-d IIC8 a S~lm~~~.I~~d — -- -e-~, ~ M, viA w 'A,\, x/ <l L, IT: F 1 f/i {X, I H /, 5. Pe rsian Foot-sodiers 2, 3,. Persian OScers. 3. ceptre-bearer. 6. Persian War Chariot. 7. Assyrian War Ohariot. -broke%,, CA L.AI in III;,2 h 9? ~ --- i Z::j~~~G5 qj,,~~~~~ In:~~ ~ ~~~~~~: f~_ 12,-~~~~~~7 ff I I. Spear 2. Dart. 3. Bow and Arrow. A. Quiver.,. Two-edged Sword 6. Scabbard. 7. Soldier crossing a River on (, Skin. 8, 11. Greaves. 9. Oval Shield. 10. Round Shield. 12. Gold Daric 13. Sinale-edaed ASword. Pi ATE:IV 2 m en 8pa \ \ \\^^^^/ // 1X0<v,.../. I Ii~ 3 ll t Infantry EI Caval7r 7Heavyinfenin y =ZEBagage Ii.fV - — rI- - --- - I. Marsyas. 2. Spartan Camp. 3. Hollow Square defiling over a Bridge. 4. Coat of Mail, 5, 6, 7. Helmets. 8. Horn. 9. Trumpet. ,ENOP iNTOE KTPOT ANABASEEQ A'-A XENOPHON'S ANABASIS BOOKS L.-IV. fitJ an Jntrobtttion, Xotes, anb Forabtulatr 3BY FRANCIS W. KELSEY AND ANDREW C. ZENOS FIFTH EDITION ALLYN AND BACON So0Aton anI Coiicago Copyright, I889, BY FRANCIS W. KELSEY. Jniberitp AMres JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE P REFACE. THE Text and Commentary of this edition have been confined to the first four books of the Anabasis, because these contain the parts most commonly read before entering college. The Vocabulary, however, has been made to cover the whole work, for the convenience of those who may wish to read also selections from the fifth, sixth, and seventh books in text-editions. The Text is substantially that of Cobet, with occasional variations in favor of readings well sustained by manuscript authority. Cobet's text was preferred because of its simplicity and consistency. At the age when the Anabasis is commonly read in our schools, it is more important for the student that he have a straightforward and clear text than that his attention be called to questions of textual criticism. The Introduction aims to prepare the way for the intelligent study of the Anabasis by presenting an outline view of the Persian Empire, an account of the Expedition of Cyrus, a brief discussion of the Greek Art of War at the time of the Retreat, and a notice of the life and writings of Xenophon. In the Notes numerous references to the standard Greek grammars have been inserted, especially on the matter of the first two books. In view of the prevalent tendency to shorten the time given to the study of Greek in preparation for the Anabasis, it was thought that references even on elementary points would be of no disadvantage to the good student, and might often give to the more backward the help most needed at the right time. The works to which the editors have been most indebted in the preparation of this book are the edi iv PREFACE. tions of the Anabasis by Cobet, Dindorf, Rehdantz, Vollbrecht, Matthia, and Taylor; RUistow and Kochly's Geschichte des Griechischen Kriegswesens; Rheinhard's Griechische und Romische Kriegsalterthumer; and the lexicons to the Anabasis by Strack and Vollbrecht. Other works that have been found useful are mentioned among the Helps to the Study of the Anabasis, pp. 393-396. In the division of work upon this volume, Professor Zenos prepared the text, a large part of the notes on the second and fourth books, and the first draft of the Vocabulary; for the rest of the matter (except Plans IV. and V.), and the completion of the Vocabulary, Professor Kelsey is responsible. In this Fourth Edition the references to Professor GoodwiWHsUreeEkGrammar have been changed to agree with the revision of 1892; and references on many points to the same scholar's admirable Greek Moods and Tenses (edition of 1890) have been inserted. The editors wish gratefully to acknowledge the help of the suggestions and corrections which many have been kind enough to send them. They are under special obligations to Professor A. V. Williams Jackson, of Columbia College, for kind assistance in revising the statements of the Introduction and Notes regarding Persian customs and antiquities; to Professor M. L. D'Ooge, of the University of Michigan, who read the proofs of the Notes throughout, making valuable suggestions; to Professors S. R. Winans, of Princeton College, and Miorris H. Morgan, of Harvard University, for lists of errors in the Vocabulary; to Professor John H. Gillespie, of Hope College, and Mr. F. H. Howard, of Colgate Academy, for corrections to the Notes;' and to Mr. H. D. Wright and Mr. A. E. Bartlett, graduate students of the University of Michigan, for the revision of the grammatical references. ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, 7une 15, 1895. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION: I. THE PERSIAN EMPIRE: PAGE i. Geography of the Persian Empire........ I ii. Historical Sketch.............. 5 iii. Civilization of the Persians......... I4 II. THE EXPEDITION OF CYRUS: Narrative of the Up-march and Retreat...... 20 III. THE GREEK ART OF WAR AT THE TIME OF THE RETREAT: i. Organization of the Army... ii. Equipment of the Soldiers....... iii. Provisioning and Pay of the Soldiers. iv. The Army in Camp.... v. The Army on the March... vi. The Army in Battle......... vii. Tactics of Siege and Defence....... viii. The Greek War-ships........ IV. XENOPHON: i. Life of Xenophon..... ii. Writings of Xenophon............ 27... 30 *.. 33.. 34 *.. 35.. 36... 38.. 39 41 44 V. CONTENTS OF THE ANABASIS: The Dates, General Summary......... 49 TEXT: BOOK I.. C BOOK II... BOOK III... BOOK IV... NOTES: To BOOK I.. To BOOK II. To BOOK III. To BOOK IV. HELPS TO THE STUI IDIOMS AND PHRASE VOCABULARY. 51 b z*................. a 9I.. I.,. Q... I20........... I5120.................15I..... 0........ I87................. 265 e................. 305................. 343 )Y OF THE ANABASIS........ 393 Se 397 ILLUSTRATIONS AND PLANS. PLATE I. Persian Officers, War-chariots. " II. Greek Infantry and Cavalry. < III. Greek Weapons, Soldier crossing a River. IV. Marsyas; Greek Camp, Weapons and Musical Instruments. PAGE. Map to illustrate the Retreat...... preceding I Greek Galley............... 40 PLAN I. The Syrian Gates.......... facing 64 " II. The Battle of Cunaxa, -First Position of Forces " 78 " III. The Battle of Cunaxa, -Second and Third Positions of Forces.......... 88 CC IV. Forcing of the Carduchian Pass..... 156 " V. Crossing of the Centrites........ I62 " VI. Evolutions of the Company Column.. I63 II L s rr --- -- -~ L._, -P I- I 1 II 25 YO 0 ', ` Longitude East 40 f -om Greenwich 45 56 5;) 56~~~~~7 Zl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: P ~~(BL.ACK SPr ~ i tc to.~~~~~~~~~~~~~'/?.7"!~,,::,>-f~, I~~~i~~~,%? II Mr'9 5~i~ji~$i~S S,ii,~~ t~s~i~ T E U A rP CI ~~I~I~`~!~"~;~Sk Ctlx l',xx~ 0 ic~Ci Timiihiilpitis 4 tale ''D Ot" " 'l~t lt 1CT ' -i o VII. ~~~~~~,,,:,~.~ ' t~~~~~~~~~~~ "I~~~-t:,c~~~~s E1: 14,,~Us v,9 /f/> ':,,.':..... CcticuDd ~tl Sa I' 0 10 20 ~iO 0 80 100 1 '~ u, %i~ i~iJ~~,iiX r~~z~ ~ ora -— tI~~~~~~al~~~~ji;~~~ lrS,2Tilags o Pals.. i~'i k'u7Pediod ~5',,......'................'.......... ~i........,-'4 ' 7IOLC V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ s r, 1,,,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 ~~~i~~~~~~s Ilel> al O 0:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8 YL 30 V_ Ure, MAP TO \ 0 500 000 100 200 250 T~~~c ~ ~ ~ ~ V~~11:Lb~~~~~es of~~~~t~~a~~ryss: -1 REE STDI ~~~ct, Amathu~~~~~~~ p 0406,,010 2 Thm ENOS RUTEINTOCILCIAell t *",, ---i= 30 415 50 - ------ -------- INTRODUCTION. I. THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. I. GEOGRAPHY OF TIHE PERSIAN EMPIRE. AT the time of its greatest extent, in the fifth century B.C., the Persian empire was bounded on the north by the Danube, the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, the Caspian Sea, and the Jaxartes River; on the east by the desert of Thibet and the river Indus; on the south by the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Arabian and Nubian deserts; on the west by the Gulf of Sidra, the Mediterranean, the Aegean Sea, and the river Strymon. It extended over the regions covered to-day by Egypt, Tripoli (eastern half), Turkey in Europe and Turkey in Asia, Northern Arabia, Persia, Turkistan, Afghanistan, and Beloochistan. This vast territory was not far from three thousand miles across in its greatest length, and varied in width from five hundred to fifteen hundred miles. Its entire area has been estimated at two millions of square miles, - over half that of all Europe and about two-thirds that of the United States. It supported a population of perhaps seventy-five millions. Within the limits of the empire existed every variety of soil and climate. From the east end of the Black Sea a series of mountain ranges runs in a southeasterly direction almost to the mouth of the Persian Gulf. lEast of this, the broken plateau of Iran, three to five thousand feet above the sea, extends as far as Thibet and the basin of the Indus. Two-thirds of the plateau are arid and barren. The northern parts of the 2 INTRODUCTION empire, including Thrace and Asia Minor, were mountainous, yet abounding in well-watered plains and rich valleys. In the southwestern portion were the great river systems of the Tigris and Euphrates, and the Nile, with basins of exhaustless fertility. The vegetable and animal life varied from that of the temperate zone to that of the tropics. Mineral wealth abounded. Thus the Persian monarch could draw from his own domains almost every object known to either need or luxury in his time. Persia proper, called Parsa by the Persians themselves, Persis (llEp-rC) by the Greeks, and either Persis or Persia by the Romans, lay north of the Persian Gulf. It comprised a narrow strip of coast-land and a rugged mountainous region. Its extreme length was perhaps four hundred and fifty miles, with an average width of two hundred and fifty miles. Its area was thus somewhat larger than that of the state of Minnesota. Its earliest capital was Pasargadae, which was always held in reverence by the Persian kings, though in later times they more often resided at Persepolis. Imposing ruins still mark the sites of both cities. The name Parsa survives, with slight phonetic change, in the name of the modemrn Persian province Fars, or Farsistan, which has nearly the same boundaries as the ancient state. The component parts of the empire fall naturally into three great groups, the Central, the Western, and the Eastern. i. CENTRAL. a. Persia. b. ALedia; its chief city Ecbatana (now Hamadan) was a favorite summer residence of the Persian kings. c. Susiana; chief city, Susa (biblical Shushan), also at times a place of royal residence. d. Babjylonia; chief city, Babylon, frequently made a place of residence by the later kings. e. Assyria. Its principal cities in Xenophon's time were well-nigh obliterated. The ruins of two, Nineveh and Calah, were known to him by the names Mespila and Larissa. GEOGRAPHY OF THIE PERSIAN EMPIRE 3 f. HYyrcania, southeast of the Caspian. g. Sagartia, a desert tract east of Media. 2. WESTERN. a. Paeonia, west of Thrace. b. Thrace; chief city, Byzantium. c. Asia Minor, comprising Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Cappadocia, Cataonia, Cilicia, Lycaonia, Pisidia, Phrygia, Lycia, Lydia (chief city, Sardis), Mysia, and the Greek states along the coast. d. Armzenia. e. Syria; chief city, Damascus. f. Phoenicia; chief cities, Tyre and Sidon. g. Palaestina; chief city, Hierosolyma (Jerusalem). A. Egypt; chief cities, Memphis and Thebes. i. Cyrenaica, the region west of Egypt about the Greek city Cyrene. 3. EASTERN. a. Parthia, east of Hyrcania. b. Aria, east of Sagartia. c. Carnmania, east of Persia. d. Bactria, east of Parthia. e. Chorasmia, north of Parthia. f. Sogdiana, north of Bactria. g. Gandaritis, east of Aria. A. Satagydia, south of Gandaritis. i. Aethio/ia, along the Arabian Sea (not to be confused with the Ae/hiopia in Africa). k. Paricania, north of Aethiopia. 1. India, a district along the Indus, conquered by Darius I. The empire contained a great number of peoples differing in race, language, customs, and beliefs. The policy of Cyrus the Great was to interfere very little with the internal administration of conquered states, provided they were sub 4 INTRODUCTION missive and paid regularly the tribute demanded. So great a measure of independence left to the parts, however, must prove fatal to the unity of the whole. Darius (see p. 8) clearly perceived this, and introduced a system of centralized government remarkable for both comprehensiveness and foresight. He divided the whole empire into twenty provinces,' fixing definitely the yearly contribution of each. The Persians themselves were not taxed. Over every province he placed three officers, a satrap or governor, a general, and a secretary, all directly responsible to himself, and each acting as a check on the other two. The satrap was put in charge of the civil administration and the collection of revenues. The general had command of a body of troops, charged with preserving order and repelling any attacks from outside the province. The secretary was to keep the king informed with regard to everything that might take place. Once a year a representative of the court with a detachment of soldiers visited every province, armed with authority to correct abuses and make needful changes. This system was an advance upon any system of imperial government previously known. It suggests the provincial administration of the Romans. Unfortunately, however, it did not continue long in force. The satrap was naturally chosen from the relatives or favorites of the king. Having thus a kind of prestige, he gradually usurped the authority and functions of both general and secretary. Satraps became practically absolute in their own provinces, governing often with oppression and cruelty. In later times their relations were not infrequently characterized by jealousy and suspicion. They were intriguing continually, and even waged war against one another with large armies of natives and mercenaries. So long as they forwarded regularly the payments of tribute, the king would not interfere. With the degeneracy of the Persians, their rule, at first mild and equable for the age in which I On the map, the provinces, so far as they are given, are indicated by Roman numerals, according to the enumeration of Herodotus (iii. 89-94). HIISTOR{ICAL SKETCH they lived, became more and more oppressive and corrupt. Long before the time of Alexander the Great, the empire had begun to disintegrate, because its vitality, its power of cohesion and resistance, was gone. It is a sad fact that the countries once ruled by Darius and Xerxes are to-day hardly better governed than in their time. Now, as then, irresponsible despotism holds undisputed sway over Western Asia, and the passive oriental still submits. The barbarities of Turkish misrule, however, have desolated and depopulated many regions that under the Persians were fertile as a garden. ir. HISTORICAL SKETCH. At a very early period Western Asia was the seat of great and powerful empires. Throughout the once fertile basin of the Tigris and Euphrates are found masses of shapeless ruins, presenting often the appearance of natural hills. These are almost the sole surviving monuments of a civilization that reached its height before Greece was, or the Romans had risen from a state of barbarism. Many of them boast of an age equal to that of the Pyramids of Egypt. Of the history of this region previous to the classical period, comparatively little was known up to the present century. Rut since 1840 excavations have brought to light countless objects and inscriptions giving knowledge of the remote past, and scholars have deciphered several of the Asiatic languages lost to the world for many centuries. Even now additions are made every year to our store of information regarding the Persians and their predecessors in power. The Chaldaeans were the first people of Western Asia to gain a commanding influence. They dwelt about the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates. Their chief city was at first Ur (also the native city of Abraham), later 11abylon. They were a mixed race, formed by the amalgaamation of several primitive peoples. They were by nature (quick-witted and ingenious, and 6 INTRODUCTION made such progress in knowledge and the arts that they gave shape to the succeeding civilizations of this part of the world. Long before the year 2000 B. C. they had reached a high degree of development. North of the Chaldaeans were the Assyrians, the records of whose kings reach back to the nineteenth century before Christ. The Assyrians were of Semitic stock, and thus related to the Hebrews; but they borrowed their arts, their learning, and many of their religious practices, from the Chaldaeans. Their genius was practical and governmental rather than inventive. Like the Romans in later times, they excelled in war. Through conquest they built up an empire which, at its most flourishing period, the middle of the seventh century B. C., extended from the east coast of the Mediterranean to India, and from the mountains of Armenia to the Persian Gulf. Their monarchs held sway over many large and flourishing cities; but the capital, Nineveh, surpassed all others in extent and magnificence. The greatest of the Assyrians, Assur-bani-pal, became known to the Greeks under the name of Sardanapalus. Southwest of the Caspian Sea lies a region of elevated tableland, flanked and intersected by rugged mountain ranges. Here was the home of the Medes. Brave and hardy mountaineers though they were, they had been conquered by their western neighbors, and had felt the rigor of Assyrian lordship. About 632 B. C. they revolted, and under their king Cyaxares a vast host invaded Assyria. This time they were beaten off. But a few years later a numberless horde of barbarians from Northern Asia, beyond the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian, came like a resistless torrent upon Medes and Assyrians alike, overwhelming and destroying. Gradually from constant fighting, from riotous excesses, and from the baneful effect of a warm climate upon their hardened frames, they melted away; but not till they had devastated the fairest provinces of Assyria, and left her power forever broken. The more vigorous Medes, however, whose secluded valleys had doubtless afforded some protection, quickly recovered from HISTORICAL SKETCH 1 the barbarian irruption, and again took up arms against their masters. The king of Assyria, not knowing where the blow would fall, divided his forces, sending a large army under Nabopolassar to protect Babylon, and remaining himself for the defence of Nineveh. But Nabopolassar, seeing his sovereign's weakness, seized Babylon, and joined Cyaxares in the siege of Nineveh. Two years later, 606 B. c., Nineveh fell. From the ruins of the Assyrian empire two great monarchies arose. The Tigris and Euphrates basin, with the regions to the westward, fell under the dominion of the Babylonians, whose kings, particularly Nebuchadnezzar (spoken of in the Book of Daniel), made Babylon the most magnificent city of the East. The Medes now pushed their conquests as far as the Persian Gulf on the south and the Caspian Sea on the north, and westward to the heart of Asia Minor, winning the respect and alliance of the powerful kingdom of Lydia. Their capital was Ecbatana. Both Medes and Babylonians, however, were destined to enjoy only short-lived power. Touching the borders of Media on the south was the country of the Persians, a people of the Indo-European family, and closely related to the Medes in race, language, customs, and religion. Though subject to the Medes, they were allowed to retain their own line of kings, with the condition that the heirs to the Persian throne should reside at the Median court. Finally, according to one account, there came to Ecbatana a young Persian prince by the name of Cyrus. He found the restraint of a courtier's life unendurable, and seeing that under Astyages the Median power was no longer what it once had been, he planned revolt. Having obtained the consent of his father, then king of the Persians, he fled by night from the court of Astyages and returned to his own country. Father and son now placed themselves at the head of a large army and proclaimed independence from the Medes. Astyages led against them all the forces he could muster. The father was killed. The son was hard pressed; but his courage and generalship finally won a complete vic 8 INTRODUCTION tory. Thus in B. C. 558, almost at a single leap, Cyrus became ruler not only of his own people but also of the empire of the Aledes. Such, we are told, was the beginning of the Persian Empire; but the narrative is not free from difficulties. The ambition of Cyrus knew no bounds. He proceeded at once to carry out a comprehensive scheme of conquest. Croesus, king of Lydia, revelling in pleasures at his luxurious capital, Sardis, thought himself secure from all attack. Cyrus suddenly appeared on his borders, captured Sardis, and reduced all Asia Minor to subjection. Eastward Cyrus now led his hosts, and soon had carried the Persian arms as far as the Jaxartes River and Northern India. The Babylonian empire still remained; but in 538 B. C. Cyrus captured Babylon, and extended his sway to the borders of Egypt and Phoenicia. Nine years later he died. His tomb, made of massive blocks of stone, may still be seen among the ruins of Pasargadae. He is known in history as Cyrus the Great, or Cyrus the Elder. With his reign commenced a series of great conquests whose chief cause was personal ambition. Cambyses, the son and successor of Cyrus, had the ambition but not the ability of his father. On his accession to the throne he secretly put to death his younger brother Smerdis. He reduced Phoenicia and conquered Egypt; but other enterprises resulted unsuccessfully. Finally in 522 B. C., while he was away in Egypt, a magus, or priest, whose features resembled those of the murdered brother, proclaimed himself Smerdis, and declared Cambyses deposed. Cambyses, on hearing the news, slew himself. The rule of the false Smerdis, however, lasted only seven months. At the end of that period he was put to death by a conspiracy of nobles, led by Darius, a kinsman of Cyrus, who now became king, B. C. 5 2 1. The reign of Darius lasted thirty-six years, and was the most memorable of Persian history. At first he devoted himself to quelling revolts, which broke out in all parts. Then, seeing that a better form of government was needed, he reorganized the whole empire, introducing a uniform system of administra HISTORICAL SKETC11 9 tion, and originating the mode of governing through satrapies, or provinces (see p. 4). He built roads and bridges, and established a system of rapid communication between all parts of the empire. He issued a coinage of both gold and silver coins, called daries from his name (see Plate III., fig. 12). He erected magnificent palaces at Susa and Persepolis, the ruins of which have been discovered. Turning his attention now to extending the boundaries of the empire, he conquered and annexed the basin of the Indus. There is little doubt that Darius early planned the conquest of Europe. Probably with a view to securing his rear from attack in case he should march westward from the Bosporus, he made an expedition against the Scythians north of the 1Danube, crossing the river by means of a bridge of boats. Thrace, as well as the eastern portion of Macedonia, became a part of the empire. Since the time of Cyrus the Great the Greek cities of Asia Minor had paid tribute to Persia. In most of them, before the time of Darius, the original democratic form of government had been replaced by a despotism. The tyrants became the willing instruments of Persian rule, and in no small measure owed to it their power. In the year 500 B. C. a number of the cities, with Miletus at their head, rose up against the despots, and at the same time revolted from Persia. Obtaining help from Athens and Eretria, they sent an expedition into Asia Minor, took Sardis by surprise and burned it. Darius was enraged beyond measure. Nevertheless the revolt had assumed such proportions that he was engaged five years in crushing it. He remembered with especial bitterness that help had come to the Asiatic from the European Greeks; and that his resentment might not abate, he bade an attendant say to him every day at dinner, "1 Master, remember Athens!, In 492 B. c. he gave his son-in-law, Mardonius, a large army and a fleet of three hundred ships, with instructions to fetch in fetters to him at Susa those Athenians and Eretrians that had dared to defy his authority. Mardonius proceeded by land along the coast of Thrace, his fleet accompanying; but off 10 INTRODUCTION Mount Athos a tempest dashed his ships to pieces, and a night attack of the natives on his land forces made it necessary for him to retreat. Two years later, however, Darius sent a much larger expedition under Datis and Artaphernes, who conveyed their troops across the Aegean and wreaked vengeance on Eretria. From Euboea they crossed over to Attica. Twentytwo miles northeast of Athens lies the small plain of Marathon. It is in the shape of a crescent, with the two horns as promontories running out into the sea, which washes the indented side; the opposite side is hemmed in by a chain of high hills. Here the Persian army, at least ioo,ooo strong, landed; and here io,ooo Athenians, aided by i,ooo Plataeans, won a victory that has made the name of the plain immortal. The remnant of the Persians sailed home in despair. In 486 B. c. Darius died, and left the throne to his son Xerxes. Darius had begun to gather a much larger army than he had sent against Greece before. The young king, if left to his own inclinations, would gladly have relinquished his father's project; but influenced by ambitious courtiers, he completed the preparations, and in 480 B. C. placed himself at the head of a host, probably the mightiest ever seen, for the invasion of Europe. A double bridge was thrown over the Hellespont, across which his army, of perhaps 2,000,000 men, marched in unbroken line for seven days and seven nights. That his fleet, carrying 500,000 men, might not be exposed to danger in doubling Mount Athos, he cut a canal for it across the isthmus connecting the mountain with the mainland; traces of the excavations are still to be seen. He met no opposition till he reached the narrow pass between the mountains and the sea at Thermopylae, where the heroic death of Leonidas and the three hundred Spartans (July, 480 B. c.) taught him what sort of men he was to face. Marching southward to Athens, he found the city forsaken. The Athenians, following the advice of Themistocles, had taken to their fleet, which met and defeated the Persian fleet in the Bay of Salamis (September, 480), before the very eyes of the great monarch. HISTORICAL SKETC11 11 Xerxes was now seized with an irresistible dread, and hastened back to Persia, leaving an army of 300,000 men under Mardonius to carry on the war against Greece. In September, 479 B. C., Mardonius suffered a crushing defeat at Plataea, in Boeotia, at the hands of about iooooo Athenians and Peloponnesian Greeks, commanded by the Spartan Pausanias. On the same day a Grecian fleet of ito vessels achieved a decisive victory over the Persians at Mycale, a promontory near Miletus. Most of the Greek islands renounced allegiance to Persia. Greece was now free from the danger of Persian invasion. The Persian expeditions against Greece, though entirely unsuccessful, were of momentous significance. They tested by contact the relative merit and strength of a mature and stationary Oriental civilization and a young and vigorous civilization of Europe. They were to settle the question, not merely whether Greece should be subject or free, but whether European culture for all time to come should have an Oriental cast, or enjoy an untrammelled and natural growth. Greece and Persia represented two sets of institutions and tendencies, diametrically opposed in all things political, social, and religious. Each kept extending the sphere of its influence till there was contact, collision; and collision meant an inevitable struggle for mastery. Which was superior, which was to prevail, must be settled by the sword. It was such a conflict as that in later centuries between the Romans and the Carthaginians, the Franks and the Saracens, the Europeans and the Turks. None the less was the struggle fraught with immediate results of great importance to both Greeks and Persians. To the Greeks it was a revelation of their own power; hence also a source of great confidence. Heretofore no nation from the Indus to the Danube had been able to withstand the Persian arms; yet they, a mere handful in comparison, had routed countless hosts of the invaders. Greeks for the time being were united as never previously. Athens, as the leader in the war of defence, rose to the chief position among the states, 12 INTRODUCTION and her national life was stimulated to the utmost. Above all, Greek genius was inspired as never before to the production of immortal works. The age of Pericles was a fitting sequel to Marathon and Salamis. To the Persians was revealed, with equal clearness, their own weakness. They saw that mere numbers, and even courage, are no match for superior discipline and equipment. They learned, moreover, to respect the talent of their foes. Hereafter more and more Greek malcontents, and even exiles from Greek cities, received a cordial welcome at the Persian court. Greek physicians treated the royal household; Greek officers filled important positions in the Persian army and navy. And the crafty Persians found out also the peculiar weakness of their adversaries. In the divided state of the Greek world, amid the petty jealousies and strifes that disgraced Greek politics, intrigue could accomplish what arms could not. Greece soon felt the power of Persian gold. Particularly after the disastrous Athenian expedition to Sicily, Persia never lacked friends among the Greek cities. Through them she was constantly stirring up dissensions so as to render impossible a union of Greeks against her, or making alliances with some states against others, or bringing again under her authority rebellious Greek towns in Asia Minor. Thus for a hundred and fifty years she held her own with an enemy she could not conquer. Xerxes was a weak monarch, much under the control of those about him. He is probably the Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther, the first chapter of which gives a graphic description of the Persian court. Becoming involved in domestic quarrels, he was murdered in his chamber, B. C. 465. He was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes Long-hand (Longimanus), who is mentioned in the Book of Nehemiah. From this period to the end, Persian history is little more than a record of plots, intrigues, assassinations, and increasing degeneracy, On the death of Artaxerxes, in 425 B. c., Xerxes HI. ruled a month and a half. He was murdered by Sogdianus, who HISTORICAL SKETCH 1 13 ruled six months, and was in turn put to death by Darius, called by the Greeks Nothus. The reign of Darius Nothus was full of uprisings, in the course of which Egypt was lost to the empire. In 405 B3. c. Artaxerxes Mindful (Mne-mon) came to the throne, whose reign is chiefly famous for the expedition of Cyrus the Younger. He was succeeded by Ochus, a cruel monarch, who reconquered Egypt, but fell a victim to poison in 338 B. c. Arses, the successor of Ochus, was got rid of by the same means two years later; and in 336 B. c. Darius Codomannus, last of the Persian kings, ascended the throne. In the same year, B. c. 336, Alexander became king of Macedon. From his father Philip he had inherited a finely equipped and disciplined army, and the design of an invasion of Asia. So soon as affairs at home could be settled and preparations completed, he set out for Asia with a force of 30,000 infantry and 5,ooo000 cavalry. The Persians, though forewarned, suffered him to cross the Hellespont without molestation, but prepared to dispute his progress at the Granicus, a small stream in the Troad. Having won a complete victory here (334 B. c.), he was soon master of all Asia Minor. Darius meanwhile had collected a large army, which Alexander almost totally destroyed at the battle of Issus (November, 333 B. c.). Darius now withdrew to the interior of the empire; Alexander proceeded to conquer Phoenicia and Egypt. At the battle of Arbela (summer of 331 B. c.) the Persian power suffered its final overthrow. Alexander was now supreme in Western Asia. The death of Alexander, in 323 B. c., rendered impossible the vast empire which he had projected. He had broken up the unity of Western Asia under Persian dominion without leaving any organic union in its place; and soon, instead of one centralized government, there existed several smaller independent kingdoms. Of these the most important were those of Egypt, Syria, and Pergamus. To the kingdom of Syria, ruled by the powerful line of the Seleucidae, fell the lordship of a vast 14 1 INTRODUCTION territory, extending from the Mediterranean to the Indus, and from the Jaxartes River and the Caspian to the Persian Gulf. But among the mountains southeast of the Caspian was a vigorous people, the Parthians, who had probably never been under complete subjection to Syria. About 250 B. C. they threw off the Syrian yoke, and began to extend their boundaries by means of conquest. Thus the Parthian Empire was founded, which -in general comprised the territory that previously had formed the central and eastern portions of the Persian Empire. It lasted nearly five centuries. At the height of Rome's power it proved a most formidable rival, inflicting upon Roman armies several humiliating defeats, and maintaining Parthian sovereignty east of the Euphrates. In 228 A.D. the Persian subjects of the Parthians rebelled, and soon established the great Sassanian, or New Persian, Empire. This fell before the Arabs in 641 A. D. Since the beginning of the ninth century the regions once ruled by Persia, at times united, at times divided, have been under a number of Turkish, Tartar, and Turkoman dynasties. III. CIVILIZATION OF THE PERSIANS. The life of the Persians in the earliest times was rude, primitive, and secluded. Shepherds and tillers of the soil, they dwelt in huts, and subsisted on the simple products of their native valleys. Commerce they despised, and luxury was unknown to them. Their king or chief had not absolute power: he could condemn no man to death without a formal trial, and could pass decision on no important question without the advice of a council. The Persian religion in its primitive form was the most spiritual of the pagan faiths. Though the Persians, in common with the other Indo-European peoples, had inherited from the parent folk a belief in many gods, they had arisen to the conception of one Supreme Being, whom they worshipped under the name Ahura-Mazda, or Ormazd. To him they neither erected temples nor offered sacrifices, nor CIVILIZATION OF THIE PERSIANS 15 did they worship him through graven images. They believed in the resurrection of the body and the immortality of the soul. Their great religious teacher was Zoroaster, who is thought to have lived about the sixth century a. c., although some authorities place his date several centuries earlier. He taught that besides the all-good Ormazd there is a bad spirit, an evil principle, Ahriman; this gave to the early religion the nature of dualism. Before the fall of the Empire, the worship of Mithras (the sun) and other divinities was introduced. Nevertheless till the reign of Artaxerxes Mindful the Persians remained uncompromising foes of idolatry; and the identification of Ormazd with Jehovah perhaps caused them to treat the Jews with special favor. Among the virtues, the early Persians most emphasized truthfulness and sincerity. Brave in war, frugal and temperate in peace, they laid the foundation of their nation's greatness in hardship and manly living. But with the rapid rise of Persia to the headship of an empire came great changes. Almost all Persians capable of bearing arms were distributed over the subject countries, as agents of the king, or as officers placed over the contingents of native troops furnished by the provinces, or as soldiers in the garrisons stationed at all important points. In less than a generation after their revolt from the Medes the Persians had penetrated to every part of the known world, and had come in contact with all manner of peoples and customs. At all times the Persians were careful about the education of the youth, -giving them simple fare, guarding them from all corrupting influences, and training them in the severest exercises of arms and the chase; teaching them, as Herodotus says, "to ride, to draw the bow, and to speak the truth." Yet contact with the other orientals brought knowledge of all luxuries and vices. Cunning and intrigue gradually usurped the place of manly courage. Effeminacy led to physical as well as moral decline. The simplicity of the early court-life gave way to imposing ceremonies. Magnificent robes dis 16 INTRODUCTION placed the homely garb of war, and great palaces were erected to contain the royal household. By the time of Xerxes the monarch, often himself ruled by favorite wives and designing eunuchs, had come to possess unlimited authority even over Persians. The Persians borrowed their arts from the Assyrians and Babylonians, and thus indirectly from the Chaldaeans (see p. 5). In writing they used a cuneiform or wedge-shaped character. In sculpture they were far inferior to their masters; but their architecture, which found in the abundant rock of Persia a better material than the sun-dried brick used by the dwellers along the Tigris, was in several respects superior to that of both Chaldaeans and Assyrians. The Persian palaces were built upon extensive artificial platforms or terraces of rock, and constructed of massive blocks of hewn stone. They were adorned with carved representations of human beings, animals, and monsters, many of which have been discovered. The Persians also developed a graceful and novel form of the Ionic column. The dress of the Persians of the higher classes was flowing and majestic, abounding in bright colors and embroidery and adorned with gems. Elaborate fans were carried by attendants. As a special royal prerogative, the king in processions was protected by a large parasol. Apartments were probably adorned with rich hangings and rugs, such as one finds in the East to-day. Some of the patterns still woven in the mountain villages of Persia and Afghanistan are identical with ancient designs carved on stone discovered among the ruins of Assyrian palaces. In the art of war the Persians made no advance upon the Assyrians before them. They owed their victories, not to superior equipment and tactics, but at first to the spirit and dash of heir soldiery, later to the overwhelming numbers they could bring into the field. The Persian army was made up of infantry, cavalry, and chariots. CIVILIZATION OF THE PERSIANS 17 The officers of the army were: a. Commander-in-chtief, who was either the king himself or some one appointed by him. b. Captains-general, each in command of a great division comprising the forces sent by several different peoples. c. Generals, each commanding an ethnic division, or the body of troops drawn from a single people. The ethnic divisions were subdivided into regiments of,000ooo; these into companies of Ioo; and the companies finally into squads of io each. Subordinate officers were appointed by the superior officer next above in rank. The Persian foot-soldier usually wore a close-fitting leather tunic reaching to the knees, with trowsers of leather and strong shoes. (See Plate I., figures I, 5.) His offensive weapons were: a. Sword (&aKtvaK', EyXEcp1'&ov), straight, like a dagger, carried in a scabbard which hung on the right side from a kind of double girdle about the waist. (PI. I. I.) b. Spear, six or seven feet long, with a flat, sharp head; the shaft sometimes tapered slightly from the butt to the head and had a ball-shaped ornament at the reverse end. Plate I. 2. c. Bow, sometimes hung over the left shoulder, with the quiver full of arrows on the back (PI. I. 4); sometimes carried together with the quiver in a leather case (P1. I. I, 5). The bow was very strong, and curved back at each end. d. Battle-axe (PI. I. 5), carried, however, by only part of the infantry; others had a heavy mace, or club. e. Sli'ng, also carried only by particular divisions. His chief defensive weapon was a large shield of wicker-work (called yeppov by the Greeks, see Vocab.), which protected the entire person. It was probably in part held in position by a stake behind, giving the soldier opportunity to shoot his arrows or hurl his missiles as from behind a rampart. A 18 INTRODUCTION smaller oval shield was sometimes made use of, probably by soldiers of higher grade (PI. I. 2). The foot-soldier had no helmet, but wore on his head a soft round cap, not unlike those still in use in the East; higher and more elaborate headdresses, as well as flowing robes, were the mark of rank or official position (PI. I. 2, 3). In some cases infantry were provided with coats of mail, made of scales of metal or of quilted linen. The contingents of troops from the provinces frequently retained the dress and weapons peculiar to their own people. The Persian cavalry were at first armed like the infantry. Later, however, the heavy cavalry were equipped with helmets, coats of mail, and greaves, and each man carried a sword, two spears, and a knife. The horse also was well protected with armor. The light cavalry had no armor, and were trained to quickness of movement in harassing or pursuing an enemy. The chariots of the Persians carried scythes at the ends of the axle and on other parts (P1. I. 6). In action both horses and men were probably covered with armor, as was the case with the Assyrians, the shape of whose chariots differed somewhat from that of the Persian (PI. I. 7, representation found upon a bas-relief excavated at Nimroud, Ca/h). Such chariots, however, caused less destruction of life than might be supposed; for usually either the charioteers were struck down and the horses frightened back, or the ranks of the army assailed opened and let them drive through. Their tactics were thus quite different from those of-the early Britons. The Persian tactics were simple. On the march the army was divided into two parts. First came one half; then the commander with his guard; then the other half. Great care was taken that adequate supplies be always at hand. So well was this branch of the service managed, that a Persian army was rarely embarrassed in its movements by lack of provisions. When in a hostile country the Persians never encamped near the enemy, from fear of a night attack; but they usually fortified their camp with a trench. CIVILIZATION OF TIlE PERSIANS 19 In battle the chariots were placed in front of the army. The body of the battle-line was made up of infantry, the cavalry being stationed on the wings. The infantry was drawn up in oblong masses, each ethnic division forming a mass by itself. The best troops were placed in front; but the ranks were very deep, and generally there was no second line or reserve force. In the centre of the line of battle was the commander, whom an ancient custom required to take an active part himself in the fighting. From this practice many disasters resulted. The great defects of the Persian military system were lack of discipline and failure to develop a tactical unit in the organization of the army. The Persians themselves by no means lacked courage; but they found it necessary sometimes to force their subjects into battle with the scourge. In besieging cities they made little use of military engines, or other appliances than the mound and the mine. The Persian civilization, in comparison with that of Europe to-day, was meagre and barbaric; but viewed from the oriental standpoint, and judged by the standard of antiquity, it was by no means despicable. As a whole, it was an advance on what had preceded it. The Persian was quick, vivacious, sensitive, and passionate, but naturally less revengeful and cruel than his Assyrian predecessors. His aspirations, however, were not along the line of intellectual advancement or wsthetic production; and he has left us comparatively few monuments of art and literature. His mission in the world was rather governmental and religious. He gave to Western Asia for several centuries a peace which would not have been possible without the unity impressed by conquest. He quickened and stimulated the development of Greece by contact and antagonism. He aided in the re-establishment of Jewish institutions; and be held up to the Jew, at a time when the Hebrew conception of Jehovah was most dimmed and seemed on the point of being lost to the world, the example of a faith in one Supreme Being. 20 INTRODUCTION II. THE EXPEDITION OF CYRUS. Darius Nothus, king of Persia from 425-405 B. c., had four sons. The oldest of these was Arsaces, later called Artaxerxes, after his grandfather Artaxerxes Long-hand; and the next in years was Cyrus, who took his name from Cyrus the Great, and is usually known as Cyrus the Younger. Artaxerxes was of a yielding and contented disposition; but Cyrus was full of spirit, - vehement and self-willed, yet brave, enterprising, and generous to a fault. Cyrus early became the favorite of his mother, and so far won his father's confidence that in 407 B. C., when but seventeen years old, he was placed over the government of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia, and appointed captain-general of the forces, whose mustering-place was the plain of Castdlus. The position was one of great responsibility; for his province was among the most fertile and wealthy in the empire, and brought him in contact with the Greeks, whose relations with Persia were by no means settled. Artaxerxes remained at the court. Cyrus had hardly entered upon the duties assigned him before he showed himself master of the situation. In all parts he repressed abuses and enforced the laws, winnin-g the respect if not the affection of his subjects. He also took up the cause of Sparta against Athens, furnishing money to the Lacedaemonians; thus he helped overthrow the chief enemy of Persia, and bound the Lacedaemonians under lasting obligations to himself. For some years previous to this time Tissaphernes, the neighboring satrap of Caria and Ionia, had been taking a part in the great struggle that divided the Greek world; but his policy had been to help now one side, now the other, Ssuffering neither to gain the supremacy. He not unnaturally soon came to look on the young prince with jealousy and suspicion. EXPEDITION OF CYRUS 21 In 405 B. c. Darius was struck down by a fatal malady, and sent for Cyrus, who invited Tissaphernes to accompany him, and with an escort of Greek mercenaries went up to Babylon. Cyrus probably now expected to be made king; for the queenmother Parysatis had been urging upon Darius the choice of Cyrus as successor, on the ground that, although Artaxerxes was the older by birth, Cyrus was the first son born after Darius himself became king. This plea was not, indeed, without precedent; for by a similar argument Atossa had persuaded Darius the Great to select as his successor Xerxes, the first son born after he came to the throne, instead of Artobazanes, the oldest son. Darius Nothus, however, withstood the entreaties of his queen, and appointed Artaxerxes. According to an ancient custom, the Persian king on assuming office must go up to Pasargadae (cf. p. 2). There in a certain temple he must lay off his own robe and put on that worn by Cyrus the Elder, before becoming king; then he must partake of some figs, turpentine, and sour milk. As Artaxerxes was preparing for this rite, Tissaphernes brought to him a priest who had instructed Cyrus when a youth, and who declared that Cyrus purposed to lie in wait for Artaxerxes in the temple and murder him while changing his robe. Some say that Cyrus was actually found lurking in the temple. Whether the priest told the truth or not, Cyrus was seized, and on the point of being executed(, when Parysatis twined her arms and hair about him in such a way that the fatal blow must kill her too. By her tears and intercession she not only saved his life, but even obtained for him from the compliant Artaxerxes full reinstatement in his province. Cyrus now went back to Asia Minor, inspired by no feeling of gratitude for his deliverance, but thinking only how he might wreak vengeance on his brother and make himself king. He was no doubt encouraged by Parysatis, who hated Artaxerxes. Cyrus treated with great favor influential Persians, especially those coming from the court; and he turned his friendly relations with the Lacedaemonians to good account. 22o INTRODUCTION He had already become familiar with the efficiency of Greek mercenary troops; he had several garrisons of them in his province. To the officers of these he now issued orders to enlist as many more Greeks as possible. The close of the Peloponnesian War had left without occupation a great number of soldiers who were unwilling to return to civil life; so Cyrus engaged several Greek commanders of good standing to raise bodies of troops for him (p. 29). To mask his real design, he gave the king to understand that he must defend himself against Tissaphernes, with whom he was now openly at war; also protect several Greek cities that had revolted from the rule of Tissaphernes to himself. As he forwarded the revenues of these cities to the royal treasury, Artaxerxes found no fault. Having completed his preparations, in the early part of 401 B. C. Cyrus concentrated at Sardis an army of ioo,ooo provincial and 8,1 oo Greeks.1 Detachments that joined him later on the march raised the number of Greek soldiers to 14,000.2 In the course of the expedition the Greek force, through losses and desertions, became reduced to about Ten Thousand, - a number that has become immortal. Still veiling the object of his movement under pretexts, Cyrus left Sardis early in March, and led his army in a southeasterly direction (see Map), reaching Thapsacus on the Euphrates late in July. Here he revealed his plan, and had some difficulty in persuading the Greeks to go on. Offers of larger wages, however, won them over, and the army proceeded along the left bank of the Euphrates toward Babylon. Meanwhile Tissaphernes had hastened to Babylon to inform the king of the movements of Cyrus. Artaxerxes rapidly mobilized an army of goo,ooo men, and marched up the Euphrates to meet his brother. The battle was fought at Cunaxa, about fifty miles northwest of Babylon. The Greek mercenaries routed all the barbarians opposed to them, but Cyrus's native force was put to flight, and he himself in a mad dash against the king was killed. Perils now beset the 1see N. to P. 76, 24 - 2 See N. to P, 76, 14. EXPEDITION OF CYRUS 23 Greeks on every side. They were fifteen hundred miles from home, surrounded by hordes of enemies, and without provisions. But their courage rose with the emergency. They sent word to Ariaeus, general of Cyrus's provincial army, that they would place him on the Persian throne. They indignantly rejected an order from Artaxlrxes to surrender. Finally, after some parleying, they joined Ariaeus, with the intention of marching together back to the sea-coast. The Persian king, having failed to induce the Greeks to give themselves up, now opened negotiations on a different basis. Through the mediation of the wily Tissaphernes, an agreement was at length made that the Greeks should be allowed to march without molestation to the coast, and obtain provisions by purchase along the route. Tissaphernes was to escort them; but instead of directing his course toward Asia Minor, he led them eastward to the Tigris, and then up the left bank. It gradually became evident that Ariaeus had made terms with the king. The Greeks began to suspect that there was a plot to entrap them. Their chief officers, however, were invited to a conference to adjust matters. All who went were conducted to the tent of Tissaphernes as if for audience. There they were seized and put to death with the most barefaced and dastardly treachery. Had the Persians with their superior numbers now at once attacked the Greeks, unprepared and with many officers gone, they might have gained a signal advantage; but with a procrastination characteristic of orientals, they let the opportunity slip. Before nightfall news of the treachery reached the Greeks. Great emergencies reveal natural leaders. Xenophon, who had accompanied the expedition merely as a friend of one of the generals, aroused the despondent army, inspiring both officers and men with hope and courage. By dawn of the day following the massacre, new officers had been appointed in the place of those killed, and the Greeks were almost as well prepared to face the enemy as before. The Greeks now rejected all further negotiations. Taking 24 INTRODUCTION their provisions from the country, marching and fighting, they cut their way through. In vain the Great King hurled against them his myriads, which hung like a cloud about the line of their advance, - attacking them on the march, seizing beforehand all defensible positions along their route, and devastating the regions from which they must get their supplies. Greek courage and tact met and overcame every difficulty. Not attempting to recross the Tigris, the Ten Thousand followed its course almost to the borders of Armenia; and though winter was now approaching, they decided to force a passage through the mountains northward to the Black Sea. The mountain tribes, at this time virtually independent of Persian rule, proved far more formidable foes than the forces of the king had been. Storms, deep snow, intense cold, and scarcity of supplies impeded their progress. But they pressed on resolutely, and in February (B. C. 400) reached Trapezus (now Trebizond), a Greek colony on the Euxine. From Trapezus the Ten Thousand proceeded, with some losses, partly by land, partly by sea, westward to Chrysopolis (now Scutari), on the coast of Asia Minor, just opposite Byzantium. Pharnabazus, satrap of this region, induced the Spartan admiral at Byzantium, with whom he was on good terms, to allure them across the Bosporus by offers of service. Crossing over and finding themselves deceived, they were with difficulty prevented from sacking Byzantium in revenge. In December (B. C. 400) they entered the service of Seuthes, a Thracian prince, and for two months were engaged in subduing rebellious subjects for him. Finally, in the spring of 399 B. C. the remnants of the force, now numbering only 6,000, were engaged by the Lacedaemonians to serve under Thibron in a war just declared against the satraps Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes. The defeat of Cyrus had delivered Artaxerxes from great peril, but the peace of his household was destroyed. The queen-mother Parysatis, who was more of a fiend than a woman, with malignant and relentless purpose set about ac EXPEDITION OF CYRUS complishing the destruction of every person connected in any way with Cyrus's death. The soldier who had inflicted on him tle fatal wound she caused to be tortured on the rack for ten days, and then had molten brass poured into his ears. Mithridates, who had first wounded the prince, she enticed to a still more horrible fate. At length even Tissaphernes through her influence was seized and executed; and she poisoned Statira, the favorite wife of Artaxerxes, who had spoken bitterly of Cyrus. The oldest son of Artaxerxes, following the example of Cyrus, conspired to seize the throne, but was arrested and put to death. Another son, unjustly suspected of a similar design, committed suicide. The favorite remaining son was murdered by a jealous brother; on the news of his death the father died of grief. Thus the life of Artaxerxes was clouded with sorrows and went out in bitterness. The Retreat of the Ten Thousand is the most remarkable exploit of its kind recorded in history. It seems incredible that so small a body of men, so far from home, ignorant of the country, and possessing neither guides nor maps, forced to get supplies where they could, surrounded by an army of a million men, and having to fight their way through so many warlike tribes, should have escaped with so little loss. The exploit bears witness, not merely to the courage, but also to the versatility and persistency, of the Greek character. No other people of the time could have furnished a body of men capable of such an achievement. The results of the Retreat were far-reaching and important. It made apparent the decay and inherent weakness of Persian power. Previously the Great King, remote, enveloped in mystery and surrounded with a halo of myth, had impressed the Greek almost as some superhuman being, holding the destinies of half the race in his hands. Had the Ten Thousand perished in his domains, whether from sword or famine, that impression would have been strengthened, and the Greek world would have continued to view him with awe and fear. But the Retreat stripped him alike of his obscurity and his grandeur. 26 INTRODUCTION Greeks had penetrated in arms almost to his palace gates, and had come away unscathed. In the very midst of his realm were found tribes over which he could not maintain his sovereignty. The great distances between the parts of his empire, and the inferiority of his troops, made his vast armies of little account in the presence of an active and resolute foe. The knowledge of these facts now turned the tide of conquest. Heretofore Greeks had assumed only the defensive; now they took the offensive. Sparta at once commenced to prosecute vigorous war in Asia; Persian gold, however, fomented strifes in Greece against her, and forced her to desist. Nevertheless from this time on, visions of Persian conquest floated before the eyes of Greek generals and statesmen, until finally Alexander made the dream a reality. It was only a step from Cunaxa to Issus and Arbela. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY 27 III. THE GREEK ART OF WAR. I. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY. In the development of the Greek art of war there were three great periods: Period I. From the Heroic Age to the end of the Persian wars, B. c. 479. Period II. From the end of the Persian wars to the battle of Mantinea, B. C. 362. Period III. From the battle of Mantinea to the death of Alexander the Great, B. c. 323. The second period, in which the expedition of Cyrus and retreat of the Ten Thousand took place, was one of transition from the equipment and tactics of the early period to the Macedonian system, introduced by Philip and perfected by Alexander. At this time there were at least two distinct forms of organization for Greek armies, - the Athenian and the Spartan. At Athens all citizens of military age - from the eighteenth to the sixtieth year - were enrolled in the public registers, with a statement of the amount of property each possessed. The rich were appointed to serve as cavalry; those of less means as heavy infantry, or hoplites (ovrXruat); and the poorest, if they were called out at all, as light infantry, chiefly bowmen. From the hoplites of each of the ten tribes was formed a brigade called taxis (rTaes), having an average strength of perhaps 6oo00 men; to this was added a troop of cavalry (OvXA). The infantry was commanded by ten generals (orTpaT7yo[) and ten brigadiers (ra4[p ot); the cavalry, by two hipparchs (tTrapXoc) and ten phylarchs (fVrXapXot), all chosen annually. Of the subdivisions and inferior officers of the Athenian army little is known with certainty. 