1263 Roberts, Amos.... 151, 175, 246, 256, 260, 499, 516, 642, 1147,................... 1197, 1207 Roberts, Edward.............1134 Roberts, Horace S............ 693 Roberts, Mrs. Helen........... 527 Roberts, John E............. 1177 Roberts, Joshua.............1168 Roberts, M. E....200, 228, 812, 1266 Roberts, Nathaniel P.......... 96 Roberts, Thomas. R..........1155 Roberts, Richard............. 525 Roberts, Peter............... 492 Roberts, William D........................ 259, 421, 647, 9150 Robertson, Eugene P......... 1294 Robertson, David............ 471 Robertson, F. Dunbar.201, 228, 1267 Robertson, H. G.............. 643 Robertson, Wellington C..... 752 Robinson, Chas. S............1293 Robinson, Edward.118, 131, 133, 171 Robinson, Esther.............1287 Robinson, F. S.............. 813 Robinson, Geo. A........... 97, 260 Robinson, Henry A........... 876 Robinson, Henry W......... 826 Robinson, James D...................443, 445, 519, 711, 918 Robinson, Jno. B............. 644 Robinson, John C............. 691 Robinson, J. G............643, 644 Robinson, John R............ 874 Robinson, J. W......1131, 1134, 1135 Robinson, Lewis..........115, 133 Robinson, Lucas.............. 134 Robinson, Nelson............ 747 Robinson, Rix...47, 53, 73, 100, 133, 134, 138, 244, 247, 414,....720, 745, 822, 837, 874, 888 Robinson, Rodney............ 134 Robinson, Wm. A............. 749 Robinson, Wm. M.......1277, 1278 Robinson, Wm. G....451, 1018,.................... 1144, 1253 Robson, eo................. 967 Roche, C. J...................1242 Rock, T. S.................... 517 Rockwell, Eva...............1274 Rodman, L.................1184 Rodman, Nathan.............1183 Rodenhuis, G................1231 Roelofs, Geo. E.............. 813 Roesink, A. J...............1223 Rogers, C. L.................1143 Rodgers, Frank A........ 641,.................. 6 4 2, 7 4 5, 8 1 0 Rogers, Frederick 0...... 742, 981 Rogers, G. L................... 256 INDEX. xlvii Rogers, Harry E.......... 642, 646 Rogers, Jacob................ 176 Rogers, John R.......201, 202,................ 228, 1267, 1272 Rogers, Justus C...........96, 912 Rogers, IDester A.............. 239 Rogers, Mayme H.............. 1263 Roller, L. A..... 201, 228, 1267, 1272 Rood, Chas. C............ 247, 683 Rood, C. F............ 639, 666, 811 Rooks, A. J................. 1238 Rooks, G. J................. 1235 Rooks, J. J.................. 228 Rookus, J...........1167, 1173, 1174 Rooney, James A.............1254 Roosevelt, Theodore.......... 829 Root, A. A................... 916 Rork, William...............1131 Rorke, W. R.................. 239 Rose, A. J.................. 946 Rose, Mrs. A. J.............. 660 Rose, C. H....... 239, 240, 640,............ 712, 713, 1158, 1162 Rose, David S............... 830 Rose, Ernest A.............. 980 Rose, E. 0................... 913 Rose, Henrietta.............. 671 Rose, J............ 1:22 Rose, Harvey K.......101, 160, 240, 260, 517, 647, 746, 896, 897 Rose, Henry M....... 827, 882,.................. 908, 909, lt 1 Rose, Thomas....2........... 240 Rosenberg, Ida L............. 927 Roseman, N................. 1184 Rosenthal, J. W.........1275, 1278 Rosenthal, Mrs. J. W..........1': Ross, R. H..................1137 Ross, C. L................... 4 5 Ross, J. H....................1134 Ross, W. H.................. 228 Rouse, G. W..............811, 6(G6 Roxheimer, Francis.......... 267 Royal Furniture Co...........1068 Roys, Myron...........30, 96, 2 4 Rozema, S. L................. 228 Rowan, Fred................ 1164 Rowe, William............... 46;7 Rowe, Wm. N...........1168, 1282 Rowe, Wm. S................. 6 12 Rowland, E. J................1274 Rowland, L. P................1282 Rowland, Mrs. L. P.......660, 1290 Rowlson, R. C................ 813 Rowson, John.........641, 643,................. 644, 646, 1296 Rowson, Florence M.......... 994 Ruby, Mrs. George........... 5`2 i Ruffe, A. L.................. 228 Ruhlman, Burton A........... 994 Ruhlman, Mrs. Mary C........1152 Rumsey, James A..... 97, 183, 486 Rumstrom, Jos................ 956 Rutherford, Frances A. 200, 201,.... 221, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1279 Rutherford, Mrs. Frances A... 228 Rutherford, Harriet......... 944 Rutherford, L. G.............. 1003 Rutka, J. J................. 810 Rusche, Joseph P............ 492 Rush, H.................... 79 Russell, Aaron B.......84, 247, 746 Russell, Alfred.............. 722 Russell, A. J................. 1142 Russell, Francis T.............1203 Russell, H. C.............228, 837 Russell, Huntley..447, 654, 811, 837 Russell, Mrs. Huntley........1271 Russell, Moses H............ 1126 Russell, W. J................ 1195 Russell, Wm. A.............. 749 Ruster, J................... 1231 Ryerson, Martin A..96, 119, 803, 925, 926, 928, 932, 933, 956,..................... 994, 1230 Salisbury, Annis............. 676 Salisbury, Lant K.....830, 882, 884, 885, 1021, 1024, 1025,............... 1026, 1032 Salisbury, Joseph C........... 994 Salmon, Archibald....97, 183, 1044 Sanderson, Margaret......... 1261 Sandy, John A............... 956 Sanford, Geo. P.............. 1003 Sanford, I. Ransom.......... 913 Sanford, Samuel R.......161, 746 Sanford, Mrs. S. R........... 1129 Sanson, John G............. 1242 Sapp, Resin............ 1130, 1132 'Sargeant, B. F.............. 1154 Sargeant, Edward E..159, 160,............. 307, 516, 720, 745 Sargent, J. T................ 518 Sargent, H. E...........811, 942-3 Sargeant, Mayme E......... 1263 Sargeant, N. 0..... 96, 107, 170,......................177, 887 Sargeant, Thos....97, 177, 247, 518 Sargeant, Winthrop.......... 818 Saunders, Charles H.......... 945 Saunders, E. C..... 1121 Saunders) Fred........... 1122 Saunders, Henry G........208, 637 Saunders, W. G............. 1142 Savage, E. J................ 812 Saynor, H. B.................1120 xlviii INDEX. Savage, John R.........1134, 1151 Sawyer, Alfred I.............1294 Sawthel, I. T.............. 517 Scales, Robert............... 171 Schafer, Andrew F........... 980 Schaafsma, H...............1229 Schermerhorn, Henry 0...882, 1287 Schermerhorn, Mary.........1262 Scheneman, Emil............ 956 Schill, Ernest............... 957 Schipper, Egbert.............1222 Schlichtig, H................ 813 Schmidt, A.................. 1190 Schmidt, Anna.............. 928 Schmidt, Walter K........712, 967 Schmitt, John A...1242, 1243, 1279 Schneider, H............812, 1189 Schneider, John.............. 1191 Schoenmaker, G............. 909 School Board................ 316 Schoolcraft, Henry..... 53 School Years.... 341, 342, 343,....344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349 Schoolland, K...............1238 School and Office Furniture....1051 Schoonbeek, Benjamin A...... 965 Schoonfield, Mrs. John........1292 Schouten, Roelof A............ 208 Schouten, John H.......... 714 Schouten, R. F............... 228 Schorenstein, R. M.......... 813 Schram, Addie...............1262 Schram, Dennis.............. 909 Schram, Mrs. D.............1266 Schravesande, P. B.......... 813 Schreiner, Lanrentius....... 1248 Schreiber, F. R............1190 Schrikkema, B.............. 1230 Schriver, Adrian...884, 1027, 1033 Schriver, James..... 752, 996, 1152 Schroeder, Albert............1191 Schroeder, G. C.............. 813 Schull, Hilda............. 1274 Schultz, Frank.............. 1122 Schultz, Walter S............. 928 Schuman, T. H..............1139 Schuknecht, H............... 1188 Schuknecht, J. J.............1189 Schurtz, Perry...202, 220, 228, 1272 Schuster, Charles............. 749 Schuurmans, H. P.............1223 Schuyler, M................1198 Schwender, Anna............1273 Schwick, Joseph............. 1248 Schweizer, Miss Clara.........1306 Scofield, L. M................1156 Scott, A. A................. 811 Scott, Fred................. 714 Scott, James..............458,. 1045 Scott, James H............... 192 Scott, James P............... 642 Scott, John.................. 188 Scott, Levi.................. 1131 Scranton, Leonidas S..522, 708,...................... 746, 847 Scribner, D. C................ 812 Scribner, N. B................ 641 Scribner, W. R...............1205 Scribner, James....83-84, 86, 97,...... 119, 177, 486, 490-491, 845 Seaborne, F. A...............1126 Sears, John.................47-48 Sears, Samuel...........434, 452 Sears, Stephen A......127, 441, 947 Sears, Wm........... 267, 439, 451 Seeley, G. 0................. 228 Seens, Jno. W................ 994 Secret Socicties.............. 640 Secretaries School Board.....349-50 Sehler, John.............811, 1191 Sekell, A. C.................. 502 Selleck, J. B................1137 Sellers, L. McKnight.......... 838 Semple, A. M................ 665 Sessions, Clarence W.......... 644 Sessions, Frank R............ 928 Sevensma, B.................1230 Sevensma, S. B...............1229 Sevcrens, Henry F............ 981 Severns, Henry F............. 742 Sexton, Bennett N............ 912 Sexton, Clark C..........904, 907 Seybold, Wm............... 965 Seymour, David.............. 161 Seymour, G. H.............. 812 Seymour, Henry..191, 260, 473,............... 837, 838, 1158. Seymour, Jeannette H......... 672 Seymour, John A......441, 641-642. Shaeffer, Howard S...........1181 Shanahan, Maurice....449, 994,.................... 1277, 1278 Shanahan, Robert E....447, 809, 811 Shank, Rush J..............1003 Sharp, Arthur C.............. 680 Sharp, William H.............. 680 Sharrow, C. D................. $11 Shattuck, C. L............... 964 Shaw, Hattie................ 1262 Shaw, James.................1129 Shaw, Jno. L..............511, 685 Shaw, Leslie M............... 831 Shaw, S. B................. 1137 Shaw, S. P...................1126 Shear, Charles B.............1155 Shearer, H. A............. 1151 Shedd, D. B.................. 443 Shedd, Ira............ 231-. < I. I l INDEX. xlix Sheehan, John J..............1243 Shelby, Mrs. Wm. R..........1271 Shelby, Wm. R..652, 807, 809-................. 810, 1203 Sheldon, George.............1146 Shellman, A. J............... 812 Shelton, Wm................. 517 Shepard, Charles..96, 160, 197, 208, 245, 266, 434, 497, 517, 938, 989, 1185, 1196-1197, 1264. Shepard, Frank............... 486 Shepard, John H........... 428 Shepard, Lucinda.............1259 Shepard, S................... 255 Sheppard, Wm. C....809, 811, 1282 Sheppard, Mrs. W. C..........1265 Sherda, J.................... 1233 Sheridan, Philip H........700, 872 Sherman, G. A..........1138, 1164 Sherman, John............... 826 Shcrman, E. H................ 240 Sherman, Ruby.............. 881 Sherman, S. W........445-446, 812 Sherwood, A. Harry........... 654 Sherwood, T. C............. 443-4 Shields, Horace..............1158 Shields, Mrs. John J.:........1272 Shields, Michael.........530, 897 Shinkman, W. H.............. 446 Shirts, Mrs. J. D. M.811. 1265, 1282 Shobey, John................ 956 Shoemaker, C................1172 Shoemaker, De Witt...260, 746,............. 838, 896-897, 1118 Shoemaker, Michael..........1294 Shoemaker, Robert I..267, 499,...............517, 1126, 1185 Shooks, R...................1221 Short, James..............97, 894 Short, Uriah M........ 959 Shotwell, Walter S............ 237 Shriver, Fannie.............. 898 Shriver, Frederick............ 708 Shrouder, Jacob.............. 711 Shuler, Louise...............1274 Sias, Nelle I........... 1263, 1265 Sibley, Aaron............... 96 Sibley, Solomon.............. 47 Sibley, Sylvester............ 96 Sibley, Willard..85-86, 96, 894-895 Sibley, William.............. 192 Siborg, H................ 1234 Siegel, Joseph.............. 812 Sietsema, John..............1222 Sigler, Ernest J.............. 965 Sigler, Huston R.............. 228 Sigler, Isaac.............267, 947 Signor, Willis E............... 965 Silsbee, Benj. H.............. 83 Silsby, H. C................. 525 -Silvins, Leendert.......1216, 1228 Silvins, Nicholas.......1229, 1298 Simonds, Mrs. F. A...........1176 Simonds, John...............1129 Simcoe, John Graves.......... 816 Simm, Mary L..........1262, 1265 Simmons, J. P................ 1145 Simpson, Jno. S.............. 974 Sinclair, A.................. 995 Sinclair, Audie B.............. 928 Sinclair, Coll................ 237 Sinclair, Daniel.............. 877 Sinclair, D. S. 200, 228, 237, 652, 1266 Sinclair, David............... 752 Sinclair, F................ 308 Sinclair, Geo. F........652-653, 811 Sinclair, G. W................ 812 Sinclair, Malcom C...228, 230,.......237, 809, 812, 1266, 1282 Sinclair, Mrs. M. C............ 1265 Sinclair, Robert P.440, 696, 749, 979 Sinclair, Thompson.... 161, 497, 979 Singer, Chas. G............... 965 Singer, Hannah..............1261 Sinke, J.....................1238 Sizer, Geo.................. 68, 99 Sizor, Rowland W............ 749 Skeels, F. E................. 987 Skillman, L. L..........813, 1282 Skinner, Adolphus L.......... 746 Skory, C.....................1252 Slaght, Ama B................ 979 Slaght, A. T.............432, 1282 Slaght, Mrs. Arthur T........1267 Slater, Brainard.............. 79 Slater, D. D.................. 813 Slater, Francis I.............. 79 Slater, G. L.................. 79 Slater, Henry................ 956 Slater, Leander.............. 244 Slater, Leonard.... 53, 78-79-80,...................... 96-97, 99 Slater, Samuel................ 956 Slayton, Thomas J............ 838 Slee, W. W...................1144.. Sligh, Charles R..443, 805, 807,.......... 