28 INTRODUCTION At Sparta citizens between the ages of twenty and sixty lived in barracks, and gave their whole time to war or training for war. They were divided into six brigades, or moras (/opat), the size of which varied according to the number of men called out, and other conditions. The mora was composed of four lochoi (Xoxot), or battalions. The lochos was the tactical unit of the Spartan army. The first lochos of each mora contained the-men considered best for service outside the Spartan territory; in the second were enrolled the best of those remaining after the first had been formed; the third was probably made up of the oldest, the fourth of the youngest, men of the mora. The lochos was divided into two or four pentecostyes, the pentecostys (7rEvrTKoarTVs) into two or four enomoties (Evwtoor/at), each probably containing 25 to 36 men. Thus the mora =- 4 lochoi = 8 or i6 pentecostyes =- 6 or 64 enomoties. The mora was commanded by a brigadier, or polemarch (7roXekapxos, or /topayod;), who in peace acted also as executive head. Next to him were the lachagoi (XoXayot), who led the lochoi. Penteconters (TrEvn7KovripEs) were in charge of the pentecostyes; enomotarchs (Ev/worapXo), of the enomoties. At first the Lacedaemonians made no use of cavalry or light infantry, but toward the end of the Peloponnesian War they introduced both. Soldiers were often accompanied by slaves, who carried their arms on the march, cooked their meals, and aided them if they were sick or wounded. As the number of Spartans steadily decreased, their places in the ranks were more and more filled by the subject provincials (TrEpLptKo, perioeci). The Greek force of Cyrus was drawn principally from the Peloponnesus, and its organization followed the Spartan model. The pursuit of arms as an occupation for regular wages commenced in Greece during the Peloponnesian War, and the employment of mercenary troops soon became common. The prince or state, that wished to hire troops in addition to forces raised at home, opened communication with military men of wide reputation, engaging them as superior officers, each to ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY 29 furnish a specified number of soldiers. These officers in turn sought ambitious or adventurous or needy captains, who would agree to raise companies for them at a certain rate of pay and of a certain kind of equipment. The captains, going usually where they were known, opened recruiting stations. Thus an army of mercenaries was enlisted, and on a certain day the different detachments would meet ready for service. In this way the Greek troops of Cyrus (except the 700 under Chirisophus, see I. iv. 3, and note) were engaged, being divided among the superior officers or generals (o-TpaTryof) as follows: Xenias... 4,o000o hoplites. Proxenus.. 1,500 ".. 500 gymnetes. Clearchus Soo ( 800 Thracian peltasts, Clearchus.. Iooo ".. < - 20o Cretan bowmen. Menon... I,000 ".. 500 peltasts. Sophaenetus.,ooo000 Agias...,ooo1 Pasion... 300 i.. 300 peltasts. Socrates.. 500 " Sosis... 300 " Total, 9 generals. 10,600 hoplites. 2,300 light infantry. The force thus comprised heavy infantry and light infantry (the few horsemen are not reckoned separately);2 but in the course of the retreat a small squadron of cavalry was fitted out.3 Along with the regular soldiers was a large body of noncombatants (OxXog), composed of musicians, artisans, those in charge of the baggage, traders, and slaves. Each of Cyrus's generals commanded the contingent he had brought; under them were the captains (XoXayoi) in charge of the companies (XAoXo). The companies probably averaged oo00 men each, and were subdivided each into two pentycostyes and four enomoties. As the relation of the soldier to his general was not based upon patriotic devotion, nor any moral 1 See note to p. 56, i. 2 Cf. p. 71, 9-II; p. 96, 24-27; N. p. 76, I4. a See III. 1n- 20 30 INTRODUCTION obligation apart from the engagement of service for wages, very strict discipline could not be enforced, and desertions were frequent. Thus on the up-march a body of soldiers left Xenias and Pasion and went over to Clearchus, whereupon the two slighted officers abandoned the expedition. The decision of all matters of importance was left to the soldiers themselves. They were called together in assemblies, like those to which as citizens they had doubtless been accustomed at home, and voted after having heard both sides of a question discussed. Indeed, most of the Greeks that enlisted under Cyrus appear to have been men of some means at home, who joined his cause from love of adventure or hope of plunder. II. EQUIPMENT OF THE SOLDIERS. The infantry of the Greek army, according to equipment, was divided into two classes, - heavy infantry and light infantry. The weapons of the heavy infantry, or hoplites (o7rXZTat), were both defensive and offensive. i. DEFENSIVE WEAPONS. a. Helmet (Kpaivos, cassis), usually of bronze, and of various forms, surmounted by a crest of metal or a tuft of feathers or horsehair (see PI. IV. 5, 7). Sometimes helmets of leather were worn (P1. IV. 6). b. Coat of mail (O&pae, lorica), made of leather or cloth, with plates of metal fastened on to protect the chest, back, and shoulders (PI. IV. 4). c. Greaves (KvrnJ^Ce, ocreae), plates of metal, lined with cloth or leather, protecting the leg from knee to ankle (P1. III. 8, Il). d. Shield (do-is), of two forms, oval and round. The large oval shield (PI. III. 9) was about four and a half feet long and two feet wide, made of several thicknesses of dried ox-hide, stretched over a wooden frame, and sur EQUIPMENT OF TIHE SOLDIERS 31 rounded by a rim of metal. It was sustained by means of a strap passing over the left shoulder, and held in position by the hand. The round shield (PI. III. io) was smaller, and had two handles on the inside, by which it could easily be held on the left forearm. At the centre of the outside was a knob or point of metal, the boss ( o/aX4o, umbo), adapted for striking. Shields were often ornamented with letters or other devices; those of the Spartans had a A, standing for Aa/Kwv or AaKccWLKos. 2. OFFENSIVE WEAPONS. a. Spear (&opv, hasta), eight to sixteen feet long, with pointed head and shoe of metal, adapted only for hurling and spearing (P1. III. i). b. Sword, of two forms, - straight and curved. The straight sword (Lagos) was two-edged, pointed, and, together with the hilt, fourteen to twenty-four inches in length, fitted for both slashing and stabbing (P1. III. 5). The curved sword (/buXatpa) was single-edged, like a scimitar, and fitted only for slashing (P1. III. I3). The sword was carried in a scabbard at the left side, and attached to a belt (rcXaovi, bal/eus) running over the right shoulder. The whole weight of a hoplite's equipment was not less than seventy pounds. But he carried all his weapons only in battle; on the march the heaviest were laid on a wagon or borne by a slave. His dress consisted of a close-fitting under-garment, with or without sleeves, reaching nearly to the knees (x\rwv, tunica), and an oblong cloak (XXa/vs) thrown over the left shoulder, with the upper corners fastened at the right shoulder by a clasp, and with the other corners hanging down; both garments were usually of wool. On his feet he wore sandals, shoes, or boots of either leather or felt. The light infantry was made up of peltasts and gymnetes. INTRODUCTION The peltast (rrCXrao-rrs) carried: a. Shield (7r&T) of irregular shape, about two feet long, made of leather stretched on a wooden frame, and adapted for parrying (PL. II. 5). b. Sword, like that of the hoplite. c. Several darts, four to six feet long, hurled either by means of a leather thong or with the bare hand. The gymnetes (yvuvr/rEs) had no shield, and were either darters, bowmen, or slingers. a. Darters (Kovrt-ra', iaculatores) were armed with short darts. A leather thong was attached to the dart, apparently near the centre of gravity, and wound loosely around, the end being held by the fingers, or forming a loop, in which two fingers were inserted. As the dart was hurled it unwound, giving a whirling motion to the weapon and insuring accuracy of aim, on the same principle as that utilized in the construction of the modern rifle (P1. II. 2). b. Bowmen (Tro$rat, sagitlarii) carried only a bow and arrows. The bow curved back at both ends (P1. III. 3). Twelve to twenty arrows were stored in the quiver, hung over the left shoulder. c. Slingers (or-Ev~ovTrat, fundilores) hurled either leaden bullets or stones the size of a hen's egg and smaller. The equipment of the cavalry protected the horse as well as his rider. The horse wore a frontlet of metal (7rpo/,Ecrto0rov), a breastplate (7rpo-Trcpv&lov), and thick coverings for the sides (7rapaTrXEvp[ta). The cavalry-man had a helmet, a coat of mail longer than that worn by the hoplite, and greaves above as well as below the knee. He had no shield, but carried a light spear (rraXT'v) and a curved sword (,aoXatpa). His dress was like that of the hoplite. The trumpet used in the Greek army (adX7rty$, tuba) was straight and long, like the Roman tuba (PI. IV. 9). PROVISIONING AND PAY OF THiE SOLDIERS 3 SUMMARY. Helmet. r Coat of mail F Defensive weapons, o Shield. ( 1 ~~~~~Shield. r Heavy. I Greaves. I~ ~~r I eo Spear. l Offensive weapons, S pe d. * Sword. INFANTRY.- Shield. r Peltasts, weapons,. Sword. L Light. (Darts. 1 r ~ ~(Darters, armed with darts. L Gymnetes,; Bowmen, " bow. (Slingers, 6 sling. ~ Frontlet. F Protection of the horse,. Breastplate. ( Side-protector. C A V A L R Y. I ~ H elm et. CAVALRY. Defensive weapons,. i Coat of mail. |j~~ ~~(Greaves. ^rr * S~~~ Sword. t Offensive weapons, Spear. - f ~Spear. III. PROVISIONING AND PAY OF THE SOLDIERS. The Greek mercenary soldier received regular pay, out of which he provided for his own living and equipment. The average daily wages of the foot-soldier ran from 4 obols to a drachma, = I I to 17 cents of our money, payable every month. His living cost 2 to 3 obols, 6 to 9 cents, a day. Captains received double pay; generals, four times as much as the common soldier. Cavalry men were allowed three times the pay of the infantry, for the care of their horses. The soldier obtained his supplies from day to day at a market provided by traders that accompanied the army, under the eye of the commander. He could purchase either cooked or uncooked provisions. His diet consisted mainly, however, of cakes or bread made from barley meal or wheat flour, of which he needed about a quart a day. 84 INTRODUCTION Successful expeditions were followed by a division of booty, which increased the soldier's gain; and in traversing a hostile country opportunities for private plundering were not lacking. But the equipment of a hoplite at the start must have cost at least 150 drachmas, and would need occasional repairs. This expense, together with that of providing for one's own sustenance, must have reduced materially the profits of mercenary service. The Greek soldiers of Cyrus received at first a daric (= at Athens about 20 drachmas = nearly $5.50) a month, about 18 cents a day. As they hesitated about going on with him, he raised their pay to a daric and a half a month, or 27 cents a day, and promised rewards in addition. Owing to the disastrous issue of the expedition, they were paid only a small part of what was due them; and at the end of the Retreat many were in a state of destitution. Afterwards, however, the sale of booty in part retrieved their fortunes. IV. THE ARMY IN CAMP. The Greeks did not, like the Romans, make a practice of fortifying their places of encampment. The shape of the camp (o-rparo6recov, castra), no doubt, varied according to circumstances; but the form regularly made use of by the Lacedaemonians-hence probably by the Ten Thousandwas that of a circle (Pl. IV. 2). In the centre was the commander's tent, around which was an open space for assemblies. The rest of the room was marked off for the several brigades, battalions, and companies, with so great care that each could find the place assigned to it without delay. Every camp contained an altar; and in or near the camp a place was set off for a market. The Ten Thousand seem to have stacked their arms in front of the camp, calling the spot ra" 5'rwa. Tents were made of leather, and were probably shaped much like those of modern times. After the massacre of their officers, the Ten Thousand burned their tents in order to free them THE ARMY ON THE MARCH 85 selves from the incumbrance; and afterward whenever possible they encamped in villages. Orders in camp were announced through heralds; but in the vicinity of the enemy frequently signals were given with the trumpet, and word passed from mouth to mouth (a7ro 7rapaoyyeXoecW). The night was divided into three watches; the first lasting from dusk to midnight, the second from midnight to dawn, and the third from dawn till the time for breaking camp. The camp was guarded by a line of sentinels, who were given a password as they went on duty; and there were also spy sentinels, who went about from post to post during the night. When near the enemy, soldiers slept under arms (ev TOVS o7rXoVt wVKTrEpEVEv, = in armis excubare), and in case of a sudden attack were roused by a blast of the trumpet. V. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH. The army set out in the morning with sacrifices and prayers for a successful day. At the first blast of the trumpet the tents and baggage were packed up; at the second, the baggage was placed on wagons and pack-mules; at the third, the army got under way. In a friendly country the army usually marched in a single column; where there were roads near together or an open plain, sometimes in two or more parallel columns. The baggage-train, formed in detachments corresponding to the divisions of the army, was sometimes sent ahead; in other cases, placed on one of the flanks or in the rear. In a hostile region, however, great caution was exercised. When the enemy was known to be near, the troops advanced in order of battle. If the danger seemed less imminent, the hoplites formed a column, and bodies of cavalry or light infantry scoured the country along the advance, and brought up the rear. Nevertheless, in marches by night the heavy infantry led. Frequently in case of retreat a hollow square (rXatCrtov) was formed, with the sides made up of divisions of hoplites 36 INTRODUCTION (PI. IV. 3), with detachments of cavalry on the flanks, and with the light infantry and the detachments of baggage in the centre. Whenever it became necessary to cross a bridge or go through a narrow pass, the square defiled in some such manner as is represented in the diagram. The hoplites marched in two narrow parallel columns, guarding the baggage and light infantry between them, while the cavalry brought up the rear. When once past the narrow place, by reversing the movement the hollow square could be easily formed again. The Ten Thousand, attacked on all sides by enemies, found the hollow square as here described disadvantageous, and modified its form somewhat. (See note to Book III. iv. i9.) Between ten and eleven o'clock halt was made for breakfast (aparrov). Then the march was continued till the place of encampment for the night was reached. Here, probably between four and six or seven P.M., according to circumstances, the dinner (8c7rvov) was partaken of. The length of a day's march depended upon the nature of the country, the weather, the condition of the troops, and the amount of opposition encountered. The average day's march of the Ten Thousand was five to six parasangs, between fifteen and twenty-two miles. Some days in special emergencies they made seven or eight parasangs; in other cases, only a few miles. After several days of uninterrupted marching, they usually halted for a time to rest and obtain supplies. VI. THE ARMY IN BATTLE. Just before an engagement the commander-in-chief designated the position that each part of the army was to assume. The common order of battle was a solid array (ia'cXay$) of heavy infantry, 8 ranks deep, arranged according to brigades and companies. The line thus formed was considered as composed of three parts,-the centre (To /aLTov), the right wing (rTo S~LOV Kepa,, or To 8etov), and the left wing (To car vvuov Kepas; or To EvwvV(ov). When the commander desired THE ARMY IN BATTLE 37 to present a longer front to the enemy, he extended the line by reducing the number of ranks to 6 or 4; when greater solidity with less front was thought necessary, he increased the number of ranks to io, 12, or 16. The light infantry and pavalry were stationed, according to circumstances, on the wings, in front, or in the rear, or sent to guard the baggage. Often they were marshalled in three detachments, - one sent in front of the line to draw the enemy on, the other two assigned to the wings. As a rule, no troops were kept back as a reserve force; but towards the end of the Retreat Xenophon set aside three battalions of two hundred men each, which he stationed a short distance behind the centre and the wings. When the army was already in battle order a sacrifice was offered; for men went unwillingly into an engagement if the omens were not favorable. Then the general made an address to his soldiers, seeking to fire their courage to the utmost. When he had finished speaking, a watchword was passed from mouth to mouth up and down the line. The watchword was not always the same, but different on different occasions. Before the battle of Cunaxa it was, very appropriately, Zeqs rojr)p Kl N'Kyq. In the conflict with Pharnabazus it was Zcvs crrp, 'HpaKXg q ^yEju'v (Anab. VI. v. 29), because, while Zeus was looked upon as the giver of victory, Heracles, himself a wanderer, was revered as guide of the way in the perilous Retreat. As the enemy drew near, the general started the war-song (7arctav), addressed to Ares, in which the army joined. When the opposing lines came nearer to each other, suddenly the trumpet sounded the attack; the soldiers raised the meaningless but inspiring war-cry (aXaXa or EXeAcV), dashed forward and hurled their missiles. Often one of the lines broke at the first onset; if not, the battle was fought hand to hand. Sometimes in one part of the field one side was victorious, in another routed; and a double engagement was carried on till the stronger prevailed. Death without proper burial was considered by the Greeks so terrible that defeated generals some 38 INTRODUCTION times made a truce at great sacrifice to recover the bodies of the slain. The victorious party set up a trophy (rpd7atov), consisting of weapons taken from the enemy and hung to a post or upon trees, or mounted in some more permanent form, or even represented in sculptured marble or bronze. When once erected, with thank-offerings, trophies were looked upon as sacred, and not even the humiliated enemy in future years dared harm them. V1I. TACTICS OF SIEGE AND DEFENCE. Greek cities were surrounded by strong walls, usually of stone, surmounted by a parapet, with towers at intervals. In time of war as much provision as possible was stored up, and citizens not in the field were trained to service in the defence of the town. The walls were manned by sentinels, under the same regulations as those of the camp; and watchmen patrolled the walls and squares. Signals were agreed upon, so that immediately on the approach of an enemy every person capable of service could be summoned to his post. When an invading general decided upon the capture of a city, usually he first tried to gain access by storming it, battering down the gates, and scaling the wall with ladders. If he failed in this, he set about reducing it through the long process of siege. He surrounded it with a line of works, so far as possible cutting off all communication of the towns-people with the outside world. Various appliances were employed to force an entrance. Of these the chief were: a. The battering-ram (KptOu, aries), said to have been invented by the Carthaginians, but early used by the Assyrians. b. The mound (XG4a, agger), also used by the Assyrians. c. The tower (rvpyoS, urris).' Under the protection of movable sheds (XEXW'V &OpVKTI', 1 As these appliances of siege are described in Kelsey's Caesar (pp. 35-37), and illustrated (Plates V. and VI.), it has not been thought necessary to give a fuller account of them here. THE GREEK WAR-SHIPS 39 testudo fossaria),1 excavations were made undermining the walls, and even penetrating under the city. The besieged guarded the walls night and day, made frequent sallies to destroy the enemy's works, hurled firebrands into any structures containing combustible material, and met mines by countermines. If the besieging force was large enough and resolute enough, and no help came, the city in time must fall. But only too often in Greek cities a party inside the walls conspired with the foe outside, and after a time opened the gates to let the enemy in. VIII. THE GREEK WAR-SHIPS. The Greek war-ship (uaKpoa vais, navisZ longa) was long and narrow. It had one large sail, and was propelled mainly by oars. It had a sharp beak (ftf4okos, rostrum), and was strengthened inside by braces, so as to be forced against other ships without hurt to itself. It was steered by one or two paddles, let down into the water at the stem; the rudder used to-day was not invented till the Middle Ages. The most common form of the war-ship in earlier times was the penteconter (7revrqKOvTopoS, quinqueremis), with fifty oars, twentyfive on a side. But in the classical period the trireme (rptrjpr], triremis) was preferred. This had three banks of oars, one above the other, on each side. The oars of the lowest bank were the shortest, those of the middle bank somewhat longer, and those of the highest bank longest of all. The war-ship carried both sailors (vairat) and marines (Ezr/3^aTa), who were fully armed. In the Roman period towers were erected on the ship's deck, and in action grappling-hooks were thrown out to catch the enemy's vessel. In time of war vessels usually went in fleets. When battle was resolved upon, a red flag or a gilded shield was hung out on the admiral's ship, and the fleet made ready for action. The most favorable time for an engagement was a perfect 1 See Kelsey's Caesar, Plate V. io. 40 INTRODUCTION calm. Sails and mast were taken down, and the deck cleared. The ships were now arranged in battle order, - in single, double, or triple line, with left wing, right wing, and centre. The shape of the line was adapted to the location and number of the enemy. It was sometimes a crescent, with the horns turned toward the hostile fleet, Ad', or the reverse A; sometimes like an inverted V ( A ), or a wedge ( A ). In case there were merchant vessels or barges to be protected, the war-ships often formed a circle, with the defenceless craft in the centre. When all was ready to attack, the crews raised the war-song, and then the signal for battle was given on the trumpet. Each ship now moved steadily forward, singling out an antagonist, and aiming to crush in its side with a single powerful blow of the beak. Here, as in engagements on land, the first onset often decided the battle; but a naval victory was always in one respect more decisive, - there was no escape for the crews of disabled ships. i V. t ~ ~ ~ t ', '.Z..:.t.. ';i i..' '. LIFE OF XENOPHION 41 IV. XENOPHON. I. LIFE OF XENOPHON. Xenophon, son of Gryllus, was born at Athens, probably about the year 429 B. c.1 His family appears to have been one of means and standing, so that in early life he had leisure and opportunity for culture. The story is told that one day the philosopher Socrates met the young Xenophon in a narrow street, and raising his staff to bar the way, asked the price of certain articles exposed for sale. Xenophon answered respectfully. " But where," said Socrates, C" are men made honorable and good?" The youth was perplexed; and Socrates answered, " Follow me, and find out." From that time Xenophon remained a constant and devoted disciple of the master. Among the friends of Xenophon was Proxenus, a young and ambitious Boeotian, who had been led by prospect of advancement to raise a body of mercenaries and enter the service of Cyrus. While at Sardis, Proxenus wrote to Xenophon, urging him to come over into Asia, make the acquaintance of Cyrus, and join an expedition soon to set out against the Pisidians. Xenophon laid the matter before Socrates, who, foreseeing that service under a Persian would be regarded with suspicion by the Athenians, advised him to consult the oracle at Delphi. Xenophon went to Delphi, but simply asked to what gods he ought to sacrifice in order to succeed in the undertaking which he had in mind. Answer was given accordingly. Socrates blamed him for not having first inquired of the oracle whether 1 The date of Xenophon's birth has been put fifteen years earlier by many scholars, principally because of a story that his life was saved by Socrates at the battle of Deliurn, in Boeotia, B.C. 424. If the story is true, Xenophon must have been approximately twenty years old at the time of the battle, and his birth assigned to 444 B.C. or thereabouts. The date 429 B. c. assumes that Xenophon was not far from thirty years old at the time of the Retreat, and harmonizes with references in the Anabasis, particularly VI. iv. 25, where he classes himself with those under thirty years of age: rcai 6 5 ep/oa... e',/300eL Kal ol \AAoi ol /epX: TrplaKOovrTa erTv aTraves 42 INTRODUCTION he should go to Asia at all or not; but said that, since the oracle had definitely answered the question asked, it was necessary for him to go. He joined Proxenus and Cyrus at Sardis in 401 B. C. When once the army of Cyrus had passed beyond Pisidia on the route to Babylon, Xenophon could not well return to Greece alone, and so continued with it, not as an officer or soldier, but as a friend and guest. After the treacherous seizure of the Greek officers, among whom was Proxenus, Xenophon became the moving spirit of the army, evincing marvellous patience, tact, and knowledge of human nature, as well as courage and superior generalship, in conducting the Retreat. When in 399 B.C. the remnants of the Ten Thousand entered the service of the Lacedaemonians against the Persians, Xenophon still remained in Asia Minor; for in 394 B. C. we find him just returning to Greece with the Spartan king Agesilaus. But the relations of Xenophon with the Persians, and perhaps with the Spartans, had brought him into disrepute at Athens. Sentence of death was passed upon Socrates in 399 B. C.; and probably soon after that date Xenophon was formally decreed an exile. He now identified himself with the Lacedaemonians. He seems to have taken part with Agesilaus in the battle of Coronea, in 394 B. C., against the army of the league headed by Thebes and Athens. About 387 B. C. the Spartans made public recognition of his services by granting him an estate at Scillus, a few miles south of Olympia, in the territory lately conquered from Elis. Here he founded a shrine to Artemis; and surrounded by his family, gave his time to hunting, fishing, and literary pursuits. After the battle of Leuctra, in 371 B. C., the Eleans regained possession of Scillus. Xenophon was forced to flee, and took up his residence at Corinth. On the restoration of peace between Athens and Sparta, the decree of banishment against him was repealed; but there is no evidence that he ever again returned to his native city. His two sons, however, who had been educated at Sparta, he sent to Athens to serve with the LIFE OF XENOPHON 43 Lacedaemonian contingent against the Thebans. One of the sons fell, bravely fighting, at the battle of Mantinea, B. c. 362. News of the bereavement came to Xenophon while sacrificing. He at once laid off the chaplet with which his head was crowned; but on hearing that the death was a noble one, he put it on again with the words, " I knew that I had begotten a mortal! "1 and proceeded with the sacrifice. He himself died advanced in years, probably at Corinth, about the year 355 B. C. The charge has been made against Xenophon that he showed too little regard for his native city and its institutions. But surely in his time any man of quiet tastes would have found little at Athens to make it attractive as a place of residence. Turbulent political factions kept the city in a continual ferment, and men of real character and noble purpose, like Socrates, were liable to be put to death on the indefinite charge of perverting the public morals. The Athens of Xenophon's later life especially was corrupt and degenerate. We need not wonder that, once having come in contact with the Lacedaemonians, he preferred Sparta, whose institutions, though stern and harsh, nevertheless encouraged the development of a kind of sturdy manliness that at Athens was rapidly dying out. The decree of banishment, according to the usages of the time, was perhaps justifiable; yet if Xenophon thought best to cast his lot with Cyrus and with the Lacedaemonians, he had a perfect right to do so. At any rate, he never turned against his country with that bitter and malignant hatred which so frequently disgraced the conduct of Greek political exiles. In many respects Xenophon was a typical Athenian. He was quick in perception and comprehension, refined in his tastes, interested in everything going on about him, and well informed, particularly in regard to matters of history, politics, and war. He was versatile rather than profound. Having enough of relish 1 A similar story is relatedof the philosopher Anaxagoras by Cicero (Tusczdanae Dispulaziones, III xiv 29). queen (Anaxagoran)e ferunt nuntiata morte fili dixisse, " Sciebam me genuisse montzalem." 44 INTRODUCTION for philosophy to listen for years with admiring interest to the teaching of Socrates, he yet never penetrated beneath the surface of his master's doctrine, or half understood it. He was a practical man, giving less attention to general principles, causes, and conditions, than to rules, facts, and details. Not excessively superstitious, still he paid much heed to dreams, and knew well how to turn a lucky omen so as to have the greatest influence with others. A characteristic of Xenophon especially Athenian was his versatility. He had a rare gift of adapting himself to circumstances and making the most of them. He was able to do many things, and to do them well. With little previous experience as an officer, in leading the Retreat he showed excellent generalship. Gifted with readiness of speech and keen insight into human nature, by the sheer force of oratory he governed and disciplined the Ten Thousand under circumstances most fatal to good order; and that too in spite of the fact that they were mainly Lacedaemonians, who would look upon an Athenian as a natural enemy. At length, withdrawing from war and expeditions, he turned to writing, and wielded the pen with a grace and vigor that have charmed the world ever since. Yet in no sphere did he display genius of the highest order. Some of his descriptions of his own military movements show that he was not a perfect master of tactics; and as a writer, no one would concede to him the rank of Thucydides or Plato. His life-work as a whole was varied, yet well-rounded, serviceable to his own generation, and full of interest and value to posterity; but it can be compared in no respect with that of Caesar. II. WRITINGS OF XENOPHON. The works of Xenophon cover a wide range of subjects, and are apparently all extant. They are as follows: 'Expedition of Cyrus' (`Eyockfvrog Kipou 'Avcl/3arts, Xento. Jkon/is Expedi/io Cyri). In seven books. WRITINGS OF XENOPHON 45 ' Hellenics' ('EAXX1VLK, Hellenzia ); a history of the Greek states, from the year 411 B. C., when the History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides ends, to the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 362. In seven books; and intended as a continuation of the work of Thucydides, which indeed Xenophon is said to have edited. 'Recollections of Socrates' ('AlrofJivl7ove jLa-ra to)Kparovs, Memorabilia Socrais); a vindication of the character and life of Socrates, showing the injustice of the sentence of death passed upon him, and of the stigma attaching to his memory. In four books, made up chiefly of anecdotes and sayings of Socrates. ' Education of Cyrus' (Kvpov llaL83ta, Cyropaedia); a political romance in eight books, sketching the training and life of an ideal ruler under the guise of Cyrus the Great. These four works are the most important of Xenophon's writings. The following are shorter treatises: 'Economics' (OiKOVOULKO&, Oeconomicus); a dialogue between Socrates and Critobtlus, in which Socrates discusses the proper method of managing one's household and property. 'Banquet' (vtOrro-rtov, Symposium); a description of a banquet in which Socrates appears in a merry mood. Intended to serve as a supplement to the Memorabilia. ' Hiero' ('UIpwv, Hiero); a dialogue between Hiero, Tyrant of Syracuse, and the poet Simonides, bringing out forcibly the difficulties and dangers that beset the path of the despot. ' Agesilaus' ('Ayqro-Aiao, Agtsilius); a panegyric on Xenophon's friend, Agesilaus the Second, king of Sparta. 'On Revenues' (HIIpot, ) lEpi lHpoo-owv, De Vectigal'ibs); a treatise on the revenues of Athens. The 'Agesilaus' and the treatise ' On Revenues' are thought by many not to have been written by Xenophon. 'On Horsemanship' (HIEpl 'T1rrtrK,, De Re lEqlestri); a discussion of many points connected with the choice, purchase, and sale of horses. 46 INTRODUCTION ' On Hunting' (KwVqyErLK0'o, Cynegeticus); treating of hunting-dogs, and the kinds and habits of game. 'The Hipparch' ('I7rraPXrxK, Hipparchicus); on the position and duties of a commander of cavalry. 'The Constitution of Sparta' (tIoArTet AaKe&atkov(ovW, Respublica Lacedaemoniorum); presenting a brief description of the political institutions of Sparta. There are also a ' Defence of Socrates' (AroXoy&at wcKpadov3, Aapologia Socratis), and a 'Constitution of Athens' (IHoXLrtea 'AO6YvacWv, Respublica Atheniensium), attributed to Xenophon, but probably not composed by him. All the works of Xenophon are written in a simple and pleasing style; but it is on the ' Anabasis' that his fame as a writer chiefly rests. In this, indeed, he had the advantage of a novel and fascinating theme; but that alone will not account for the admiration which the book has inspired in every age. In the 'Anabasis' Xenophon's style is at its best. It is unadorned, straightforward, concise, and unpretentious; not barren, but characterized by a graceful simplicity that wins and holds the reader. The structure of sentences is harmonious to the ear; the development of thought is clear and never halting. This unaffected and attractive manner of expression brought to Xenophon the epithet of the s" Attic Muse; " and Cicero said of him that his speech was sweeter than honey. Yet, judged by a strict standard, his Greek is not the purest Attic. His deviations from the best usage, however, have been greatly magnified by some critics, and probably result in part from the unsettled state of the text. Still, it would not be remarkable if, after so many years of association with Dorian Greeks, Xenophon's speech had lost something of its Attic flavor. It has been thought strange that, while there is no introduction to the Anabasis as a whole, several books are introduced by summaries of the foregoing narrative. Scholars now gener WRITINGS OF XENOP1HON 47 ally incline to the opinion that the work as published by Xenophon was not divided into books, but that the division was made after his time by some editor, who also added the summaries. We learn from the life of Xenophon by Diogenes Laertius, however, that the present arrangement of books was accepted as genuine at least as early as the middle of the second century A. D. At any rate, Xenophon's arrangement of material is so methodical that whoever divided the Anabasis into books and chapters did what was plainly suggested in the work itself. This may readily be seen by a glance at the titles of the books and chapters. The credibility of the Anabasis has more than once been called in question. Some have thought it a special plea put forth to justify Xenophon before his offended countrymen in regard to his relations with Cyrus, and given to the world under an assumed name. The evidence for this view is so slight that it may well be disregarded. Xenophon's tastes led him to the composition of historical works. What more natural than that he should write an account of the most remarkable expedition known up to that time, in which he had the fortune to be a prominent figure? He had, indeed, no broad, philosophic grasp of historical principles and tendencies, like Thucydides; but he was very observing, and no detail was so unimportant as to escape his attention. The best proof of his truthfulness, however, is the tone of his narrative. Like Caesar, he speaks of himself as writer in the first person, but as doer in the third, - thus in the narrative placing himself as a member of the expedition on a level with the rest. He is everywhere candid. There is no trace of self-glorification, of thrusts at his enemies, or of excuses for himself, other than a simple statement of motive now and then. In the speechesand speeches were a common rhetorical device in ancient writers - some allowance must be made for the fact that Xenophon had to reproduce them from memory. But when the Anabasis was written - probably as early as 371 B.C. - no doubt many of the Ten Thousand were still living. Any false 48 INTRODUCTION or unjust statements would have been at once detected and contradicted, and the authority of the work impugned beyond recovery. Other accounts of the Expedition and Retreat were written; one of them, ' by Themistogenes the Syracusan,' Xenophon himself mentions at the opening of the third book of his le/lenics, though some without good reason think that he there refers to his own work, circulated under a fictitious name. But Xenophon's narrative has alone survived, doubtless because the best. Apart from its literary excellence, the Anabasis is a work of great historic value. It supplies an important link in the history of the relations between Greece and Persia, - the contact of young Europe with the Orient. It gives a vast amount of information about the places, peoples, and institutions of Western Asia that otherwise would probably be unknown. Finally, it presents to all ages an inspiring example of what determined men, in the midst of overwhelming difficulties, can accomplish. CONTENTS OF THE ANABASIS 49 V. CONTENTS OF THE ANABASIS. The following table gives in general the contents of the seven books of the Anabasis. For fuller outline of the first four books, consult the summary in the text. BOOK. SUBJEcT. I. The Up-march, and the battle of Cu- i naxa........... II. March under Persian leadership to ) the Zab, and massacre of the Greek officers......... DATGI. B. C. March to ) 4 September; 4 September and 4o 0 October III. Retreat under five new generals east- },,/-,. r November. - 401 ward as far as the Carduchi.. IV. March through the mountains to Treb- December (40) to izond (Trapezus), on the Black Sea February.. 400 V. Movement westward and stay at Co- } March to 40 tyora.......... June VI. The journey by sea and land to Scu- July and t4 tari (Chrysopolis), on the Bosporus August VII. Adventures in Thrace; enlistment 1 August.. 400 under Thibron.... to March.. 399 I $ENO(IDQNTO0 KTPOT ANABAPEQi2_ Aoros A'. Enmity arises between the sons of Darius. 1 I. dapeiov fcal Ilapvca'rrio; eyt/,yovrTa rratte& &Vo, 7rpecrfSvrepos Jerv ' ApVra:ep:7v, veTrepo S& Kvpos. E7ret ' off0evel AapeZo9 Kca bvr;7rrevue T\GcXcEVv o70 /3lou, e/3o0v2 Xero ol ro 7ra Se Jpc' orTepow rapeuvaL. 6o Lrv oiv 7peaor3vTepo,9 raptov eTvryave Kvpov 8e j4carct7rea7rT a7ro Tca r 5 apXri, r~ avrov oaarpaTrrv e7rotyace, Icat arTpaTrr7yov ' avrov areet6a rr Tovw, oo-ot El KarrrwXo T7reSiov adpo'fovrat. atvafaivet ovv 6 Kupos Xa/3v Ttc'raapfpvyv 6bq (b)Xov, Kcat rTY 'EXXrjvwv 8' ' Xov d7rXitra aVe/3J rptaKO1'tovCl apxora ' a avTwo Sez'a Ilappdattov. o 3 'Eirel 8' &ereXevrfre Aapeto9 catl rcar-re elT rlJ Tv actXelav 'Apzrasepryq, Tta'aaepvr SialdXX\e TOov Kvpov 7rpo9 Trv aSeX/6ov, 0 87rte3ovXe\ot av7r. O 86 ' reOerai 'r cal -v\XXa/f'L3dva Kvpov - awrront revwv. y &e nrp reaL4 T1jaapevrj arTv rov 7ro7rfereit trtv a 7rl Tr)v ydpyr4v. o 8 I5 s9 a7rf}kX e KLctvuevv-aa? aca (tLjaCtrOe1, t3fovXeverat o07rro Lr7ror0 er, 'cra 7Trt r( dE\(),X\\X eav 8ovyrat, /acrtXevao-e dvr' fcevov. Ilapv'aart tcv ( 8~V 8 fltAj77p VTrfjpxe 52 ANABASIS. rj Kipr), fLXoiaoa avTov La\\Xov )j rov 3aacrLeovra 'Apra'ep'lv. Cyrus makes preparations to attack his brother. "Oart s' c MtKlveLTo rwv 7rapa /3actXEwto 7rpo' avrov, 5 7ri-vras' ovrxc 3taLtOe^s a'rere/nrero, CaTre avr X,aX\\Xov S tXovUs elvat, O /3ast\eZ. Kat rTr 7rap' eavwrw e /3ap3adpwv e~re/eeo0, w 7roe~e~ re T~Ltecavot eLev / ca eUvpoLiCWs etO eV avTrw. Trv ' 'EXX\uvtrev U8vaptv 70jpot4ev Cs? /jdaXtaQra CPvaTo 6 E7rtlfpvz7rro/evo% ovrto? oTb cirapacrcevorarov Xa/3ot /3aattE \ea. &8e obv t7rotelro Trv arvXXorjv. o6roraa e1Xe cjvaIcas Zv ras,or6c at, 7raprjyyytXe rols 4povpdapotiB eBacdrtOL xaLa,83vetv avSpas IIeXoIrovv rtvCo's' o rXert'orovs ical /3eXriarovs, cs 7rti3ovXev'ovTro Ttaao-aepvovs rats rroXea'tv. Kcal 7yp O-xav a! 'Iev/Kcal rodXes' Tiaa-crapvovs ro ctpxatov, 15 'ec j3aaXeow~ S8o/ zLeoval, rore 8' dcae'araaav 'rpos' Kvpov raoatc rrX5v M6Ar'rov 6 'v MX r Tcr E~ Ttaao'epvvs' Irpoat- 7 aSoJ0tUEi rTivas' ravra /3ovX\vopavEovs, Tovs' pev avTrov da7retretV rov S ' e443aXezv. 6 e Kvpo viroXa3v robs (evyovrTas, orvX\Xe6a oaTpdpevpCa e7roXtO6pKe MX7r2Iov ica', 20 IKaCa 7y7jv rcal KCaTa aOaXaTrav al ErepaTro icarTayev TroV EIc7re7rrTIfcoTdas. fcal avr7 av atXX7 7rp;ofaares' v aVT r To aOpoleVw arpadrevpaa. fIpOs? 8s 3ac'tXe'fa I7rE'rwv i glov, adeXos' Cv aVTro, 3o0O9- 8 vat ot rauras rsa'. 7o'Xetr pba\ov /? Ttcra'ae'pvfv apXe'U 25 avrwz cal ]KaC r Tp aCvverpaTTrev avTr raVra' CaTe a CtXebU? rT)v /Elv rpos EavrTOv E7rtlovX\v ovSc padveTo, Tio-a'pvepvet ' evoIUtte ro\XeOiVVT avroV 4/Lf ra aT r TpaTevt/ara oa7ravv w* aoTe ovaev j'y06ro aviruTv roXefJovvrwv. eca,yap 6o Kpos dCare7reepre Tovbs 7yrvopkvovs 8aoa'povs ec 30 rTCv:rXewv Jv Ttaaa0epvovs ezrvyXavev exwv. BOOK I. CHAP. I. 53 He engages more Greek mercenaries. 9 "AXXo SB arrparev/a aurcj vvceXe'ero ev Xeppovoja-o T Ecar' avrTtrpa, 'A/3vSov rovSe rov rpo6rov. KX\apxov Aacealtdvtov UbvyasF yv. roTvrcp CV7yCevoLeLvo 6o Kvpos Irydacr T' avrov Tca iS owt' avTr&,vplovs cSapetcovJ. o 8e Va/3wv Tr Xpvacrov arptdrevxa a(vvuXe6v a' ro rovrwv rWv 5 XpnltcLrowv fca c7roX\eu EKIC Xcppovrjaov Op/woC'/Pev09 T709 @pa'tl ro? Vtrep CEXXoG7rvOVProv ical W()e\L TrovI EXXrRva. warTe 'cat Xptjjara ovve/3idX\ovTo avry e.. T?7V rTpoqtJV r5vz arTparLwrcW a 'cEXXrJrorovrtacal 7TroXet efcova'aL. TOrTO 8' av ovrZ rpeMotxpevov eXdvOavcv avz 7o acrpa- o1 revpca. 10 'ApliOrTvro 8' o e6TTaXo tE:vo &Nv EVrJ'yXavev aVTr, icat 7rL6OjLEVO V7 r TWrol7 OCOt v'rtt7'Ta 'LTo*V (pXeraX 7Crpo Toz Kvpov Icat abre? avroiv E19 o'XtXIiov9 vJovV9 Ital Trpti p7avcwv l Otlr06v, (09 OVft 7reptyTEevo.evo0 av vW Tv acvrtrraTao- 15 TWV. 6 U Kupos siowacrv avrr 9is erpaLcrlXtXlov9 icaK iN,rauv0v JaL-aOov, KcaI edrTat avrov fLr 7rpoa'Oev KcaraXvcrat 7rpo9 ToiS aJvt'raa'oWTar' 7 vrptv ap aVrT avLp/3ovXecrVa rat. ovTrr 8' av TO ev (Oe9rraaa c'XdvOavcv avrTo pefPoudkeVov aorpraeva. 20 11 lp6oevov 8e rvv Botw'rov Ce'vov o6vra etceXevre Xa/3tvra av3pas 0ort rrXetarovo vraparyevetrOat, ( eC1 IlcLiLas, F3ovX6ojevoF oapaTevcrSaat, cob 7rpa/pUava 7rapexovroWv rwv nilil6t3v 7y eavrov Xwpa. Xoaiver6ov 8U rov rv jTVt aXtov Kcal ZXWcpa7ryv rTv 25 'Ayxatov, $evovo' ovraSf Kca roVrovs, eKceXevoe'v av3pa? Xa/36vra dXE\Oev orT TrXeCt'crTo, ) rroX\eprCo'w Twta'ea'pveL abv rolS 4vyatcr rTv MT Xralov. KcaI Erroovv ovr.r. OUTO. 54 ANABASIS. Cyrus musters his forces at Sardis. II. 'ETrci 8' avtr eoAuceC y Br ropeveoOat advw, r>3v &ev 1 rpJoqacatv CTOEiro, S ltcril6as /38ovX/6evo9 E'cfaSLaXev ravTaTracrvw EC Tr %xpai' cal Opol'et (0 E7rl rovroUs TO re f3ap/3aptKobv xal TO\ 'EXXrvfycbv aTprpaTevUca. evravOa Kat 5 7apayyeXXet 7 7're KxcdpXT Xa)L6vdrVL KEv Oaovy vI avrj 7TpcrevJa, Kca T 'Apwirr ITr orvvaXXayevT rpo 9 T7ov olfCOt aTTOTreLat 7rpo eavrOv b ELe& aTpaTreva K* ac seva TcW 'ApIact, o& a'vrT rpoLctrrrjceb 7KL TV ray Tr6oXecra erVicov, 'KcetV 7rapa/ryeXXet Xa3odvTa Tou) dvopas 7r\Xv Io orrooob ltcavoi acav 7a p aKpororet fv\aTTEvc. KaXecre 8e,ca, Tou? MiXrqrov roXtopIcobvTa, cal Toy? J vycfdSav 2 EceevXEc~E ovv aTvrC arpaTrvcaffat, v7roaXo/JLevo9 aVroPs, e, fcaXwo icaTrarpcaecev qe' a e CTpaTeverTo U ' 7rpoo-Oev erav-,ce~ax; 7aR-a~p&iU:v /' 'aTa7ayo~'et~ '. O ~a~o'ecaOat rptiv avrOv. IcaracyaIyoi lcae 0 o S' i76EwI I5 Twreiovro' erirTrevov 7yp avrT' Ica Xal/6j3vTe6 Ta oTrXa vrap'rav ebs aIdpSets. evia9 a plv 8}) TroV1 fc TrCV rdXeov \Xawv 7raperyevero eL9 3 XdapSeft, oTrXiTa? elS TETpaKtcT-tXtlov, HTpo^cevo^ 8e Trapnv ecoyv 7TrXt TaKo pOT v ea raevaoo XtXftoV, 7vAyvJfTra 20 8E TevrTacoalovt, XopaIvETrov 8' 6 Zrvb.T dXLo or6\Xirav ex Xo ~XwE'%L XLtovU, ZCOxcpa799 a' 6 'Axad9 w'ra9 ' Xon (09 exv yjBoovs', x8pArrS' 6 AxaTov oT'rag ex'coy &v 7revTaicootlov, Iacaiwv 8a' o Meyapevv rptafcoalovu uyev 07rwXra9, -ptaKcoG-iov9 8e 7reXTao-ra? gcov 7rapeyevero 'v 8e Kcal o0TO7 Kcat 6 ZoWfcparr'T7i rv 4Jbol MiXl7TO cr-7pa25 TevoLevv. OVTroC -LEv e9 ZXap8et? auTo aciiOViro. f Tar- 4 Cra4epvrl 8\e a #Tavoca TravTa, Kcal plcova 7yradCLevov elvae i) c9 6e7r 1 Itio-18a? T7rV 7rapaa'evrjv, 7ropeevrat,? 3ao-t^\ea eiSjvvaro taXt%-ra, vr rea e xovo 7revTaKco(a'ov9. Kcal 3ac f,lXeVt 9v plyv & E rreL '"cove T TcOaaapfpovv TOP Kvpov 5 30 Cro\Xov, T vT7trapecrcvee70To. BOOK 1. CHAP. II. 55 He marches to Ceaenae, famedfor its myth of Marsyas. Kvpos 8' Xwov o0P e'pr /ca 'optaro a7ro Xaptecov. Ical:eXavvect 8a rijo Avlac oas raOtovi Tpeps, vrapacary7ya efLoCtL ecai 671o, ErrL 70K Malavopov Trora/LOv. rTOV70ro T7 evpo Sv~o 7rXe'pa rye'vpa e ' e7rrwiv e'evy~teqrI 7rXo tot 67rra. 6 ToVrov B&aa'F c':XavVe, Sta 'Ppvy'as a Tra0,oaov e' a, 7rapa- 5 aryayas O/CTfO, eLs KoXoo'rrdi, rr6Xtv oblcovuevrv, evSalzoLva fcai /,eryydalv. evyravu CIL.V I. yI Jpas e7rrc* cai 7ce Me'vwov o OerraXos otrXdtras eXov yXiXovs KcaL 7reXrao-ras 7revrafcoatovs, Jo6Xo7raS fica Alvtavas,cai 'OXvvl0ov(;. 7 'EyrevOev CeeXavvet crr7a oFovs rpeTs, 7rapaoryyas elCto-lv, 10 elt KeXatLvds', r' Qpvyias 7rO\Xv olycove'rvP,,eLY/aXr7ly Kcai evSaltova. EvravOa Kvp) /3aolr\6ta iv Kcai rapc 'Strro? /erya9 aryptov rpypicwv 7TrXrpls, a Ce/cCvo0? Orjpevuv af' Ctrqrov, O7rOTe yvavdcyToat fovXotTro eaV7OL re ical 70T T7rovS?. c&ac Ladcov 8\ 7T0V rapaSirov pet o6 MalcavSpos 15 7rorafos' * at e 7r7/ryat avrov eCtOtv CeC 7VT PactXeI'v pe 8 e Kcit 3au Tris' KeXatvw'v TroXcwrO Jo. Crtl e Icail,LeyaXov 3aortX~ow /SaaoL\ea ev KeXatvats' fpvjlzv e7r'l raw 7wrryatk 7ov Maparov 'Tora/,av v7t r0 ) d7cporpO XeC' p/e S Kical o07ro Sa T7rj 7rrXXeos? Kcalt 't/a3X\t et, 7Tw Malav8pov. 20 Tov 86\ Mapcvpov 7o0 epo' CTt eLto ftCOClt Kal 7trrevc roo&v. fvraf Oa Xekyerar 1Ar6-e\i:c ~:ceipat MapaiLav, vuc$'-aa epi'ovTr o0 7rep co-ftaoda, Kcal Trb SEpjta Kcpedao'aLt eV avrpp, oOev at vrrWya' ta 3e TOVrTO 6 roraoS'a IcaXetrat 9 Mapov'as. evravOa ep:s', Jr' eCe rt 'EX Ex\'d3os TT7rrOel 25 ry paIX avrexowpet, XJeyerar oblco3o0,cral Taura re r7a /faclXeta Kca r 7v KeXaitv0v acpo7roXtv. EvTravO' Hetlv Kvpos9 /tepas 7rptacovra' Kicalt /ice KXCEapXyo 6 AaKceSat/j6vto E'COW 07v odXras XtXt ov acat 7reXraO'Ta' 9p? a Op ca 6icralcocrlov Kal rotoras Kp'Tras &al/colovS'. ata 3e Kcal wawc0s' ~raprpv 30 56 ANABASIS. o 2Zvpalcdaos etywv d07rXiTra Trptafcociovq, xcaLt SoaLveo o 'ApKcas e'yv O7rrXra XytXiov,. ev'raUOa Kvpos e7eraatv Kab apt0lo/v TwOv EXXIjvwov et7r0o7(feev ev 7 7rapaceiCo, Kal 3evyovro ot av/7ravres o07rX\TLat /4YV lVptot fcal Xito ', 5 TreXraaTa 8' adfp TOU 8r XSt-Xliov9. The games at Pelae; arrears of pay; Epyaxa. 'EVrevOev e eXavve a-rTaOjBLOvs vo, 7rapacrdyya7 7 eca, 10 ci UeXraTs, 7ro6Xv olfcovfeLJLvIt. evIav'O' 4"etvev 4e tJ/pag rpe,' ev alc aSevLa, 6 'Apead a v Aa A vcaca ov-e Kaly awva tE7rcev. da ' scOXa 'a-av rTrXEey/18es Xpva-a' eWecopet e\ Io mav Jyciva cal Kvpos. ev7evCev eeXavvea a-rato ov8 6vo, 7rapa-rayya9 8b8e/ca, ek Kepdacov ayopav, 7r6'oXv olbcovtelj7/, eoa'Xrqv 7rpOW Ty Mvo-la iXpa. EvreVOev Xe\Xavvet 11 c-TaO/lov9 pe i, 7rapacrya 7aa TpltfcovTCa eb Kaar-Tpov 7reioPV, ro6XLtv olcov[CevnVV. EvTavO eS/el/t'vev w/epa7 revve fcat 15 Tor? ar'partOTraut w4elXero ota'Oos 7rXeov \ rppt&v (t VW&v, Ia~ 5 roXD ~aot@T 1 ~ 6 A' '.~ ' 'b ' $' calt 7roXXa)/tL IlT7e Crt? 7r1 Ta vpa9 aTrprrovv. o ' eX7rtas X\eyov &8iye K cat 8 WXo0 av altevO)Evo' oV 7yap 7v vrpb7 7ov co Kzpov rpdirov "ovma,Lwj Jwos&~ova. K' OU TpO'7r0V 6XOVTa!p~ a7'o7bt8ovat. '$EvTa3O5' d0tfcvelrat 'ETrva6a r Zvevveatov yvuv o Ki- 1 20 XhI/eCV /3aorlto w7rapa Kvpov' cat Xeryemro Kvp' 8ovDvat XpruaTa rroaXX. rT3 6' c. arpat, r7re CrcE 'KSce Kvpov 'aaIovI TeTrapcov j t)vwv. yXe 83' KiXaao'a 4v\aica9 irept avTrrv KltXfKaV tatl Ac7rrvSlov a eXeAyero &e fcal avryever0Oat Kvpov mr7 KXLiar(7y. vrevOev 8' e'eXavvet araOtOVo 13 25 VO, 7rapaa-ayya ea, eN @v/ 3ptov, ro6Xv oltIovIuerlvv. vOravD' )v wrapa rbnv 6Sov fpjrnvl Miouv KaXovJevy? raov @pvry(v /3aatx\ew, JO' jy Xe'eyrae MiSa9 TOv Zdrvpov Orpev-ai otv"t Icep'aaa av' jv. iearl a ry BOOK I. CHAP. II. 57 Review of the Greeks; panic among the barbarians. 14 'EvreveOv E'eXavveLt araO/ouvv uo, 7rapacrtayya9 8eca, eik Tvptdetov, 7rwXVw OKO CoV e^v. ~EvraO eelt Ev v evpa9 rpet. fZcat X'yeTrat eryrjvat?' KlXtcraa Kvpov E7rLte&a6 To arTpTev/~a avrj. 8ovXoJ'eYpvo o'v cTrtSe'at c'Eraav 7roetrat Ev Tz vrelc& T-'v 'EXXIvWV fcat TrOv /ap/3dpwov. eceXkevac 5 15 3e rov; rEXX\kva9, cov Vofvdo avro elCZ IX9, aqv, ovlo raXO^jvat fcat aorivat, avvract e caaCrT7 70Ov eavarov. erax7Ocrav oIv 77r~ TTrrdpw'T)v QE &E Tm\ p.Ev 8e4o\V Mevov, To 8' tevwrv/ov KXeapxoP fcal o0 ecelvovo, T /e peaov o0 aXXot 16 C-7parT7ryo;. e 0ewOpe~ o3v o KDpo wrpwTrov JT v 70ovo flap/f3- Io pou.* ol 3e 7raprj avvov reTayLtevot cKa' Xaq Kac icara macet c eara 8e o70) TEXXy7vas, 7rapcXavvv v cf' ap/aTrov Kcal. Kl\aaa &/' dppatlmxs. elXov 3e 7rarVe7 tcparq7 XaXxta ca t, Xtrwva9 (otvtxcouv fcal cvt Kv/,l4a fca Tat 7 c a7'm8a? eicfKcaXvfJfLpeva9. '5 17 'Erretr 3e 7raydvra vrapjXaoae, oarr'ra? ro aplua 7rpo To7 4&aXayyoso /txe'rl, 7re/lfra9 HiqypyrTa To7 epprqLva 7rapa T70o o-rpatr7o)yovs - v 7 Ew Xr vwv 'EKcev'X 7rpo/aXraBOa Ta o'rXa eIa E&rtxowpicraa 5\XMv r7 (fXayya. o 33e Tavra vrpoe7hrov T70o9 aorpartwTat' Kat e7re ecraXTrvTye, vrpo3aX6o'Lcvot 7 20 ElrXa 7ro'av. C/C s rOrVTOV OarTov 7rpotovTrov crvv KpavyCJ a7ro rou av-roacmrov Spo0/O e cy7vero To7s c-rpa18 vtwrat9 67rr T7a9 actva9t, Tzv 8e /3apl3apov 6/3o9 o roXv\ \ 7 t )t \ l \ Kca i me KikXctaa e(pvyev E7rtl Tr^? ap/fLaLair]9 ftca0 ol 6c T79Y a7opav KaraCmX7rov7re9 7a icvla' ol 81' "EhX ve oa'v 25 ryE\rt c7rl Ta7 crxva9L?'XOov. ' 86 KiaXtoora i8ov-a rv XabL7rpo6rqTa ica 7rv 1r7dtv 7ro crpaTrev/aTosF EavlaCaev. Kvpo9 8' f070r) Trv Kf Tov& 'EXX'vwv e7l T0VF9 fap3dppovs fb6I3ov l ~185. 58 ANABASIS. Cyrus passes through Lycaonia and Cappadocia into Cilicia. 'EvTrevOev e6eXavv6ce aTaO/lovs Trpeld, rapaoayryas' feco- 19 tv e covtov, ei ICtov, 7 @pv[yias 7roXtv e'-xadrrv. ev7avDO.' etiLeve TrpetS lepas. eVrevOeTU eeXavvet & idj T? AnvKaovias a-rabf1os'V 7rev7e, 7rapao-aycyas Tpicolovra. Tav'TqV 7Trv 5 Xcopav E7rerpere 8tapvrcraoa To '? EEXXo'tyv ts) woXe/iav ovaav. evrevOev Kvpos 71v KXt'oa-cav e' 7T'rv KtXt/ctav 20 J7ro7rwJTwe 7 r77v ra aXft7v o6ov. ecat crvurepLwtslv avr17 TOVa crTpaTtoTasc, os Metvwv e6XE, Kcal aVrov. Kupos 8e iera rv \\XXwv eeXavYet 8&4 Ka7rnra8ocitas a'raT/JLov 10 rerrapas, 7rapaoc-ayas elicoat /a'l t7rEvTe, 7rpos Ooava, roXtv olfcovupcv17v, eeyaXh7v fKcat ev8satiova. ETraDO' ',ieteav f/jupas 7rpets. v ) KRvpoF Ca7re/TetCev av8pa lIe'par7v Me/yacfppv7v, 4OwVfCtarRTM /aaciXeLov, Kat ecepov Tnva Twv vira5pxv1, atrLtar-apevos ertei3ovX\eviv avrw. 15 'EvrrevOev E7rep&PvT7O ela-f3dXXewl Els 7rv KtXuI'cav. 1 8' 21 el'-/3oX\&,v o?85os tacrToSr opOta la-xvpcs ucal afk)javoso elreX\Oeiv a'rpar7evart,, e' Te EICOXveV. eXey6eo 86 Kaal XvUPvePs' elvaL e7rl rvr aecpowv ()vxprrwv 7rv efloXjo\vp 8' o juevwa E'Pav VfPa rpcV O 7e TTrel4w. -. 8' voa-epata 1 tcev 20 adyyeXo Xeywv o'7 T eCXXotroWlTf el7 V6VvweaCt 7ra a cpa, 7're a'-orEo '7t 'ro Me'vwvos a'Tp7TevlUUa '781r Ev KtL\tcla 7v e'lar opew, ca 5 t 'I v a * wcWt) OpEWV, ucal ort ptrpeFs love rCOV ep7rXeov-as a' 'Wvlac elc KtXtcliav, Tap&v 'lxovrTa ras' Aaxce8atpovlav Kal, avrov Kpo. Kpos 8' ovv aJve/3r ' 7rl Tr opr ov8Csvo 22 25 KcoXvov-ros, Cat CeSe 7ras? cErvas ov o o KiXxIce s EJfvXarror. evreueOev 8 /caT7E3awev e's' 7re8iov 'to eya /caL ucaXov, Errlpev7-evef tov Pya e/aatvsv KaXOeVl e'7rt'Ppv'ov, /caL 8ev8pwov 7ravroSa7r&wv 'p/i7rXcwv \aC &,nreXwv. 7roXv 8e CCra a-j'caov adl paieXvYv cat /CeCypov cal 7 vpos 'cat icpLtOaS ePpeL. po S 8' avTo 7repLCXfCt ovpOv ical 30 1Y]\o7V rr6V77 e/c 0CaXa7rrq e^S 0tXaTTav. BOOK I. CHAP. II. aHaving won over Syennesis, he marches through CiZica. 23 KaTa/3as' 86 7;A vovov TO T7reSlov rhac oraOtLov13 rerrapa9, vrapacay 7aF rr7vre 7 ca eflco"tv, ecl Tapaov 'm T KuXtfciaF rr\Xtv jLecyd\Xv Kcal cuvalqtova. evravO' yv 7T UvevvEo'to fl3aaiX\eta Tro KtXlcKwv f3aatXroe. &ia /eaOov 86 Ts' 7ro6XewF pet rrora/1Lo K68vo9S 'vo0/aa, ecpo? 8Vio rXt- 5 24 Opwv. TraV7Trv r7v 7ronXv 6'CXt7rov Ol 'votIcOVvrTES tETa XvUvvcrto e6l Xwpov pO vp'v O 7rl T a Op rX) Ojv ol T7-a caTrrrXea 6XovPTe' 69 etPvav 86 fca ol 7rapa Trv O6X\aTTa olK' covvrTE v XoXotl a al ev 'Iao-ot 25 'Errvaaa 8' } Xsvevvecros yvvr 7rporTpa KVpov 7revre IO f/ LGpalt e69 Tapcovts aflfCero ' Ev 'V 7r9 Trcppofl 7 oXrv Opecov 79 e1f TO Wre(iov &io XyXoT 7ov MevvooVF aTpaTevJLaros0 a7rX0ovro. ol puev t(faaav capTrd'ovTrd rt 7cararcoarjvat vtro T 7 KtX\l/cv, ol 8' bvroXetb0ezfTas Cait ov 8vva/tcvovs? ovee _AT (,,Xavto/ xeeVpelv TO a\XXo -rpdrcTeva aobo ra- oSo' er7a 4 rXavwoG- '5 26 vovs awroXe6-Oat' aav 8( o0v ov'ro0 'carov 076r-trat. ol 8' aXX\o erel 97ycov, 7jv 7E6 r6\v 87Ljpwracrav, 8a rov o\eCOpov 7rcv -vU-TpaTt7ro-v opyt,-6kevot, nca 7at TSarla\eta Ta ev av7r. Kvpos 8o' 7rel la"riaaac elv C Tr/v 7roXtv,,LE7rrjL6 TOQ?) 7 ZUpW-c71) rp9O'2P 0 t Trero vov:Zvevveotv 7rpoc eavuro'v o ' oV re 7 rporepov ov- 20 Sevi Tct) fcpetrTTOvt CaTo v e 1v X6 tpa9 e EXtv "6Z fr 0V76 Tore KVp) 1evat, TrpLv yvvUr} avrTov 'etretce 7ca T1-TC7re eXa3ecv. 27 Mera ae Trava 67rc l crvve/evovro aXX\rXot7, Xvevvcct'? pev fE&/ce Kvpw Xprj/a-ara 7roX\\XA el T v crTparttv, Kvpo 8' Ebcetvw 6Wpa, a vo/xuierat 7rapa a pao\te 7tk7ata, UTrroV 25 XpvoaoxKd\xtIvov catl c7TperTToJ Xpvov 7/ ca rXta acl dafctvafyXv Xpvarovv tcal CT7oXI)V lepa-Icrjv, nca 7Trv Xcopav ptryKeTr 8tap7ra4'eOaL- Ta ' ' 'jpraacfeva t'opTpro8, dv 7rov EvrvTyXdvoaPvO, 7TroXatx/~dvLtv. ANABASIS. The Greeks refuse to advance; Clearchus addresses them. III. 'EvTrav ' 'jetve Kvpo Ka ca n a-pautra tEpa 1l etlcoov. o0 yap aTparTrTat ovSc eacrav tevat TO7V rpo'- @ v5r'nrTCvov yap r'jr eUrrd f3ao-tX\a levat, to-8OwOii va 8' ov/c e7rl TOVTp e(faaav. 7rprToq 8~ K\eapxyo Tow av7rov 5 rTpaTto'ra FS3taro tevat ol 8' aVrTv Te 9/3aXXov Kal Ta verovta ra EKeiCelvov, 7ret pffparo wpoievat. KXeapXoq 2 86 rrce iLvv L, t, tcpOv 6fvy7e xl Kara7arerpwO^vaT, varepov e' etretl yvo, rTt oV 8vvracrTat f3idcraarOat, avvjtyayev EKfc'Xclav Two avroV paTtvrpc t wr. Kcat 7rp65rov uev e6dIo Kcpv 7ro\Xv Xp6vov ErUrT v ol 8' dpwJvrce eavpta2ov cat eClt'wr)7C eI ra 8' AeXce TroMe ""AvSpe o apaTtircla, k~} Oavu/,dGeTe or e XaXre7rw(9 epwo 3 70T6 TrapoV t vrpdytaotw. eol 7yap Kvpo9 evo eryEvero, cait pte cf (peyoYTa EK Tn79 7ra7rpio8 T7 e XXa e4tacre Kcat I5 Jpvpiov, 680 e appE 9 oV obv 7c Xa v ov el 0 TO iov Ka7EOe/f7lv eUol o8ve KcaOr,8v7radOrjaa, XX)' elf vla^q eaTrrcOA)vo. KcaC rpTOV pEV "7rpf TO rouvs O9pacas e7roXe/rV'a, Eca 4 V7rep T7 'ECEXX8o fJrqwLpovrtYv e6O' u&toZ, EK 7t Xeppovrjaov avrov eeXaauvvov 3oovXofevovs afatLpeitaOa rov 20 evoKcoVra9 "E\X7yVa9 rnv yifv. erec8?) 8e Kivpos ' 'ECCXE, Xka3wv Vbap e4ropevdo7v, v) ro,! r & o, wolov airwov avO' bv e~ ~7raOov UTr.celvov. E7Et 8' V{Le4 ot /3o\eSae0O 5 (av/L7ropEveaCOat, a6fyfvdcT) 8 fiLOL i vilaS rrpoo6vra 87 Kvpov t\ta %pXpc'0aL `7 7rpo0 KElcetvov evcaJevpov pe0' VlCkwV tevat. 25 et /eyv 8Or Slcala 7roLrjoC) OVK ot6a, alprjaoJ'pa 8' ovv vl ba ical ow Vo V ob, rv Sfr TWretolk/aI. Kcal 0oTor0 pet ovO61S,;) eO EXXq/vaY? acyaycbv el Tovt papl/3povF, 7rpo8o1V 7roV0 rEXX\rva r7rv rwtv 3apdapwov L t\av oe'iXo6rv' dxx' bE /6 (L owe \ I OWxe-r ettOclOatc o 3' caOa, xy\ 6 30 rel V/~ej 2 7rCeo0a oK &O' t'yr Treaa6, ay 60/ 30 aZ v v/btv eqroflia6 l f,T av 8e re1fba1. voxlc,yap BOOK I. CHAP. III. 61 vuas' e/jot0 ECvat fcat 7rarpipa Kcat qlXov Katl r avpu aXoov, Ka avv viUv LeV v &voloat devat rlutoS,, 0rov av co, viw 6' eprJo &Uv oVK av tcavos ewvat otat oir av il\Xov &(c)eXcaat ovT av fv EXpov ateaotOat. (09 CeOV oU v LdVTro 0O7Tro av fcat v/et9, oUi0ro Tv y/v0fLr7v Eere." 5 Clearchus, though favoring Cyrus, feigns consent to leave him. 7 TaV ' E rEV 01o 86e cipaTITat, o0 Te avrov Ecelavov fcKa ot aXX\o, ravT acov'av-reC, O'r ov qaiyj 7rapa fac-otea vropeveoaOat, eTrryveaav. srapa &8 Uevlov cat HIaalovo 7I\XeovU 5 taoi\Xtot Xa/36vrT- Tra o7rXa cal Ta \ocevoqfopa 8 eo'rpaToree077E8cavTO 7rapa KX\epXw. Kbpos & TOVrOtL Io aTrop6ov Te KCal Xu7rovtacvo? /Ue6T7rE/17reTo TOv Kx\apov ~ 8' ievat /IEV oVK Oeexe, XdOpa T0 -wV aCTparLtwTW 7rE&/iTrtow avT dayyeXov \GXeye Oappewv, (0 KcaTa'Tqrracowevwv 'roUTwv fEt9 6To 'ov* te~Tarrve,7racOati 86 CeKeXevev avtod avrob 6' 9 OVcK e4! ievae. aei-Ta 6 Tavc-ra vvayayaov 70ToV 0 cavrv I5 o-rpaTtOra ca Kt 70TL 7rpoaceX0oUvTa? avtr5 Icatl Twv dX\Xwv T0lv 3ovX\O6Evov, LX\eE otde86* ""Avppe ar-partLOrat, ira ptv 8\ K'pov 3\Xov o'nt oVirco eEt 7rpo0 r7a1( coo-rep ra 1ajLrepa 7r7po? eceLvoPv ovrce Oap fjrle7 eKcelvov ert o'TpawTtiTal, reretl 7 oV o-vveC7r6/,Oa avrp, 20 10 OUr' EKEL.0Et 7w /M11G00679?. 0T Evi'ot 0 atKcetar0at t'7ove t ' ^ s't a " a ' av TOV vout ei v4p' uCtLt)V ooai* W aTe c ca lera7Tr7ctrojyouv avrov o0Kc eE'Xwo e\XOiv, r0S /Ev,uleytoaov aiCxyvvotevo9, ot eravvouia e ravrT 7-ravra eucV/Levo9g avr-v, e77 etra 8 Katcal ses,,Iu Xa/3oSv e 6Lfcryv 3t7rL05 Sv vo0/lElt trr1' efloV ry8tcqC-Oat. 25 11 ef/Oi oVv 8o/KE ovX Wpa etvat '/l vp KCaOevct, v ov8' a4cXIew wit )lV avr t)v, axxa Of ovXPevcrOa,T rov EXK rOLEc co Kat 09 iW rE LptVOEClV avTro, -K7rrrTE0V /Iot 8OKfEL etrva, 07rco) ) cd frcrXa\Xairara /1evoivcEv, et ie t7&O ~o/cei a7rtevat, 07iW? 9o asba\Xc'araira dw7rteV, Kcal o7rotc r7wrtrLeta stotfev' 30 62 ANABASIS. aveuv yap Tovrov oUTe arparrTyov ovT LStOrov ocfeXo? ovSEv. 6 8' 'vp TroXXoU iVv 4atov a&v ~iXo? y, yaXe- 12 0raroS 3' e X0pv ( a0r av e'7, 7rcoTa7o9 8' E8po0 av6 7ro LoX ov, 3Xe Et 8, 8wuatMv c al 'reCv I ca i7T7rtKcv cal vaUTicrll, uv 7ravT7es o6okeoI opo/MIv 5 rTE cal E7rtr/aLtEOac Ical 7yap ou8e Troppto 8OKco/tcv fjoo avTov KcaO caat. oare opa XeY7ev o,'t rT ry7vCfOcKEt aptarov elvat. Plans of retreat are suggested; Clearchus refuses to lead. TavTr' Ec7rv e7ravcaaro. eIc 8e rovrov avtiTavvo of /tev 13 EKc ov aTro/tadov, XeovTre a eyltyvwao'ov, ol e 7ca r' ro EIet/vov eyfCeXevcTot, errSetEcvvvrcv ota eir7 y arropia avev r7i Kuvpov yvcoft'1Yv Ical usEvEtv Ical rvacvat. e? Se 77) e7re, 14 rpOcr~rOLOjb~eEO V' a'8r6t~eiv q Tdi'ra eiq T7jv 'EX-dGa, rpoa7rovCvo Cpu7rEVtV (09 a y7C-Ta E1 r> EXX6a Tra KXeapyov a7raeyv.l Ta 8' e7rTr'8eta dAyopad~o-0at (13 8' 15 -ayopa Tv ev T, /3app3apucwC ac7parvEtV/arTt) cad avauodueaOat* EXOV6rav 8e Kvpov alrelv 7rXota, (0 aro7rXEotIev Ecav o,pr} 8t8L, y7yEtpova alrTet, or07te o8La ltXla r? Xpat a7rdaet. &av 8e \ 8' 74eyovYa 8t8C, atvvTarrTecaOa Trj TaXaGT'rv, 7reudat 8e K ca 7rpo/ca7aX1lkrofevov? Ta acKpa, 20 07orto) fiu fda'crOo-t Lrjre Kvpo pFJ0 ol KIXuKCe KfaraXa/ovr~e, (ov rroXXov? Kat 7r-oXXa pr/ttara eXO/Jev 9'p7ra/co7E?. orov? TOtaur oa rTEV' cra 8L rovrtov K\eapxos elrve V^povz ' 'dl2 tkC` I tpa- 15 roaoror TO V9 /16V7 a0rpary-1o-ovr 4epte TaVT7 rv a-rpa- 15 Tr7tylav SL<?78 Vjtl)V \XerETc 7roXXa yap evopw, 86 a eltzo 25 707 OU 0 7rOTOVi- 0' t e &T a' ' vpl 8V a V e&Xf)dE, 7vreicouat p vvarbv gdXta cra, rv el8 7Ir, o ca apt apXeaOat e7rriaraaat s 7-T9 Kat adXov." 7he Greeks treat with Cyrus, and agree to go on. Merh roDrorv aXXov aVEoa-n, e7rt8etlcv0v /Lev 7r7v evrOetav 16 Tro ra 7rXola alretv fKEXevOovyo, Warep 7r\XtV rTv a-r6Xov BOOK I. CHAP. III. 63 Kvpov 7rotov/Evov, TtrLSE6ftv ' O C eUrIvQ O f I Ye/Lv atretiv rapa oUTOVO " o 5 vpXvHatvJed0a TV wrr rpwat. cI e /c&a' vr y7elLObPv wTto'reV-ovoev, ov av Kvpov 8(,.I KoWXeL vcal ra 17 a/cpa l/urYv ce\XcSev Kvpov 7rpotcaraXaa/1/Jvcv; eyo y'ap ~! O/cvotbIV /Lv av & ee T 7a 7rXoa ')3alvv rP a I7/lv 0(ot1, 5 iLr) I/xf raka pt7pej-p KcaTaSucyr, qbofo(yxiv 8' av TW?LyeLoi r) J oit reaQa, P jz&c c yayy} oEev ova/c CTat 4J:eXOe~v /ovuXoLLpvP 8' ov atcoroVTo r&iw Kvpov XaOeiv avrov wa7reXOov o o vvarov ec&va. aX' ey.7reY.fLu 18 Trava pePv fXvap va ' *Yat o/cea 8e fLO aPvSpa9 hXOdvra' Io 7rpos KOpov, OrT'cve e7r4TL8 cot a'v KXea'ppc EpEroT el/caevov, 'T 03oVACrat i'7dv 7 jxpfaOau- cat lcav lwe v q wrpada y otrzre~ err t /e}os rbr. eap dpeorS er c~ - w7apa7rrXrola olawrep /ca\ wrpoarOepv Xprjo 7rol:ero, e7r6 -cUaat Kal a\9,. cal [ IcaIov) elvat T&v 7rpoaCev.rovrT 19 rvvavava/3vv ev a e 8 et WP 7rpa1 r Spa?C 7) 7Tp6 pVCOV Cai- I5 PrI7Tta cat e7rt7roPvorpa Kcatl 7rtIctPvVPOTEpa, ct:otV i' Wrelaavpra 7as aeLv f) 7reraOhepra 7rpS% (pbXav ac pe'vat OUT' cyap /cat ECrl /Eot 7r6 E i XoO ahrjv lcal rrpoOvvpot C rol/jeOa (cat 7TLOPTivreS' da'aa\S avtrloLJev,T6 0 av rpoS0 ravra Xey7r, darayydeXaL tepo. rCs 8' d /covJavrTa9 wrpos raTaa 20 /3ovXeve70a ^." 20 "E8oe 'ravra, Kcal 'vSpa e\XSO/jevo o-vv KXeadpx Trc'j7rovaoiv, Ot? rjpcOTcv Kvpov ra odtapva Trj aTrpaT a. O 8' cLtre/cpiTavo, Or at/covoL A/3pocoLaP e' Xpov aPvpa E7rl Ta Ehfvpdryp 7rroTra/w eLPva, a77EXovPTa (ceE/ca taLauLouV * TrpIO 25 TOVTO oV ihb 3ov\fao 0at e\vX Cav (iv L eP r eICeP, /E v sUcP r XCpI/I) x rtpcv b7irt0 atva 7 ahv3a, Edv Ovfryp,?/a6Ct ecKeb 21 7rpos ravTa /3ovXeva6cOBe0a c*/covecravTe 8E' ravra ol aiperot cTJrayyeXovac 'trok arpartcras 'ro'q s' v7ro'la LEPv rv, on atyot 7rpos /3aoctXha, "Of/S 8' ' 8o tet we7recOat. irpoora- 30 Troova BE pcoff-Ov o KVpo iVrrto'Xvetrat 3toA6Xtov Trra-t 86cretv ov 7rpTpo re pov, CT vrl ape/cov rpia ujLtapeit/ca 'roo 64 ANABASIS.,VL7vo^ 7r arparuory" o7 o' Err' /3aoAta d o,, ot(' EPTraDVa ej7Kovev ovELV Sv ye 7) Tw avEpw. March through the Cilician Gates; flight of Abrocomas. IV. 'EvrevTOev eteXavve oaraaopiov ( 3vo, wrapao-r7ya9 1 e/ca, E7rl 7tv Iipov ToTra/LoP, ov?v TO evpov Tpia rXO\epa' 5 EzvrcvOev eeXav vet arra8o v fva, vrapaoadyya 7rezrCre, E7rb Trv lvTpaLov 7roTralYo, 0o 7T espo V a'rdSov. eVTreUV' eecXavvet cTraO/,Lov (uOo, vrapaaciyyas rvrevTetcalSeca, elc 'Ia-cov, 7T1? KXtKla coyXa7rv 7r6Xw, 7rl r9' OaXaTry OiKov/fnv7v, MEYJeXY7v ical evatlova. evraviO' "etvav tpepa9 2 TO TpeC?' icat Ktvpwe rapja'av ai tec ITeH orovvru'ov viec? rptdKovra icat rere tca6l c7r avrais vavapXo IIvdOayopa? AaKceSaq.ttorlo. 9yeiro S' avrwov Tapcs Aiyv'rrrTtow 'Eoe'aov, eX'yv vav^ erepa9 KUpov 7rEvTE Kcal eicactv, al? EroXLopice MiX7rvov, Tre TLt-araepvpet ikrXq )v, Kcas avve15 7roXeEbet Kvpw Trpo aviov. Trapiv 86 Kat Xetpli'o(o? 3 AaKe8aai6vovIO e7rt TWV veOV /iv,, eTavrepT7rrTo? V Kvpov, e7rTraico-tovq eov ovrXe ra9, wv c rparqyet rapa Kvpp. atl e vre? ewplovv 7rapa n'v Kvpov rCTrXnjv. evTavfa cal otl rap' 'AlpoK`dQaa,at Oo0opoLtEXXyves 7rordvTres? 9XO0ov 20 7rapa Kvpov, rcpaico ot o7rXirat, icat a-vveao'parvovro 7rl /3aatx\ea. 'EvreVOev eTeXavvet rra'fpov eva, rapacdyrya' revvr, 4 Trl 7,rvXa? T'r KLXtKl(a ca l r^7 Xvpla9. ioaav &e ravra 83o TelIX?, /cal 7ob LEV EcrwOev 7 T rpob 7r1 KLtXucia Xve'vve25 tL? ee Kcalt KtX\lXcv fvXaraKj, rO 8' 'owo To prpo Trjl Zvpla9 jRaot\CX&o \eyeTro 4wvXaac) fvXadrrewv. ta teo-ov &e pe? rov7rv rroTra,/o Kpaopo ovopa, eVpo r7rX'Opov. aTrav 8e TO pec'ov Trv re v tw vrav arazto t rpe's a cat rapEXGelv oVfc v f7 i qa r v zyap TradpoKo\s arcT v a I Ta reqiL C9 TrV77 30 OQcarrav TfcaOrJcoura. vrep0ev (' 'a-av 7rerpa qXi'3aTror THE SYRIAN GATES. Book I. iv. 4. PLAN I. SCALE OF YARDS II TI_______1i I i 0 50 100- 200 3() 40) 500 EXPLANATION. a a. Northern or Cilician Wall, To( crOerOE TeXOS 7T 7rpo rTS KtAtKtuas. b b. Southern or Syrian Wall, r6 0o TECXos o rwp0 tOs 8vplact. A,B. Gates. Route of Cyrus..n..H.. Proposed Route of the Fleet. BOOK I. CHAP. IV. 65 5 c7rrt 6 7TOb' rcEfeaV dJLe4oreoo eseac'raav 7rvrXat. 7avrtzq sefca T7 7Trapo(ov Kfpo9 rat vabs ftereTreftJtavo, O7rt9 ovrXtra9 a7tro/StcacEtev ctcr fcal $to ro3v 7rvXaOv, f3iaaod6EVO 0 TOV Tro;Xe/tOUf, Cl (UaTTroeV f 7rt 7at vplaL 7rvXaC, 07rep jO'eo 7rrotTrfaeCv v 'A3pocoaLav, eyovra 7roXv 5 aTpcE~-r~Y~a;e 'A.ppolcdlLac 6' o' QV tJOUT fT~v, -aov ',r aorparevfLa. 'A/3poxohas ' ot ror' i7roi'yacv, aXX' 'et 7/Kcovae Kvpov ev Kxltfcia o7va, avacrTpeJas' eKc QoLviKcr) 7rapa /3aotVXa atrrXavvev, %Xwv, co E eXyteeO, TptacovTa LuvptaLSas orpaTrta. Desertion of Xenias and Pasion. 6 'EvrevBOev ceXavvef &a Zuvplac aT-aOvnohv va, trapa- ro ra'yyav 7rezre, el? Mvptavaov, 7r0Xov olKcovU/E1v v UTro @otvlK(V Errl 'r OaXdr'T' cipTrdptov 8' riv 'TO wpov I ca ipvv KcOV Evrb 7r a q - 6/,7ropr7 o v optov tw 6p/povy 7 auridOt odafcdaec 7roXXal. EvravO' eletvcwav 7ijcepa9 eTrra cal,Hesvta 6 'Apca, ortpatr^yo/ Kcat lIaaalwov MeyapevF 4eL3davreF el! 7rXoov Kca l ra 7rXeclarov atia v8Oplevot a7re- 15 7rXev'av, (0 LhcV TOt 7rXeitrrot0 S 68covvp, tXotpl706vrcT, 0o' 70rov9 paT'w'Ta9 aurcov 70ov rrapa KXeapyov d7reaovI rTpa'e t'tr TOr y o av Ce' 'Vrat ei'a Kipo r7ov KXdapxov texcv. e7re, 8' 'aaV dpaveZ, &i\XOe Xoryo9, 07t 8tolCot avTrob KVpo Tpl9peOEC' tcal olt,aev vXovro0 W SeLtouv ovTra auvTOj XYi)00vat, oti 8' ICaTEL- 20 8 pov, e X aooovTro. PKv po 86 Urv'aXecraa 7rov0 0'7paT7T7ov9 ethev * " 'A7roXeXot7raa-rv /a, geia ev cal IIacrLwv. aXx' 7e fJePTOL e7rTrTa(7T(0, 07a OTCre aro(Secpacatrv' os8a ryap 07rot otovTat o are a7roTrepev7aurtvL' 'Xeo yap.ptrypeft, 25 CTre \XEiv T'O KEfC' 'V 7rXotov' dXXa ta 7rov0 OeoUv obKc fywry avTo0 &SLWOw, ov' Epct OVoelt CO( Cry/w, 0(s,ev av,rapy 7t-, XpWIua1, eTretav ' a' 'tvact 3ovXrrTat, ovXXa/3ov 1!, W V, alcal auToUV KcaKcOJK Trotw /cat Ta yp7jJpar drwoavVX). da'C LOvW7'V1, E6UOTEC, oJ07t catlov c elal ept rj/iza we 1 7Trepl 30 t/,e, 30 66 ANABASIS. ~cEcivoUv. tcaLroT eco tY aVWv Kal Trcva ' cal yuvaltca dEv TpadXc'ae fOpovpovtceva J aXX7 oVe TOVO a70 - repcrj-oviat, aXX a7ro\X rovTrat ti-f 7rpoaO' v evenca,Trept e/.je ape'sx." Kal o / e 'rai-' e7revr ol 8' EXXve9, e' Tt Kcat 9 5 OUvTf O '6pov 2v 7rpos 'Tv av/3acrtv, aCovovVreV T'9v Kvpov aper-7v r8tov 'cal 7rpoOv,'orepov c'vve7opevov0ro. At the Euphrates Cyrus reveals his plan; the Greeks hesitate. MeTa- Tavra Kipo9 e4eXaVve ar'aOpNolv rIrrapas, Irapa(ay7ya( ct/coaUV, 67rl TOb XJXov rro-ratov, b'vra Tob ecpos -rX\Opov, WrXrp 7 8' Iy06iov,eLda\Xwv cal trrpacov, os? ol o10 Xpot feoV9 EVOP'LtOV Kcal aSiLeiw obKc ico, Oo7Wrep o6vSe ra TrepoiTcpaS?. atl e c&lat, ev als Co'rPvovv, HIapva'dirLto fa'av, ck '5wYijv 8E8opeJvat. ve ev eeXavveL oraOpovb 10O 7irerVT, rapaaoyyav TPLptalcovta arl r T 7r'ya, irov AapSaToS WroTaaoO, oi5 TOb T po 'rEOpov. vr-aVO' v ri BeXE15 rvos /3ao'iXea tioD $vptas aLpptavros, Kal 7rapdSeLtoao Tarvv peryaqa9 nal caXoK, EXo v rnctdv' raa &pa fvovrtw. Kvpo9 8' avTo' v eetco*e Kcalt ra /3aoaltXa faraTcavcr-v. EPvEOev EceXavve& a'iaOpfJovs ipe~t, rapao'ayyas rrevrTfcatSeKa, ~r 11 -ov EvXpdr7v r7rTaC'Lov, ovrra TO cipo i reradpoP v crTaSiwov 2o0 fcat 7o6Xt aridOtO fceElro peydXL cat evSaalJwv, (Ocdranco ovopa. EvravO' getvav cayepas rTicre - al Kivpop pcera7rEpapEPeYO' iovs aorpaT7y'ovP TiCv 'EXX vcov X\eyev, oTC 7 68S09 aoLTO 7rpob /3ao-tXea pe'yav cb Ba,3vXwva cal I )\ ' I feXvetv av'rovq Xe' eyIv Tavira vo-6 or-partWa a cav at ava7rei25 Oetv eecrfOat. 1O e Troao'avre? fKccXto'itav aT7rry'yeXXov -ravra o0 &e 12 aTpartrTatl XaX\e7ravov iro 7 a'TpaTqryobF Kca e~c>acrav avroWvs rrdat 'ravTr' cSooa IpTrrc, /cal onvc eopaaav ie'va, cavv pr T,- avrot' Xprjpa-ra &o&p, o;raarep catS rois TrpOTpov 30 peiTa Kvpov ava3a'-ti cal ravTia ovc ~7rl rnoX e'l, o vTWc,,30 PET a t V V c t 161-k Irrh~kL LOPT60V, BOOK I. CIIAP. IV. 67 caxa KaXovrTO, Trov 7rarpos Kvpov. -rav' ol orpa'ryol 13 Kvp wo 7r7ryeXXov ' V 7r eCCEro avXpi EK/cT'rQ oJeWv 7ivTre e pyvplov ILvda, E7ret6av el; Ba/vk&wva jctoat, xcal Tov ftaOb'v EpvTEXj ieXpt av KacraoLT'vo'ry rov EXXy\va9 ekC 'Ioviiav 7rdXav. TO puev 8vj 7roXv rov 'EXrylvtKco o'r;s 5 Menon's scheme; the Greeks cross the Euphrales. MCvwv 8e 7rptv 8kjov c'vat, 'i r 7rrotuarovo- ow a\XXo TrpaTri7a-a, Tr6repov f#ovat Kvp6 9 ov, oavveAXee ro avrov a-pdarevLua Xopk 7-w htXXwv cKat Acec rTaSE' 14 "'Av8pec, ecv poi, 7rtfl0oe, ovcE tcvSvveUvavaTea OVTC 10 7rovjavTre rcov dXXwv vrportyrjreaOe o'rpartnwrTv v 7r Kvpov. ri ov KceXevco 7rotura;; vPv KSerat KvpoF wTrecr-Oa robF r"EXX\\vas' 7r flaoatX'a ' ey ov fb/bl va2,uF XpijvaL 8taj^vfai rOv Etvpar'rv 7rrora/bov Tpiv 8jXov elva OTr ol 15 aXXot"EX\7qves a7rocptvovzraL Kvpwp. cav ptev 7ap '4n4(i- I5 a'wvraba e7re-Oat, bUteLt 8otere aito clvai dp avres rov L aRalvetv, Kcat cw 7poYOuxrvarots ovav uvipXv Xpt eilcra KupoF lcal a7ro8at'- eTritraratac 8', Ct' IT Kcal aXXos eav 8' a7rory)i l7atwvra ot 4XXo, a7Trtev pev a7ravre eF 'ovptraM\v, vt1v 8' '? atovoc, rretlOop lvotIs rTT7'oroTLTO XpaCETraL 20 16 Kca el4 fpo'pta Kcal es Xoxaytias, Ical dX\xov OV7Y'vo a&v 86dI'e, ol8a ot J0 J 4iXov revE4eoaOe Kvpov." 'AKOcravTre9 TraUva E7T70ovro Kca o8el/3'crav rrplv Trov aXXov9 aTroKpivarOaL. KvpoF 8' erel?rjaOeT7o ~afSer/SlcoTas, frO7 r' -e iat T& CT-pa-TevaLaTt c rewalra? TXovP cTrcv ' "'Ery 2z lqcrn T6 Ka\ -,, eto 7co 25 petV, ic avSpe9, ijSn vjLas eratvo' Orcows 8s; ca vpc ts'e b7ralV~jrrTc, %uoio tb\rjaEcf, 9 /J7fAcETL pL Kvpov vaOuLJcie"E. 17 ol pezv 8 craTpartiraob v XY rtrit pcydXatC Ov'reT rflVXOVTO avrov evTrviraat, MevCovt 8 Kcat 8&ipa eX'yerTo 7reL'rat peryaXo7rpe'rcFs. 7avra 86 7rotj-aas 8telatve - vveiLrero 8e 30 Kcal TO a 6Xo 'rpTdrevua avrSo arav. Katl 'wv ta/atwovr6 o 68 ANABASIS. 'oV 'roTacov ovWels e/3peKxO Jvwcre'pw rorv Laacrrwv Zro trov Trora/zJo. ol 86 Oaraafcvol gXe7ov, t, oOrwrVroO' O7ro? 6 18 WroTra/to? La/aros yeVoCreo re, re T ) TE, XX \ 7r\Xoiot' a TorT 'A/3poco'fLa9 7rpowvcor caTeKavfev, rva,,L Kvpos &ta5 f/l. E86OCet 8 OeLov etcr /caL aabP)9F v7roXwp r-at Tov rorafLOv Kvpp s f3laax\~EvovTr. t-EVTEJOev e4eXavvet 8ta 19 TJ)? Xvplap OraffTaOvos Evvea, 7rapaaadyya' wrevT7rr ov-ra Kca aclfcvovvrrat rpk Trov 'ApJdryv wroraodrv. evzravO' iotav Kcwsat 7iroXXat Jeara' r airTOv xcal oov. evrav'OU eLetvav Io?jecpa9 Tpe9 Kcalt erea-tritaavro. March through desolate country along the Euphrates. V. 'EvrevfOv e' eXavve &d 8 Ta r 'ApaSla r7oyv EvfpdJ7Tv 1 roTrapozv ev SetaL eXw traO/LoV epprj7ovg TrevTe, 7rapaacdayk O,, oupaI rya? TptaKcovTa cal 7revre. Cv FOVT0 O) To 7r7TC l v IlZP 4 yj re8lov awarav o6/caXe%, c(7 crep OaXaTTa, a'rtvoov 8S rXr4 -I5 pew. etl T L Tcal aXXo evr vX7 v 4 aXdov, u a&7raVra 4v evwS5,'' ~ ov[;v Evtv, i apga 8Y V e wtI 'Y8, A7rep Jppara 8 evpov 8' ov'8v 4v^v, fvpla 2 ravrota, 7rXeco'Tot pfv Ovot ayptot, 7roXXa 84 oCrTpovoi. evra'av 8\e cal rTOSes /alt 8opcadSe' TrauTa S T7a Oqpi'a oi W7r7Trl9 evtore ECoWKov. Kcal o0t jev ovo0, e7reti nT6 0Wcot, 20 7rpoSpaLovPreT av eCrarraav, roXu ydp TrWv l'7r7'WV Epexv QaTToVY Kat 7raiXtV, e qre2 7rXlcrGtaoteyv ol t4rrot Ta'TOVr rotoCW Pcal oUfC 971 Xa/3eltE el /9 8taSTaVPTed 01o &T7reZ9 07vpcoev &a8eX6oLevo. Ta 8e K/pea rwtv aXticcotpeZvw 4v 7rapa7rXrcrjta 7roS aXeioaet, d, 7raa o'rTepa S8. rTpovOov 8' ov86e, eXafiev 25 o0 8e 8ttxavT6e T8OW 77rC~ Tayu E7raov ro' T roXv yadp 3 *areaf-raTo ( oev'CyovTa, TvoLS lev Troit ~podfp, Talt 8e TrrepvItv apaaCa Cao7trp I'TIL) XpwttevroY 'raq8? '' ria e& v Tr taXv AvUrta-T, CTL Xa/5,/a'vewv 7reTrovTrat ap 3pa)v, &a7rep TrepSice, xcal Trv a7rayopevov'tv. Ta E KpEa aVrTW 30 ^uarTa 4v. BOOK I. CHAP. V. 69 4 nIopevouel~o 8e da 7ravrstrI? r? Xtpaq dfcLftcvoovYra 4t7rt 7ov Mda'cav 7rora/6ov, TO evpo1 rrwXeOptatov. evravO' "v 7r6Xt\s pjly,,ue'yaXr, ovopta a' aurfj Kopawoor' 7reptippeIro 8' av-qr V 70roov Mao-Ka ciVKXO\. evravuO' etetvrav jpaepa9 5 rpet icatl 7rewrTriravro. cv'reSev e~eXaSvv, arTa/0tovq 5 eprjlovN 7ptotcai6eKa, arapaarya^av evevrjcovTa, rov Evc;pdT'7rV roTra/ov ev 8etLa CeXwV, Ica aothcviterat E7r-t IP7,a9. ev rorotvOS ro70? cTraOC0 7roXX\a r&Ov vro'vyiov '7rw\ero V7rO XLov ' Ov 7yap ]v XOpro7 ov08' aXXo ov3,ev 8eYpov, atXha 'tL\X) 23v a"raa q Xkopa ol 83 evooftcovvTreC7 iOU IO CXera9 7rapa rov TrorTa/LuO opVTrrov7re cal Troio70tov ei Ba3uxova j7yo at eroovv Ical a'vrayopacovPre atrovo Dificulty in procuring sppzlies; hasle of Cyrus. 6 TO 86 a7rpdraTeva O CalrTO 7rr\XLrev, fcat rrpla-cOat oVKC 7v, el LIrj v rT7 AvBSa Jyopa ev r ' K;pov fap3aptcj, 'ryv 15 Ka7rOvqv a\Xcpwov $ Ja4lrwVc 7re7rrapov try\Xov. o 8e r-t3yXo9 vcavar e7rrC o' 3oXob cal '2to)/36ov 'Arrcov ' e fKca7rl0'r evo yotlvtca 'ArTrcaS eXowpet. ncpea ovv ea&Oov7 7re o0 crpartLcratb teYylyvov0ro. v 8 rSovr70 o wv7Tjv 0rra0ov ov? 7ravv /jafpov; iXav\cev, 07r67r 1 7rpo VScop /3ovXotro 20 s&areXeorat i wrp6o XtXov. fcatl s Trore crrevoX0%pta Icat rryXof opavev7ro raws a,:at a vo U7-ropevrov E7reCrrG7 o6 KiVpo9 aov TO0 T7rept avrov apia'roT0 Kca evo(SatovecrrTarotos, cat erae rXoviv /calt lyt/pr7a Xac/30vTra T rov fapapL3apucov arpa8 70Tov vvoe6/3l3'dw Ta ag/ada1. e7ret 8' eo801COU avTw 25 or~oXai(t) 7roiEv, Wa7rTp Oprpy Efce\eVCe T7Ov, 7rpt avTov IIepa-as 7TOVe Kparlr-rov9 avvw7rwciresatL ra7s9 dJz^aa9. evca 8r\,L tepo9 T7 7179 eval4a9 ^v Ocadaa-Oat. p'i+ravrec ydp Trov 7ropavpoi9 1Cav7OS, O7rTT 'ervyev Eaffro9 a"ar aT7K09, evTro &o'7rep &av Spcdot r79 7repi vrcrf1 ical /abaXa Kcara 30 70 ANABASIS. wrpavovX ry7X6oov, eXTovre9 ro70 7e 7roXuV7eXev? XLtT7va icacl 7T T1roXICla9 Jvaavptlaso, vtLOL K cal rpeTrrSov epi 7ro09 paxfXo19 Klcal ArXta Trepb 7ra1 Xyepolv' evOvs o va rovroV7 elt7Tr'7ro8'a7re es 7 rovt 7rV T 7X Oarrov 27 (09 71T &v 5 WTero /e7eT)povU eE:/co6tcraav 7a1 akadaq9. To Se oV'7Trav 83Xo? v v Kfpo acrrevS&ov r7ra'av T 6V 6odv 9 Kcai o0v Sarpplowv wr ou pujV e7' 'er7'LT7 ov evefa E1 TvoU a\XXov avay/calov eccaO0etro, vol[1wv, ocr- (be1V Oiarrov xe\ob, voroU'V7 a7rapaarcevo0epeo /3aa\et X eLa aeLaOatc, bo'w 8 IO ar-oXaaTepov, Tocr0ovT70 7rXeo^ ava7elpecOat faactXLi arpa7revua. Kal ovvnl6etv 6' v r7( TrpOceovTE 7ro v vo 73 paCat\eX apx2 7TrXj0Aet iLV Xopaf K ca vOpwT7rwv laoXvpa ouvao, -ro7? 6e pO1ceErb Trv oo6v Kcal vr o( e7rrc dpai 7 vuvd1et ao'0E77evr9 el Tt1 8ta %raXeowv 7ro vo\Xr6eov wroolro. 15 TIEpav 8e rov EvfpdT70ov 7roratov KcaTa 70Tow Epf7Jov/ 10 rraO/,,ooS 4v 7rO6XLS evaljcov /cal /jezyc7Xr}, ovoocLa 8\ Xap/1av7q C':C ravr77r? ol 7rTpaT70i7at 7ryopa4ov Tat7rT76eta, crXeSIaL? 8ta/3alvov're' oe. S&ft0epa au f'pov o-aIe7rdcWtouaTa Eve7r~/7rXacrav xoprouv covS'ou, ELTa a-vvyov Kcal 20 a'vve0'7rwv(, ()9.t7 a7rrea-Oae 7T^9 I ap(fr9l r6 Wp v e 7rovTJv 8CeaL3atvlov KcaL XcL4a3avov ' ra7rrT8eta, o0tvov T1 EC Ts pafd\Cdvouv TrE7ro7Tb/ECvov 77J O TTO 70Ov (OIlICOt /Cal aT-ov ~ieXv79F' rovro 7ydp 71 ve rj 7X7 pa Cr[eltCovo. Quarrel between Cleartchus and Menon. A/LC)XevTcvOw 86e 7T evravOa 7r(v Te 7ov Mervovo o crpa- 11 25 totrcv c07 Kal 7r(O 70 xepxo, KX\epapxo /icptvai aStLKElv 7ov tov Mevevo 7r\rX7yat eve/aaXev o' XO efov 7rpo 7rO eavrov Vcrpadrevpa X\yevr~E * aiovTrave 6' ol arpa'rtiTrat eXaXckratvov /cal wpyltovro lo'7vpcw 7w KXedpXP. r7 6' 12 aVrTr rfjlepa KXeapXo eCX0ov C7rl 7 v oI3aocrw Tro Tro30 raL/.ov fca e1ceK /caTaaece*aaEevo2 r21v ayopav a(ft7r7lreVe e rl BOOK I. CHAP. V. 71 TEv eavrov oaxnnvv aCV drov MEvwvo9 crrparevpLaro~ crVv 0X0yoS rot'? 7repl av7rov KVPO9 ' OVt7CW 9fcKEv, aCX e7 wrpoorjXavvev * TrCV 86 MevoWcO arpao wr7vY " V\a ' arlwv Tr, l? e Se K\Eapxov oeXaotvroa, tfr-b T.r aJvy, xca ovro? /zv avrov 7i7japrev' a'XXos 3 XIco cal adXXos, 5 13 erTa 7roXXol, Kpavuyr'F cyvoevrs'. 6 8e KcraTa0evyeu et? TO Cavroev rTpdrcevLa, Kcat ev0v0 Wrapayye7tXXe el Ta oJwrXa' fcat rotS icv o7rXlTra avrov EfceXeCvse 1felvaL Tras'? crrlSaa 7TrpO Ta yovata Olvras, avtros Xa/3 awv rotv opa9cav 0cal ToV9 t7rTrea?, ot 'cav av ev rw crparevfJLar 7r\ei- 10 ov 9 i) TreapdacovTa, TovTrw 8' o r\XlaT-roT O9pace%, rXjavYeV e7r TOV70 MeYvo0OS, cWOT E'Eevov' eKc7re7rX\7j at Kca\ avrov Mevwvpa, /cal rlpeXev e7r, 7ra or\Xa ol 33e Ka errae-av a7ropovveTr 7) 7w Tpay/iar. 14 Q0 83 Ilpo6evo, 6ITUre yap Vcrrepo 7rtpocarOv Kal ra? t 15 avtrc C7rowLevy/ L TOV 7wOTT(XuvC, euvf OV 4oo'v TO\ ILcOeV 4l-tcborepwv aIywv EOTro Ta oJ7rXa /ca\l 6 eco rov KXedpXov?/C 7rotetv rarva. o 8' eaXeratvev, oTr arov o\ Xiryov erJcravro KaTcraLXevr0?jvah, vrpacov Xeyoc To avrov 7rwdOo, EKEeXevoE T' aUTov (c rOb Jeco io'rTac-Oa. 20 15 'Ev Trorw ' B 7r'EL Ical KK poa /cal E7rVrOero T7 rpCy/ja. eOvt 8' Xa/f3e rA 7raXra cS' ra e Xipaa Kal a-tv Trol?rapovat rwv rtnV7rtw?Kcev -Xa vwv e19 rb /ea-ov, Kcat 16 X\jEe rde' "KX'ape c Katl Hp6oeve cat ol daX\o o r vapodvre '/EXXvcvec, ovKc tOe O,rT 7rotEtTr. el y7ap tra 25 JaX\\r\oXo pdylv crvvde-re, PvoJdlCre ev 7riS3e -ry?jpa e/WIe fe acaTaKceKo/eE-Oa Kal vaSd ov ro roXv eO c-repovr IcalcO<? ryap Towv r/erepowv eOVTWV rrvTre ov-ro Ov opare /a3p/3apot rroXeJuuwrepot 3/4[v crovraCi rTv 7rapA /3aa-tXd 17,ovrow. aw/covuaa? Tavra o KX\apXos ev cav rcw ^'cvcro 30 Kal 7ravcau'clevot da orpo KaTa yXopav Oevr7o rTa o'7ra. 72 ANABA IS. The treachery of Orontas. VI. 'EvTrcevOv po'6 rnwv efalvero!tvy itrrwv cKal c6- 1 I, (, >, b t,ttX V t (O, 7rpO9. elKc 70o 3 i3 a S7109 (09 F Xiw Lr vTreWv'..,,, i \! oV70o TpotovTef /caov tcal %XOov IcaK ei' Tr aXXo XPtrMlaov v. 'Op6v7raS Be, l pc-9 rWvp, ' /EaEL TE 7TPOCK /3aerX 17P. 0Opvra Scs Tep a )r]p, 7fevet re rpoaic weov ]3ao'iXel 5 fca Ta7 7roXeJILta XEy^0Jevoi v E o 70 apla-rot Ilepacvh, E7rt/ovXe~eV K6pp, cad wrpoeOev 7roXevroasa, KcakraXXayce? 8e. 2 o7rov Kvpp e7rev, e avr3 oi L 7r7rea9 XLX\ov), Or7 7ov0 7rpoKcaoTaov7a2 9I KcaTaKarclvot a Ev eveSpevolaf 97 iCvTra7 roXXoUv? avr'V AOL Kca KwX\vcrE 7Tov cElV e'rtov7a, 1O Kca 7QrOLrjetev co-rE re Uveao-Oa avrovq 16OvTrav TO KvpoUv apdrcvua /aao-eA SlayyEZXae. Tr Ek K'pP aiacovVWT6 7av7a EtOKEL W'eXqia elvat, cl EtCXEvaoev avrov Xa3dEpc tveLv 'ecpo 7Trap eKa'rTov 7rQv 'YeFLocovW. CO 3' OpovTa s vol6-aa9 e0roiJ60ov elva6 aavrz T70V L7T- 3 15 7rea9, Cypade6t E7rL-To0X\V Trapa f8ao-tXea, o 7'6 ei El cov t7r7reaS X av 8vvq7Tab r ^icrrovr cos aa ' pa arat TrOV VirV ' Eqv ~9 Er)Ovr \ra l T? Tarpocaxev a Xl e'roC vjvi> 3' b 7'v T werrcoX5 Ka 79 IT O 7rp(TrOE tV (lf$X(a %ropvnpara Kca, 7Tcr7Te0o?. TravTr9v Triv E7tTaroX\v \ l /wo't TTcrT' o20 3vSp, ~To ' Jro o 83 XawV Kvpp 38L'orvw. varaovv 8' 4 avTrv o Kvpo av\vXXap,/3adv 'Opor'rav, Kca o'vyKcaXe~ eL 7v) eaavTov Kv IIpaa 70 Hepca 9 pov 9 aprtrvov Twv repi av7ov e7rra, Kcatl T70o 7Tv EXXJvwOv o9 pav7ryovV efCeeKvaev o0rXt'ra? aca/caei, 7ov0rov9 8e 0co-'Oat ra o7rXa wepi 7rv) 25 avrov a0K7lcyjv,. o0 e 3 rar E7ro eiTraa, ayavo7E? ( TrptaXltXov? oTrXlra9. KXeapxov 8e Kal etcrco qrapKdxee- 5 oTv/3ovXov, o oCye cal aTw 7 KcaL 70'o aXXOL? ESOKeL 7/rpoTrtOi70ivaLt JdXhrLTa T)v CEXX'XYo)v. e7re 8' CX08eOv, 6C/jE \XE rToA 4flXots 7 rv Kpla-v r7ov 'Opo6Tra f 6e/eveTro 30 ov 7ap c7roppyrTov 'v. BOOK I. CHAP. VL 73 The trial and execution of Oronlas. 6 "Ey} 8 e Kvpov adpXetv rov Xdyov Joe "1I1apelca'Xeoa vitxa, dv8pe biX\oi, o'ro abv Cv6iv /fovXevodpevo OS, TL &Kcatov errt xai tvpos OeWzv Kcati rpo? avOpwTrov, 'TVro,rpdaw 7rep 'Opovra rovrov7. TOVTOV 7ap rrporov /LCv eo O 7raT7p 6'8C/EV UV7r/cOOv ecvab 6E/ot (trei S6 Ta- 5 %Oei9. ds Ay aier69, brtrob io 2euOb O~ TO0 9't, 60,eq, ft av'o T O7 7 TO v e/ ov X ovroV C7roX~7ua~V ee oi &lwv rv ip v Xd S pSCetv Ecpo7roXtv, Kcal ey/o avrov 7rpoa7wroXeLv '7roilra Sare &oat TOovr) rov 7 7rpos? 4L 7rox\etov wravorao-Oat, Kcal &ettav X\af3ov Ical eWolca. I0 MeTa ravr'a a"b, "( 3 'Opovra, 'cTTL Ott crE l/c' - aa;" a7relcplvaro, oTt o1u. 7rai 8b' o Kvpo; " p(3ra o'^;" cawew a 0 vpo,? Kpra "v Obov varepov, l' avroq aCv 8o'LoXoye?;, ovE\v VrW' eov aJtcovLevos, azroarTaq e, Mvarobv acaKces E7roletr v7v e4r]v Xpav 6,T eS vvw; '" pe o 'Opov'raq. "Ovc- 15 ov," by 6o Kvpos, " ror' au ezcos rv - eav rov vvaav, e\XOv er rl'v TO r 'Aprel8os I3/obv /eTraMXe\etv re co rlf ena-Oa Ical 7rel'Ca9 ejte 7rtcra 7aTrXtv c8wo cS O.tot cabl 7Xal3es 7rap' iefov;" ica, ratO' cLoX6yet 6 'OpOv8 ra?. " Tl obv," `7y o6 KvpoS, " aSIcr/Oest VNr' e/tov vVy 20 TO eTprov T7rt/3ovXevwv /ot O favepo ryeyova; o e7rodvTOq 3 TOrv 'OpdvTa, Ort ovo3v Jaf.C1fek, r/pCoTCev 6 Kvpots avrov "'O toXo/ye? oiv 7rept etle a &Ios yeyevz'cat; "JH yap avdceyK'q," If o 'Opovras. 'Ece TOvTOV 77waXtv 7po'ro-ev 6 Kvposc ""E'rt avu ouv 25 yevOLO TOr lm Za (86eXbO 7T-oXLos,, &o\ 0 (iXo0 /Cal rrt~ros'; o 6' d7recpivaro, oTt "ovb' el yevoiurJv, c Kvfpe, ao y' av 7ror' eT 8O6aqu." 7rpot? r'avra KvpoS 9 eT~e TOo Twapoiotva' "O eiv avqp rotavra tev 7reTrolf~ce, rotavra 8e Xtyet' VOwv 3e cv 7rpTros, ( KXe'apxe, 30 74 ANABASIS. arroorpvat 'yvAwirv, &o,T oto 3oCel."' KXeapXo 38' e7rrE rdae " XvfJovx\evow y7r Tvor vSpa rororv c ~rroSoiv 7roteo6cOa CL? rdc Xrra, (09 /0/fCETt, 6p TO7rrrov VX\TTEaTOa JXX& atokr ) ^]tiv TO fcara rovrov elvae Tro0 cEX~ovraas foXouv su rOlEl.V TraVrTOa & TOYp 7v ftaL 10O Ical Trob aX\\ovS 7rpoaofeo-Oat. Me-a ravr-a ceeXvovros' K'pov EXaov 'rjs <vns rov 'Opovrav E7rb Oavarp a'ravrre' ava'-ravr es cal oL cryryevElc * E7ia ' Eryov aT7OV 7 ot 7rpoorcTa%7XO. e7re a' to cLSov avrov oL7rep 7rpoo'rOv 7rpocreicVO v, /tab ore wrpoceKUvclaav, Kcaivrep et38TC o-ti e7rl OavaTrov dyotro. rred 3' e i Trv 'ApTara'rrTov CK'I?7vv etcry Tovr 7rcrord0aro) 11 icvl Kvpov cictr,roXywv, jiera ravr' oivre &ivra 'OpovTav ovre reO rfncora ov3e&L dELe 7rc'r07r, oV 08' oTr areO5 0avev ov8e'd e8Lo' gexyev c etca'ov 3' a'XXos X\Xo,0r 8 O.L -7, 7r a, 7 ^,. racpo 3 ob c v rGrcbvror' arob S4Srvy. Cyrus reviews the army; hears of the King; encourages the Greeks. VII. 'EvTEvCOev EJXavvet 8t r7s BaCL3vXw\la cTrao- 1 PoWu; rpefSl, rrapacrayyas ocoSeca. eV e r\ rpiLrO -TaOw,'j Kvpov etercacrLv roLetirat iWV 'EXXrjcov Kcal Trv 20 /3ap/3cppcov ev r 7re36 7rep' yecaaq vvijcta ' eSooce nyadp ES r7rV ET7rOVCCaV a0 ~t /3flcrcCXa crvv m3 oTpaTev1z.ar pfaXov/.evov o icdal e/ceXevce KXeapyov,aLV rov 3ettoi icepwv?ye-cOac, Mvova oe rov Evwvvnov, avrbso oE fs a ' a f v rovs eavrov eu eratev4 25 Merca e rev e\ eracrm v 4ta 7-p brfte eorou epa, 7fcovres 2 avToJbToXot 7rapa MeydXov 83ac-c\w' dary7'yeXov Kvpcp trepl risT /actrLoo croparcta. KVpos e v crvyaX eaaT rovs crpar-fyovs tcal XoXa'yoiaS Tav t'EX\iv o vve/3ov BOOK I. CHAP. VII. 75 XcEer6 TE, 7rT)'? av Tr7v, ay7v 7ro0otTo, Kcal aUrTo Tapyvev Oappvvwov TotdaSe 3 "J2 dvacpes "EXXyq ve, ov/c cvOporrwv ao ropw&v ap/3 -powv ovpjudovs bg&c; aiyo, aXX\d voalkowv aJ etvou xcal KpeItTOVS 77roXX&v /8ap/apwcov vlfLau eWra, 8&a TVTO wrpoo'- 5 eXa/3ov. 07rYo9 o3,v Cea'Oe Oavpec a 'Lot T^us eeXvOep'ias 77 /ce/CrTCOe /fcal vas e^/)o evEa1t0ovt4lw. eV yap CrTE, or TrV eXcv0eplav eA oJL'rv arv vw0' v "a 7rav4 ToV fcab aXXwv 7roXXa7rXacitw. o7roW 8e cat c8y7Te, sek oTov epyocre ay^va, ey7o vl;pa elS&0 Siats. 0 10o Lv r yap srrX\i0os 7roXvob Ka\ EcpavUyy 7roXX7 ec7rtlaac' ear S ra a" dvda'arXOc, TvrXXa tca& alo'avverTOatl at 3oca, otov0 jLpwv yvaa'ea'Oe 7Tou0 v r? Xy pa oavrav a6vOpw'rov. \ S? 2 / ' J \ C \ V3t i Kcat eu TCr)v e/iov ryevof/Jevw, Eyr/ V/JLo TrV pEV o/KcaS f3ovX\o/evov A7rLdva TOL? OLCKO \XWTOwv Trroro-r0 a7reX- 15 Oe^v roXXobv 8' ol'aat nrotar'e-v 7a vrap' eXO e A'XOa& d rv o ci, aC7TL T0P OtCOt. 5 'EvTraSOa FavXiT7l' irapwv s^U7Z Xyas' XLo, r Tr-T? e Kvpw, cI7ee 'Ka't rv, o K v, Kpe, XeyouCl Te, OT V t, V P f, 7roXX \a v7Ttr've vbv 8ts 7ro e T70VOUT) evat. ear ' eV3 2o yevr7ra Tt, O7 o,.Le/,JvjFesa' ate c aotv. evtot S' orS', el Cpvro T'e ca& /oXoto, a vaoOatc av a7ro8ovat ' oaa 6 U7rtrXve." a/covo-as TaVTa 'eteX v Kbvpo' "'A\x' g-.Ler v f ]Jiv, 6 dvp~8pc, Y Jpxq?I wrarpwa 'rpos,ev [LearTJ/lpt'av e'xp ob 8Oai /caiat a ov 8YvalVTra 25 OLfCEtv aLv)Op7rot, 7rpo 86 dpfCrov 8LE'XPt o Sto %Xeip awva r\ 8' 4v' oI t;row rv era Ir a ev IGeaw TOVToV 7rrvTa aTpaWrevovo'tv o[ Tov 7 epov d6feov L\/XoL. Mv 8' fic vtClTortofev, 7a? 8e~l T70o? 7t}/LE7TepovU )lov? T707VT e/tcpaTeCL 7rotr^rat. o-T' ov TroVTO o8eooca, /nU ovfc ecXe) oT,7 8,' ecCda'7T TrawV;f- 30?ov, ear eV revq7Ta, eXkX kj) o eXv ov 'w cavovg ok 8O. vbwrv &8 r t\v 'EXXrjv)v catl (7Teavor ecGaFOTC p yjXPtaOU 8CIO. 76 ANABASIS. Prospect of a battle; the numbers on both sides. 01 8&e TavT' acovaavrTe avroi r'T crav TroXv 7rpoUv/jL- 8 repol cal Toa o a"XXot eCryyeXXov. el'roY'av Se rap avrov oit re CTpaT?/7ot Kca &Jv a\\X v 'EXXvcov TvE atovuPre elOe'vat, i a(ftaLtv esrTa, eaCv KcpaT)rf-o0alv. 0 5 ' /C7rqTrXa? a'7ravTrvCv 7 ryvopwvm a7reTr/k7rev. 7rape- 9 KeXevov7To 3' av'rw 7ravrec, oaot7rep Lexe70yoPro, /1 a%eaoOat, ahXX' oT7rtrOev eavr&v aTrreaOat. ev 8e r atpcw rovTw KX\apXop w8e T'rwq 'lpero rbv Kvpov "s Oie,yap av, K) Kvpe, paXdelrati rbv a8eXduov;" "Nj) 10 At'," t 07 O Kipo9, " eit7rep eye Aapelov ical IHapvo-T869v d'-rT tralv, 'c6o ' aSeXo'4, ov't apaxe 'ravr' er WprfljojLatae 'EvuravOa 3 Ev &7 eow07rX ia ai p tpO/o1 Cyeve6ro r7Wv 10,Uev 'EXXjvovv a crtk Lvpia Icai TeTpaKcia, 7reXTacrTa, i5 8E 3taXIXtt Coc 7cal reVTatKc-to Tw, 86v 8, teTa Kvipov 3apfplpwOv S/ca J vptaldSe Kal aip/tara 8peTravlb6opa dapfl Tr EiUootv. vrwv 8e 7roX\euouv ' EXOTO ' eat ecaTov 1cal 1 eiLKOo'(,vptdae /Kcal appaara 8pe7ravryp()pa S&afcocia. aXXot 8' cfrav etaCterX^iXLoL t7r7ret, Jtv 'ApTayjepr, ppXev ' 20 oro& 8eP 7rpo aTov Bacrao&XeoW erayTy/uevot rCav. Tovv &G fla-lX'\e9 T7Tparevp/aTo? 97]rav apXovTe rerT- 12 Tape, rpptaKfova jtvptaiowv ecaaro~, 'A/pogi6oTa9, TLrcaafepvrjis, rFoSpva, Ap/f3a6cr7. TOVTWz V 3e 7rapeyevovTro ev rT tdX7y evevcjlcovr7a /E vpLuSe9 4cal aptara 8pe7ra25 vrlqdpa icarTOv /cat 7revrvTcovra, 'A/po/o6jua ryap vCrre7 X9 1 pa9 '6VT7, C (Pot Xa pra'e T'v aXVI wfepat? ovr7~ /fC ^Opttc eXaVaPw. ravTra 3' jyyeyXXoV 7rpo9 Kipov ol auop/oX\- 13 oavTea rrapa pyaXov f3aaCe'o w Trpb T7 /LaX7r, ica2 A el ILETa 7Trv CpaXlv ot vrepov \XrcOr/rau Tv V 7r\oXepwv 30 Tav Ta \Xeyov. BOOK I. CHAP. VII. 77 Cyrus advances, in battle array, along the Euphrates. 14 'EvretvOev 3e Kvpos e:eXavet c-raOtov 'eva, 7rapaa77yyas T7petv, 'uvverayUev1 ro crrparevIarc wravTr Kca Tw 'EAXrqvicw cat' TW0 8ap/3apuc0 WerTo ryap ravury 72 ruepa patetXcaxoat t3aaot' ara cara yap Ieoov rT0v rraOLO 70Vo7rov rafpo v OpUtcrTjKv) /3aOela, rO aEv evpo0 5 15 opyvtlal rrTre, T70 86 fa0o 6popvta' Tpe. rapereraro 6' rdqpov? avw _oa sov t7elou EV r7r 36Oeca rapacrayya?,yept TroV M 'ta6 rTe^%0Xov. >l Se rapa rb7 Evfqpdrqv VrapoBos' Errevr pera vro rov qrorTaov ical Trj7 rdPpov (s 16 ElKcoL 7roWTL\v rO evpo' * avur'v e rvTv rVTapov 8/3aaCevs Io 7rroce alVT' epv/jaro70, 7ret8l rvvUaOveTr KVupov 7rpoo'eXavvovzra. TavTruTv 3T rv 7vrcpo8ov KvpoS re Tcal 5 ar'par 7r rap)\XOov Eca eetvovro eLat-'o s' rd-pov. 17 Tadvrry ia v oWv r9 ptepat o0xc e'axecaro /3a'crL\v, aXX' v7roXopovrTov 0avepa p v 1cat t'7r7orw Katp avppw7roT Is1 XvY7 7roXXd\. EdvraSOa Kvpos X^tXavov EcaX\eaa 7Tv 'Alu7rpaKtcOT'rV /pavr'l e8oce6 v avTKE SaapetKcovs rptaorxtiov, OTn T77 EV8oKaIT7 lW E p7eivr ] ol9e(pa oevoE eOtrev avrTo on "' aaA\ev ov /uaeLrat T eIca ulepwv ', Kvpoq 3' eirev "Ob{ cK pa erln ctaXe'tTa, el ev Tavrata ov /txaXerat Tav 20 I[lepaLs earv a' JXr evr]% v yvo7rlCT ^,vo t ot Cel o ca rdXav7a." TOVrO rT %pva'tov TT7' 4TreSoKCeY, E'7l 7rapXorv 18 at' S eca jfaLpat. erdl 8' e7rl 7T Td(pp) OVEK EfCAc\ve /3acrtXev rO Kvpov aTrpaevuaa &taf/alvew, o:o~e /cal Kavp Kca& T0? aX\otv; a7rerEyvocevat TO5 aedyxeaOa'* Wa- T7 25 19 v-repaIac Kupov e'ropevero fteXjdtevw9 iZaXrXov. ry se rpir) M wr1 re v0o aparop TcaOgrjcvos rTvj 7ropelav c7ro-,r p,r t,, ap,.aTo te e aro tcat o3Xi^ov ev r7aet %GOV e rpt avrov, ro, e roXu avure avarerapayfLxevov Ecropevero cal 7Tr o7r\Xv Tro0 arTpan7wrats 7roXXA 67rt 6LaSS6v ^7'yeTo Etat vTrovirloyv. 30 78 ANABASIS. The King is reported near. - Cyrus's line of batte. VIII. Kalt 38 r' Jv dt JL(yl aopav TrXi\0ovaav Kat 1 'rXrvtiov 3v 6 craOt/ov^ gvO' e',I eXXe KaraXTa'eLv, yrvica HarTytvs, a )v7p 11pc'vt9, Trv atJdp KDpov rturcrv, wpopatlverat eXavvwv av)a icpaTo9 i8poVVTt T7 L77TT7W, CKa 5 evCOv 7ractiv oL eveTVyTavev e/360a cal /ap/3aptarT caL eXXrvtL-r, 0t f3ac-\cev's orvy a-TpaTrevLari 7roXX3 vrpooepXTat S09 eS tcFd2azv 7rapecrKevar/.eVo0. &vOa 86 vroXvs 2 rapaxo? eyevero' avriTea 7yp e8ofovv ot "EXXqves Kala rrdvres &e arTcTrotL ab'lawv e'LCtreerMEFaOa&. Kvpo6 Te 3 Io icara7rqr8acra a7ro TO apLJparos roPv 0o)paaca eve8v Kal Jva/3&v 67rL 7T01V r7rrTTv Ta rarXTA e19 7a9? Xepa9 eXa/e, TroL r aXX\\os ravo- 7raptJ7yryeXev Tow7rX\lea6Oae Ka KcaOltTaora atb (e T721J Eavrov 'rTV iScaO'Trov. "EvfOa 8) ar v 7roXX carrov3 IcaOll'rCavro, KKXapXoq pscev 4 I5 ra 8eta7 rov Kceparo9 EXowv 7rpoS 79T Efxpd Trp 'roralxw, IHpo^evo0 8' 'Xo'tevos, o0 8 lXX\\o IperT' Trov, Mevwv \ TO ~0)evvVJUov Kepa. eXe T70 tEXX'qVLfcoV. TO 06 5 /3app3apLfov lt7r7reI iev Ila+Xarayo'e? ek9 XtXlov Trapa KXecapXov revoTa-v ev T7 8etl3 Kal TOr 'EXXxkvtcov 20 7reTXaanTctov, ev 8e T7 edvwvvmL7) 'Aptaos ' re Kvpov irrapXov Kca, rO d\\o japS3apwcov. Kvpos 8P Kat 6 e. ' / 'r Otl 7TrreS TOVTOV 0OY EV ~aKoattO Kaa rTO U Erov, 77rXta-/v6'vot GOpacb Jev avTrol al 7Trapa/7pt&lo tlS Kcat paveci' 7ravTre 7r\rv Kvpovu Kupos 8e\ fr\r7v 25 gxwv r2l v K(fc)aLXrjv el 7Tr /L%)7v KaicfrTaTo. e- 7 25 cov TP ga; yerTat 8E Wal TovS? aXXovv Ilepo-as' #Xa'ts -rat" /en4aXat9 ev T- 7TroXe'/p 8taCaKv8vveev. ol 8' tIr77rot 7ravTe ol,L~era Kvpov dIXov Kat TrpoL~Tro7ri8La cat 7rpoa-TEpviaL eZ2ov 8e Kcalt aalipas ol i7rretS 'EX30 Xrlvctcd. THE BATTLE OF CUNAXA. Book;I. viii. 4-16. To face p. 78., PLAN IT. A. First Position of Forces. = Y A k~ _. * — 1 I \. s_ "~0 VIIII III - - i i EXPLANATION.:? — Army of Cyrus. la Ol Army of Artaxerxes.,1,I111 it VVWar-chariots. A. Position of Cyrus with his body-guard of 600 horsemen. B. Cyrus's force of 100,000 barbarians, led by Ariaeus. C. Cyrus's Greek Mercenaries. a. Troops of Menon. b. Troops of Proxenus, with those of Sophaenetus, Agias, Socrates and Sosis(ot daXoL UeTO. TOVTOV p. 78,16). c. Troops of Clearchus. d. Light-armed troops. D. Cyrus's Paphlagonian Cavalry. E. Position of Artaxerxes. f. Body-guard of Artaxerxes, 6,000 horsemen led by Artagersees antd (drawli up in front of the king. g. Division of Arbaces. h. Division of Gobryas. i. Division of Tissaphernes.! ---------- - ---- -- BOOK I. CHAP. VIII. The enemy come in sight; Clearchus vs vae orders. 8 Kal ij8'rl re fv,faeov yrfoepa /Ical ovirww icarabavves' 1or-av o0 7roXc/0X L * jvl'ca 8e 8cSi\ cEyiyVCro, eavr ' Kcovt\ ~! / J el op7o &ao-7crp vbe'rJ XEVcj, XpoPV 6 vXvpC ) vTcrrepov wa'7rep,ueXavla rLv ev 7O) relto ETr' wroXv. ore 8' eyyv'Tepov E71Y/7'opVo, TaXa 81 Icatl aXco0 7Tt 7aff7pa7rre Icat 5 9 atl X6Oyat Ical al 7rGes xcaraave^?s eiYvovrvo. 'cab iacrav tirtrer~ pcv Xvcoco0pafce9 e7zr Tro) ev0ovv/xov T7W wroXectw'v' Tt-crcaoaepvq1 SX\ey7o TOTOV V apXetv. eXoL6evoL 86 ro'Twv e 7ppoo6pot, EOJtLEOL 8' 7TXTra a'V iros8po-;vXivatS &aTrlab t' AIyvInOLJ 8' ov'ro eXeyAovro zI evwat' X Xoe 8' 1r77reot, aXXoL roeorat. IadVTEc 8' oVTO /caT' Wvrl 7 v 7rXatalc 7wrXrpec dv10 O8p7rav &caaroov To0 gOvoS e7ropeV7ro. 'rpo 8' avr6ov appuara o8aXe~rrovra Tavxov aTr acXrXw7v tC & 8) 8pe7ravrYbopa 'caXovLitvca. etiov &s Tha pewrava eSc TVv I1 ac:Ywv etS 7rTX\dyov JrTroTeraxvera tcal vT7r To70l lopolt ef? ryyv /3X7rovra, 6S &aac7rretv orw EvrvTyyXvoLev.? 76 /vojLx) Or, )9 e6l 7a(9 7TdetL 7 'W 'EXXtvov \Xhv11 7rtv catl tLacorovrTwv. &o Ievro K Kvpos ec7re, o* re aXe'aa 7rape'eXev~ero 7TOt "EXXo7' 1 rj v 'cpavryryv rv 20 /3ap3dpow v aixVEo 0at, E+rev0r0 ro70r0' Ov ryap 'cpavyp/ JaXX,\ Crtyb as avarPv /cal ar.xi I Ev 'a Ica i /3paSe'wq Trpoaycraav. 12 Kab eiv rotr-p KDpos 7rapeXava)vo avrT o a-vP lIyprI7 rT cpyrvel 'cat dXXoos rpwtfv?) KrrTapc Tz KXedpxop 25 f3oa ayeiw TO crrparevpa '(arTa LEJoV TO TWV 7roXef/iWv, OTb eKcel SaaLtXevs e' "'a cat e TUv zovrT" el, " vLcctOev, 13 rra'v' 4rJLv 7re7rob'rTat. opiv 8' o KXeapyo' To peta-ov arTTo0 Icat dcKO'ov Kv'pov ieo bvrra Toy EvWVuov /SacrXea, TO'oovTov ryap rX'rjWOe 7rept^v /3aaotXe\ &cre 30 80 ANABASIS. ftacrov ro eavrov eXcv rob Kvpov VetovtUvov ewo 7v',XX' OLW9 o6 KX\apXo ov K jC8eX aE7roa'rraoat aro T70v roTa tov T70 SEtb0Y cepact (fo/ov/Jevo /fL cvUXWOCeIr) eKaTepooO61v, rTS 6 Kvpep awrexpivaTo, ort atrj' eX\A'or-o 5 o7rw K aX\s %Xot. The enemy advance; the Greeks pass the watchword, charge. Kacl ev rovTr-p i catpo Tio 1bev 8iapflaptov3 crrpadrev/ia 14 oJpaXcS 7rpobef, TO 3' 'EXX\rlKvcv e'v 7auCT pevov aovve/! \ TaTTeTO i E T iv rT wrpoardvztwv. car 6 Kivpo9 rapeXaUvovv ov TrdaC 7rpTTo avro Ti- cTpaiTev1cLaTi caTeOeaTo e TOU~ vrroh o v tc \ IO eeaTepLoae, a7ro7r'w erw TE TOu? 7roXep^Hovs naib Vou? flX0ou. l8C1w 3' avTrb crTTro ov 'EXXV/lCoOV evo4wv 15 'AOvvatbo%, v7reXacra cb o'vvavrTa7rat 7pero e iC 7raparyy'eXXot 6o ' SertTara eltre cal Xeryev EICXevo-e 7raatV, OT Kctal a tepa Ka\a nard a- fCdrya n aXa. 15 Tavra 8 hXeyeov Oopv/3ov 7,ovace ra r& v TdCeV ceaov lovTro, 16 Kai ppe~ro, 7i9 6 Op6pvu3o0 ery. o 8' rcEv, Oi-r T\O rt vOyaca 7rapteperatb evrepov 68,1. Kcat o,9 EOav acre -ri 7rapaye/'Xct, ncal pero KO'i erL Ti arvOyv.QLa. 6 3' aTrecplvaTro " Zev a)wrT7p ( cal NlK?." 6 83 Kvpo? a covr-a 17 20 "'Axha 'exoaal re' e, 4, " cal ro0ro riTax" raUra, \ e, 8 c7rcovr eL9 T Cv eavUov a opav a7rrtXavpev. Ka' Ovf'cer Tpia b TeiTTapa rTa'r a 8&eLXETrv T pad- 18 Xayyey a7r' JXX\hXa), jvletca eTratav^o6v Te ot EEX\XvEc Kal 7pXovro avritot tevaC roi 7roXep/'~lo. )9 oe 7ropev25 oLevov e4ecvLalve - T )? 9 dXayr oF, is v7'OhXetro/\r60evo 7ptario 8polp 06elZv' e Kal -a'/a c'eO4eyavTo 7ravTes o0ovTrep T3 'EvvaXi X\cXIovact, Kab TrdviTreS 8' eov. Trptv 6 19 To-evpLa E6tnvelcaOa IyncXlvovacv ol /3dp/papo nal sa evSrOVoLtV. BOOK I. CHAP. VIII. 81 The Greeks press on, victorious; Cyrus waits. Ka' evravOa 8j Eilwcov [E via K' pr pdro0 ol 'EXXves?, /36ov 8' XXrjX\\\os' /u Odelv 8p5ap, JXX' v 7rd t fftcOat. 20 T'a ' applara i cpepTo Ta pev - it' aVroT r'aCw 7'roxe~Loov, ra 8e icac L5a tVc C EXx\'r Keva yvtocwv. o1; ' ETr 7rpoi'8oLte, 8LttTiavTro ett 8' ZT rrts tcaT KaTreXj8(f)Orl - 5 7rep Ev (7r7roOp6OL ErfC7-tayetIE' oVt8v ErvTrot oV torovr 7raOetv I'aaoav, ov8' a'Xos' e& -v E'EXXcvwv ev Tairp Ir aucXyp e7raOev ovSets ovSeV, rwX'4v '7ri6 r EVoWVV,/M Toev0i0jvai iLT eXeyero. 21 Kvpos 8' OpwJv rob. tEXX\vas vIcWvras TO- icaO' avtov' Io Icait &tWovTraS, S67OLtvos /cKal rpoaVCvvoVtLoevov 8 7 w; 3aat'\ev;s vro TciV Cafd' abTOr, ov0' W' e'4yOrl 8ttwceLt, aX\\ a vvreao-epafeNr v t'ywv vrrv TOt-rv abv eavir- EtaW 17r E a'~W caro, eeuxO W KOO'aov LTr7reWP TLW t r7T6r/JL TO, OT 7rrOWOet /3aatXesVf. ica'i yp.?jeL avrV 6% ptoo v 'or fErob IHepa-tErCOV r7pa- I5 22 TeVui aros. icad irTvres 8' ol rTv /3api3apapv dapXovres PeJov e ovrTeS 7To avrwov?yovvrat, voptoovreS OVTro /cal ev ad-baXearvTarT elvat, ca'p a-xbs auvoTv ecairepoWOev, cal eti T 7rrapa7ylsXat Xpj'otLev, Ev 'pl'a-be aCv Xpovv 23 ala Od vea-Oa T0 arp-r-Levba. cat 3aacrtXes 8) ro-re /- 20 aov X Owv Tr avTro aTpaTta,, Luos' two eyevero TOV Kvpov evwvvvtov cepaTos. etre 8' ov8ebi auTr epaxeTo EK Tov TLiaPToV, C67-re6KarreVILr (7 o e KfVKAc0wo V. Cyrus sees the King, dashes madly at him, and is killed. 24 'EvOa 84 Kvpov elo'-asa, PI 07rt v-r-ev 7ev6pevo Karacofry Ti eEXXrvtcov, eXa'pvet aTvr'io' ica? 4,a/3at\v -'v 25 n T, e/tah v,, v 25 Tos egacoalobt V'ICCa TLov ro rps ip aab /3aa'tX s rae-ejvov tcal els fvwyv EgrpeGe TobU? E'a ctcrLaxLovs,, cat a7roicTeLvat XeyeTra avTos Ti7 eavroV Xepl 'ApiTay pa^ v i-yov avq'ot ' 82 ANABASIS. apXovTa avrov. (9 8' } rpo7r eCyceveo, 8ao'TreipovrTa 25 Keal of Kvpov Etacocrteo el" TO 8oeICLv p/x craavre TrX rdvv oxiJyoe #f1 aivrbv /ca7rEX~i ', a E8 0 O Xe- eobv TpdaTreo Iot aXovSbevOL. 5 'v ToV7rot 8' C&v icaopa /3aacrXea tcat To JtAk' e/celvov 26 TarTo' eal e EvOB oUKc rvEoX-eTO, aXX e'r v "Tov avopa op," ero e7r' avrov tceal erae KatCa7a O a-repvov tca rtrpC-icetL 8&a 'rov Ocopaecoa, (f 7a-l Krraia9 0 tarpo9, s09 cat IacraaOae auros To TpavlJa bycrtv. 10 7ratovra 8' avirov aKcovPT',t Tr 7raXTr3 Vt'r r'v o00aX- 27,LOV al v- Ka ev-ravOa /aXo/evot Jac\~XevS ca Kvpoq Icat ol d/L) avrov v.7rep icaTepov, 07'roao0 iev Trv adjil jBaarthea dare'Ov7cr/cov KTrrlola Xeye'Crw, 7rap' CeelvW 7yap ^v. i5 KVpo 8' av7'TO9 Te reOave Kcal O'CTo o0 a ptoi-o 7rOW Trept avrov cevEYro ewr' ar.j 'Ap-rar 'tr 8' 6 rrLa7o- 28 TraTro avrTe rcov acrx rr7ovxv Xe/era., erreMrt qrerrt7(1709 iV7se 7pCOPv Crat7r7-OV%(0 X5,yerat, rra8 ' rE7r7-0 -colra elE Kapov, tcaa7arcra-aa9 a7ro Tro lr7rov TreplTreoeLv avT(e. /caL ot fev p ao' /3ao- aX\ea KceX\Evaba 7-va e7rvrt0a- 29 20 aL atvrov Kvpw, ol ' eavrov JAroao4dab ac.raa' fevov Tov aeacvaK7v' e Yle pap Xpvcrovv' /caC Carperr7Ov 8 epbopet tcan 4eXa tcan TaXXa, Ca-7rep ol apCTroo tcwv Ilepar'v 6T rETrLrO 'yap vro Kvpouv o cviYOev Te Ktal VreTorST17a. Character of Cyrus. - Traits of his youth. 25 IX. KVpos LvEV ovy ovro) Erever'ro'ev, arvnp 6v 1 Ilepawv, 'rwv flera. Kvpov ro'y ipXao v p yevo/uvowv, /a-! t oACica'rao'ro 7e gcal %pxetv 'tCraro9, w9 rrapa irdvrwv 6/oXoryeriat, rtv Kipov 8oecovvrwv ev 7relpa ryvE'rOat. 7rpeTov LEv,yp 6r7 7ral ( rt', o0 eTra8ETOEro owv Tr 2 30 deLb4f tca oryv to0 aXXoc raena Trdvrwv rdra BOOK I. CHAP. IX. 83 3 K/paTcrroS Evou^eTro. ravrTe ryap ol TvV aptOT'ro Ilepro~vJ Trra&i S r /3TaaL Ta Xo OBvpaLe 7rat8evovra' eupOa 7ro\\Xbv,uCzv aaxjpocvy77v KaTrauaOot av Ts-, airipov 8' 4 ov8v Ov1%' aCovaat OvrUT' 186e 'earv. V OEvrat 8' ol0 7ra?Bes? Kal voUs vrtotiLWevou v7ro /3aart\e&o fCa aXXovs artK- 5 fta4ooievovu' i(rT' evOvs 7raie8s o'vTres AavOavovUarv apXev Te cal appXeoOat. 5 "EvOa KOpos 7rpwcrov LCev alryliovecrvaros Tov r)XtLtWTCW e8oCeKb ctvat, ros re 7rpeo,'/Svepots Ka TOrW eavarov vtroSeerTe'pwv piaX\Xov wreltccaOal, e7retra 8e ptXtl7rr6raroS Io Kcal Trots 7rO7To apdptara XpjcrOata 'cptvov 8' avro7v Kca rov ecs rov 7roXehov epyowv, Trotcrs rce Icat aovracreweo, 6 \bLXoJLa0e'TraTro elvat Kcal iUeXTevrpoTarov. e7reb 8e Tr. \itcta 6'7rpe7re, Kcaxt XowcaporcaTor av fcal 7rp0o TaV 07pia LevToTL (bLofcvvoTaTo cal apCrOY OT' 7p7ro Tr epoJpev7v I5 ov, erpeevd, d\ v pvXe rebv 0caTre-vrdto'rj &7rO rov C7rwrov, cKal r ptv era7aOev, KCv cal t ro' (TreCtXa cexc, TrXos 8\e caTre'aav, ccal Trv 7rpirov plvurot /3o0trjcravra 7roXXos tpaKapta-ov e7rotlJ-ev. His good faith zwit friend and foe. 7 'Edre 8~e 'caTrerep4qr v7w rov rarpo? aarpad'T7r Av- 20 81as Te cal 1pvTyias rs-^ tLeyJXrs- cab Karvra8boclas, xca orparTfyos 8 7radvTrwv aTrere^'iXOr, ok KcaO'cte cis- KaoTrwOV TreSlov JOpoiea~Oat, vrp'rov,EAV Jre'Scev avrbv, orT Trep 7rXi\etCrov 7TOloTro, Ce TO 'vetcratTo cat el TO) 8 crvvdoro Kcal e' Tr vT rTOo'xo7TO rt, LVn8Ev +cev'e8rOaa. Kal 25 nyAp oVv e7rT'revov /,av avro at r6 erLTperojXva, e7rtr-Teov 8' of avopec' Kcal el Tt r 7roXeUtos, evero, ar-reltaapvov Kvpov E-rrLCeve f'Jp8v av trapa Tas -wrovSas? raOFev. 9 Totyapovo e7rei Ticraaaoppve~t roXc'uoerc, ' rcraa t a 7ro- 30 84 ANABASIS. Xea eicovic'a Kvpov e'L'XoJTo av' Ttoacae'pvov9 rX7v M Oiwv oiroe e, tn oT c O J Oexe T0f? VTX yovTa9 -rpoco-Oat, cfo,8ovvro avrov. cal ryap Epryp etreelcvvTro 10 Ca 'XeIEey, Or'T OVC av rOTe 7rp23O0TO, oCWEi aa7ra, f'iXo fcat e6e~ez/, n ov/c 70 TE0oTe,rpooero, Iarel cbg;~o~ 5 av7ro er6/eveTO, OV) el CT6L tV ipelovU 7evovo70,,67 8E ca/ctov rpcEctav. @avepO9 8('?V /aca eC' rt71? 7 aJyaobv i CaIcoP qrotLJa-ELe 11 avjor,, etc~ 7reePeolo,a ' ', ~.... avTovl, vtfcav 7reipo/Evo /Ca EVal evxrP 86 T7ve9 avTov e:eCpepov, (O eVo%6rTO T70oOVTOV %oovov "V, `eTe PV/C9r7 /Kca' o10 TroUS E ca TOv' 9catcdW 7rO tOvv7Ta? aXeto/evo?. KcaL ryap 12 OV 7rXeiarot (TO av'Tj i ry ae avpt, rrwv E i /JV 7~reO6Vjracav cal xp4ipaTaa xca 7roX\e tica} ra eavrov artaraa 7rpodOeat. His justness toward both bad and good. OV (3\V 8?1 ov8e 7OvT aiv 7rT9 67ro6, ft TOV9 /caK/ovp- 13 I5 70yo/V9 caL aS8i'ov9 el'a caTraeXav, aXX' aeL(6t8('cara 7ravrcov ertlCOopeLTO. '7roXXacE ct ' i5v iSetv 7rapa 7ra? arete,8op, LvaS 6obovt fca, roScov tcal XetpWov cat ofOaX\utOV TrEepojLevov dvOpow7rovU, Cr'rT' v T'r Kvpov apXr EyEVero ecal "EXX\vt fcal /3ap/3pcp pwSv J8 tcovrTn JSE65e9 7so20 peveEcrOa, ot07T0o 7Tt 7jOeX6, t XOV7 0,o 7 77rpOXWpOtq7. Tovrs 'y e fLPvrot wyafOov e9 7r1o\e OXov 0 CoX6~yyro 'ta- 14 b6EpOV7TW9 Tt/La. Kcal 7rpCrov 91e1v V avT7 7roXACuo09 7rpo\? IItaicS8a Kcal Mvaovs~ * rTparevo/feP o9 oiv Kai aVrTO e19 Tavraq 7ac %copa?9, o0) Ec)pa eOexovraq fKvSvveeV'6, roV05 7rov0 /ca ap)povra9 e7roltet 9 ca7reCrTpefero Xcopa?, e7rel7a 8e cal a'XXotq 8(3pots ert'Lka' (CT Te (f)aveUOa 70 ov? /LEV 15 ayaOov' evSa!Latoveca7Trovs, T70oU? e Ka/covs ohXov? roV7'0r adtovv e&lva. rotyapouv 7roXX?\ )V a&Oovla rTwv Oe\O'rov KLv?8vvevLiV, O7O)V 7V6 ototro Kvpov alaOa'aOffat 30 E(l9 7E6e /av StcatoCvvuv eta 76T avrt coavepo9 cyvovro 16 BOOK I. CHAP. IX. 85 e7r8elKcvvo-0at fovXopLevoe, 7rep r vavro, cEroteiro Trv7ovS 7rXov'wrceTpovs Trotetv zi v E/c roV a&cov T O XotCepovUv17 Twv. ecab ryap ovv aXXa 7e 7roXXa &t/calw) avro &SeXetpie0o Kcat acrpaTrefuaT a\XrlnOvp eXpyarjoaT. Kal ryap aopaT7ryol Kcab XoXayol OV XP'rTWV eve ca 71Tpo EKetvL 5 e7rXevaav, JXhX' rfE yvwa-av IcKpSaXe(Trepov Meva Kvpp 18 icaXwc 7retOappxev w 7T tcarra,TJijva Kep8os. aXXha.L)v el 7Tt 6ye T avT' 7rpoa'rT avrTL IcaXw V7Trrperrj67atev, oV'eVl TT7rOTr' aXdplaTov elac'e Trv wpoOv/Uaav. -roteapoVv KfpdraTtcTOL } v7r'perat 7ravro7 epryov Kvpp eoXeXq- Io cav yeva-Oat. Hisfreedomfrom envy; his liberality. 19 El 8e Tiva opwv 8CeLOV 0vr7a oiKovpO.ov E/C roO 3&caiou ecab KCarao-revadovrd Tre 77 apd o Xowpas ical 7rpoo-'6ovv wrowiovra, orSeva rw'ror' dflelXero, dXX' dEl 7rXeo 7rWmOtOoTa, T a70t)767T0, al ai6 WXC,/w 7rpoaoe~i3ou' go-re tcal ~S~509lwdvouv 'cal Oappa'ew '5 7rpoce6isov So~r Jca6 86eEO? e7rEVoup eC6a& Oappaeo~ I5 ecrwT(rV o cal a e7re7raTo r it 7etcrwa Kvpov ecpv~rrev * ov yap 0>Qoviv ToS? 4favepw 7rXTovTroov v Odalvero, aX\\ Vretp/evo0 Xpoa0 p?0ab roT rTwv 7rrocpV7rTTrojuevo %pXpja-. / 8, I \,1, 20 c'tv. bX\ovl 76 pjv ooovw 7wrotlrjaaro tcal ewov" 7votlr ovra /Kcal stcavovu fplvete crvvepyoUv elvab O,7L Tv^yyavot 20 13ovX6,efvo9 /caTepeyaeco0a,, ouAoXoyebTrat Trpo? 7ravrowvI 21 eparTtrTo? 87 ryeve'oOaa 0epa7revewt. cKal yap avro 7TOT0, ovvrep avTros eveica \Xwv WeTO 8effOOat, 6 avvcepyova, 'Xot, icab avTO e7retparo cvvep3yo 70FTOl QlhotL KparttTro9 evabL TOVTOV, OTOV etcaToVl ablta OLOvoO Eo 67rivLOJpTa. 25 22 Awpa 86 7rXeG-iaa civ otac e 7y' Jvnp 1eX4/p3ave S&t rroXXda ravra 8e drazrwOV j ud4XEcrra ro' b/1Xo^t se~-L 8ov, 7rpoq TO7v TpO7rTro EfC taoTo C K07'7r&W tca oaov L 23 to'ira opo7w eIcac-rov oed/xevov. Kcal ocra TcJ arwaT avTrov icoyo'ov wrew7rot T7L ( 9 F elf 7d\eA/ov Y w ~9 30 86 ANABASIS. caX\\X)7r 0,ov, cal Lrepi TO 7TV \Xyetv aVTovY Cfacav, OT7 TO pev eavTov crWLia oVKc av 6vpaito rovrot 7raatb KcoflmQrOvat, ct\ov4 8\e tcaXW KfEKco/L7?/jPvov /tEryt'Trov CKo05oov avrSpl voLt[O. His generous thoughatfuness; the devotion of his followers. S Kat rTo tecv ra t~eyadXa vtIav To709 f(Xov9 eV Trotovra 24 ovStv OavuaaaTOv, ETretS ye Ka CSvvar'UTrepo9 V' 'rv (O T9. eTtr/eXeia 7repteLvat 'rTv XY I\wv Kcat T 7rpo0vpeto'0at xapteoOat, 'afT' 'el i XXOV8o E a'otce~ c 1 yapti 'aVOcu ravr ~ae/otye d ov Soe yaar elva,. Kvipos tyap 'repvre S/3lcov olvov /Ut86eeL TroXXaK9c,, OTrore 25 Io wrdvv 3SVv X\3ol, XeoyW, OTCt OUTT7r 8 TroXXoD %pOvou TovTov Stiovt ovp e7r * 67 " TOVT ofv crot tre/re /ca eaSe raiov Trj epov oOVT7OV EICTrTev o VV o lc tdXTa FIoXXat? 86j Xva /3p7i0P9TovU e7/re Kcal apTov 26 15 ptylea xal a XXa TOtav'Ta, Ew7rltXe v y ce\eCwtv rv K'epovra' "o7070rot ffiO Kvpos' l3o6v\era oGv Kcal ae TOUTWV ryevao-Oa. L u 07rOU e XXo c7rv avto 7rdvv eL??, 27 avro 8' evuvaTro 7rapaCKcevcracrOab ta t O 7'0 roXXov\? %etv V7rvpera9 Icat 8ta TPv 67rt/tCXeEtaP, SawreP7rcov fcKXeve 20 TOV? C\xOV 70-ro? ra eauTrwv arwcaTaa dyov-tlv t7rTros0 4/3dXXeV\\ TOVfOV rTOv \XtOv, Ct fU) TretPJv&v)TEr 70T EavTOv i\XovL aywo'tv. El e 8I) rot 7ropevotro ca 7r\eic'TOl t Me\\XXoev Otre- 28 acOa, 7rpocrcaXa\Pv TOUv fbi\ovs ErrovSato~orye~ro, 9 w rS25 Xotry o09 rif/. (C'T 7) ey e, c C'v aCovw, ov8eva cpvO 29! \ V1TO 7rXtwr\eLov TrebiOat UT ore EXxvwv O&TE fap/3dp - poW. TEfCKIpbv o v 86 70O cav l Kat To. vrapa puev KvPpov &o\xov ovroT ovl ae,7rJeW rrpo9 /3aot'Xea, 7rX\v 'Opovra' eWr7eelptaev * Kcat ov7ro? ci, oby er0o TrtrTov ol evat, 30 'raXv avcrov ecp Kvpco /HXlrepov "27 "avuro rapa 6e BOOK I. CHAP. X. 87 /facoLXeoq r7roXXol rpo' Kvpov (a7rX0ov, E7Tret'l 7roXeLo aXX17Xoc? 6Eye0ovro, Kat OVTOt [LEVo7t Ot pa\XtrTa VT' avTov c yaTr/fcevoL, vO/U'OV7ie rrapa Kvpw o"res adya0oc &atLwrepas &v rjrTql, -rvy-yXveLv ) vrapa /SacXe&. 80 Me'ya 8e 7reIg/ptov p cal 7o ev T 7 reX euvy rovD 3tou 5 avt ry evo/ievov, o7n Kat avroas:v JayaOos Kat KPIvevr Op0)^ evSvaro rovf 7rtarOVs ncalt cvovu cal /3e/3atovw. 31 caTrovr/rcovTo7s ryap avrov, 7racvre oti repi avorv 4i\oc ncal avvr7paTreot a'7rE0avov ajaXyoEvvO VtrEp Kvpov 7rXrrv 'Aptaiov' ovro S\ reraTy/Epo Srvy 7Xavev e7rl Io TC eCVW0VVfL TOV iTT7L7COV dp8WV ' "G-OC<o70 KvpOV c ei~ov6/tp? ~rob;l7rtn lo apoCv. c S yaeor Kbpov 7re7rr7w/oa, efvyev i'Xov Kcal TO arTpdcevpa 7rap, ov 7eiro. The King sacks Cyrus's camp, zwhie the Greeks are stillpursuing a part of his forces. 1 X. 'EvravOa 81 Kvpov c,7rore'pverat 3 KceQaX\y cal 3 %etlp 3 8e4td. fl3aaX6evls a cal Ol a Vtc avrt 8ofacmv 15 elCtrwri77T el 7TO Kvpetov O-rpa7ro7reoc' cal oi tlv U /LTE7 'Aptalov ovec'rb 'aTavTat, aXXh\ (evIyovJat Sa T7ov avra)v arparore'8ov el? Ov CTatoaOdv, 'vOev SppTrvro' rTrrapes 2 8 eYecOVTrO rrapao-ary7at elvat T71 SDov. a3act\ev &e /cat otl cv avurc ra Te adXa 7ro\XX\ Sap7rda'Et tca rv7 20 Ircoca!ia roTv Kvpov 7raXXaclSa, 7vrv aocfr3v cal KcaXrv 3 Xe~yoevryv etvat, Xaa/tLcdvet. 1 e MtXq7cra e vreWTpa X\7bOeiaa v7Tro rWv a/Jbtl /3aroL\a E4cV7yEL 'u vvr]1 Twpok r&i CEXxvwv, o crvyov EU rovs 'cevolfxpo't e7rwXa Tcov EXjVG0Z, 06 ITVXOV EV 7~S SkEV0OPOLS oTtrXa ecOVTre~, cal TvrtLraXO0evreS 7roXXob tev 7ev 0v 8cap7ra- 25 OVT6rV arTETcretav, o o Ka avTwV a7recOavov o v y/]v eCvy6ov /ye, aXXa ncal Tavrrv eSrcaav /cal raXXa oroFra ~~,,~~~~~\ \,I eVTOc avTw. Kat Xprniyara ncat dvOpwot Evvro av eaowrav. 88 ANABASIS. 'EvravOa 8Lecrov adXXr;Xwv f3aotXev9 re Kal ol EX- 4 Xy/ve? &)S TpLiKoVra a'rdLa, ol jLv' &80Icovrc TroUs KcaO' avrovs, ol ' p ardovr orTew () o17 ravTa VIcKWV67. ere. 5 8' 'OaovTo o0 paev 'E\trVeF, or7 /3ao-LtfUXs Cuv vV arrpas5 rEvat e va To709 CKEVOOeof opot e't, /aot3aXev' 8 aVi r7covae Tta-''aepvo vs OT ool EX\X0ve UvEKe'es 70 icaO' aVTov; Kai E9 TO T'poCEOev o'tovTa at &sKCOUre, evravOa )rj 3aa\ctXev9g pt~V Jpoict 're Tov? eavrov catc avvT'rrerat, o 8e KX\apXo E39ovX\Vuero IEIpoevov KaX'cra9, 7rX7atal1o TaTOs ryap?v, el rEZ7JOL 'vas 7 ravres tOLE Crl TO a'rpavrdwreov ap7jYovure. Attempting a flank movement, he is driven to a hill. 'Ev 1 rovrW xcal B3aatXevs' 3; Xos )v Trporaw 7raXJXv, (09 6 e8ofcet, 07rti-Oev. Kcal ot peJv "EXX\7ve~ -VC7'paCevTe7?rapeo-fcevc0ovro, S raTaVy 7 rpo7r90 roOC, icat o4feoevo/' o o 15 /3aoAXPe a vavury f[ev oVK r^yev, r) 8e 7rapTXOev Ewco 70o evWUvv/YOV Icepa7ro, rawry7 Kat a7ryayev, dvaXa/Wv icat Tov7 0 v E y [aXy vrp o "0OV 'EXXIva9 avrotloX\or-avras TtccaO'T 'r a caL TLac'apepv'rv KCat 70TVU V avrW. '0 y7p Ttao-raacepvoY v 7TT' rpry o vvo'6 OV c &fv- 7 20 yev, (aVa 8rXaace 'rapa robv rorapov icara Trov09 tEXXrqvas 'reXracrcV 8t3eXaavcov 8o Karefcave [aev ov8eva, tacrTvre'TE 8 ol "EXX^ve ' iraLov catl 7KcoloTtO7 avTrov7 'E'nurOafevs 83' 'AyjL7ro\l7fl9 ipXe rwv 7reXTraar&v cat EXyTrevo cpovio [LO yevea'Oac. o ' ov' Ttro'ra4epvf9 (~ 8 25 LpeLov X^Wv d7r\\XXCr, wrd\Xv pv otfc avacrTpEoet, eiS is O cr7paT77rreoov atLCo/Jevo[ TO TrCV 7 EXX\YvOv bfceL UTvvrvy/yXve1, 3acartet, Kcat oo 8i 75 raXv o'vvTradtbpeVo f7ropEvovro. 'E7re ' y c-av Kar To 7e vvWuov T07v EXXrufvv icepa9, 9 30 6Oegatav ol "EXXceVE, [4) 7rpo-aad'ayoev 7rpo? 7TO KEpa THE BATTLE OF CUNAXA. To face p. S. (ook T. x. G-10. PLAN III. B. Second Position of Forces.-I. x. 6. EXPLANATION. Cyrus's body-guard is scattered, his btarbaian tlroops have lied. The King', having marched around the left of the (Grese s adll sacked Cyrus's caimp, now returns as if to attack their rear. They face abtout tO mieet him; but he i urns aside and takes ul) a position m a linl a ith their o\ n, facing in the opposite dircction, as indicated I y the arrows. 01 the relative tlcsition of troops on either side nothing is known. Greks rw n(trhllm'i(oi.s rK' \\'% C. Third Position of Forces.-l. x. 9, 10. EXPLANATION. The Greeks, fearing a flanll attack, wheel ]allf-way around to a position parallel with the river. The Kingi wheels about in like manner. The Greeks charge and rout the King's forces, ending the battle. I I 11 I Greeks GM Barbarians c - - " — " — -- c` ---- - I BOOK I. CHAP. X. 89 Kat 7replt7rTTavTe~ d or6epwVOer avTOS KcaTacodretav' Kal CEocetl avroF ara7rTvcrcaetv rT KEpas Kaal roarjaa8ac 10 o rtacOev TOV rora/ov. ev d e ravr' e3ov\xVorro,0 Kca 1Rj aaao'tXcv rapapetlra',uevoq eleq avTo ario-X a KaTeaT'rya'ev aTriav 7r]v (Xaryrya, a-7rep 7o 7rpwropv uaXOVLfCJOo 5 orvvuje. &cJ ' El6ov ol "EXXrves Eyy1vr 7T ovras Kcal vrapareTagyfievovq, avteO 7ratavt'avre sr cryav 7roX0v et 11 rrpodvu0orepov 0 TO 7rp6crOev, ol ' av /3ap/3apol ovfc 8e'xomvro, axx' eK 7Xe~lovo ' ~ 7T rrpoaOev J4evryov. o0 8' 7rE&W/cKOV I'XPL KW1fu7lS TeWOS ' evravua 8' ScrTacrav * 12 V7rep 'yap Trb9 1cl <yr4Xofo9 vp, b oP dvea'rTp&~aav oi d/AtS /Scaacla, 7reaot FLdv outcec', TW 8' i7rww v o6 Xo~o9 Evew7rrxo-Ory0, coTo-e T TroO 7r0 EICoPvo 1/j r7y7/va0ceiv. Kca TO f3al\~iov 7 airy/etov opav eapacav TreS, aTero Xpvao'v w7rl 7rt\TrS' dvaTETapevov. 15 As the Greeks advance, /he King's forces scatter andflee. 13 'Errel Se ca evTraO' eXwpovv ol r"EXx7ve, Xe7rov'r 84 Kcaal Tro X4Oov ol t7rtrew' ov OV " v e(L aOpoot dX' XX\ot adX\oOePv fEltXovro 8' 6 Xos0o T'OV t7r7rEGw TE14 XO? &e Kcatl 7rrdvTes d7rexop'rav. 6 ovI KXeapxos ovr avefl/3a~ev E7rt TOv Xo6fov, dXX' V7' avTov o-a-ra? T0 20 15 cTpdaTevja 7re'/7reL AvxfCtov TOV vXpaKcocrtov cKal dtXov e7rl TOP X0cfov /catl ceXevet, KcaTtov Ta V rd v7rep rTO XOdov, Tti EOTLtv drayy6eXat. ca O Avcitoq 7Xacrc 7re /cat Kcartoo8V da7rCayye'XXe, OTt b7yovotYv dvd Kparos. cXe8Ov 8' ore TavT I'v ecal o 'Itov ES Vero. 25 16 'EvTraOa 8' SrTyaav oi aEXxyveS Kai cat O/evoL T OrrXT a aveTravovro et al a/Ea LV edOavBzabov, OTI ovSacovD Kvpos catvotro ovo' aXXoo ar' avrov o6Sel- s trapel oV ~dp Sea-av av'rov retV7PKOTca, aXx' ei'caov j StocooTa otxe17 a0at, /aaXarlateo'rd Pv Tb 7rrpoeX7)Xatcfvat Kcal avro 30 90 ANABASIS. 4/3ovXevovTo, ec avrov /clevavTr E r T afKevociopa evTavO', ~,, ayopro j a7riLToeV fct 7O cTpaTOTreoov. 9o0ev ov avrois a7rtevat' Kac a~ c vouvrtaL a dfl op7rro7'Tov E7r' 7ra TcrXKvaS. 5 TavTryq teNv Tri JLepaV roVro Tr reXos eyeeTro. Kara- 18 XacL3vavovfft 86 Tw v re a\Xtwv XprbTCrv Tra 7rXeFra Ltp7raacreva Kcal et' T; CTtiOV TrorTOV?)v, cal Ta' aLp/taSa'? epacr aXeCpeVpv ical o'vov, aq 7rapCeaKevaCro KvpoQ, rfva, ei' Trore a7oSpa To arTpdaErcva XdO fot gveta, Io taoiry Tro'? fEX\Xcrrv' o-av 8' araL rerpaKca:tat, &v eXey ovro, afia^4a' Ka Tal c7av ra ne oTE O Cv faot\u tei 8cjpraCtrav. a "T' d"e;Trvot 'o- av ol TrXeo'rot 'rJv eEXXtI- 19 yvw' 4a-av Se Kcal avaptCrrTOt* 7rptv 7yap 8' xac7aXao'at To cTpaTreULa 7rpo apitoa-ov lao-acX\c? E(favr. ravTrv IS 1FoV OUV TJ^V vwcra Ovrw Se0vOVTo. BOOK II. CHAP. I. 91 Aoros B'. The Greeks learn of Cyrus's death; negotiate with Ariaeus. 1 I. 'LQ /LEv oiv )0pol8rOy Ktvp, TO T EXX\lvtuc6, OTrre e7rl roSwv JOeXov 'Apra:ep7r:v cmrTpareveTo, Ical ocra ev my Jdvo6 eo7rpadx7f, cat co X r SzyXr Tevero, Ical f9 KX pos eTveXeCVT7rre, cal Wt eW7rl TO orpavo7reCo0v eX0dvreT ot /EkXkqre9 etcoLr/t'0,rlav, olohtevot 7ra rravTa vtc&v Kat 5 Kvpov t'r, Sv Tv 'e7rpoo-rev Xoy6/ 3e$jXt)wat. 2 "Atca 86 &v my pepa UvveXoZ-O6vr oFt 'rpa-r7yo eWavu!aaSov, 07t Kvpos ovT' a\\Xo 7vra7ro06 cra avoovpra o,7T p Xp) 3 froielv, oUr aVTOS oatrouro. e8oaev obv v vavo vcreva~al-evov a cieoV Ca rXt ot-atcLevov " Tpolevat cf TO Io 7rpoofev, 'eo Kvpp cr-vAcLtcav,. J3y8 8" op5yp OV tr au' rt\iLT aveXovr 7XO\0e FIpo\Xiq o TevOpavta, apXwv, ryeyov) a7ro Aa/Japa'rov rov AdKwvo, cat ITXovi 6 e I Tas6. OVTOi eXeyoY, &mt Kipo9 Ux&v reOvr ver, 'Apiato9 e 7reuey~vyS ev TO o rat?) cu fEL' Tera rcV a'XR)V, OSeV 15 y7 7rpoTepaka iowplvro, ncat XbEyoL orb TaVTrv LEv Trv pv ^epav r epqcvol atvrok, etl 'l"X\\Xov f1Lv, 7 3' 8 h aX atrtevat cal[t eq'7' Iewovta, oOfev7rep \XO6ev. 4 Tar' afcovacavrec ot acrparrDyol Kcat otl AXot "EXX\ver 7rvvOavoC'evoot apeco eCepov. KX\apXo 8&e 'cr'?667w 20 "'AXX' 5b0eXe tLev Kvpo vlv' S7rew E 8 eeXevrfXr cev, wrayyeXXere 'Apta'p, Gorb jU / ye re fctJev atal, co opare, ov6etf e't ' ltev aaxra, fcal etI,/j V/Iue tlXOee, E'7ro 92 ANABASIS. pevoe EO' av b'rl ao-'Xea. cvrayyeXXo/6BeOa ' 'AptaL, erv rvO 8' &0y, eIS rr Op6vov -ro /3aaCXelov cKaOtebv aurov ry ra y Tdp pxXy ViPCCOPTCOr /cal TO apXewv ecriv. rav' Etrr WoV aTroo-'eXXe to, dyy'Xovv tea\ arbv aC'roe 5 s Xetplao-ov rov Axbdewa cKat Mevoava Trov eTrraXov ' caL yap aviro' Mevwv Eov0x\eTO. 'v yap iXoso Ktae e&'vov 'Aptatov. 01 pev XovP7o, KXEapXos 8e 7reptelteve. To 86e orpa- 6 vevja E7ropl'ero atrov OwrtoW eovraro E C TJW Vbrovuiyt o1 Kt0rTOvTE TO'? /3ovv o tcal Svov' VXoo 8' e'ypiro latKpoVz 7poi0oreS J'rb Tro? l dbXaayryos, Ou5 0 padXl eye6reTO, Tro? T oLo-'rol? roXXo'? oi'ocn, ok 'qine a4'ov o' l EXXyve? eI/c3aEXX\ev TOV? ai'ropoXovvTraq apa KaavXfeo, talt ToZ9 yIEppotOy /cat eia r/ac &rl- ma, tvivaia raZl AlyvT15 7tfat, 7o\aX 8e KCal 7Te\rat Ka\l aiatfa fccrav a epeaOat 7 e'p7yflot' oLf 9r2Lati ypevsenoB cpea eovire& cija-ov ~ Ketlvrv TrY 46u6pav. They receive with anger an order to surrender. Kail 87y Te?v 7repi 7rX\r0ova-av Jyopav cadl CPXOvrat 7rapa f3aaoXe\wo tcal Tctaro-aepvovv tKcfpvuce, ol,v axx\o 20 /3aip/apot, 9 8' av'or ELyJ? dEXXv, a, oaXo, e'rvTyXavewrapa Ttoa''apepel &Iv cal cv7iJ'wo ecoXwv teal ap,^ 1 I I I 7 Ol T '~Ctl~ 4 e Ka\ 7rpoo-ETrotEtIo E7rtrrrpoLvJ elvaC rwv aT u pl Tael me cdal 0orXopUaxlav. oUTroL 86 poaXO6vroc tcat KcaXeo-avTec 8 zobV rw'v 'EXXrfvlov apXovra? Xeyovcrv, 3 aocti~Xeb 25 teXIvec roto) "EXXy7vas), ereL Vuecv rvyydaet e al Kvpov aTrefcrove, mrapa86ovra ra 067rka iv'ra? 7rl ras j'aacX'oy Ozpac eupltr-eoaOat, e&v rt Sveowrat, ya'ov. Taura ALV 7eTro ol /13aa-c\e'Xeo Kc?7pvceC' ol B'`EXXyne? 9 f3apeow' vnev f0icovcrav, OJLWs? e KXeapxos? TroGVTOV efITPV, 30 OTn OU rTUV VKCVTw El ra oTwXa Trapa&8onva* "'AXX'," BOOK II. CHAP. I. 93 (obn, " uvpetF pe1, t avSpeS o-paryyoli, rov7ro aTrocpivaa-Oe o &,r KaXXCF7rov rVe TcaZl aptrov T eXveTE yO 8 avTica rco." EKcXEOe ryatp Tf avrov 7rOV V7rrperTWO, o07rfC) iSo r ipd eIypypcfeva erve yap Ovopuevo9. 10 "EvOa 8t) dn7recpivaro KXedvop pav 65 'ApK/ca, 7rpeC/g- 5 TaTro? wV, or 7rtpocOev a aroOdvoIcv i} ra o7rXa 7rapa3o6P e I Hp6oevo 8' 5 1 @G/3ao, "'AXX' eyo," eCbl, " qiaXive, Oavpc4ow, 7rorepa ct Kcparawv 3act~XeV; aTlc? rTa o7rXa 17 ots 8ta fltXlav r'pa. el feLv 7yap 0 )S pa7rv, l7 e avro avro rev tcal ov Xa/etv EX6Ov-ra; el 8e reciaa I1 /3ov\eXrat Xa,/3tv, Xeyerco, it &rTat ro4 atrparTorat^, eav avTw ravura xap-owvTra." 7rpos ravra PaXlvov et7re' 11 "'BaoLczXe? vlcav q'yeirat, 7rwe KVpov a7rEfcrovev. rs7 eyap avT7 7e T capXs Vm'7rortelrat; vo/lit 6 et cai vuxa eavrov elvaL excwv ev LEC1 r, avr %0pa Kat 15 7rora/Aiv EW'7? dtta/3C7Tv ical 7raX?0o9 tvOpoT7rtov 6E' vftaq tvvdccJcvo9 ayayettyw oaov ov ', et 7rapexo VpdIv, 3Svataca' &v dTroicretvat. Deliberating what answer to make, they consult Phalinus. 12 Mera TovTrov (e907ro/7ros 'AOYvalo elvrev " J2 aXve, vrv, o(0 Cv Opt jL, v ovev e'Tr7v cyaaOov a\Xo eX l 20 pi) o07rXa Kcal apecrT. 07rXa pecv v o Cv e%7ozTe ooieO' av Kcat 7t apery XpcOat, 7rapaSovr~e9 31 v TavrTa cal 7TrAV crwFdarTov CrTep7r0ivab. C oV o ov oLoU i Ta pva JyaOva 4t1v ovra f7La9 Trapaoctewv, aXX\ a vv T7VTOV cal rrep r5cv vperepoUv yaaOtv yayovaXo 0a." ducovo'a9 3e ravra 5 25 13 @aaXvo? eyeXao-e catl c7rev "'Af XX ftXoa-op) bev eotLca, 6e veavlatfce, Kcat X\yctE ovC acapitCTa rra /E PEvro avorTro &6v, Ec oeti riv v/terepav aperrTv 7reptyeve'Oat 14 av 7T'9 flaa'itew 3Uvvailce(o." aXXovs 863 ntvat &fatracv XE'yetv 7rowmaXaKtLopE'vov9, (0 t cal Kvpp 7rw'rol eJeyvovro 30 94 ANABASTS. Kacl 3aoLtX\e av TroXXov a4tot voIVo, 70l /3 OvX\Ot-O fIlXo ycvecrOat fat ieai ei' aXXo rt EO'Xot Xp7jcrOat, e'ir' 6r' A'ryvuwrov aTrpaTevetv, o'vJyKcaTao'Tpe frav avw a. 'Ev Trov'T KXeapyXo? qfce, cKat JpoJTifacv, e?jrl Trot- 15 5 I/ecpLtLevot dlev. @aXivos S8' v7rox\a/3ov l rrev "0 OU'o LEKV, W` KXe'ape, aXXos dXX\a Xeyovcrt crv ' 1up v etr IT XEyevs. 6 8' 6wTT7r "'EryO ec, (9 qaXivec, aaELevo' ecopaiccc, oqlka 86 Icac 16 ot aXXo rraiv/res' atu ie y7p "E XXv ec n:a, /pJeL, ro0o covoL toT0VE, ocOVU ct) opas' ev TOOUT0ov S r OV8' o7r payvta- crva/13ovXev6LZeOd crot, Ti Xp17 7rotecv Trept Wv XtyctV. Ct' o0v 7irpO? Oe6v:rv,/oV\XevTOV 'utv 07t acot 8O\ o'lc 17 fcX\Xtcrrov cac iptarov tevat, iaect 0 ot t/7l/V oP i rCE L c TOv terecta Xpo6ov Xe~yo76evov, Sit VaXv6s 7Trore WreL15 06bOet wrapa /aaLcr\Xao, ~eXe\tv;'Cv Tros "EXX\vaccs ra o"'rXa wrapa8ovvat, o-vpj3ovXevodvot crvve u ov\/Scuv'e ab-rot rad8e. olcrOa 8', S5- avdyrc7) XyeoaOat ev T 'cEXXd8L a &v Grvp/JBovXertfps<. 'O 8e KX\capXo9 -ravS' Vrreyro, 03ovX6oSLevo Kcal avt- 18 20 7TOv 7Ov raph 3acrtXewo vrpecra/evoviTa crv/LpovXevo'act /i 7rapa8owval ac oh7rXa, orco"W cVXwrt8e fcLpXXov ctev ot "EXx\7ve9. 'aXvo9 8' tvrocrpedras 7rapa r7rv oacav av- 19 TOV TreEv * "'Eryc, ec VeTv i-'tv vpcwv d \77l8Cv ldia i-s Vipv eo-rt aGo'-vat 7ro\eXLovvras /cao- aXe?, avu/SovXicvw 25 P) 7wrapao8oovat i-a Or Xa' el 8o Toi pVeLXIa o'i-oT'piaerTi v e\Xrt acovTo0 /3acX\esw, av/jBovXetcw 'c caOat 20 e ^ (If O, VjILv OTr[y 8vvaiTov" Clearchus, throaugh Phalinus, sends the King an a artfu reply. KXcapXos 8 7Trpo9v vavr e7irev * s AXXa vaVra tLav 77 atV Xe7yc6 rap?/JiwV S' a87TrayyeXXE rdei, o5t r[LeCc 30 oLoiSeda, el /2v 8Sot /3tatrXeil (iXovA eLva, 7r\Xeovos' av BOOK II. CHAP. II. 95 aOI otdraC cfxob eXOVre r7a 7rwXa 97 rrapaBovTre aXXp, el e tcio 7roXe/jelv, aievolo v v 7roXCe1erv eXovrTe Ta o7rXa q,5XX, \wrapaSovTre." 21 '0 S6 ^aX^'vos eTre' "Tavra iev 87 ac'rayyeXovpev' d\Xa fcai Tc8ae v/LP ecireCv eKceXevUae 8faaLtevXc, oTL /Ie- 5 vovo- JLev auTov 07rov8a edcev,?rpotovcrt & cal K rt aova' 7roXe/,Co. eicrare otv Kca 7rep TroVroVU, rorepa [Leveire Kca a7rTov8al cltv, i csro 7roXe/ouv oTro 7rap' vwv a7rayy7eXo." 22 KXeapXoS 8' gexeev " r'A7rayyeXXe Trovvv ecai Trepti o 70TV7OV, OTtl Kca?fjv ravTa 8oKC e^ a7reCp fca6 (3aacteX.^ "T ovv ravr' eo-rTl; r'7 6 @ aXlvo9. are'cplvaro K' eapyos, "'Eav Lev e'vco/Ye, arovralb' aITriovb - e K cal 23 7rpoiovo-r, Tr6XE/ o." 7r 8 w'X\w )p'ryrfce ' " Srovy8,? 7r6\ejov cdrayyetXow;" KXeapos' Se Tair' 7rcdXev I5 aTreKcptvaTro "XTrovtat pCev 1edvovv-t, cTrtova Se & Kca 7rpoioDcrL rorexo?." orT6 c TI9OL(TOL OU &3Ecrn/rn7vev. Ariaezs rcfuses the offer of/ the arone. By common consent Clearchus becomes lcader of tie Greeks. 1 II. (IaXvos,Lev Sb (xeTro Kca ol ar-v aVT&X. ol 8e wrap' 'Aptaiov 'cov, IlpoXci) Kcae Xetpic-oofo' MEvcov to,,.,?o......Apt 8' avTrov epevev 7rap 'AptLaiw ov ro 83' gXeyov orb 7roX- 20 XoVb falr 'Aptalo i elpva Hepoa~a tavuroV /eXTrlovv, oVS ovc ayv avarXyeo-Oat avrov pacate\xovroS ' daxx el /3ovXeoOe o-vva7rte'vat, KICELW T)8y KCeXeVjL Tr' U vKT. e, 86 a/i;, aipLov rp areevat p ral. o 86 KXceapXos etvrev' 2 p' aXX' OV7w Xprj T-OLetv *edav /ipv fcWftbev, Wo-7rep Xe- 25 76T6 - etl O6 lt, TrpdT777ee 6rrotov dv a t vf6V oiroroe Cfuaho0ra arvtL.pepeLv." O,Tt Se T;O O'jOi ov'e TOV7TOtL e7reY. 3 MCerT ravra 8jr jiXtiov LvvovTro -'vyKcaXeo'a 70roU9 o-TpaTs7ovs calK Xoxayos gh ee:e TOdLe'E 96 ANABASIS. "'E4L o, vo advpev, Ovof ev, i' 7l /3aotXea orfc erlyyvero Ta tepa. Kat 6 el07orC ap, oVK e'ytryVe7o &? yap eyco vVv wrvvOdvo[,ca, e v /e'w rl7/toV Kat cl PaaXeCo? o TLypS 7rora0CJ/0 art vauaVo'7ropos, & ovc lav 8vval/teO 5 avev 7rX6olwv Sla,/vaia yrXoota 8'?jCe't otfc teyXoev. oav.6ev E8 avrov 7y6 iEveLv otv re*' ra yap eE'7rT'Eeta ofc Eor'v e, l vat 8E rrapa 70rov Kipov oiX? Ou Travv SELt7rTev 0yTt T79 eXe6 e7retSav 8e Cr7}Ul7)7 7 K /cpart (, o1 aca7raveoOat, avacev'ecratOat ' reLav 8e T \evrEepov, JvaritOeorac E7r\ Tra vro4ryca * 87rl Se Tr rpirT, e'reaOat vat, t a. J t! e! T3) 177ovp/.vE ( Ta vro'ya "jE% 7oVa ov7C1a 77rpo0 72O rOT7atLov, a 8' 0'7rXa e"co Tav'r' caKov'avre9 O o-rpaT77o17 /cal Xo\xayoi Cr'XOorov 5 15 Kal c7roovv oVToX. Ical To 7 XO7roiv o fLev ypev, ol o 7re6lovro, ovy eXo /o., aXX ' opwVE, 07 p0ovo0 etpove olta Me? rov dapovra, o0 8' aXXo aTretpot frav. 