809-810-811, 831, 880. o Sligh Furniture Co............1063 e Sligh, James W......517, 641, 643^ I Sliter, James............... 96 Slig~k,J. W.................. 517 Sliter, Joel.................. 96 Sliver, Cornelius........ 1307, 1310 Sloan, D. D................... 260 Slocum, Clark E...........884, 1033 Slocum, Clark S.............. 648 Slocum, Elmer E.............. 965 1 INDEX. Slocum, Frank E.............1027 Slocum,. M................. 914 Slocum, H. W................ 472 Slopsema, H..................1230. Smallidge, E. P...............1170 Smedley, Chas. 0...........803, 811 Smidt, W. R............ 1233 Smiley, M. J............... 722 Smit K....................1238 Smith, A. Hosford..62, 96, 118, 170, 247, 260, 415, 517, 896,....................1146, 1197 Smith, Albert...........1141, 1143 Smith, Benjamin.....647, 746, 1118 Smith, B. Walker............. 170 Smith, Canton..... 97, 158, 179, 246-247, 259, 497-498, 516,................... 1116, 1231 Smith, Chas. B......904, 1151, 1166 Smith, Mrs. Charles..........1144 Smith, C. W................. 1163 Smith, Connor H.............. 746 Smith, Courtney.......1156, 1158 Smith, Eben................. 443 Smith, Eben, Jr......647, 823, 919 Smith, E. B................. 516 Smith, Ed. E................. 909 Smith, Edson H...........809, 812 Smith, Eldon................. 994 Smith, Elizabeth.............1180 Smith, Fred H......653, 906, 1261 Smith, George................ 458 Smith, G. D.................1174 Smith, Geo. N................1185 Smith, Geo. Wickwire......907, 937 Smith, Miss Gertrude.... 1307, 1310 Smith, Harold A.............. 713 Smith, Henry....459, 647, 812, 1136 Smith, Mrs. H...............1154 Smith, Henry C..97, 156, 160, 173, 265-266, 305-306, 415,............... 820, 830, 838 Smith H. P............... 440 Smith, Henry S..266, 660, 825,..................908, 990 Smith, Israel C..449, 703, 710, 711, 881, 945-946-947, 979,................1003, 1117-1 118 Smith, I. W................. 1174 Smith, James A..........518, 1117 Smith, J. M......... 97, 516, 1163 Smith, J. Morgan.....11481149,.........1150, 1197, 1280, 1290 Smith, Mrs. J. Morgan........ 660 Smith, John............. 25 Smith, Jno. R................ 749 Smith, Jesse................ 4 Smith, J. E...............1154 Smith, J. G..............1162 Smith, J. Lyman............. 260 Smith, L. G................ 956 Smith, Mrs. Libbie............1292 Smith, Mabel R...............1263 Smith, Mary A...........1.. 114 Smith, Mrs. Mary C.......... 228 Smith, Obid................ 260 Smith, Otis.................. 1137 Smith, Plinney.............. 518 Smith, P. K................1121 Smith, Reuben H.465, 647, 746, 1162 Smith, Richard R.202, 228, 1271-1272 Smith, Robert H.............. 896 Smith, Sarah M............... 1158 Smith, S. B..............472, 1143 Smith, Sidney............260, 747 Smith, Simeon P.............. 170 Smith, St. Clair E............1155 Smith, Stoddard.............. 204 Smith, Susan.................1145 Smith, Thomas..........683, 1236 Smith, Thomas G..............1162 Smith, Wilbur W.............1141 Smith, William Alden..444, 452, 803, 807, 809, 828, 830-831, 837, 839-840, 879, 909, 1174,......................... 1278 Smith, Mrs. Wmn. A............1265 Smith, William B............ 1114 Smith, W. P................. 1144 Smith, W. W..................1171 Smits, Jacob A................ 995 Smitter, E. J.......... 1237, 1274 Snashall, Carlton H............1171 Snashall, J.................1171 Snatecki, lPrank.............1256 Snelling, J. W............... 1222 Snitseler, John.............. 077 Snively, Abram..............1044 Snook, William............... 517 Snowden, Wm. H.............1145 Snyder, Charles..............1139 Snyder, George............... 646 Snyder, H. P................ 240 Snyder, L........260, 267, 516, 146 Snyder, Robert.............. 996 Sokup, P. J.............. 812 Sokup, Frank J (Mrs.)........ 646 Sollan, Winifred............1261 Solomon, G. W............,1145 Sonke, John...............964-965 Sorber, Martinus A.......... 1218 Sorrick, Marsh H.....267, 449,.................... 1279, 1282 Sowerby, Thomas....... 996 Spaeth, Frederick............ 866 Spanagel, Theodore A......985-56 Sparlin, M.................. 517 Spaulding, David C...........1294 Kw -vU + 1!1!1 INDEX. 1I Spaulding, Erastus........... 959 Spaulding, 0. L...............1294 Speir, Robert Y............. 654 Spence, E. A..................1282 Spencer, Henry F.............1132 Spencer, Ralph H..202, 222, 228,.....................811, 1272 Spinner, Anna H.............. 928 Spooner, J. W................. 811 Sporrong, A. G.............. 1194 Spoonstra, Eike..............1219 Spraker, Frank E......642-643, 711 Spraker, Jeannette............ 646 Sprague, Ebenezer............1294 Sprague, Leslie W.......1175, 1178 Sprague, Mrs. Wm............1152 Sprague, Walter.............. 82 Sprague, J. A................. 1135 Sprague, L. W................1003 Spring, B. A........... 813 Spring, Catherine............ 675 Spring, Geo. W.............. 956 Spring, Henry... 440, 653, 670, 675-676, 685, 805, 811, 908,.................... 1174, 1278 Spring, Mrs. Henry........... 1290 Spring, Jared S.............. 675-6 Spring, Willard S............. 676 Springer, Wm................ 828 Sproat, D..................1206 Sproat, J. Clark.884, 905, 1030, 1033 Sproat, Wm. J....905, 909-910, 916 Spruit, C.................... 1216 Squier, John W..159, 191, 260, Squire, E. G.......... 181, 666, 813...............517, 1112, 1121 Sriver, A. P............... 1181 Staberg, F. A.................1194 Stace, Francis A.............. 803 Stack, Jno. H............. 518 Stack, Richard A............ 267 Standish, John H.............. 981 Stadt, T..................... 1220 Stadt, Henr................ 967 Stair, Orin................... 1115 Stander, Geo. H..........1162-1163 Stander, Jacob.............. 965 Standish, John H............. 742 Stanford, Joseph.........647, 669 Stanley, Henry M............ 878 Stanley, J. M.........444, 516-517 Stanton, Edwin M......... 213, 220 Stanton, Henry T.........664, 810 Stanton, W. F............... 813 Stap, H....................1233 Staples, Allen............. 1126 Stark, Geo. P.............837-838 Starr, F. D...................1125 Starr, Ruell.................. 71 Stauffer, Bertha..............1274 St. Clair, Alanson............. 822 St. Clair, Arthur.............. 816 St. Clair, General........... 44 Stearns, Justin S...........434, 832 Stebbins, Andrew J........... 747 Stebbins, Chas. D..266-267, 445,......................646, 747 Steckle, Simon F...........955-956 Steed, Wm. H............ 955-956' Steele, Sidney.......... 1120, 1134 Steele, W.................. 445 Steketee, Albert G............ 678 Steketee, Alonzo............. 