'AptOiBo Se 79 o6 f8oov, ]v 0Xov e 'EO'crou 7179? Iovl'aq 6 IeXpti 'rq! dLxq, carkatol T'pel fcail evCrtjcovrTa, 7rapa20 aE/yar 7EvrE Keal TptacPP oVTa Ka 7rvTaEVOraOtt, 7Ta r'rt ovra ia 4a/cto'XXtot L I ' \ & 7\ 9 7'rEVTrr2OYTCo v cal ~K a cLrXIX Lo rcal ACC vpOL * t7rO oe -nq<? aaXn9 eXe~yoVro elvaL Se Ba,3vuX^a crdS8LOt efrjovra pcat -rptafCtotl. The Greeks join Ariaeus, winh solemn pledges. 'Ev7revDewv (Wre6t 1o07ro09 E7r6E70, MtXrofcv07jG Lcv o 7 25 Opa4, Ev o70u re 7 rEtreas arov90s leOC e(avTov (fi 7er7TapaKcovra Kalt 7rV 7'reiwv OpacWvr '(0 7'paCO 'lov, lv'roX\rXye6 7Trp/39 ao-\t'a. KX\apxo9 8e T7069 XXot 7ryeiro 8 \p O ax/ 8 tX \a C icara Ta 7raprlyyeXkeva, ol 6' L'Tovro Kal ag"ucvovvTa ei OV t7 7rpwrov a7CraOo7v Vrap' 'Aptalov KcaU 7r7'v eCEIvoU 30 aTpaTtav ai/jfl fecra vvIa /CC' Kal 7evCt E6fEiV06 oTra BOOK II. CHAP. II. 97 '7rXa, aovviX0ov ol orrpaT7oryyo fcal Xoxayol 4^v 'EXXrjvwv,rap' 'Aptalov KIcal cor oEav o' 04'o'EXXrive o fca't 'Apialos fcat rTcr o-v avrwc ol Kp7icpa'ro- tr'e T pooweLt daXXPjXovs ovUqlaXo Ti r 'ee-Oa' ol 8 /3dpp 3apo rTpor'fLo9 cav Ica'l ryiao-Oat c68Xo\s. ravra 8' cJ/toaav, c0a'davrTes 5 raDpov Kcal Xvfcov Kcan KcaTrpov Kcatl ptOv ebd aorr-7a, oc,utv "EXXves /3dC7rrovT7re l4os', oti e fc3pl3apo XoydX7Vv. 10 'Evret 86 Ta, rcftra ey'evero, et7rev o KXeap;oe ' ""Aye 8, co 'Apale, E7reL7Trp o arLVs Vu rMv -ToXos eaTri C cal,jUP, c7rre riva 7vPW/rC v CyetsC Trepti 7T? rope/as, 7rorepOE 10 arqitev rv7rep ij\0oetev, i) ad\XXv Tra evvevo7lcevrab SoceLs: KpeTTrTco. o 8' E7repV 11 ""Hv tFLv 2Xj0oCeV arTLvres, ravreX&s at v7ro XOJLOV a7roXolfe0a vrdpapXe yap vvv 7r1Lpv ovo8v wv c7rt71iOtcOi. e7rTalcaLtseca yap aTaO/ cwv r'v EY7vrTCra ov e 15 &EVpo ltOres efC T^; ycbpas ovev eiotcev Xaftcdvetv.?vOa ' ei rT, 'v, eL^? s&aropevoepVot, K carearaava'a/Lev. vvv Se jatcKporepav acv e7rtvoovicev rropevecrQat, ri5v 8' 12 7rtT7ra8elw)v ov/c aTropjco-ocev. Tropevrreov 8' 4jLvt To'r 7rp&Tor ' oCraOjv cs a'v 8vvvLyeOa iaacpoTarovS, iv' &' 20 7Tr\XeETo-v arocrraac0ljev rovD /3ac'cXtcov a'rpaTrevitaros eav yyap adra$ 86' i) rpwv 4/ep&v 6oJ d7rr6ocoL~ev, ovIcert /U-[ tUvvr4-era, flao-~lXes r/jas KcaaraXa/elv. o\iyp plyv yap c'rpaTevi/aarT ov TroXarj-ey c[7Trec'Oat' 7roX\v 8' 'EXWYo c-rrXv oU 8UVrJc-era raxywEo TropevecrfOatL * oYw E 25 Icat rwv n 7rtrq7o8eov o77C'TravteL cat7)p," 'bfrs, "rTv yzv/oLUqv eXcO e7ywre. They approach the King, who flees; panic of the Greeks. 13 'Hv 8' avirr ' v-paroyt/a ovo8,v atX0 8o uvvae'rz a7ro8pavact ) dJ7ro0fXvjye im?78? nyy C a-rparnrja'7e fC\XLto. 67Ere cyap pckepa cfyevero, erwopevovTo e/v 8ei 30 98 ANABASIS. CXo^TEV To XtoVs, Xoyth6/jcevot?etv afa t\X vUvovrt ckc KcW/aa T'r Ba/3vXoviaV Xcpas' Kal TOVT0 [Lev oVK EetEv'Oraoav. ert, t' $. (Xf 8relrv e~otav 7roXepotu ov pCiv 14 tTTrea ' /ica, TSWv re 'EXXrvowv olt /i07 67rvXOV v rat 5 T4rdea'tv OT'c, E' TrA rdtes eeov o, ^Ca a )A, 'po F, &rvy7 -Xave fyap f4' a4pd:rY vropevocevos (LoT, 7re'TpWo, tcaa/3ag eOWpaKieTo sCal ot avov avrw. yev 8' ()rhX/ov3To, 15 7jtcoy Xe'yovreS otl rpoTreTwf/0evre' KcoTrotl Ort ovX [OTrTres eLev rLXX' vrov'Pryta veujotro. eCalt e yv wfoo-aav TaircV7 10 o'Tl e'yv '7rOV ecrTpa'rore8SeveTo /SaatXevs' Kal 7ayp KaE ica7rvb< &falve'ro EvY fca, 0 O 'rrpdoro0. KXeapxos 8' eV7rtl pev rovs wroXeCpi'ovu oVK/ ~7yvE SeGL 16 yap Keal a'rreCp'qKOTa TOVi CrTpatT ' ra' cal airoVU ovTat' i8j S3e Ktal 4e( nv. o0 pevrot ov arrecK ve, 15 pvCXarr6~pevos', pl7 aoKcot Qbtevew, JXX' evOEvwpov ayowv 4La 'r ikliw (vopevq( elVa Ts YV Ey7aT Kcla' 70TO1U) 7rpcfotOU fEXCWV KcareTCJrCKWev, e ov 6 LopwraOro VTO 70ov /aaA'lcoZ aCrpa0T~7cvjLaTo l xat, avTa Ta cTro Tov oLKfCOt vhXa. of,aev oiv qrpirot 'f Lo rTpdTro Ttv Eo-7apatoTre3 ev- 17 20 aavro, ol ' vo7aepot acoratlo 7arpoatVioreT, wC ETrvyavev EEcaCaTOs, v2/0vt 7OTO, KCal /cpavyyv 7roXXv ETrolovo KaXovv7eS aXX-^jXo7S, wfre Ncal rovN 7roep lov- aIcovetv of arE XflAoVV, r ''TE Kat, 7\ to ao, o o PdV eyyVTraTra rawv rroXep4tov Kcat efwyov ec 7r(Ov crxtoebdarow. (3)Xhov %e TroVro Trj V7-rcpa/a eeT' OV7r 7jp 18 25 vTrO<'tf0 CT OEV kfbdvn7 oVe ' a7par7Tre6ova OvT Ka-,rvuo ovc3apoJ 'n'rXoior. T efrrd7 6(, C CO'lKe, ica, /KaCLXeCU 7, f-Q77 We Tov0 aTpaTeV/a7o09. 5SXcoore \e 7ro0v ol 7Tr varepaia E7rpaTTrV. IpoiovCr7? /1Ev'ro T vvt7 rVTq TO av Tar), KCal TOts "EXXLo7a 19 30 9006/o? ETT7ri7rrTEI, Kal 06pv/3oV Kaal 8oV07ro v, olov elKcbs tdf3lov EfpTrcaovros 7IyvreTOat. KXeapxos Se ToXpiSvr o 2 'fetor0, OV eTvyXavev eX^o 7rap EaVT99 Kcypuxa aptarov BOOK II. CHAP. 111. 99 TWv TOTE, Jvet7rEv eKEXcuvc Crtyjmv cGrpvtavra, on o' av TOv dpevra 7rPv oop TC7 o7'Xa "1uVP o'c, 'r7eraii ihorSbv raXavTov cJpyvptov. errel 8 re aurr EK?)CpVtXOr, 21 evrcocrav ol aTpartwcra, ort KCevOs) o f/3oF e') Kcat ol adpovrTes oa&ot. a/ia 8' op Opw 7rap7yytetcL o KAcapXos 5 eIts' ziv ra oTrwXa TiOeCa ab mTO's "EXXlyvas 7Trep elXov OT7e v 7 3 X%.Th/e King proposes a truce, to which /he Greeks agree. 1 III. "0 &8e 3 kypaira, -OTt /3act\xVts l arXdyr7 77' 00p60S, TW6SE ~)X0ov 'v. T7p,U P ryap jrpoa'Ocv 4'jbepa Ir /TreoWV TOa 67TX 7rapa&Ltovat tecXeICv, TOTE a' 4aT a xo 7Xil arvaCreTXovPTL crjpvKcas cire/re wrep arvrov 6tv. ol 2 8' e7re 0XOov 7rpos rovs 7poXacvasX, aa flroUm ro vs apXov'TaS. EirerTa a' dTriryryetXav ol 7rpovNXacs,, KX'apXO9, TVXlOv TOTe T ra mtt rd 7rt oc7OrWovO, CtE TOtS wpocVhXa t iceX\eveitv TO7U KpvKcaL ireptucpvect, d aXpt v 15 3 crXoXdar7. E7r6el e Tcaerpre deva, wr're caXa&s' cetLv opa'Baa 7rdvrrp cdiXayya 7rvcmvriv, Tw 3' o7rXov,r a6eva fcaTrabav7 etLUat, fcCaXECte TOv' a7yyEXovc, Kcat avros Te 7rpoXOE TOevs C'Evo7rXorarov Xrov m t cal eveSECrTTOVrou TzrV avTrov cpartWtoWV Kea TOts' taXXots rrTpa- 20 rq ' \av cparev. Tr/)70ts mravwra "/paEm. 4 'Erre 8' 'v vrpo^ TpOS T' yye\os, av)pwxra, Tl ovXotvIro. ol 8' kXeGyov, ot 7Trept aroV0om 9)CO6Cv aipcpes, orTmies IKcavol eCovrTat Tr Te rapa /3aro-tXwos ot' "'EXXqcrvm aTraayyeXat Kcat 7ra Tapa Tmjv 'EXX\Vwv /3aoaL6t. O a' 25 5 acrercplparo "'A'rayyyeXXere TolvvP aVT(r, 7Lr fijaXrs 6ed rp&rov' aptcTrov /yap ovfc o-wrtv ovo3 o roXfr)jwv repl a'TrovmSv Xeyetv ros "'EXXart Jr) roptcras dptarrovm.' 6 TaDV' dbcova'o-ares ot ai /yeXo adTr\Xavmov, Ical rfcov Taxvy. Kai t 8iov i3v, on feyyjt' 7rov jaaorOebs v 9 3 ) 100 ANABASIS., ', 6T'a 7'paTretv. aXo? Ttc, ~ e'reretrafro raTCVC Xcpcrreiv.?eryov Se, OTt tcKoTra SOKOEEV \e7EyEV pac'tXet, Kcal?ijloIev yeftto'va eXovTe9, ot avrovu, eav oa7rovai L yevwvrat, acovcrw Zv0Eev eovour Ta7rt'rTreta. o 81'?poira, el av'ro' -rot dvSpra't 7 5 c7rrevSotro lovCrt cat a'rrovo-'v, i Kcal iroLo a dXot crotvro crrovSal. ol 8et, ""A'raatv," bpaaav, '" p'tpt av pao-tXei 'ra 7rap' vtIxwv tatyryeXOi." 'E'rel Seravr elrorv,, erTarccal.tevos avrTovS O Ke- 8 apxoq 43ovX\ve0ro ca ESOCL 'C a' 7rovtSa? 7rroelcaOat Io raXv Ica Iat Ka' atvyav eL Te e7rt Tca7rTLrTSea icab Xa/3elv. o6 e KX\apxoQ cEre' "sdoiect F)tv cGofot arar 9 ov edvrot r'aXv 7y' ci7TraryX yeX &xa a, e o, av ofcvrta Lv ol ayyeyXot, L a7ro06y 7fctv ra 7rTTovaas 7rotrjcracOaO. olal rye Cet'rot," 6e0n, "i cat rolC 7[eCrepot? 15 crTpartLorat rov aurotv f' O 3ov TrapceaOat- E'rcE C' eocKEt Icatpo La at ryeXXe, roryyXX, o' rev iTO, Kcabl Eu1Ov ^yeel-Oat EKceXeve 7rpo9 rdTw'rti Seta. The Greeks are led to villages, where they find supplies. Ka\ o0l Ijev 7'fovTo, K" Xapyo9 tEcvTrot e7ropeUero Tra 10 20 rdct, c aTO wOcet. evervyXavov ad)pOlt fcal aXc()olv vTaro9 'rXqpecrvt, &s,w 8pvaoOat La3ailve a'caver ' 7yE vpWv XX' eoroovvro iv (OttKlCwv o0U? evpIUtfov E CTre7rrTC(rTa, a rou (E cal eeKo 077TOv. 25 Kat v'ravct ' v, KXeapov KaraLaOetv a e 'rdEcraret. 11 EV ) r ^ p v aptes pa np 7-0 0S^c 6t pet 'r dptarEpi %Etpt TO OSOpUV EY~t', E1 (S 79 (EfrL /3aCTr]plavt' cat e Tt? aVTO 8ofcolrO TCV tpo roTro7T ieraytt, vctv t/XafCvetV, eKXeYo/xU9evo' TOV E67rtT]EoVP eTFratev av, ical ua/ia avrot 7Erpof-e XaT/3avtev el TOtv cr7OV t 4a3~ /alvcv re trav ' Salcvvrv eLvaL 'r ov *UvroUCa30 $aizuot' 47 E~~vat /,l7 01)tavo'wou~a BOOK II. CHAP. III. 101 12 Yetv. tatl erTd'X fav v evP 7rpo0 avro ol tc TrptaEcovra erT7' Ere & Kcai KXcapXov cepwv avrov8a4ovra, 7rpocre13 X\i4/3avov Kca o v7rpero-/,Tepot. 7roXbv e & /LXov 6 KXeapxos er7revEv8, v'ror re'ov, /i? act OV7T 7rX\pelF elvat ta O to ^aptt~ ras 7TapovU U;SaToi ov yap iv (cpa o Tt 7Trelov dpoet' L 5 aJXX' 'v b8jrq 7wroXxa 7rpofalvoiro Totls EXX7'L 8eeva elk m v 7ropetav, TOVTroV eveca /3acrtea v7rcT7rTrvev e7rb 7T 7reSov10 To0 v8p datetKevat. 14 HopCv6f'evoIe ' c aflKOTov o l 4a9, 8e v dwrcav oe areetav ye/~ovjIc Xa/L /IdvaeL a7TrrSTejca. evYv ' act'ro9 roX9U IO tcai oLVo qov/cwv (caO o09c ~ralv o 'or e'rT T a;rTvr. 15 avrTat 8' ati 3dXavoe TC7V cOCVIKWV, otra9 [L v EV T70ol EXXry-tV crTtV lOell, 70o90t OtCETalS a7trecevro. al 8 TOt? 8erdorats wa7roiceytevat ] faav da7r6XECKTOt, Oavacrcabi To' tKaXXoq Kcal TO /7 e 76eOo i 8' b0419 5XteCTpov oU8~v &4E- 15 b>epev * T7a 8e tiLtva i7TpaivovTre Tpay/rL4/JaTa rwrerTOe'av. Kcal tv Kcal 7rapta rTorT v Lb tev, KE~aXaXye9 8e. z'16 TravOa /cal TOrv ey/C(7aXov TroD /ol`Vcoo 7rpOrTOV &ayov ob orTpaTotrTat, fcat ol 7roXXo\\o avI4a'ov TO ' Te 680 cal Tyr t1i6TTrra 7rT oz78Sv. 5v 8s a~o468pa tcat TrovT 20 KcexaXaXye'9. O 86 bolvt, 00ev (ea4tpcBeO 6 cE//ceCqaXo?, XoXo e6t9valvero. Tissaphernes proposes to make t/e truce permanent. 17 'EvzraivO' &fuetvav 2pepa r7peut* cal 7rapa geyaXov,/acotV\w)o?ice TtWa-aa6c'pvwq kcal6 T7179 3aataeow, yyvvvatfco a8eXoq? /tcal ad\Xo I cpa-a 7Tpe^t' ovDXo 8e vroXX\o e'- 25 7roTro. e7re'l & rTrrToav aviTof ol TWV qEX\Xrvov crpaT'ryot, eXeye vrp(TSro Ttalra0bEpprv lt' eptu7ve'? roTaSe' 18 "'EY7, dv8pe "EXXtE\\ve', 7elrwv ol06 79 'EkXa8t, alevre a va'8 eov eJ 7roXX\ Kai a/z 'xava epCAeTMciWtKat E7retT va et8rotr '9C 7roXa teaw aiav Tapt' 4raErrw1o07aq, cVprlnca E7rojcaruyvo, e~ 77ro9 ~vvaLt'lr 7rapa 3acrt- 30 102 ANABASIS. Xew? atlrcaa'Oal sov^vat eo aTo roacoal viaGq etl T?7v 'EXXaca. olt/at ryap av ov/c aXapiarw LOb ekev ovre 7rpo vblOwv ovTr 7rpo; T 7 7racTr7] 'EXX'8os. Tavra. T e 19 7yvor> 7troujTv f3aoat,\ca, X\eowv avrT, rTb sKcablc av 5 pto& XapLtoLro, orn avTr O Kvp6v Te cTntrr paTevovTa Trp&TO? 2yy6ebXa Kcat forjOetav e'xowv aia 7rT adyyE\lXta bucOprBv, KcaL lOVOs rwTv fcara TOvU 'EXXTqRva'i TETa/aeLePv oVIC 6`0V)7Ov, JX 8jnXaoaa Kcat avvCeeLa faaatX e)v Tr ) vbAerepjo rTparowreot, svOa I3ac~Xevt d4Kero ' rEl Kvpov 10o 7rEfCTEbVE, cat To0v ctvv K'pp flap fdpovus e8tioa oav TroS ro Twapov-t VVV AET' E 4JLOV, o'wrep avrtw elt TrarTdraTOb. icatl rept pELv TrovTCv VTreyXeTo pot fovXEV- 20 c7eaOb epeaOac 8E' pe v4/5 vs eeeXevo-e v - eX6ov'a, Two? EVEKfeV ecrTpaTevc-are dcr avToV. icat Gcv /3ov\XcVW v/Lw 15 fESTpico a7wroKpivaO, v a Oat, 'v tepaK OTT epoV, Eav Tb woulat J dya0ov vpuv 7rap avTov &La7rpaaacrOa^. Ilpo'? rafra [e7ra7Tadv're o1t EXkX7,ves ef3ovXE2ovTro' 21 xcat a7recptvaTro, KXeapxo 83' 'eXyev' "'H-IJel oVTSre cUvJVOo/pev C' flaatX'i e roXecra0rovrm'e 20 OVTr' eTropevo/lfOa e7rt /3aao6'a, a\\'a woXXa 7rpofba'e';? Kvpo' evplcrtev, c(0? cat 7 v eV otlfOa, tv vp/a Te arapacfKEVOV9 Xa3oL iat?m/^ dvOa8' a vayayob. 7reo l,eVr'TOt 22 aSr avrov ewpJw/u, Ev ev 8Cetvo vr a, cjavvOfr/Yev cat a Oeov tcal aevpw7rrovS 7rpoovvat avrov, ev TO 7rpOaOev XpovY 25 7rapeXOr7e? j7/a' av7ov eV 7Wrotlv. t67el 6 Kvpos 7O- 23 Ovl7fCE, ovre factaX\e avT7TrobOV/jiEOa T7^ aPX^ d oVTr ec'Tlv ro07 evcca 3ouvXoiLeO'S alv 7;v 3aacXecos Xcwpav Kcaicwi 7roev, o av'ro a v a'otcOKTre vab av We'XoLpev, 7TOpevoLjaea 8' Ba otica8e, eTl b' 9as /L Xv7rol7' aSicovora 30 pevrot rrepacoecOa crv roTiS 0eocol ^,LvavaOat eav pfev7ro Tb' j7Abab Kicat eV 7rotLv vjrapy, ica, TOVTO7U l 6r vuapluv OVX j TT?7rfa6pe0a ev rotovbOreU.T BOOK II. CIIAP. IV. 103 The King agrees to let the Greeks return. 24 'O t1EV o'VTo e~ri'ev' dEcov-a, 3' 6 Ttfoa'apelpvlr ep ' "Tavr' ery' a 7raryyeXw /3actXeFi cai vb;Lv 7rd\itv Ta rap Ke(~vov ' [CeXpt 8 ' ly y/)o Kco, atl (rrovSa peYCVOVTWV 25 y/opav 8' JLeW 7rapeofeLv." ca e9 /1Ev re v varepatav o0vX jKEev JoO' ot' of EXX\ves cf>pO6vrtov T7 3 8 7rpiT 5 iCov eXeycv, or- 8otaTreTrpay1-evos /KacoL rrapct p3aotXceo So0R vat aCvr& aOcto v roVF "/EXzrrva, cal7rep Travv 7roXXwv avTL\eXyoVTCov, (t o eorK 3at TXel a ie~vat, 26 7TO En' eavro Y aTpaTevca/xLe'ovS. TtEXo 8' e7E "Kal vvv COv r-wL Vltv rtCra Xa/3ecv rap'?7Itv, 1 dyqV LxtLiav IO 7rapeetv vUwv TrV Xcpav cat CS6oXwoS arareCtv es' Tr7v CEXXaJa, &ayopav TrapeXovTras oJrov 8' alw Ir1?,rpL'aata, 27 XaHYavecv vla Eic T/S Xpacts ECaoJoLev Ta7rtrOfSa. vbDaD. 3' a) i/Lv 3ec reL f6ocratL, 3 A njv ropeCvCearaal, f) ba LtXtas a' atvco, a(ra Icat 7rora XaLxadvovTas', 7rOT'aV 'iL) 15 ayopav 7rapexoWeCv Eav 8 s rap4EwX G cm yopdv, ovoveLvov S etelv Tc 7rtrSEta." 28 TaviT' 630e6, ati &JLoo-ap al aetad' t3oaoav Tto'a)tpv7jr ncatl 6 T79 /3ac'tX\env yvVatlCcO taS3eXf9 TOL Tw' 'EXXrvrov T'rparT7l7o0l cat' XoXayo?', fcat aa/3ov 7rap& 20 29 Tc7v 'EX\Tvowv. 3eera tc ravra Tto-oarqaepvrs; Ct7re " Nv pLev 315 a5reibi co9 /3acrt\ea. '7ret8av e ta7rpdcGpcaat a CLUTOS',a~a Er TI/V C/,ZVOV SE'oLaL, Oo o'vo'acvao'd/xevos ft dTrdrCo)v vphad e~ yrrlv 'EX?\haa catl av.ros. cdr7t e77trri v pJavurov 'ap X '" Ariaenzs grows indfferent to the Greeks; they murmur. 1 IV. MerTa ravra 7TepLteevoy TtcVtaeOrpv7]v o7t re "EX 25 X\rveS Kcal o 'Aptatos, Eyyfs d\AX\Xov eo'Tparo7vrSevpJevot, 71jepac 7rX7\eovw '3 tcfcoaotv. ev r' TavUTa af (tLcvovvTra 'rpob 'Aptatov iat oi a ceXrol /cal ol d"XXot vaxcatot, vrpos~ pLaOV Ka6 0ic0\p6fa tcXo aeclt 104 ANABASIS. Ecal 7rpov 70TU9 cuv' CKEevL( IIEpCw-v TvLeV, E rapaOappsvovTes Ktcal 8e|ta' evio0L r-apa flaarcXcoS epov0TE, ' Yl /L'7LKcaKc? o-ev fao-tXaa avros? Tiv? cvv Kvpv EtrLrTparelas,u3L8 xx) ou,n8evot TOW T 7rapotXOJleVow. TOVTCWV 8 2 ~5 nyv"OvcEvwv v7rnXot Scav ol 7repi 'Apta.ov fr-rov mrpoaeXovn~ 'ro9 "EXXy\\r't TOv voV' CroTE Kat la 70 Tovo TO? 1ev,TroXXo7' rTwV 'EXhrvwov o lvc XJpeK'tco, dXXC Tpoc6VTEI T r KXeapXp) 'X\eyov Icat Troi XXotFo aopa7'ry7oZ' " Ti pelvoLuv; q ovK e7rrtrTa/Lsea, o5r /aat'kevv 4 i/a, 3 10 aTroXec'at 7rep rravrTS a&v trotroaTro, 'va Kcal rovs aXXot "EX\7rtf, fo'3oSo ) evrl /3aotXeea 4eyav crrparevetiv; cac y vv t ELv 7 /as v7arderat /reLeEv 8t0a TO &teardapOaL CaVTW To rTrpdrev/ca' eWreLa3v 3e 7rcdXv aXto0'j aTro crT rpaTtoc OVOC Ec-tiV 07TTOr OVK E7rtrlfer /aCt EJMtv. '-w OE86 roU 4 I5 7 trTTOCfcdarTel 7U ) acTroreLXIte, co5 atropo? e 3i y 6o69. ov 'yap 7roTe efcKW 76e fovrXfaerae fa? JXOdvTras CE e Tv 'EXXJaa a'rrayyeytXat, COw " 'roo-ote vOl re evcllCKWJLe 3aatXbea 67rn ratL OvpavF avrov Tca Kca rayeXadalr-av a'rrjXtopuev." 20 K\6apyo; o3 a7reKplvaTO ToS ravTa XeyovUctv "'Eo 5 epvOvuJoviab iev eal avr70 aV T a 'TratTa. &voo 8' OTrt, EL vvv aytlz8ev, 3o0ooev E 7rl 7roX\E/p armvat Kacl rapa 7/jlv 7rape et' G o ovroev 'trtrovuea. aOt 8' 6, J\ t! ^ f 25 y7ado'opevo ovieO cSrTat K cal al/a Tavra r-roovvrTov?)/- v eevOvv 'Aptatov a'oecrT * ware (tio ^6v ov'8el.,, 5ptov E)O'TS 'Aptaios cTryEU c00-E ctiov iph ov3etv?eXe4lreraL, a\XXa Ka ol 7rpo6faOev OvTre 7roX\e/Oftt tLv caovrao. rorarOa 8/ ' el uv' 7Evs Kcat aXXos tpa pLA' 6 ec-T Sta/3areoS, ovcK ol8a rov 8' ov Ezoprv v 'V- ev 30 Ot, aSvarov Sa/3ij'vag KWXUOVOUVr 7roX\Ea/Lov. oV tevl r p eav /acXEOaa 76 y Sey, t7r7rel etC)v f/tLv a v/axot, Tch 8 Oe/roXelatZv TrE^ 6ElACv o0 7rweaCrot Kcal rKel'7rov BOOK II. CHAP. IV. 105 V c4 e^ \/, t ~ aottL c O-re VIctwPre pLev rtv av a7roKcTetvat^,Le; ^Trrw7 pfbewov 8' ov3eva oL6v re awQOva. cy70 luev obv 3paatXea, ci oivr' 7rowXXd, edon -a arv5/LLaya, eiTrep rrpoOvpxelTra &La9 aT7roXeoYa, OvIK ol' o,7rb e av'ro ozLooaa KaC Setamv ~ovmvalt al 0eod; c7rteopicjacra cat ma eav-rov 7rro-ra 5 aTrta-a orodLa-at "EXXal oe ical /3ap/3dpoS.' roiavra 7roXXa eAXeyev. They proceed with the King's forces to the Tigris. 8 'Ev 8e ovmT rT /ce TtoVc —aepvrys, eXyw TiJV savUrov ivva[yi (? eL olcov 7arTtiY, Kat 'Opomvras Tmv eavTov ov3Paaryv 9 jy/e Se Kca\ Tjv OvraTrepa Tmv /3ac-L\Xw E7r ryc/aLw. Ev- o10 revO0ev 8' 53y, TLto''aq'epvovryo p yo vovu ca aJyopav 7rapeovTro,% 7ropevovroO' cropevero C ncat 'Apialo TO0 Kvpov /3ap/3aptcomv eXcov amTpadevLa aia Tta-a-a/epvec 1O na\ 'Op6vra, cal arvvemr-pavo7reSeve0ro a-v eIcetivot. o0 3' 'EXXme9ylf, OpTop)vTe TOV7ovS, aUTrol e' cavurwv Xc(povv I5 /yejAova9 eoovmTre. etPrpaCo7reCevoVTo 8' eIGCarTore a7r'XovTe a\\XXr\Xv 7rapao-rdyryv cal 7r\eroovm svXarrovmo 11 8' A/OTepot (A7a-rep TroXetlov aXXXov, Calt cVOu TOVTO vTro04lam TrapetXvm. VLOT~e &8 nat' ^vX~Uth Jevo deK ToV aurov cal, opTov cat dXXa orotavTa acvXXeyovres, 20 TOD avTOV,' at?rX7yay~ eve'retLov O aXXl\\X\oit-~ cT e cal Tovro exOpav 7rapetXev. 12 AJeX\0o'TeS 8e Tpes raa0/,ov9 daflc[novro 7rpos TO Mriasg caXovJto v/eVo re^Xo9, teal 7rapjXOov e'o-w avrov. tv 8' 9cO8OJL7[fEvov 7rXilOevs ot7rrats ev Jacr\Tx KrT 'ecmvatS, 25 evpos- e'Kcoa' ro3iV, v'ros 3' ec'amo'V /LTJ/CO ' 8 eXeryero evaL L e'ioCt 7rapaa-a77yv' aJrexet 8e Ba/SvX\Jvov ov,roXP. 13 'EvTrev0ev ' edropevfOcrav crraOpLotv 'vo, vrapaoa7yrya OcmTCo' cal S3t/alamav o3pvxa 36vo, vyjv pev E7rl ~yefvpas, 30 106 ANABASIS. Trv 8' eev/eyvrv rrXotloL 7rrad. aC'raL, ' ioaav d'7r vov TltypTro TrorapLov. KaTerEr/xjLvTo 8' e avtrwv Kcal TaCppoE, E7rl Trv Xcopav, al /Jcv 7rpWcratb /LeydXa, 6ere7Ta 8' EXarrov ' r6Xo Sc Kaca pucpo0 0oXeT70, loar'rep Ev 7r 'EXXda8t l 'T rTas jcXivav cKa a XcKcvouVTrab 67r rov T'7yp7ra Trora/orv' 7rpos' Gt 7r0oX rv aXeyd\x K cat 7rotvavOpworo0, 9/ obro/ka 2rtraftcr, a7re/Xovra Trov roTaaov croas8ovus 7revrfcatScKa. ol peEv ouv 'EXXrve9 7rap' avrr'v 14 earcvrcvtarav, 6eyys 7rapateto-ov pTyaXov cal KcaXov fcat to saoceos 7ravTrotov 8e'vpwv ot e /3 dpapo slafl8ete3Ic6Kor Tov Tlyprqra ov [ev7rot Kca7ra(avreF ~~tav. The Persians try a ruse on the Greeks, andfail Metr 8e rT 8eLTrvov Ce7rXov ev 7repLtrarw7 0ovre 7rpo 15 TrW 07r\ov IIpdoevoE rca a etvoEvO * /cat 7rpooeXfO&v avOpwcro6'o T71 JpWrf7Ce 7rov 7rpovf XaCKas,, rov arv 8ot 15 IIpot^ vov KXeapXov Mrvwva 8' ovK Cg'j eT, Kca raaaa 7rap' 'Aptalov r v ro MevwvoO' E:vov. rre trt 16 lpo65evo elT7rev, T07 " auros elkJL ov r7Tes," etreU 6 avOpw'orov rd'e8' "'E7 Erref e fe 'AptaoI Kalt 'Aprdoo7as, 7Trrol O'rE<? o2 KvSpo KIcal Ev)v evvo, cal KEX\evoUv' SbvXc\drrcOa~, tb VtpU cL rT0'Tra T7?9 vvfcro\9 ol /3dplapo g 07r e 86 oa7p6 -TEvtaa 7roX\ Ev r r 7rXrJcrt'ov 7rapaSelc'O. cat rapat r)v 17 yepOvpav rov TlYpr7ro0 rora/ov re tr aLat ceXCevoU'b cuVXaK~rv, OT'rt 8Lavodrae avr)rv Xvct-ab Ttcaac6pvqry 7r?79 25 vvIC'6OS, av oVqtrat, c?9 fip7 8al3pTer, X' ev pt cr)o JrroX7vq0r Tre rov 7roTra/iov ca 797 8 opvoqS." 'Afcovacavrev av'a dyovawt avrov 7rapa vrv KXeap- 18 xov, cap p4ovaoS & Xyfe. 6 $6 KXeapxos aTovaasv erapaxOy o0o6rpa n~ail 4o/3ciro. vceaivtocov 86 7Lr Tr 19 30 7rap vrovr eViZoaa treP, TS ob oua ' ( 7 E BOOK II. CHAP. IV. 107 rOacaa ca Th?s~E rc w ri y&[vpavr "8irXor 7p, OTrT 67rCTrlc0fvovUv vtIKav 8eryo-'L rraOTTaffa. eav Ciev ov vtcowr, 6i 8e a7o obV X6etV T'v 'yeQvpav; ov8 ldyap, cav 7roXXat yeryfvpat i otv, e'yo e av oTroct wO'/v0rTc 20?c7/xe? Ocro0oCLev. eav 8 jLl VLtKWCev, EXUvLerflv T7 5 ycv4 pay ov' etovatv eflccivot o"7rot 5vywcr-iv oiv e [ytlV 3ot07iaaL, 7row\\Av 'Tvr Twpav, o8el; a ro 8uvvrjo'aTa Xe\Xvc'Vrs? T7c? ebfvpa?." 21 'Afcov'aa 8' 6 KXeapXo? TavrTa 1ypero Tov aryeXov, ~roayV TL9? et 0 Xy pa dev Pea'O 7ro TTiyprTos fcal Tqy ICt 8uspvxuoq. O ' eTre, OT TrLoXXr, Kcal KfcIta& etcat Kfal 22 vroXefi? woXXaC ical Lxeya(Xat. TOTe 8 KIcat Ef71vCtO'q, OT& Oi I3cap/3apo rrov dvOpww ov1 uroTb rewtav, oc rvoUvers, 1t7 o; "EXX\lves 8teX6vrc TrV rycEfvpav ceivecua dv ry v'prp, Edpv/ara 'Xovrc6? voeE tLez Trv T/yprTa, vO0ev Se r'v I5 8owpvXa a' 8' E'rr8tT eta k'otev ec Tv? edv pe'e X'ypav 7roXX^l cat JyaOq oa-y ecao T&oWVd epyaoacroLevwov evovTWV' e&T-a 846 al aJrroo-po I 7evoatTro, eit vtL /OvxOtTo /3aoa-\c a fcaKcw 7rottv. 23 MercT 8e ravr' dveTvravrovTo de p7r TOEVrt r7TV 7Efvpav 20 obJow 55vxacbrv e7rectrav * cal oVa ' er76ero o avitS oV 8,a6odev, oUre TrpoS Twrv yEfvupav o6S'ew '3XO\ Trv wroXc24 tlw v, 0f oa 5uXairTovres a' jyryeXXov. erw8S 8' ' ceYeCro, 8t/3avov TIIv yeovuparv devvfvcv y 'rXaolot, rptacovrra Kat cr'a wsp oilv rc 'i Xo\a rc re5vuXaqfleVrtw 25 OtOl TE 6ta 25 ed^y'y \XXov yagp Ttver TWV Trapa Ttro-aac 'pvov v 'EXXvwv, ( 8ta3atvdvoTWv \\X6XXoLv dwTr tOcrcab ac. 'XX Tavra jtev cfrevu8i7 rv' Lta/3altvodvTr t 'evrot rXo? avro? d7rfcavr cdEr a\' v (T fcorrWv, Ef 8ta/3alvotev Tov TwoTa/ov d7reiw8 8' el8ev, woXero a7reXavvwv. 30 108 ANABASIS. They march on together along the Tigris to Caenae. 'A7o 8e 'rov T[iyp'ro9 e7ropevrO'aav crraOpov T rera- 25,,' \ ', pay, 7rapatrayyas eLt/coaLv, 7l" ro U '4Vovacov Troraiopv, epoq 7VT\epovv 7rTrv & 7ycvpa. tcal Ev7raVO' Wcero 7roXt9,eyaX, ` ovopa '2t7rt * vpoW v Jqrr"vrrae roti 5 EXX\7crt o Kvpov fat 'Apra4ep4ov voo0o a8eXcsob, a7ro $ova;ov ial 'Ex/3ardvwv Crpartav 7roXXbPv /ywv t)b forqOrd'cwv f aao'tXe' KaC e'7trrtraac Tro eavrov Carrparevu a 77apepXogeovv g TOUb9 rJEx\x7va9 OePept. 6 e KXapxo9 26 lyevro auy etis? 3o, erropevero 3' aXXore tca a\"ore Io eGaTa4ievo9. orov 6e Xpovov rb rj1ovtevov 7roV CparevzaTro Errttrairt7, 'roaov rov v avdya/,c XpoPovo t' o\ov TOV aorparevUtaroo yiyvea'Oat rjv 7 erTlTactv * wore TO rrpd rev/ia ecat avrotl rol "EXXaL cri o ia 6 7rdl7ro\v elvat, K Top HiepCayv E/c7re7rXj0Oatt Oewpov'ra. 15 'EvrefOev 8' ETropeVfrOcrav S&a 7r9 MqS3a9 arTaO/0ov9 27 4prtowvs e, rrapauad'yasy rptaifovra, el^ ras2 11apvcrdrt8o0 KLo/La9, 7r79 Kvpov uca fgao-tX&ewv rarpos. 'raVra Ttcraaapv7,% Kvpw E7reyye~Ov, &aplrdaat Tro?- ",EXXJqCaiv 7rerp~Efre, rX17v avipa7ro&oWV. 4eW &e atZo0 rroXu4 20 IcaL 7rpo/3ara xcal aXXa Xpjapara. 'EvrevOev 3' eTropevOl7orav aT-ra0t bv Eprj/'U v Tcrrrapa9, 28 ~rapaaciajya ecfcoct, rTv TiypTra 7rorazLiov ev aptarepa eXIop7e' /Zev E 7 Trpbr9T araOpI 77repav 0rov 7roraTiov 7JrXt9 oeLTO Afro yayd7 a Ecal SaUi/ovP, ovotba KawVaI^ 4 S 25 o f3dipl3apot 8tiyov Iv aX3clat 8pSfOepivat atprTov9, Tvpov9, OLvov. Clearc dhus addresses Tissaphernes, trying to remove his distrust. V. MlerTa Trav r' dcvov7rac ' v Zar T rv Zawrav rrora- Aov, rT eVpo rerrdpwv ireXpPswv. Ka~ epravO cetewvav BOOK 11. CIIAP. V. 109 7i-epa 7rpewt' Iev 8~ raUvrai virordtalt l ev avca, qavcpa 2 3' oV6Seda ErtflovX. 38ocev o~v,r KXedpp o-vu7yvCecOac rw To-a'afedpvet, et rw' ctvaro ravoat, ra vtroli'as, 7rptv CE avrwv 7wro\X ov rcvc'cOat,a 6TEE Ttva cpovvra, OTL oUvyyCv6pOa ab'-oa Xa p'o o 8o E L7- 5 3!rao &ceXvcUev 1KcetL. cTre) Sy oSvvrt]\0ov, XeyEc KXe'apXo radSe E "'Eyco, & TLtcaa epvrz, olSa eLAv /ptv opKcovs 7Yeyerv7 -evov Cl Ka E8 cK a? 8eova c jp dI /als' f e accw aUXXovs' ', \ t 01)V~arro' S6 re re otp) 0)9 7cal? 1l ov Svva/aC ovTL e crE acrOcff'at wtapCret)pw /vov tas IcaOcon iroiecv, eyxc re ca<As? ohaa, oSn imJs 76y ovtS' erooviev ToOVTOv ovSev,, 'cSo: /01o cfS X7yovs'OL 0o XOctV, Orrw',7 el 5 Svvaijulza, E\Xoit~tcV JtXX, Xwv i-rv a7Tri-'nav. cat 7yap 15 oS8a avOp(Airovs ijy8, 'ro'V fLev E(c 8ta/toX9rs, 'roVSe 6 cal e 7'roricas, ot fo/3fvrO7ev c-' XXbXovs, 0Qadcai /3ovX\o/evoL 7rpWv 7raOe7v, e7rotr'cav cavfcIecTa Kcafca Tov? Oi-re 6 ftXXov-raS ouTr at 8ovoeXolovs L-otovro7 ovetz. -Tas ovv 70aaSvaC' aTvwJloaovvas, oJi, V awvov'rLaig abXSr av 20 07/K OptOts' awtci-cis'. rayvecOat, 'r-co Kcal M ra'ccetv (re 8ov'Xo/tat, t) trV k/u-P ovIC op0w^ dI aTT'rtreg. 7 "Hp pr0ov p[ev 7ap Kcal zYe'Yto'ro oL eOw 0 /zas o'pKco KC)\Vovc't 7roXe/hlovs elvai aX\\rXots' o-ir-s' 8 -'roJo c'votiev av i ' irapmryKeXcsrcwi, TOVTOV Ey) ou7roi av ev- 2q aiftbovloaLfc. Trov yap Ocwv 77rXe/zov ovfc olSa oU'r dT7r Vroiou av t rcXovs 'f)eTywv rs Ci7rofvyoLt, oor' es vroLov av cr-cosro a7roopalt, ovoA orrco av e c 'Upo ' Xwcplov a7rocrratl. 7ravrp yap 7ravra Tro t Oeos v7roya, caL 7rav7aXay3 7ratvrwv lov ol Oeo Kcparovcriv. 30 8 "I ep tpLev S?) -rv OeFv r e fcal rwv Opfccwov ovir yiyvWoKaco, 7rap oT' r/taet rriv (tCliiav cvv EL0evotL caTefOc 110 ANABASIS. efaT rwv 8' JvOpcorlvwv a~e ov 'ro3 7rap6vn vopbulco iFeytrTov elvat j/urlv ayafov. aCVr /Lev yap a-ol ra-a 9 ftv 4iv 80 Er e 7rrop7O, ra 8e 7rorTao) B6aToa7% T&r) 8' etL7rTT8jecwv ovfc 7dTropla avev &8 c"Ov ra-a,Pev &ta 5 acrcorov9U 6386, ou8v 7yap avry? erTraipeOa' 7raw 8e Troraio9 8Va-Tropo?, 7ra9 8' 6XXO? 4o]d3epdo, foflepWrarov 6' epr7jla' Iearr) /yap 7roXX\ atropiav ecrrTi. el 8e \ 10 Kac pavrev7E ae a roicTevatCpv, a\o r7 auv rl oV evepy7eT7/ a7r0ocTetvavTe 7TrpO& /3aa-tXca arov MeyL-roTv ee8poV 1o ayw4ocLveOa; ""'Oa'wv 8 8) gKa o't wv a&v EX7rirw pavrTv arTEp.ca-CtF, eL C6 7TC ca/cov e7r^iXetpvjCatL TroteLv, ravra Xeco). efy& ryap Kvpov eTrefv/xL7a fipot iX ov ryeveSOat, vopd'owv 11 7rT TOTE t/cavWTarov elvat eE 7rotetv ov /3ov\OL70' C\e 8e i5 vbv op T'rjv Te Kvpov SuvaluZv ICaL Xopav EXovTa /ca} r?)v aauvTo aaovra' r7 e &3 latX6\co's 3UvaLIa, l j KDpos roXe/.aq expiro, ro, ravtrv a'v'ovabov ovorav. rovrzw 12 8e TOLOVTTW7 O'v70WV T7 OUTC fLatlveTat, O'SrTL ou 3o v\xra aol flXooo? Elvat; 20 "'AXXa,ub Spcvo YE ye ravra, T e c5v eto) eXrlSaq tKca, Mvaov\ Xv7rrpov s ovra, ov vo/toi) av CwV y 7rapovO-' 8vv7a/et Trarret7ov9 vpfv rrapaaoltv o2la e Kca Ilta-ia ' aWEcovo \e Kcb a\XXa Ov Y 7 roX\a rotuavTa cvact, a 25 oL aa T&V rravaa eSvoXXo vvvra act rp fEp vliTep evSa tova. Aiyvnrro0vn 3e, ol paJXtcara v/jpa rUy 7tv IOcrfcW TeOv/tLtoevovU, ovX opC5 Troca 3vvadct avtLovppU X Xp7caIduevot pJaXXov /coXaCeCre ris vvy arvv eol ovUc97. a\XXa pmjv 14 ev 7e TO70L Tpt L OLCOvct aV, el prev flovXoi6 Tw cfiXO 30 elvat, ) /Ey7t o'Tro9 av eCl7? cl 3e Tr aEe Xvrrolt', &s SroT79T7r 9 alv dvaarpe0olo eXov //CWa UVrr7peraV, ot ao& Otvf av TO pafftOoO decxa povov v7rr7perolspev ah) Xa \eal BOOK II. CHAP. V. ill TIs yXaptTo;, v acwoOevTre vqro ov o aol av eXoqitev &ical15 o1S. e/4o1b pevY Tavra 7rarTa Yev0pvov/Uev/C OUVT) Soice O6avLac'rTv ewva To r6e r7LZV arrLirewtv, Wo-Te xcatl j8tr' av aKovcratpLt ToiuvopLa, TrS ovrTw) fETL SeEv&lO Xeyew aV re ce 7dreacat XEywv, S7? 7/keU cot 6E7rt/ov\evofLev. S ' Tissaiphernes replies, professingfriendly intent. KXeapXos? iev oVv TroavTa cEr ' Ttaca0cepvyqv 8' 8e 16 aJ7rueLf`00Y "AXX' 58o/uaat ]pdv, c) KXeapxe, atcovwv cov,povitjov X6ryovW' ra Tra ryap /yutrfVWO-WV Ce Tt efl4O fGafcav /3ovU\vOL, c a/a av taot SoiedS ncal cravr5 Kcatcovo elvaC. C)A 8' av adOys?, orT ovo8 av u/ek7 8uicaiLw oVre IO 17 /3aatXie our' veo1 acLwrrolt7re, av7raKovCrov. ei yap viLta e/3ovXo6/eOa arcroXecra, 7rorepa cot Socov/Oev '7r7rov 7wX'po 7rX' ' L 71' )V 6 Govv JTropev 1) 7re'65v ) o6rhXieowo, ev 0j vl;kL p5ev /3Xarretv IUcavol cEiqrtev dv, avTr7rdatO)(v 8' ovSeCtl? tvSvvo; 18 XXa Xowpl(v e7rtrTL8eltcov V/lWv 7rr7iteOat0 aT'ropelv cot I5 'e '" Azrtt'Oer a I 5 80o' ev; ob Troaavra lfzv Trewla, a v/eLtS O/Xta ovra oav 7roXX3 7rO6vw Sa7rropevecOe, lToravra 8' yop7 vpitv opare ovra 7ropevTea, a& i/tv Ceart qrpoctaraXa/ovctl a7ropa V/f J 7wrapexetv, Tro-OvTO 8 etat 7rorapLo, Ef COv 'ctcETV 7Iklvt ratbeve6o Oat o0rooos av vPluv 3ovX\wLeOa 20 LaeaeOrat; col 6' avTorv ovs ot8' av r'avTrdraa oLta19 /3aTlrT, el?1 iLeS v/as 8ta7r'opevot/ev. el 8 ev 7racs rovrots 71rrwpTLeOa, aX\\Xa r6 y roLt w7p cpeTTrov TOV cap7rov ecrtV, ov '7r 6LE ovat/ljeO av KaralcaTacavrTe X/L~6v U&v/L aJvrtrdt at, V/aL 0 E 71raV)V Jyado 25 \if37~,Lbv7 v tfze, e ravv ayafol 25 errqre, /jaXecOat av vvato-Oe. 20 "lIAt) av oVv eXovres rocourouv' 7rpovs wrpo?' r vzULv 7roX0eFev, Kcat TOVTro D /1r8Seva 1/Wtv eWrtrctvvoV, e7TelTeta, TOVTcoV 7arpVTcV TOVTO aPv Tovv TpO7ov CeXo'l'e0a, o09 /o'voW lEv 7wrpos Oe~v a0e-s"', /LOvo9 & 8 i\ros 30 112 AN ABASIS. avOpoTr7r alapoq; 7avr-arrwa 8' a7ropwcv eTi Kcl 21 4x7]^avwv /cad a v &v67K: eQXO/evwv, cKaZ TOVTGiWV rov?)p6)v, otive- eOeXova'i & e7rtop'Kat -e 7rpb~ 0eoos Kai airri-'tal 7rpo2 avOpwprovu r pd7arreTv 7. ovX o0vi9 s rfie, C KX\apXe, ovr aXoytLorroLt i o?)Xr \liLOti Ea"'A\XXa 7-T ( a, bluJia eov d7roX-eacat, Ovfc M7rt TOV'7 22 \0Xo/aLev; eV t'o-O, otrb o C6 eko ppwOs Tovu aiTLOiS, roU rolt "EXXrJqLv ee 7rt^-rov fye eva-Oa6, Ica Kvpo9 ave'rl C~Vcw &o & 8ta /fiaLOo&c-1a9 7-t7revwv, rTOvT-w t6E IcaTa3pvaL t s' evep5eapa'las Io-Xvp6v. o-'a 86 e4JOi ypra-tob vile 23 ao'6e -a i- ev IcaLt aV ewTra9, T-O Jyi-'70-ov 6y, o oh8a 7r)v pLev yp C7rw r-p KcefaX7 ricpav 'a aacLea xc pv ecemrrv opOiqv eXeXv, ri-v 8' 7r t capSi a lao1' av vlov q,, ta wan a', vp,. 7rapoviTWv Kcat erepoo euTrer0w exot. A general conference is agreed on, to correct matters. 15 Tavr' ei7r&vw 6o80e T- KXedpXp da\XO Xe7 ' yey a 24 0 rev Y "V O/ovv, efrI, " oiLve, ioTOLOuovT l/Cv els' Xctlav v7rapX6ovTro, 7retpWivra Sa/3dX\ovre- TwroLo-a vroXejtiovq Fa9, cL~ot a cIt a eXjcaTa vrafe; 20 Ka} eZy5 ijev rye," grq o TLo-aaOdpbepy, " el /3oVS\ecO 25 pot o i" 'e Crpar?7-yol, cat ol XooXayot E\Oeiv, eyv rt eLcavc Xec'i) Tov70 7irpoS ee\C XeyovTras, cs9 cv e/ol 7rtL/3ov\Xf6eS al Kat r av 4/o c7Pa7parLt. "'Er, O, &e" 6/n?) o K\MapXo, "5ga o rravTaq, Kal crot 26 25 av 8sXcrwo), oOev dyC 7repl rovo a'covw." 'Exc -oVTi-Wv 877 ri XoYov 6 Thaoa4epvY9 (fXocfpo- 27 vovvfeoV0 TOTe I/cL pIvecv -T aVrov eceXeva~e cal avSvEcTrvov eTro0j'aa7To. Tb 8' 'S 'e-pa'a Q KXeapXo e\w eM7 'ro o riparoTe8ov 30 &rX6? T' 9'v 7ravv Ovu fXiwCbk oloevo (3taccaFa0a& T Ticr' BOOK II. CHAP. V. 113 eraa pvea aKal a tXeeyv efccvo0 ac7rqAyyeXXevr -p9 T7e xpuvat uvab 7rapto Tiacra0bf)pv v dvS eKfceXevcr, Ical o' av AeyXOCoca 8sa/3\XXovrTe 7Twv 'EXXrj vw, c( Vrpo8o-,ras aurovis Kcat ICaKcOV0V Irots i/Ehr(jatv 7vras rt7Lwop7 -28 On vat. vTrrrrvTce 3 cvat rov 8ta/\\XXovra Merwva, 5 el~ c avorv oca V a'vyyeYr)Leveov Tacraarepve,er' 'ApLcaov xcai arara'ovTa avT Ical et7rtovoeuovTa, o0r7E? To arpdarevaLLa lrav wrpos eaavTov Xa /3bv iXoo' V Tta29 oaaepve. e/3o0v)eT'o 8e cal 6 KXeapxosq agrav T7 arrpaTrev/ua 7rpoS eavrov.ee3. rry y/IfLrv caV l Toa IO 7rapaXv7rovra E/CriTro6Wv civat. Ticv 3 arTpartorcor av erE7yov 7trve a7VTr JlI teevat rcravras TOs' a'rparryyovs Ical oa0%XaoV t/LrSC 7rtCrrevetv 30 Tto-aa4 epve,. ~6 Se KXeapXos tLoXvpo fcarerTevev, co7Te &e7irpca/aTo TrePTe /LEv JrpaT7-rfo0Vs i6vat, efKoac &E Xoxa- I5 0yo*' avvrcoXov'0racav (' 7q cis' yopatv Kcal rT' \\X cTpaTrcoirv; sLtai6coaLt. The Greek officers, proceeding to the conference, are murdered. The Persians try to entrap the soldiers. 31 'E7re, 8' 3roav 7r 7raLqF Ovpa'L raT^s Toraa'eppvovu, ot [tev arparT7yo? rape/CXrjrOlaz e'taw, Ipo'6evos BOLtTtOs, Me'vov 0erraXos', 'Aylas 'Apcds', KXe'apxos Ad- 20 KIov, XcsfCpdarTs 'AxaLot' ol 3 XoXayo 7w, Vrl vas 0v32 pats etlevov. ov 7roXX3 ' v 'repov 7Tro roD avTov or — tLelov ot0 Tg 0vSov crvvXa/3dC0)7roT /cat ol Kto carefco7rrravp. MeCra 8 ravra 7rv /3ap,/3cpav rtveP trTTrwowv ta Tro 25 it7rwaciav aur&Cw EOavaa'aov ec 0ov arTpaTorre3ov opWvreT ca t 0,71 iE770OvVy /tjel/voovvu, rpiv NifcapXos 'Apsca' 114 ANABASIS. )iee (PevyCor TerpWO elvo0 ei jv T1 ryaO-Tepa Cal Vr epvrepa EV Tra9 Xepo'lv EXW, Kcal 6r6e rrava ra yerev1 -Aveva. 'EC TroV'ro 8t) ol EXXI^vex 0weov et ra o'7rXa 7razveq 34 5 EKIC'r7rXqrXypeLVOt Kcai vOttIeovTer avTrtca TOec avrou? 7tr To aTpaTroreSo0. o 8ei 7TraVTre pEv ovKc XOov, 'Apiatoq 35 &e Kca' 'ApraoToo Kcal MCOpLSaTrq, ot jarav Kvpp trTcr0 -~aro' 6 7 &jV 'EX\XvYwv epl7Jvsev c7by /cal rov Tiaaaqepvovv a"JXc\ov vv avTOrt opav a ca v al yLyvowtcetv 10 avv7qcoXov6ov 86 Ka/l 5\Xot IHepa0iv Trewpaicaoye'vot et9 TptaKCoatovU. ovrot E7re& c7ry7ys a-av, rpocXOelv efce- 36 Xevov e' Tr el r/ TWV 'EXXV'OVV aCTpar7Tyo) q XoXay6v, Yv darar/yElXwat T r apha aotXe'ws. pevr Tarv' e:\X- 37 Oov bvU\aTTrro'evoe T)Zv 'EXXvjvov aTparTqy fo ev KXe15 advp 'OpXo/rELOt /cat Zoqbaive' TO Zrvfx4aLo, Uav avrol8 oe Sevof&ov 'A0vavo, o twrol L d0o r '17repI IIpoevov. Xe6tpla'ofo0 8' ervyavev a7rzrv ev Ktow L Trt1 arv aXXovs crrw7'mr'/FT evog. 'ETrel 8' ge 'Tcrav ey err' KcooV, CLTre 'ApLaio rdTae 38 20 "KXceapxog pev, c& cvSpe fEXX/Yve?, e7reL eTrtopcwOv re f )dlv ~cat aS awrovavv Xv'Ov, e'e 'rv 8icrlv cal T7 -Oi ~VlCe, Hpo6evo 8Me Kcal MevCoV, OTr KcarrjTYeLXav aVTOV rb7v ~irf3ovX^jv, evy,Le^\Xy 7iz9 eiI. /ja 86\ /Iaav — Xebv T 7 o a rXa d7raTl cavrov yap elval po-V, '7 reiep 25 K'vpov acrav trov Eelvov 8ovXou." Hlp o rarD' a7reEcpivavro ol "EXXtlveg, \Xeye e KXse- 39 advp 6 'Opxo/evMo' "'S2 xaicditEre avupcorwo 'Apjate /cal o0 aXXot, toaot W7re Kvpov plXotL, ovUc atCfXvVEOs06 Ov6e 0eoVb ovm' AV0p 30 WroV%, OltreVt OpJaave f7tUv Tov avrov9 fiXovU /Kcal expo 9 vopE elv, rpo86vrev 4atv v 0o-V Tao'r'aae'pve rTO aOEew7Taro re c Kat ravovpyomrdaT 709 r dTvpa9 avhoVI', 136 ANABASIS. 8 Xov7rorv vrepcofJevot TravTr f rj Tradte, /3ovXcvorpeOa o,r Vp e a fcpdaTCrov o cy EVaL l 76 Tv? AXXo opa,83eXrtov, Xela'Trco." 'Errob 8' ovSEt Jvreceyev, crrev sr OTW 80Ko e ravra, 5 aLvarEtvaro r v e Xepa." es8oe raVTa. ' NV TOLvvv), 39 &pr, a IrTovErYa rotdev 8et ra 8e8oryfe'va. Ica o'a-r7 re VtLW 7v ov olceov q7rtovftEt l/etv', e//lulvrj o avmp ayaOar '.7~p " TW O6b elvaL' ov "yap etv C adXXwc9 TOVOV TLXElV' GOTt re 'jv 7rt80vjLet 7reapdaO0o veIcav cv 7 /eEv yap VLKcwvtrw7v ro Icarafcalvetv. Trwv a r 77 rrw/evcv To rrov raceLv etarl v Kca -d e T 7 8 %pVfIAdrC v M6ve7rtOvE, parcelTvEy Tepdarow ', \^ tv ia 7-,& 7rC' yap VIcroW7U tr rtf, trcal Ta eavrV a(o E'tv teat rT rTC TT0 eVrrw r vav \atavEw." MiYthridates tries to entice the Greeks; failing in this, he attacks them; Xenophon attempts pursuit. III. To;vraw XEXOevrTwv ave'Tryaav teal a7reXorv6re 1 I5 caTrefcaov 7aq aa9 tca 7hat aOrcrjvda, 7&v e 7rept77rv orov gEV 8 eotro 7Tv fLeTreSL8o'av aXXjXo, ra 8' IaXXa 6l 1 TO vrWp EppT7rTovv. ravTa )rotlpravTeE 7pt'-Qro7rotofvro. AptarorotoviYevwv 8' atr..v.p.eral MtBpidrrsF OWvTo. aptCrTo7robOuElou 8' av'T&oyo 6'pXeTat MtOpt8a'rTi aVY it7rrev7fv & TptafcovTa, tcal caXeacraLevoq Trov Crrpa20 T71Jov E 'rifycoovT X'eyct 6OE "'EIy, J av'pe! E-XXq7ve9s,cal KvpCO wtrs TO i~v, 0?9 2 vie6 e7rtracraOre, tcal vvv vW 6vov a eo vca c e 8' elu CiVV 7ro'XXS /3fol 8tayTcov. el ovv oprl7v vtav ctroT'pLtov rt /JovXevouetovt, xOoqt' a&v 'rpo? vpa xKai rov' 25 Oepartovras- TravTras eOwv. Xeare oSv 7rrpoi 1e, rl ev VC eXeTe7, &tW 7rpo9 dXAov 7e Keal cVtOVv ea), fBovXo6,cvov xKOwJ3 atVV VtV T- rT0'Xo0 v roV t eOal].". BovXevolevrotV o0t CrTparVyotv '8otev atrocpt'paaOfat 3 76Te ' Kaet XeyE Xetpl0-oo0'W "'HLLY (otce?, edav & ehv 7r BOOK III. CHAP. III. 137 ea iucp aTrrevab ofcaSe, 8ta'ropevea-Oaa rjvI Xopav sx? 4 av svvoLpeOa d'r ave'rara eavr 8e Tre L a T r7)? o6ov a7rolcwXoz, Sa7roe~ueirv Tro'r? ot au vvS BeOa KpdTLrTa. 'Exc rTovV ereEparo Mdpe2O ris aSict s 8af(etv, (w atropov 5 efl7 flaoa'iAeo adovro aroOvat Ea. evOa Sr? e7tyvra'cgero, onL VVToTreVrTO70 e0i Kcal ya p vOv Tro-asbepvov9 TV; 5 o0KEictv rrapqfcoXVOEl 7rUT6TES sreKa. xal cEc ToVToV e8ofceL 7t arTpar7y yo0l /eTXrT elvat 6 oy/ra 7roLrjaaaOab roy 7r\eX/LOV adcrpvgrov ePaL, e r' ev r' 7roXe/ia ep Ev 10I S&coelpov yap 7rpootovre ro'70o cTpaT7UoTaa, Kal evc 7ye Xoxayov GOBe'00epav Nbcapxov 'ApKcd8a, ca 9XeWETO a7rwrov pVfUCro70? avpw'7roIt ()9' elfCto'tP. 6 Mea T a 'r apI" Trjp 'avTre /cal 8ta/vTre iov ZawrdTav wroTalov e7ropevovro rerTay/evot, a v7ro'Ttyta Kcal 15 Tov ogXxov Ev Lreo eX'Vorvret. ov 7roX\ 7P rpoeX\XvO600T e7rrfalverab 7rTaXMv 0 MtSOpLar7rv, t77rErea? EXv 8taKTo[ov9, ca TO r0foTa Kcal orevoovljra9 (s0 TTrpacoo'lovJ 7 dtXa EXa(fpo0v cal e'vo'vLOVS. Kcai rpocryeI 1ErV (t 9 - Xo? 1v 7rpoS rou7V EkrYaS. X rel 8' ' yeyvF EEryeero, 20 e'avwrfvl ol bev avriv ro:evov ca iar 7relr cal 7re'ol, ol 8' ea'rcevorov, gcal eSrlrpoacor. ofl 83 Ob7rOoVXaKE~ Wrv rEXX'vwv E'raayXo v L KaK (ca, avreTrolovv ' ov6eV oi' E yap KpjreT /3paXvrepo v vrv Hepacrv erodevov, Kal adaa #tXo\ Olvre Eo TC' 'r 0r7 7rXrt)V KaTeKceXKXTo, oi 25 Te aKcovTr(tTa /jspaxvrepov /KCOVT^TOV o 0) 9 e^itveFrfat T7v c(0 6PvOV'rT0V. 8 TIE 'roio ZrotovrWt ' 'EL &3 r r 8 ^EK TOVTOV ieYO+V~b 8OoEb SCTgeov eUvat * Kab eSoloKov TWV o7rXtrT\ v Kat rTv 7reXraaTwrt ot f7rvyo o(VV avTw 07r7 t0o(v\aXaoKV'reT 9 8tWKIOVT~C 8 ovcra KcaTe- 30 9 Xdtjp/avov 70rv 7roXE/ti(c. OV"re yap t7rrer9 7crav ro0t 'EXXv7a' ovtre o0l 77re0L T o? O 7rTeOV' o 5c 7o0XXOv (OEOV 138 ANABASIS. Ta? e&v3avro caraXar,/3al3vetv Ev oXlry XcwpiLE' roXb eyap ouX olov T' v a7ro Tov adXXov arTparevJtkaro? &WLKEP. 0o &I /3 dp/3apo iT wre Kat cevyovre a/ia e7r- 10 TpCoCrKov el TOV'TrfEv To0V'O7T~eO a7ro TVv orTT r 5 O7rdooov e 8twoetav ol "'EXXvveq, rTOcOU'ov 7ra\Xw e7rava-!,t". el! 1 XwPpEltv.paXopeJvov9 eet. q7TE T719 Vepav oXX (S3X0ov 11 oU 7rXcov Trevre tcal eLtcooL atraovTa, o, a X eiLXX7s dtctKOVTO e1t ra? Kc/zpa. The Greeks equip a few horsemen and slingers. "EvOa b8) 7rcXt\v JOSvila qv. xcat XeapICofoo Ktal oi 1o VrpeajlS rarot rTv arpa-ry-yv 3evo(fcvTa rTtvTro, orT eItWKcev a7ro 7r? 0Xay7yoq Kca c aVro r eKLtvvveUe Kab T70O? rooXe/tAov? ovt8ev /aLXXov ebvvaTo /Xa7rrTeLv. atKOvoaC 86E,QevooWv eXeyev, &t 6pOcS atrT)vro ca. 12 avro To epfyov avro 70? aprupoL7n. IS "'AXX' Eiyo," e47, " 'rayfcdacO8v 8tW'/EtV), e'7re6& e&pov 7/La? Y TO) fIveLtv KKa ' peuv 7raJorCovTa9 tavTt7'roteCL (' ov8Ev $vvauFaevovu. E7ret&r 8' eO&(cO/JLev, aXiim' eq7, 13 " vev Xe'yeTre caloW LEv 7yap 7roteLv ovev fpa\XXov fcvvcdLpea 7rov0 roXefi0ovls, aveXOpovPcv L e rdvv xaXe20 7rort. Tro? ov eosC %dptO, aP O oV o'Vv r\oXXy pA/jy, 14 a\xa crvv oXbyoes XOov, Cwro-e fBXadrat 1pkev Id1 LuecyaXa, j7Xaocat( 8(' &hy veofIecOa. s" Nv yap ot ILev 7roXo\eLtot Troevovo' Kcatl crvo vwo%'tv, 15 Copov OUre ol PKprTe? aT7roevueLv (UPavtra oire ol eKc 25 Xe~poLS /3a'XXovTe? efcvetaOat oTrav 8' av'ov? 8tob/Lcolev, 7roXb Pev ovzX olov 7e Xwplov 7rT Trov crparevtarov stw/EcLv, ev rXiy) 8' ovb3', el rTayvi Ei, 7reo? 7re4oy av St6Ltcwv CKa caraXd/cot c r6 ov tvparo'o. el ozv /LjeXXo/ev V 16 rovTov? etpycv, cwT7 (Ir 3tvaa Oat /3Xi7rrT Tetv /la? 7Tro30 pevo(evov1) a'6fevoovorwcov Trjv TraXl'avv oe /tca' ia 'EOP. 30 17~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TTFtP BOOK III. CHAP. IV. 139 "'AecOVo ' euat ev Tr arparcEtvLan 5zwv Po8lov, Wtv TObV 'qroXXobU eirtiTaaOa, Ct E eviova vI, Kca TO /9eXo0 avTv Ka rXv al rdaov epecaat, ToWv Ilepatcwv aqevSovwZv. 17 ecetvat fyap &ta To XetpojrXrOEo' 70L Tot XiOoD acVevzovav 7r fi payj e^:cvovvrat, o0 & 'Po6&oc ca 7aZ aLoXvfvl8i- 5 18 crtv er'iLTravrat Xpio'Oat. a\v obv abrrov e'rfcercOjfLefOa, Trive Tre7ravrat a-'evf6dva%, tcat rovrTp Ev 6 O/Lev avrzw apyvpov, r 8' aXXa XTrEV XeCev 0XovTi aXXo apyU ptov 7EX6JPLV, Kcal r7j a'ofv'Eovv TdvrcTaypLvn WOXovt &IXXijv TweC are6eav evplaicwpevr, tOa CE rY6 bavovvra (lKcavol to ^jLa,, OEXElv. 19 " 'Op Kat t7Wcal 7rTroUV oVTra ev r arparevrLrt, TouV fcLv rtvay rap' 6eo4, T70 S6 7rWv KXedpXou IcaraXeXELtI/EJovU, roXXobs e ca, aXXou, aiXlaX\touv CKlcevo0opo0vJvTa. eav oVV 70To70V TravTa9 EKXcEavTE 15i auocevofodpa gecv &vnLSqTLCev, TOV; S tT7ro0Uv eit iT7r7ea KcaTrao-cavdao-wpev, tos Kcat OUTOL T TO0 O Et iyovT7a avuzaovwtv. 20 "E8o0Te TraVa. Kcat ravurq 7-r9 vUfcTo9 0E>8vOV7Trac /LEV e E acoalu'ovou cyevoTrro, 7r7rot S\ O cal bTrreF eoECKtr- 20 0aaOSlqrav Tr lJ'Tepala el 7~revTrjtovTa, ctal oaroXadSe Kcat OWpaKce avTotok eropit-Orf7rav, cal t7rrapXo 7rErtOad'r Av'cLO o IIoXuvOrpcTrov 'AOrYvaio9. They beat off the enemy, and proceed up the Tigris. 1 V. Me'vavrey 8e rav'r7v vr9v }e\pav ' r a\XXr EropeVOVTo 7rpwalrepov dvaar'avTe9' Xapdrpav yap k'ec 25 avrovts Stap/jvat, ~>' y &opoovro yurT e7ridotLro avrols 2 ta/3aivovo'tv oc wroXe',to. &alc/3,efcort 8' ' avro&g rachtv eT7rtaloveCat MtOpL8ar'7, "%wv 7rea9 Xtouv, rot' - 7ra 8oe ecal a-(ev7ov77va e Tl T pepaLtCytX(LtOvU' 70oov07ov0 yap pyrrflr TLraoaaepprlv cat Ehafpev, U7roa0X6OCevo, eav 30 140 ANABASIS. T7V0TOVU Xd/l3, rrapa8owctv avr3 Torbv "EXX7lva, carapovrjaav, 7nT eCv T' 7rpdorOev 7rpoo'/3o\X OXylouv <CwXO e7rwae lev ovoEv, 7ro\ XXaoe caKcLa eov6LtSe roicrat. 'Eirel 8' ol "EXXyeVe ttaE/37/6coT a7E trre^0ov T7v 3 5 XapaSpav ocrov oc1Wo atraSlovS, 8'3atve xcal o MdOpL3r9aT fXawV TrVv SUva/,vw. 7rap'7ryyeXro S Tw-v 7reXraCT)JV OV9 6et6 ((tSftoceLv icat WCv 0rrXktT&v, caL To70 iTr7TreVoiv etplTrO Oappoiot (8toicetv (F e~'e#ro/erv79 1itcav? 83vvdaeW9?. e7rel 8' 6 MLiOptSar7? IKcaTei7k(0e, at ca ' 18 r acev8vat 4 10 fca 70oE;~vfaTra LECYKOVUV7O, EaCl77?)ve TO 70F "EXXlap- r7v A' cO,v T aaXirtyyt, xcal evaOv 'Oeov o'o/ e o' eEprro ToKa ol hre9 9^ fXavvov. 0o 8' O0V1 oe3savro, AXX' fvwyov o,7rl rTv yapaodpav. 'Ev -ra'r} ry i-8p tE ctO it 3apL3apoLi iCV 7e Tre'Wv 5 s5 aTreOarov 7roXXo Ica'l rwv T iW' rrv pv v, xapdASpa wol eXrj{ra-av e~l ocCTwKcaltefca. Tov0 8' a7roOarO.T7a avroGeXevarot ol "EXXrve?ytcltavro, 0?9 o'rt 4o3epaoTavov TO29 TroXe/aoLv Edl7 opav. Kal ol fiev 7roX\LtoL oVt0rw rpCdavre a'7Tr-iXov, ol 6 20 8' "EXXrvecd adfaX\i9 ropevo/evot T0 \o Xo7rv T7ji 7Ifjepa9 adfflcoviro evrt 7ov Tiyprra 'rorat6Ov. evravOa 7roXtv?y 7 4przrL, e/yaX!,t" ovo,a (' avt'i v Adp l raa KOVV 8' avTrjv To -raXatov M'i8ot. TroD Trelxov% av7r^ 7, 7'T eSpo0 7rETre fcal eUcoCOL 7wr'e69, vro0 8(' eIcaTro' rov g 25 KcvKXov i Treplo83o;vo wrapacadyyat' KCOo8JlpTo (e 7rXivBoots pcepatfJVa' * Kcpj'7r 18' ivrT7v XtOivq7 TO viro eI'oa-t ro8'Wv. vavrTjv aaLtXevP o6 Ilepo-'v, ore rrapa 8 MtrjoTv i-7v adpyxv e'Xaduavov Ilepcrac, 7roXtopKcw ov8evl TpOw7rt eSvvao eXErv' \X ov 8e vfeqbEX7 7rpoKaXvtaaora 30o cavtr e AeXpt, e'Xttrov ol av0pW7Op rotca ovKrrw eaXEo. rraph -aTvrlv r-lv w6rXwokv v 7rvpa/Lt lOivrl, rTO tev 9 fVpO0 P]b0; 7r\X0pOU, 70 8(' vr09 US O 76\rX0pXWVa 7r \ BOOK III. CHAP. IV. 141 ravtrqj~ roXXo\ TrcV /apf3dpov 4o-av eK rwv \Xroilov KW/ O0V7 Kara7re(rev7y6reC. lo 'Evrev0Oev 8' erropevOyarav aara0.oAv 'va, rapatraryyav: 77rp0 T6Xey0S E/pJlOzV pcya 7rpo9 r roXet KCel/evov ' ovopola ' r v T7 r6dXet Me&7rrXa Mb8ot 8' arrjv rror' 5 IC~ovV. 77v ' AI JLev Kp/77rtl X10iov ou:c'rov KoyjyvXtarov, To e0po 7revirjrcovra 7ro83wv cal To fvro0 rrevrTJicovra. 11 erwr Se 8 avtrry 7rWros6/Jo7ro rrXivcOvov 7re1X9o 7T0 EV evpo'? 7rev7r7/ovra wro5Ov, Tr o' Vio9 etca0rov, 7o0V ) TeIXov? 77rep o0o39: rapao'tyyai. bvravOa XeyeTatL 1o MjSeia Iyvvi a3aaX'hws Kcarabvyevu, oTre a7ro&Aeaav rbv 12 LpXyrv v7rr Ilepctr-v MSow. ravrelv 83e r^ 7ro\i v X r0 -Xtopcwv 6 o epor'v /3aorevt OV o c8PvaTro ove Xp eXetv oroe /31a Zvc 8' eJI3povrjrrovs' 7roWe ToVk eVOicovvras, Ka OVTr osw' ea\. 15 The Persians follow; the Greeks change Their order of march. 13 'EvrevOev 8' e7ropevOro-av aTraOaov 'va, 7rapacd77aya TTrrapa9. KaIa rouroV 8e 7rv aoraOpbov TtU''afepvT'7 7~reWEadV?, 7T0V Te eavrToV 7r7rea? eFXowv cat T7v 'Opovra 3ivaljsiv rov rbv flaaLrXeow Ovyar6pa eyovros Kcal ov9 Kvpos e%'XOv a2v/3rl /3ap/3apovF Kcat oiv 6 B3acrXe'9 aSeX- 20 & ) koxc /3aO i ~aV e/3o4 Oe'i, Kcat 7rpo; TovTOtv o0'ov? f3ao-~tXe\v wICev aver, WaT' Tr rTpadrevpia 7rap7rroXv &'bkdvn. 14 'Err6i 8' 7eytYv eyeveTo, 7ra /5EV T7 Tv ra:ewv o7rtrTiev Kca7Taar'Tra'a Tra era ra 7rXcryia 7rapayay/wv eop 3d\- 25 Xetv /JiV oUfc ero6X\hcLrrev o3vo' e/3ox\eTo itaictvovveeiv, 15 roqevoovav 8e 'raprjyryteiXe Kat 'ro:evetv. eTre, 34 3taraXe0vre7 oa oP6oiol ae)ev86vravav.cat o' KprTes ero6:evaav Kal ov3o&E ^j7dpapravev dv8p69, oap o <yap ei vravv 7rpovBvpero s, pat&ov v, tcal 6 Taacrafepvr27!LdXa 30 142 ANABASIS. TaXewv ' BeX fe v 7rexco'pet fca a at XXat 7aTelt Jre%wcprcavz icai T0 XoLnrv 73 T 47/epav ol Ixev e7ropevovro, 16 ot 3 o eTO vro ac OVIKETt 6LVOVTO ol adp3apob T7 TO'r acpo/3oxiaoe t lacporepov 7yap oi Te 'Po'Lo3 T7rv IHep5 r-cv &skev8dvo)v Kald o0 KpTrev c TOcvov. MeyaXa e ica Tar rota va Ilepa oacd e'crTv Wcrre 17 %prjaltcla 3v o7droa-a aXla'otro TCw roev0 l eaTcv Ton0 Kp7o-l, K/cal 6terovv XpWcepvot roL ro3v rro\Xe/Lw roevufJactt, calt eekerXEov roeve70E v avOw LE TES',axcpav. 10 eVpitCeTo 86 Kal veuvpa TroXXa ev ra Tasl Kcola? cal oXv/38,os, &o- re Xp~aOat el Tcras o-bcvP3ova. Kal TraTy jev r'y yepa, '7rel Kcararparotre~evovTo 18 o "'EXXrlve fc'KOLaLS Ert7voXvrE, TT7rijXov o' l /3dpapot feLEov eXOP7TES v T77 awpo/oXlct re>v 8' O ertovoiav x5 flepav eseMvav ov "EXXtlqve Ka\ e7Tre(TLt'avro'?j7v yap 7roXsv' o-ros v raTs' towiats. Tr o va-repala e7ropevovro 8a Tou 7reoiov, fcaL To-raaepv71l ecTrero Jtcpo3oXt\6 -P6voT. "Erva 8\j ol "'EXXve es e^yvwcav, o't 7rXalo-tov Ic'r\XeVu- 19 20 pov 'rovr7pa raCLE eil7 7roX\eplwv E7roLeEVwv. avarycr) yap (TaV), cav JeCv CavyKSrrr7p T'a KcepaTa Tv 7rXat-iov, g ooov V IN 1) I I f 7 t p I crTevwrTpa ooysO, 1? or peov avaryca oTrwv 7 ryeovpaq, CfcOXl3EcOat rou 07TrXira cal a 7ropeveoaOat rrovrpwcs aba lerv lrefolfLvovV, aliua 8o tcat TaparroPevov' cTcrTe 8vas,/ / el 2 60-T a 8ora' oa ' a 25 Xprfa70r eLaC avaycr aatcrovs ovTa?. oav ' v 20 8tayvo'i Ta tcepaTa, avadytcy 8aavrro-Oat 1rov' ToTe tc0OXteotJEvo0IJ ca, cevov 7lyvecyOat TO JUCoeov 'rtWv tceparTv, cat adOuv/jev TOV 'Traura 7r'aco'ovTras 7roxeouiowv E7rolvwo. Kat 7 Oro-TE seo yeofvpav 8tLaSaIvev f dc\xRv nria 3ud3a30 cty, eovrrevev efcacov /Sovxopevov od0crac 7rrpcros' icai evE6rlTrov Vr 7 vTravOa rots 7roXqeIto. 'ETid ra8 a' eyvwa-av orl crpar7yoi, derolrlcav 6' 21 BOOK III. CHAP. IV. 143 Xoyovv ava eKcaTov avSpas, xca XoXayoi> e7recrrrqcrav Kca h X\ov 7revr7KovrT7'pa, /cat aXXou' ev)voorapxovi. OUTro 8 7Trrpevo/.Levo, 007rOT6E v LV V /IKV7rVTOt Ta Kepara, VTre/Ebvov v7weepO, t (J7CT 147 CVOXXC'ev T0ti Kepacat, Tore 22 8e 7raproyov totWev TW'V KcepaTWV. OTro6e &e bacotLev 5 a 7r\xrvpa TroV 7rXaloVou, 'TO,eacov av ee'rrt rXaaaV, el 46v e CrTEVWTpov e6ir TO StXoXo, Ka Xoo e6 7rXavuTepov, KaTa 7rerVT7ncoaTv, el 8e 7r'vv 7rXaTv, tcna 23 evwfoora d r crT' act 6rrT\ewv evat ro [ter, O. el 8e ncat 8a/l3aivwev TL-wa 8&o( 8i/SaCaLtv 4 yebvpav, oVfc era- 10 paTroPTv, aXX' v T7O pepeL oL Xoxayol Slte/3taov' Kaa ei Tr 7rov 8eOt T7? i aXay77yo, cwrtrapoyav 0ooto. TovTf TQ TpOrW) e7ropevrOcrav crTaOtlovu TerTapa9. They enter a hilly country, with continuous skirmishing. 24 'Hvl/ca 8e rov 7repf7rrov E7ropevovro, el8ov f3aaiX\eto Tt catw 7rep aVuo IKwoaq wroXXda, rrjv ' 8 ov 'rpdo TO i5 XwplOV TOVTO St&a ryY\6XUb Wv 5vJr\Xwv ryyXOvwevr'v, od Ica09nov arro ro opov00 vqo9, b ( /V KWJ'Y. Kal el8ov pEV Trov 7y6XOfVo aV a Mertvot o0 "EXXyve9, 25 (O eEKcOd, Tr& 7roXeHlW'v ' OVT)WV t7r7rwv c ret 8e 7rropeVOIeEvot EC TOV 7re8lov ave/8rJaav e7r TroV 7rpWTOV 7y Xtobov 20 cal Kcare/3atvov W 6E7rL rov 6T7epov ava,3atietv, evravO e7rtylty/vovrat o /3ap/3apot nal arco TOO v*ryX\ov el9 To 7rpave e/3aXXov, 'o7ecv8ov(v, ET EVOV e rvov v7ro aCT'LyOV 26 a/cl 7roXXots erTIrptWoxo v /cal EcprpaTrloav Tr&v 'EXXrovw 7vpv~Tro\v ' 1 " 7v[lvjTWV ncalt caTec\Xryoav avrov elcrwt v O g7rXwv 0 25 el' e I * I CocrTre rravrraraat ravrv v r71v /uLepav ayp7qo-rot eaay ev 27 T r 0oX T ovTre9 Ical ol coev8ovtrTat cat ot rodrTat. erTei 8e wec'devob o "'EXhXve e7reXelpcvcrav 8t6nocev, yoX9, \ ',a' o7r't rL oPT6 \,uv 67r1 roT a/cpov a0bE tvovrat, 07r\XTaT OvTre, ol Se rroXeutot raXv adre7r'ov. 30 144 ANABASIS. IIXtIv 8' 07ro7' a7rlocev Trp T adXXo rparevULa, 28 TavTar eylvero, orT aTo' TOv 7TpLoU yX\6ouov 6o80ev avTOiV /7 KLctVEtv 70TQo CrpartoawT, 7rpiv a7ro Ti7? (9 ~ca rXevpa? soov 7rXatalov avryaryov TrexTraaTav rpot TO 5 oPpoO. e7rel 8' o0Vro e6YeVovTo V7rep TOv e7'rofevtwv 7ro- 29 Xe/l.ov, OVCeTIL eTrrE6V7O 70l 01 \eHlXL. To0, KaTaB/3alvovcUt e86OLWOTe, y7 adror07fL06 ele6v cal d1orepooev a'vrcv E&VOwro ol iro\eOXPot. OV'7-O TO Xot7w rT,Ueapa9 7To- 30 pevofdevot, ot,Lv ev r7, oo6 Eaa 7rou9 ^ro\ Xovs, ol oe I6VO CM, rt.... eV T c a ta l 10 KaTa To opos? e7rt7raptovrTe^ adiciKOv7o e61 Ta9 IKco/as Kcat laTpov icaTearTraav O/CT' O vroXXo0 7yap?a'av ol TeTpOtLUVOi. 'EvTravO' f evav /jpc/epas Tped9, Kal cTV TeTpoye7vov 31 v~eca cal a/.La 0or 6rL7r<188eta 7roXXai ov, e aXo pa, olvov, 15 KplfOaa lr'trot, aTvflbleSXvp 'tva,? 7roXXadc. Tavra e acvvevj7vey.Peva r v7 7) aparpa77-eov7T r77 %Xwpa9. Terdpr7 8' ' LEp KcaTr/3aLvovrtv 6L 7 TO 7re680v. e7reL 32 86 fcarEXa/3ev avTov\ Ttoaaacepvp7 oa-v T7 8vvdea, etSat:ev avrov v} vadycrV icaTaaCr'?vVj'a oiv rrpOtrov 20 elOov CtopI7v /cal pK T)ropeveOOaL t 67 axoCoEvovSv 7roX\\o a a',olat a Ct 76 e 01,/,yap yFaav aTro/xao, oti e TeTpWo/evo' cal o0l eceivov 4EpovTe769 cat ol TCV) epvTvwv Ta o 7rXa 8etd/aetvoL. ETre6 33 86 KaT6e0Cj77v7-av cal E7reXetp77aav avTo09 adcpofol0 - crOat ol 3dp/3apot 77rp7S9 7Tv c604.7v TrpoatovTe69, 7TO\v 25 7reptra7av ol 'EXX1ve/E' r7roXv ryap 8lecpev 6f Xpa9 Opwkco.evov9 Jaroat 4 7ropeVo/EV0UV 67r'eVort T709 ropfoilevovF dh\6a};aaa f) lropevo/jevovq vrrow TO 7roXe/lotq.MXearOat. 'HvicKa 8' yv 8rj 8eiXl, &pa qv da7rteiva TOV T7r0 oXe/oL'O 34 ov7roTe 7yap p6etov dnrecrTparoTre8cvovro ol fap/3apo Trov 30 C'EXr7vucoV CE7KCO7Ta 77Ta&10v, 4o/3ov'eol, [7o 7Ti^ 7 VVK7oS ot "EXXrve^s e 7r'0owvTaL avTro^. 7rovr7pov yap vvuTco7 35 erT a-rpacrevfla lepaoucov. o' 7T 'yap 2Tr7ro avro 8'e BOOK III. CHAP. IV. 145 8evrac Kat a w E7r' To rroXb 7re7ro8trfXevot celoi Tov,u7 6EV7yELv CEVca, el XvO0dev. c~av Te rTt O6pvu/3os ylyv7rat, 38e ertcra'a TO- to 7r7rov H'epcry Javop Ica\ xaX\tvorat 3ed cal 0opaicto0eTvra cova3rvat '7rlE TOV '7rvrov. ravra 8e 7ravra aXc7ra VVKT0crp Kcal opv6/ov ovTo0. TO7TOV 5 eefca iroppw a7refovcrfvov t-ov 'EXXfrvov. The Persians occupy a hill in front of the Greeks, who, by a spirited dash, gain a height commanding it. 36 'E7re 3' lv'iowaoKov avTov 01 EEXX\ves 3ovXomevop v ac7revata fcalt SayryeXXo/,Evov, eicjpve TO i-ok "EXXycrt CffrvaevdaocOal aKovovTW Two 7ro w. cKal povov Edv Tita c7reoa'Xov 7r? Wropelas ol /3dp/3apot, i7retS6 8' Io 0 E7t7veTO, adrryoavo ov ryap eSoxce Xva-t'Xelv av7ro0 vvcUTO7 7ropevco-Oa Icat KcaTaryecrOat 7rl TO rTpaTo7reSov. 37 'Erewt) & aafs-a& artIovras 43a t e'pow ot "EtXXfve, e7ropevovTO ca aiVio avac6vTavTe~ Kcal L)X\0ov o0crov 1 e^tKcoVra cri-Taovq. cal lytryvcrat rocrofrov iaTO jeraTv iv-o aTparevUfariwov, Ca-re Ty vraTepata ovec e&qavraoav ol 7ro\'oe tt OVOrf rpp i, r T'TaP oy ver prrTy pvtc' rpocXoTre ic KaTaXa/3advouvrt Xwptopv vrepSe:tov ol /dap/3apot, y eLeXxo o "EXXnvec 7raptevat, acKpcoJvXla opov, v' 20 jv f Kacarapaavs 1v e4 - TO 7rectlov. 38 'EWreLr) 8' eopa Xetplao'oo 7rpowcareitXyjptevv Trj aKcpovvtyav, caX\etb evooxT-a aTr 7T7 ovpaf( ica Ke\XVEL Xa/o30Ta ToVs 'reXTraaTcD TrraparyevecOat s e - TO 7rpodaOev. 39 o 8&e evoo~v T7ro? 00 v 7reOXTac-7ra ovfc 0/Cyev ' 7r4avo- 25 q'ca~p~ l a 70teve - 25 evov ap kTpa Twp too-afepvrov cal rTo oTpadevja travl avros 83e rpoa'eXAaacs rpowTa, "Tt ficaXdes; o 8e Xeer avTrO, ""EeV'rTv opav?rpo/caTetLX\7rTa fyap 7Ltuv o0 VTrep T7? KcaTa/3afdaew Xod6o, /cala oviec TGrb rapeXOedv, 146 ANABASIS. El / 7.ovo aJrodcoaroev. d\\a rt ovc vjya7e; roM 40 reTraardT;" 0 86 Xeye, o0Tb ovg e8o6ce& avrT a epr/la cKaraXt7retV Ta olrtOev rowXe4Lkcv e7rrtavovo1zu6vwv. "'AhXXd v cotpa S ', e'4, " 3 ov\XeVeoOat, r7W 7T 70TY? aiv6pa d aTreXa a7ro Tov X6o6ov. evrava wezvc4,, opa Tov opout ~7-V, 41 ICopvUj]v VT7rp avTov rov cavr&iv aopaTev'aTor o c'av, a' " \ Kat a7ro TraurqV koSov ' rov X6o4ov, vOca vaav oc 7roXeLtoL, tca' XbyeL " Kparlrdvov, ' Xelplcrofe, 4tv 10 'eBabt & rdta'Ta Trl T70 acTpovr eav ryap Toiro XCaf3woLev, ovi vvrjoovrat E'vELv ol V7rrp Tr^v o8D. aXX', el f3o6\es, eve C7ret T79 oTpaTev/uaTL, Eya 3o E'XCO 7vropEVeatab' el 86 %pi'W"7, TropeVov OrV ir t TO bpov, 6y7 6 pUevW avrov." "'AXXa i8Owfi aoot L,) 4, 6 Xcpiao4o9, 42 I15 "o ro7epov fouXet eXoaGat." EI 7r 6 SevoOYiv, Or vetepo' &Errv, aiperai t ropeveaeat, IceXeveb o 0l utv/retfae d a7ro Trov aroaros davpa,? aicpov yap rv a7r ror ovpav Xa/3,c. Ica o 43 Xelplcroror avTzCret TOv?9 a7- ro ov aTO 7aroTS reXra20 Craat gXa/3e 8 ros? Kcara Feraov roD 7-rXato-ov. avv&7reOacb ' 'ceKXvoeVr abrr3 icatl 70' rptaiKo-rov9 o0? avUro eXe TrCv 6rtX&K7ecrwv 7rtl Tr crozartov 7ro rXat'lov. 'EvreeveV eTropevovVro w eSvaavTo i-ayTa. ol 8' 3 7r2 44 Tov Xo6fov 7roXe\/lob 6 evoraav avTr iv Tjv rropetav err 25 Ti afcpov, evOvp IcKal avTrc wpJp7cra a/vLXXd\\aOat E7rl r7 aicpov. Kca evTravOa 7roXX pe.v Kcpavyr rtrv 7ro0v EXXh- 45 vIcov ar7parev4aroT 8LtaceXevoEz4Lvw roi eCavrCrV, 7roXX\ 8e gpavyj Trv aw /ldp Ttacra'pvy7v rok eaucvrc 8ta/ceXevoe'vov. 30:euvo0^v Su 7rapeXauvwv Elb roD tr'7rov rapeKceXevero 46 ""Avrpe9, vvv el rTuv 'EXXc\ a vtotld'ere duL\XX\a'TOat, V 7rpo rTov'? wrloaaq ca rTa ysu a yvvatca, vvp ovXyo BOOK III. CHAP. V. 147 7rovrjnavTreq XpoovV aiae rrj >v XoL7riV ropevaodceOa." 47 XcwTrpOSas t' O uwvwvUCtULO ET ' "0V Ov/c E to-o, t,evocb6^v, e&rdv' aoP pv yap ESI i'7r7ro oxe, eryb 8& 48 xaXeT7ro ctvlwwo vr]v atrvri3a (c'pwv." Kab 09 aKcovraa TavTa caTa7rrSr'7craq a'7r TOV 7arTrov W aiOeov a eKc 5 T7y? Tactew, xat\ nr> &a'corw8a a~efo)X'e4voq (0 eSvvaro rTai^xra 'xoeow v7ropeveTo ' ervyave 8e Kab OtRpaca C'wv 7o0 L7rritcKOv, faOT ETrLEETOr al rat To pEv EjLWr9po0a0E 7rrdyewv rrapefceXevJro, Trol 8' otrtaOev rapLeva t.o6xi^ ~ t e7r6oervoS. 10 49 O1 8' aiXXot aTpatw^rat rraiovat cat /3dXX\ovar Kcab XoL8opovat Trov ZwT07plSav, 'rT' yvdycKaoav Xa/pv'ra rnv catrriSa 7ropeveto-Oa. o 8' Jvafd, 09 v dr daa v', 67r 0 TOV t7r7roV 771)e, retLa 8 /3TaTra v KtcaTaX7Trov T V rOV 6'f7rCV86 WCEi 00avovcv TrOv ivrov e VrevSe 7r4e?. icat BOQdvovTiTv a pr 15 ryevotLevoL 70ov 7roXe/ltoFv. Desperate measures of the Persians; impracticable scheme of a Greek. 1 V. "EvOa Si ol 01 tv /3apflapot arpacEv7Te9 eaevyov 1y exacTo9? eSvvaro, ol ' "E XXfreV eltoV To atpov. ol 8' afJ4 TLoraacaepv1v fcat 'Apalov Jdrorparo^4evoe aXX7yv 6abv oro. o a' 4fl Xpcplcofoov /cara,8acvre9 20 el9 To rbelov esrTpaTroreaevaravro 4v c:oKFL p/earjj woXXpv JayaOwvw. 'rav 8e cKa da\Xat fcwt at 7troXXat 7rXrpet 7roXXc\v ayaO&wv ev TOVTr7 Tr Vre8loD rapa rov TtCypvra 2 7roraLov. 7vlna 8' v 8el\,X, e:a7rrivw ol 7roX \eo 67r&tbalvovraL, /cal TCv tEXxrvwv Karfcoc0azv Ttvaq T&v 25 efceaoa-Lzevv Pv Er 7 7reitE) KcaO' ap7rary/rjv cal yap vopuai 7roXXa\ fioo'cK7/Ia'Trwv ataf3tlalctcvat de T70 'repav TOV?rTOTra/,oV KaTeXc0Oratav. 148 ANABASIS. 'Evravbca Toraabe4pvq xcai ol Oav a vr rdae-v 7Tr- 3 xetpftarav 7Ard tc)/oa,. ical orwv 'EXpvcowv akXa qOvtrladv 'Lvoov e co, e'vVeo, TTrTrtriSea, el Kacdoev, owvc exotev 077r0ev Xaj/3cavoLer. Kcal o[ pev apb XepLcro- 4 s5 ov a7&rywvaa c r fCtorelaw' 6 e Zevoqw'v 'ere' Kcare3ral, prapeXavo v Tra rTa'ete, ivltca (7Orr 9 r /S o1GOela &arrevrttaav ol "EXXPve9, eXeyey '"'Opa'e, W ayd8peq, 5 de,vTnar t EXo,,V,ep vevPra9T 71 rv %6pau 1r5 J rjetrepav elvat; i)v ryap, ore }! I! r \ / ^, \! reTrVvovro, &Se7rpar'ovro pl) KcdELPv, vvP aV1T0 Kaovatv 10 )9 aXX\oTrpiav. aXX eav 7rov IcaraXb7rwat eavroi9 Ta7'TyfSeta, '0*ov7at cat OiuDF evrravOa ropevoaevovS. ad ', c XEpCo " 8ocet fco, /3oyC o 0 v e7rl TOV7 6 et7rev *"OK O veov C/oye E 8oKcetL ax\xa c/ a e 7. X ep E-)7o, 15 "cacopev, Kcal OVTW OaTroV 7raucro'raL. 'Ere\ 8y' evr Ta? CcrI77va? AX0ov, oi Ftev \XXot vrept 7 7raT7r 8seia rFrav, ol o arparqlyo cat Xoxayo ac'vvnXOov. /cac evravGa wroXXi) airoplza ev. gvOev,JLuV yap otp7 >tv v7epvrlXa, eVfev Se 7 'roa/Ao 700 roo aro70 TO 3 -20 00o? c /uq8e TA Sopara V7repxe^EW rretpwoflevo TroV i3adov,. 'A7ropovpfevov 8' a'to 7rrpoa'ekOXv rt9 advip tPo dos 8 e67reTv "'Eo eCeXc, a8p, a avSpe, Saib3acrata vLpa carT TrepactxtXi\ov~ oTrXira, ecav aot i C 8eo/at vtrTlper7rEfrfre z25 aCt rdXavroV It-OOV 7tropiOr7E. ep07co0/evo9 8' orov 9 8ero0fro7o, " o'AacKv," 477, ""8aXIcr lwv 8eoC-o/a. TroXXa 8' opc 7rpof3aTra ical alya9 Kal I3o0v^ ca o0vov/, a a7ro&apCvra aca fuvarlu0VTaa pa9q80 av 7rapeyo 7rjv &St/3aCrt,. e6ffaoca e fc aC Tai r 8Eal(wv, ol0 XPpqeOe 7rept rat 10 30 vurogvyLa 70TT70(U <Evua 70TL9 dcrtcot9 7rpov aXXjXov,, oputlaqa efcaaro0v a/ccov Xi}ovs aJprracraS cal adeE &co'7rep dycvtpa9 elS TO v8(p, 8LayayJwv cal J dforE poTepV 80Vraq, BOOK III. CHAP. V. 149 11 7rtfiaXw v\'Xv ic fcat v e7rtlopja-o' S.07T6 [EV O 0v OV ca7raovera-Oe aVrt'ica uaXta etiea0e 7ra'i yapp a'crco Svo av8pas 6gEl r TO /1r caraTav La ware e 46 S' o3dXaa'0veiv y v\Ay fica i ry y ax'a-e." 12 'Afcovlacat avTa tros arTparpyyotl rb T7 Lv evOvfprta 5 aplv eSo/cet elva, rb 8' gpov cvvaror faav,y ap xapv e' vb $ O ep ' vaTOr 7 ap ol IwXva'ovres' 7repav 7roXXol [TrTreo, ot eVOrIv Troti 7TrpTOs OVSEV av 7re7pe7rov 7ovTV 7roLeLv. The Greeks take their bearingss; decide to go through Armenia: 13 'Ev7rava 7Rjv Lev varepatav C7ravcyWpovv eC9 rTOVj7raXtv 7rpos Ba/3vXtva es 7Tra9 cav arovs' tcwLpa, Kcara- I Icavuavrres evev E ycr Eojav. a re ol 7roX\e zoe oV TrpooarXavvov, cXX' EOeEcvro fca o&Itot jaav Oavpua'ovatv, or7ro 0trore 7rpErovrat ol "EXXqvesv, ical rl ev vy ExOtev. 14 'EvravO' ol pEv aXXot crTpartewrat eTrrl ra'7tr7t8ea I5 cjaav, ol 86 rrparrvyo Kal XoXayoi rrltxv auvvri0Oov, ical arvvayaeovreTe Tovu eaXwtoras jXeCyxov *rbv cVICXq vriacrav 15 XOpb p, ris eIcda7r ea. o o8' SXeCov, orc ra fIev 7rpbs Lperq-/43ptav 'rs eSr\ Ba/3vX&va e; ica M78Liav, t' ff'WTrp KcoLEV, ~ 8O TrpO' E' w Soarl o e iac ^Ec/3adrava 20 4epot, evOa eapi'Etv Kcea Oeplsw Xteeyerat /3aatcXiv',, e Stat3avrt, rtOv wroraov 7rpos ea-rrepav e7r Av8liav Kca 'Ievnav a EApot, ' 8P\ 8tl rwTv 'opev 'cal' 7rpbv ap"crov TerpapLq/XCV7 ort' ecl KapSoixovS' dyot. 16 Tovrovs 8' g'aaav obcecv ava r& prl teal w roXCeptcotv 25 ewLaM, Ical f3aatXews' ovw agcoveet, cXxa ecal c/,/3aXicZv Trore es' avrovs' 3aatc\tucrv arpardav Sco$Sea pvptdcSas' TovrTW 8 o ovSva a7rovorfaai cra T jV ovao'wplav' oTrore jevrot 7rpos TOP craarpd7rr)v rTO ev Tv rfc'ip aT7rel'apavri &~ ~v ' 150 ANABASIS. o-aCvro, Icalb c7rtltyvvvau o4r&Sv re 7rpov efcelvov /icat ecetvwv 7rpo? eavrov?. 'AKovS'avre9 ravra of aoTpaTry7ol ecdOtoav X%0pl TO7rV 17 EKcacrTaXo'Ce facalfcovTar el8evae, ovb8ev 8Xov 7rotfaavTre, 5 07rot 7ropEveoa-at ' eX\Xov. 68oKcetf 8s TOi? oTpaTry o?0 avayicaowv elvat, 8ta ' v opeov el Kap8ovxov e,138a\Xev TOVTrovSC ryap 86eX06vTa efpaoaav e? 'Appevtav:e~v, ~ 'Op6ovrav 9pXe 7roXX9 xca' evcalpovo/u. evrevoev 8' eV;ropov e4aaoa elvat, 07rOt 79 ee o' 'iropeveOact. 10 C7rb 7TOlTo9 Sdvca 7To, 0r)?, oTr vuica $o o roI, Jv ropetav 18 7rotOvTO - T v yap v7repSoX\rv rwv ope'v Ce86e8tav in) 7rpocaraXrydOeiv Kecal 7raprj'yecXauv, e7reLt8 8etrvf'etav, uvo'cevao'axqevov9 7raVTra? ava7ravea'0a, ica greao't, fuvilc av Tv TrapayyeXXy FORCING OF THE CARDUCHIAN PASS. To facep. 156. BOOK IV. CHAP. II. PLAN IV. EXPLANATION. A B. Visible road (i7 Savepa 6d86). B C. Ravine (Xapadpa, p. I55, 27), into and across which the visible road led. C E. Visible way out of the ravine (e favepa eKc3ao-ts), leading to a plateau. The part of the road leading up to the plateau was very steep, so that baggage-animals could not follow it (rrpbs; TOb pOtov, p. 155, 28). D. Position of the main body of the Carduchi. a b d e'. Circuitous road, passable even for the baggage-animals (68bs 8vvaTr KalC OTrovuyiots 7ropevieeOat), apparently hid from the Greeks by intervening heights. h. Summit commanding the circuitous road (TOb icpov, ALTOS6, Tpi'o gaCros-T? of p. 157, 25), which the volunteers set out to take. c. Outpost of the Carduchi, taken by the volunteers, who supposed that they had gained the summit as directed, and remained where they were (p. 156, 1o-15). d D. By-path (h7 arTeV 68es6) leading from the circuitous road down to the visible road, where the main body of the Carduchi were (p. I56, I3-17). x. First height carried by Xenophon (Adi6o, = 6 irpi-roi Ak6iog, p. 157, 2-I2). 2. Second height carried by Xenophon (SeivTepo A64>os, p. i57, 13-24). 3. Height over against the summit (A6b^o avTlriropo; Ts Feao-rT, p. 158, x2). Here the Carduchi appeared after Xenophon had driven them from the summit, and here they were when he made a truce with them. ff. Plateau (TO oicA.6v), up to which both roads led. Here the divisions of the army came together again, and encamped in villages full of supplies (p. 158, 29-32). BOOK IV. CHAP. II. 157 2)v Troi VD7osvylos TOVS?5^,7~Et TrotLOev 'rZ V tO10 v'yiwov aeraev' rropEv6,tevot 8' evrrvyXvovaot X6w 7vrrEp T?7? 8o60- caTrekrib/ae~v VT7ro 7r v 7roXe/A.iov, ovb ac7roKodaL avdycr 'v S &cBe'evOat 7ro ro Tv aXXwv 'Exxjrwv. Keal avrToL tev av e7ropevrJ7oav grep ot aXXot, 5 7v 8' v7ro4viya oic 'v z XX9 i) Tavr7) tcpiPvac. 11 'EvOa &8 7rapaKeXevoavttevoL dXrjXotv T'poaf'dXXovuac 7rpo0 Trv X65ov Op0iot9 TrocS X06Xos, oV KVlc\X, aX\a KcTaXae7rrvTe dafo8ov 7z0 7VroX\epioLt, el /3oV\owVro e70 12 yetv. Icat 7Teo? JE a1vrTO1 var at'iovTra, o7rry C8vvao Io eICaoCTo, ol /3adp/apote etroevov cat t/3aXXov, Ey77y9 81 ov 7rpoorlevTo, xxh\\d a vyr Xeirov 'X Xo wplovr. tca TOVTrv Te 7rapeXXr\v0eaoav ot "EXX\lve Kcal e'Tepov opwcoav la7rpooCev Xo6fov KcaTreXofSvov E 7rl TrovT av0Ot e8OCetL 7ropeveaeOa. 15 They force their way through the pass. 13 Evvo'aa9 8' 6o Sevorv,, /?', etl pqpOv caTaXl7ro 7rV EaXoKc6Ora X6Oov, 7ralXv Xa/SvreT ot TroXeItoe E7rt'OoLYro TOh VbTrOrV^/yIt 7Traptovatv, 67rl 7roXb 8' 2v 8 rT v7ro0v6yta, aTe L$a -Trev7 77 ooov 7rwopevopCreva, caraXelret e7rb roV XO6pov XoXavyouv Krllavo8wpov Kqfl.Yao>wv- 20 o70 'AOqvatov icat 'Aabpcpdr7Tv 'Ai4pe3Uov 'AOravarov Eca 'ApXa6yopav 'Apyeov wvryd8a, avrods 8e crvv Tro0 Xol7ro s e7ropevero 7rt rbv 8evTrepov X6(Oov, cal T) avr3w Trpo7r) CKat TOVrTO atpooaiV. 14 "Er 8 ' av'ro, p T170To LaacTO X7o'r7ro 2r 7rroXv opOL'- 25 Traro, 6o Vrep 7T9 Ec7r- TW 7rvpt KacaX\700E'wf7l 4wXa cv)aKs 15 T?72? VKTOb tTO rr0v eOeXovrWv. 7rE 8' 'yy)sV e' lo7ro ot lEXX1veq, Xeb7rova'v ot 3dpf3apo tpaxaei 7'ov /aaordv, coaTre Oav/,aar'Tv ra cit yevo'Oat icat vtrWr7revov oel'avlra? avrov7, 7 KVKcXo\w)VTE rol opKoPlr-o, aTrotTreiv. ol 30 158 ANABASIS. a' pa a7ro ov a7 D pov KaOopwvre ra ortrOev 7eyLy7voeva, 7ravTre e7rT Tou? oTr aOofvnXaKca, exkpovv. Kal Pevo4bov /LEV Crvv TolV VEW7TdTot7 ave/Satver E)r 16 7TO a/cpo, 7oV9 3 a\Xovv 'eceEXEvevE V rryeIv, 07rcO9 ol 5 7TXevuralo X6Xo o 7rpo-ie[etav' ca 7rpoeXOo6ra Kara TrV oS e'V Twr 6o.taXwc O'craOat a o'rXa ewrev. gat ev 17 TOVTW T67 Xpo6v 9)cev 'ApXay6pa o6 'ApyeClo 7reSbEvrey gcal X\eyeL, coS aTreKco7drl7cavr a7ro ro rpcorov XdfQov xcai orT TeOvio'b Krlqra6&o8po9 Kab 'Al A4CopapTrv Cal 1o PXX\o o aot Aji daXoero cara To7 '7 erpaa 77rpo0 rov7s o7rcrOojvPXaKca? anifovTo. Tavra e 8Larpa:d/jLevot ol Badp/apoo l/cov c 7r' arl- 18 TTOpOV?6toEov 7T,oaarjo *t Cl ZEyO<oW11 BLEXyE~ro auvroZ t' Cp//7veoW Wept ri rrovoWv, /cat ro)? vePpov arrjet. 15 o0 3' epaaav ( T8ro retO v cfE ' T E re t4 I ceLIv C)7 otlcia9. 19 U-vvw0fLoXoyte TaVua 6 zevo4iwv. 'Ev o TO 5 pL dXXo arrpa'rev/,a rappel, ol oe ravTa Ste\ryoVTo, 7TrdvTe o0 EfC 770VTOV 70ov 7TTOV 7ovveppvtirav. evravOa raroavro ol TroX\tLO.. gcat edrer yptav7ro c:a'ra- 20 20 tOaiveiv a7r rov "aCrrov 'rpo's rov 'X\\ovt 6va " a' o0rXa ifcetro, levro f]q o r7ro\eXptLOt 7oXXO rrr0e77- t cal 0opv3), Kcat 7rei E'yeVOVTO 67rl rT7? fCOPVO'r TrOv lUaCTOV, d>' oP, voepo0v KaTre/3avev, /cKv\Xtvov 7rrEpov' /cal evbo /Lev Kcareaav Tb erceXo9, Cevobwvr'Ta ' 6 v raartr25 a-T cXowv r alv acrrlaa reXtrrev Evpv\o'oXo 86 Aovaltev9 21 7rpoaCepa/Cev avrzT O7rkXir7, Kcabl rp3o Jaoiv 7rpo,3e,/3X7 -UvOq av~e(Xwpet, fcat o dBXX\oI 7rps Tro O a-vvrerayfJierov darrXOov. 'Eac 0e 7rovrov Trav W. oV E7eVyero ro 'EX'vvL6r, 'cal 22 30 eCacrfvlraav avrov ev 7roXXa? Kgal /caXatl ol0cia tcal E7r-T78oflEo 3a#tXelrv' cal yap ozvo? W7roXbv? r2, &%-re ev Cc/CO9 KcovtYaTro0 elZov. cvo00^Jv e /cai Xetpi-orow 23 ~~v~w ~~CU r~t ~u r BOOK IV. CHAP. II11 159 S&erpadtarro, 6OOe Xa/6zres 7ov9 vc6cpoK0 a7re80YaV TOv St67rpd},avTo, S)rTT Xap3r~fP TOL8 VEKPO c<? aT~oo-av -ro?rye/iLova * cat ravra edroirqaav Trok a7roOavorwtv c T rcv Svvarcv o'aa7rep voUtL7eTrat acvtpdarv a7aCtok. 24 TZ 8' barepala avev 7ryejiovo cE7ropevovro MaXo/jevot ' ol 7rox\etoL tcal OWrr erT V orevop Xwopov 7rpoxcara- 5 25 Xaui/3dvov7re Ecos)Xvov 7a 7Trapo6ov9. 07rOTrT e p OvV T709 7pDrTOUV KoCx)\VOLte, FeVOoV wv 0rTtr0der EcKalt'YWV 7rpbO Tra opj Xve T'rv d7ro6paptv 7rq 7rapoSov Tro 7TrpJroTt, 26 avwTe'pc 7Tretp/evo 0,<yi/rE 0/vOat 7owv tcwXvotvrov, o0ore Se6 To w 0oTrLo-ev &7r(Oowro, Xetplc-ofo9 ifc3aPW K6a 10 'reLpoJWevo acvworepwo 7rylver0aCt TOwV KcoXvOvroWv 'Xve Trv 6rrdopaL:w Tr7 7rapoSov ot70 o7rffJEUev Kcal OV70) &t3ot0ovv \XX4\Xoe Ka lta-vp 6\\ aXXXErjv 7rqEdXovro. 27 SHv 8' 0oro re Kca avuro, 7 ro cava/3a'rt roXXa 7rpaiy[,ara 7rapegaov ol /3dpl3apot, 7rcdtv tcKaral3avovar v 15x eXafppol 7yap 2crav o'r~e tcaL E7yyv00ev (evCyovTer aTrooevye6Lv ovSev ' yap 7 t6ov a' CXo 7 rToa KfcaL a(6ev6va9. 28 apLarotb 8\ ro;o6rat 3crav. 6yXov 8 r6Toa ey7vfl 7P17Tr)X7, 7t 8 o 7-evtcLara TrXeov ij St7ryX e\fXov &s ra4 vevpa9, 07rOTre 7TOevoeEV, 7rp0 7To fK r aTW TO TOO6vU r( apt-rep 20, ~ 7wo0 wrpo/aLovoWre. r6a 8e rotevlar- a eXopeu Sid 'rw AccrTrior fKca a T wc O pdpvfcw. yXptvro 8' abUro? ol 'EX\7ves?, ~7reb Xc /3otE1, afcoKvrlot ecvaKUvXowvTes~. ev 0roVT70o 70o %cpotql6 0o Kp2Tre9 %XprC 0TJr a 7rot eyevovro. rpXe 8' a'rwv Zrparofc\X^ Kpij. 25 Difficulties at the Centrites; the Greeks decide to cross. 1 III. Tavrryv 8' av 721v 7/tEpav V77X0i07crav 4v 7rat fc/mxLa. rawl v7rep or wro v or v wu 7rapa Trv KevrprlTrj 7ropra/Aov, epo1 Co 8i7reOpov, 0o opi^ev 7rv 'App.eviav /cal T 7 7T( Kap8oJxwu v copav. eca6 o0 "ErXvec SEvravO' cve7ravwravro datrevotL o1 ovre 7retiovr cawrefxe e 30 160 ANABASIS. TwZ opewv 6o 7rora/,aos e i) 7rra a-r&a rwV KapovTore ev ou v qvt'XoTcrcav tuLX'?8eoW Ica(It rTan7jT8eua 2 6XovTre KZca wroXXa 7rOv 7rapeXnXvO0rwv rrTov jnvyrjo5 VE7evove. e7rr6a yap rhLepac, ooaaT7rep eTropevOroxav &a Tr7v Kapov'wov, rctcra a paXy6pevo &LevTXecav, cKal eT7rao- Kacah o5'ac ov8e ra ovrravrarTa zvro faaoA ew (ca TtLooaaa pvovU. &5 oSv a7rrJwXXay/pdvot roVrwv 7 SFw E&coqzjuOrav. 10 "Aua Se r, 7tepa opwio-tw T7rWTea 7repav TOV roTralov 3 Ew7orXeo-C 'vov SW fcwoXv'oovra9 8Ba/3aitvv, re6ov9 8' 6E7rr '7aC o'ta 77 trapareTraypfJeovoV dro rov ITr'rewv 0 KwoXvjaovraq e69b nj> 'Appleviav Elc/aiveLtv. cav (' o'uro 4 'Opovra Kcal 'ApTroxa, 'ApMevmoL Ical Mdp(ob tcalt XaXix5 aloti,toOofoopot. CXE5yovTo 8' ol XaX\8aob XevtOepob 7T Kac a6Xcyoc elvai oT7rXa 8' elpov yeppa pacpa Cal Xy/xas. Al (' OI(Oab avrat, e' Jwv 7rapaTrera-yfcevot oirot aorav, Tp6?7 rTerapa 7rroepa a7 ro TOV rorTapuov are20 XOv' o68S 86 /Hia ri popwqLeV e?v ayovra avw, Coo)r7ep Xetpo7rolr7TO T 'av'r eTJrepwvro &a/3alvewv of 'EXX7yves. e7ret 6S 7retipwJecvor TO T7e vozp v7rep rwv,.aaarwv epai- 6 VETO, Kca vrpaXyvv v 6 wrovra/pos peyXoei \XiOoLs cal oJXaOnpo?'l, xcal oVi' EV rSW varb Ta o7rba >v 'ketv el 25 6 c f, 7pTracv 6 7ro7ralo' r er 7re s /Cte6CaX\? 7Ta O7rXa e 'rtts bepot, ryvuvoLt ct'yyovo 7rppos ra rvoevyaaTa Kai Tr\\Xa fleX7 * 4vexpacrav Kcat aVroV e'rTparo7reSevaavTo 7rapa ' o-v TroTralv. "EvOa 8' av'or rv > rpodaOcv vV5cTa aa-v ' 'roD 7 30 opovp, ecoptov Tov Kap(oVxovs 7ro\XXob ovs vvLXey/erouV evr 7rot O rXoLs. 'vravOa br} oroXXa aUoviuia qv roLs "EXXrJq-v, opWiaf G i 0V 70o 7roVra/L.ov T>V (varropiav, BOOK IV. CHAP. III. 161 opwctr 867 TovS 8&a/3alveYev ct K\Xovras, oproet 8C ro70 Zta/3aivov t'v eTrL7TKEoo/CeCteov TroU KapoovXovS o7trLrOv. 8 TavTrjv ve ov o 7 T17v pyjepav cat rT71v vfcTa 'tevetvav ev 7roXX\\) ropla ovrc. $c voObv ~O ovap "cvte * t s'ocv Ev 7reaat 6~ecac Oat autra 3' avTc avro6aTrat 7repIppv- 5 i)vat, 'T7E XvOi)vai fca &ta/3atrelv o7roo'ov e3ov'Xero. 67re6b ' OppoS 7v, pXeraLt rpo0 TO)v Xetpitocov f ca XeyEt, orTt X\7Tias? Xel fcKaXcS' o'erEOat, Icatl tye7erat 9 avrTw To ovap. o 8' ero 're Tical & Ta'Xotrra cwo v7rebcaLvev, tvovro VrTrVre r wapovre o cr7paTrtyol Icat o Ta [epa KaXa bv eu0vS 7r7O TOV 7rp('rov. Ka, a7rd6voTer a'7ro Tv tepwv ol arrpa'rTqyol tcat XoXa10 yol 7rapyy7XX\\ov 7Ty arpaTta apTroTrotLetaaL. ical aptTrPTv To) L'evocWTW Trt poorTPEeTrov o veavcroW' ySoeaav yap tradvres, o0T eCeEt 7 aurO Icat aptLTrvro t cat I 5 Se6L7vOVPT 7TpoaexO\ev, icat l e Kca0evot clreyeipavra el7relv, et' s71 7T %0'XO 7T1 7rpo? ToV 7ro\Xe/Lov. 11 Kal T-re 6'exyov, or TUvyxdtvotev pvyava avXX'eyovTreS S'? 67rT rvp, ca7retra caTriootv r Tr v7repav cv 'rerpas KafarlOovuats. E7r' avrov ov Trora/,aov ryepov'rd 20 76e catl yvvatca Kcal Tratioicasa w'rrep,aparirov; Itfarlwv KcararTtOetevovs ev 7rerpa dvrTpo8e. lbo o-t e c 'crlce 12 8o6at af)aXf\s elvat &Sa/38vai, ov0e ryap Tro 7rOXe/tLotbs [rt7reVir 7rpoga/arov elvat Icara rov7ro. e 'cOUvres ' c(atrayv 6oX0'769 ae exetpiata V/jIvot ft9 vevaUoevoI 8La/Sal- 25 vetv 7ropevdOvjLEVO 6e 7TrpO0Ov Gta/3rvaL rpiv pe4ae 7ra alBoa cat ta/tlS6dv' e, Xa/T30vT7ES ITA T-a 7rdXIv tjceV. 13 E0vov oVv O SevoCr&v aV76O TE EJ7TEV86 Kcal 'rotS veavtiafot EXelv E vKEXefU, Keal evexaoOat rotS. cjvaat ~eosq ra re ovecpara i cal 'T 7ropoov ecat 7a Xot7ra 30 ayaaOa e7rTLerXE-at. atretias; 8 evvq s 77Ye T70o veavlaoEovu 7rapa rTO XUepl'o-ofov' Kcal rtyovvrat rauae. 162 ANABASIS. 'Aoovc-a9 8e Ical o Xetpia'ofo ar-7roavo8 erTlEL. cvrec- 14 aavTE 8 TO 70 / Eev a'XXovs raprj7yeXXov ava-vcev e-Ofat, avirol 8e avy/KaXEcravTeq TO7v oTpaTr7ryo ov e/30XevovTo, o7rwc aY /cdXeta-ra at/3aclev, icat 70ToV Te p'7rpoa'Oev 5 PVtEv Katl V7r ToWV 7trtOEV FrSV [ TraxoLIv KcaKov. cal 'e8o~ev avroI; XeLpi-ofro v upjv ye'ycrOai cai Staf3al- 15 vew ewXovTa rTO iUU 70) aoTparev/LaTro9, b 8' 'jLo-v r7t v7TTOpeveLv EVaw evoQcovr, Ta 8 vwo'uvyea cal, rv O'XXov ev pe'co rOVTrWV 8ea/3alvev. e re 8e xcaXw TavTra 16 6 V T' V a ta-TEsct Io eltev, eTTOpevovro 7 70IovvTO O0 veavtlaco' El apC08repa EXovTre TOv rorawov o0o8 8' % 1 7r6 T717 8c(/3aritv w0 76T7eape9 a-r~tot. Tropevo/jev0ov 8' auvr.w avrti'apy-av 17 taC rea aT Iap avr7re 17 They cross the Centrites with enemies in front and rear. 'Erver) 8' fOy-av /cara rTlv '8i/aa-w /al zas? '0%a9 15 TOV 7'oTa/uov, WevirO T7a o7'rXa, cal aVrTo 7rpWoTro Xecpo'oc0o o' -Tefavwoa'dlevoo ica6 a7roS0v X A /3ave Ta'7rXa cal T70?9 aXX Otl Mrwac trap/yYeXXe, ai 70Tov, XoXa/yo\U eICexevev ayetv rou0 XoXovU? 6pOovUs, 70ov 116ev IE apta-repa, T7ovW 8' v S8eu a eaUrov. /cat ol [L6V CaLeVTE9 18 20 E-aryta'ov0ro eSt TOPv 7roTTaLov o01 e 7ro \eoXLOt, E7TOeVOV ical Ca-'eUvSvWo v aXX' oVtrco 4e^KVoVvo7' ewre 8e caXa dc 19 Y7q Ta 0ra'ytLa, evraLdvtLov TraVTe? o aCTparTtirat cal aE\a\CXXafbov, a'vvwXd\voov &S Kaea at / yvvatfceg a7rao'a. 7roXXal /yap rC-av Cratpat ev T7 arpaTeviS[art. 25 Kal Xepia-Ooo0 eEv &VE/38ate al o acrV efceVeiw' 6 20 86 5evo0cfxv T3 V O7raff-0ovXadcowv X\a3(Ov Tov0 eV'oVOTr70ro, Eet ava icparos 7rdativ E7 r b7v 7ropov Trov cara 7r)v 'ac/3acrv v eT 9 rh rwiv 'Apevlwvtov opV, rpooT-otovfCevo0 TavrrT 8ta3a3 c 'roxXyajaeL Tov9 7r apa Tov 7roTra/bov 30 t7r7rea9. CROSSING OF THE CENTRITES. To face p. 162. 1300K IV. CHAP. III. PLAN V. EXPLANATION. A. Height on which the Greeks were quartered in villages (p. 159, 26-28; p. I60, 29-3I). B. Encampment of the Greeks beside the Centrites, where they attempted to cross. Opposite was an artificial road, c d, leading up into the hills (p. I6o, I8-28). C. Ford of the Centrites, discovered by the two young men (p. I6i, 18-27). aa. Cavalry of the enemy, on the other side of the river (p. 60o, io). bb. Infantry of the enemy on the heights behind the cavalry (p. 60o, II-i3). ee. Position of the Carduchi while the Greeks were crossing (p. i63, I9-20). First the Greeks marched from the encampment, B, to the ford, C, the enemy also moving along the river, parallel with them, on the opposite side. Then Xenophon, with the most nimble of the rearguard, wheeled about and marched back double-quick toward the place of encampment, as if to cross at B. The enemy, thinking that the Greeks purposed to cross at two points, and fearing that they themselves would be surrounded, rushed down the river till they reached the road, c d, and then fled back into the country. Xenophon now led his men back to the ford, C, routed the Carduchi coming down from the hills, at e e, to attack him, and crossed the river last of all without loss of life. EVOLUTIONS OF THE COMPANY COLUMN. 7o face p. 163. BOOK IV. CHAP. III. el al. PLAN VI. r - I. II. F] El III. IV. 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 2 ^ '' — 2 "'.\ ''\' 2 3 1 `~ k `~~ 1 3 \ ` \ 3 \ 4 s'- ~~~4 " 4 I L - _ _1,__ _ _ _ EXPLANATION. I. Three companies in company columns, - AdXoo pOeLoL. II. Companies drawn up by enomoties, — AdXo Kar' vw/loriTas rE7ro0L7/fVoL, or 'rerayvoioL. The four enomoties of each company are numbered in order. III. Companies in battle-line - A4dXoL rl (pdAayyos 7re7rotnl/AvoL, or rETra7ytEot-with the enomoties of each company arranged in order from right to left. IV. Diagram illustrating change of form from company columns by enomoties to battle-line, or from battle-line to company columns. BOOK IV. CHAP. 1II. 163 21 01 8 7roX\epo opWVTe9 fIV TOV at Xctpi o0o v7rerET TO U80Jp VrepwrTas, OpWVTeV C TovS / apl Zevob7VTa OcovTra ei rob/7ra\v, cio-avTe, /eavres 7j WroKXC7-0Oeev, cSev7yova-iv av xparTos Js Trpos 'rv rov Trorafov drcvw o efaacvr. 7rL 8e icara TjrY o80v) eerYOVTO, 5 67ErUOIv aw 77rpo6 To o poO0. 22 Avictov 8' o jv r^rY kywv rOv WV t7rorer'v cal AlaxivYr] o nrv T64LV rT)w 7reTaar-Twv T&W dfJlCl XEcplaoov, b7rdE eopwov vha EparTo (C~evyovTaC, eE7rorPTO Ol E C'TpaTLrcTa /36rov L4 a'7roXel7reCaOat, a 'Xa aNrvvfcKaivCev E7r T opov. o1 23 XeCtpLaopo ' ' a', 7re4 8e /3hr, Tros' v lwrreas ovc dS/o-,, \ cs \/,,,\ \ ceV, ev'Ovs e 8 icara Ta? 7rpoarfco' as' xO0as Eb7r Tro TOKCV,,~V sq t K7~ CC7~Ko, a., ta qb 7,roTapf/? aovrlcI cv 7r o zo~ dvco roXcdovs. ol 8' avw, *7~rh17'O vo^e/~ov. sav*r, opCovTes [lV TOVu eavTrWv C t7rrea9 4pevyovras, opcoTCre 8 orXi'ra Ta clo-v 7rvTra ', EfcX6C7rrov'O-t a vrep Tov 15 -'roTajtov aKcpa. 24 crvo yCrv 8', ereL Ta 7rcpav ctopa KaXcos' ycyvofieva, a7reXwpet TIrrv 7TaxGcryv 7rpo'F 7'0 La/3atvov arTpdrevfJta Kat yap ol Kap8obXot Oavepol 78r acrav ebS T0 7rel8ov 25 KcaTa/3aivovTeC dA) e7rtWOfro/Crvot TOt? TCeXevTat'oS. Kca 20 XeLpila-oos peLV Tra vwO KcarCeXe, Avlctos 8e oarv Xlryosv c7rteLtpcaS' c7eBrtcSow:at C XapE TOcv oCKCVobopov Ta v7roXet7roLpeva, xcal eCTa TOvUTCov eCuffr T re KcaXlv Kcat Ec7rJpaTa. 26 Kal T a pev aowevofopa T')V / EiX) vWV ~cai 6 oxXos 25 aKCvY 86/t3aCrel' eroC00j v 86 oCrpefrasc S7rpos TO's? Kap8oUyxovs avrTa Ta o'rXca eOCro, cal 7rap7,ryryeAe To'i oXaryots KaT c o evwuorlas rocaac Oac caorTov Tov eavrov Xoxov, 7rap' ac7rria 7rapayayovTras TrV CE'vwoJiav 67rl fadXayyo' K* calt TOuVs fJcv XoXayovs fical TOVs( C(IOvTorTap- 30 %XOVs rpos TcOv KapoyoXwv levat, ovpayov, e k caraoa-rTaaaOat 7rpo<s TOV 7roravTtov. 164 ANABASIS. 27 01 8e Kap3ovixo6 (J copwuv T70o or-lto-Oofvaxaa rTov oxXov ertw\Evov XKal o\Xtyouv q `j cazvo/Levovs9, Odarrov 7. e7rr'oav oc8a? rasva 0oorrTe9. 6 3e XeLp/'o-oo, E7re' Tra 7ap arTcO acoaXoX9 ce 7rE'Lreb 77apa #'evoqwvra /GC Ci~ae, Aapa TroS? 7reXraoTa'. Kcal o'cev(ovr'Ta, /caL 7To'ora?, ca. 'ce- 5 Xeceut roleOv o,rT av TrapayyeXXy. 28 'I8wv 3' avtrov S' a3aiavovTra o Sevof)v, 7) 're*a adyyeXov fICXE\Ve avTroV peviva ea r rob TrorauLov pL) &taatvTra9 obrav 8 apo^Trat arTol tLa/ alvcwv, evavTtova evOev /cat 6vOev o(oT'v 4/L3averv e? 8ta/3f3-oo/cEvov,, St- IO fcvUoGjkevo v 70Tov9 aXcovrTe'ra9 Kcal 'e7re,83X37/LevovI ToV 'roT:or'a?7 7 rpocao 38e ro rroTapo/bo 7rpo/3atVev. 29 To?9 83e rap' CavT7 7rapijyyetXcv, c7rct3av accevrovy et/Lcvlra T cal aart7rl ' ro4y4, ratavolaavtraq Oev e7rl 7TOV 7roX\elovw * 7rectav 3' dvarpaeropetrv ol TroXc'teO o catl EC 70Tv 7rOT7a/-OV o aaT7rTcr9 aycrjv' TO 7roX~/catcdv, avaoUTpeCavr7a9 EmT SOpv?7'yeatcb PjtV T70 ovpayovt, Oe v 6 7ravTa9 Kcat 8ta3ialvetv OT rdTa'Xt a p feaaoTro r7jt v T yvve, (S,n? CL7TOlW ~ c\\aXX\Xov9 Kaia or 07rov aptCro9 erot7o, oS av TrproT repa 20 ycwTqral. 30 01 8e Kapov^yot, opwovre7 olXtyov S3ry 70T9l XoutroUq, roXX\\o yap cal 7j TWV ECVeLy rTeTray7.Levv XOvT0 ErtL/JLe7vo6Loevo o pI P v ro y/0v, o0 3c t cevcv, oCl ' 'ra powv, evrTaOa 8r e7refcetvro Opaaoe'o, fcal fpxovro o aevsovav 25 31 Kca 7rOEevEL. Ol 3' EXXo:vcq.ratavlioavrec 1p'L'cav Spo/jL) E7r' avrov' * ol 8' otic e6e86av'ro* Kcal 7yap 7co-av t;rXo-crLevoi (0 ~ v v TOS peoav tavw9 rpo? 70o Trt8papeirv Xcatl ey/, I rp0o S~e 7 e1 %epa9 'eyo'Oac ovX icaav09. 30 32 'Ev roVr'o Trfalivet o aaX7rtryE/Cr q icat ol tIev roXeT'to 'v4yov 7roXUv Crt OakTrov. o; 3' "EXXrves el? rdavavra BOOK IV. CHAP. IV. 165 33 aT7parav7Te 1evov 0YP 8tA rov roraoTaov oTr TaXtcra. T7wv &8 7roX\eLlpv ol [Ev 7Tvp( alcrOO/eLPO, rdA v S3paiov e7rt Tov T7oraTCLov, cat Troevov7re O.\l/ov9 crpcrav, ot 6e TroXXoi, rcai 7repav OP'Tr TWV 'EXrPjvv &'t avepotL 34 rWav 4evyoPvT7. o' 8' v7ra7vTrjavre avJ8ptcp4Evot Kcat 5 7rpoao'cepoc) rov tcatpov 7rpoovre7 voarepov rTwv fera 5evoowovro 8te/SBcrav 7rdXtv * cat ErpoOtrcrdv rcve hKcai rovrwv. Entering Armenia, they march eighrt days without molestation. 1 IV. 'E7re 86& 8g/3rcaav, avvTratJ/ecvot 4a4^ Le-ov t/Lepav e7rop~evOa rav Sea rj' 'ApIevia9 vreSiov aTrav ca, Io /~ ropev a y ra 77ap Kal io X\eov; 79Xopfovv, ov jeTLov 17 7revre rapacrdyya,' ov yap TCa-v ~EYap ryov ororaiabov icotwat 3A TOV7 77roXalovs 2 rov TrpoS? 70To Kapox'ovU. eKl 3 )v 8' ^clovro WotJzLv, 'rTa/jivxPov. 3 'EvrevOcv 83' eropevrOraav oT-raO[oviX 7pZ, wrapa-ay- 20a 8E'Ka,,uEIpb ou 7rEpt-r-Xoov Tas 7rrryha ToV T-jp'qoS!?rOTauov. 'EvTcV'Oev 8' J7r0opcV'0or-Ia crra/ tov (S 7-pebtS 77rapacwy~- 20 'ya9 7rErvrcal8erca, E7rL Tov T\~cP36oav rora/zov. o vro? 3' )v deryas piev 0ov, caXo9 3S rcwfJLat OS 7ro\aLt 7rept 4 rov rorapuov yaapv. 56 o 7Tr09 0709ro 'Appevia E/cKaXero e e ' / cr t el ' ^1 I q 7r7po0 &c7Tre7cpaV. v7rapyo 83' v avrTr) TpipISapo9, o calt c3acr\Xe (lXo, TyevojleCvo, rcat, 07r0re 7raperl, ovret 25 S aXXoS /3SacaXa eCrr, rov 'r7roPv ve'3ap\\Ev. oV7ro 7rpoaOr.aq I-tqp' c 77r,, 8j\a'ev irrEaS eXytwv, cat 7rpoTre4f ra9 epJo vea Cr7reo, oT i30ovX\otTo 8oa\eXetxvrrat 70o apXOovpv. 70oa e o'rpaTr/t tocv covcraa ca 7rrpoareCXovrG es eTJcoo 6 4crwTCV, i edeOXo. o ' en7erc, ot av7rewicaaOat /30v\oro 30 166 ANABASIS. (' e re LTr'j7 auvro ro O' "EXXyvas a8SEicei L JrT e/ce"lvov gcdeLw T oTl/ia, Xa/al/3vetv Te TarrrTr8ecta o-wv 8sOLVTo. e8o0e ravra TroTo aoTpar/yoes Ical eo-vreavro 7rQ TOVTOC'. 'EvrevOeZv 8' e7ropevOUoa-av oTra/ovs' Tpei tb& re8IOv, 7 5 7rapao-'yyas? rTrrefcaiteca:caa Tip l3a'os rraprKcoXkovOe eXwv 'rTv eavroyv Uvvautv, a7rEXeO oW S 8Eca crTa8oovao fca actfcovro e /8ao'/\e(a Ica KcfJla w7rep't 7roXXac, 7roXX\\v ayaOiwv peoa-r'. ZTpaTO77eevop$evwv 8` a'vrtWT yivera& T7) VVKTO 8 Io Xetv rroT-Xo' Kcat toOev g8oe 8ataorcrKvofae ahS Tda':es Ical Tobs O'Tpar7yobv /cara Tay fcKcoiLas ov 7yap ewpwv 7roXe/tLov ovSeva Kcal aorfaXe\ e8Ot evaL lta To 7rX?80o T^S XolvoS. Evravf EOV 7ravra Trt'rtrteta, tSa 9 estr yaOa, eta, o-epe crov, oivovsv 7ra\abovs evb8use, ia do-TadSaqs, "ao7rpta 7ravro8a7ra. Tuv 8' a1'roa-ceSavvvjLevL'ov TLves a7ro Tv o -rparo7reov xeeyovs, otrt carioev 'VKTcrwp 7roXX\a 7rvp& /atvovra. eSOdcet )S ro 70t apar7jyots ovc ao- aX\e elvat 8ta-cric- 10 vovd, aX\a aovvrayayev TO o'rpcvrevfLa rd\v. erTevOev 20 o'vvj\XOo' caK r5yp \ oeEL 8taOcLPpta'ev. NvfcTepevrdvToV 8' avr'wv evtavO' Er'7r7ri7e X& v 11 aTrXevos, (oT-r' d7recpvU e Kcal vra 7rX\a cal rovbs advOpc7ro0v g araicEt/tLVov^v' Ka rTa Troviya oavvesro6at-ev 7 X"L~v Kat 7ro"Xbs OKVOs 7v avio-rao-Oat KaTcaKEtoEc'vl) ~iw' ical vroXvv ' el ~ *caTaNcet/je 25 Tyap aXeetbrv b jv 7 ]O %x, 7rrr67erTrwKvc a orq y7 p trepippvelre. Trel 8\,ecvoi^wv 'ToXw'cre 7vp/0vo ava o- 'ev 12 $vAa, Tay' avaTards T fKcal a6XXo' EKeitvov aQeXXo/LEpo' EavteTE. EC Se 7TOV7OV ca ot aXXot CvacTravreg 7rvp etcaov Kat eXpioroo' roXb 7yap eTravO ecvptCoKero %Xp- 13 30 a ta, t eXpi)vro avr eXalov, o-Pveov Ical a-rq7crL6Vov cal apivry8d\Xvov ec rwv O7pLKpov cal repei/3TvOCvov. ec 8s TCZ)v avTwv TrovTOV Kcalt poP evplto-cE7O. BOOK IV, CIAP. IV. 167 14 Merit rarT' eSo'ce 7raX\v 8taoicvyrweov eZvab Kara T7C cow/,as ects crTryas,. vua Srj ot crpartoraT a rv rroXX\\j pavy9 /cat rIovjj ao-av E7r Tas? arrteTa icat 7rwLtmT4eLa oaoa ', ore TO 7rporepov a7rrav, as' olKcia evrerpr a-av tr' tracdatas', 6ifsfy toarav icaiccts 5 Cr/VOUVVT7ES. 15 'EvTrevOev 'Tret'xfav T'v? vvwc'roS A'rlyocpa'rTv Tqrvltrnv, cvSpas 86Iv7eS, E7r Ta op7, cvua Ef)aarav ol a7TroarKeavvutfevot fcaOopav Tra rvpca oVros Tyap c8~ocet Icat 7rporepov 7roXXa S'r a\'X evo&uc-a Toara, Ta ov 7C sra wre o ra cat 10 Ta /7ji ovra C of ovlt ovra. 16 IIopevfds &~ rma pCv 1 rvpa ovfC '()77 tSelv, auvpa 8e oavXXa/3wov?fcev a'ywv eXovra mo-ov Ilepa-ctr eca; 4apevpav at or aEyaptv otav7rep Kca at 'Atza4oves cXovu-v. 17 epTo)/ovoq 8e, 7nroSa7ros? c"L7, l-parrl7v Ltv r y elvat, 15 wropeverOa 8L ' a7ro ro0 Tiptf3adou varparevmt aros, 0'7rWs E7rtr'oeLta XaC3ot. ot 8' rpTrwv avrov T' arpcprcvfa 18 o7roo-ov e et7 Kica E'7rL TiL aV ucXcfYIEvv. o 8' eiTrEV, on Ttpl/3a4os eit EXov 7rr)v rVe eCavroV vUva/Luv itat tia-OoS6povu XatIv/3as Kca TaoXovs-.rapearcevdufa at 2o ' avrov e4pr) Os' w7r Ty u7rep3ooX' rTov opovu ev ro? yr2rep AovaX, a^Oa 38a s t~yoe,,..,, a-re-'vol, yrrep,uovaXa% eLt7 7ropeta, evravua etOrlrO.fJevov ToaS "EXX\o'rv. 19 'AoVaracrO Troks rarpar?'yots raura ctooe To T7pad7rtvLa aovvaryayeuv' icat evOUs v pavkaca' tca7raX7rvEresf cat rrpa- 25 \ ' \!, 7rqyoV E77r TOl pJvovca, aoafatlverov XrvjLdcXltov, w7ropevov-o0 eOy7-rs ^yefotva 'rov a'Xovra avOpWTrov. 20 'ETreL&O 8' rrepe'/aXov TA tpyl, ot reX racrTrat rpolovore icatl c ' anores '5 arparotreaov ouvc "luewav ToaF ordXiras, JXX' avaicpayovreS efOeov E7rl 'O a-paTo7reorv. 30 21 o o8 /3 cap3apoa uacova'avures rv Odpv/30ov oXy v7re'txvav, a\\x' evyouv t'O s 8 re avo7 v T7Cve TmV 3 apf3apov 168 ANABASIS. ical 2r7row Xecoav ea l eUfcoKOL, /ca4 2) o'cr7nv) TtpeL3'ouv eaXto, Kat ev avTvrj KXtctva apvypo7roSev ca}, eKTrfokaTa Kcal ol aprocoT7ro rcal oivoxoot )aCrcovrre elvat. 'Evct8 68' E7rvovTo ravra ol TWv 7r\XtT&)V CTpa- 22 5 T77yo, E OKEC av7oL a7rtelval tIv raXtlar 'rl TO -TpaTOre76rC, i 77 rs e7riBeo6~ a yeVOtTO To-s rcarTaXeXet/u/11evo0. Kal evtzvq avaraXcaa'cevot rp 'aX\7rlY yyt a7yav, cate aGC lovro av0W7cepwOv &7rl TO CrrparOre80ov. They pass through a region of snow, with great szufering. V. Tb 6' iarTepala eo6cet wropeureov etvat o7rp vawaro 1 0o Tradotra, 7rp i aovX\Xcyvat To roTparevLra 7raXtv l fca KaraXal/3ev 7va Tevla. crvCrfcevaoCalevoI 8 evOvi E7TOPpevov7TO &ta XytLvo 7roXX5? 25yte/ovas E'XoV7Te' Kcal ai07j1epov v7repf3aXdvreC rT oi apov, Ae' e 'eLXXev ertriO[eaOat Ttpl/8ao9, KfaTerTpaTro7reTSevravTo. 15 'Evrc'Oev 0 ' eropevd'Or av crra0lovb, o 'pXlovu rpetv, 2 'rapac-rayya Trevrecal6eca, E'Trr T v Evfpa'Tr/v roTa/Louv, a stciB/3atvov avroV /jpeCoJevo 7rpo TrbOv OA faX6or. CteryOVO7 O avrov ai r'rrya ov 7rpoaw upvaL. 'EIvrevOCe eropevovro 8ta Xtovo0 7roXX2V Icat 7re'lov 3 20 craOmov Trpet, Trapaacy/ya reCvTre. o e TplTO Cro JcVr a\Xc7rbo6 cal avejao0 Poppas evavrTios 6eTrve ravTarraa'tv aTrrcawv 7raCva catl ryyvv Tov a o0p(7Op ov'. CvOa 8) 4 TrJV a twdvev T uEt7rv e aayta'racrOat ra Jw aveeuL, ical faytc'eTara. Kcatl ra-cr t 6r reptpavuw&? 6Gooe X\)at TO 25 xaXc7rov 7TO Trvevi/LarTO. ^v e 7T7 Xt^vo TOr /3dOo0 opeyvit cra rt wlcv vTrovytcowv Kcat TjwV 'vpa7r6acov TroXXa a7rcoXero, Kal rTwv acpaTtorTv w rptarcovua. AtIeevovro 8e r^77y vvra 7rvp kaoovrev' v\Xa 8' v5 ev 5 'cO 'TarfCOj croXla ol 8' 4/re 7rpoa'ovureq VXa ovuc 30 e%0ov. ot ov 7rdaxa fKcovre /eca 7 rvp fKaOVTre o0v 7poao BOOK IV. CHAP. V. 169 le-ay 7rpo rT7 7rvp T70o o#'trlovras, el i)7 fieCra8oiev 6 avrol? vrvpov ci 'X\o el' ti 'yOclV /3powrT. 'va 86j icere8t1oo-av aXXrjXots cv v eLovcacrrot. evOa Se 7T r Vp? ecacero, &tar77Ecoeezvr7 7T9 Xtovo {360Opot ECY/l~Ov0O 'ecaXoi 6'are trl TO daTreCoov ov5 8r wraprv PeTrpelv TO /PS3o 5 hn I 7 'EvrvOevoev 8 'r v erTTovUrav rjlpav oXrv 7ropEvovro sa %tiovoq, Kca 7wroXXo0 rw' dvOporrwv '/3ovXq\ilacav. Eevoc 0v 8' Ort0aOoqvXaK5Vv Kea T iacraXaula vwv T70o trfrerov/7a9 rcw aVpcowrw z y iLtrio e r3 wrAOo elte. zo 8 erretl 8 TrE avrw Tw cEwtlpwv, on raao) V TvCr aVT60 TO vretptov,;r rt f3ovX\itfic-, Kcal tev Tn 0bd0watv, avacTj-ov'rat, Trepttw 7repc Tr vTiroCvya, el' rI rov opojy /3pworov, BCtel8OV ecal 8t7reLT7Tre ~ ovTra 70T us' vva/c'vov0 7rapa7rpe'xtv T0ot,SovXitaiJ-iv. Iwci87) 8' elkd ocv, advieravro /cal 15 f7TOpCVOvTO. 9 IIopevouaevwv 86 Xcipe'oftpt ) io adip4l K/cvefa9 7rpbo Cowi) J bpiv Fczvetal, cat v8pocopovuaa EK T7)7 fc....7 yvvalfcas fcal Kcopa /KcaTraXa/,a3vea 7rpo? rjT /cprjvp 4 -10 7rpoc-Ov roO epv/iavo?. aUrati 17prTv aVTroi, 7vcF eeCv. 20 o 8' EepJrlveuv ctre 7rcp-ic-rl,, on 7rapt fao aL\eoW 7ropevotvro 7rpo9 rov a-arpdarrrv. al ' aTrefcKpvaVro, oTn OVK evTavbO' ci, dXX' J rryoi oc-ov.crapaa-yllv. ot 8', wrre o1E?itv, 7rpo7 7o9 v KWtOiPXrl o-vveticepXov0Pa el s 70 epvuLa a'vt TatS vpoo6potL. 25 11 XeipXcrocos tUEv osv o cKaCt oot eSvv'Otr-av rov -Trparev/uaroI Cvravtc c-r7paro7re86evravro, rcv 8' ad)Xwv caTpartwrtv ol 1v) 8vvL'ctUevot 8taTreXeal rrv 6ov I evvrepevcaav acliroi Ka, aev 7rvpo' caL evraUOa rtve? a7rlo12 XOTro Tr6V arTpaTtriwrw. eeitrroPrO 8e Trv TroXe[lZ v 30 crvvei\eXyeTevo r7ive Kca Ta fir 8vvtcaeva 7rope&ta~0ai rT& v7rovtyltov fp7ra'ov, calt JXX\rXots eJXaxovro Trept avTwv. 170 ANABASIS. 'EXel7rovro 8e TWv c-TparaTtLoW ot' Te 8tef0aptuuvo V7tO Tn XLOVOs 7TO o9 00oaXLovvs o' re Vrro TOV *rVCOVs Toy7 oa/cTv1ov? wv r TTro8ov avroc-errfTroTre. /v f' TO?70 13 rev o)0aXpoio e7rrt/covp7/La T'?i %Xoz'oS, Cl 7( T t eXav rl 5 exov 7rpo 7rWv ofOaXtu.Lv 7ropeVuoro, TCrOV O rot8v e' T7 fCtvovT70 Kal /wr8E7SrOTE 7c-vXlav e'ot, cal el Tvo vv'cra V7roXvoro' ocro0 8V' vTro6eSe/LevOC E/COLt iwVTO, EICevovTo 14!, elS' toU 7rooa' of ltavT'e~ cav ra ro tTa v78a repa e7rryIvvTro /cal,yap cr-av, E7re87r} evre'Xvre ra ap Xa-a 1o V7roSrjLaraa, cap/ar'Tvat avnrot 7re7rolu/Leva e/C r vveo8cfprTv /ocov. Ada 7a? rotavras ovv avaray/ca? v7reXeLrrovro rtve? TrWv 15 cTparouvr ' x cat iS6vres p e'Xav T7 xtplo/v 8ta Tv /\CXcXo7rEvai, avordtO 7)v X6ova el/Ccaov T7e67T/Cvat, /ca 15 7er67jCEt 8ta /icpjvyv rtva, rrXciov r r ov arv d/iovcra Ev vr7rrq. evravOa Ecpa7rotLevo / aeOtrv7 t 1cal o/C Sfacav, 7ropevoe-c-Oat. o &e Zevo0wkv eXowv 70ov o7rcrtOocvXalca 16 pc'-eroTf eSciro aVrwv 7rdac Te7xvpZ Kal iLv7Xavj vi a7ro\Xel7rc-OaL, Xe'r wv, 7\ev, rovTra 7roXX\\o roX\ tot cuvvet20 XeYE4voL, Kca TeXevrwTv EXaX\e7ratvcv. o 8 aTdrretv eceXevov, ouv yap av avcvao-Oa 7ropevfOhvat. 'EvTaDO' e8o0e Kpart7crov elvat roVs erro'e vovs 'roXe- 17 [lov, p) fo3c-at, e' 7rw? Uvvatv0ro, / ETloLEv T0ot? /ca/ivouc-tv. xCat lV [Ev c-/ (CO7TO? /8, o01 6 7rpo-jac-av 7ro\Xw 25 OopvPi3 ad l twv eov 8taCepoOevoL. 'vd\a 8) o V 18 orTo'rrofpvXaKe ' o' re vTytaivvovre9 egavaa-vrres s'8paplov e7rl TOV7 7roXedvloVS ol ~e /ct /vov7E9 cva/cpayovre F oc-ov eSvvavro Iey/e-rvov, Ta da-7r8Sas 7rpo? 7a 8opara ecpovcav. ot 8e rroXe'u o 8e'c-avrec 7j1cav eavrovs Icara 30 T'r? XtvoSo' eT r71 varr7v, icat ovoeMl ET& ovt8aJiov ebe'y7aTro. BOOK IV. CHAP. V. 171 At length they reach villages abounding in provisions. 19 Kai Sevocfbv /vLv Ical ol avv avbr elirovreo TovS agOevovav, aort, 7 vraorpata *:ovoat Tve e7r avrotk, 7ropevoIevo06 7rptv TerTapa arTcLa XBeveZv ErTvy'advouva' ev O,, \ T ' ' ' TO' Tr o 6S ava7ravoE voO b 77 7rl rv ooXLvo TrOS a-rparztcora C/ryeKaXv/.uLtevo), cal o0v8e OfvXafc ovte/j t ca caLeirrqcKe,' 5 \,/,* Kca a vrtaracav avrov. ol 3' kXeyov, Ort ot e/,7rpoaeev 20 ovyX vroxwpolev. s wrapcotv cat 7rpor77-E/prco77- 7reTraa)rwv V709 0oUpOT7aTOV9 ECE\XEE CK'eaocaOa, Tt i'7 Tb /, coJXovu. ol 3' a7rrye7XX0ov, ort O\ov OVr70 ava7ravotLro 7TO TpraevLa. IO 21 'EvTavOa /cat ol a0jcil 'Sevocfxovra vlXtrraOo'av avrov avev 7rvpo09 /calt aoerrvo, fuXafca\ o0a9 eo'vavro xarara7r'7aa Eevo. o 7 re6 o3 7rpo0 rftiepa 17v, o /5ueV Sevopowv 7rexF as 7r'pot 'rovU ao'oevovvTa( TOVI JOrTaTovy avaarTj7 C.6/ ) 4ta~ 77EVG-0 0 'TOKtEQV7C avaarrr,aairaq; cKeXV v J1ay/ cIaC wrpoevat. I 5 22 'Ev 8e TroVT Xetplrofbo9 7Tre77re7 T)LW lC T71 K/C/)r/7 O-/CE*O/5Jvov9, 7ro7-0? e otev ol reXev7rato. ol 3' atcrevot IOPvTE9? T70V9 /LeV cr 0EVO7T7aC To70VT7t apeoo'av KcoptlLetv e7r To CrTparo7re8ov, av' To8' eoropevovro, cal Trpiv E% Cv7E9.,,25 24 "EvOa or\ IloXf/Cpar19 AfyvaLt09 XoXay7oi e/cEXevev AJcdevat Eavro'v Kact Xal3w rVTOUa ervL wovo, O vor c7rb 71v XeCplo'or/ oV i lv aXX zeot CevovtKv, o aTaXa8 af3tv 7raXVra Ev30V Tov7 fccoW2e11Ta9 Kat T roP /cwap917V, Kcal 7trwCOaUv 6 8aao-fIv 3ao-X\el 7rpe0oe vov9 E7rTa/calacKca, Kab T7r7v Ov- 30 172 ANABASIS. 7yarepa Trov ICwtappxov, evarT7v iltepav yeyayreLvr o "0 8 advp avuTr Xa/yo XETOXro Orpdacov Kcal ovx?Xwo ev Tal e KW/Loa?. Al 8' oblciat aav caEdTayetol, TO /LEV oCrToa eS-7rep 25 5 ppeaTro, icCTC7 8' evpetat' a ' ecaioot, Tro0T LEV V7T0 -v^y0o,? opwcVa4 op 8' dvaOpwro tca KTe3Bavov Kcara K\IuaKco9. ev 8e TaKv olcas cav alyes, O F i, opvtOea, Eca La e-yjova TOvTW' ra The xr'f1y7 rdrra XXj evsov 'p4e6ro. tiaav o e ca irvpol tcaa, tcptOal icai oaT7rpta 26 Io KcaL oM'os Kpiltvoo fe v pavTpatV. Ev'arv e cal av ra al cptL0a lcr0XEXo6\, Ke fcal Ec\XaL606 EvievKET, o0l /[ElV LfEl'0ovs, otl ' EAarovw, 7ydvara OVK' 6XOVTE' TOVTOV9 8' eiel, 27 07rOre Tt9 8croron, Xa/3o6va eCS TO CrTOLoa Uv'e6LV. KcaL 7ravv aEparo9 7Vs el t1 reT vowp E7r6XEo' Kcal wrdvv 8 V 15 CvLJaEovrT TO 7rW&a i'v. 'O \e 0evoOf^v TOv apovTa 7T? tC [r7I Tav'T77 acvv- 28 8et7rvov e7roLroaTo, Ecal Oappev p c eXuvec, Xc'yi O OTe ' r ~ t'I 6,1O.0, O U OVT6 TOWv 7rKv(Wv arTep1raoLTo, 77Vr T7 oltfcav avTov avTreF7rXrjcaavre E7rtr78eWV ago 'av Eaiv, Eav clyaov TL TO7 a7Tpaev/ia I I,11,,I., a a,, cap 20 EpeyaEadevo (fbalvrfral arr av ev a\XXeo gOve 7evovra7T. o 86 Travra V7rLo-'veTro, Kal ()tLXoopovo'v'6jvo oevov 6O'opa- 29 oev evOa / V KcaTopwpvy[,ePvoF. TraVT71v 1EV OVV Trrv vvKcTa 8taGEt7vro-va1VTEV OVT0- e1co9pEKOr[Iroaev e iracrtv ado6ovot 7rareT o0 orTpaTtWrat, ev (rvXaEEcKj EXovPT6 25 Tro v K.o P caX K ra TeKcva aUrov o6tov dv oVB0aXTj^ 8' e7rbovaoy yepa Sevo)v uXaf3&w ov cO topapXi7v 30 'rpnOp XEtplpCObov eTropvET0' OrTOV 8e rraptio KQ)6Iv/, eTpe7reTO 7rpo? TOVI? ev TEaEx fcKoaL cal KE KEareXafi/3ave 30 7ravTaXov eveoXovuVov0 Kca eGv[Ov [EPvo V9, Kcal ov8aaO4elv atreLav 'rrpiv 'rapaOelev avEroEL atptarov' oV1 31 yr 8' 07rov oV 7raperlOeeaav 6r rL T7v avzrjv7 rpaLrcav Kcpea BOOK IV. CHAP. V. 173 apveaa, epl4teca, Xolpeta,,tcoreLa, opviOcta, arv 7rolXo~l apTots' rot? ttfV T7vpivos', TotS 8O KCptLVOit. 32 07WO7e 86' 7rS iXkotf0povoJevoU 7O) /3 ioXoTro wrporrteLv, EtXKcev d7rt TrOV Kpary-pa, 'evOev e7rtu'vravTa teetb pooovrra 7rlvewu wcoarep f3oiv. KcaU TWr cwtPapx, e8L8ocrav XaL/3aC- 5 Yeiv O,Tlt 3ovXoiro. o 8 a\XXo 1tev ovSev E8eXETro OT0OV 8e rTva TCrJw CvyycVMV I8oL, Tpos eavrov aet c6Xa/3avcv. 33 rewt 8'?\Xo rpo Xeloofov, Caov rpae Xvpi ov, arapavoov9 o'ricyvoZvras', arrefavwpevovs ToV F:Opov XX\ob a~'rclcvots, Kcai StiaKcovovTra 'Ap/,ceviovu 7Tra'8aa v ra t /3ap/3apticas 1o I s st el ),.e er ar'oXac' Tro? 8 s'rao-lv eSIrcvvcrav, Ca7Trp eveSo, Io,,r Ix r 86oi0 Toielv. 34 'E7red 8 ' dXXjXovs EfmXosbpovoa'av-ro XetipLa'oos' Ecad SYcvocf)v, fcoiv9 8)? aZrpwrowv r ov IcEwLdpwy 8ta drov irepao'iovroVTO Ep/L7JveS, r, er q?y XopPa. 8' exryev, 15 ot 'Apklevia. cati rdaXv rjpw-ro, ritv oLt rrwoi rpEotvo. ro, 6 8' 6Xeeys ot /3atLcXe 8aar/So' v 86 7n -Xlo0iv Xcpav P'ry elvzai XaciXvU3as, /catl rrv o8v k'pa'ev y etly. 35 Kai avrkv Tore,LeV u ek 0 daywv ZEo vo4PJOv rpos I ros' 20 cavrov obfceras. Icat ir7iro, ov ciK4 e i, 7raXa^iepov 8/oait, 7rj xewLadpyyX Jva0pef ravrt caraOiaXat, o'r jf/covV Ov t I V, 868 T f bN a ap cvY aVTOv icpiv ci at TOV t'Hiov, 8ecuS', 1fd cTroOcvy' eKicefic07ro ryap v7rob Tr 7ropeas" avtrO 8e rov 7r\cXwv Xapjs3aivet, Ical Tc wv aX\\v warparyywc V Kcal XoyXayWv 25 36 o/itcev EKcdao-C JrcpXov. a)cap 8' otl av7ry rtrrot ueloves uJev rCvT IHepaLUcOv, OUjLOEL8o-rTepoL 86 TroXU. ev-raiva 8h alt 8cLa L acei o itcwipXril 7rwept To 7ob ros'8a? 7' rw tvrwcF Kical Trv virovylrwv aacata rvepietXev, oTrav 8ta T?7y? vo O yw a a)'O'Yc aev /tap rcv (aicltv Kcaresvovro 30,46ep r v'y yaarpos. 174 ANABASIS. They march along the Phasis river, dislodging the enemy. VI. 'E7rres ' j/pepa Jv oyo8o', Trv wev jyepova 1 7rapa8tlwa8 XetpLounw, rov ' oa ce" a carTaXeiret T IceLpap X, 7rXjv To ViO TOU apT-o 3oda'cGKovTro Tovrov S' 'Evrave 'Ap/.fLroXiTr /8coa' fU\aTdreLrV, o'rro el 5 KaXc39 sjryrcatro, ewv xcai TOVrov arrLoi. IcKat E T7yv ocsElav av7TovU icre oplovav w e6uvavro 7'rXtZaora, cal avacevav7req e7ropevovro. 'Hyero 8 ' avrTols 6 IcO/uapX7 ~ XeXvpevos &a& Xtovo'. 2 Cab 7j r7 Te zv' ev Tj rp/irw aTaOw, ECab Xeppiaoboso xo av'to exaXe'ravOr, ort oWfc el? Kcwojas 'y/ev. d 8' eXc 7EV OT, 0o: leEv EV TCO To7rQ) TO7v 6T. 0 0 XetptLa(roo) avTov eTraccre peV, eSo-6e 8' ofv. Ece O\ T0oTOV EK tivoS 3 '7j9 vvfcTo? a7roopa'?Cxero, faTaXL7TroV ToV r Viv. TOVyTO rye a8i Xeptaf7opw Kat 'EVOp^wTv LOVOvy oItaqPopov Ev TE I5 7UOP. 'ETraOe'qvrlq a' pda'r rol TO 7ratLo?, ital oticase &Ko/.to'a rtLr'TorTar eXpyro. MeTra rvoo eTropevOo-av erra araaLov', ara 6Tre 4 'rrapao-rdryaa T77? 4'pas, wrapa rbv Pa-av v 7rorafov, 20 evpoq rrXeOptaov. evTEVEV e6op6eVnacav aTaO/loov? 6o, 5 vrapacdrayya 8SKaE 67ri 86 r7 E1 TO 7rea ov V7rep/3oX\7 77TrrT7jrrav aUiro X? Av XU/e9 ca\ TdoXob Kcal IacrtavoL Xctp'alofoV 8' E7ree xcaTreSe To? 7roXephlov? '7r& Tr 6 v7rEp/3oiX, e7ravcraTo 7ropeVUevovo, are'Xov? rpitaicovrTa 25 CaTa8ovv, 'va 1d} KarTa Kcepay awywv 7rX?7oalay7 Toq rroXeItioL rapryycjt~e 8e xca TOs' aXXotq rapayev 70To x Xo elf I \ XoXouvV, O7rO E7rtl faXayr7yo? EPOLTOrto T crTp ev/aa. Trel 7 8?X0ov ov 7rLto'OovXa/cev, -avvCeKcaXce vov70 cTpaTrlyoUV tcal Xoxayov, Ka Eca eXeEV ()e8 30 "0' OP v 7roXe/to, co) opare, KarexovU Tra v7rep/3oXXaS BOOK IV. CHAP. VI. 175 I P0\ (09 Tro opovu' cpa e /3ovx~vUeo0a oTro a t /cda\Xtora 8 aywvvtovfela. 4LioE 4 ev ovv Gotcet 7rapayyeX\XeYv ev dprto7roote0ao'Ob TOs a rpactoLrat9F ^&a (Se /3ovXevjeoa-Oa, ece Tf7iepov, erTe avpov oeL vlrop3\dX1i 'o opo0. 5 9 "'Euol 8&?ye," erl o KXedvop, " soaceL? 7reT8Lv a'dxtcira aptirrrowfuLev, e:owTrXaajaL'eovu (0 TaxLtacwa Levat E7T 70ovw avcpaS. el yaRp Sarpt^rolev rrv r jTepov rjLGepav, o' re vpv?7ika opwvPre CIroXeito OappaX~eTrepo& ovra xaK a ov eXa o 0 ~co 0 vTv Oa ppouvrwov wreXov9 Io 7rpoayeve7EaOa." 10 MeTa 70TVroV Uevo)00v eL7TrevP "'E yo 8' ov7T 7tYtVO'IfcWO. el (lV ava7ylcv] earl 4ad%ecrOan, rovro (eM 7rapaaEcevdaaacfOat, 07rro co0 ( epdrtarCa LaXovkE0a, El se /3ovXo'/cOa c p6arTa V7r-p3daX\\LX, 15 TOVTO [vOL OKcel af-cerTTreov elvc, o07Tro c eXaxtcrca /uev rpavJCara Xpo3woLJev, co eXaXtrra 8e arara avp&vv ac7Tro/dXc\W/v. 11 " To pev o0v Opo7 e0r9 - 7TO O Rpfevov 7r\Xov fi) b' e1r7fovra 7cTa8aa, dav8pcS 8' ovSaaov )UXavdrrovTc9 r/La? 20,bavzpotl lavXX' a' aX vrv Triv 6o86'v 7roXb ouv KfpEtTTOV TOV Eprjl[ovU OpOUv Kca KcXX\era Trt retpaoOat XaO6vra;q eca dpirdcraa t OdaavraVTa,, el (vva/^,cOa, ia\XXov 7 rpoS? laXvpha %Xopta cat davSpaq 7Tape'crcevao't/evov9 12 taxexaQat. 7roXv yap paov opOtov da'axe\ lervat #' o4aXE? 25 v&Oeev xcal ev8ev rroXec'olwv 'vrw, / cal vVKfcTp aita e' Uax\xov & v nt wrpo 'roS&v op 1 r c? E teO ' 6/j7epav.ma%o,1evo9, Kca 77 rpaXela T70O? rocrto a4/aXye lovacr evtvevcr'repa ) i OC/aXi\ r7a' cefbaXa\ /3aXXo/cE'vrot. 13 " Kal cXecatL 8' ovic JavarTo f[OL (o1ce? etvat, ~Cov 30 e 9V VVKTv09 ilaL v, pv &e JrreBwXOe TO'OVTrov, S0? p/7j alaOVYrav wrapeXev. ooopcuev 8' av 176 ANABASIS. po Taravr 7rpocr7rotovpevOL 7rpoao'aXev epncLorepp av Tr aWXXo ope XpYaffOa jevoev ryap av avrov /LaXXov dtOpool at 7roX\Ltot. Trap Tt y70( Trep /KXOT7rp cTU/3aLXXotat; vpa(c Tap y eywoe, C Xetpiooce, adcovto Tovs 14 5 AaKce8atoavovv, 'crot Ecrre Trwc ouotwv evUOv eKc ral8ovy Xc\e7rr'erv pXevKav, Kai ovc alcrpov eTvat, aXXa KaX0ov \Xe7rrTetv oca Irj KcOXwue YvoktO. OTCoeS 8S' co cpaprtLra 15 /eXE7rrqTe r cai 7retpaaOe Xav0adveL, vo/tpLov apa vpty ETart, fha X\7,b7Tre KXe7trroVre9, jacrrtyovadat. virv o0v Io /adXa cot Katpog rrotv rt3er taoelaOaf Tr>v 7raa8eav Ecal fvXd'a~O0at, \ra Xr7b0OBwpev cXE7rTTovTre ToV opov0, (0 /k?0 wroXXaq TrXTya c Xafewpve." "' A\Xa ePTO', pr o6 Xetpiaooso, "i Kayco uUay? T70o 16 'AOquvaiovu afcovw Setvov0 0r cLvat KX\E vr 8 /oaa, 15 cat pa\a V7ro o8evov Tro Ktvouvov Tw KeT7rrovt, Kca rov KICpartarovT 6 pevrt /aL\Tara, eir7ep rrap' vMdV ot K/paTrrTo apXeLv doEouTaLe w'r)e f pa cal cro erL6ellcvwalcu r>v irat6clav. " "'E7c) /Pv rotvvv," fS 6 Sevoc^Tv, " ei-TOto? elptt 17 20o TOv o7rw-OofvXaKa9 egXwv, e7re3Cav 8etLrvrjawjcev, Uevat KcaaX*6rop6e vo9 T0 o'poS. eXO oe Ical 5ye"povam' o 7ryap IYUI^'070'V 'P^,. t e ^ ^ / K(,8 YV/LVlTre rwTOW eeG7rotervo) 7/tpv cko7rwIv 6Xaflov rTva? eveSpevo'avTe TOVTCOV cal 7rvvOavotLat, orT ovfc a8a7rv c-rT T opo, po a XXa vee~Tat alKlt 1 cal fov r[v * GC-T' Edvirep 25 a7ra^ \d3(oiLev rt rov OpOUS, 3ara Kcat Toq v7ror0vltiot 'Tarat. A\riw 8' oe roMgS roXelous' pevew erTt, eret- 18 oav OcwaOV Itas ev Tr O3OtOi ov6e yap ovv 0eEXovoaKaTar3ativeiv 4'pt wr T- ta ov. '0 8e Xetplao'os e7e ~ C 19 30 " Ka' Tt 8Sel oae ltvat cat Kcaraket7reVv Tr)v ow7rtOovXacciav; aXX' adXXov? e44oV, " v p r ' Oeao O balwwvrat.e BOOK IV. CHAP. VII. 177 20 'Efc 7ovrov 'AprcTovvtJXos MeOvSptev'9 spXerat 57rXira EXwv cal 'Apwtcrea' Xo 7fyuvpvriras xcal Ntl/co/aXo OTaro yvtvyjTata ca atr vOrjtLxa wrotjav'ro, 7rOrT' 6oevL T" a dcpa, 7rvpa KcaLe vroxXa. raVra cuvvOeLervo 21 iptrowtv 6KEc 7 TO [pi-70a-ov 7rpo9yayev Xeo cpLo-oo 5 zO 'TparTev, r 86a rrav 0eca o 1aSov T vrpo ToV 7roXe/^Xovs, o07ro3 6',ad\tt'ra 8oicoro TravrJ T'rpooa'etv. 22 'E'rel 8' e8elrvr^arav Kcal vv 6761VeTO, ol 1yev TraxOevre9 xozVTo, cal xca'raXaa/,3daova' TOr opos, ol 8o dXXo avrov avcEravovro. ol S& CroX ret f rOovro evov TO 10 opo9, e7ypr77yopeo-av cal eKaov 7rvpa 7ro\kXa &t vvicroS. 23 eTrest 8' eixdpa eyeteTro Xetpltaro/ow /ZCv Ou-vatuevos wre xcaa r71jv 68^v, oi cS r\ Tpo6 c~araXa/36orev 'cara rTa aKpa e7ryaav. 24 TMjv 8' av 7ioXc/Jlwv TO /1~v 7TOXU /j6I~evv 67rri 7t I5 v'reppoX 70zov 0povu, /9epo0 o8 avrwv c7rr-vTCa o70 Kcara Td atcpa. 7rpiv 8' 6/ov eilvaI ro7v 7roXXotv?, akXXjXoLv rv/1LLt7vvalatv o0 KaTar Tr aKcpa, Kal vKCfWt-t ol "EXXTVeVs 25 KCal 8t6Ocovoa-v. ev rovr7 8 a KCa Qo K TOv Te8tiov o0 1e V 7reXraarra r'v 0 'EX'vwov OpdO1tw e80ov 7rp90 TOU? 7rapa- 20 Teray7/evovF Xetpicrofso G OarroTTv 7 j3do8yv eei7rero o'tv 70ro 5'X5-cu9. aV TOV? 0oT7rXATa t?. 26 01 7oX o 7ro\ 0 r ol 7 o; &7rcrto7 TO dv ewpwv 77Jrr7bevov, (evy7ovat ' clKa arreavov puv ov 7ro\XXo avrTWv, 7eppa oe 7rd/a7roXX a lr q071, & o0 'EXXrl7vev TaLy 25 27 aCalpa9 K07r0ovPreT aypeta e7rotovv. co, 8' Jvlepr3aav, 6voavre KIcaL 7po6raLov c07rd/CLevo KaTre/3~7cav el" TO 7re6iov, Kai el c Kco/ja L roXXw'v ad6aO&v y7el6ovao- 7Xov. They capture a stronghold of the Taochi. 1 VII. 'Ec 86 7TOVr01v E7ropev0Tjaav elf Ta6xovv -TaOpoov) TreTre, 7rapac-a77ay s TptaKovra' cal K r rra-ter a 30 178 ANABASIS. rCLtqre owpla yap CwzCKOV laoXupa ol TdoXot, ev ots fcal Tra7wTr8cta rd'vTa EXov ava/cefcoJLLcIevo. c7rel 8o dap- 2 IcOPTO 7rp0o XoptuoV, r'Xto\lv j~v oiuc exev ov8' o'lca9, arvvc6XX}\v6or 8' ]crav avroo'e Ka av p t vatIcec 5 fad KTC7jv TroXXac, XepiasocfoS pE v rpos TOVro Trpocre/3aXXe\\lv EVOV TfccvU eC7ret~r 8' e 7rrparTy TartL aTe/CcapUVev, aX\\r 7rpoor7,ee ca Ka 0 aO, dXXT ov fyap 77v aOpootL Trepit-rTvat, aXX' crTrosroov v KcVf/CX. 'EreLtSb 8e 'ervo4kwv XOe avv Tros o7r6rwCOo/v6Xaa Kcalt 3 1o 'reXTraara,^ tKcabl OrX5aL6, evraiOa 87 Xe'ye Xepltrocfo' "El KcaXLOYV jo/ETe' 3o ap Xeoptov atpeTrov' r9, yap arpar, obic c 'rratrSeraa, /i\ Xrlqt'6/Oa T\ Oplovr. 'EvravOa 8b KOtyv /3ov\eoV0r0'* /Cal \TOD cVO' b6VTOs 4 15 iporTeoTvrov,, TO K eoXOV or e caLXo0ecV, eiTVrev Xetplo-oco9 " Mia av7T 7Vrapo86s eiartv o'jv 6opa^ oTav 8e TS Trav7r) 7vretpaTrat rapteval, fcv\vX ovC \xtovu vrrep 'ravrls Tr V prrepe o77 rerpaq' S9 8' a&v xcaraX\)OO, ovrio 8tarO erat." aa 8' 6'8ete avvrerpTLJLtevovV av2o Opo)7Tov xat calb OCEX /cal rXevpa?. "'Eav 8e erov XiBovu acvaV bfwawv," ~' o -evoc'i, 5 " aXXo rtb 4 ov8ev,cwXvaSct 7rapteva; ov /yap 8) e/cc TOV evavrtov opowtEv ei d o\ Xiyovv TovTovU aJvOp7rov9. xca TOVTIOP I8 7 TrpeLv (T)7rXLco-/eVOVU. TO 86 %owpov, &C 6 z5 \ea~ tr 'opv, r ' 25 cKal cv Op6aq, ayXE8v Tpta ilw7rXeC0pa eCorrTv, o 8e /3 aXXo/evovsg 8&\0elVX. rorov 8e oaov 'rrX\'pov sacrv wrirvart Sta\et7rovTaat tLeyya\ac, avO' 6v' co-Tr/coTe aiv8peV Tt av racr-otev 77 v7rtb rcwv epotpvwv XiOBwv ' VTTO TwV KV\tvolAevo)v; TO XOtrrYbOv o j8s rytiY veray b ie c 7'I30 7rX\epov, O 8e6, OTrav Xwobrooawv o \l0Oo, rapaspa"elv. " 'A\N' ~e vsv e'qrSj o3 Xeplto'oso, " 7 are6Sar ap:o- 7 'AXV 6'0,n q C"05,eurla BOOK IV. CHAP. VII. 179,eOa ev TO ao-bav rpoc'vaI, cfepovra oi \io TrroXXot'. 'Avro av," epyr, "O Sov e' rrov y; Oar-o ap avaXwcrovtr Tovw Xiovs. daXXa wropevcwjeOa 'rev Ycftdzv f/CpOPv Tr mrapaopaCelv..-Tat, eapv vv& oe~0a, Kat aJ7r\0cX v paaov, cap 83ovu\to)/j0a. 5 8 'EvTevOev e7ropevovro XeLptia'ofo Icalb erevofcv fcat KaXX\ljaxoe IlappdoLtos XoXayro6 'o- rov o yap yi fyeI/jovia 93v rw) 07rtcrL0oeVcbaIcwv eKCeIV) y 7 epa otl ' aX\ot Xoxayoi CtLevov v rw c'araX\ t.,aera Tovro Vr"rtOov ri\ T-A S(vSpa avOpwcrowt 3o9 c/%0/~ovra, 011 1a 17rlXOO v 7o 0a 7 e't coa (sP,9p07K,)fCOplTa, 0Kfc IO aOpoot, dXX\a KaO eva, e`caCTO9 f vXaTTopr /LVO ct, ( E v9 vaTo. 'Aylao 'ia e ZrTv d\ioC Ical 'ApioorvvPLos, MeOvupteClVc, ca i ovro rTcv o7rCOOofvXacKWv XoXayyot oPviTe, icat da\Xo 8S, &e)eTararaav eco To &v Spwov ov ryap 37v do'aXe\; v rTot?9 ev;Pper-v JcTrdcvat 7rXeov 0 1 7v eva X6'ov. 15 10 "EvOa 80 KaXXitaXo FxrlxavaTra rTL' rpovrpeXev a7ro eTOV Sspovu, v5f' c ^9v avr6os, &vo q Tp/a /rpazraa 7wrl V' o l Xloot fEpOLVOToe, avXacv EvvCTreTWW ' 4 icKaGTar 86 T979 7rpo(poupo~z 7rXEov 7} Setca a[uaiat 7-rerpwv avr)Xti'~COlTO. 20 11 'O 8' 'Ayaala w opa odp T Ka\XXtlaaov a rerolct, Icat TO arTparevtCa 7rav Oecabcevov, &'a'a,,trj\ ov vrpJ-TO? vrapaopdatzo e 7To Xwopdov, oivre rTv 'Aptia-rwvvLOv rrX\Clov orvTa 7rapaKcaXe'ras orT' EvpvXoXov Tor Aova'ia f, 1 51 5f I w t 8 It I eratpovs' ovTra, ovr aXov ovoeva Xopet avros, icat 25 12 7rapepxerat 7trvTa9. o Se KaXXiJ/aXo- t9 opa' avrov 7rapt6vra, e7rr\Xa/citavetra aurov are r tTvo9' ev 8e 'Toirv 7rapaiel avrovv 'AptCrT6ovvfbo MeOv(3ptevs, fKatl,iTa iraP E1pOXOa ye AovatEczs r'7a1/T6es yap 0ovo70t a7eTOVToV Evpv'o~o t oe te rre yp o'' roi da 3 rerTOLOt'VTO aper93 Icalt trywovt'ovro rrpos adXX9Xovur Ical 30 OVTrwi ep1iovTeE alpoPva- T7 %Xoplov. &n "yap 7Tra4 eloaepa/Jov, ovSe 'et 7 Trerpo9 duIvCOev 'rjvey r. 180 ANABASIS. 'EvravOa 8r 8oewav Ojv ONea/ca. at yap 7yvvatLce ptrrrov- 13 rat ra vratlia ra cdaC ecavras ewLrcaTeppt7rrTovr, cat ol avopes c'-avarwg. 'vOa 8r Kcal Alvea ZXTrv/,aoaXco Xoxayol tiSov rva Oeovra Cw pslrovTa eavrov, 'roXrjv 5 exova KaXtYv, e7rXapL/3cverat c& KCS~ \v'o-ow 6 3' CavTov 14 E7rwLa7rrat, Kcat a/L6OTepoLt jovro KaTa T7wV 7rrpc)w epojuErvot icat aTreOavov. evrevOev d6vOpwroot Lev 7ravv oXiyot eXj007Oav, /30e~ 8e Kcal ovoI 7roXXol Kcat rpo-,aTra. They reach a mountainfrom which they view the sea. o 'EEvreOev e7ropevOr-av 8ta XaXtv/3awv rratLO/V E7rrtz, 15 7rapacraydya 7rEVTrrKOvTa. obrot Ocav owv idX\0ov aXtlpwrarot, icat 6el Xetpav p.aav. etXovV 86 OpacaL XtvoDv LeXPt roV JTJpov, avrr 3e TwV 7rr-epSvyowV V7rapra 7rVKva eTrpapftjva. ecXov 8e Kat Kevr/[LSa' KaEl /cpadvr KEcaL rapa 16 i5 r7T VoVrY]V aXyaipwov o'ov &vnXkvp AaKaclvc, fa TOV coy KpaTrecv UvvaTOv, K cal a7rorT/Lovres av Tra9 KC~baXa 6YOXTE E77-OPEVOVrTO, ical 770v caKL EXOpEVOv O7rOTr ot 7ro\elOt o'reOat ELeXX\\ov. ov 3 Kcal So'pv ws EPTvKrEcatiKE vrryfXewv iatav XoyyX v eXov. 20 OV7rot ''VLVOP v r TO roXa'aTOl raCo* eTrel e T rap- 17 eXOotev ol "EXXqlve?, et'rovro ael,LaxopLvot. wOovv v 'ro~ o e vpo cal a ' ea 2v a dvage3o6 Cv 701b OXVPOiSt, fat a7rtr E ar E 7TOUTOIS apacecoLtCLeroVot 7cavp. Wo'Tre t11w8ev Xa/,3avetv avroOCv 7roV 'IEXX\7vas, \XXa teTrpacdqreav rTOs KITrYECLV, a EcK Twv 25 Tao'dov eXa/3ov. 'ETc TOVTro ol 'EXXqve9 a/lrcovro E7rl rTO "Ap7racrov 18 7oraJo6v, eSpoI TeTrdpeov rXeOpwv. EvreOOev eT7ope6 -Or7aav La 'x IUcvOtvv araOoblg rTapa', rapao, 7rapa'a ' eLcooC, 8da 7re ov elt K a, v ctrvap epa9 30 rpetL ca 67eratcrrCrat7TO. BOOK I-V. CHAP. VII. 181 19 'EmvrevOev &SX0ov O TaO.Maovo errapaos, rapaari7yas et/co't, 7rpo9 7ro\6v teyTarX^v Kcal evaXaiLova /caK oKucovpev7]V, ] ecKaXelTo rvjvukaC. e/c raruT]( 6 rTj Xwpa? apxowv To1 EX\y'Yvtv ytettova re/jLTreL, Orrow &a 7Tn; 20 eavrwv 7roX\e/ias %pa aJyot avarovP. eX&0wv ' S ecetPo 5 Xyet, rt a!ct arv 7rE /.PWV Cl X1 PIt Od Xerye~,OTL arei aClToV ' revre?juepwv cs ywplov o0GV 3raovrTat 7T1v dCXaTrav* eI 83E U, TErdvaivat c7ryryeyy/Xaro. fcat 7'7yovjevo0 erEt cva/oa\XEv ek Trjvr cavTo 7ro\X,/iav, 7rape/cecXVeTO a'Beiv /cal fdeipetv Tr7v Xwpau' Kcal 0O)ov eeyEvero, ort rovrov efcEa e0OoL, ov T7~ rWv IO 'EXXfvwv evvolaw. 21 Ka\ ac/tKvoavralt J7 l T pO ~p~o TH T'-rErTTr Ijepa' voa/Ua 3E 7T9 Ope6 t7v r9'Xr* E7rErl S' o~ 7rprTOl E/EV0ov7r e7rt TOV opouvS0 Kat /areco8v r pV dX\a''rav, /cpavyr rro\rxp 22 eryeero. a/covcra S' 6 ' vocwv Kcal ol 07rtcr0o0viaK/c' I 5 Cwr07oaav 4'rpocrOev adXov? cbrtri0a'at L roXcJbov'. et'rovro jyap Kal O7rCrClev o0 Ce/c Tr7) /ao/Levr7l Xpac, Kcat avTwv ol oIrrtoavd4 a/c9 a7rETErcevav re rlva9 Kcal E ocrypcaav Ev'epav 7roiajalCEVOa, Katl yeppa xa/3ov Oc3opcaf dapol Tra eCIcoC'tv. 20 23 'Eret 8' o f rb 7rXe r teov Te yt7yvero /cal e7yy7VTCpov, cal o t atel ertovr'eq 'deov 8POUpo/xL rrt rTO r of3covraq, ica rOXXct) EiGv @yl1yveTo Cr '3o0) OCrla & rc TrXElOvu E'yl',voVTo, 24 coOa/ct ) acv p t elvat rW wverftvrTt, Kalt va/3da e1 7Trrov c Ka AVKtOV Ka/ TO 70 v T7r7ra dvaXa)a/wo rape- 25 1o0 teL /Kcatl 'rda r} aEcovova t fo0wYvwV TCV 'rTpartLOT'rv " OaXaTTa," " OaXarra, Kcal 7rape/7yvv-rcov, k'vda tdecorv 7rdvTer fcal olt OarnadovhXa/ce scal Tar v7roavyta r\Xavvero fcal ol /7TTroL. 25 Ewrel 3' C1l/covro 7ravrc E 7rl TO Kacpo, evravQa 5) 30 7repte/3aXXov aZ\Xr]ov9 Kcal 7roV0 apar?7youfv cal Xoxa0yov9 acpvovrTe;. Kcat EaTrvrl^q, 0TOV or 7rapeyyvra-avTros 182 ANABASIS. ol a(rpaTnwTrat epovoUt XlOov? eca, Troo tcoX\ov peyav. evTavB' EveriOeoav 3epjLdTovr rX^o0v w uoloeewv 26 Kcal 3auCrxplas Kcal rTa aiX/XdXwTra y'ppa, Ical o6 y~eJov avTro Te EcarTreTzve Ta eyeppa Kgal TOow aXXot? S &KCe5 Xe6ero. MeTa Tav"Ta T'v tryeqoxva ol J'EXXYveS arotreLrova 27 Sipa 8dEr es r a ro coov iov 7rTrov cal cLfakXrlv apyvpav Kcal Cicevrv I epardcrv xcal Sapeucov Se 8ca * rTeji si & paXi'ra Tfo 3afcrvXilov?, Kcal Xat3e 7roh\Xovs 7irapac Twrcv rparToto M Kiwl. &q Se&aS a\V Olt, ov oKcyrvaoavl, cal rTjv ov v wv ropeoovaL Ta e MdpKCpvas, ETre ear7repa eeyVeero, eO7XTO TlIf VUcTO79 a7rtcv. They march through the Aacrones to Trapezus. VIII. 'EvTrvOev 8' e7ropevcrraav ot' EEX\Xrve 8tSa Ma- 1 Kep&Wvw crvaOob9v Tpets, 7rapacrady/a agEKa. T77 7rpoz-r 15 m '/dpa 4micovio 7r 7w Troraao'v, O9 \p''6 T')v ' TWV MaicpAvov Kca vr-?v rwv XtcvOtwiv-. Xov 8' v7rEp Set^wv 2 Xwptov otov XaXe7rewraTov, Kca e4 aptarTepa dahXov?roTaAOv, e O i/a\\ev Cv/aXXv 6 opltov, a' 0o cae etaOjvacl.?Pv a' oV70o saaV 6cvS6pec-t raeot JteV ov, TrvcvoKL 6a. 20 Tca a, i7ret wrpoaojXov ol "EXve, &COwrov, a-rew ovre eK Tro XoploUv '? rXt-7rra c EX\Oev. 01t 8 Mdapwve9 %XOVT~e Pyeppa Icat XoyXa? tal Tpit- 3 XlvovP XTOwva tearCt cavrepa TrEc s 8cata'(arero rapareiraytevot \crav, cat \EjXX\jXos aLetCXevovTO Kcal Xtovu 25 e9 6ro TroTraVoz ippi7rrovV- tctKovv7o0 a Ov;, OOV; E/3Ca7rTOV OV(V., "EvOa a8 7rrporepXera T 3 sevo OwVTit Tv 7reXrTaCrTv 4 avr4p 'AObrvr'p t badoacov 8e8ovXevUECva, Xetyow, OTn yu^yvoaCKco T rpv 4oWvnv TCmV avOpt0rwov. "(cat oal, gpat"r, 30~ " ev ct vrulv TrarpaLa elvab cal et [l 7t coX Vet, BOOK IV. CIAP. VIII. 183 5 eOeXo avros oia\eX 01Ovat. " 'AX\ ' oOSev fcavUet, fri, "cta XX taXc'yov cat JadOce 7rpWTrov, rtive' Cloimv. ol 8 ecrrov epwrjaavros, or MdIcpwves. "' Ep6ra Trovvv," a(4 r]" arovs', TL aJ reT77 TarX cat a Xpprovua 6 jmlv TroX\eLtol e at." o 8 aTrKptvaVTo ' 7O KiC 5 V/Ei E7 rr7 7rv rly'erpav Xwpav 'pecaOc." AleyeL EfC\EVov ol 0 TpaTrrol, oTtb ov IaKwC s Ye 7rotraovTreS, a\XX\a aacxi\e 7roXe/jirravrtes d7repx',eOa eis rijv 7 'EX\Xca, Kat e7rt Xad7arrav /3ovuX6LeOa tfsi~te-r0at. yrporTv eceilvoL, el oiev av orTOVTW)t rTarL tra. o0 ('a4av o1 Kca, ovmat fcal Xa,/icv e'O\hetv. emr7EOev i6oacaiv of tv1 MaKPwoc'S /3apf3aptiECv Xyxrjv TOtS "EXX\crtLv, o0 8' "EXX\rves eKceivots 'EXXry]vtL/vo' ravTa yap fiacrav 7riarra eiavt' eovos ' 8 7ere/aapTvpamro af Jorepot. 8 MCer 8e Ta 7rtr-ta evOvs ol MdcKpwves rd re 8evmpa 15 crvveeKOVTrrov Tr)v e 038o0 wOO7rOLOVv, tcoS 8ia/33trdaoz'res cvaetbiymevo Trot " EX\\Xfae t a yopdv, otav e8vvavro, 7rapcexov, Kcat rap^yayom Cv Trpto-lv,Lepais, eaT E7rt ra K6XxeV opta KaveJrrTqav J rouv "'EXX\raS. 9 EEvraDO' 9]v opos ftLEya, vrpocr3farov 8E ' cai c7r1 ro7- 20 Tro ol Ko'Xxoi raparerayevtoi rjava. Kal To emv 7rp&TvO) of "EXX-rve' avri7rapercTaavro d<Xaayya, r( oSvrw' a4ovres 7rpoS 'O opo ' T7-ecia 8' `'oe To/S crrpaTrp7yots c-vXXeyc/-i /3ovX\~cVaor0at, GTws) (N KdX\Tr-a dywvtovvrat. 25 10 `EXccv ovzv cevOfwpm, o87 o iocotq 7raavaaavsa Tri) fadXayya XoXovs op0/ovw ro7ir-aa. q pemv yAp fd\XaTy tac77rao-0'crerai evOtJs Tp -ev ryAp Avo ov rT 8e evo0ov evprrofLev mTO A'pos?, Kcat eVbObv ovro dOvpa v 7rotro-eti, oTav crerany/evoi ES' sdbaXay,a rav rT v &leJ7raaoicevmv 30 2 opweo'tv. 6ETa o6, 6dV {U f7r 7o\\w) reraP/f67evo' opWoa-imtfv. 7cia Am 7r'woXXJw TceTayLevot 7rpoya7ywotev 7rEptTTcVOlV-tV /lW)V O To70Eitot Kalt TovS 184 ANABASIS. TreprTroZv XpiOovTrat ot av /3povXowvTa Eara v ' oXtyiw, ov;v oev et'rq OavtTaarov, el staKcoTrelrl r7jWv e7 4dXay {7rr' JOpdov cKal /leX'owv Ical vOpworrov cavrea'ovTwv l d wvy oDrSro o-ra, %X y 4Xayy cacv b TOVTO CTaC p p aat KatCOV 5 eeTrat. "'ACdXXa ao OC 8rc OpOtlovv 70TV Xo6ov??rotr7o-ajLevov9 12 Iroaoo,ro wplop /P araa yev &acthrovraV TO719 X6ov? oaov W67o T09 eo-Xao70v Xou 6ov yevecrOat rCwv ro\X E wv KcepwvTO *cat ov7rw ecao aeAa T?'S 7e 76lv 7roXe/Liwv io cfaXay7yo9 e, KCatL op0lov a7OV7E0? Ol KpaTrLTo70T 77JBWv,,,\ TrpwTOt 7rpoC5(aclrv,? re au evoov O 7 TavTrj ecao-Toq alet oe XXov?. fcal el? 7E TTo BLake7,rov ov paL8tov e nf-a 13 TO? Troe/ufloJ S K EOePF t'Wev 1al e6ev 7o0yo v6 / TWV, 8taKo'Fat Te ov pa8Lov &Tat XO6oz op0Otovz 7rpootovra. 15 cav TE T'9 7rie~rfrai rwv \owVs o 77\iC'lOV {3o07]t et. cav re e~ Try 7 v77,? y 8V CTV \oXCv e7rr To acpov avaj3,qvat, ovme^ fr0eKTC /e1L6E TWv 7roxe/.ov." TaivT' e8oeo, Kat E7rotovv opOlov9 TO7VU XXov?. tevo- 14 owv ' a'rtiwv 67rtw ro, rO ~covvov a7roT Tov 8ctov e/Xeye J f T at a 7r a p6 o g6 t, av E /%JL7r&oS b 9 ij7y civa gp)a rdxat a7rE~Vo0/EV TroTroU9, ei 7rwO SvvaL~c0a,! Icatl,10ov9 8e Kcaraayet.v" 'Epret 8' e T7a?9 ywpai eficaarot cEIYVPoro cat T70o 15 6r&n dJ a/L\ g ro 7009 07y8o7covra, o 6e Xo vos KcaoaTo o-veov t 6 rovt a ecarov vTO 8e e Xrera0crra / Kca rova1 TO6raq 'pyoiX erolr7OaT7O TOWV70 /1a TO) o ev szPwv4ov e~C$, T70 8E TOV 86etOV, 70TU 8 T icra,e'o-ov, o-%orov e'a/o30 CLov9 EcaTov70V9. 'Ec TroVTrou 7apqyyyvwav o- arpar 02ol ci veCo-O 'a 16 ~evdicvot ae cKa 7raTtavtaaPvre9 E7Trop'eovPro. cat Xeapl BOOK IV. CHAP. VIII. 185 roso9 tIePV xKalt ZEvopf)V Kat ot awr' avtro 7rEreXTacra 7?TC TCW 7roXe~JLIWov paXayyo eco /evof'Ievotb CropevovTo' 17 o Se TroXeb tt cj e8ov avtrovzs, avrTrapaeovTes, otl evy E7r& TO O4tO6v, of 0' E7rt TO uVCWvvOjLo, &teatrrda'OYryav, cal TroX\ Tj aur&v OadXayyo9 Cv i r [EOba KUev OV 5 e7roL7acav. 18 'I86vre 3' av'rov taxc'ovTra ol KaTra T 'ApKca8ctKv 7rert7eX Tar, Wv jpev A'crx'iv o 'Acapavdv, vo0t'aavYre fbEte/tv aCyLa IpdTo0 eEovo* ecal o ro 7rpJ~rot '7rL TO opo aJvafaLivovot' rvveCetcrero o' avTrost Ka ct 7T 'Aptca- Io 19 8ucbV OrrX\TtL6v, v vpXe KXedyvp 6 'OpxopJevio. o0 e 7ro\xHlOl, E7reT qpCavTro OeiV, OVICETL 60-T7o-aY, aXXa 4Vy'r a\XoX dbXXy Erpda7rro. 01 8' "EXXTrve dava/3cdvrcs e'rTpaToreoevovro ev 7roX20 Xak tc Kwcat Keatb rTa7rtT6eta 7roXX\\ EXouvrat. Kat rt I5 \, s Cova,, to 8 n / \ \ O.,u a\&XXa oivo3 Iv OTL cat eOavU aTarav TKa S3 aacrjvyr 7roXX a 3v avrot, Kcal T'rw KyCptiUV oot eayov Twv a-TpartLorwv 7ravreC adpovev Tre eTLyvovro cal juovv ecai 3&LCtXWPCpL ai'ros', Ka't &pOOt o1'3t Cev6varo 7'orao-Oat, ecadto SteleCpel abTols fca, optoa ovoelS fovvaro ~3eraa ' ' aXX' of j.Zv oXiyov eq8o'coreCs? co63pa,eiiovo't e AKce- 20 rav, ol of 7roX, [tatvo[ evoci, ol 3 7 talt tVroOvr7j'covca'v. 21 EKCLVTO 6' OV7t w'roXXo l, "c )77Tp 'rpOr3T' y/evEYUJevS, Kcal 7roX\\X, v aOvula. rT 83' vrTepala 7rerOave peuv ovtels',,i# el rrv avTn'v 7rov lpav vefp6vovvo rpp'r 8e; Ka\ TeTadprr a;6c 25 e /cal rcrapry cv'ravro Coawrcp cK frapxaacoTroo'tas. 25 22 'Ev'revfOev ' CeropvcOrJaav 3vo araO/ ovJX, 7rapacrc-yya9 Trrc, ecatl X0ov '7rl OfXarrav et TparreFoDvra, 7roktv TEXXrlvia olbcovjyerlv ev v r Eve4ivw) HIovrp, tlvwrrwv a7rotIclar eYv rY Ko)LXwY %Xpa. eyravO' eaetyvav ljpa, 4doL# ra9 rptafKovra ev ra' T rcov KtoXXwv EKojatC ' 30 23 KIavTevOeV oplu.i"CevoL e6Xr<ovro > \v Ko\Xxia. dyopav e r7rapCteov TO) arTpaTo7reoC TpavrrcovrTtot, Kal coe 186 ANABASIS. tavrTo re roi? lEXXrvIra Ical evita e'oa-av /3ovs Kca X\l-ra Kal 7Volvov. CU'vST&ErpaTTovTO e Kcal vurep iv-v 24 7rX\qo-tov K6XXov, T&rcV v 7-rf vreSwc pEia"X a olKcovrwov, Kca& evta Kca Tirap' eelvcov E Xov /3ocs. 5 Mera Trovro Trv Ovclavi, Av qvSavro, 'rapeaxcevuoovro 25 \0Xov 8' avro7&s KavoL /3os arorvala Tr Ad 7' O wT7pt Ka cal T-j HpacXe 'jyetfCovva, cal Tros a\XXots Oeol a evi`avro. Trolio-'av 86 tcat adrywva v yvlvtKcov ev T otpe, evOarnrep Eo-Kcjvovv. elXovro Se ( papK6ovrtov to X"w'api-Texlrv, O ' ebvyev gie 'raiv &iv OLCoOeCv, 7rata acov Kcairacavwv vIyr r] 'rada:a, (Spoclov 'r' erLLfeXrj]Or^vat Kca rov acyvo r 7rpoorar'o'aa. 'Ereerl) 8' 5 vovla ryevero, ra (epiUara rapet'ooav 26 rO) ApacovrTlT, cal ijyecrOa EKECXevo v O ov v TO TOP Sp/o 15 Tre7rOtKas?' el?7. 0o SE Selt as rov7rep eC-rqTKOTE 07 ' cvyavov, "G 05uos 6 Xo0bo," e.s.., " caXXtrros? -rpewev OTrOV VV~tt, o q/ o v, ea,.".... I av T&S /3oV\tXrai." ' "JCs o)v, " e'aav, s" Svvtjoovirat 7raXaleYv Jv a-KcXrpj KcaL Sacs-et OvrwT;" 6' E Tre' " MaXX6v i- avccoa'er-a 6 Ka a7"reoahv. 20 'Hywvlo'ovro 8e 7raSes tL)v rrdi-ov i-&v axaXOa\riwov 27 ol 7rXea7rTO, OS6\Xov S e Kpjrev 7rXTeovT s 2) e:rcovra tEOJ raov'dXv (Se Kcal '7rVy/fl7Vp al 7raycKpaTdov erepolo icat xcaX\j Oea E 'eEro w o\XXo ryap Kare'/iSr'aav, fca a're 0weeLEPvwv irWv raapcov 7roXX\7 ctXovetcla eEylve'ro. eOeov 28 r/ I 25 8e Kcalt Trot, Kcal eoct avrov) tcara rov rrpavovs EXadcaavTras v T OaXdry7r &vaaoCrpteravTras racXtv dvwo 7rpos 'ov wpBoov tyecv. K/cat cdr /lvV ol iroXXo l ECKXLv\vOVv7w advw (8e 7rpos TO l o-Xtvp&S OpOtov 6Xts /3t8p77qv E&ropeCovTO ol irroL eSvOa 7roXXv7 /cpav/yy Kcal ryeXs rcat rrapaice30 X\ev-ctr etlyveTo. NOTES. EENOQ( NT02: dependent not on ANABA2E12 alone, but on K P O A N A B A 2 E taken together. For the derivation of 'evo(fv, avaa-is, and Kppos, see Vocab.1 'Adfiaaos as a title belongs properly only to the first book; for the remaining books describe rather the cKardaaozs, 'Down-March' or 'Retreat;' see p. 49. A r O: here = iBt,3xiov, 'book;' read p. 47. Why in the nom. case? See H. 708.2 A': = Trp&ros; cf. G. 372, HE. 288. CHAPTER I. ENMITY BETWEEN CYRUS AND HIS BROTHER. CYRUS'S MUSTERING OF FORCES. Page 51. 1. 1. AapeCou: G 13o0, 2; I. 750. Darius Nothus is meant; see p 20. Yyv20. ovraL: historical present. G. I252; 1. 828; GMT. 33. For the principal parts see G. p. 378; II. 50o6,. ratSes 86o: G. 922; H. 290, b. Darius and Parysatis had thirteen children, of whom nine died early. Of the four sons that reached maturity Xenophon 1 Vocab. = "Vocabulary," at the end of this book; cf. onfer) = "compare;" dep. ="depends" or "dependent;". ="line;" lit. " literally;" sc. (scilicet)= "supply," or "understood;" trans. =" translate," or "translation." References like this, p. 55, 7 (page 55, line 7) are to the pages of this book. Translations of Greek or Latin words or phrases are put in single quotation-marks. 2 G = Goodwin's "Greek Grammar, revised edition;" H. = Hadley's " Greek Grammar," revised by Allen; GMIT = Goodwin's " Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb" (Boston, i890); N = "note;" R. =" remark; " dir disc = "direct discourse;" indir. disc. = "indirect discourse; " pred. "predicate; " c. a. A. = cai ra Aotrrd = et cetera = etc For other abbreviations see the list preceding the vocabulary. 188 BOOK I. CHAP. I. [PAGE 51. mentions only the two connected with his narrative. 2. irpro-P3uTpos 'the elder' or 'an older': sc. 7rats in partitive apposition with 7ra&8es. piiv: here need not be translated, but the force should be expressed by the modulation of the voice in translating rpeBr3v6repos and 'Apra/p'71s. 'ApTCaEip'qs: G. 911; H. 624, d. The name in the Persian language meant ' Right Sovereignty.' Which Artaxerxes is here referred to? 8S: how different in position and force from axAAd and cal? See H. 1046, 1036, and Vocab. Kupos: Cyrus the Younger; read pp. 20-26. ird.; denotes historical as distinguished from merely temporal sequence, which is expressed by ire. 3. 8' = -. G. 48; H. 79 and 80, a. ilcroO'vL: force of the impf.? G. 1259, I; H. 829. Difference in derivation and meaning between uaaeveEi and voterv? See Vocab. Aapeos: often in Greek a subordinate verb is placed near the word introducing the clause, so that the subject is thrown after it; and not infrequently the subject of two verbs is placed between them. vi&irwTreu: G. 543; IH. 362, a. How is this word similar in derivation to the Latin suspicor? TeA Euvv: article omitted. H. 660. Tro: 'his.' G. 949; H. 658. ipo0lXcro: why two accents? G. 143, I; H. 1I5, b. 4. ot G. 389, 987, and 1179; H. 26I, 685, 775. wrciSE G. 895, I; H. 939. The dual is used with the article referring to the two sons previously mentioned. al4oirTipW: Why not before wraiS? G. 976; H. 673, a. 2. 4. plv oiv: G. 964; H. 666, c. Which of these words refers to what precedes, and which to what follows? 5. rapwv d EiiyXave: 'happened to be there;' more definite than wapflv. G. 1586; H. 984. Kipov: emphatic by position. IeTalr4rlrerTaL: indirect middle, = he sends after for himself, 'he sent for.' G. I252 and 1242,2; H. 828 and 813. 6. pXqis. Cyrus's province comprised Lydia, the Greater Phrygia, and Cappadocia; see map and p. 20 aurov: G. 989, 3; H. 682. oraTpdarrTv: pred. ace. G. 1077; H. 726. On the position and powers of the satrap, see Vocab. and p. 4. eiroCTo-e, &arrSediE: trans. as if plupf., ' had made,' 'had appointed.' H. 837. KaC: 'and,' or 'also'? ro'TpaTryo'v: here = tKcpavov, 'captain-general;' see p. 17. Cyrus was not simply civil governor (satrap) of his province, but also captain-general of the imperial troops of all the western Asiatic provinces. These forces mustered once a year for review on the plain of Castolus, near Sardis, in Lydia, and previous to Cyrus's appointment had been under the command of Tissaphernes, PAGE 51.] BOOK I. CHAP. I. 189 who now became his rival and secret enemy. At this time the powers of satrap and commandant were frequently vested in the same person. 7. IwavTrCV, &roL: 'of all (the forces) which.' ets - potovTra: 'muster on' (lit. 'gather themselves into'). 8. 6 Kupos: G. 943; II. 663. Xap3rv, gXwv: trans. 'with.' GMr. 843, 844 Tto-craepvqv: see Vocab. and p. 21. Ws: 'as,' i.e. 'supposing him to be,' 'on the ground that he was;' the use of ws here is analogous to that with participles. It may be that Cyrus at this time still supposed Tissaphernes a true friend; more likely he took Tissaphernes along from fear that if left behind this wily and resentful rival might stir up his province against him, or cause trouble in some other way. The Greek will bear either interpretation. 9. Tr-v 'EXXkvov: the article implies that Cyrus already had Greek mercenaries in his service. 67rXiTCas: read pp. 30-32. dvepri: notice the czasmuzs, or reverse arrangement of words similarly construed, in 'Avafia6vE Aa$6 ap.. w. eXwy avci, together with the striking change of tense. 10. /pXovca: G. Io8o; II. 726. IHappdlwov: the Parrhasians were a tribe in the southwestern part of Arcadia. The Arcadians, rude and warlike, were greatly in demand for military service. The inhabitants of Arcadia are among the most backward of the modern Greeks. 3. 11. 8': 'Now.' iTEXEV'TOi-E: sc. Tl ilov or Bov,, = a7rCOaIEv; by what tense best rendered? Cf. cirojaor, I. 6, and N. Darius died at Babylon. AMpetos: why placed after the verb? KariaTE-1r1 s' 'became established in.' G. 1225, I; II. 788. What difference in meaning between the aorists of I'f(rmu? 13 rov: not ' the.' G. 949; II. 658. Ws: '(saying) that.' 7rLpovXuEoL. opt. in indir. disc. (G. 1487; H. 932, 2), because the historical present SaB3dAAei, taking the place of an impf. or aorist, is looked upon as a secondary tense. G. 1268; H. 828. Read p. 21. Difference between erqBouXeAw and a~vjBAovuAeW? ca'rUi: G. r179; iI. 775. 0 Si. 'lie, indeed,' 'But he,' i. e. Artaxerxes. Trf: where is the accent? How different from Kaf? H. I040, and 1040, a. 14. Os &i7roKT'EVCv (sc. aur6v}): expresses intention, -'intending (as it seemed) to put him to death.' G. 1563, 4, and 1574; H. 969, c, and 978; cf. GMT. 865. Vi TjL'rTqP: not 'the mother.' What was her name? ia0Trlcra.11iv T: ' having begged (him) off,' or 'begged (him) off and.' G. 1563, i, and 1288; H. 856 and 969. 15. Llo'lrw, 1900 BOOK I. CHAP. 1. [PAGE 52. et. the expression implies that Parysatis had everything her own way. She was strong-mindcd, while Artaxerxes was weak. Cf. pp. 24, 25. 4. 15. 6 8': with tbriAO.6. When used as subject, 6 with 8e must stand at the beginning of the clause. G. 983, (a); H. 654, e. 16 Ws: causal, temporal, or final? povXE'eTCaL: force of the mid.? 17 IA7rror': could oWTorT have been used here? G. 1362, 1364; H. IOI8 and 1021. CrraLt G. 1372; H. 885. eri: ' in the power of.' G. 12IO, 2, (d); H. 799, 2, d. &hX', LvT': G. 48; H. 79 and o8, b. Svq-rTaL: G. I403; H. 898. For the foundation of Cyrus's claim to the throne, see p. 21. 