712 Steketee, D. C...........812, 1282 Steketee, Geo. E.............. 678 Steketee, Geo. G..266, 641, 643,......................677, 839 Steketee, Jacob............. 803 Steketee, John G.........678, 967 Steketee, John............... 979 Steketee, Leander W......... 678 Steketee, Mary L............. 678 Steketee, Paul....267, 433-434, 677 Steketee, Reka P............. 678 Stein, Charles...............1191 Stein, Ed H.................. 926 Steinman, Elizabeth..924, 927, 936 Stelma, J................... 1229 Stephenson, Andrew A......... 994 Sterling, Miss Ina............1306 Sterling, Richard.........247, 516 Stevens, Ambrose A....693, 696, 904 Stevens, Elisha A............. 528 Stevens, Elisha 0.............. 519 Stevens, Harry R............. 1137 Stevens, J.................. 1235 Stevens, Noah............... 267 Stevens, R. Humphrey.201, 999, 1278 Stevens, Sidney F....441, 666, 805, 807, 809-810, 812, 947, 957 Stevens, Wilder D....422, 652, 666 Stevens, Wilmot E............1154 Stevens, W. S.................. 752 Stevenson, A. E.............. 830 Stevenson, George........... 517 Stevenson, J. R............... 228 Stevenson, L. J............... 810 Steward, A. F................ 956 Steward, J................... 642 Steward, S................... 642 Stewart, Earle R.........711, 803 Stewart, Harry C.............. 267 Stewart, John R......443, 746, 960 Stewart, Simeon S.........97, 193 Stewart, T.................. 441 Stewart, Wm. H....516, 822, 1122 Stewart, W. J..........1203, 1279 Stickley Bros. Co.............1070 lii INDEX. Stickley, Mrs. Albert.........1271 Stickncy, Geo................ 898 Stiller, Anton...............1251 Stiles, E. W.................. 811 Stinson, Washington L........ 945 Stockbridge, Francis B....... 839 Stocking, Billius....85, 97, 178,............ 246, 249, 486, 1206 Stocking, Daniel C............1206 Stocking, Henry S............1207 Stocking, Mary..............1206 Stocking, Thomas............1127 Stoddard, Rollin W............ 994 Stoddard, Win............306, 894 Stoke, Edwin................1136 Stokoe, Earl................ 1136 Stokreef, H. J................1223 Stolz, C...................... 1139 Stone, Abbie................. 1274 Stone, Ernest A............... 910 Stone, Helene..............1309 Stone, Henry G...97, 150, 183-...... 184, 518, 1126, 1134, 1298 Stone, Henry N............... 642 Stone, H. N. (Mrs.)........... 646 Stone,.John W.........742, 839, 981 Stone, Mr. L. L. T.........655, 920 Stone, Mehetable.............1125 Stone, Mrs. N. A.............1291 Stone, W alter................ 813 Stonehouse, Reyner..884, 1027, 1033 Stoneman, A. H.............1153 Storrey, Nettie..............1144 Storrs, Percy........... 713 Stout, Andrew ). W......... 96 Stover, Ed................ 525 Stow, Lathrop C..266, 807, 809,...............810, 1194, 1282 Stow, I.................... 1194 Stow & I)avis Furniture Co....1066 Stowe, Ernest A.. 449, 807, 810,.............. 812, 9)7., 916 Stowe, W. A.............. 42, 812 Strahan, Ertma........... 1285 Strahan, Margaret (Windlrum). 679 Strahan, rhonas, Sr........... 679 Strahan, Thos. W.445, 641, 646,........ 674, 679, 805, 812, 1278 Strahan, Mrs. Thos. W....646,........... 1271, 1277, 1285 Stratton, Caroline. 1.........1264 Stratton, Mary............ 1271 Stratton, W. D...............1181 Strawhecker, ('. IF............ 813 Strelg, Cora................. 1262 Streng, Marie................1144 Street Comm issioners......... 282 Striker, Albl rt.............. 1218 Striker, I)aniel.............. 1294 Stroh, C. B..................1189 Strong, J..................:. 260 Strong, N. E................. 812 Strong, Prof............... 15 Stryker, Albert.............. 994 Stryker, Cornelius.......968, 1219 Stuart, Chas. E........695, 822-82, Stuart, Geo. M.............. 1205 Stuart, L. B............ 1298 Stuart, Lewis G............908-909 Stuart, William J......266, 449, 638-639, 745, 748, 803, 809-.................810, 873, 996 Stuart, W.................. 801 Studley, Elbridge G..422, 639,....674, 809-810-811, 1278, 1282 Studley, Wilbur A...240, 813, 1167 Sturdevant, C. M..............1273 Sturgis, Warren.............. 956 Sturgis, A. H.................1143 Stuyter, J................. 1228 Svevad, Hans C.............. 965 Swain, Chas................ 862 Swan, Eugenia............. 646 Swarthout, Elvin..803, 809, 811,.......................... 995 Swartout, Richard D... 643-644-............645, 655, 675, 1292 Swarts, Edward.............. 458 Sweet, Mrs. Cora H............1285 Sweet, Edwin F..266, 803, 809,....885, 932, 993, 995-996, 1120 Sulecba, T. S................. 228 Sullivan, Henry..........684, 810 Sullivan, Josephine M.........1263 Sullivan, Simon.............. 995 Sumner, J. H................. 703 Summerfield, James..........1129 Sunderland, J. T..............1177 Supervisors......... 277-78-79-80-81 Surprenant, Gideon....161, 517,.....................670, 1116 Surveyors and Engineers...... 268 Sutherland, Mary............1274 Sutherland, Wm. B............1159 Suttle, John................472-3 Sweet, Mrs. Edwin F......... 655 Sweet, Martin L..421, 425, 853,.....................962, 1119 Sweet, Martin L......... 266, 440 Sweet, S. H.................. '909 Swensberg, C. G..405-406, 908-...................... 909, 921 Swenberg, Conrad S.......... 839 Swensberg, C. D.............. 444 Swetland, W............... 653 Swift, Fannie...............1261 Swithwick, C. N..............1119 Switzer, A. M............... 228 INDEX. liii Sysmerda, John..............1172 Taft, Harvey C...........642-643 Taft, R. F............... 1292 Taft, Wmn. H........... 981 Taggart, Edwin.............. 803 Taggart, Ganson..........802-803 Taggart, Moses...447, 749, 803,........... 811, 993, 1264 Taggart, Mrs. Moses..........1265 Talford, W. D............ 444, 804 Talmage, De Witt............. 878 Tanner, C................... 1203 Tanner, T. I..................1203 Tarbox, Myron W.........908, 914 Tapley, Obed................ 1137 Tate, Walter T............... 928 Tatem, J. H................. 803 Tatroe, Wm............ 955, 956 Tateum, William Aldrich..827,.................. 838-839, 879 Taylor, A. B.................. 1298 Taylor, Andrew B............1208 Taylor, Charles C.............1199 Taylor, Chas. H...97, 118, 124, 160-161, 176, 248, 250, 252, 307, 493, 517, 519, 647, 668, 746, 901, 919. Taylor, C. I..................1155 Taylor, Charles W.260, 519, 524, 1122 Taylor, Edward B...1002, 1004, 1015 Taylor, Mrs. E. K. G.........1292 Taylor, H. A..882, 1023-24-25-.....................26, 1032 Taylor, Herbert............. 1144 Taylor, John H............... 711 Taylor, Joseph R............. 654 Taylor, J. Rice..... 917, 1205, 1291 Taylor, Tanner.............. 152 Taylor, Wm. H.............. 838 Taylor, Zachary.............. 841 Telder, Peter................ 