18. iKttvOU: how different from Trouou? G. 1004; H. 695. LkEV S: E'v looks forward, contrasting Parysatis with others on the side of Cyrus, as shown by the corresponding 8' in "OoTrs 8' dapiKveoTo K. 7. X., p. 52, 3; for rendering, cf. pev in 1. 2 and N. a( adds vivacity or familiarity to the statement,='in truth,' 'in fact,' or, as we often say, 'you see,' 'you know.'.T;rp: G. 9gr; H. 623. 6inrpxe: 'was devoted to,' ' favored.' Page 52. 1. KiEpP: G. I"59; H. 764, 2. c>LXoo0Lr (because she loved,' (how lit.?). G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. Distinction between piAew and dyardw? See Vocab., and cf. Gospel of John, xxi. 15-17. patrLXE'ovTa.. G. 559; H. 965.- Why not aor. part. here? 5. 3. "OOcrTLS the antecedent is 7rdvras, which expresses collectively what "OTCrs expresses individually. G. 425, and 1021, (c); H. 280 and 629, b. faiKVETro - r'rrre'pTwrro: 'might come '-' would dismiss. Might the opt. have been expected? G. 1431, 2, and 1432; H. 894, c, and 918; GMT. 534. Tiv rrapa j3actrtXos: condensed expression, rVP wrapa $BWaLAEi (cadiKpvesro) trapa BaaotAews'. TrV: G. 952, 2, and IO88; H. 621, a, and 729, e. Envoys from the king inspected annually the province of each satrap; but as Cyrus had a position of unusual responsibility, not unlikely officers from the court came frequently. P3carLX&.os: usually without the article when referring to the king of Persia, who was sometimes, however, designated 6 te;'as oaauisv6s. As there was only one Persian king, the title was applied almost as a proper name. G. 957; H. 660, c. 4. StaT-efs: why not aor. part.? wirT: with infin. of result, or consecutive infin. G. 1449; H. 953. aLVTr: why not avbr here? p.&AXov 4>Xovs: what is the ordinary comp. of qAoxs? The less common comp. is emphatic. 5. TWaV Trap' iaCrT: G. 952; H. 666, a, PAGE 52 ] BOOK I. CIIAP. 1. 191 paptpwov: G. fo2; II. 742. )Drivation and original meaning? Foreigners travelling in Greece to-day arc often callcd 3dapf3apo.. 6. cs = 7OTrs; cf. GMT. 351, I. -roXejeLV: G. 1526; II. 952. iKcivot: attributive or predicative? G. 919; II.59. 5 ev, yXOLEV: G. 1365; H. 881. What other form for esE? EUVOlKiS iXOLev; = efuvolav eXOLev = eUroI eJev. See IDIOMS, p. 400. 7. arT': after EVVorLKr;. G. 1174; H. 765. 6. 8. Tlv: implies previous mention of the Greek force (cf. p. 51, 9); trans. as rsv, p. 51, 13. Svvav. placed before the verb for emphasis; transition to a new topic. O0pOLiEV: 'went to collecting.' Why was ayelpw or (rvuAeyw not used here? dts a\XLoTrea isUvaro: 'as much as he could,' 'as much as possible.' H. 651, a. 9. OTwbS: here = iva. rTL &rapaKEiOTC.Tov * see IDIOMS; and G. 50, (b); I. 80, b, and 651. hXpoL: G. I365; H. 88r. 10. W&Se refers to what follows, as distinguished from o roTS, which refers to what precedes. Cf. G. 1005; H. 696. uhaKas. might have been in the gen., thus, - Tap'-'yetAe ros epoupdpPXots eKaoTroTs ('to the several commanders ') Tc-v (pvuAax&, '7rdaas EIXEV Ci rais 7rTOdAEo. G. 1037; II. 995. Distinguish between pvuAicds and (pvAaKas. 11. EKCo-'TOLS: less emphatic when placed after the noun. Why not between ros and (ppovpcpXots? G. 976; II. 673, a. 12. Xap.v.LVLV G. 1519; H. 948. IIEXorrovvllcraovs: at this time the best soldiers among the Greeks. Cyrus had been careful to keep on good terms with the Spartans and their allies. rt wirXfriTOus: see IDIOMS. 13. Ws: on the ground that,' or ' with the pretext that.' Render the gen. abs. (G. 1152; IH. 970) by a clause with the verb in the impf. indic. The &s implies that the reason given is that assigned by Cyrus; without Ws, it would have been stated on Xenophon's own authority. G. 1574; H. 978. ratSs 7n-rertv: mentioned more definitely in 1. 14. For the dat., cf. aury, p. 51, 13, and N 14. KaA ydp: = Lat. et-enim, elliptical, ' and (with good reason) for,' but trans. 'for indeed,' 'for in fact,' or emphatic 'for.' irj-av TLio'orLpvous: ' (had) belonged to Tissaphernes.' G. 1094, I; H. 732. al 'IWvtKal rOXELts: the cities of the Ionian Greeks, scattered along the coast of Asia Minor and adjacent islands, from Smyrna southward to Miletus. The most important were thirteen in number: Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Colophon, Lebedos, Tcos, Clazomenae, Phocaea, Samos, Chios, Erythrae, and Smyrna. At this time they had been subject to Persia over a century. The presumption is, that Cyrus had instigated this revolt; for the help of these cities was almost a necessity to the 192 BOOK I. CHAP. 1. [PAGE 52. prosecution of his designs, as they controlled the seaboard west of his satrapy, and as he was relying upon the Greeks to furnish him soldiers. The cities, no doubt, found the rule of the politic and ambitious prince easier than that of Tissaphernes. rT &pxatov: 'originally.' G. o06o; H. 719, b. 15.K K: sometimes used with the passive of Ui8SwfL instead of brJ, in order to emphasize the source of the gift. <ceTracercav: 2d plupf. G. 507; H. 336. 16. r&iraoL: emphatic position. rrhAv: improper prep. G. I200; H. 784, 2, a. MiLXrovu: the position of Miletus (see Map) made it easier of access for Tissaphernes, who was satrap of Caria, than for Cyrus; and Tissaphernes had built and garrisoned a strong fortress commanding the town, so that revolt was a more difficult matter than in the case of the other cities. 7. 17. Trcav& povkuevojvovs: 'were forming the same plan,' i. e. of revolt to Cyrus. aurTa: a kind of cognate ace. G. 1054; H. 716, b. Difference in meaning between raudra (= ra auad, G. 42; H. 76) and raUra? povuXuopevovs in Latin the part. here would be an infin. G. 1588; H. 982. TOus j[tv - TOis 8': 'some - others.' G 98r; H. 654. cLvrv: G. Io88: H. 729, e. 18. u'rroXap&v. force of 6'rd- in composition? 19. aEv-yovTas: here 'exiles,' as often, men who had fled for political reasons. The pres. indicates a state rather than an act,-living in exile. G. 156o; H. 966. ouXXEkas: avvZeAe Kial, 'collected an army and.' In cases like this the part. frequently may best be rendered by a coordinate finite verb. inroXLt.pKiL: on the operations of a siege, see p. 38. KOI - KaC: see Vocab. 20. KaTCl -yiv: see IDIOMS. KCLta-yeLv: could the aor. infin. have been used here? Notice the force of the Kacra-, often used in composition with reference to movement from the sea into a harbor or from a hill 'down ' to the plain; and here in some such way as the Romans frequently used de-portare when speaking of bringing things from the provinces to Rome, and as we say "bring down to New York," " go down to Washington." In England, however, from all parts men "go up " to London. TroVs EK&rrEWrTK6Tas: -= robs fedyovras above. EKirirrw often takes the place of the passive of icf3dahw, 'banish,' ' exile.' 21. Kal: not 'and.' car!i. for TroiTo; refers to what precedes, but takes the gender of the pred. noun. H. 696, and 632, a. rrpd4arcs: G. 907; H. 706, b. On the relations of the Persian satraps at this time, see p 4. i. v aurT: 'he had.' G. 1173; H. 768. TO &Oepoitlvw PAGE 53.] BOOK I. CHAP. Io 193 G 1547; H. 959. 22. rrTpdT&rEC: obj. of substantive infin. G. I516; H. 958. 8. 23. /ltov: 'asked' as a right; sc. Kupos. acrdi (-==efo), 'ask' 'beg;' dararTew (= repeto), 'demand back,' 'demand,' particularly of things taken away by force; eoftLai (= ore), ' beseech,' ' entreat;' a&1w (= postZlo), 'ask,' 'demand' as a proper thing, on grounds of propriety and fairness. a&SEX6s. G. 907; I{. 706, b. Wv: G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. Instead of a&Acpbs &v, dceAo> ovTt agreeing with ol might have been used. 24. oL: article, pronoun, or adv.? G. 1158; II. 763, and 764, I, a. TcraTCTs 'rs r6Xeis: what cities? dPXEiv: 'continue to rule.' Could the ind. have been used here? 25. aT'ro&v: G. II09, H. 741. avr4. G. II79; H. 775. Cf. p. 51, i8. 26 OVK: why not ov or oX? G. 62; II. 88, a. 27. Tro-ra4pEpvEL: emphatic position, -with Tissaphernes, not himself G. 177; 1t. 772. IroXehqovTr': G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. What is the omission of a final vowel before a following vowel called? &iC;: Els might have been used. 28. Sarrav&v: render by Impf. indic. G. 1280, and 1285; II. 852, and 853, a. ovScv: 'not at all' (lit. 'in nothing,' 'in no respect'); stronger than ouB. G. Io6o; It. 7i9, b. ar6iv rroXiEojroVrV:- = o= o KeiVOUS 7roA.ehEt; construed as a gen. abs. G. 1152; H. 970. Not infrequently has an absolute government found its own security in the divisions and strifes among its more powerful subjects. 29. Kal yap: see 1. 14 above, and N. wrrErwprrn: 'continued to send off' to the king, as Tissaphernes had previously done. yLyovoLuovs: 'accruing.' What taxes the cities paid is not known, but in most parts of the empire the financial burdens were heavy. Lydia alone paid annually into the royal treasury five hundred Babylonian talents (= fully a million dollars of our money in gold value), besides supplies of different products in kind. 30. dv: for as, being attracted from the ace., as obj. of Xwv, to the case of the antecedent IrdAEwv. G. 1031; H. 994. TLoora-ai(pvovs: limiting wv. G. 1085, I; H. 729, a. iriyXVeXav )Xov: see IDIOMS, p. 404. G. 1586; H. 984. Page 53. 9. 1. "AXXo: difference between &xxo and r- &AAo? anrT: why not gen.? XEppovilra: derivation? see Vocab. viq: G. 959, 2, and 952; H. 666, and 668, a. 2. KTr' avrL7nrpfs: often written as one word, KaavartrrEpas; see Vocab. 'ApuSou: G. 1148; H. 757. The Hellespont at Abydos is hardly a mile wide: 194 BOOK I. CHAP. I. [PAGE 53. so that, according to the ancient tale, Leander used to swim across it every night to see his lady, the priestess of Aphrodite, in the temple of Sestus, on the Chersonese. Lord Byron swam across in an hour and ten minutes. rovSE: how different from roOTOV? G. I005; H. 696. Tpdrrov: G. Io6o; H. 719, a. See IDIOMS, p. 403. KXcapXos: a Spartan adventurer, brave and energetic as a general, but arrogant and brutal in his treatment of those under him. In 4io B. c. Clearchus was sent by the Lacedaemonians to Byzantium to cut off the supplies of grain Athens received from that quarter. When, in 408, the city was besieged by the Athenians, he stored up all the provisions for his soldiers, leaving none for the towns-people, and treated the inhabitants in other ways so barbarously that they surrendered the city. At the close of the Peloponnesian War, in 404, he induced the Spartan government to send him to Thrace to protect the Greek colonies there against the natives. But before he reached his destination he was recalled, and refusing to obey the summons, was decreed an outlaw. He finally took refuge with Cyrus, for whom he raised an army, and employed it in protecting the Greek towns along the Hellespont against the Thracians, until Cyrus was ready to make use of it. 3. TOVrTW: G. II75, 1179; H. 772. The asyndeton here and in the preceding clause makes the narrative more vivid. H. 1039. 4. 41ydorOal: the aor. pass. here = inceptive aor. mid., implying the beginning of the state expressed by the verb; 'came to admire.' G. 444; H. 497, a. IjuFCOV S capELcoVS: = roughly $55,ooo in gold; the purchasing power of the money was doubtless a good deal more than that represented by the sum named. On the name, cf. the French Napoleon and the English soverein. See Vocab. and PI. III. I2. 5. a-r6d: 'with.' The Greek idiom looks at the money as the starting-point of operations; the English, rather as means or instrument. The dat. of means, or even &8d with the gen., might have been used here. 6. Xptll}Twv: difference in meaning between sing. and pl.? {K XEppov'a-ov 6pp4lJicvos: i. e. making the Chersonese his base of operations. 7. Op,|C: G. 1177; H. 772. rots: cf. rT, ]. I above, and N. vnr4p: from the standpoint of Xenophon, when writing, in Greece. The force of the prep. becomes obvious from a glance at the map. roVs "EXXklvas: particularly of Perinthus, Selymbria, and Byzantium. See Map, and cf. p. 115, 20, et seq. 8. OcuvepdlXXovro: the mid. implies either that they contributed for their own advantage or out of their own means. 9. &KOvOraL: trans. as if adv. G. 926; H. 619 a. 10. -TO-TO: made emphatic by sepa. PAGE 53.] BOOK I. CHAP. Io 195 ration from its noun. 'rpe46oevov EXvOcavEv: 'was secretly maintained ' (lit. 'escaped notice being maintained'). G. I586; H. 984. 10. 12. 'ApCorLInros: a man of noble birth, from Larissa, in Thessaly, and a friend of Menon. evos: G. 907; H. 706. The original meaning of &evos, as here, was 'stranger-friend,' 'guest-friend;' that is, either a friend residing in another state, or a person with whose family there was a formal treaty of hospitality, ratified before Zevs.evos, ' Zeus, protector of guests.' But the term was early applied to those who left their own state to serve for pay under a foreigner, and to 'mercenaries,' whether officers or soldiers, as in 1. 14 below. The latter meaning is found three times in the Anabasis. &v evyxQavv: cf. p. 51, 5, and N. 13. o'KOL: G. 952,; H. 666, c. In barbarous Thessaly contests for power between factions were even more common than in the other Greek states. 14. arTOv, t L'Oodv: G. o069; T1. 724. els SLO-LXIovs Vvovs: after outzrov, 'pay for two thousand mercenaries and for three months.' Some construe wrongly as obj. of a-re, ' for about two thousand mercenaries and for three months' pay.' 15. 1,v6VV: G. IO85, 5; H. 729, d. Ws oiTrW rEPLyEVOdEVos: '(saying) that in this way (i. e. if Cyrus would give him aid) he should overcome.' In the direct form: "oU Tow 'yap," E'P7, " 'repOYevoI'JYLiv &i' TWV E/LwA' avrTta1'TraL WWr".' G. 1563, 2, 1574, and 1308; IH. 978, and 987, (a). Cf. GMT. 213, 2I5. 16. Eis TETpaKctLKo-XXovs: cf. 1.4. Cyrus furnished only the money; Aristippus could raise the troops himself. 17. aTrov: G. 1114; H 743, a. bviT: why not o? G. I6iI; H. 1023. 7rp0'OOev - rpCv: trans. by one word, 'until.' H. 955, a. KaTaX-craL: sc. 7rdAejov. 18. rrpiv &v: G. 1469, 1470; H. 924, a, and 921. o-(ruJIvXeoU'qrTaL: for subject, refer back to 'Apio.rTrTros. Notice the difference between crvfuB3ovAEvC a?'rT (- coUszulo ei), ' I advise him,' and ovy-uovuAeouaL aU'rT (= consulo euzm),' I consult him,' ' I advise with him,' ' I ask his advice.' 11. 21. IIpotevov: a Boeotian, through whose influence Xenophon was induced to join the expedition. See p. 41, and p. 117, 24, et seq. Xap3o'va tdvsps TL 'rrXEcrT-ovus: 'to get as many men as possible and.' Cf. p. 52, lines 12 and rg, with notes. 22. &s: introduces the reason which Cyrus gave Proxenus for sending for him; while cs in 1. 23 introduces the reason given by Cyrus for undertaking the expedition. G. 1574; H. 978; GMT. 865. deS IIL-crSaS: 'into (the country of) the Pisidians.' 196 BOOK I. CHAP. II. [PAGE 54. In Greek the name of a people is often put for that of their country. The Pisidians were a tribe of hardy mountaineers, inhabiting the rugged district south of Phrygia (see Map). At this time they were virtually independent of Persian rule, and frequently made marauding expeditions into the neighboring cities of the plain and coast. 23. irpayalTva 7rapEXOV'OTV: see IDIOMS, p. 403. 25. 2Xo0av~ETov, XCQKpan..iv: see Vocab. and p. 29. 26. evovs: G. 907; H. 614. KC: 'too,' also,' as well as Aristippus and Proxenus. rTOrTOVS: appositive. 27. Ws wroXep/iorwv: 'intending (as he gave them to understand) to wage war with Tissaphernes.' G. 1563, 4; H. 969, c. TLo-ra(+'pvEL: G. II77; H. 772. 28. oitv: 'with the help of.' CHAPTER II. MASSING OF TROOPS. MARCH FROM SARDIS TO TARSUS. Page 54. 1, 1..SoKEL: the subject is lropevoOeaai. G. I517; H. 949. What different force would {fo~e have had here? 4Sl8: 'finally,' with doK~eI; time, near the beginning of 401 B... &vw: frequently used of movement from the coast toward the interior of a country; cf. N. to p. 52, 20. T'V JL.v rpodcao'Lv: the Ayd would lead the reader to expect a complementary clause containing the real reason; such as, 'ri 8' aikelifa ~rl f3aorsiea c v 6 aTrdXos. 2. dos. Xpcpas: in Latin would be, dictitans, se velle Pisidas e terra eorum omnino expellere. G. 1574; H. 978. 3. TS: ' their.' Ws: ' as if,' = ' apparently,' ' nominally.' TO T: ' both his.' 4. pappapiKov: sc. crrpaeuya. What forces are here referred to? Cf. N. to rTparr-yv, p. 51, 6. ivTavOCa: i. e. at Sardis, which, as the capital of Cyrus's province, does not need specific mention as his headquarters. Cf. p. 55, I. 5. Xap'VoTrL: 'with,' or ' to take and.' Cf. N. to p. 52, 19. ' rov iv cLoW.r crpaTrEvJa L: = Toor ovT p aprevdv/^a glaov 'v avra, -= 'whatever troops he had,' 'his entire force.' G. o037; H. 995. 6. orvvacXXayevTL wrpos: 'to make terms with... and.' Cf p. 53, 12, and N. 7. O'gKO: G. 952; H. 600. a'oTrowrJICaLL: notice the force of aro-, 'send back,' as a return for Cyrus's previous favors. As Aristippus could not himself come to Cyrus, he sent Menon instead, with I,5oo troops. Cf. p. 55, 8. 8 ELXE o"rp&rCvLTEa: = Tb OTzpdrevu a eXie. PAGE 54.] BOOK I. CIAP. II. 197 G. 1037; H. 995. 8. ai'Tr: G. T165; H. 767. wpoeLcroTKEL: G. 1263; H. 849, c. Tro tEVLKOV: SC. or'parevUtlaros. G. I O9; H. 741. rTas OrdXEO\L: the Ionian cities. See N. to p. 52, 14. 9. Xapdvrca: for AafovrV. G. 928, I; II. 941. TOis: not 'the.' Cf. N. to p. 51, 13. ' rXv WrdcroL: = orX Oov bro'or rRO0. 2. 10. EKa&Xeoe K. T. A.; notice the chiasmus in eKc&AEsE TroVs roAiopKcovvras -Tro y (p)vyydaas eKAEVUJO. Cf. N. to ave/3?7, p. 5, 9. 12. t... ol'Kaci: in dir. disc. would be, eav Kacws Karaprpcdaw (7,& 'rpdy/uara, or traura) eP' & orarparevoL.ai, o' irpo'o0Oev ravtao.yact 7rplv 'v vtaOs ofKaSe Kata'yayco. 13. KaTaLrp.pd6eLv: G. 1502; II. 937, and 932, 2. e+V': G. 92, 49; H. 82. e4' & E'crTpcaLTEiVTo a general and non-committal way of stating the object of the expedition. G. 1026; 11. 996. For the tense see GMT. 69i. tjh wrpdo-Oev K. r. A.: in Latin would be, se non prizis destitlurum esse, qutam eos redixisset domtin. G. 1522, I; H. 946, and 948, a. Fn: G. 1496; H. 1024. irpoCr-Ov - rpiv: cf. p. 53, 17, and N. 14. KarTa-ydyoL: G. 502, 3; I-I. 937, a, and 921. o~ 8': G. 983; H. 654, e. 15. lwrd0OovTO: difference in meaning between act. and mid. of this verb? avTr: G. 159; I. 764,2. 16. 7rapilrav lds: 'came to,' 'arrived at.' Els is used because of the idea of motion implied in rrapiarav. Cf. N. to p. 55, I, aro. G. I225, I; H. 788. dlpSeLS: a very ancient city, capital of Lydia; afterwards seat of one of the seven churches of Asia. In Cyrus's time it was wealthy and populous; its site is now marked by heaps of ruins, among which wandering Turcomans pitch their tents. The ancient name still survives in Sart, the name applied to the ruins by the natives. 3. 17. 'TOUS K tov Wr6XEwv: -= ros e'v rais Tr6o'Artv EK rwv 7r6Awv. Cf. p. 52, I4-I8, and notes. Xap3v: cf. N. to p. 51, 8. 18. 6drTX(Ts: G. 911; H. 624, c. els: G. 1207, (c; H. 796, c. Read p. 29. IHpodevos: see p. 53, 21, and N. 20. ZTuv!A\XLos: where were Stymphalus, Achaia, and Megara? 21. Ss: with 7revraKoo'fovs, 'about.' Sec Vocab. 22. MeyapEfs: G. 848, i; H. 560, I. 23. 'v: why not pl.? G. 90o H. 607. 24. Tr'v oTpaCruvov(Ev: 'of those who had been engaged in service;' part. gen. in pred. G. 1094, 7; II. 732, a. For the tense of the part. cf. G. 1289; 1. 856, a. 4. 25. aIT,: 'at his desire' (lit. 'for him'). G. 1165; H. 767. When Cyrus left Sardis he had with him 8,ioo Greeks. Several detach 198 BOOK I. CHAP. II. [PAGE 55. ments joined him along the route. 26,,e~Clova: emphatic by position; agrees with raparosiEv5v. Is it attributive or predicative? ilyqcrajevos: 'having made up his mind.' 27. ij:s sc. tv v, -- 'than would be necessary,' ' than would be needed.' IILcri(as: trans. as if rois Ifio-ias. H. 663, a. Cf. p. 53, 22, and N. 28. 8{svaTro Tcxto-ra: see IDIOMS. 5. 29. parLXevis: see N. to p. 52, 3. T: 'you see.' TLo-ra*Epvovs, o-'roov: G. 1102, 1103; H. 742, C. Page 55. I. gXxv ois: 'with (the forces) which.' Cf. G. 1026; H. 996. &aro: here used instead of &K, because the troops while at Sardis were probably not quartered in the city, but encamped around it or near it. The date of Cyrus's departure from Sardis cannot be fixed with exactness; but from careful calculations it is thought to have been about March 6, B. c. 401. 2. gEXaiVYEL: properly transitive, sc. orrpdreVzua (lit. 'drives forth his army'); but in the Anabasis often used intransitively, meaning 'marches.' Trace the route of Cyrus on the map. raOt0oiLs: 'stages,' or 'day's journeys.' G. o62; H. 720, b. Originally raOtzoBJs, from root aora in o-rrli, meant a 'standing-place,' 'haltingplace;' then, a place along one's route where a night could be spent (= Latin statio), particularly the 'stations' placed at certain distances along the Persian royal roads. Finally, the word was used loosely as a measure of distance, to denote a 'day's journey' from one station to another. The normal length of a day's march in the Anabasis was from five to six parasangs, between fifteen and twenty-two English miles, and was thus about the same as the 'regular march' of the Roman army. rrapacrayyas: same construction as o'raOyois. The estimates of the length of the parasang vary from three to nearly four miles. Nissen (in Miiller's Handbucz, ed. 2, 1892, vol. i., p. 860) makes the parasang = 5,920 metres = about 3 678 Eng. miles; see Vocab. The distances given by Xenophon are always in round numbers, and only approximate. 3. EtIKOcrL Kai S0o: G. 382,; H. 291, b. MIlaavSpov: appositive. G. 9II, and 970; H. 624, a. From the winding course of the river comes our word meander. 4. Ebpos: sc. Av or eo-ri. Svo -rrX9pa: how many feet? See Vocab. 'rXoCoLs: G. 1181; H. 776. Pontoon bridges of the kind here referred to are still common in the East. Among the best known are those at Constantinople over the Golden Horn, and one at Bagdad across the Tigris. PAGE 55.] BOOK I. CHAP. II. 199 6. 5. 'rovrov: the bridge, or the river? 6. KoXoorods: once an important city, noted for its trade in wool, and the skill of its inhabitants in dyeing wool. A community of Christians early gathered here, to whom Paul addressed his 'Epistle to the Colossians.' The site of the ancient town is now desolate; but the remains of a theatre and several other ancient buildings can still be identified. otKO-up.Kv tV: 'inhabited,' as opposed to 'deserted' (fpvE/os); for in this region towns were not infrequently depopulated, owing to incursions of marauders, the oppressions of irresponsible governors, or migrations. 7. 11ELVEV: aor. instead of impf., because the stay is looked upon as a whole, not as a continued action. Cyrus was doubtless waiting for the Thessalian troops under Menon, who probably catne across the Aegean Sea to Ephesus, and marched directly to Colossae, passing south of Sardis, and thus gaining time. See Map. p. epas: G. 1062; It. 720, a. GKE: G. I256; H. 827, a. 8. Mh'vov. see N. to d7rao/oweaL p. 54, 7. 9. AdXowras, A'vlavas, 'OXuvVw ous where were these peoples? See Vocab. 7. 10. 'Evreu0ev: from what place? 11. KEXaLv6s: chief city of Phrygia, about seventy miles east of Colossae. See Map. 12. pac-XELta: see IDIOMS; pl. probably because of the idea of rooms or parts connected with the conception of a palace. Difference in meaning between faa-fEtLa and a(rcLXEc? iv: why not p.? G 899, 2, and go1; H. 604, 607. Irap.SeiLrOS: Persian kings and nobles indulged in hunting as their favorite pastime. In order to provide an abundance of game, always easily accessible, they set off great 'hunting-parks,' or 'preserves' (rapdaeLToL), which were enclosed by walls, covered with forests, and watered by numerous streams. Here "were bred or kept wild beasts of various kinds, chiefly of the more harmless sorts, as stags, antelopes, and wild sheep." The animals were hunted with the bow and arrow, or with javelins, but the sport was looked upon with much less favor than hunting in the open field. See Rawlinson's Ancient Monarchies, vol. iii. p. 228. 13 0qpCwov: G. 1140; II. 753, c. e0TiPEvEV: G. I250; H. 830. d(4' liwrovu see IDIOMS.,7r could have been used here, marking the relation of the rider to the horse; but chro- indicates rather the relation of the rider to the object of pursuit. 14. yupwvdcra'L aT cdv: - uyvvdaaoOat; the active form is used in order to include 'IY7rroUs PokXOTO:o: why opt.? G. 1431, 2; H. 914, n, (2), and 894. 200 BOOK I. CHAP. II. [PAGE 55. 15. pirov 'ro warpaSCocrou: 'the middle of the park.' G. 978, I; H. 671. 16. catTroi: for the position, see G. 977, I; H. 673, b. {K: 'out of,' implies 'in;' trans. 'within.' No traces of this palace have been discovered. 17. KeXtvwv: for the position, see G. 970; H. 624, a. 8. 17. Eo-rn: 'There is;' why with accent? G. 144, 5; H. 480, 2. So in Latin est and sunt often stand at the beginning of a clause, where we say 'there is,' 'there are.' peyAoov cpaaiXcos: cf. N. to p. 52, 3. 19. vtrd: 'at the foot of.' The Marsyas gushes with great force from the base of a rocky cliff. The palace here also has entirely disappeared. 20. ipL3XXk: sc. favTrdv; 'empties.' 21. ro8&sv: G. 1094, and Io85, 5; H. 732, a. 22. XeyeraT. 'AIArXXov: trans. 'it is said that Apollo,' rendering the following infinitives by the English indicative. The Greek often uses the personal construction where the English idiom prefers the impersonal. H. 944. Mapoiav: the goddess Athene -so the story ran - was once playing on a flute. Noticing from the reflection of her face in a spring that the use of the instrument made her cheeks bulge out, to the detriment of her beauty, she threw the reed away. The satyr Marsyas chanced to find it, and charmed with the music, in which some traces of divine sweetness still lingered, he challenged Apollo to a contest of musical skill. The terms were, that the vanquished should be at the mercy of the victor. The Muses were the judges, and Marsyas, being defeated, was flayed alive as the penalty of his presumption. In Florence there is a statue of Marsyas, representing him as bound to a fig-tree, awaiting his punishment (see P1. IV. I). The satyr nature is shown by the horns. VLKUr-oas: sc. cavrdv. 23. ot: weaker than avur. G. 1177; H. 772. wrepl ao'fCas: 'in music,' or 'in musical skill.' aocbia is a broad term, applicable either to 'culture' in general or to special branches or phases of culture. The meaning in each case may be gained from the connection. 24. 50ev: =?I oV. rinyaC: sc. E. H.i. H. 6IS. 8L TO: could LAh Tro0ov have been used here? The cave out of which the Marsyas formerly flowed has now fallen in. Perhaps the musical sounds of the water, rushing and eddying forth, and the reverberations in the cavern, gave rise to the myth. It is worthy of note also that the reed from which flutes were made by the ancients abounds in the vicinity. 9. 26. Tf pIX': 'in the (well-known) battle;' best construed as a PAGE 56.] BOOK I. CHAP. II. 201 loose use of the. dat. of place. G. 1197; H. 657, a. The reference is to the battle of Salamis, for which see p. Io. 28. 41,pacs: cf. N. to 1. 7 above. Cyrus was no doubt in haste to press on and strike a decisive blow while Artaxerxes was yet unprepared to meet him. He delayed here probably in order to wait for other forces to join him, to complete his arrangements for the expedition, and to provide for the government of his province during his absence. KXEctpXos: see p. 53, 2, and N. 29. 0OpaKOs, KpfTas: properly appositives, but best translated as adjectives. 30. c.oILS: not again mentioned by Xenophon. He may have been left in charge of some garrison along the route, or have given over his contingent to some other general and withdrawn from the expedition, or possibly have died. Page 56. 1. 2o0acvEros: doubtless an error of the MSS., as one Arcadian Sophaenetus has already been mentioned. Probably 'Ayias (corrupted in the MSS. from 'ApKcas) should be read; and Agias is substituted for the second Sophaenetus in the list of generals on p. 29. Cf. p. I I9, 24. 2. E'rTar-Lv Kal apL9Ojjv 'rTv 'EXXi.jvov e'roCloev: iTrao'e tal cidp6OIl7o'e rovs "EAA-ras. 4. ~'YVOYTO: 'came to.' oL o'asjIrctavTE: all together;' for o5rA7rai, wreAraa-'ra, see G. 907; I. 706, b. Xenophon here speaks in round numl)ers; for the sum of the items previously mentioned gives the whole number of heavy infantry as o1,6oo, and of light infantry as 2,300. 5. Trois: the article with numerals implies an approximate number. G. 948, (b); H. 664, c. 10. 6. 'EVTEevEV: from Celaenae. 7. IIhX'as: between thirty and forty miles northwest of Celaenae; see Map. Though there are numerous ruins in the neighborhood, the site has not yet been identified. Why Cyrus turned to the north, instead of proceeding directly toward the country of the Pisidians, can only be conjectured. He may have had supplies stored up in stations along the northern route; or the road may have been better that way; or, having learned that Tissaphernes had already gone to inform the king of his intentions, he may have thought it useless further to hide his real purpose, and thus set out for Babylon by the most convenient route. I-e probably halted at Peltae in order to please his Peloponnesian soldiers by observing the season of their great festival. 8. AiVKCOL: see IDInMS. G. ro05; H. 7I5. The Lycaean festival was celebrated once a year on Mt. Lycaeus, in Arcadia, in honor of Zeus (there worshipped under the name Zevs AVKUtos), and in some 202 BOOK I. CHAP. II. [PAGE 56. respects resembled the Roman Lupercalia (AtKcos = lupus). &yi&vac religious festivals were usually accompanied by games, in which there were contests in running, boxing, wrestling, and racing. 9. Horav G. 904; H. 6Io. o6r.XEyyi8es: properly 'flesh-scrapers,' made of horn or metal, used to remove oil or dirt from the skin after a bath; but here perhaps some sort of strigil-shaped comb or chaplet for the head is meant. 11. KEp6,Jtov &yopav: 'Tile-market;' cf. our name Newmarket, and the German Neumarkt. Many editors read KepajCYv ayopav, ' Market of the Ceramians,' supposing KepalfAv to be the name of a people. The site of the town is not known with certainty; but it was doubtless located on the great imperial road from Babylon to Sardis and the west coast of Asia Minor, from which Cyrus had diverged to the south in order to make a feint of marching against the Pisidians. 11. 13. KacicrTpoi wrESCov: 'Cayster-plain,' 'Cayster-field;' cf. SpriZngfield, Marshfield, Des Plaines. Here was the junction of the imperial road to Sardis with that from the north, connecting with Ancyra and Byzantium. Travellers are not agreed in regard to the exact location of Caystru-pedion, except that it was not far from the modern town of Bulavadin. It was at least a hundred miles from Ceramon-agora, from which Cyrus hastened by forced marches, at the rate of ten parasangs a day. 15. (TrPLpaTirLTLS: G. 1158; H. 764, a. XrMov: here used as an indeclinable adj. H. 647. 1.4,VO~v; G. Io85, 5; H. 729, d. 16. 'rs; not 'the.' OvCpas: i. e. of Cyrus's tent. We have a similar idiom, as in "a man came to my door;" but cf, N. to p. 83, 2. c'irntjouv: sc. ~bv jA096pv. Force of the impf.? 17. 8jXos qv &vtLl.Evos: == ravepcs iLaro. See IDIOMS. G. 1589; H. 981; GMT. 907. TOV: not with Kvpov. 18. 9XovTa: 'when he had (means),' 'when he could.' Why ace.? G. 928, 2; H. 94I. pi1: G. i6 I; H. 1023. &rOSLSO6vL: G. 1517; H. 949. 12. 19. ZSuvevveos: though used by Xenophon as a proper name, ZUveYVoE1 was more likely a general title of the Cilician kings, like the Egyptian royal title Pharaoh. It is thought to be of Semitic origin, meaning 'Noble Lord.' See Vocab. The kings of Cilicia, though subject to Persia, were allowed to retain the marks of royalty. 20. EX-yero: cf. N. to p. 55, 22. G. 1522, 2, and 1280; H. 854, and 944. 21. xp^1liT-a: Syennesis was playing a double game, with the design of gaining the favor of both parties. Though furnishing money to Cyrus, he despatched a courier to Artaxerxes, pledging unswerving fidelity, giv PAGE 57.] BOOK I. CIAP. II. 203 ing information of Cyrus's movements, and declaring that whatever he did for Cyrus was done under compulsion. 8' obv. ' be that as it may,' 'but at all events,' whether she gave the money or not. crTparL.: i. e. 'EArAvucKl. 22..v6>v: G I085, 5: H. 729, d KXAtL-cra: sc. BaaiAeLa (' queen'), or yvv{. 23 ao'T'v: why not au'r'v, or ' rv av'rTi? 13. 24. vrevTEOv: i. e. from Caystru-pedion. 25. O~v4ptov: probably near the site of modern Ischatli, where there is a large spring, famous for its healing properties. 26. wapci: 'along;' with the acc. because of the idea of motion involved, from the soldiers marching by the spring, or from the spring itself flowing beside the road. 68dv: G. 194,; H.I 52, C. MCSov: see Vocab. KaXouFEV l: ' so-called.' 27. orbv S'rvpov: 'the (well-known) satyr,' Silenus. 28. olv): G. II75; H. 772. KEpa&oas: 'by mixing,' 'by mingling.' G. 1563, 3; H. 969, a. Page 57. 14. 2. TvptaELov: located by some near modern Arkutchan; by others, with greater probability, near Ilghun, where there is a plain, or basin, well adapted to the manceuvres of an army. 3. Kvpou: G. 1I4; H. 743, a. EirLSegaA: takes the place of a noun in the acc. after Se7rO7vai. G. 1519; H. 948. 4. e8rrLetga: sc. abCru, or rb aTrpdaevuaa. EcTLoLv K.T.A.: see N. to p. 56, 2. 5. T'ov 'EXX^vcov: mentioned first, and reviewed last, as being of most importance; evidently looked upon by Cyrus as the most effective part of his army. Whether his barbarian troops, 1oo,ooo in number, set out with him front Sardis or joined him along the route, is not known. 15. 6. v6ios: sc. v, 7arreo'Oat 7. 7. KaCTrov: sc. a'rpar7yv. Trovs EavTou: 'his own men.' 8. Eirl - E'r-pov: sc. a&vspY. See IDIOMS, and read p. 36. Cyrus wished to make the Greek force appear as large as possible. Cf. p. I08, 8-14. EtXE: G. 90; H. 607. T SEiL6dv: SC. KE'paS. 9. &KIVOU: G. ro85, I; H. 729, a. Draw a diagram illustrating the Greek line, formed as described in the text. How long was the Greek front, allowing three and a half feet to each man? oL.X\Xo: how different in meaning from AxAoz? G 966; H. 704. 16. 10. 7rpio'ov REV: correlative with edra e below. 11. oL E': cf. N. to p. 51, 13. KCT: 'by.' G. 12I1, 2, (c); IH. 800, 2, d. iXas: 'squadrons' of cavalry, contrasted with TA~ELS, 'companies' of infantry. Read pp. 27-29. 12. rTOS "EkXlvas: sc. ~Oe6peL. 204 BOOK I. CHAP. II. [PAGE 57. 13. a&piutpils: (== carypenum), a four-wheeled covered vehicle, often fitted up with luxurious cushions and hangings, drawn by horses, mules, or oxen. The &pea (= currus) was a war-chariot; see P1. I. The &iLaga (= planstrum) was a two-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle for carrying loads. 'rcvvrTs: i. e. 7rrdvrEs oi "EAX1vEs. KpdLVl: see p. 30 and Plate IV. 14. )OLtvLKOUS: the royal purple, not like our purple, but a dark-red, or crimson, was a favorite color in antiquity, among the orientals as well as the Greeks and Romans. 15. KKKEKaXup.UJ.Evas: when not in use for parade or battle, shields were protected by leather coverings against the weather and injury from handling; they were often carried piled up on the baggage-wagons. 1 7. 16. wrapXikcare: 'had driven by.' H. 837. crnraoCs: how different in meaning from a-rads? G 1231; H 500, I. 'T: 'his.' 17. fo-Tisr: see IDIOMS. G. 978; H. 671. IrE&+ass: 'he sent and.' Cf. N. to crvAAi'as, p. 52, 19. 18. wpof3aXaeMrL 'a. 8rXa: 'to present arms,' thus making ready to charge. The subject of both infinitives is p5dXaayya, placed after them for emphasis. 19. ewrrLopfiroa: = eirLtvaic. The object of the manceuvre no doubt was, to impress upon the Cilician queen and the barbarian troops the orderly and irresistible way in which the Greeks advanced to an attack. SX-v: G. 979; H. 672, c. TraOfa: here, as often, best translated by the sing., 'this.' 20. o'XrLyte: sc. 6 craArVLC'ysT: G. 897, 4; H. 602, c. 21. it TOTrouV: 'thereupon.' ea&Tov: how formed? G. 84, i, and 95, 5; H. 67, and 74, b. Trans. 'faster and faster.' 7rpo'iO;vr: sc. avrsv. G. I568; H. 970, and 972, a. 22. Spop.os EYEwV STO TS o-rparTUoTaLs: = ' the soldiers broke into a run.' 23. TdS o'KliV&s: here = castra, 'the camp;' more graphic than -TpaTrire6ov. The quarters of the Greeks and of the barbarians were probably not far apart. 18. 23. TW 3 pappd1pwv: subjective gen. G. o1094, 2; H. 729, b. Trans. as if ev ro0s Sap3dcpois. 4<0dpos: sc. Xv. The barbarians perhaps imagined that the Greeks were going to sack their quarters. 24. KlXwro —a: what word is to be supplied? rri: some editions have cK, as if the queen in her blind terror sprang headlong from her chariot. OL K i TfS dyop&s: = of ev r' dyopa (EQvyov) eK Trs cyopas. G. I225; H. 788. 25. yoposs: the market of the army, located in or near the camp. See p. 33. 26. rdas: 'their own.' 28. -crrq ti8Sv: 'was pleased to see,' 'was pleased when he saw.' PAGE 58.] BOOK I. CHAP. II 205 G. I563,2; H. 969, b. obv... 4io13ov: 'the fear with which the Greeks inspired the barbarians.' Page 58. 19. 1. 'EvrEfi0Ev: from what place? 2. 'IKo'vLo: this ancient and important city at the time of the Crusades was the seat of a powerful dynasty of Seljukian Turks, and to-day is the headquarters of a Pasha. It contains few relics of antiquity, but some beautiful specimens of Saracenic architecture. Cyrus had now come to the southeastern boundary of this province. Cf. Acts, chap. xiv. 5. enrerpe+ 8Lapir'ora-: = diripiendam permisit. G. 1532; H. 951. (s IroXecECav oo'cav: G. 1574; H. 978. The Lycaonians had openly defied Persian authority by seizing several districts and holding them independently. Cf. Anab. III. ii. 23. 20. 7. TarcLXC'Tv: here = BpaXurdTirr^. 6860v: G. Io6o; H. 7I9, a. The route taken by the Cilician queen, accompanied by Menon, was probably over a pass of the Taurus, through which ran the road from Iconium to Soli, thence eastward to Tarsus. This pass was steep and not suited to a large army; so that Cyrus himself with the main body of his forces turned off to Thoana, from which he could easily enter the Cilician gates, a break in the mountains directly north of Tarsus. By sending Menon with a strong detachment over the Taurus by the shorter and more difficult route, Cyrus gained a foothold in Cilicia before Syennesis, whose pledges to Artaxerxes required him to hold the passes against any invader, had made preparations for defence. aCv': G. II79; H. 775. 8. aovrdv: sc. MovwYa, 'Menon himself.' Eow large was Menon's force? See p. 55, 7-9 1. 10. ava: Cyrus was now in Cappadocia, a part of his own province. Tyana was a station on the imperial highway from Babylon to Ephesus, and commanded the entrance of the Cilician Gates. All the great roads of Asia Minor centred at Tyana. The site is now marked by abundant ruins. 12. v IC: sc. Xp6vw, = quo temzporis spatio, ' in this interval.' 13. 4OLVLKTIrrV: certain high officers and favorites of the king were allowed to wear a flowing, sleeved upper garment, of purple color. The privilege was conferred only by the monarch, and was considered a great distinction. Cf. N. to p. 57, 14. 14. 1rcpXov: the deputies of a satrap; here probably designating the lieutenants of Cyrus. atLTaoicLEvosS: sc. avTrovs. erLPouXev6v: 'with plotting,' or 'of plotting.' G. I522; H. 946. 206 BOOK I. CHAP. II. [PAGE 58. 21. 15. rrEcpGVwo: what is to be supplied as subject? ELc-pahXeLv: why not aor.? 1 eLO-Ioki: i. e.' the pass,' known to the ancients as KAKtcias TIvAa or KLA(Kia Ilv Aca, 7aurz Pylae or Ciliciae Portae, now called Golek Boghaz (= 'Great Neck'). On account of its strategic importance this pass has been considered "the Key of Asia Minor." From the northern entrance it first follows the steep and narrow channel of a small stream to a lofty table-land, then leads through a rocky chasm, hardly wide enough for four men to walk abreast, to the other side of the range. The highest point of the pass lies 3,600 feet above the sea-level; and above that precipitous heights rise over 4,000 feet more. Masses of rock have fallen into the pass, so that it is now more difficult to traverse than in ancient times, when it was kept clear. 16. Ci4LatLo6s: not only war-chariots, but also carts and wagons with tents, tools, and supplies, accompanied the army. Lo'vp(Ss: notice the emphatic position. apliXacvos etcreXOEtv:= difficilis aditu. G. 1526; H. 952. 17. arTpCLTEva.rTL: G. I165; H. 767. et: why accented? H. 112, c. 4KwXuEV: 'tried to hinder;' conative. G. I390; H. 893. The conclusion of the condition is expressed by a&InXavos eUieEAOeYv, which takes the place of Sv (6obv) a/A6Xavov Yv EiOEXOEv. 18. 'riv dKpov: overhanging the pass on each side. 19. 8' 6: = quamn ob rem, 'on this account.' ev rQ ires8i: at the northern entrance of the Cilician Gates the valley of the stream emerging from the pass opens into an almost level plain. In the time of Alexander the Great this open space was still called ' Cyrus's Camp' (rb Kvpou oTrpaTo'reaov). bTrrepaC(a: sc. tFdpta. G. 932, 2, and 1192; H. 621, c and 782. 20. &iKXEXOtLWS: d:= KcAeoro, G. 733; H. 457; optative in indir. disc. for CKxixoire, G. I487; H. 932, 2. 21. jO'crBro: sc. Zv6vveaL's. G. 1499; H. 935, c. Trans. as if plupf.; cf. N. to p. 57, 6. STI: from Sri to Ope'v, indir. disc. dep. on 7jOerTo, which is already in indir. disc., -a wheel within a wheel. 22. 6opecv: G. 1148; H. 757. T8: 'because.' Order of trans., O'rL fcKOVe TCa&u.y cX01 ra trpipess, 'ras AatceacjoLdovw iceal a'rTov, Kvpov, wTeptrAheovfCas &r' 'Iwv'as els KtAKiGiav. rpi4peLs: obj. of CXovTa, emphatic by position. Read p. 39. G. 959, 2 and 960; H. 668. 23. Tacw&v: G. i96; H. 159. Tamos was a native of Memphis, in Egypt, and had been lieutenant-governor of Ionia under Tissaphernes. Joining Cyrus, he assisted in the blockade of Miletus (cf. p. 52, 19), having command of the naval forces. On the death of Cyrus he fled with his children and treasures to Egypt, where both he and his family PAGE 59.] BOOK I. CHAP. II. 207 were put to death by the treacherous King Psammetichus, in order to obtain possession of his wealth. XOVToa: -= abere, 'was in command of.' G. I588; H. 982. T&s AaKESailcLovCtv: these sailed to Issi, where they landed Chirisophus, with seven hundred Spartan hoplites. See N. to p. 64, 0o. 22. 24. 8' ov: 'But at any rate,' ' Be that as it may;' resumes the narrative interrupted by the report about Syennesis. ovSevos KWXloVTOS: 'without any opposition' (how lit.?). G. 1152; H. 970. 25. orKcva s: probably huts, as the altitude made the climate at some seasons severe, and the garrison was permanent. f6kXa'rTov: ' had been keeping guard,' or 'were wont to keep guard.' Why not aor.? 26. irelov: west of the Taurus, in Cilicia, one of the most fertile spots in western Asia, though at present imperfectly cultivated. 27. 8'vSpov: G. 1140; H. 753, c. 9v'.rXEov: not gen. G. 305; H. 227, 226. 28. crio'a-cov KT.A.: see Vocab. The Cilician plain still yields the products mentioned by Xenophon, and, in addition, rice, cotton, and sugar-cane, the last introduced from Egypt. nrupols, KpOplOs: pl., because the whole is conceived of as made up of parts, ' [grains of] wheat.' Cf. our use of the word grain. 29. card: -rb reslov. The Cilician Plain (Cilicia Camzjestris) has in general the shape of a broad promontory, running out from the southern base of the Taurus range, between two arms of the sea. See Map. Page 59. 23. 1. jXao-r: sc. Kvpos. oa'ra.0.ov T'T^rpas: the 'four stages' probably cover the entire march from Tyana to Tarsus, a distance of about seventy-five miles. 2. Taporovs: now called Tersus. Only a small portion of the ancient site, marked by numerous ruins, is covered by the modern town. 4. pa-ov: here used as a noun. 5. oivoia: = nomine, ' by name.' For case of both ovoLa and eupos, see G. 1o58; H. 718, b. 5. 5 rrX Opov: G. io85,5; H. 729, d. 24.. 6. TraT'lv K.r.A.: notice the asyndeton. See note to p. 53, 3. XLrrov.....: =-= K6ctTrvlrES Epvyov EIs: ' left.. and escaped to,' or 'left for.' 7. TrX'v: here conj.; sc. ou/c iEeAtrov, or ouiK E(pvyov. KacrXE'a: C= cauzpnas; probably very like the khans or hostelries found to-day in the same region. The innkeepers expected to "turn an honest penny " by trading with the soldiers. Cf. p. 33.. 9. XkoLs: Soli was originally a Greek colony; the inhabitants had reason to feel safe 208 BOOK I. CHAP. II. [PAGE 59. on that account. The gradual corruption of the Greek language at Soli is said to have given rise to the term solecism. The ruins of the town lie near Mezetli. 'Ioro-ois: see N. to p. 64, 8, and Map. 25.. 10. rrpoepa: G. 926; H. 619, and 6I9, a. Kvpov: G. I153; H. 755. 11. ifipa LS: G. I184; H. 78I. 12.?T: G. 959, 2; H. 668. 13. ol pJev... o 8': 'some... others.' G. 981; H. 654, a. iap7r&ovTras: sc. avrovs. Force of the pres. part. here? 14. r6: = ab. G. I234; H. 808,, b. ot 8': sc. q(panav. tnroXcOivTas: =- relictos, ' falling behind.' 15. TOr &Xo: not 'the other.' 16. 8' otv: see N. to p. 58, 24. eKCaTdV: either the lochoi were not full, or perhaps only half the men of each were lost. Cf. p. 28. 26. 17. ot ~LXXot: i. e. of Menon's troops; subject of tKcov. ro6XLv: After the visit of the queen to Cyrus, the sacking of the city was hardly to be expected. But Menon reached Tarsus several days before Cyrus, and with his heartless greed (see p. r18, I7, et seq.), eagerly seized the opportunity for plundering. Cyrus undoubtedly put a stop to the depredations as soon as he could. Sipwraorav: how different in force from ipraarav? Cf. diripio, rapio. 18. facrtXEia: cf. N. to. p. 55, 12. 19. detioaaoEv ets: 'had marched into.' See N. to p. 57, I6. J.eTErrEl'reTo: notice the force of the impf., 'kept sending for.' 20. rrp6s: '(to come) to.' ovSevC: 'of any one.' G. 1177, and 1619; H. 772, a, and 1030. 21. cavroi: G. I153; H. 755. Es XEtpas: see IDIOMS. eXOEtv: G. 895, 2; H. 940. 22. UvaL: Sc. els XE~pas. t*rEL-rE: G. 1469; H. 924. irC-TrELs t.aPlv: fidem accepi4t sc.:Zvvvctff. Cf. N. to P. 56, 21. Under Wi-TreLs were reckoned all possible pledges that a man could give to bear witness to his sincerity, accompanied usually by solemn oaths. 27. 23. METCIL Trara: 'after that,'=' afterwards.' H. 635. A&XxioLs: G. 404, I75; H. 268, 772. 25. voJILtEaL: G. 899, 2; H. 604. rap pf3aoSrXiM: = 'at the court.' r(Lcta: G. 9I9; H. 594, b. 26. Xpvcroxatvov: the use of the three ornaments first mentioned was permitted only to those upon whom the king had conferred them. Cyrus was thus already playing the part of a king. 27. o-roXlv IIEpo-K&!V: a long flowing robe, usually of a purple color, with stripes and ornamental designs in gold-leaf. It was worn originally by the Medes, but was PAGE 60.] BOOK I. CHAP. III. 209 adopted by Cyrus the Elder, and hence became a part of the national costume. piKJi-r: 'no longer,' 'no further,' as in the case of Tarsus. 28. &vSpcrroSa: 'slaves;' to be distinguishedl fi-om SoAoi, 'bondmen,' those under the authority of another, whether as slaves or subjects. 29. fvTuYXXavWrL: sc. v1Uevvacrs Kcal of KlimKes iorAvy. G. 1403; H. 898. The conclusion is expressed by &7roxapBddveiv, which, as well as aiaptrdCEeOat, stands as object of force. G. 1419; HI. 898, a. Cyrus favored the Greeks in not issuing a general order for the restitution of captured slaves, giving the Cilicians a claim only on those that they might happen to see in possession of his troops. CHAPTER III. REFUSAL OF THE GREEKS TO GO FARTHER. RECONCILIATION. Page 60. 1. 1. 'Evra0': at Tarsus. It was now the first week in June. The march from Sardis had taken about three months. lYetve: why not pl.? G. 90o; H. 607. i1LCpas: difference between the gen., dat., and acc. in expressions of time? 2. r-TparuLraL: only the Greek soldiers are meant. OUK iE(faocav i'vaCL: negabant se ituros esse = dicebant non itiros esse. 'In cases like this the force of the negative goes with the following infinitive. G. 895, 2, 3; I-. 940 and 1028. For the future force of iUat, see G. 1257; H. 477, a; GMT. 30. As the Greeks were already beyond the Pisidian country, the order to go forward aroused suspicion. Tro0 rrp6oro: G. 1138; H. 760, a. 3. irrc6.revov: see N. to p. 51, 3. 4. rnpOTos: what different meaning would 7rp&rov have had here? G. 926; II. 6i9, b. 5. e(PttEro: characteristic of the harsh nature of Clearchus; see N. to p. 53, 2. Notice the conative force of the impf. G. 1255; II. 832. IpLXXov: sc. AB0oLs. 6. wieC: 'whenever,' 'as often as.' 2. 7. FLKpOv E'giuVyE LIh Ka'rTawrTpECaPOvatL: =vix effigit quTF lapidibus occzderetur, 'barely escaped being stoned to death.' RLKpov: G. 060o; H. 7g9, b. Ii: not translated. Why? G. I615; H. 1029. KaTa'rrE~TpWo0Vfvt: G. 5II9; I. 948. 8. vyvo: 'became convinced.' ov1 SWvrQo-re: 'he would not be able,' 'he could not.' G. 1487; H. 932, I and 2. pL[cacO-O0a: sc. what? EKKXTCrlav: see p. 30. 210 BOOK I. CHAP. III. [PAGE 60. 10, EcrTs: 'he stood (still) and.' Cf. N. to urvAA4Cas, p. 52, 19. G. 507, and I263; H. 336, 849. The description of the scene is made more graphic by using the tenses of continued action. e0avuatov: Clearchus understood well how to work on the feelings of his men. 11. etra: correlative with what? 'roL&f.e: 'as follows;' less definite than rdae, which would imply that the exact words of the address were given. G. Ioo; H. 696. The direct form of quotation is preferred, because more vivid than the indirect discourse. Read p. 47. 3. 12. "Av8pes o-TpaCLTwaL: = 'Soldiers,' 'Fellow-soldiers!' "Avyspf is used as a term of respect in addressing bodies of men, and cannot always be translated. H. 625, a. lf: G. I6IO; H. IO19. XaE'wrro 4epO: see IDIOMS, under pespc. 13. nrpdyp/acarLv: G. II8I; I1. 778. eip.o: emphatic by position. G. II73; H. 768. 14. pie (cv'yova: see N. to p. 53, 2. Tr& KoX = cetera. G. IO58, 1059; H. 718. 15. SapeiKov's: see N. to p. 53, 4. ols: 'them,' 'this sum.' In Greek, as in Latin, a relative at the beginning of a clause should often be translated by a demonstrative. dis Tb 8Lov: ' for my own advantage.' -To t8iov stands in the same relation to TO KOLVOV as in Latin privatum does to publicum. 16. cpioC: reflexive; in contrast with vi'as. ov8M... 8air&vov: i.e. et ne luxuriose quidem vixi, sed, quamdiu habebam, in vestrum cornmodum impendebam. Notice the combination of the aor. in KaO0e5usrd6,ra, expressing a definite fact, with the impf. in dEa7rdvcv, indicating rather a habit or course of conduct. The same distinction applies to e7roAC/A7ra and iriTJLWpotu7/v in the next sentence. 4. 17. wrpbs TOUS ~OpKas irroX\el.o'a: 'I engaged in war with the Thracians.' G. 1260; H. 841. 18. ETLippovLI rV: SC. avirovs. Force of the mid.? G. I246; H. 86, I2. p.OB' iov: 'in company with you;' implying a more intimate relation, and hence more complimentary, than abv vttiv, 'with your help.' 20. "EXXqvas, yv: G. I069; II. 724. (reLiS? Kipos EKdXEt: 'at the summons of Cyrus.' There may be a hint in the use of the impf. (implying repeated action), that Clearchus joined Cyrus only after having been sent for several times. 21. 84OLTo: could we have had dav p-raz? G. 1502, 2, and 1420; H. 937; GMT. 694, 696. EkXotYqv: G. 1365; H. 881. 22. &ve' v:-v: = dvi- rotrwv &, - a being a kind of cognate ace. with ra80ov. For the attraction, see G. 1032; H. 996, a, (2). Trans. PAGE 61.] BOOK I. CHAP. III. 211 'in return for the favors which I had received at his hands.' i6 EIraOov: G. I241; H. 820. Vir': verbs that have a meaning closely akin to that expressed by the passive voice (as 7ra'oXw, = ' am affected;' OvfJKw, = 'am slain') are often followed by Urw with the gen. of the agent. G. 1234, H. 808, i, b. iKEIVOU: more emphatic than avbrou. 5. 22. treC: reIf, like Latin cum, is sometimes temporal, sometimes causal. Which here? V.[Js: why expressed? G. 985; H. 677. 23. &va'YK1l: sc. earl. S: I 'you see.' irpo86vTa; for 7rpo8vTI; attracted from the dat. to agree with the unexpressed subject of XprfOar. G. 928, i; H. 941. 24. (tnXa: G. 1183; H. 777. Xpqr0OaL: G. 1521; H. 952. ticvOa-LEvov: for tEvu-aeldvy. The dilemma so cleverly put by Clearchus could hardly fail to win the sympathy of his soldiers. 25. d: 'whether.' G I605; H. IOI6. SCKOLaI.: 'right.' G. 1054; H. 716, b. zrotio'o: G 1481; H. 930, 932. 8' obv: sec N. to p. 58, 24. 26. criv 6iLv v: notice the change from IuO' BLvchv. By implying the less intimate relation here, in connection with 7rEIloaoma, Clearchus perhaps hints that he expects to suffer even more than his soldiers. 6,'r &v SE'n [sc. 7rdat-Xwv], 'rret'roaL:L: =qucquZ d opus erit (pati), patiar, - a conditional relative sentence of the third or "more vivid" form. G 1429, I434; H. 916. See IDIOMS, p. 402. 6,Tr: why written with diastole? G 426; H. 121, a. oTroT': = 'ever.' Why? 27. Es ~roVs pap. povs: 'into (the country of) the barbarians.' 28. EiXo1ilv: why not opt. of indir. disc.? G. 1487; II. 932, i; GMT. 669, I. Page 61. 6. 1. l. oCs: G. 1173; H. 768. narrpcpSa: especially significant, because Clearchus was an exile. G. 9Io; II. 939. 2. &v EIvaL TtlLLos: would be &vy Trios serfv in dir. disc., forming the conclusion of a conditional sentence of which the protasis is implied in riv 6Bu7v (= 'if I should be in your company,' 'if I should have your help'). G 1494; H, 964, (a). What similar construction below? otpiac: how different from voAlidA??rCRLos: G. 927; II. 940. &6rov iv:: == ubicucmque ero; stronger than irov Efav, G. 1299, 2, and 1437; H. 86o, 918; GMT. 556. v{u;v: G. 1140, and 1112; H. 753, c. Vf1.v lpilos Wv: =ei fis v p lfu. os eifnv -= s vobis des/itifzus simrn. G. 563, 5; H. 969, d. 3. &v: belongs with eyvak; repeated for emphasis. G. I312; H. 864. 4+EXracL: G. 1526; II. 952. 4. W's Eo lO6vTroS: force of &s? Instead of this construction, an ace. with infin. might have 212 BOOK I. CHAP. III. [PAGE 61. been used, thus: ogros ov ray yPv ytIv exert,? E, eye "a me iturum esse 5. vi'Ets: sc. >trse. See references on bTrov Gv above. TiVv yv4n'qv: see IDIOMS under eXw. 7. 6. ot: why accented? H. 112, c. 7. o[ aXXoL: i.e. o0 T'a v hAAwv rTpartTy&v rprTpaT sa.. rOPEv.. e. opevEo-0: explanatory of what word? ov 4caill: see N. to p. 60, 2. G. 1487; H. 932, 2. irap6: 'to;' milder, and hence more appropriate to the occasion, than eir, 'against.' The announcement of Clearchus that he would not go up into the interior, made him at once generally popular. Had the soldiers discovered at this point that he was playing false with them, and acting in the interest of Cyrus, the history of the expedition must have been very different. 9. ArXElovs:= 7reiovcs. G. 359; H. 236. 8LorCXLOL: sc. U0TparTWrat. How many men did Xenias and Pasion have left? Cf. p. 54, I7-24. 10. erTTpaTrolrESEcrwavTro: why not impf.? The aor. implies that the soldiers went over once for all. irapa: distinguish between the different uses of 7rapa in this section. 8. 10. TOUTOIS: neut. G. I 8i; H. 778. 11. ETEire'rETO: force of the impf.? Cf. 1. 14, and N. 12. OUK J0e\e: 'refused.' o-paTLrTrov: G. II50; H, 757. Trlpwov: why not rweU/as? 13. lXEyE Oappe;v: = iubebat eum bono animo esse. Ws... 8eov: translate freely, 'on the ground that these matters would come out all right.' G. 1152, and 1574; H. 970, 978. 14. Ets rb 8&ov: G. 932; H. 621, b. IJrTairE'F(recr0a: 'to keep on sending for (him).' acrds: trans. as if ace., in Latin, dicebat autem se non ztfrum esse, or negabat autem se Zi/rum esse. G. 927; H. 940. 9. 15. Tavra: see N. to p. 59, 23. 0': = TE. G. 92; H. 82. 16. TOis rrpoo-EX06vTacs: 'those who had come,' mentioned above, 1. 8-IO. irTi: G. 1179; H. 775. Trov iXXov: G. Io88; H. 729, e. 17. TOV pouvX6devov: 'whoever wished (to come).' ToiS:f: see N. to p. 60, II. 18. "AvSpes: see N. to p. 60, 12. 18. Tr K'pov: = res Cyri, 'the affairs of Cyrus.' The meaning is, 'Cyrus, you see (8), clearly stands in just the same relation to us as we to him.' SfXov [\rTv] SnTL: lit. 'it is clear that;' but trans. with one word. H. 1049, a; GMT. 912. 19. gXEt: intrans.; see Vocab. ' itTLE'repa: = res rostrae. 20. 'iWets: what is to be supplied? r-rpacrTrat: G. 956; H. 669. 21. 'ijpiv: after Ato-Ooadrqs. G. 1174; H. 765, a. PAGE 62.] BOOK I. CHAP. III. 213 10. 21. aiSKEUto'CL: G. 895, 2; H. 940. 22. Kcal,eTaner7re-oFLvou [F1c] acuro: concessive; trans. by a clause commencing 'even though he.' G. 1563, 6, and 1573, H. 969, e, and 979. 23. T IeyLorITov; = maxime, 'chiefly.' G. Io6o; H. 719, b. altxuvoXv Evos: 'from a sense of shame' (how lit.?). G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. 24. i4EavcrT. G. 1179; H. 775. wrdvaT': why acc.? ApUvo'Lvos: why without reduplication? G 523; H. 365. Trans. as if infin. The clause in Latin would read, conscius mihi sum, me eum prorsus decepisse. G. i590; H. 982, a; GMT. 908. S8t&Ss: 'from a feeling of fear' (how lit.?). G. 1263; H. 849, b. 25. fij: ' that,' 'lest.' G. I378; H. 887. Xc.3PWv: cf. N. to p. 54, 5. SCK~qv: see IDIOMS. v:-: 7=Towv a. a is attracted from its proper construction, - ace. with isiaor0ai (G. 1052; H. 725, c)-to take the case of its omitted antecedent ToVirwv, dep. on Bic)v. G. 1032; II. 996, a, (2). 11. 26. KacevsiELV: the article might have been used, thus, ppa Tov KaO0evfiv, - tempus ldrmiendi. G. 1521; H. 952. 27. iJ.&v: G. Ji02; H. 742. povXEvecrOat: sc. OKicfi S/pa ElvaL. 8,rT Xp^: G. i6oo; H. IoI, a. IroLEtv: G. 898; H. 949. CK TroTrv: 'under these conditions,' 'in the present state of affairs. 28. OKErTTEOV: see IDIOMS, p. 403. G. 1597; IH. 990. 29. d s av-r)a\oXE-TaTa: see IDIOMS. G. 369; H.. 259. vovfj.EV: G. 1372; II. 885. ifSq: with adrdvat, 'at once.' 30. &rrLiEV: trans. as fut. G. 1257; H. 828, a, end. Tair&rLfTSa: =-: ra& E7rl7 La. G. 42; H. 76. Page 62. 1. i^eXos: sc. iorTlvo 2. oiv8v: emphatic. G. Io6o; H. 7I9,b. 12. 2. 6 av4ip: ie. e Kpov. The expression implies complete indifference in regard to Cyrus and his interests..roXXo: G. 1140, and 1135; H. 753, f. &Lgo: sc. i-rtv. c3 &v: 'to whomsoever.' G. 1174, 1431, I; H. 765, 912, and 914, B., (I). 3. ex0pos: = inimicus, a personal enemy, against whom one has bitter feeling. wroMeios: = hostis, a public enemy, usually one actually engaged in hostilities. 5. Ka'l yap: see N. to p. 52, I4; and H. 1050, 4, d. 6. avCroi: after vrppw, " ironically suggestive of dangerous proximity," Kendrick well remarks. Clearchus adroitly brings forward the perplexities of their situation if they break with Cyrus. KOailrt: = castra habere. XEycEw: cf. Ka0eflEiv, p. 6I, 26, and N. 214 BOOK I. CHAP. III. [PAGE 62. 13. 8. Tavir: cf. N. to p. 59, 23. (K TrVrov: 'thereupon.' 9. XeovTes: 'in order to say.' G. I563, 4; H. 969, c. 10. &KEcVOv: Clearchus. ota: here = not quahs, as generally, but quanta, 'how great.' e:i' G. I487; H. 932, 2; GMT. 670. 11. LEVVELV, arvt4vC,: in Latin, manendi, abeundi. G. I521; H. 952. 14. 11. eI s 8 h 8I wrE: ' but one man in particular urged.' The speaker was a tool of Clearchus. See N. to 1. 23. 12. rrpoorroLo6 -p.evos: 'pretending.' Ws T&XLorrTa: see IDIOMS. 13. eXoBacu: aor. mid., from alpped; dependent on edre, as are also six infinitives in II. 14-i9. GMar. 99; H. 946, b, end. poVAXraL: might have been Bo6hot.ro. In indir. disc. forms of the dir. disc. are often retained, especially when, as here, the opt. would be ambiguous as representing either the ind. or the subj. of dir. disc. G. I499; H. 933, a. iLA: G. 1383, 1; H. 1021. 15. &yop: i. e. of the camp; see p. 33. The parenthesis is Xenophon's, explaining the dependence of the Greeks upon the barbarians for supplies, and showing the absurdity of the suggestion just made. 16. MOdvCras: i. e. "ExAnvas nTvar Cf. N. to o-vuAA4as, p. 52, 19. KOpov, Irrota: G. o169; H. 724. Why not ask for vacs? &roirXeocv: why not contracted? G. 495; H. 4uI. For the mode, see G. 1365, I503; H. 881, 937, a. 17. e&v ILA 8i8&p: might have been e0 1ud 8M5ofr. G. 1403, 1497, 2; H. 898, 937. ScrTLs.ir&iaE: for brTls drLa'ro, in Latin would be qui abducat. G. 1442; H. 911. Trans. the indefinite notion in 5crTIs with the antecedent, 'some guide, who.' nXaCas - predicative, implying that the country would be hostile without a guide such as proposed. 19. TraXTCrOlT s. dsc. 8.. o6o; H. 719, a. zrppoKrTa\Xit/ote'vovs: in Latin would be qzi occuparent, == &vSpas o? rrpofarax.oat vrat. G. 1563, 4; H. 969, c. ' &Kpa: along the pass over the Taurus range. See N. to p. 58, I8 and i5. 20. rrwos: == iva. eCroWr KaTcvr\ac vTrES: sc. avrd, 'may get possession of them before (us).' G. I586; H. 984; GMT. 144, I46. For the mode, see G. 1369; H. 881. 