993 Teller, Benj............... 517 Tellinga, Charles............1285 Temple, C. E................. 812 Temple, C. M................1156 Temple, Fred C............... 803 Temple, F. W............240, 812 Templeton, Mrs. J...........1140 Ten Brouek, H. W. L......... 813 Tengwald, V................ 1193 Ten Haat, J. W..............1233 Ten Hoor, F. M........234, 1238 Terhune, Kate..............1158 Terhune. John...............1158 Terhune, John, Jr............ 683 Terry, Henry D............... 694 Te Winkel, J. W..............1223 Thayer, Lucius A............. 497 Thayre, Geo. W....266, 633, 887, 991 Thelen, Theresa..............1263 The Luce Furniture Co........1058 Thecla, Mary................1247 Thiele, M. P................ 813 Thistle, M...................1205 Thomas, Joel............... 84 Thomas, J. H.................1282 Thomas, Wm. B...........742, 981 Thomas, Wm. J...........746, 813 Thomasma, Miss Grace.......1214 Thomasma, Th...........1220, 1223 Thome, Michael............83, 127 Thompson, Anna............ 709 Thompson, A. B.............. 228 Thompson, B. R............... 813 Thompson, Frances H.........1263 Thompson, Frederick......... 465 Thompson, Geo. W...803, 810,.....................838, 1292 Thompson, Henry............ 995 Thompson, Mrs. H. E......... 660 Thompson, H. W.............1135 Thompson, James........1164, 1196 Thompson, J. H.............. 644 Throing, Z. Clark............. 447 Thompson, Jonathan P.903, 907, 912 Thompson, John...1....1116, 1196 Thompson, J. J.............. 812 Thompson, J. Russell.....1028,................... 1030, 1033 Thompson, W. H............. 812 Thornton, Howard A... 802-803,................1270, 1282-1283 Thornton, Wm............502, 746 Thumb, Co., The 0. & W...... 1094 Thurston, Jno. M............. 826 Tibbitts, Mary E. (Mrs.)...... 646 Tiedke, Chas................. 999 Tietsort, R. B............... 810 Timmermans, Wm............1222 Tiffany, Nettie...............1262 Til, H......................1233 Tileston, Thomas............. 83 Tilma, George...........748, 1231 Timmerman, J...............1235 Tinkham, Mrs. M. A..........1269 Titus, N. D.................. 904 Titus, Silas W................ 97 Toam, J. W.......... 202, 228, 1272 Tobey, F. W................. 812 Todd, John H................ 995 Todd, S. C................... 228 Tolley, E. W........202, 228, 1272 Tolk, S.................1235-1236 Tomlinson, M. E..............1298 Toren, Mrs. Herman A......1186 Toren, John H............ 752 Torrence, Carrie M............1261 Torrey, F. S................. 811 liv INDEX. Torrey, Mrs. H. C............1278 Tower, Daniel F......517, 887, 959 Tower, Louis................ 252 Tower, Osmond..........742, 981 Town, Chas. H............... 699 Town, L. A................. 875 Townsend, Charles E.......... 832 Townsend, Eugene M......... 965 Townsend, L. V.............. 958 Tozer, A. B.......752, 904, 908, 916 Tracy, Alfred A............. 518 Tracy, Philander.....190, 246, 745 Tradewell, Bunk............. 880 Tradewell, T.................1132 Tranger, John...............1142 Train, Jarvis C.............. 838 Trask, H. J............. 228, 813 Travis, Philip H...........803-811 Traxler, Geo. W.............. 956 Treadway, E. A............. 1174 Treasurers.2............ 267 Treasurers of School Board... 350 Trompe, Charles..158, 246, 517,.................. 1116, 1121 Trompen,. N.............1219 Trotter, Melvin E............1296 Trowbridge, Chas............47-8 Trowbridge, C. C..........120-121 Trowbridge, L S..............1003 Trowbridge, Luther S......... 703 Trowbridge, S. V. R......819, 982 Troy, Jno. E.................1242 Tryon, William A.... 260, 492,................. 1116, 1198 Tuck, rank.................1152 Tucker, Foster............... 1016 Tucker, Daniel............... 96 Tucker, Joseph J............427-8 Tucker, Sanford.......... 945 Tucker, Stephen............. 96 Tupper, Kerr B..... 986, 1167-.................... 1168, 1291 Tupper, Mrs. K. B............ 1291 Tupper, Miss Mila............1178 Turck, Wm. S................1294 Turner, Aaron B..147, 839, 884, 900, 902-903, 905-906-907,.............962, 978-979, 1109 Turner, Alfred B........689, 1111 Turner, A. B.....248, 308, 516, 965 Turner, Chester B............ 906 Turner, Demetrius......... 96, 502 Turner, Edith L.............. 975 Turner, Elifhalet H..83, 86, 96, 103, 119, 165, 176, 244, 247,.................491, 1134, 1159 Turner, Mrs. E. H............1125 Turnbull, E. A............... 447 Turner, Elisha..............519-20 Turner, E. T................. 165 Turner, Frances B......... 661, 927 Turner, Geo. H......833, 1003-1004 Turner, Isaac...85-86, 97, 172-........173, 248-249, 903, 1122 Turner, Isaac M.............. 745 Turner, Mrs. I. M........... 661 Turner, R. H................1181 Turner, Selden E............. 1111 Turner, W. H............... 9090 Turner, Willard S.... 906-907, 1003 Turner, W. W................ 910 Tusch, F. A.................. 812. Tustin, Josiah P........1200, 1204 Tuttle, F. Emory............1282. Tuttle, S. Porter..200, 228, 238,......................... 1266 Tuttle, Mrs. V. M............661 Twamley, Fred A.....505, 811,................... 1278, 1279w Tyler, Asa.................. 465 Tyler, Mrs. Hattie L........1292 Tyler, Loren B.............. 465 Tyson, A. K.................. 813 Ude, C......................1188 Udell, Corwin S...... 811, 1176,.........1264, 1278-1279, 1311 Ueecker, Julius..............1191 Uhl, Edwin F.....266, 433-434 -435, 651, 722, 826, 828, 879, 880, 947, 987, 1293. Ulrich, Madison J....838, 987,....................1135, 1161 IJnderdown, R. F............1152 Underhill, Wm. H............1154 Utley, Fred M................ 965 Utley, J. D.................. 643 Utley, W................... 671 Valentine, J. S...............1141 Van Aalderen, Herman....654, 813 Van Aernam, Charles.........1161 Van Alden, John........... 646 Van Allen, Daniel............ 84 Van Allen, D. D.........84, 1128 Van Amburg, Matthew.......1127 Van Antwerp, Aaron R........1199 Van Antwerp, D. D..........1199 Van Armeu, John............. 72(0 Van Asmus, H. D. C..710, 804,......................809, 912 Van Bree, A....:..1230, 1236-1237 Van Buren, Martin........170, 820 Van Buren, Frances.......... 661 Van Dam, J..................1235 Van Der Velde, J. A.......... 1214 Van den Bosch, J.G.......... 1238 Van' Dine, Nicholas J.......955-956 Van Driele, F............ 1217-1218 Van Domrnelen, John......... 967 iI INDEX. Iv Van Dommelen, May..........1274 Van Doom, M...............1216 Vain Duihiet, J...............1232 Van Diussen, A................1216 Van Eerden, A.............1230 Van Erp, F. J...............1241 Van Hartes Veldt, C. H......1220 Van Heulen, J. C.............1232 Vander Heyde, Peter..........1218 Van Hof, K................. 432 Vat Houte, J................1217 Van Houten, J...............12'37 Van Houw, W................1233 Van Kammen, Anthony...... 