21. cav: double construction, part. gen. with roxXo6s, and possessive gen. with Xprhaura. Persons made captive, whether in war or in marauding expeditions, were usually sold as slaves XOpev - ipiraKdTrES ' have obtained by plundering, and (still) possess.' G. 1262; H. 981, a. Menon's sack of Tarsus was probably not the only depredation committed by the Greeks; mercenaries would be apt to improve every opportunity for plundering. 22. TOVrTOv Why not rovro? 23.,roor1Tov- '(only) so much,' 'only this.' The preceding PAGE 63.J BOOK I. CHAP. III. 215 speaker, while professing to be in favor of leaving Cyrus, artfully presented in the strongest light the impossibility of getting away from him, and thus indirectly furthered the scheme of Clearchus, who now, by refusing to lead the proposed retreat, puts still another obstacle in the way of it. 15. 23. ils rrparTTryroovT' ip': almost == 0s ey (emphatic) T'rpaTrlYr)ow; ace. after \yETew. GMT. 919, H. 978. o-TpaT'ryiLv. G Io05; H. 7I5. 24. p-qSeis: why not ohe&&s? G. I6Io, H. ioi9. 8t': difference in meaning between i&d with gen. and with ace.? ioC. G. 1188; H. 769, b. 25. roL7q-Tiov: sc. ea-rtv. Case of TOUT'? See IDIOMS, p. 403, and G. 1597; -I. 990. s 84: i. e. e'caoTros e AXEyerw, as supplied from ar1dels AEE7TO d. vSpt: G. IX59, H. 764, 2. 8v &V YXkroQO: = quZemcumVf e (duicem) elegerztis. See N. and references on V &v in 1. 2 above. WE-0irofaL: what two verbs have this forn in the fut.? 26. i SuvaTbv jikXLo-Tra: sc. co-I. See IDIOMS under uvwarov. ceSrTe: in how many and what ways may purpose be expressed in Greek? dlpXEcroaL: pass. GMT. 915, 2. 27. Ws - 'as well as.' Why accented? lXXos: in construing, supply Eira-aTsrT. Page 63. 16. 1. 'rroovp.ivov: i. e. 'as if Cyrus were marching back home again,' and would have no use for the vessels himself. See IDIOMS. G 1576; H. 970, and 978, a. ErLSELKVUS: repeated for clearness dJt0es: neut., to agree with airEi v, which stands as subject of EYf'. G. g91, H. 594, b. E'L: mode in dir. disc? G. 1487, H. 932, 2. 2. -rap& 'rorTov: could TroTroy have been used here? o; trans. as if oh with irpa^iv. G. ii65; H. 767. XvjF.aiv6JLCa dir disc. Such changes from the indir. to the dir. form of statement are not uncommon in Greek. 3. iyElO6vL: why not ace.? wTrL-TE'VcroFcEv: the fut. is rare in conditional sentences of the first form; what force has it? G. 1391; H. 893, c; GMT 407. 8' * G. 1429 and 1434; H. 916 T... poKaCTahaJcd1wvELv. order, Tr KWcAvIe K/pov Ktal tceAevei 7rWpoKaTSraaJj3c8alvEL i7ul v ra aKpa; Kat 'also,' as well as hindering our retreat in other ways 4 &KpaC emphatic position Cf N to p. 62, 19. [HLiv dat. of disadvantage; by some, however, considered a dat. of advantage, 'for us,'- an interpretation which makes the clause ironical, and requires the following order -r KwAtuEi (ayfs) KEAEvei Kvpov 7rpotcara2alfLcdvEiv 7Luvp KaL ra7 aKtpa' 17. 5. OKVOCrJv for the form, see G. 737; I. 410, a. eppaLCvELv: see IDIOMS. Soi: G. 1436; II. 917. 6. Tats G 949; H. 658. 216 BOOK I. CHAP. IIIP. [PAGE 63. TpLTpcrt ' kind of dat.? G, I18I; H. 776. Ka.8SvrlT: G. I378; H. 887. Might the opt. have been expected here? (opoCplvlv: difference in meaning between act. and mid.? Distinguish between tpofovlua m (= metuo), 3ocvew (= tzmeo), eiobw (= paveo), and rpEfw0 (= tren o). 7. i'yqE6JvL: what classes of verbs are followed by the dat?: for wlv G. 1031; H. 994. &ydy|g: G. 535; H. 436. Riev: elliptical for s6CEie 0Ev, = ' to a place from which.' l-cratLt: =poterit. 8. &KOVTOS Ktpov: see IDIOMS. Why gen.? sc. 6vros. G. I571; H. 972, b. rrtw&v: = el dwriouy. G. 1413; H. 902. XkaOetv c-irbv aIrreXOv = digressus latuisse ezin. See IDIOMS; and G. 1586; H. 984; GMT. 144. 9. 8: neut., because referring to the preceding clause as a whole. 10. TaCTa: ravTas might have been looked for. H. 632, a. Cf. N. to P- 59, 23. kXuapLas; the pl. is more forcible than the sing. Cf. H. 636. For the case, see G. 9o0; H. 939. 18. 11. O'TPrLvi: sc. EIl0,v. See N. to p. 62, 17. ipoTarv: subject of BoKes, as are also several infinitives following, part with mvspas as subject-acc., part with ifxas. 12. ri: 'for what (purpose).' G. 1054, and I183; H. 716, b, and 777, a, end. How many objects has pwrav? hplv: what similar use of the Latin abl.?: why subj.? 13. otCarep: T= roca orlav7rEp (cognate accusative), 'to that for which.' The reference is to the Greeks whom Cyrus took with him when he went up to Babylon just before the death of Darius. See pp. 21 and 51, 7-Io. 14. KKloKOs = Kaicovas. G 358; H. 236. What constructions are found after comparatives? TOjT: more emphatic than avbri. For the case, see G. I179; H. 775. 19. 15. p4d'tov: emphatic position. Tvs wrpdo-0v [7rpAdeos]: G. 1153; H. 755. 16. ciLtouv: as obj. sc. avTdv (i. e. KDpov), with which the following participles agree, Cf. N. to p. 52, 23. 'TrEoaLvTc: by means of larger inducements in the way of pay. 17. irpbs LtXtav: see IDIOMS. a&LevctU sc. 4l/as. 18. E'rodAvoL: = el e7ro(leOa. G. 1563, 5; H. 969, d. CLkoL, rrpodOvljoL: G. 926; H. 619. Er'oCfEO9a: G. 1408, and 1413; H. 900, 902. 19 cLrLdov's: = what? 20. \ypl: G. 1434; H. 916. &7w-aYY6EAtX SeVpo: o30Ce /oi, Tobs 7rpbs Kupov iAOdvracs o7rayyeLxat 8evpo. Why aor. infin. instead of pres.? &ciKoi'rsavTas: when we have heard.' PAGE 64.] BOOK I. CHAP. ITT. 217 20. 22. "ESotE T'arcO: see IDIOMS. The form of expression implies that the soldiers approved the plan suggested by a formal vote, - E3o~E being equivalent to the technical 'it was voted,' or' it was resolved ' of English parliamentary law. eX6~LEvoL: notice the force of the middle ('for themselves'); the men chosen represented the rest. 23. KOpov T'& sodavra: what verbs are followed by two ace.? 6 8': see N. to p. 51, 13. 24. KOV01: G. 1487; H. 932, 2. 'AppoKCLav: satrap of Phoenicia, and one of the four captains-general of the Empire, having command of three hundred thousand men. xOpov: why not 7roAeJ.lov? Cf. N. to p. 62, 3. 25. Evpn'ri1: G. 970; I. 624, a. rivcaL: why not JVra? G. I592, I; H. 986. 88~saL rrTaOifovs: in reality nineteen or twenty day's marches; cf. N. to p. 55, 2. Cyrus wished to make the distance seem as short as possible. 26. K&Vv: = Kal c'a. G. 42; H. 76. T^v SCKqV: = meritam p2oenam, ' the (proper) penalty,' 'retribution.' See IDIOMS. 27. vyen: trans. as if fut. pf., y=fugerit. Why aor., while yEVp is pres.? For the mode, see G. 1403; H. 898. 28. povXEuAvro-r a: sudden change to dir. disc. Cf. 1. 2 and N. Was Cyrus's statement well calculated to win over the soldiers? 21. 28. cdpcEToC: = electi. How formed? G. 776, I; H. 475,. 29. 'rots vrro+oCaL v: see IDIOMS, p. 403. 30. L-yoL: could the indic. have been used here? G. 1487; H. 932, 2. wppoto-CaLroo-: participle; sc. aur-os. Trans. the 7rpor- by 'additional,' or 'extra,' with the obj. 31. So-XELv * G. 1286; H. 948, a; GMT. 136. When is the subject of an infin. not expressed? G. 895, 2, 3; I. 940. 32. oS: for g with omitted antecedent; i. e. To6Tro (ArIoG0) 0'v. G. 1154, and 1032; H. 755, and 996, a, (2). 7'i.6dXov is looked upon as a comparative. Page 64. 1. llvds: G. I136; H. 759. On the pay, see p. 33. Trc: 'each.' The article has here a distributive force. H. 657, c. 2. iv TZ )avepcp: = pavepws. The expression implies that Cyrus may have had a secret understanding with certain ones, as Clearchus. 218 BOOK I. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 64. CHAPTER IV. MARCH TO THE EUPHRATES; THE CROSSING. 1. 3. 'Evre0Ev: from Tarsus, where Cyrus had halted twenty days. It was now the last week in June. 4. Tapov: see Vocab. and Map. Cyrus probably crossed the river above the site of Adana, where the river, now at least, is not fordable, and is crossed by a bridge. 6. IIvpaciov: Cyrus's route runs almost directly east from Tarsus to Issi, where it turns south again. See Map. 8. 'Io-oiovs: the location of Issi has not been determined with certainty; but numerous ruins at the point indicated on the Map are thought to mark the site. ioXrLT] v: i. e. before entering Syria. oLKoUvLeIv: here = K-e/erv, 'lying,' situated.' 2. 10. Kvpw: G. II65; H. 767. cat iK IIEXoVrrovvl4-oV v~ES: the article is used because the ships have been mentioned before; see p. 58, 22-24, and H. 657, a. At the beginning of his preparations Cyrus had sent a message to the Lacedaemonians, requesting their aid in his proposed expedition against the Pisidians. Thinking that they would reap advantage from the alliance, but not wishing to arouse the suspicion or jealousy of their neighbors or the Persian court, the Lacedaemonians issued secret orders to their naval commander, Pythagoras, to enter the service of Cyrus. He took thirty-five galleys, having on board seven hundred hoplites under the command of Chirisophus, and at Ephesus joined the fleet of Cyrus under Tamos, who had just returned from the siege of Miletus. The two fleets sailed around to Issi, which was the most convenient point for a junction of sea and land forces preparatory to going up into the interior. 12. c.rrv: G. II09; H. 74I. Tact&s: see N. to p. 58, 23. 13. gXwv: see N. to p. 5I, 8; and H. 968, b. cLs: G. II8I; H. 776. 14. i'rroXpKEL, a-vven'oX4eiEL: the impf. looks upon the past action as continuous; trans. 'had been besieging,' 'had been waging war.' MCXrlqov: see p. 52, 14-21, and N. 6sE: many editions have i'-r. 15. o.'ridv: i. e. Tissaphernes. 3. 16. er: ' upon,' not ' in command of.' liETa'Te'R7ros: G. 776, 2; H. 475, I. 17. v: why gen.? The troops under PAGE 65.] BOOK I. CHAP. IV. 219 Chirisophus and the four hundred from Abrocomas raised the number of Greeks who had joined Cyrus to about fourteen thousand. Cf. N. to p. 56, 4. 18. Frap6c: 'alongside.' The tents of the Persian kings were very large, and that of Cyrus probably extended some distance along the shore. CrK-nvilv why not dat.? G. 221; II. 790. 19. 'Ap3pod6ol a: Doric gen. G. I88, 3; i-. 146, foot-note D. Cf. N. to p. 63, 24. 20. 2.vvEorTpcaTrTovTro: sc. auTry. 4. 22. 'EvTEOOEv: from what place? 23. rrJAXas: see Vocab. The pass between Cilicia and Syria, now called Gtisel-Dagh (' Beautiful Mountain'), lay between the Mediterranean Sea and the Amanus Mountains, about eighteen miles south of Issi. The Amanus range, a spur of the Taurus, here presents a face of steep cliffs near the shore; see Plan I. The narrow passage left between was fortified by two walls, traces of which still exist. The Plan represents the pass as seen by Xenophon. To-day the Karsus, now called Markaz-soo, divides into two branches soon after it leaves the mountains: one branch flows into the sea north of the site of the northern wall; the other, south of the line of the southern wall. qorav: pl. because the subject, though represented by the neut. Pravra, is properly ri.ait understood. TroTa: attracted from its proper foim, aarcu, to agree with the predicate noun T7Xfl. Cf. H. 632, a. 24. Tso -roAEv [reiXos]: G. 952; H. 641, a. The adjectives aroOREv and E'co are used according to the point of view of Cyrus before entering the pass. rT: G. 959, 2; H. 668. rrp: 'toward,' 'on the side of.' 26. <vuXaKi vX\arrTELV: Greek as well as Latin writers were fond of bringing together words of similar sound. iJroov: see IDIOMS, p. 398. 27. 6vo.a, Eepos: why acc.? &crav: G. 979; H. 672. 28. c-av: for i)v. G. 904; H. 6Io. 29. iv piq.: here = oUr re Jiv 31a, = vi pot/erat. 30. Ka0iiKovTa: pred. part., sc. iv. Notice the force of Kcara-, 'down'from the heights above. {FrrEp0OE icrav r'TrpaL 1XipaTOL: cf. mons altissimus impendebat, in Caesar's Bell. Gall., i. 6. AXipcaroLT: poetic word. Notice the brevity and compactness of the sentences in this description. Page 65. 5. 1. Eirr: we should say 'in.' &J-4OT4poLs: G. 976; H. 673, a. +4o-rcTaav: trans. as if impf. G. 804, i231, and 1263; H. 849, c, and 500, I. irvXAu: see A and B, Plan I. The pass at Thermopylae also was closed by a wall with a gate. 220 BOOK I. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 65. 2. wrapoSov: G. 1151; H. 758. T&s vacis: left behind at Issi the previous day. 3. aorof3pl3arorEv: G. I365; H. 88i. ctcro: between the two walls. Eco: beyond the farther or southern wall, in Syria; see Plan I. This scheme of Cyrus indicates excellent generalship. TrvuXCv: why gen.? G. 1148; H. 757. PLaor6o'evos: G. I563, 4; H. 969, c. 4. el: 'if (as was expected).' VXrr'TTOLEv: i. e. of irouAl4uoi, the king's forces; see p. 64, 25, 26. For the mode, see G. I503, end; H. 937. 5. 8rep: 'just the thing which,' 'the very thing which,'referring to the thought of the preceding clause. H. 1037, 3. 9XovTa: render by a causal clause. G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. 7. Kvpov 6dvc: in Latin would be Cyrutm esse. G. I588, H. 982; GMT. 904. 8. &irriXavv: the retreat of Abrocomas was perhaps as much a matter of policy as of necessity. His duty to the king required him to hold the pass against Cyrus; and with his superior numbers he could at least have made the attempt without serious danger to himself. But foreseeing a possible change in the kingship, he likely avoided a direct conflict with Cyrus in order to stand well with the prince in case Artaxerxes should be driven from the throne. 9. rraparTi&s: trans. as if Orrpartwrw,. 6. 10. Sa& uvpCacs: in what direction? See Map. 11. MvpavSov: the site has not yet been identified, but is thought to be near modern Alexandretta, Turkish Iskanderum. 12.,Jirw6pov: G. 956; H. 669. 13. 6XK8cES: distinguish between vais (= navis), rpijprjs (= trireinis), 6oKds (== navis oneraria), and 7rAXoov. 7. 13. itpEpas irra: as Myriandus was the last seaport town on his route, probably Cyrus ordered his fleet thither, and delayed in order to land supplies and arms, preparatory to advancing directly into the interior. He probably collected supplies also at Myriandus, as he was soon to enter a region of desert. 14. Zevass: see p. 54, 17-25 -15. rrX(crro'v: G. 1135; H. 753, f. v0E4LEVOL: 'put on board and.' See N. to p. 52, I9, and H. 968, end. Force of the mid.? 16. 48oKovv: trans. as if impers. H. 944, a. +LXoTrLpleqVTrES: 'from jealousy.' G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. 17. (rTpar&Tars: obj. of xeIv. 18. eta: G. 537, I; H. 359. 19. SiXOe: force of 8ia-? SLCKOL: G. 1487; H. 932, 2. 20. ds: G. 1574; H 978. 'Kepov: sc. abro's. Force of the impf.? The severity of Cyrus's punishment of offenders was doubtless known to PAGE 66.] BOOK I. CIAP. IV. 221 all. See pp. 58, 12-14, and 84, 14-20. 21. El: 'in case that.' G. I420; H. 907. CXoLooV7ro G. I502, 2; I-. 533, I, and 937. For the tense, see G. 1287; H-. 855, a; GMr. I28. 8. 21. orTpraT'yoZS: the Greek generals. Cf. p. 29. 3. 'AroXEXoiraoLv: emphatic position. G. 643; IH. 450, and 451, b. &XX EL yYE L4VTroL iLrEWordo-0ov ' But nevertheless let them understand full well.' 24. dtrroSeSpodKao-Lv implies getting away without being noticed, as a runaway slave; while citrowrEivyact v implies getting off by flight so quickly as to escape capture, as in the case of a fugitive enemy. 25. O'XOVrTCa G. 1256; II. 827. 26. WITIE f'XEv: sc. ede, 'so that I could take.' G. 1449; II. 953; GMT. 582, 583. gui: why not vr? G. Io66, o167; IH. 723. 27. IywyE Stlkw, peti oviSsls: chiasmus. See N. to p. 51, 9. SWg0: rare form of ftit. for alw'oyaa. ovS' oSCs s: G. 16I9; H. 130. 28. wrapoU,3oXkirctt: why subj.? G. 1431,; H. 914, B. I. XpcoiaL: sc. avTro7f; indic. or subj.? 29. CLaUroVs: ipsos, the men as distinguished from their goods; pl. because rls is looked upon as representing a class. KOKaOS rot&: see IDIOMS. G. 1074; 1-I. 712.,rL: not 'the.' 30. iiv rovv: - Yrwav. KOKLovs: not ace. Page 66. 1. KaCTOL: 'and yet.' 2. Tp6hXXEot: a wealthy city in Lydia, not far from Smyrna; see Map. The ancient site is identified from numerous ruins. dpovpov|JiEva: for ppovpovuE'vasr, the women being counted as things, according to a social standard still recognized in the East. Cf. G. 924, (a); H. 6r5, (2). The women and children had been consigned to the keeping of Cyrus, probably as hostages for the fidelity of Xenias and Pasion. o,8' rouirov: = ne horuZt quidem.. G I I8; II. 748, a, and 1043, 2. o-TEpicrovratL: trans. as if pass. G. 1248; II. 496. 3. iWtroXi4ovTaCL: sc. aurrd. irpo'-rev, wrepi Ue: G. 952; H. 666, c. 9. 4. rCT': G. 1005, end; H. 635. Et TrS v: = 'whoever had bejn,' 'those that had been.' Cf. N. to p. 65, 29. 5. &c0udoTrpos: 'somewhat disheartened.' H. 649, b. dtKoUov'res the soldiers 'heard of' the address of Cyrus through the officers. 6. peTrv: 'magnanimity.' It was, however, a matter of policy for Cyrus to deal leniently with the faithless generals, for the reason that he no doubt preferred that Clearchus, a better commander than either Xenias or Pasion, should have their troops, and also because he had not yet left the coast, and harshness of treatment would be liable to provoke 222 BOOK I. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 66. mutiny and further desertion. 7. rafrra: Cf. p. 59, 23, and N. ieEXciVL: from Myriandus Cyrus turned to the east, and probably crossed the Amanus range by the pass of Beilan. It was now the middle of July. 8. X4Xov: to-day the lzoweik. It flows southward past Aleppo, and loses itself in a salt marsh, after a course of eighty miles. See Map. 9. arX'ipn: = rAipea. G. 312; H. 230. tX0iov: considered sacred, because - tradition said -the Syrian goddess Derceto, from shame on account of a misdeed, once threw herself into the Chalus, and was changed into a fish. The chief tributary of the Koweik now abounds in fish, and is known as 'Fish River' (Balukli-soo). At Urfah, in the same region, the traveller Ainsworth found a pool, enclosed by a marble basin, and full of fishes, which were regarded by the natives with veneration,-a survival, no doubt, of the ancient superstition. 'rpa.iv: G. 348; H. 247, a. 10. 6eos: G. 1077; H. 726. ev6.Ltov: voli(ovuat might have been expected, as the worship still continued in Xenophon's own time. Cf. G. 1291; H. 824, a. &SLKiEE: SC. Ttvd. 11. LrWpLOrepas: sc d8&tKEYv Tiva e'ov. Semiramis, the daughter of Derceto, was said to have been changed into a dove. IIapuov'aT'os: see IDIOMS, p. 400, G. 1o94, i; H. 732. 12. ets vqjv. 'for girdle money;' as we should say, 'pin-money,' 'spending-money.' " Men say," says Cicero (In Verr. Act. II. lib. iii. c. 33, ~ 76), "that the barbarous kings of the Persians and Syrians are accustomed to have several wives, and that they assign these wives states in this way, -that one state provide for a woman's girdles, another for her hair." Other members of the court and royal favorites were given similar grants, which were contributed outside of the regular taxes of the provinces. The jewels and other ornaments worn on girdles, in the hair, and in other parts of the wardrobe, were of the most expensive character, 10. 13. Aaps8ros: not yet identified with certainty, but probably a tributary of the Euphrates; by some thought to be a canal leading to the Euphrates, though in the face of Xenophon's explicit statement. The region abounds in river-channels, most of which are dry the greater part of the year. 14. epos: sc. ao-r. 15. pa-crCXta: see N. to p. 55, 12. TOV dfptavros: 'who had ruled over.' The aor. implies that at the time of writing Belesys was no longer in office. G. 91I; H. 623. Belesys appears to have been a satrap, who, favoring Artaxerxes, had fled at the approach of Cyrus. Xupias: G. 1109; H. 741. rapa&uros: see N. to p. 55, I2. 16. Mrv0': PAGE 66.] 1OOK I. CHAP. IV. 223 G. 92; H. 82. 17. &6KofE: 'laid waste' by cutting down the trees. Whatever is done in consequence of a man's orders is considered as done by himself. 11. 19. Evbp&rTv: see Vocab. and Map. T'rETTapv crraS&Cv: the Euphrates varies greatly in width. It is narrower in the lower than in the upper part of its course, both because its waters are drawn off into canals for purposes of irrigation, and because the current wears a deeper channel in the alluvial plain near its mouth. 20. OIicLaKos here was the oldest and most frequented ford of the Euphrates, still used by the natives. The width of the river remains about that given by Xenophon, and in the dry season the depth is hardly over two feet. Here in antiquity armies of Persians, Greeks, and Romans crossed the river; and in modern times, armies of Turks and Arabs. Thapsacus, identical with Tiphsah (= ' ford'), in I Kings, iv. 24, was thus a strategic point, and for a time marked the boundary of Solomon's empire in this region. Its ruins lie opposite the modern town of Rakka, and on both sides of the river remains of a stone causeway lead down to the water. 21. 6vola: G. 1058; H. 718. 23. o'orTo: what other mode could have been used here? pCaioLXea jiyav: see N. to p. 52, 3. Bap3vXuva: see p. 2, and Vocab. 24. avaorEC0ELv 'irOc-OaL: sc. avTros (i.e. Tobv orparo&,ras); = (eis) persuadere, ut sequantur. Cyrus had kept the real object of his expedition a secret as long as he could; and he had drawn the Greeks so far away from the coast that retreat seemed impossible without his cooperation. 12. 26. iroitJoavTES: trans. as a finite verb, with 'and.' CKKXTIa'lav: read p. 30. racLra: see N. to p. 59, 23. 27. crparlTjyois: G. 1159; H. 764, 2. 28. dt8'ras: concessive, 'although having known,' 'although they had known.' G. 1563, 6; II. 969, e; GMT. 842. Kpvr'TeV: impf. in dir. disc., but render as if plupf. H. 826. Probably Clearchus had known Cyrus's plans from the beginning. Cf. p. 64, 2, and N. OZK ICaLrav. see N. to p. 60, 2. levat; in dir. disc. Yluev, as apodosis to av,... i3. G. 1403, 1257; H. 898, 477, a. 29. Tri: refers indirectly to Cyrus, mention of whom by name is purposely avoided. XPiwTLa: 'bounty,' in addition to the regular pay, iutar6s. 8ro-arep: sc. e'ofOn. ToES WpdTepov &vapcCo'L: see p. 51, 9, and p. 21. 30. Kai Trara L: 'and that too ' (sc. (dJ07). L6tov'v: sc. Eceifvw, 'though they were going ' G. 1568; H. 972, a. 224 BOOK I. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 67. Page 67. 13. 2. So-Etv: sc. avtorv, (se) daturum esse. G. 1286; H. 948, a. 3. rrevTe Ivas': = how much in our money? Cf. Vocab. apyuptou: G. 1085, 4; I1. 729, f. eirELSav iqKOnrL, fEXPL &v KaTa'o-rt'ajll might have been eIrel VcKOLev, teXpt KaraaTrlTjELe, the dir. form being retained in the indir. disc. For the subjunctives see G. I434 and I465; H. 916, 92I. iao-Obv EvTEXi: the increased pay already promised (see p. 63, 30-32), without reckoning the donative. Cyrus's promises were certainly ample. Kactrar-Tri-fl: in Lat. would be fut. perf. 5. T o roX: how different in meaning from iroav? See Vocab. 7. dva: G. 1470; H. 955. What is the subject? 8. irodepov -: = utrum — an. G. I6o6; H. 1017. The questions stand in the dir. form, but trans. as if indir. oi: G. 138,; H. 112, a. 9. Trv &XXwv: G. 1148; H. 757, a, end. r6Se: see N. to roidCe, p. 60, Ii. 14. 10. E&v rrcri0E:: = si obteemperaveritis. Cf. N. to KoTacrTapr above, and H. 898, c. What form of condition is this? ao: G. II59; H. 764, 2. olie KLvSuvvUcraVTES otTE: 'without either running risk or.' How lit.? 11. TpoTp' rE.I(o-ee': G. I248; H. 496, a. oapoaTrWTCOV: G. II32; H. 751. 12. Ki.cX6o sc. u/as. 'TOLqrcaL: why not pres.? vOv: emphatic. 13. Xpnqv. see IDIOMS, p. 404. 14. SrTL: 'what.' G. 1013; H. 700. Kind of ace.? 15. 16. caTLLo: why not acc.? dpCLavTrS: manner, 'by taking the lead.' Troi SLa3aLveLv: G. I547 and 1099; H. 959, 738. 17. XiPLYv et'crrat: see IDIOMS, p. 404. 18. EwirirTaTaL: 'knows how;' sc. Xadppv drosovai. GMT. 915, 2, (a). I rTS fc. r. A.: see IDIOMS, p. 399. Kai: not to be translated. 19. &7ro'nt4iac)wovTra: sc. e7rrEOat*. dro- has here the force of a negative, 'away from,'= 'not.' t&drLpvcv: is the pres. here used regularly? G. 1257; H. 477, a. &7ravres: i. e. we and all the other Greeks and Cyrus. ds Tro7ijrraXLv: see p. 399. 20. utv: emphatic. Why dat.? 'TrTOrTrToLLS: predicative, 'as most trustworthy.' 16. 21. cpovppLa, XoXoyaas: obviously the easiest as well as most profitable positions in the service. &Xovu: for &ixo, or after Te5 -te0oe; but trans. with o'vrvos, 'whatever else.' G. 1035; H. 1003. 22. 8h1ir0~: G. 1434; H. 916. dUs: trans. with cpixov after Kdpou. Kvpov: G.I 130; H. 750 24. StapEPl'llras: sc. avrovs; trans. by plupf. indic. G. 1588; H. 982. 25. o-TpaTeVfJ.cLa after both 7rjau*a and eTrev. Menon's division is alone referred to. rXoiv: the son of Tamos (see N. to p. 58, 23), PAGE 68.] B0OK I. CHAP. IV. 225 and one of Cyrus's most trusted officers. IHe afterwards deserted to Artaxerxes, in whose service he achieved distinction. 26. ipi. Why not Jy here? 27. ircrave4o-T: G. 1372; IH. 885. eitol iZEkiotEL see IDIOMS, p. 401. j: i. e. X, Fl e An & /ot p Lte\AEl, raiCerL. Why not ouKEer? G. I6IO; H. IOI9. Kvpov: enphatic. Cyrus's generosity and good faith were well known. 17. 28. o-rpaTLwraT: i.e. of Menon. qljXOVrTO: see IDIOMS, under evXoUlat. 29..yc.rTO: sc. Kipos, but trans. as if impers., 'it was said that.' iEyLyaXOTrpETws: emphatic position. Cf. p. 59, 23-26, and N. 30. SLiepavEt: sc KRpos. arvveCTrEro, &rrav: both emphasized by being placed out of the usual order. Trv SLapaLv'ovTWv: G. o185, 7; H. 729, e. Page 68. 1. paCrTCv: G. 1153; IH 755 Cf. N. to p. 66, 20. 18. 2. ovrrrwro0': how different in force from otrTOTE? 3. SLa3aTrss: G. 776, I; H. 475, I. 'ydvoLo: what are the rules for the change of mode from dir. to indir. disc.? Et ij: 'except.' The whole statement is a good specimen of oriental flattery. See N to p. 66, 19, 20. wrXoLLS: i. e. barges or floats arranged side by side with timbers laid across, forming a pontoon bridge; see N. to p. 55, 4. This bridge had been built by Xerxes on his way to Greece (read p. io). Since its destruction by Abrocomas it has never been replaced. Alexander transferred his forces across the Euphrates by means of boats brought from the Mediterranean; but in the summer of 68 B. c., Lucullus with a Roman army forded the river as Cyrus had done. 4. 'Ap3poKdo'as: see N. to p. 63, 24. KaTEKCav'rEV: trans. as if plupf. H. 837. L8apjf: G. 1365, 1369; H. 88i, and 88i, a; GMT. 3f8. 5. 48oKf: what is to be supplied as subject? OEov: in pred. after edvai. G. 927; H. 940. The ground for the miracle was probably the fact that the river is at its lowest usually in November or December, not in midsummer, the season when Cyrus was crossing. 6. Kvpy: G. 165; H. 767. paCLoKXEo-ovTL: G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. Why not pres.? 19. 7. XupCas: eastern part, extending as far as the Araxes. This region later was reckoned a part of Mesopotamia. 8. 'Apq1v: now the Khabour (biblical Chebar). The king Nebuchadnezzar (read p. 7) settled by it a number of Jewish captives, among whom was the prophet Ezekiel (Ez. i. 1-3). From Thapsacus Cyrus advances toward Babylon as directly and rapidly as possible. 9. crTov, oi'vov: G. 1140, 1112; H. 753, c. The country along the Khabour is de 226 BOOK I. CHAP. V. [PAGE 68. scribed as being still fertile, but as almost depopulated from incursions of hostile Arabs. 10. '7rELo-TL'rcrao: why mid.? It was necessary for Cyrus to procure here as large a supply of provisions as possible, owing to the barrenness of the desert region he was about to enter. CHAPTER V. MARCH ACROSS THE ARABIAN DESERT. 1. 11. 'ApapCas: a district along the left bank of the Euphrates, properly belonging to Mesopotamia, but in Xenophon's time, as to-day, inhabited by nomadic Arabs. 12. SEtaL: see IDIOMS. G. 932, 2; H. 621, c. p!}iovs: trans. as if a noun, ep[clas. WcrapcLa-yyas: thirty.five parasangs in five days indicates rapid marching; see N. to rTaOuov'S, p. 55, 2. Cyrus was hastening to get beyond the desert. It was now the first or second week in August. 14. &rrav: trans. as if an adv. oXpakis: in fact, however, the ground is slightly undulating, like many of the western prairies. a+iLv{iov: G. 1140; H. 753, c. Wormwood grows as a low shrub. 15. i s8 TrL: 'whatever.' /iXsls: why gen.? L&\Xo: 'other (kind).' &wcv'ra: pl. because of the generic or collective force of the preceding 'r. 16. &apujlaa: though the region still abounds in spicy plants, they are not valuable for purposes of commerce. Xenophon's description as a whole holds true of the present state of the country. 2. 17. 6voL &ypLOL: sc. Evficav. Wild asses are now only occasionally found there. Cf. Layard's ANineveh and its Remains, vol. i. p. 266. rrpovOoC: later called rpovOoKdjic71Aoi, from their long, camel-like neck. Derivation of our word ostrich? 18. r/TSEs, SopKiaSe: still common in Mesopotamia. Notice derivation in Vocab. 19. 8/SoKOV: force of the impf.? 8&KO:; G. 1431, 2; H. 914, B. 20. irpoSpaCLo6vTes: 'would run forward and.' iorTra'av: G. 1263; H. 849, c. 7rrokXv: made emphatic by its separation from OarTor. trrcov: G. II53; H. 756. 21. TCVTOV: G. 400; II. 265. 22. ObK Jv: see N. to p. 64, 29. Xakeiv: sc. avTros, or Gvov. s8ao-rCv'rss: 'stationing themselves at intervals' in the direction in which the asses would be apt to run. 23. SLca8EXdieO L: ' by relieving one another' with fresh horses. As the ass came near one of the horsemen stationed PAGE 69.] BOOK I. CHAP. V. 227 some distance from the starting-point of pursuit, the first pursuer stopped, and the hunter with the fresh horse took his place. Thus the hunt was kept up till the ass was finally wearied out and taken. 24. e\acE)Cos: G. II75; H. 773. 3. 25. lr-&rwov: part. gen. 26. &'rEa-IrrTo 4e6yovo-a: 'it would make off in flight;' impf., as denoting customary action. 7ror', 'TrrpvLtv: G. 183; H. 777. Sp61o< G.. I8I; H. 776. 27. &pac.a: sc. aurdas, i. e. 'ras 7rrTrfpu'as. itorC: G. 916; H. 777, and a. Accurately speaking, the ostrich relies for speed wholly upon running, using its wings only as a rudder. 28. avLcrT: subj. in a general supposition. G. I393, I; H. 894, I. oa-TL: G. I44, 5; H. 480, i; GMT. 462. 29. KpEa.: pi. because the flesh of more than one is referred to. 30. SLcr-a: ' very sweet.' H. 650, b. Cf. Ainsworth's Travels in the iyrack of the Ten Thousand, P. 77. Page 69. 4. 2. M'iOrKav: probably Xenophon referred to a canal that ran across a neck of land in a bend of the Euphrates, and thus formed an island, on which Corsbte was built. Such a channel now cuts off the island of Werdi, on which are numerous ruins, generally thought to be those of Cors6te. 3. t'vop.: sc. iv. C; IDIOMS, p. 420 4. Mdo-Ka: personified, hence with v7rd. For the form, see G. 188, 3; H. I46, D. KVK\X: trans. as if adv., 'about.' G. II8i; H. 776. 5 4rrE-rLTLravTo: how it happened that the city, though 'deserted,' contained enough supplies to make it worth while for the army to wait there three days Xenophon does not state. Possibly the inhabitants had just fled at the approach of Cyrus, as had those of Tarsus (see p. 59, 6-8); but a more definite statement might have been expected. 5. 6. 'Trpa'cr&yyas vEviltrKov'ra: forced marching, not far from three hundred miles in thirteen days, - a rapidity of movement rarely equalled in the case of an army. Cyrus's route follows the river closely from Thapsacus to Cunaxa. See Map. 7. IIukas: what Xenophon refers to is not known, as there is no mountain-pass in this region. Perhaps a fortress, marking the northern boundary of Babylonia, is meant; or, as some think, a passage near the river through the Median wall. The supposed location of Pylae is indicated on the Map. 9. &XXo: 'besides.' G. 966, 2; II. 705. SevSpov: here 'plant.' 10. Ovous &XEaras: 'upper mill-stones; ' so called from the fact that the upper mill-stone was made to whiil over the lower, and was usually 228 BOOK 1. CH-AP. V. [PAGE 69. turned by an ass. A gritty rock suitable for mill-stones is abundant in this region. See Bibliotheca Sacira for I857, p. 244 1. 11. roovvTes: i. e. working the masses of limestone into proper shape. 6. 14. arTpaTEvUJL: emphatic by position, introducing a new topic. orTro: heterogeneous. G. 288; H. 2I4. i'r4Xvrfrv: read p. I8. Cyrus had miscalculated the amount of supplies needed in crossing the desert. At the rate of a pound of flour a day for each soldier, about four hundred tons of flour alone would be needed each week to feed the army, making no account of the non-combatants, or of the grain required for the horses of the cavalry and the beasts of burden. wrpacreaL: sc. firov. 15. AvSCg a&yopt: read p. 33. Cyrus the Elder, after his conquest of Lydia, in order to break the free spirit of the people, forced them to engage in occupations considered menial, particularly inn-keeping and bartering. 16. KacrlOqtv: sc. 7rpiaac0a i v. Xq>CTrov: in Eastern countries barley has always been used as an article of food much more generally than in America. But in ordinary times it is everywhere cheaper than wheat; so that the selling of both at the same price here indicates the stress of the famine. TrerrT&pv rlyXov: = nearly $i.oo. The price mentioned here was sixty times the ordinary price at Athens, and forty times the average market value of the same quantity of wheat flour at the present time. For the gen., see G. II33; H. 746. The word a-ryos is of Semitic origin, and akin to the Hebrew shekel. 17. SivaCaTC: here transitive, 'passes for,' 'is worth.' 18. Kp'c o'-LovTrs: see IDIOMS, and G. 1587; H 98I; GMT. 879. The soldiers considered it a great hardship to be obliged to rely upon a meat diet. Cf. Caesar's Gallic War, vii. 17. The inhabitants of warm countries usually eat very little meat. 7. 19. jv —o0s i. e. aodv (rives) ov's, = erant quos, 'there were (some) which,' = 'some.' G. Io29; H. 998. See IDIOMS, p. 400. orTa9O.v: part. gen., dependent on the unexpressed indefinite subject of gv. 20. ofis: G. 1057; H. 715. OovAoLro: G. 1431, 2; H. 914, B. 21. LaTEXifo(rL: sc. TRV oMo. orTvoxwpCtas: how may the gen. abs. usually best be translated? The region through which Cyrus's route lay (see Map) was difficult to traverse, not only on account of its barrenness, but also because of numerous hills and depressions. 22. afctlaLs: see N. to p. 57, 13. Svcirope6Trov: force of 8urv-? G. 875, 2; H. 590. 23. &pCroroLs: refers to rank, while eS6aktovearaTois has reference to possession of wealth. A Persian king PAGE 701 BOOK I. CIAP. V. 229 was always accompanied by a train of nobles. Cf. N. to p. 59, 26. 24. rXowv: see N. to p. 67, 25. II(yp1TCa:. see Vocab. XCapovTas: trans. as if XaaBei Kai. Tro - -rTpCaTO: trans. as if /epos Tro —orpaTro.. G. 97, I; H. 736. 8. 25. i8sKoVV: cf. N. to p. 55, 22. 26. TroLtv: notice the continued action expressed by the pres., as distinguished from the particular action expressed by the aor. aovveTrtoreroatL. 6pyq: G. II8I; H. 776. 28. [tlpos TL TrS E'TrTateas: obj. of OEcdao-OaL, 'something of that (well-known) discipline' for which the Persians in early times had been famous. Cf. p. 1. I. 657, a. OEac(reo-0a: G. 1517; H. 949. How different from 6paw? 29. wrop4vpois KacLvSs: see Vocab., and Rawlinson's Ancient Mionarcziess, vol. iii. p. 234. Cf. Plate I. 2, 3, 4. T'UXEV CO'(arjKWS: Cf. IDIOMS under rv-yXdavw. G. I586 and 1263; H. 984, 849. 30. tvwro: 'they dashed forward.' SpdlotL: G. I413; H. 903. vCK-qS: i.e. in the games, where the foot-race was one of the most common exercises, and great honor awaited the successful contestant. KCLC; ' even.' lXa: with trpavois; made emphatic by separation. Page 70. 1. TOVS: 'the (customary).' XLTevas:: Greek term applied to the inner garment of the Persians. 2. rroLKCXas avauvpLSas: loose, bright-colored trousers; cf. Cl/asical Sludies in Honour of Henroy Drisler ( 894), p. 99. Close-fitting pantaloons were also worn; see PI. I. I, 5. The Greeks and Romans were almost the only ancient peoples that rejected trousers as an article of dress, preferring the use of garments fastened at the shoulders. vLOL: sc. gXovres. TppE'rro6s, +C XLta: the modern oriental also takes delight in a profuse display of jewelry. The Greeks and Romans looked with disfavor on the wearing of ornaments by men. 3 rrEpl TCis XEpa-LV: bracelets were also worn about the ankles. 4. O&ov f (s rts av ierTO' celerizus quam credercs; 'than any one would have thought.' G. T335, I336; H. 895, 903; GMT. 243-246. 5 peTEW(jPOvs: G. 108; H. 619. 9. 6 TO o-i1'[reav: 'on the whole.' G. io6o; tI. 719, b. 8fiXos 'v: cf. N. to p. 56, 17; and see IDIOMS. cr-w68ov: G. 1589; H. 98. 8oSv; why ace.? 7. ScaTrpCoWv sc Xpdvov, = emputs terenzs, 'delaying.' I8wou [i4 'except where ' (how lit?). 8 orow iarrov: see TDIOMS. G. 1184; H. 781, a. X0oL: G. 1497, 2; H. 932,a. 9. 'TOO(ro)VT rapcLPoKEvOTEp paCXo-iXt pXEiXEZiXO0(L:= -TOoOrorT & 0rcaparoctteurepov Elvai B3aoahea, o~ JaXoZroo. paoltLe: G. 1177; H. 772. 230 BOOK I. CHAP. V. [PAGE 70. 10. pacrLXEi: dat. of advantage, instead of 6vrb Ba'TriAe'. cvvacyECpEOaL: notice the change of tense from,AaXeZr0at, because the forces are already being collected. 11. rVVLSEiV AV K.T.,.:: = 'a careful observer could see that the empire of the king was,' etc. The sentence is irregular. The normal construction would be, cruvimSev Xv ((ruvvrei; as subject, 'it was possible to see at a glance') dpXtyv obrav iarXvpdv (G. 1588; H. 982), = poterat perspicere regnum essefirmum. But after the phrase T',r 7rpoexrovTL rbv voiv (G. I584; H 771, a), iv receives aphpX as subject, leaving avmSe^bE in a loose relation to the rest of the sentence, while ruXvp& oia-a- a-Oevis follow as if lh\Al {v (G. 1589; H. 981; GMT. 907) stood in place of OrUvvWre iv 12. IrXA*ie: G. II82; H. 780. 13. L8Eo-'dprc0aL: where found? Trans. as if a noun, 'dispersion,' and as if svv^fis were in the gen. depending on it. In point of fact, Persian armies were mobilized with great rapidity. What were the defects of the Persian military system? Read p. I9. 14. SL&.aCXov': 'quickly.' fH. 795, e, end. 10. 15. IIepav: which side of the river? wroaTJoV: why gen.? KaC'c: 'in the region of.' ipjl.ovs: see N. to p. 68, I2. 16. Xapp.4v8Sq: the exact location of Charmande is uncertain, but it doubtless lay somewhere near the point indicated on the Map. 17. iK: i.e. bought 'in' the town, and carried 'from' it. The provisions in the market of the army seem now to have given out. 18. o-XEScaLs: dat. of means, or of manner? SLapaCvovrTs: why not aor. part.? especially as the soldiers were not crossing continuously, but only went over from time to time. o-KerCaOlLcaTa: appositive. The 'coverings' were probably from the tents, which were made of leather. 19. 'XdPTrU: G. 1II3; H. 743. ouvfyov: i. e. Tras &lp0Opas, so that the edges touched, and could be drawn together closely in sewing. 20. rovvEo-wrov: not a participle. &rTErero'C: G. I246, 1456;II. 8i6, 3, and 953, 1054, f; GMT. 608. Kacipqqs: what verbs are followed by the gen.? The crossing of rivers on inflated skins has been practised in the East from the earliest times. The picture in Plate III. fig. 7, is taken from an Assyrian bas-relief, at least two thousand five hundred years old, discovered among the ruins of Nineveh. By a similar use of skins Alexander the Great got his army across the Oxus; and Julius Caesar occasionally crossed unfordable streams in the same way. The Arabs still cross the Tigris and Euphrates in the ancient fashion. Cf. Layard's Ni~neveh and its Remains, vol. ii. pp. 79-81, 98. PAGE 71.] BOOK 1. CIAP. V. 231 21. otvov iK riqs paXQvo: the Arabs have a strong drink made from the date of the palm; and in northern Africa the natives make a slightly intoxicating wine from the sap of the palm-tree, collected by making incisions in the trunk, or even cutting it off near the ground. 22. T'rs ird ro O (COLVLKOS: defines $acu&vou more closely. The Greeks, not being generally familiar with the date, had no special word for it. Difference in meaning between abr4 and eK? 23. roftro - refers to fieAivlr7 indefinitely as a thing, -' this (product)' irXeto-T-ov. ' very abundant.' 11. 24. 'A!pLXcEbavrw: force of the aor part.? In what construction would this be in Latin? TrL: G. 1054; H. 716, b. See IDIOMS, p. 397. EvTao00a. Cyrus was still at Charmande. How long he remained there we have no means of ascertaining. It was now the latter part of August. 25. Oi.lKElV: for itcr7'Oat or &a8tcicraf, 'was in the wrong.' 26. TbV TOi Mvcwvos: implies that the quarrel originated between two soldiers; one belonging to Clearchus, the other to Menon. evE'aXEv: Clearchus, according to the Spartan custom, always carried a heavy staff for disciplinary purposes. 27. 9X'tyev: 'told (of it).' Why not aor., as eAiWv? 12. 29. iTJi4pa: why not acc. of time here? roTraLov: what river? 30. ayopaiv: for the provisions brought across the river from Charmande. Cf. 1. 17. Page 71. 2. boXyots rots rrepti a'r6v: 'few about him.' G. 971; H 670. 2Ke,: trans as if plupf.. G. 256; I- 827, a. The troops of Clearchus and Menon apparently had outstripped the others on the march. 4. StLEXaCvovTa; how different from lrpoor-avvEuv above? gitvT: dat. of means where acc. of direct obj. might have been used. 5. carTrov: G. o199; H. 748 dXhos: sc. irtSL. The incident illustrates the mutual jealousy and hatred existing between the bodies of troops under different commanders, as well as the lack of discipline among the soldiers themselves. 13. 6. 6 8': see N. to p. 51, 13 7. 7 rrcapclYyXXEL: sc. Uvat. 8. o'rriC8as ic.r.A.: the shield, carried on the left arm, was rested on the left knee, which was slightly bent forward. The posture was that of readiness for attack, awaiting the order to charge. 9. XapJwv: see N. to p. 51, 8. Trols: 'his.' OepKas: how many? See p. 55, 29. 10. 'nrieas: not mentioned in the enumeration of Clearchus's forces on p. 55. ot 'o'av a'cT: -= quii ei erant; but trans., 'of whom he had.' In clauses like this, with a numeral in the pred., the nom. of the 232 BOOK I. CHAP. V. [PAGE 71. relative is used in both Greek and Latin, because the whole expressed by the relative and the number expressed by the numeral are the same. rnXeovs: what is the full form? 11. -rocrv: why not &v? G. 1040; H. I0o5. 12. KrrErXfix0 aL: 'were in a panic' (i.e. 'had been knocked out of' their senses). 13. carov: ' too,' also' (how lit.?). Tp4XELV why not aor.? oL Si: ' but others.' 14. 15. vruv)e: cf. IDIOMS under rvyXdvow o-'rEpo: G. 926; H. 619. Ti'&s: 'brigade,' including probably his whole force of heavy infantry. Cf. p. 54, I8-20. 16. obv: 'then,' resumes the narrative interrupted by the parenthetical clause, euVXE - 6rAX,'&v. Upirov: see IDIOMS. 17. &yoV: SC. TaQ't, or orpaTrsoSaros. iOeTro T' irXa: see IDIOMS under;T7rxa. ESiTro: force of the impf.? KXespXoQ: what verbs are followed by the gen. of the person? 18..fil nroLEtv: notice the force of the pres., 'not to keep on doing,' 'not to persist in doing.' aciTro olXyov 8e(raavTos: see IDIOMS, p. 398. 6Xi-yov: G. 11I2; H. 743, b. 20. r': que, here without corresponding rE or Kal, a usage rare in Xenophon. 'rov iou-v: 'between' his own soldiers and those of Menon. 15. 21. 'Ev TOVir: see IDIOMS. G. 1195; H. 782, a. irv0iero: difference between rvvOaYvoyat and mavrOdvw? See Vocab. 22, T-& r-aXTa: ' his spears,' probably carried on the march by an attendant. The Persian soldier was provided with two spears, one of which was used for hurling, the other reserved for fighting at close quarters. Read pp. 17, IS. 23. rLmOa'0V: often used, as here, to indicate a staff of confidential or specially trusted attendants. 24. TrSe: cf. N. to p. 60, I. 16. 24. IIpoSeve: Cyrus had not yet learned that the quarrel really lay between Clearchus and Menon. ot &XXko: sc. eL7. s. G. 44; H. 707. 25 OTL: appropriate here as more indefinite than 6. 26. &aXXiXots: G. 1179; H. 775 rruvvd4+ze: more vivid than the subi., with idv. G. 1405; H. 899; GMT. 447. TafSE: stronger than rabrp. G. IOOs; H. 695. 27. (Fie: why not JE? KaTacKK6 -+ocOaa: more emphatic than the simple fut, suggesting immediate realization of the fact. G. 1266; H. 855, b. ~AOVO G 5153; H. 643. 28. KaKOs.. eXdvTWV:= eai a EcTrepa Kacws X v; see IDIOMS, p. 401. G. 1563, 5; H. 969, d. 29. WroXkqLLEoepoL: the barbarian troops in the employ of Cyrus no doubt viewed the Greeks, their natural enemies, with jealousy and hatred Moreover, if Cyrus should PAGE 72.] BOOK I. CHAP. VI. 233 fail, they would be apt to turn eagerly against his cause, in order to obtain pardon and favor from Artaxerxes. This speech of Cyrus is full of pith and power. Though Xenophon may be in some measure responsible for its present form, it indicates an acquaintance with the Greek language on the part of Cyrus. 17. 30. Ev a'rUT iyV~YrTO: see IDroMS, p. 399. 31 ai&L6epoL: 'on both sides.' KaTd XWpa.v: 'in the proper place;' they went to their respective quarters. CHAPTER VI. TREASON AND EXECUTION OF ORONTAS. Page 72. 1. 1. 'EvTu0EEv: from the camp on the east side of the Euphrates, opposite Charmande. Cf. p. 70, 15-23. irpoi6vOTWV: sc. avTrWv. G. 1568; H. 972, a. ibalvEro: 'began to appear,' 'kept appearing.' 2. Ws: 'about.' II. o54, a. i-mri-(ov G, 1094, I; H. 732, a. 3. i'L Tr &XXo XpiO'CF(ov iv: 'whatever else there was of value.' 4. 'Opo'vas: two persons with this name are mentioned in the Anabasis. See Vocab. IIEpo-qs avlp: trans. simply 'a Persian.' yevLw: G. II82; H. 780. 5. rwoXiELa: G. Io58; H. 718 XEy6dEvos Ev: 'reckoned among.' 6. nroXEp/o'as: trans. by a finite verb in the plupf., introduced by 'although.' GMT. 842. 2. 7. el..., &rtL trans. as if at,, El...... 8obq, KaTraK6VOL &v: in direct discourse, EY go 80oitf7 1'7rjr&aS XLAtovu, KaTaKcadvo/lLt v. G. I484. What following verbs in the same construction as KcaraKavo? 9. nroXXois X\oL, KWXiVO-ELE eiTrovTas: chiasmus. See N. to p. 51, 9. TO9l KC.ELV: kind of gen.? Why pres., while the other verbs in this connection are in the aor.? 10. wTOL1crELEV: why not 7ro**Jo'Eie? G. 56; H. 87. wOLi'^ELfiV CorTE: se effecturztnz esse, zit. Trans., with what follows, 'he would make it impossible for them, though having seen,' etc. How lit.? 11. SiayyEXcLL: ia- -= 'through,' 'across (the country).' 12. 'raiiTa: nom. Cf. N. to p. 59, 23. JiXitljla: G 927; H. 940. 13. oipos: what gen. to be supplied? ilyEqovwv: not the Greek generals, who were called orpar7)yol, but the officers of Cyrus's native cavalry. 234 BOOK I. CHAP. VI. [PAGE 73. 3. 14. voJoC<ras: 'when he thought.' 15. 'rrw'TOXilV: written probably on parchment, and in a cursive script, as the cuneiform character was not well adapted to writing documents. See Rawlinson, Ancient Monarchies, Vol. iii., chap. iv. 16. cs &v SVrlVTraL -rXEoCao-: vs quamn posset plurimos. See IDIOMS. G. 1434; H. 916. &aXX: i. e., '(not to receive him as an enemy) but.' bpd-craL... roro8EXEcr0at: in dir, disc., (ppda'ov TroiTs o avcrov it7rrEvao, VT7ro86EXEorfaf /E &Y piLAsov. 17. iLTrEwoLv: the party spoken of in 1. 2. EKiXEVV: sc. GaaotlAa. 19. nCot'rcS: i.e. to Artaxerxes. 20. XacL3v: 'took and.' 4. 22. &pCo.rTors: see N. to p. 69, 23. 23. sCrr&: emphatic by position, 'seven (in number).' The Persians, like the Jews and other ancient peoples, considered seven a sacred number; and there were always seven nobles that in rank stood next to the king. Cf. Ezra vii. 14; Esther i. to, 14; and N. to p. 59, 26. 24. Oeo-OaL i.&,-rXca: = to stand under arms.' Probably the precaution mentioned was taken because Orontas had great influence over Cyrus's barbarian troops, who might be led to an attempt to rescue him. 5. 26. KX&apXov: i. e. alone of all the Greeks; emphatic. 27. ' s: = -ri otros, 'since he.' G. I461; H. g9o. aCtic; Cyrus. srots l&XXos: the seven nobles with Cyrus. 28. 'EXX^ivwv; G. Io88; H. 755, b. The idea that Clearchus was the most prominent among the Greeks is expressed also in rpo- of rpo7rltq86Oy. 29. KpCIoLV: trans. as if subject of Yeyvyero, an instance of proilesis, or anticzipaion. H. 878. 'Op6vTa: G. i88, 3; H. 146, D. 30. cwrdRppiTov: neut. because the suppressed subject of Av refers not to cKplcs but to the clause &s (X7 Kpi'Os) eyel'ETo. Page 73. 6. 1. "E+f: sc. KAEapXos. 'roi: not 'the.' Xo6yov: why not acc.? IIapEaXeorct: trans. as if pf. tense. How different from oYvveKac(AEO? 2. &vSpes 4(CXOL: see N. to p. 60, 12. srws: here -=, ut. ovXEvo'REvos: G 563, 3; H. 969, a. 5,'r: the antecedent is the suppressed obj. of BovXevut4eos. 3. rrpods: 'from (the standpoint of)'; we should say 'before.' 'roVro: emphatic, referring to the omitted antecedent of,Tr. 4 rpa&o: mode? G. 1369; H. 88i, a; GMT. 318 TrovrovL: how different from 'rorTov? G. 412; H. 274. 5. i'rriKoov: Cyrus had been appointed commander-in-chief of all the imperial troops of western Asia; Orontas was placed over the garrison at Sardis dvct: G. I532; H. 951. PAGE 73.] BOOK I. CHAP. VI. 235 6. '4i: i.e. 'said (when I asked him).' 7. ip.oC: not iot, because emphasized by antithesis with &eA(pou. a8. Tdv: not after irpoo-roAeX.uv, which would require the dat., but used loosely as obj. of e7roio-a. roCvrlra c(STrr d8oaL roircy: = efec i ut ei placeret, or tilum eo adduxi, ti decerneret. So6a: G. I449; H. 953. What takes the place of subject-ace. to od4a? 9. wroXpovo: G. I I7; H. 748. SELLv: from the earliest times good faith has been pledged by grasping the right hand. 7. 11. raOra: trans as if sing. 'Opovra: G. 1044; H 709, a. frrTLV: why accented? 6,rtL: 'anything in which.' G. 1076; H. 725, a. lS'icKT'cra: cf. 7rapEKEaA-a above, and N. 12, &T oi: 'No.' G 138, 1477; H. 112, a, and 928, b. 13 OVKOVV: how different from oKcovv? ovBev: cognate ace. G 1239; H. 725,c. 14. aSLKOIoEVOS: concessive, 'though wronged.' ELs Mvo(ovs: = els rjv Xo6pav rTv Muovv. See N. to p. 53, 22. The Mysians were north of Lydia (see Map). A rude and brave people, living in mountain fastnesses, they maintained an almost complete independence of Persian rule, often making predatory incursions into neighboring regions. KO.KOS Erro(ELS: see IDIOMS, p. 40. G. o07.4; H. 712. 15. A,Tn: G. 1054; H. 716, b. Trans. ' so far as,' 'all that.' How lit.? Svilvw: contracted for what? G. 632; H. 416, Sc. KicaKs Irotev, t4: = azebat, 'said Yes.' 16. Svaiz Lv: here '(lack of) power,' 'powerlessness,' 'weakness,' perhaps spoken ironically. 17. V0O6v: trans. by a finite verb. rv 3,ix 6v: 'the (well-known) shrine,' probably referring to the famous temple at Ephesus, for which see Smith's Diet. of Greek and Roman Geography under EPHESUs, and cf. Acts, chap. xix. The old Persian religion (see p. 14) in Cyrus's time had already become corrupted with polytheistic faiths, and the Greek Artemis was now identified with a Persian goddess, Anaitis. According to an ancient custom, fugitives from whatever cause by taking refuge at a shrine were saved from the vengeance of pursuers, who feared by molesting them to commit sacrilege. We may infer that Orontas, hard pressed by Cyrus, had fled to the temple at Ephesus, and had thus at the same time obtained pardon and sworn fidelity to him. jErTa-cXELv ro-L: see IDIOMS. 18. Tro-rTLi: 'pledges,' such as oaths, solemnized with religious ceremonies. Cf. N. to p. 59, 22. 19. Kal TaLU7': 'this too.' 8. 20. TC: cf. obubv, I. 13, and N. 21. Tb TpCTov: G. io60o: H. 719. c|avEp6s: trans. as if adv., 'clearly.' G. 926, 1589; H. 6i9, 981. 22. 6Tr ov8&v C&8LKqlOCS: sc. 7riAfouAev'wv (pavepb ye'yove. 23. &SuKOS: 286 BOOK I. CHAP. VI. [ PAGE 74. why not acc.? G. 927; H. 940. 24. aH yap &avcyKrl i. e. 6,oXoy&, X 'yap avayKycr eaTriv, 'I acknowledge it, for in truth I must.' 25. "EnL: 'for the future.' &v yivoto: can a protasis be supplied here? Cf. G. I329; H. 872, a; GMT. 235. 27. sTL: omit in trans. G. 1477; II. 928, b. yevoi04qv: sc. (pAios a-o Kaal Tf-trds. The answers of Orontas are straightforward and manly, showing by their fearlessness that in him at least the old Persian spirit had by no means died out. Even if convicted of treachery in his dealings with Cyrus, he had certainly been consistent enough in his loyalty to the king. 28. -rpObs TCaiTa: how different from Merc r'avra above? 9. 30. wrp'Tros: How different in force from irp&rov? G 926; H. 619, b. Page 74. 1. yv&w'qv: '(as your) opinion,' 'decision.' 2 EKrroSCV rroLit-cOal: see IDIOMS, p. 399. TrolZt0ac;t: why mid? 3. its: here = iva. GMT. 32. 32 1KeTL: derivation? See Vocab., and G. 62; H. 88, b. 4. jpvtv: Clearchus classes himself with Cyrus. How should Elvsa with poss. dat. be rendered? To Ka-ra TOrTOV EtVCtL: acc of specification, = quod ad hzun attinet, 'so far as this man is concerned.' G. 1535; H. 956, a; GMT. 780, 781. TouS e0EXovTas c(fXovs: i e. those who are friends without compulsion, 'those who wish to be friends.' 5. Et ~rOLELV: see IDIOMs, p. 400. G1074; H. 712. 10. 5. yvp,: G. I179; I. 775. VEh4: sc. KXfapXos. 6. TrolS &XXovs: who? See p. 72, 2I-23. 7. KEXEiovros Kvpov; see IDIOMS. How lit.? tv!qs 'Opovrav: G. iioo; H. 738, a. In trials for life before the Persian king it was customary for him to touch the girdle of the condemned, as a sign that the death penalty was decreed. In this instance perhaps Cyrus extended the ceremony to his nobles in order to test their fidelity to him. 8. KcL: not 'and.' o: 'his.' 9. elyov: supply subject from ols; probably members of Cyrus's body-guard are referred to. irpoo-reTr&x ql trans. as if plup. 10. otrep: how different from ol? n-rpoo-eKIJvv implies the custom, formerly universal in the orient, of doing homage to superiors by touching the ground with the forehead and kissing the earth. Cf. Daniel, chap. ii. 46; I Sam. xx. 41, etc. 11. eIrrl O6varov: indicates direction or motion, 'to execution,' while erl Oavcryt above indicates purpose, 'for death.' 11. 12. 'ApTaarrrouv: the name is thought to mean 'Protected by Righteousness,' or ' Lord of Right.' PAGE 74.] 13001 I. CHAP. VTI. 237 13. CK'TlrrK!'rov: v: see Vocab. and P1. I. 3. otrT towvraC: notice the emphasis both in the form of expression and in the arrangement of words. 14. 0'Irws airiOacvEv: Orontas was probably buried alive, - not an uncommon mode of punishment among the Persians. 15. eLSBs: 'with certainty' (how lit.?). AXXos &MXXws: see IrDOMS. 16. Tciros oSe8's: Cyrus may have thought it prudent to conduct the execution of Orontas as secretly as possible on account of his rank and influence. On Cyrus's ordinary treatment of wrong-doers, see p. 84, i6-I8. CHAPTER VII. ADVANCE INTO BABYLONIA. EXPECTATION OF BATTLE. 1. 17. 'EvTEOOEv: from some point, not designated, south of Charmande. Cf. N. to p. 72, I. Baj3uvXvCas: cf. p. 2. Cyrus was now less than a hundred miles from Babylon. 18. 'rrpacrayyas S8SEKa: a short distance for three day's journeys. Cyrus was advancing slowly, because near the enemy. 19. 'iracrtv rroLEtTaL: see N. to p. 56, 2. 20. j'cLas VKTMCLS: see IDIOMS; pl. on account of the divisions of the night into watches (upvkacat). Read p. 35. 8OKEL: SC. aury, ' he thought,' ' he was expecting.' How lit.? 21. es T'v eTovcrav 4o: see IDIOMS. pao-tLXa: why without article? Cf. N. to p. 52, 3. row: not' the.' 22. p.aXo'iJsEvov: G. 1563,4; II. 969, c. To SEtLOV KEpcos: i. e. of the Greek force, and so of the whole army, — the place of honor. 23. roi euowviLou [edpws]: 'the left' of the Greek force, massed at the right of Cyrus's native troops, which are spoken of in 1. 24 as roVs eavroD. G. 1ro9; I. 74I. 2. 25. &Jla T' netoVrir 4iL'pe: see IDIOMS. G. 1176; IH. 772, c. iKOVTrS: 'having come.' G. I256; II. 827. 26. auT7i1oXoL: in the oriental monarchies, where all centred in a despot, and wars for principles were unknown, desertions from one party to another were frequent. 27. pacrAoLXos: the noun is repeated where the English idiom prefers a pronoun. 28. koxcayoos: as a result of the mode of raising mercenary troops (see p. 28), captains of such forces gained an importance unusual among officers of that rank. Still, at times of crisis Caesar occasionally admitted the centurions to his military councils. cuvvepouX0vero: see N. to p. 53, I8. 238 BOOK I. CHAP. VII. [PAGE 75. Page 75. 1. irros: introduces an indir. question. dv: G. 1299, 1; H. 862. TroLtoTo: G. 1327; H. 872, 903. aiTrds: 'in person.' Did Cyrus speak Greek? Cf. N. to p. 71, 29. 2. TOL6SE: How different in meaning from Tdue and rolavra? 3. 3. LvSpes: see N. to p. 6, 12. v6 pWProwv: G. 1112; H. 743..iropiv: G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. 4. &JEivovs; sc. a&feivovas. How different in meaning from icperrous? 5. 3app3pov: what other construction could have been used here? TrorT: emphatic. irpooEAol6ov: force of rpor-? 6. 6ir0s otv: i. e. acoreirTe ouv s rwos, 'see to it, then, that.' G. 1352; H. 885, 886; GMT. 271-273. ivSpEs: why not &vOpawroi here? 7. is: what form might have been expected? G 1031; H. 994. KiKTi'crOE: G. 1263; H. 849. Ke. iS: G. 1126; H. 744. 8. dvi 8'v Xwy lrcv'wv: = dvbrl 7a'vrawy & XW. G. 1037, and Io38; H. 994, 995. Sentiments like this sound strange when uttered by an oriental despot, who looked upon all his subjects as slaves. Whether Cyrus spoke with sincerity on this occasion or not, his remarks were timely, being well calculated to fire the enthusiasm and rouse the courage of the Greeks; they show that he well understood the character of the men with whom he was dealing. 4. 9. eST'rI: why not opt.? What mode in Latin? 10. eic&s: i. e. cywyva. 11. rXflOos: sc. fot. KpcLlUyl,: dat. of cause, means, or manner? Savage war-cries have always been a characteristic of barbarous peoples. wrcLriLv. pl. from the collective force of rAXiOos. Render as if fut. G. 1257; H 828, a. 12. ravT': the numbers and the war-shout. avXo-lYre0e. trans. as if fut. pf. H. 898, c.,r&XXa: G. I058; H. 718. Trans. freely, 'as regards everything else, I seem to myself to feel ashamed (when I think) what kind of men you will find that those in our country are!' G. 1479; H. 930. 13. ilpv: G. 1171; H. 770. 14. Et Trv pCsov yevoj.Lvv v: 'if my (enterprise) turns out well.' G. I4r3; H. 902. 15. mWLEvcaL: depends on 3ovuAolevov, which with rov stands as subject ace. to d7reA0e7v. rotS: masc. oKoL: difference between o'cot, oYicoOev, and orcas? 16. iroLio-Lv: why is the subject omitted? Tr: G. 953; H. 621, b. See IDIOMS. 17. TrOV OKO: here neut., 'the (conditions) at home.' 5. 18. 'EvTrii0oa: 'at this point.' irapov: 'who was present. 4nuyds: read p. 12. 19. Kal ijv: introduces an exception or PAGE 76.] BOOK I. CHAP. VII. 239 objection; 'and yet.' 20. 8La Tob v TOLOUrTW ElvaL: render by a clause beginning with 'because.' G. 1546; HI. 959. v TOLOVT'): 'at so great (a crisis).' Et y'evT'L: see IDIOMS. 21. TL: i. e. 'your undertaking,' the direct mention of which is purposely avoided. ov, oui': G. I611; H. 1024. JEpYv-o'fcr8eLt: apodosis of what condition? Trans. as simple fut. G. I403, 1263; I. 849, 898. Notice the different constructions after AeJovui and fpacrfv. G. I523, I, H. 946, b. VLOL 8': sc. o-e cpao'v. 22. jovo oLo: sc. ciro~ovvai. vvatcr0cL: buato in dir. disc. G. 1418, 1408; II. 964, 900. The speech of Gaulites was bold, such as a Persian under the circumstances would hardly have dared to make to his lord. It indicates the indulgence with which Cyrus treated his Greek mercenaries. 6. 23. aKolo'as: 'when he heard.' Notice the asyndeton. H. 1039. 24. 'AX': for daxd, 'Well;' often used thus to introduce remarks intended to correct or supplement something said previously. 0o-TL: 'there is.' Why accented? lptyv: G. II65; 1-. 767. PI. for sing., like a frequent use of ntos in Latin and the " editorial we" in English. Some think, however, that Cyrus includes Artaxerxes with himself in n7yP. W&v' vSes 'sirs,' 'gentlemen.' iq IracTpa: trans. as if roO TraTpos. 25. wrps: '(extending) towards.' Read pp. 1-3. tIJXPl 0: =fXPtXpL T0roov o,. See IDIOMS. G. 1151; 1. 999, b. 27. iv,io', TO'rov: 'between these (limits).' oaTpcLrrEuouo'v: read pp. 4, 5. 7. 28. iJJLts: 'we,' i. e. 'you Greeks and I;' implied compliment. ipLas Set troLi-aL. 'we must needs place our friends in control of these things.' 29. TOVTroW: refers to Ta KC.T.A in 1. 27; "to the victor belong the spoils." 30. Toviro: refers to what follows, -a rare usage..?h ovK: in Latin, ne zno or ut. G 1378, 1364; H. 887. 6,Tt 8: indir. question for Tr &;, with subj. of deliberation; 'that I may not know (how lit.?) what to give.' 31. iKcavodv: sc. Apixovs. 32. vjp.v: emphatic by position; refers of course only to the Greek officers in the council (see p. 74, 28), not to the soldiers. orE'rcevov Xprooiov: a not uncommon award among the Greeks for extraordinary valor or public service. Page 76. 8. 1. O: i. e. ar'parrvyol cad AoXayot. 