240 Van Keulen, N. J. G.......... 813 Van Kirk, R. W..............1167 Van Kolken, Dirk............ 228 Van Korlaar, W..............1233 Vah Leeuwen, Ernest G........ 965 Van Leeuwen, Wm. H....654, 1227 Van Leeuwcn, Mrs. W. H......1266 Van Osdell, O. E.............1169 Van Oostendorp, J. J.........1214 Van Ostrand, Emma..........1262 Van Pinmel, Edward.......1241 Van Raalte, A. C.............1215 Van Raalte, D. V. K......1003-4-10 Va Rossum, Miss lNella..... 1309 Van Strien, Gerrit........... 1218 Van Strien, J................ 909 Van Tubbeigen, G............1227 Van Valkenburg, Effie......... 661 Van Velden, H...... 2.....i221 Van Vranken, M. B...........1282 Van Westebitrugge, J.......1231 Van Winkle, P..............1165 Van Wormer, Ida............1261 Van Wyck, A. J.............1134 Van Wyk, K............... 1236 VAn Zee,................ 996 Van Zile, J. M................1144 Vah Zile, Mrs. J...........1144 an Zoeen, J. A............. 25 Van Zoeten, Jacob J.......... 838 Van Malsemn, Peter...........18 Van Malsem, W............220 Van der Metlen, Corneliuis.... 1 12 Van deF Mdllefi, Jaeob.....1208 Via der Meul'el,..........1183 VY^den Berg, A. J..... VideMi~t~*, E. H..... 4 VAiAen Berg, J....... 2 2 Vandeii tet, J:.. tV& dei B]ef, Phiip........216 VAiEr Bi, Matifi P........ 1M VY I & Ba'eg,. K........lf' V' dfr Afi T.............T VT~bf^.kr oa, J.............. Vander Beek, S. J............1232 Vandercook, Henry B......... 838 Van der Haagen, J. C.........1183 Vat der Jagt, J..............1231 Vahdermenten, S. J...........1183 Vander Ploeg, H. M..........1234 Vander Spek................1239 Vander Steeden, H. J......... 228 Vander Stolk, John........... 240 Vander Stoep, K.............1231 Van der Stoop, Herman H...1208-9 Van der Veen, Christian......1208 Vat der Veen, Lambert.......1222 Van der Wiese, W............1216 Vanderstolp, Paul............ 956 Vanderstolp, T. A............ 240 Van der Veen, Harry......... 965 Van der Veen, K.............1229 Van der Vries, E.............1236 Van der Werp, D. J...........1237 Vanlheulen, I. A.............. 1158 Vandermeer, Geo............ 813 Vandermeer, J. J............ 813 Vanderpool, C. R.............. 812 Vatey, F. A................. 228 Vaughan, Jesse.............. 91 Veenboer, Melle..............1220 Veldman, John...............1214 Veltkamp, E.................1236 Veneklasen, J. H.............1214 Veenboer, Mrs. M.............1292 Venema, T...................1183 Verdier, John A. S.... 431, 453, 654, 747, 839, 927, 995,.................. 1209, 1282 Verdier, Mrs. J. A. S.........1266 Verdier, Leofard D........... 803 Verhaar, L.................. 12-21 Vermaire, L.................1231 Versluis, Edith............... 662 Verseput, R................. 1204 Verwey, Isaac............... 909 Vettman, H................. 1229 Viergiver, Peter............. 955 Vietor, E. C.................. 240 Vierheilig, C. G.............125 Vin'cent, Marie............... 1261 Vinkemulder, Henry........ 44t VinkenmMlder, Henry J......... 16 Virkinulder, H. J............ 8f5 ViflMnhulder, R.............. Vti 4 B. L..............., 41 Vihers, Gerrit........... D. Viesczky, Andreas..89, 96 1039, I Vi*lczky, Andrew.... VtS Corn lirs............ i V* rt, Jno................ 9 V+, E. J................ 8 V6 > Fracis............... Ivi INDEX. Yoigt, Carl G. A...... 441, 672,............ 805, 809-810, 1203 Voigt, F. A............... 812 Yoigt, Mrs. Frank A.....1266 Volbeda, S..................1231 Von Sternberg, Baron......... 884 Voorhis, Geo................ 44 York, John................. 28 Yorst, C. *~1239 Vorst C...................... Vos,.1238 ~os, G....................... Vos, J. H............. 1227 Vos, John J..................13 Voshoe, P........... 12,21 Vough, G. R............... 1136 Wade, Edwin............ 646 Wade, L. N.............. 516 Wadsworth, Abram....... 82 Wadsworth, Abram S...... 96 247 Wagner, Geo. N....811, 1158, 1282 Waggoner, Miss Helen........13 Wagner, Julius.............1191 Wagner, L. B.................1158 Wagner, W. C.......... 228 Wait, Frank W...........742, 981 Wakefield, Ames............1134 Waldbridge, Henry D....... 652 Walbrink, Alida............1262 Walch, Henry F..........803, 811 Walch, Hadley H............. 803 Walden, F. L................. 59 Walden, Guy S............... 94 Walker, A. F................. 687 Walker, C. H... 810 Walker, Charles I..97, 123-124, 156, 160-161, 188, 253, 306, 415, 820, 838, 900, 902, 991, 1196. Walker, Ida E...............1263 W alker, I. T..................1155 Walker, Jacob W............. 985 Walker, Myron H...803, 830, 1291 Walker, Wm. R.... 1205 Wallace, J. W................ 517 Wallich, John...............1122 Wallen, H. D., Jr........... 685 Waller, Mary E............... 661 Wallin, Chas. C.....201, 228, 1267 Wallin Leather Co....... 1095 W allin, R. B.................1161 Wallin, Van A.... 811, 1155, 1283 Walsh, J. H.................. 228 Walsh, Mary C.............. 674 Walsh, Wm................. 994 Walterson, Alex............. 992 Waltjer, Henry.............. 993 Walton, J. W................ 493 Wands, A.................. 1163 Wansey, Alvin...........119, 133 Wansey, Jared.............. 96 Warty, Geo. P........742, 882, 981 Wanty, Henry G.............. 904 Ward, Chas. E............... 803 Ward, Chas. S............... 1282 Ward, Chas. W...............1203 Ware, Jos. B..638-639, 810, 838,........................ 1283 Warfel, Frank W.........267, 906 Waring, Adelaide.......1158, 1206 Waring, Hart E........ 1206, 1298 Waring, Wm. L..260, 516, 663, 848 Warner, Fred M......831, 837,............... 1003-1004, 1142 Warners, K................1235 Warnshuis, F. C.............. 228 Warnshuis, J. W..............1217 Warrell, Chas. W............. 902 Warrell, Frank T..............1121 Warrell, Herman............. 965 Warren, Cora................1274 Warren, E. J................. 1144 Warren, Frank D............ 267 Warren, F. E................. 228 Warren, J. W................1163 Warring,. E................ 486 Wartrous, H. S.......... 517, 519 Washington, Geo............ 253 Waterloo, A..................1230 Waterman, Fanny F...........1263 W aters, C. F............... 810 Waters, Elijah D............. 702 Waters, Daniel H......422 434,............ 435, 451, 805. 1279 Waters, David R..... 742, 908,.................... 910, 981 Waters, Dudley E.....452, 653,......................810, 812 Waters, Mrs. Dudley E......1265 Watkins, Charles W...449, 652,............ 805, 834, 872, 979 Watkins, Erwin C............ 838 Watkins, Milton C........ 837-838 Watkins, Richard..........1152 Watrous, Mrs. R. E...........1292 Watson, Amasa B.....431, 439, 440, 652, 685, 695, 805, 870,................ 875, 908, 1177 Watson, Edward.............209 Watson, Harry D..........240, 712 Watson, Isaac M............. 248 Watson, James... 96, 160, 306,......................415, 820 Watson, James V............1127 Watson, John...........518, 1122 Watson, Lois E..............1263 Watson, 0. N................ 810 Watson, S. E........637, 644, 1292 Watson, William............ 466 Watt, Charles A..........752, 803 INDEX. Ivii Watts, B. F.................1294 Watts, Isaac................1141 Wayne, General............. 44 Weatherby, Warren......... 525 Weatherby, W. C............ 811 Weatherwax, J. M............ 708 Weatherwax, K.............. 704 Weaver, C. W................ 228 Weaver, James B............ 826 Weaver, Wm. S.............. 447 Webb, Reuben C............. 645 Webb, Rowland.....202, 228, 1272 Webber, Fred W............. 957 Webber, Wm. L..............1294 W eber, C. C..................1189 Weber, George W......... 839 Webster, A. M............... 811 Webster, Daniel............. 196 Webster, Ellen..............1261 Webster, W. J............... 1204 Wedekind, Frieda............1192 Weed, Frances T............. 228 Weeks, A. A................ 910 Weeks, Augustus.........837, 838 W eeks, A. W................. 987 Weeks, Louise E.............1262 Weertman, R................1225 Wehners, A. J............... 1219 Wehnes, Conrad............1138 Weiden, Hubert............ 445 Weightman, Jennie..........1136 Weil, Henry................ \184 Weinstein, W............... 1184 Welch, Ezekiel............... 1121 Welch Folding Bed Co........1076 Welch, Jeannette C.......... 228 Welch, Zoe E................ 968 Welch, Lyman W.....447, 652, 810 Welch, Mrs. Lyman W........1267 Welch, Wm. H............244, 817 Weller, Abbie L.........975, 1287 Weller, D. S. T.........94, 267, 741 W eller, Henry................1185 Welles, Wm. J......417, 418, 420, 919 Wellman, E. L............... 812 Wellman, Walter............. 884 Welmers, A. T.............. 1232 Welmers, Albert.............1218 Welmers, Evert.............1218 Wells, A. E..................1205 Wells, Geo. B................ 956 W ells, Geo. H................ 956 Wells, H. G...........244, 817, 958 Wells, Henry H.............. 697 Wells, J. Ogden............ 830 Wells, Revilo............420, 912 Wells, S. M................ 812 Wells, Samuel....... 997, 998, 1003 Wells, Sumner M............. 447 Wells, W. J................. 517 Wells, Wm. P................ 826 Welsh, D. Emmett.... 202, 217,.............. 228, 810, 1272 Welsh, Emmett..............1278 Welsh, Mary A.........1261, 1265 Welton, Frank...........428, 813 Welton, H. P..........1160, 1291 Wenger, A. Verne... 200, 1265, 1266 Wenham, J. C............... 487 Wenham, Mrs. J. C.......660, 1285 Wente, Wm........645, 1294, 1296 Wrener, K..................1239 Wermers, B. J..............1252-3 Wernicke, Otto H. L......... 653 Wescott, John.............517-519 Wesselius, G. W............... 228 Wesselius, Sybraut....634, 803,......................811, 837 West, Frank H...............1282 W est, G. W..................1203 West, Henry................ 96 Westfall, Wm. O............. 752 Westlake, A. C.....260, 1129, 1185 Weston, A. A............... 967 Weston, Isaac M.....266, 440,....441, 834, 874, 904, 905, 946 Weston, Wm. B....... 809, 812,........904, 908, 911, 914, 947 Westrate, Paul............. 228 Westveer, George............ 228 W estveer, P................. 1229 Wetherbee, A................ 1205 Wetherbee, Geo. C........1003-4-10 Weymer, Adam.............. 648 Whalen, Thos. L.............1242 Whalen, Wm. H............ 945 Whelan, James.............. 955 W heeler, A. J................1143 Wheeler, A. 0........742, 832, 981 W heeler, C. S................1143 Wheeler Electric Co...........1085 Wheeler, Mrs. E. A.... 1290, 1291 Wheeler, Reuben............ 517 Wheeler, John P............. 641 Wheeler, Josiah L..97, 160, 247, 1207 Wheeler, M. B............... 811 Wheeler, Wm. K......519, 641,...................... 643, 689 Whinery, Joseph B... 202, 229,.....................995, 1272 Whinery, Joseph P...........1272 Whinery, S. A............... 229 Whipple, Charles W.......... 744 Whipple, J. E.............. 113 Whipple, Wm. L............. 696 White, Arthur S....838, 910, 914 White, Andrew D............ 438 White, C. B.......517, 518, 1241 l~iii TINP Nx. White, Clarence.........20?, 1272 Williams, A. H......201, 229, 12.7 White, C. H............... 229 Williams, Albert J....... White, George I.. 264, 26, Williams, David.......,1145. 307, 522, 647, 746, 838, 876 Williams, Davis.1.06 W4ite, Harry C............ 996 Williams, Elisha......... 7. White Luke...... 117.Williams, Elizabeth.....130 W hite Milo......... 249, 1127.................. 7, a0 White, Nehemiah............ 93 Williams, E. D........ 16 W4ite, N. H....... 260 Williams, E. R.............1125 White Samuel....85, 463, 487, 846 Williams, Grace..............1306 White,. Stewart...427, 428, Williams, Henry B,.186, 260,....... 432, 441, 452, 654, 1277 296, 487, 491, 517, 843, 895, W hite, T. W..............260, 647.....................89, 1197 White, Wm. E............654, 653 Williams, J. D...............1306 White W. H................. Williams, J. Eugene.........641-2 White, Will L.......711, 712, Williams, Jesse L........... 857............. 837, 881, 882, 883 Williams, John R............ 412 Whitfld, G. T............... 1290 Williams, L. F.............. 97 Whitfield, Isaiah J....237, 959, Williams, Mary A..........1298.................... 1194, 1195 Williams, Mary.........1302, 106 Whitfield, Mrs. P. B.....1290, 1291 Williams, M. R............ 45 Whiting, Justin R............ 829 Williams, Royal..............3.p6 Whiting, Oliver.............. 85 Williams, Thomas H...........194 Whitlock, D................1127 Williams, Wm. B.... 824, 837, 839 Whitman, Charles............ 956 Williamson, Bessie...........74 Whitman, Frank P.......... 965 Williamson, William......... 811 Whitman, Violet.............1273 Willis, C. N................. 813 Whiteman, Daniel D.......... 96 Wilmarth, L. T..........810, 1282 WhitAey, ra..............111 Wilmarth, Mrs. O.......... 15 Whitney, G. R............. 4 Wilmarth,. R.............112 Whitney, H. E...............117& Wilmink, A. B................ 813 Whittemore C. A............ 941-2 Willson, Theo. B. 9a9 Whittlesey, Franklin W....... 693 Wilson, Ammon.............. 9 Whitworth, Geo. G....807, 809, Wilson, Charles M....802, 803,.....................444, 1264...........811, 994, 1282, 1283 Whitworth, Herbert.......... 238 Wilson, Charles S.......... 267 Wicks, Kirk E......... 803 Wilson, Ellen.......... 15 Wickstrom, C. A........... 917 Wilson, Etta S............ 909 Widger, E. B................1195 Wilson, Hugh E.........80-8103 Widoicomb, Geo...1042, 1048, 1049 Wilson, James B............1151 Widdicomb, Harry...........1042 Wilson, Mary..............122 Widdicomb, Mrs. Harry..... 1158 Wilson, Robert.......904, 907 Widdigorab, John.....805, 807, Wilson, Stephen A.....96, 197, 809, 812, 827, 996, 1042,.........208, 247, 746....................1139, 1309 Wilson, William A........... 15 Widdic.mb, Mra. John......1266 Wilson, Win. B............ 1094 Widdicomb, The John Co......75 Wi4ans, Edwin B...837, 1002 Widdiom, Wm....44, 511, W chell, A............... 5 665, 141, 1042, 1049, 1158, 1260 W chell, N. P......... 12 Wieland, C..1...1 WiBchester, C. H............ 99 Wiere, Ed...............1033 Winchester, E. D..., 12 Wiggins, H.............. 40 Winchester, E. G. 0.. Wightman, 0. E..... 1138 W.ncl tOt, E. W..... 045 ilde, C. E................. nchester, E.. W., S... 1Q42 Wildberger, Geo. H..o.. 10 Winchester, S. A........989, 145 Wilder, Henry N....... 48 Win4hw ter, Walter........., 8 Willei, 1. D............... 824 Winchester, Mrs. Walte; C.,... W ilkinson, T.................................. 165, $M 7 Willett, Goy-ge........,,... j9 Winchester, W. C.........52, 3 INDEX. Itx Winegar, Wm. S............. 44 Winegar, W. S............... 810 Wing, Clarence 0............ 95 Wing, William............... L7 Wipllow, Augustus B.....,. Wiaslow, Jason,.......... 88 97 Wisonr, Darius,... V7, 9 16a8.............164, 347, 961, 96i Winsor, E, E................ 518 WiAipor, Bug............ 99 Winsor, Jacob W.....1lO 104,. 161, 1622 164..................61, 169, 64 Wigsor, 4oi B],........... 644 Winsor, Zenas G...100, 161, 162,............421, 422, 517, 1206 Winter, Daniel............... 9 Winter, Egbert.....1213, 1214,....................1220, 1222 Winters, J. E................1165 Winters, Mrs. J. E.......... 1165 Wivterburn, John D........1134 Winton, C. H.........229, 813 Wise, Henry L................ 707 Wise, John S.......... 884 Wisner, Moses,...........823, 837 W isner, W.................. 213 W isse, Iman.................. 229 Witherbee, Bertha............ 1271 Witherbee, Mrs. Bertha K.....1271 Withey, Chas. S..............1264 Withey, Jno. H............... 518 Withey, Leroy G............. 712 Withey, Lewis H.....268, 440, 452, 654, 809, 810, 945,......................946, 947 Withey, Marion L...452, 1260,....................1264, 1265 Withey, Solomon L....97, 150, 158, 177, 246, 247, 251, 252, 256, 259, 260, 421, 422, 432, 452, 493, 498, 660, 746, 749,............837, 958, 981, 1116 Withey, Mrs. S. L.... 690, 920, 921 Withey, William H...195, 266,..................... 449, 839 Witherspoon, P. E............ 229 Withington, W. H............ 1003 Witman, H. P.................1214 W itters, L. J................ 812 Wolcott, Alfred,..745, 803, 811, 831 Wolcott, Laurens W...655, 803, 1278 Wolf, Benjamin.............. 449 W olf, Charles................1173 Wolf, Gustave A.....803, 811, 1184 Wolf, Jacob.................1184 Wolford, E. T.............. 229 Wolihan, A. M............911 Wolters, Harm............... 1219 Wolters, Piebe...............1219 Wolthuis, D..................1233 Wolverine Brass Works......1097 Wolverine Motor Works...... 1092 Wonderly, Mrs. J....,.1269, 1271 Wonderly, J. H.............. 440 Wood, Arthur........... 966 1016 Wood, Frances.............. 935 Wood, Frances C............. 923 Wood, Miss Harriet..........1306 Wood, L. D................ 240 Wood, Ransom E.....426, 524, 959 Wood, Rocke R.............. 965 Wood, S...............1148, 1158 Wood, Win. A.............. 440 Wood, William............. 209 Woodard, Chas............... 992 Woodard, H. M............ 229 Woodard, T. B..............1174 Woodbridge, Wm...........75, 836 Woodcock, R. B...........451, 511 Woodford, Sidney H. 909, 1205, 1206 Woodruff, F. J...............1144 Woodruff, L. M.........1165, 1166 Woodward, Chas. P........... 909 Woodward, Chas.............. 985 Woodward, Geo. W.......... 53 Woodward, Kendall...97, 161,............177, 247, 670, 1207 Woodward, W............... 516 Woodword, William.......... 173 Woodworth, C. N........... 967 Woodworth, Irving......... 746 Woodworth, Mrs. Marie......1292 Woodworth, Royal P......... 965 Woodworth Wm............ 747 W oodury, S..................1146 Woolcott, J. W.............. 466 Wooley, Isaac................ 465 Woolley, Stephen............ 82 Wooster, Elizabeth......... 1273 Wooster, Samuel R...202, 219,........... 229, 699, 1272, 1294 Word, Chas. E...............1031 Worden, A. E........... 665, 1269 Worden, Frederick W...68, 695, 746 Wormnest, John.............1218 Worts, Lavina E........... 959 Wright, Abbot 0.............1280 Wright, Caroline H........661, 662 Wright, Mrs. C. W...........1269 Wright, F. W................ 229 Wright, John................ 998 Wright, J. M................. 229 Wright, Philander B...200, 227,.229, 1266.....................229, 1266 Wright, R. W...............1135 Wright, W. Ball.............1203 Wrinn, A. W..............229, 240 Wunderlich, N...............1189 Ix INDEX. Wurster, John C..............1138 WiWrzburg, Adolph........813, 994 Wurzburg, P. A.............. 812 Wurzburg, F............... 643 Wurzburg, Frank............ 641 Wurzburg, Win. M........ 653, 812 Wyckoff, Jesse F........ 746, 1016 Wykes, George..............1180 Wykes, Mollie...............1180 Wykes, Roger...............1181 Wykes, T. E.................. 811 Wyland, Albertus............ 228 Wylie, James R...... 427, 428, 453, 807, 810, 1158, 1220,....................1264, 1279 Wylie, Mrs. J.............1265 Wylie, May................1274 Wyman, Jno. F............. 517 Yale, Harvey P.......155, 260, 307, 491, 517, 523, 647, 895, 962 Yale, Welcome.............1185 Yates, Adrian............520, 648 Yeiter, Fred............... 472 Yerkes, Anthony.............1127 Yesex, A. E...............1282 Yeomans, Erastus............ 87 Yongberg, N. A.............1193 York, F. E..................1154 York, J. W................ 915 Young, B. H..................1165 Young, Chas................ 909 Young, Chas. F...........447, 811 Young, Eliza................1206 Young, George....97, 184, 200,.......247, 260, 747, 1206, 1207 Young, Van Epps............ 947 Young, William..............1187 Young, W. G...202, 229, 1266, 1272 Young, W..................1236 Youngblood, Asa B........... 965 Youngs, Wm............... 955 Zautner, Carl................1192 Zelner, G...................1136 Zetsema, J.................. 1229 Zevalkink, E. J............. 1225 Zielinski, Michael............ 993 Zoerhoff G...............1221 Zoet, Arthur W............. 712 Zuerner, Marietta............1263 Zuidma, H................. 1220 Zuilersnia, H.................1285 Zautzinger, W. P....... 53 Zwald, Fred J............... 642 Zwemer, James F.............1221 Ir,/, A '1, r /'! i b If It~ e'l .li - - 1 2j tl Irrg,~,,,, 4. 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