2. gyt yeXXov: force of E-? Eiota-rcrav: notice the force of the impf., 'kept going into,' 'went from time to time into (Cyrus's tent).' 3. OL aorpcaTpryoC: doubtless wishing to learn in special interviews what they were to receive above the captains, to whom as well as themselves 240 BOOK I. CHAP. VII. [PAGE 76. the general promise of a golden crown apiece held good. 4. rt cr'LroLV o-rrcL: in Latin, quid sibi futuruz esset. 5. iFc4Lpar srXs: trans. by a finite verb. yvwpqv: 'expectation.' wrernEplrev: sc. aVtros. Force of the impf.? 9. 6. paXEcrOaLt: i.e. in person. Read p. I9. The Greek tactic, like that of modern times, aimed to protect the commanding officer from harm. Had Cyrus followed the advice of the Greeks, and not exposed himself to danger, the outcome of the expedition would have been very different. 7. EatvTiv: G. II48; H. 757. rr6,TTrcr0at: i.e.'to remain posted.' 8. KXa'apXos: Plutarch says that to the suggestion of Clearchus about keeping out of danger, Cyrus replied: Ti AE'yeLs, KAe'apx; rb KeAeVeLS be, rbv jcac'riAas 6pEYf/lEvov ('aiming at the sovereign power'), &vdslov elvya ('to show myself unworthy') $aoc-rzias. 9. Ofl yap c': ' Why, do you think?' G. 625; H. 384. TV: emphatic. JiaXEetr0a TOV aSeXt6v: some think that this refers to the likelihood of Artaxerxes singling out Cyrus in battle for personal combat. More likely Clearchus, noticing how near Cyrus had come to Babylon without opposition, had in mind the probability of Artaxerxes withdrawing to some remote part of the empire, and giving up his throne without a struggle. 10. AC.': G. 291, I3, and Io66; H. 216, 6, and 723. 11. eFos EaSeX46s: 'a brother of mine.' G. 956; H. 669. TOiT': refers to the realm described in p. 75, 24-28; spoken probably with a wide gesture of the hand. 10. 13. ap0Op.ds: Xenophon gives a summing up, first of Cyrus's forces, then of the king's. 14. &o'iris: -= 67rAai, by metonymy, the thing borne being put for the bearer. IuvpCa KCO'L TrTpaKoor: cf. N. to p. 56, 4. In addition to Cyrus's previous enrolment of Io,6oo heavy infantry and 2,300 light infantry, 700 hoplites under Chirisophus and 400 deserters from Abrocomas joined him at Issi. If we suppose that the latter were enrolled as light infantry, and make allowance for the loss of Ioo men in entering Cilicia (p. 59, I6), the total number of hoplites remains 11,200. What had become of the other 8uo- difference between II,200 and 10,400- can only be conjectured. Perhaps a number has dropped out of the text here; or Xenophon may have been careless in his calculation; or a number of soldiers may have gone off with Xenias and Pasion; or some may have perished by disease, of whom no mention is made; or detachments may have been left behind in charge of baggage. 16. edp.aTra: see p. I8, and Plate I. 6. PAGE 77.] BOOK I. CHAP. VII. 241 11. 18. AXXoL: 'besides.' G. 966,2; II. 705. 19. &v: why not ace.? 20. OiOtL K.r...: Cf. p. 81, 25-27. 12. 21..apXOVTrs: 'captains-general.' 24. EVEV1'KOVTC JAvptL. Ses: Hollaender ('Kunaxa,' pp. 5-I I. Naumburg, I893) gives reasons for supposing that the whole force of Cyrus may not have exceeded 40,000 men, and that the army of Artaxerxes comprised somewhat more than twice that number. 26. ix' Is: G. 1120; I. 749. ijtiepaLS: G. 1184; H. 781. EK 4OLVIKqS: cf. Map. Abrocomas, having ravaged the habitable districts east of the Euphrates, may have withdrawn to the west side with the expectation that Cyrus would be forced to cross over for supplies; or he may have thought it prudent to keep the river between himself and the warlike prince till the contest for the throne should be decided, in order to ally himself with the winning side. 13. 27. TauTa: i.e. the number of the king's forces, and the absence of Abrocomas from the battle. 29. oZ': the suppressed antecedent is subject of what verb? Xenophon's careful mention of his sources of information tends to give his statement of numbers here an air of probability. Nevertheless in so vast an army the soldiers could have only limited opportunities for learning even their own number with exactness. -roXefctov: part. gen. 30. TrcUTa: how different from ravTa? Page 77. 14. 'EVrEiQOE: from what point? 2. ouvwTrTavy aEV) T o (TTpwaEL.aTt. = acie instructd, G. II89, 1190; H. 774. woavTrC: G. 979; H. 672. 3. ToVT-r Ta' dlutpa: probably August 30 or September I. Why dat? 4. pc'ov M rbv orra9odv: see IDIOMS. 5. OpvUKTi: i.e. not natural, artificial. E4pos: why ac.? 6. opyvLm(: nom., in loose apposition to 'rdppos, where the gen. of measure might have been expected. Plutarch (life of Artaxerxes, vir.) gives both the width and the depth of this trench as sixty feet, —a less probable measurement than that of Xenophon. 15. 7. vco: ' up,' from the standpoint of Babylon, i. e. northward. 8. rov MISCaes TCEXous: the Median wall (lit. 'wall of Media') was built by the Babylonians, probably in the earlier part of the sixth century before Christ, as a means of defence against the inroads of the Medes from the north. Its exact location is uncertain; but it is said to have extended from the Tigris to the Euphrates, and to have been a hundred feet high. It is generally identified with a line of ruins known as Sidd 242 BOOK I. CHAP. VII. [PAGE 77. Nimrud (see Map). If this identification be correct, the western end of the wall should have reached the Euphrates at or near Pylae (see N. to p. 69, 7). But not unlikely the western end of the wall was now in ruins, and the trench spoken of perhaps started from it some distance east of the Euphrates, and ran south, meeting the river forty-two miles below, Most of the editions insert after reixous the probably spurious sentence: &eva 84 eivw atl &opvue9, otO rob TiypTlroq 7roratov pe'ovaaLt ciEo 3Se Terrapes, rT f e poc 7rrXeOptatal, laOela e 8 LX iavpw, KatL rrXola 7rXeZ v avrral otraywoyd' elo'/S3dXova' 8e esf rov Evf>pdr Lv, 8 raXel7rovat 8' eaCd'rTJ 7rapaa'cdyytyv, yeupvpat 8' 7reLOaLW 9. rcipoSos: at the southern end of the trench. Why this passage was left can only be conjectured. Artaxerxes may have abandoned the work in haste, or may have wished to lure Cyrus inside the trench in order to make the destruction of his forces more sure. Plutarch gives us to understand that Artaxerxes thought of abandoning the whole western part of the empire and withdrawing to Persia, and turned about to meet his brother only when urged on by Teribazus, one of his most courageous satraps. 10.roSwv: G. 1085, 5; H. 729, d. 16. 11. &avTr' Pp!c.aos: = pro dmunitione, ' as a means of defence.' Trvv0aveTat: how different from MavOdvw? irpoo'eXaavvovTa: would be infin. in Latin. G. 1588; H. 982. 13. Tdr4pou: G. I148; H. 757. 17. 14. TIavl: notice the emphatic position. olv cf. N. to p. 58, 24. EiaXroaTro: why not impf.? 15. iwroXwpoUVTrov: emphatic by position. Unless we accept the explanation of Plutarch (see N. to 1. 9), we must suppose that this retreat was only a ruse, intended to draw Cyrus on, with the design of attacking him off his guard. 17. TrptoXtXCovs: a generous gift, even for a Persian prince. How much in our money? 18. T' ivSEK&Tql ijppa.: see IDIOMS. iKEVtlS: supply what? 60vlEvos: notice the force of the mid., 'sacrificing for himself,' i. e. in order to read the future; Silanus was a soothsayer by profession. E'rriv: trans. as if plupf. 19. OT: not to be translated. iplep&v: G. 1136; H. 759. 20. OvK: emphatic. &r: 'at all.' itaXera:: G. 1405; H. 899. ov: G. I383, 2; H. 1O21, 1028. PAGE 78.] BOOK I. CHAP. VIII. 243 21. lflpaCls: why with ev? G. 1193; H. 782, a. SEKCL 'Ta.vra: value in our money? Did Cyrus do as well as he promised? 22. 'rapk0eov: 'were up' (lit. 'had passed by'). 18. 24. sLapBaiveLV: expressed in Latin by quominus with the subj. Trans. by 'from' with a participle. 25. d&yreyvKevaL: sc. abvrv, 'that he had given up the thought of.' 26. o-T'Epa(c.: supply what? 19. 27. &pIlaTos: see N. to p. 57, 13. rropecav cirOLeLTO. see IDIOMS. 28. TO wroXk: sc. orpa'TevCu a. See IDIOMS under IroAu. 29. aC'Ttr: trans. 'his' (of his army). G. II65; H. 767. &vacrETrapayp.vov: ava-, intensive, 'in complete disorder.' The failure of Cyrus to keep up the discipline of his forces at this critical time seems strange to us; but it illustrates a fatalistic trusting to fortune characteristic of orientals. CHAPTER VIII. THE BATTLE OF CUNAXA. DEATH OF CYRUS. Page 78. 1. 1. &lp4ll &yopav IrX0ovo-urav: the Greeks divided the day loosely into four parts: rpw', 'early morning;' a&fl &ayopa&v 7rAOovaav, or rcept a&yopas 7rAxvto6vas, ' about full market time,' from io to 12 A. M., when the large central square of the Greek city was thronged with people, trading and talking; Eo-rlq4u3pia, or uro'ov 7f/jipas, 'noon;' be[A7l, 'afternoon,' used, like the French soir and Italian sera, to designate the whole period from noon till night, but sometimes divided into SELf77 7rpwia, 'early in the afternoon,' and 8iErtA o4f/a, 'late in the afternoon.' It was now (probably) Sept. 3. 2. crTae06s: here 'station,' 'halting-place.' See N. to p. 55, 2. Mv0': here = e'v E. IifEXXE: se. Kipos. KLaTXwC'reLV: 'halt,' (how lit.?) for breakfast. Read p. 36. 3. rLoraTwv: part. gen. In trans. supply 'one of.' See N. to p. 71, 23. 4. wpoCaLLVETcLL: 'appears in front' of the army. &va& KpCTroS: see IDIOMS. ti-rrir: G. II89; H. 774. 5. ots: why dat.? PBapapcI3apLr: i. e. in Persian. 7. Ws ets: 'as if for,' 'apparently for.' 2. y8. VE~TO: why not iv here? av'rKa: emphatic, 'at once,' with E'7rrrer~Eas6ai. Kal WrdVTES 8: 'and even all,' barbarians as well 244 BOOK I. CHAP. VIII. [PAGE 78. as Greeks. 9. ETrLrrEicro-i0 L: sc. aurorv, or fSaoArea. For the form (Doric fut.), see G. 666; H. 426. 3. 10. &ppaXtros: see p. 77, 27. 0dpaKa: read p. I8. 11. &vac p&s Iri Tr'v trrrov: see IDIOMS. According to Plutarch, Cyrus rode a high-bred charger, fiery and hard-bitted, named Pasacas. nraXrdci: see N. to p. 71, 22. 12. EownXiCro00aL; cf. p. 77, 29-30. Force of the mid., and of et-? 13. icKacrTov: properly in apposition with &AAots, but attracted from the dat. as if to agree with a subject-acc. 4. 14. KatarTavTO: 'they were forming in line.' We learn elsewhere (Plut. Artax. 8) that the battle was fought near Cunaxa, a village or station about fifty miles northwest of Babylon. Accounts of the battle are given by Plutarch (Artaxerxes, 7-13) and Diodorus Siculus (xiv., 22-24). The sources of our information have recently been investigated anew by Hollaender (see N. to p. 76, 24); his conclusions emphasize the importance to be attached to Xenophon's narrative as our chief authority. 15. TO' SfL& TroV KEpcaTos: 'the extreme right,' KEpas here seems to cover the Greek heavy-armed force as a whole, contrasted with the native force on the left. Cf. Plan II. 16. EXdoEevos: sc. KAedpXou, ( next to Clearchus.' G. 1246, H. 816, 9. 0L dXXOL: SC. or-paT7-rYO. 17. TOb E1WjvvuOV KEpaCS TOV 'lEXM\ltLKoi: this stood next to the main body of Cyrus's native troops, near the centre of the line as a whole. Xenophon was probably with Proxenus. Why? 5. 18. pappLapLKoi: contrasted by position with 'EAA7vtKOV. What is to be supplied? Es: G. 1207, (c); II. 796, c. rrapa KXeapov: cf. G. 1225; H. 788. The acc. implies that the cavalry took up their position after Clearchus had taken his; i. e. 'came and stood alongside of Clearchus.' 19. Tb 'EXX1VLtKV irEX\TaCTrK6: how large? how armed? Cf. pp. 29-32. 6. 20. Tb eiwovvil.': i e. of the whole army. 21. Tob 'hXo: why not &dXo alone? Kipos KaCi oLt tirris: sc. iErT77oav. 22. 6o"ov: ace. of the adj. with the force of an adv., = Ws, 'about.' 23. aColC: the men 'themselves,' as distinguished from their horses, which are mentioned in 1. 27. 24. KiVpov: could the nom. have been used here? tXi\v: pred., 'unprotected' bv a helmet. Cyrus went into the battle wearing a tiara (cf. Plut. Artax. ii), no doubt as an emblem of kingly authority. 7. 25. X-yerTa... SLCaKIvS-VVELV: this parenthetical sentence interrupts the narrative, and was probably not written by Xenophon. It PAGE 79.] BOOK I. CHAP VIII. 245 may have been inserted by some early copyist or reader who wished to explain the preceding statement. 27. KE+aXcais: dat. of cause, manner, or means? 28. wrpoLzeTrrwSLa: see p. 18. 29.,aXaipas 'EAXXvlKcs: better adapted for the use of the cavalry than the short Persian sword. See Pl. 1II. Page 79. 8. 1. po'ov Tij~Epas: Two hours had now passed since the approach of the enemy was announced. 2. SiLXT: here -rpwo'a SeiA77, the time from 12 to 2 P.M. See N. to p. 78, 1. 3. XevUKl: 'luminous,' as the cloud of dust near the horizon reflected the rays of the sun. Xpovo: G. 1184; H. 78I. 4.!JeXcavfa rtS: 'a kind of black cloud.' 1H. 702. The dust, rising, obscured the rays of the sun, making a dark spot on the plain which became visible to the Greeks as the enemy came nearer. errl irok: 'over a great space,' 'far and wide.' 5. XaXKos TIS: 'bronze here and there ' (how lit.?) of the armor and weapons. IrTrpawrTe: force of the impf.? 6. T4ELS: here not 'ranks,' but 'corps ' or 'divisions,' of the king's army. This graphic description is said to hold true of the approach of any large army on a bright day. 9. 7. cr-av: cf. N. to ). 55, 17. XEVKo0opaKES: coats of mail, made of several thicknesses of linen cloth or leather, glued together and soaked in vinegar and salt; probably strengthened by plates of metal over the vital parts. 8. TLicrO'aQ4pvTS... 4XYEro: parenthetical, hence the asyndelon. H. 1039. eX6LEvoL: see N. to p. 78, i6. 9. TroVTr: G. 1099; H. 738. yEppocdpoL: sc. raav. These were the ordinary Persian infantry. Read p. 17. The Persians derived this form of shield from the Assyrians, 10. AiyV'/rLo0: G. 927; II. 940. As Egypt was at this time no longer subject to Persia, it is thought that these Egyptians were the descendants of those whom Cyrus the Elder induced to settle in the Persian domain. 12. KOT gOV'l: 'by nations,' the ethnic contingents; see p. 17. &v ArXaci-tH WrXlApeL 6avOpwircv: read p. 19. 13. g0vos: part. apposition to olroil. ieropIEETo: attracted from agreement with the subject to agree in number with the appositive. Why? 10. 14. &pjtcaTa: is R-av, or Av, to be supplied? ruXvov: properly an ace. of extent. Spemravclqopa: unlike the chariots of the early Britons, which were without scythes. Cf. p. i8, and Caesar, Bel. 246 BOOK I. CHAP. VIII. [PAGE 80. Gal. iv. 33. kXov: is the pl. here regular or exceptional? 16. Eis IrkIytov: sc. /Lpos, 'sidewise,' 'obliquely.' These scythes were about three feet long. Cf PI. I. 6. 17. 's staKo6vrtEv: G. I456; H. 1054, f. STr: = -rvie. Why dat.? 18. ws " kfv'ov: us aVr'v (i. e. r$ a&padrwv),cA6vrTwv (G. 665, 2; H. 424) e as ris rodets rv 'EAAhywv Kcai arayra &acoaodwrcwYo. ss with the fut. part. in the gen. abs. explains the 'intention' referred to in X yvwfaL't iv; 'it was the intention that they should drive,' etc. 11. 19. o: the antecedent is rorTo; order of trans., KVpos y.ivroL efcr0i TO7TO &o elwrev. KoXio(as': i. e. TroVs "EAAiivas. 20. Kpafvyilv: see p. 75, I. 21. TOV0Tr: G. I060; H. 718. 22. 4s vwvrrdv: = Wes buvarod. iQovx: how different in meaning from wyp?? At the battles of Plataea, Issus, and Arbela, the Persians advanced with war-cries. 12. 24. Iv ToVlTp: G. 1192 and 1195; H. 782 and 782, a. 25. rtx KXeapx eipda a yetv: in Latin would be, Clearcao exclamzabat ut duceret. ipo6a: involves the force of fec.AEUe. 27. T... e'q. is this the reason assigned by Xenophon, or by Cyrus? G. 50o6; H. 925, b. Cf. Plan II., and p. a. v- - VLKfE: used instead of the fut. pf., which in cases like this would be more accurate; in Latin, si- vicerimus. 28. ir4v8': explain the phonetic changes. TLAv: G. 1r86; H. 769 irEiroCTrai T the pf. looks upon the fact as already accomplished; used here because more vivid than the fut. G. 1264; H. 848; GMT. 51. Trans. 'everything is accomplished.' 13. 28. op&vv, a&cov'ov: render by finite verbs, introduced by 'although.' G. 1563, 6; H. 969, e. TOb i'-ov o-'itos: the 6,ooo cavalrymen forming the body-guard of Artaxerxes. See p. 76, I8-20. 29. Kvpou: G. 1103; H. 742, c. ovra; why not eva? G. 1588; HI. 982. TO0 E6ovivou; G(. 1148; H. 757. See Plan II. 30. orro-oIrov: G. o06o; H. 7i9, b. For the form see G. 434; H. 273. rXiBOEL: G. 1182; H. 780. Page 80. 1. twv: concessive. 2. &a\' oijws: mark the resumption of the narrative interrupted by the parenthetical clause, TOcrovTOV v... KXapXos: why repeated? 3. phi: here = 'that.' Why? KcucXWoee: G. 1378; H. 887. 4. eKaTrpw0Ev: force of -Oev? G. 292; H. 217. airrT: G. 16I; H. 764, 2. aKtroto; see IDIOMs. G. 1487; H 932, 2. Cf. GMT. 128. 0 0 IMPPIIRW 0 0 IMPPIIRW PAGE 81 ] BOOK I. CIAP. VIII. )49 waited to see whether the king himself would fight or not. Cf. p. 76, 9, and N. 15. Kca ydp: see N. to p. 52, 14. avTrbv '6T XOt: p olepsis, or antzcipLaton; trans. as if Sri (avrrbs) EXO0. H. 878. Reason for the opt.? 22. 17. iyov'vraL: i. e. 'lead' to battle 'command.' voj.CovvEs conditional, causal, or concessive? 18 Ev acrcaXcEao-Tra': 'in the safest (place),'= 'most safe.' Evcu, eiv j: represents a general condition of dir. disc. G. I393; H. 894, I. caTriv. dep. on lrrXs. 19. El XpntotEv, &v alcra-vcraL: what would this be in dir. disc.? Is this supposition more, or less, definite than the preceding? G I1408, I418; H. 900, and 964, a. 23. 21. gXcov: render by a finite verb introduced by 'although.' wco: G. 1148; H. 757. See Plan II. To: with SKvpov, or Keparos? Compare p. 76, 2I. 22. KipaTos: what other form of the gen.? G. 237, i; H. 181. alrT,: why dat.? 23. iK T7o d6v-rTov: see IDIOMS. ETrEKaCILrTEV: notice the force of the impf. ds ets KKXaWcrLv: 'as if to surround' (lit. 'for surrounding') the army of Cyrus by a flank movement. 24. 24. >j: why not 'rwas? owrLcreVv yEvop.Evos: 'getting in the rear' of Cyrus's army. KaTraKCoKJn: sc. fao'tA'vs. Apparently the king purposed to send his right wing around Cyrus's left, in order to fall upon the rear of the Greeks, who were pursuing his own left, and cut them off from Cyrus. 25. &vTLos: G. 926; H. 619. 26. rotLS: indicates previous mention of the six hundred. Cf. p. 78, 22-24. 27. TOVs 40aKiXoXC0ovs. emphatic by position, bringing out the disparity of numbers between the two body-guards. Cf. p. 76, i8-20. &roKTretvL: how different in translation from a&roKTEiveI? H. 854, a. 28. XyErcTa: see N. to p. 55, 22. 'ApTayepo'rv: the circumstances of his death are thus given by Plutarch, on the authority of Ctesias: ' Artagerses rode up against Cyrus, shouting with loud voice, "0 you disgrace to the name Cyrus, that noblest name among the Persians, wickedest and maddest of men! You come fetching evil Greeks in an evil way against the good things of the Persians; and you hope to kill your lord and brother, who has ten thousand times ten thousand better slaves than you. Biut try forthwith; fur you shall lose your own head before you behold the face of tile king." Thus Artagerses spoke, and hurled his spear at Cyrus, whose breastplate 250 BOOK I. CHAP. VIII. [PAGE 82. held out firmly, so that he was not hurt, though he shook under the force of the blow. As Artagerses turned his horse Cyrus hurled and hit him, and drove the spear-point through his neck close by the collar-bone.' Page 82. 25. 2. S2sKIKV: G. I546; H. 959. 3. KacireXECfO1catv: 'were left behind' with Cyrus, the others pressing on in pursuit. bilorTpAwto: see N. to p. 87, 9. 26. 6. OZK Vi'iXE'rTO: = 'could not restrain himself.' G. 544; H. 36T, a. Tbv &vSpca: 'The man' whom I seek. 7. wralt: i. e. with a spear. 8. KrTj-rCras: a Greek who resided for seventeen years at the Persian court, as physician to the royal family. He wrote a History of Persia in twenty-three books, bringing his narrative down to the year 399 B. C. Only fragments of this work are extant, quoted in the writings of other authors. The truthfulness of Ctesias has been called in question; but there seems to be no good reason for doubting what he says in regard to the wounding of Artaxerxes, as he had the best opportunity to know the truth. His account of the matter, as given in substance by Plutarch, is as follows: — ' When Cyrus had killed Artagerses, he urged his horse against the king, and the king rode against him, both in silence. Ariaeus, Cyrus's friend, slyly threw a spear at the king, but did not wound him. The king hurled at Cyrus and missed him, but hit and killed Satiphernes, a highborn Persian, faithful to Cyrus. Cyrus now hurled at the king, and wounded him, so that the javelin went through his breastplate and two fingers deep into his chest, and he fell from his horse with the force of the blow. Rout and panic now took possession of those about the king, but with a few attendants, among whom was Ctesias, he managed to get up and reach a little hill, not far off, where he rested.' 27. 10. iraCovTr: force of the pres. part. here? a'rro'v: Kvpov. TS: Mithridates by name; cf. p. 25. OcdOaXk.dv: why not dat.? 11. paMXo'PEVo properly agrees with ordo-ot, to which 3aar-ievs, Kvpos, and of stand in a loose relation of partitive apposition. Trans. 'while the king (etc.) were fighting.' 13. KTrI7oras XEyErco: Xenophon avoids giving the number of the slain on either side, perhaps on account of the conflicting statements of other writers. According to Diodorus 'more than fifteen thousand' of the troops of Artaxerxes fell, and three thousand of Cyrus's native troops. PAGE 82.] BOOK I. CHAP. IX. 251 15. KOpos &awOave: after the king, wounded, withdrew to a hill (according to the account of Ctesias), Cyrus's horse became unmanageble (cf. N. to p. 78, ii) and carried him some distance into the midst of the enemy, but as it was growing dark he was not recognized by the king's soldiers. Elated by the victory, full of rage and daring he rode forward, shouting in the Persian language, " Out of the way, wretches!" Those who heard stood aside, paying homage to him; but in the confusion his tiara fell off, and it was then that Mithridates inflicted the wound, though not knowing at the time who he was. 8': corresponds to the /e&y after o7rdao-. pLrOToL: refers to rank, or to moral qualities? Cf. N. to p. 69, 23. 16. 9KELVTO: 'lay (dead).' 28. 17. o-KrlTrrToiwx: see Vocab. and P1. I. 3. In such a case as this Persian loyalty required the most trusted attendants of a king to sacrifice themselves. XyerTaL: see N. to p. 55, 22. 18. rTEpLtrEOEi: notice the force of 7r-ep; Artapatcs threw himself down and embraced the fallen Cyrus. 29. 19. nwrLob4aaiL: trans. the ert- with Kvpyp. Eoripdadcw was often used of the slaying of animals offered in sacrifice at the tombs of the dead, and hence is especially appropriate here. 20. o 8': sc. (paiv. faOTbv c&roorbcaaL: i. e., (aTvrb) &irorpcigata eavurd. 21. XpvUro-v: we should say 'gilded.' 22. +6pei: = ferebat, 'he used to wear.' r&XXa: such as, elegant garments, gilded horse-trappings, a gilded baton, and the like. Cf. p. 59, 25-28, and N.; also, Rawlinson's Fifth Mo1narchy, chap. 3. CHAPTER IX. THE CHARACTER OF CYRUS. I. 25. oTCos: as narrated in chap. viri. a&vhp wv: 'a man who was;' how lit.? 26. IIEpa'ov: G. 1088; H. 729, e. Trcv 'YEvo.Evov: trans. by a relative clause. Why gen.? Kvpov r'ov apXauov: see pp. 7, 8, 20. 27. wrap: trans. as if vrrd; but rrapd with the gen. must not be confused with V6rd, as it expresses source rather than agency. wrwv TV: trans. with r&v OKOvjVouWV, 'all who,' etc. 28. Kvpov v rre(pa yiveo-0a L: see IDIOMS. H. 854, a. 252 BOOK I. CHAP. IX. [PAGE 83. 2. 29. -rp&Tov iv: correlative with 6rel 5s, p. 83, 13. IrL rats i&v: trans. by a clause beginning with 'while.' ErraLSE6ieTo: on the education of a Persian youth see p. 15; also Rawlinson's Ancient Monarchies, vol. iii., chap. 3, and Grote's History of Greece, vol. viii., pp. 306, 307. 30. rr30 vra: G. Io58; H. 718. Page 83. 3. 1. yap: introduces the reason why Cyrus, though brought up at court, came to be educated along with other boys. 2. 0upats: oriental palaces were usually entered through high and imposing portals, which (by synecdoche) are often mentioned for the palace itself. At the lofty front gate kings frequently dispensed justice, a custom of which there is a striking reminiscence in the French name for the Ottoman government, Sublime Pore, = 'High Gate.' Cf. Esth. ii. I9; also, Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Chalcdaea and Assyria, vol. i., pp. 69-73. 3. orwipocrvvlv: here 'self-control,' 'self-restraint,' as the result of being always in the presence of men of rank and dignity. KaTaLIa.OOL iV G. 1327; H.872; GMT 239. 4. oOS&v oVT'-~Or": G. 1619; H o130. gO'rv: = polest, pote est. G. 144, 5; H. 480, I. The statement of the text was hardly true of the Persian court after the time of Cyrus; for the excesses of luxury and the general corruption of manners could no longer be kept hidden even from the youth 4. 4. 0CovTa L: emphatic by position, 'see (for themselves).' 5. TLJIopI.vovs: i. e. by a seat at table in the king's presence, by promotion to high positions of trust and influence, and by gifts of robes, jewels; and other articles thought worthy of bestowal by the monarch. Cf p. 59, 24-29, and N. 6 EVOvS rctSEs vTeS;: see IDIOMS, p. 400. G. 1572; H. 976. The regular training of the Persian boy began at the age of five years. He must get up before sunrise, and constantly practice spear-hurling, running, and shooting with the bow and arrow. At the age of seven he was taught to ride on horseback. pcav09vovcrLV: 'learn how.' &pXEcV, &ppXEEaT: learned from the manner of the king, who required unquestioning and perfect obedience; from the severe training of teachers; and from the example of officers and courtiers. 5. 8. nrprTov ev: correlative with 'resra 8E in 1. to. cta$lJova-vrcos: G. 927; H. 940. 9. KaC: 'even.' Eaovov: after b7ro8&cere& pwv, which is gen. after yaAAov. G. 1I53; H. 643. 10. LXLwrt7roraros; sc. e6Ies IviaI. 11. XpQ'ro ': 'manage.' 9KPLVov: ' men (or PAGE 83] BOOK 1, IIAP. I. 253 'they,' from Twv.. 8. OKOv7TW in ~ T) used to consider.' 12. Els TOV wro6XEov: '(useful) for war;' i.. military exercises. G. 952; IH 666, c. hpywv. limits rpthotaOEa'Iraro, /heAerTpudraroY. 6. 13. 7rrei 8: see N. to rp&wrov e', p 82, 29, and IDTOMS. 14.?iXLK': i.e. AKlaa T-Vo ep^ ovY, c- dt/ni'zsccznia, ' youth,' reckoned at Athens as commencing sNith the eighteenth year, in Persia with the sixteenth or seventeenth, at Rome with the fifteenth or seventeenth year. cLXo0flporaros: the Persians considered hunting not merely as recreation but as good training for war, and made it a means of inuring to hardship. When on hunting expeditions young men were often required to go two days at a time with but a single meal, or were allowed to eat only the roots and berries they could find in the woods. They were exposed with insufficient protection to extrenme of cold and heat, sleeping at night in the open air. They were required to swim rivers without wetting their weapons, and make long marches. They were taught to jump on or off a horse when galloping at full speed, and when on horseback to hurl the spear and shoot arrows with unerring aim. Olpca:. the animals most hunted by the Persians were the bear, the lion, and the tiger. Many bas-reliefs excavated from the ancient palaces at Nineveh and Babylon represent the Assyrian kings engaged in the lion-hunt, sometimes shooting from chariots, sometimes grappling with lions at close quarters. 16. i-rpEo-ev poetic word, = f-tmens fJuit; 'he did not flee in fright from.' o-vpurrrev. 'grappling with (it).' 17. Ta& jv 'iraeev. sc. 7rarc0, = 'he received wounds.' G. 1054; II. 716, b. (XE: the impf. implies that the scars remained so long as Cyrus lived. rfkos 8: takes the place of ra 8e, correlative with -ra tEv. Why ace.? 18. KarTKaev: sc. Tr 71 apiK0o. aKCaL JVTOL - elt tanzo, and yet.' rTOv urpraTov po190<rxavTa: trans. by a rel. clause. G. 926, H. 619, a. w'oXXots 'in the sight of many.' G. 1172; II 771. 19. I.aKapLO-T' v. G. 776, 2; H. 475, I. 7. 20. KaTE~riu4.0i: Kara-, <'down' from the interior to the coast. Cf. N. to p. 52, 20. 22. orTpanTqyds: emphatic by position. Read p. 20; cf. p. 51, 6-8 and N. os. G. Y59; II. 764, 2. KaOiKEL 0Opoltcor9aL: see IDIOMs. 23. irp&cov dev: the correlative is (pavepbs F6, p. 84, 7. adov: proleptic; trans. as if in the nom. with 7rolturo. 1. 878. Difference between avu'ro and aurov? 24. wTrpl rrXeCorouv rooitro: see IDIOMS 254 BOOK I. CHAP. IX. [PAGE 84. under wrepl. For the mode see G. 1497; H. 932, 2, a and b. orEdo-aLTo. suggests a treaty with a public enemy, made binding with solemn rites. Derivation? 25. o-v0otO-: suggests an agreement with a private enemy or opponent. p.iev: stronger than t'. Why ace.? 8. 26. KalI yp oSv: 'and (not without result) for therefore,' 'therefore.' EwLTrpnrdievcL 'attaching themselves (to him),' 'giving themselves over (to him),' construed with both Ir6oAis and &vapes. 27. yevs-ro - G I390, and I395; H. 893, and 894, 2, c. 28. orrELo-apivou: see IDIOMS. iiSev &v ro.Qtv: for obUev hv irdOo. Why? G. 308; H. 964, (a). rrapa ' G. 1213,, (e); 1H. 802, 3, e. o'rrovS.s: why p.? see Vocab. 9. 30. TLoro-aeipve: see p. 52, 13-18, and N. nrOXiJ(nre: cf. N. to p. 6 0rb, 17t ItrL ro XLSt: i. e. ai 'l1wPvKal r6Aets of p. 52, 14. Page 84. 1. iKOo-r: trans. as if an adv. G. 926; H. 6I9, a. 2. MkitOcriCv: the name of the people put by metonymy for that of the city. Trois ceisvyovras. Milesians who had favored Cyrus and had on that account been banished from Miletus by Tissaphernes. 10. 3. KaCi. 'both.' Upyc/: 'by his conduct;' how lit.? 4. wp6Oro: sc. aubro's, the exiles. G. 1408; H. Qco. rwi: trans* 'after,' with the verb in the plupf. 5. L - lTI: emphasized by repetition. 6. KILKLOV prptELav: see IDIOMS, p. 400. 11. 7. cavepbs 8'. see N. to p. 83, 23, and IDIOMS. In translating put the clause Kcal ci.... aU'T first. iv, roLiraLEV. G. 1393, 2; H. 894, 2. Tl, cardv: G. 1073; H. 725, a. 8. vlKCv: 'outdo,' 'surpass;' sc. what? T7reLpdLevos: G. 1589; H. 981. EvXiV: how emphasized? 9. Ws lXOITOo: an idea of saying is implied in e'efppov. G. 1487; H. 932, 2. 'crri VLK-q: = usque dum vicisset; represents r7r' oy vinK of dir disc. G. 1465, 1502; H. 921, 937. 10. Xe~6psevos. 'by recompensing,' 'by requiting,' governs 7rob0s [rowov'rats] as well as rov KabNis r& roiouvras, its meaning being extended by zeunma. H. 1059. "Outdo your friends in acts of kindness, your enemies in deeds of evil," was a common maxim in ancient life. 12. 10. KCl ya&p ov: see N. to p. 83, 26. 11. lr.XE1tcro TiOV c4' iCLiov: 'very many of the men of our time,' 'very many of our contemporaries.' eIv ye &vSpt p 'at least for one man.' The thought is, that more men trusted Cyrus than any one else of that age. 13. irpoirOaL: here means 'to surrender,' 'to entrust.' PAGE 84.] BOOK I. CHAP. IX. 255 13. 14. ikv 8 i: almost == s/v 78, 'still, in fact,' 'still, you see.' roi r' refers to what follows, an uncommon use. II. 696, a. E'rroL: G. 1327; H. 872. 15. aSiKovs: why without ros? H. 662. eaC; what construction in Latin? For the form see G. 537, I; H. 359. KaaTCLyEX&v: SC. Tavro. 16. urrdvTZOv: part. gen., masc., dep. on &aelfSeoTara. ETLpL.PEI'TO: sc. a, oVs. qv: here -- eiv, poterat. 17. 6Sovs: the Persian kings laid out and kept in repair great thoroughfares connecting the different parts of the empire. iroSov... &vOpdrovs: in the East from the earliest times the mutilation of offenders has been a common means of inflicting punishment and enforcing obedience. The Assyrian bas-reliefs abound in representations of the most cruel tortures. Among the Persians eyes were seared with hot irons, limbs, ears and noses cut off, tongues torn out, and mutilations even more revolting were not uncommon. A similar vein of cruelty ran through the ancient Gauls, who sometimes burned men alive, and also punished criminals by mutilation. Cf. Caesar's Gallic Waar, vi. I6, and vii. 4; and Heb. XI. 35-37. 18. ortrpoivovs: G. 1559; H. 965. YEV~To: 'it was possible.' G. 898; H. 602, d, remark. 19. Jii&8ev &SLKoiVTL' 'if doing no wrong.' G. I563, 5, and I612; H. 969, d, and 1025. 20. 7rpoXpo(po: sc. eXEL. G. 1431, 2; HI. 914, 3, (2). Xenophon emphasizes the security of traffic, - one of the chief characteristics of good government. 14. 21. ToSs ye &yacovs: 'the brave at least.' Jiv-TOL: 'however,' no matter how it might be with others. s: * in.' uWf.okdyq-TO: sc. Kvpos; but trans. 'it was beyond dispute.' How lit.? Cf. N. to p. 55, 22; and G. 1263, end; H. 849, c. 22. ILv aCrT: cf. IDIOMS, p. 400. 23. IILCoSas: see N. to p. 53, 22. MuvroOvs: see N. to p. 73, 14. Kl a 6rds: i. e. not only the army but himself with it. 24. Eopa: G. 538; H. 359, b. ToTrov: order of trans., ro6-,ovS, oVs e'Wpa K.r.h. 25. pXOVTCtS: G. 1077; H. 726 s - xWspas: =- s Xwpas Xv. The antecedent is made emphatic by being put at the end of the relative clause. G. 1038; II. 995, a. 26. &.ct: why not aor.? 15. 26. &O"TE K.T.A.: order of trans, &w-Tr (aurbv) paIVE'Oai aL &tov Tobs yev aya&oVs Fivai evsaiL/.overaTcTovu. 27. vScaitovEoia'&TOU: G. 354; I. 251. 29. o'LoLTO: why opt? aoio-0w-OL: G. 1276; H. 855, a. 16. 30. EI' ye Pf lv 8SKaLocrvvqv: 'Moreover,. with respect to justice at least;' emphatic. 256 BOOK I. CHAP. IX. [PAGE 85. Page 85. 1. WLSriL8KvvroeaL: 'to distinguish himself.' povA6 -}irvos: G. I589; H. 98I. repi iravtr6s: see IDIOMS, p. 402. 2. (K TOiO a.LKOU: ' with injustice,' 'unjustly.' The Greek idiom involves the idea of source; the English, that of manner. <LXoKIpEovwrTov: could this have been put in the nom.? G.; I53, II55; H. 755. 17. 3. CavOTr dat. of advantage. The example and encouragement of Cyrus made his subordinates faithful. 4. orTpacTEvjTirL the Greek force alone is referred to. Xrlettv: 'genuine,' i. e. 'trustworthy.' Difference between aAr1Osr and adxerlvs? EXPl-o]Tro: ' had.' 5. ^vEKca: G. I 151; I-. 758. 6. rXeuvo-av: refers to the Greek officers who came from Greece across the sea to serve under him. elr': introduces a reason corresponding with ou Xpra.drowv eive.a. KEpS8aXfX'Tpoov in pred. after eval, whose subject is IrELOapXErv. 7. KaWT p'lva: trans. by an adj. Cf. G. I211, 2, (c); H. 8oo, 2, d. 18. 9. oUEBevl ir(rOTr: 'never -his;' more vivid than oUnore, as it keeps definitely in view the person affected. How lit.? In both Greek and Latin a dat. limiting the pred. is often used where the English idiom requires a possessive case. 10. 4pjYouv G. o1S5, 3; HI. 729, c, and R. K6p: G. 1173; H. 768. 19. 12. rtva Svrao: 'that any one was' G. 588; H. 982. iopwq G. I393, 2; H. 894, 2. For the form see G. 737; H. 410, a. EK TOU 8sKCaov ~ 'in a proper way; see N. to 1. 2 above. 13. As Xp 'ps: =what? G. 1037; H. 995, a, &pxoL: G. 1439; H. 9I9, a; GMT. 563. rpoo-dSous wotoivrTa: increasing the revenues,' like our expression, "make money." 14. o8Lva c, rriro': 'never from him.' G. o169; H. 724. What is to be supplied? rXEiwo: pl.; what would be the full form? 15. eor6vovv: in translating supply ' men.' 16. &: is an antecedent to be supplied? G. 1026; H. 996. irewrcTo: = EKfEKTTO. KOpov: G. o169; H. 724. 17. rots worXoroicrL: G. 1159; H. 764, 2. 18. &TroKpvW-roJvov: sc. what, as obj.? 20. 19. (9. Xous: emphatic by position; order, 'o-ous,fXous worhaairo, corresponding with which we may supply 7rocov'rous [pfAous] as obj. of Oepa7rEVev; 'whatever friends he might make,' etc. In translating render the last clause first. iroLro-caro: G. 1431, 2; H. 914, B, (2). 20. vrats: trans. as ovra in 1. 12. oruvepyovs, OTL: ' helpers in anything which' (how lit.?) TrUYXvoL p{ouv evos: see IDIOMS, p. 404. PAGE 86] BOOK I. CIAP. IX. 257 G. 1439; H. 919, a. 21. 6opXoyoTaUL: 'render as if impers., with yEVYaO8a ' that he was.' rp6s. trans. as if v7rd. 22. ipaomew:Etv G. 1526; H. 952. 21. 22. Kal y&p: seeN. to p. 52, 14. aTr: G. Io58; H. 718. 23. oirrep: after i'vEca. 4ct.Xv: G. 1 12; H. 743. SErecal: when is the subject of the infil. not expressed? &s ouvEpyovis IXoL: explains Troro. G. I365; H. 88I. 24. oruvepyos 'ros (TOLS ots rTOUTO: 'co-worker with his friends in that.' G. 927; I-. 614, 940. iVXols: governed by ouvv- in a-vUpy'os. G. 1175; II. 772, b. 25. TOUv: G. I102; H. 742. wrrL0voov'ra c why not to be rendered by a part.? 22. 26. ACopc: placed first for emphasis. oZ0LL parenthetical, hence without influence on the construction. &vip: appositive, but trans. EJf y' a&v'p ' for one man at least.' Cf. N. to p. 84, I. e Xd,3pavv: sc. Kipos. SL8. nrokX: ' for many reasons.' Oriental etiquette required that every one approaching a king should bring a gift. Cyrus, however, by his own fairness and liberality aroused a generous spirit in others. 27. wrrvTov * masc., dep. on /dcaAtra.. o88; II. 755, b. 28. rpdwrouS: 'character.' 8T ov: i. c. (TKronrv wrpbs TOTro, gTou. Why not' ace.? This studied generosity of Cyrus, though prompted by a kindly nature, was probably directed by a desire to strengthen his cause. 23. 30. K6Oi-rOV: G. 916; II. 726. TrewroL: G. 1431, 2; H. 914, B 2. cus es trans. 'intended for.' Page 86. 1. KaX(oAw7rLa-jodv: cf. N. to orpe7rTrov, p. 70, 2. For the derivation cf. G. 834; H. 55I, 2. aao-rav. = diccbant, '(his attendants) used to report,' or ' (those who sent gifts) used to say.' 2. SUvaCLTO: what form in dir. disc.? G. 1493 and 1327; H-. 872, 930. 0 TV'OLS 7Lraor K.T.r.: i. e. there were too many gifts for any one person to make use of, or else Cyrus thought that adornment of the person was a matter of little consequence. 3. (IXovs, Ko'ruov: G. 1077; H. 726. 4. volt oL: how different from the use of the opt. in,avcuro above? G. 1487; H. 932, 2. 24. 5. rb VLICLV' subject of eartv understood; sc. a, rv, or Kipov. ~'r& iy&CLa et irolouva'r: 'in doing (the) great favors,' 'in the conferring of great benefits.' G. 1054; H. 716, b. 6. ov8ev: stronger than ou. G. ro6o; H. 719. 0avcutLa'rov: not in agreement with 258 BOOK I. CHAP. IX. [PAGE 86. oubS.. 7. EirL.LEXE, Ti' rpo9vOeu;tr80ta: G. I 82; H. 780. iX\wv: not dep. on eri-leAEL.. G. II20; H. 749. 8. XapLEoacLt: dep. on IrpoOu/VecLOaL. tLrVr': appositive and pleonastic, but repeating with emphasis the subject of SoKce; pl., because referring to two ideas in the preceding clause. IH. 697. 25. 9. brepirE: notice the force of the impf. otvou: G. Io85, 4; H. 729, f. 10. XkdoL: sc. olvov, but trans. 'might find (any),' 'might find (some).' G. I431, 2; H. 914, B, 2. kXEywv: i.e. through the messenger. Xp6vou: distinguish between the uses of the gen., dat., and ace. in expressions of time. 11. TOTOTV: G. 1153; H. 755- TOvrTO: i. e. ovov; sudden transition from indir to dir. disc., but giving the words of the messenger, not those of Cyrus. oroi more emphatic, and hence in this case more polite, than o-o. i'repqi+e in cases like this the English idiom requires the present tense; but in both Greek and Latin more accurately the time of sending a message or letter is put in the past tenses, from the standpoint of the sender rather than of the receiver. Why not impf. here? 12. crou: G. I114; fI. 743, a. ots: trans. as if TOJTOIs ous. G. 1032; H. 996, a, (2). 26. 14. Xqvas K.T.A. gifts from the king's table, which were not uncommon, conferred the highest distinction upon the recipients. 15. iIC(rea: used as a substantive; cf. Lat. extremna aginzis. rEtXiyev: force of brT-? 17. TroVTov: G. 1102; H. 742. 27. 18. i8Waro: the indic. is used here because more vivid than the opt. G. 1432; H. 9i8; GMT. 534- 'napaorKeu&oracr0L: sc. XiAov. 19. erLeXELcav. Persian commanders were very careful to provide adequate supplies. Sami.1Trcov: force of Bsa-? 20. dtyourv: not indic. 21. '~: G. 1364; H. IoI9. 22. dywoo-v - the opt. might have been expected. G. I365, 1369; H. 881. Many Orientals are said to treat their horses with more consideration than their wives. 28. 23. iropEVoTO: G. 1431, 2; H. 894, B, 2. 6ScreaL ~ sc. aur6v. 24. 8,1Xo,1: why not subj.? 25. TrL4: does the use of the indic. here emphasize the distinction conferred 29. 25. &v: == rovrwv. C &KOO~ * for a&tKtoa. In like manner we often say I hear,' where ' I have heard,' would be more accurate. 26. 'EXXkjvwv: part. gen., made emphatic by separation from ouSeYa. PAGE 87.] BOOK I. CIAP. IX. 259 27. TOTroV: G. Io85, 2; II. 729, b. roS. G. 1005; H. 696. 28. SoviXov: G. 907; H. 614. Under the absolutism of the later Persian kings "all were slaves save one." Even the members of the king's own family were as subject to his arbitrary command as the common throng. VTOS: trans. 'although (he) was.' G. I563, 6; 1-. 969, e. r\X'v. what part of speech here? H. 758, a. 'Opodvras: see Chap. vI. 29. KaCt ovros K.T.A.: order of trans., KCda o'rTO ('Opdvras) ~8 TaXb evpe aVrTbv (for roTrov, i. e. the slave who gave to Cyrus Orontas's confidential letter to the king, see p. 72, I4-20), tv Wcero EiVaL roT-6dv ol ('to himself'), (piLrepov Kvp, p e auTry. The inference is that no one but Orontas ever proved faithless to Cyrus; but cf. p. 58, 12-14. 30. iXL'epov. see Vocab., and G. 361, Io; II. 250, b. Page 87. 2. cLXX\IXoLs: here 'to each other,' not 'to one another.' Why? KaC oTrot i oEVTOL: ' and those, it is true,' 'and those, to be sure.' 3. ai'roi: refers to whom? 6TEs: 'if (they) should be.' G. 1563, 5, and 1413; H. 969, d, and 902. 4. &v TvyxveLv: G. 1308; H. 964, (a), and 872. TLPS.S. G. 1099; H. 739. 30. 5. TEKpqLPLov: subject, or pred.? G. 956; HI. 669. Tob yEVO.AEvov: 'that which happened;' sc. -v. G. I56o, i; H. 966. iv: why expressed? G. II93; H. 782, a. Tvo * not 'the.' TL... pepatous: what is the relation of this clause to TeKapioV? 31. 8. &aro0v']crKovTro: why not aor.? TrEpL arVT6: cf. G. 1225; H. 788. 9. uvTrpaSrEto0L same as oauoTpadre(ot, p. 82, 3. No one sat at table with the Persian monarch. lie dined alone, on a raised platform at the end of the banqueting-hall, so shielded by curtains that those in the lower part of the room could not see his face, although he himself could see them. The 'table-companions' were nobles who were honored by being allowed to dine in the same room with the king, served by royal pages. They were naturally his most trusted and devoted followers. 10. TrerTyiElvoS Er1YXeavev: cf. Plan II., and IDIOMS under TvuyXdvw. 12. 7rrcrTrKOTaM: in Lat. would be pf. infin. G. 1588; II. 982. 9guyev: up the Euphrates; see N. to 1. i6. 260 BOOK I. CHAP. X. [PAGE 87. CHAPTER X. END OF THE BATTLE. VICTORY OF THE GREEKS. 1. 14. 'EvTa0iQa: resumes the account of the battle, broken off at the end of the eighth chapter to give place to the eulogy of Cyrus in chap. Ix. KEQaXTM, i SELa& XEP: cut off by order of the king,- the head as originating treasonable designs, the right hand as executing them. When the unhoped for good tidings of Cyrus's death reached the king, says Plutarch (Life of Artaxerxes, 13), his courage revived, especially as his men began to gather closely about him again, 'and he went down from the hill (see N. to p. 82, 8), guided by the light of numerous torches. After he had come to the body of Cyrus and the head and right hand had been cut off, in accordance with a certain custom of the Persians, he had the head brought to himself; then clutching hold of it by the thick and bushy hair, he held it up before those still wavering or in flight. Those who saw it were astonished and did homage to him, and in a short time seventy thousand men were about him and went back with him to his camp.' 15. s$&KoV dfiTrCTrTEL: agree with f3aiLAevs as the more important subject. 16. Kvpetov: trans. as if Kvpov. G. 85o, and 826; H. 564, and 545, a. orTpaTOrlreov: where the baggage and noncombatants had been left before the battle. Here Ariaeus and his division seem to have halted in their flight until the king's army came up. 18. orTaOodv: doubtless north or northwest of the camp. vOEv: = e4 oi. G. 292; H. 217. SWpJlVTO: i. e. on the morning of the battle. 19. 8SoO: trans. as if cSds (=='distance') were subject, and ~rapa-dyyat in the predicate. 2. 20. roXXA: pred.; trans. as if & nroA a,v. 21. woKa'tSa: the Persian king or prince, like the Sultan and the majority of other oriental potentates to-day, kept always a harem. Cyrus seems to have carried his liking for Greeks so far as to introduce into his harem women of that nationality. The woman mentioned here was a native of Phocaea, in Ionia, and named Milto, though called Aspasia by Cyrus. o-o-lv: 'witty.' 3. 22. vEWoTpac: the comparative implies that there were two natives of Miletus in Cyrus's harem. 23. yup.v;: i. e dressed PAGE 88] BOOK I. CIAP. X. 261 only in the tunica, or under-robe, having left her outer robe in the hands of her captors.,rpbs Tr6v 'EXXA'!vv. sc. Trvds. 26 aUr'v the Greeks who rushed to the rescue. 27. r&XXa: G. 966, 2; tI. 705. 28. ctTrv: G. 1148; H. 757. eyevovro: pI. on account of the proximity of &vOpwxro. waYvT': emphatic. 29. IE'wcrav: repeated to emphasize the rescue by so few from the hands of so numerous al enemy. Page 88. 4. 1. XXiX\ov: G.17. 7; II. 748 p LXeS, K.7r: notice the chiasnzus in flaiAeLS, ol "EAXAjves -ol ea'v totKovres (referring to the Greeks), of 8' ap7Tri0ovres. As the Greeks, who had not yet learned of Cyrus's death, were still pursuing the routed left wing of the Persian army, the king with another division plundered their camp. 3. s: G. I574; H. 978; GMT. 864, 865. 5. 5. iv rots crKEvuo4poLs: see p. 87, 15-24.:YT]: what mode in Iatin? 6. TLcr-cracpvous: G. 1103, II 742, c. VLKIEV: = victores esse. Tr KaM' airTOVs: i. e. b cat' auTovs /FepOS TOO,aarEcws arTpaTrevuaros.. 7es ' rpr'Oev: see IDIOMS, p. 399. OtXOVTaL SLWoKOVTES: 'had gone in pursuit.' G. 1256; I-. 827. The indic. is more vivid than the opt. here. G. 1498; II. 933, fine print. 8. oruvvTr&rTTE: force of the mid.? 9 povuXAEEro HIpo6Evov OKaXic'as: 'called Proxenus and was asking him.' 10. E: not 'if.' G. s606; H. I017. ne'r4roL: for 7re/rcnw, deliberative subj. Why? 11. Cip^iOVTEs: G. 1563, 4; H 969, c. 6. 12. 'Ev Trovr: sc. Tr Xp6vc,. Notice the asynidelon, from the rapid progress of the narrative. 1H. 8o3. 8fAos iv: cf. p. 56, 17, and N. 13. &rrtre0v: i. c. of the Greeks, =a t lc,-o (Groeccoruzz1). aucrTpaCEVTEs: notice the force of ovu(v)-; the Greeks faced about in a body, closing up their ranks. 14. cos 'rpoUodvrTOs: sc. BaoiAcws, 'supposing that the king would advance.' G. I257; H. 477, a. TraCT: i. e. along the bank of the river, where the right wing of Cyrus's line had stood. This movement would have brought the king face to face with the Greeks, who turned about and waited to receive him. SE6OJEVOL: whyfut. part.? 15. wapLXOEV: trans. as plup. ro0 eUWvuVov KEparos: i. e. of Cyrus. 16. &vaXapC0v: &va- here — ' back.' 17. TOVs. a.vroToX\l-ravTas: how many of these there were i tnot klown; they are elsexchere referred to only in II. i. 6. They had probally gone over to the side of Cyrus thinking that he had won the battle. 262 BOOK I. CIAP. X. [PAGE 89. 7, 20. SXi1Xacrf Kcar: 'charged against and through' (t-). 21. TrEXXTao-T'rs where stationed? See p. 78, I8-20, and Plan II. 22. 8LCmorTCivTs the peltasts could get out of the way more easily and quickly than the heavy infantry. IKOVTLtOV; more definite than e7ramov. anrois: i. e. Tros oFv Toi''a-cppv'. 24. eAEyeTo: trans. as if impers.; with yevErOatl, 'it was said that he showed himself.' Episthenes by a skilful handling of his troops received the charge in such a way as to inflict great damage on the enemy. 8. 25.,.Ltov Xcwv: see IDIOMS under,ue7ov. OViK a&Yacrpe'p eL although Tissaphernes had charged clear through the line of peltasts, he came off so badly that he did not dare to face about and charge them again, but kept on till he fell in with the king, who was sacking Cyrus's camp. All this had happened before the events narrated above, 11. I-II. 9. 29. fcrav: i. e. ofl Bdp3apot, or Baoa'iebs Keal Ttaoaj>epVr7s. Karo.: 'opposite.' trb evJu.ov Kipas: i. e. the wing farthest from the Euphrates; Xenophon has in mind the first order of battle. As the Greeks had faced about, their left now rested on the river. They were some distance from their first position, down-stream. See Plan III., B. Page 89. 1. repLwT6VavTr: as the Greeks stood in line at right angles with the Euphrates, facing up-stream, the king's army came facing them but passed to their right; see Plan III., B. The Greeks feared that the king's line would wheel half way around and charge toward the river, thus hemming them in completely. They therefore wheeled half way around, so that their rear was protected by the river; see Plan III., C. The account as a whole shows that this third movement was not merely planned (e~cceL.... /ovXeuoV'ro) but actually accomplished. For the opposite view see Mangelsdorf's discussion in the Z-arlsruhe Programm, 1884. 10. 3. iv: sc. XPdvY, 'while.' 4. ELs Trabvrob aOX) a: i.e. the king's army wheeled about as the Greeks had done, and stood parallel with the river; the two armies now stood facing each other as at the beginning of the battle. See Plan III., C. 5. Tb rrptTov: see pp. 79, 8o, and Plan II. 6. v'Tas: sc. rovbs papldpovs; trans. 'were,' Why? 7. rrapaTrETar'yjvous: 'drawn up beside' one another, 'in battle array.' 8. Trb rpdo'rev: see p. 8o, 23-29. 11. 9. 8EXovTO: sc. aT. abros. cK irXEovos: = ex lonjiore intervallo, 'at a still greater distance,' i. e. from the Greeks. 10. KWt)}S: perhaps Cunaxa; see N. to p. 78, 14. G. 1220, 4; H. 784, a. PAGE 89.] BOOK I. CHAP. X. 263 12. 11. 'y'Xoos: according to Ainsworth, " one of the numerous artificial mounds, sometimes sepulchral, sometimes heaps of ruins, which abound on the plain of Babylonia;' identified by Mr. Rassam, however, with " a pebbly ridge,.. sixty or seventy feet high, and fifteen miles long," "on which stands the Caravanseri called Iskanderia." Trans. Soc. of Bibl. Archoeology, Vol. VIII., p. I82. 12. wirwicov: G. II12; H. 743. 13. rOd 7otoVj1Eov: ' what was going on.' yu.yvhrKWLV: SC. Trob "EAhxvas as subject-ace. 14. CET6V: carried on the end of a long pole, which seems to have been attached to the front of the royal chariot. That a similar emblem was used by the Assyrians, before the time of the Persians, is shown by the discovery at Nineveh of a bas-relief witl a representation of an eagle evidently intended as a military ensign. 15. vaTreratvov: 'with extended wings' (lit. 'spread out'). 13. 16..EroVuWat rr... arts: why is the natural order of words reversed? 18. &XXo., &XXoev: see IDIOMS; they were fleeing in scattered groups from different parts of the hill at the same time. H. 704, a. irri&ov: G. 1112; H. 743. rXos: trans. as if an adv. G. 060o; H. 719. 19. awrrEXWp1rav: notice the changes of tense in AXcrouvr, ei4hAouro, and direxc6praprav, marking the progress of the flight. 14. 20. 'r' ciOTdv 'at the foot of it.' Why not dat.? Cf. G. 1225; H. 788. rT'riras. transitive, or intrans.? Cf. G. 1231; H. 500, I. 15. 22. KEXiEL sc arrd6v, or auTros K? CarLovrts: notice the force of scar(a)-, 'looking down' from the elevation upon the country beyond. Tr twreip Tro X6#ovu, rt eiv: for c' e'rtv, irrep ro& Aopov, = 'what was beyond the hill;' prolepsis. IT. 878. 24. cvd KpaTos: see IDIOMS. 25. o-X8Sov STir Tairr' jv: = eodemfere ternp5ore, 'about the same time.' 16. 26. ftrrqxlaav 'stood' at the foot of the hill, where they had halted in accordance with the command of Clearchus; see 1. 20 above. They were probably two or three miles east of the Euphrates. eO4pLvo Tr orXa:- cf. IDIOMS, p. 402. 28. +aCLvoLrO. G. I5o6; H. 925, b. &r': broader in meaning than ~rap6, and hence more forcible; not only did no one come from his side (i. e. sent by him, 7rap), but no one even came from where he was, (ard) bringing report about 264 BOOK I. CHAP. X. [PAGE 90. him. 29. avrobv TE0vrKO6ra: 'that he was dead.' Why not reo0vr Kesval? G. 1588, I263; H. 840, 827. 30. 'L: i e. some strategic point. 17. 30. a&rol: 'they themselves,' the Greeks in distinction from Cyrus. G. 391; H. 680, 2. Page 90. 1. El: 'whether.' G. i6o6; H. II07. 2. &yovTro: subj. of deliberation in dir. disc. Why opt. here? G. 1490, 1358; H. 932, 2, (2). 2. -rparTo're8ov: sacked in part by the king just after the first engagement, while the Greeks were in pursuit; see p. 87, 15-29. 3. Sop7Tja(rTov: as it was now the first week in Sept., the sun at Babylon set about 6 20 o'clock. The soldiers must have reached their camp some time after sunset, and the passage can hardly be taken as designating the usual time of the afternoon meal. Cf. p. 36. 4. ras orKTvs: i. e. Tb orTparodreSov. 18. 5. roVTo: 'such.' KcTaXakPaLvoVert: sc, ol "EAAX-ves. 7. Slp7raropava: in our idiom, 'plundered.' G. 1582; H. 980; GMT. 883. E' TL OLTCOV ^ TrOTO'V v: coordinate with ra& rXeTiora as obj. of KartaAcaafdvorovf; trans. by a clause beginning with whatever.' iro'rdv: referring to wine, considered by the Greeks a necessary article of diet. 8. JiEcrris: why without the article? sc. ou^aas; trans., 'which were full.' G. 956; H. 669. 9. Xad3ot: G. 1503, end; H. 937. 11. AXtyovro: see N. to p. 55, 22. Cyrus must have obtained these supplies after leaving the desert; cf. p. 69, 14-20. Ki rcTVIas: ' these too,' as well as the other provisions and articles of value. 19. 12. oL TrXEtoroL: difference in meaning between roAxot, o0 'roAAot, wrArTtrot, and of rAe'rxrot? 13. rrpCv: G. 1470; H. 955. Read p. 36. At the present time the orientals in the region where the Greeks now were have their breakfast, like the Greeks, about eleven o'clock. See Layard's Nineve/h and its Remains, vol. i. p. 292. 15. oai'o: hungry and weary, but not despondent; for they had come off victorious, and did not yet know that Cyrus had fallen. Read pp. 22, 23. Xenophon's description of the battle varies in several particulars from that given by Plutarch; but the discrepancy is no greater than that in the case of several battles of the late War for the Union, where reports of men on the different sides have been compared. BOOK II. Aorox: see N. to title on p. 5I. B': = s8EuEpos. CHAPTER I. NEGOTIATIONS OF THE GREEKS WITH ARIAEUS AND THE KING. Page 91. 1. 1-6. 'Qs.. 8e8^lXoTclL: gives a summary of the contents of Book I.; probably not written by Xenophon, but added by some reader or editor, not unlikely by him who divided the Anabasis into books and chapters; read pp. 46, 47. There are three principal reasons why this summary is considered an interpolation: -. It may be omitted without interrupting the progress of the narrative. 2. The words "Aya Ne -,r Oc p, at the beginning of 1. 7 follow naturally after Tav7}rv tIer ov ' r7v7 VVKTa o'row ieoyeVovTo, the closing sentence of Book I. 3. Unless the summary be rejected, the diev in the last sentence of Book I. has no correlative 8e. Similar reasoning may be applied to the summaries at the beginning of the third, fourth, fifth, and seventh books. 1. 'I s.. ic-rpae'eTO: see Book I., I. to Ir. 4. '12s: adv., conj., or prep.? Kvpp: G. I65; I. 767. To' 'EXXVVLKdV: sc. irpd'reuca. G. 932, 2; H. 62I, c. O6'OTe: definite, or indefinite? 2. r6v: not 'the.' Eo-TpaTiVEETO: why not aor.? G. 1259, 2; H. 829. 3. avo68: for 'vaSa'oi; see Vocab., and N. to title on p. 51. As mentioned here the 'up-march' comprised only the journey from Sardis to the place where the battle was fought, near Cunaxa, as described in Book I., chapters It. 5 to vIir. ds... iEVETO: see Book I., vIr. S... EIXEir6fTrie: see Book I, vii. 24-29. 4... t. see Book I., x. ir(: how different in meaning from Eri in I. 2? r6: 'their;' cf. p. 90, 2-4. 5. iT wrcavTa: G. o158; H. 718. Vcaiv: 'that they were victorious.' Why is the subject-acc. omitted? 266 BOOK. II. CHAP. I. [PAGE 91. Cf. G. 1522 and 895, 2; H. 946, 940. 6. 4,urporo-ev: G. 952; H. 666, c. SeSTJXrcaT: what is the subject? 2. 7. "AILa T'rq ijLpap: see IDIOMS. G. 1176; H. 772, c. It was now probably Sept. 4. oL crTpcarnyol: how many? What were their names? Cf. pp. 29, 30. 8. &XXov '(any one) else.' irrellroL, *catvoLO: opt. in implied indir. disc.. 1502, I505; H. 937, and 925, b; GMT. 714. o-'qlavovTrT: G. 1563, 4; H. 969, c. b,'rL: why not i? G. 1013; H. 700. 3. 9. &Sotev adrots: 'they resolved.' How lit.? 10. irpoi'va: G. 1517; H. 949. 11. o-vJpCtgELmv: cf. the use of the subjunctive in Latin after dzin, donec, and quoad. G. 1465, 1467; H. 921. Ev Oppj 5VTrwv: sc. atr&v; render by a clause introduced by 'when.' Cf. IDIOMS, p. 399. 12. &j' iXLI a&vYXovTL: see IDIOMS, p. 397. eX0E: sc. aVroIs. TevOpavlas: see Vocab. and Map. dpXwv: distinguish between &pXow, B3arace's, TrUpavvos, and aarpcdrr7s. 13. yEcyovbs a'r6: trans., 'a descendant of.' How lit.? rXots: see N. to p. 67, 25. 14. Tacob: gen. See N. to p. 58, 23, and Vocab. TEr8vqKEv: 'was dead.' Notice the use of the indic., emphasizing the most important fact; the following verbs are changed to the opt. G. 1263, 1498; H. 849, 933. 15. rceuvycbs e' l: for E7rEpE'YEI. G. 720, 1497, 2; H. 457, and 935, b; GMT. 103. ev r o-Trai0p4: trans. as if els Tbv raO.dA6v; cf. p. 87, I6-I9 G. 1225, 2; H. 788. T'iV &tXXov: sc. faapldppwv, i. e. of Cyrus's army; see p. 87, 12. 60Ev: trans. as if Se o5 (referring for antecedent to crTraO4e). 16. Trj 'poTepata: sc. what? G. 932, 2; H. 621, c. popplqvro: G. 1497 2; H. 935, b. X/yoL: G. 1487; H. 932, 2. 68T... fKiv; indir. disc. dependent on Aedyot, which is itself in indi; disc. after EAe-yov. Cf. p. 58, 2i, and N. 17. Ii4pav: difference in force between the gen., dat., and acc. in expressions of time? wrep.ivoCVo K.'r.TX.: in dir. disc., eav ME'AAr]TE KFILV, v(s lrEpIfJy.ev. H. 934. T-r &tXX: = 6oarepaia (l~,pa). 18. awLrvaL: = se reditzrum esse; in dir. disc., 7trei.u-. Notice the different constructions after Xoyat and Calfi. G. 1523; H. 946, b. Ew': 'in the direction of,' 'toward.' i0ev: why not opt.? See references on ZSpAL1'vro above; and H. 935, c. 4. 19. Tatr': this.' H. 635. 20. 7rvvOavo.EvoL: others learned from the generals by inquiring what the news was; and so it spread, without formal announcement. Could AavOavOGLevot have been PAGE 92.] BOOK. II CIAP. I. 267 used here? papios [Eepov: see IDIOMS, p. 398. 'ra*': see N. to p. 60, I. 21. 'AX': 'Well.' II. 1046, 2, b1. l WEXE K.-.A..: see IDIOMS. G. I512; H. 871, a; GMT. 734, and 424, 2. tyv: G. I519; H. 948. 22. qbLE~s: emphatic. 23. lftv: G. I177; H. 772. EL.... cpatfLa: 'if you had not come, we should be marching against the king;' the messengers from Ariaeus came just as the Greeks were starting. G. 1397; H. 895. Page 92. 1. actorLea: see N. to p. 52, 3. E'rayyEXX6.iLeOa: 'we propose;' more forcible from contrast with aTrayyeAAEe in the preceding sentence. 2. KCaL0cEriv: sC. srpas as subject-acc.; in dir. disc., KaitouuEv. G. 665, 3; -1. 425. The regular Attic form is Ka0iev, but some MSS. and editions have KaCTEwiv here. Read p 46. 3. 'rev VLKwVTOCV EcrTv: = eo;uzmn qgi vicer'unt, 'belongs to those who conquer,' 'is (the privilege) of those who have conquered.' C. 1094, I; HI. 732, c. Ka': not 'and.' TOb tpXELV: = imierium. 5. 4. 'rovrs iyyiovs: Procles and Glus. 5. XELparo4oov: as representing Sparta Chiiisophus would be apt to have more influence than the other generals in negotiating with the Persians. Cf. N. to p. 64, Io. 6. ePouXeroo: sc. a7rovtraA1jva or aler. 1 Evos: see N. to p. 53, 12. 6. 10. KO'-TrovTs: 'by slaughtering' (G. 1563, 3; II. 969, a); pl. from the idea of arparTrirai in rTpatrevucta. G. 920; H. 633. tSXoLs: 'for firewood.' G. 911; H. 623. [LKpoV: G. I062; H. 720. 11..iXacyyos: evidently the first position on the field is referred to; cf. Plan II. 12. olotrots: G. 1183; H. 777. TroXXols oor'LV: 'of which there were many.' H-ow lit.? qvyKcaLov: i. e. at the commencement of the battle. 13. eKPfacXXEL: 'to empty out' from their quivers, as a precaution against treachery. TroS aTroIlokov'iTacs: cf. p. 76, 27, 28. 14. -yppots K.T.h.: see p. 79, 9, o1 and N. 7. 15. qcrav +epEcraL: = 'were to be gotten,' 'were to be obtained,' for firewood. G. 1532; H. 951. 16. iptP11OL: SC. OUtaal; to be construed, by a kind of zeugma, both with reArai, meaning 'without owners,' and with 8,aiat, meaning 'empty,' the provisions having been plundered. ols: 'these (as fuel).' Remember that the relative at the beginning of a clause should often be translated as if a demonstrative or personal pronoun. Kpea: emphatic by position; the soldiers had meat and nothing else; cf. N. to p. 69, x8. Z+iOVTES: ' cooked and.' / 268 BOOK II. CHAP. I. [PAGE 93 18. TrEpl TrXi^ov-rav &yopclv: see N. to p. 78, I. 19. o &\XXoL: partitive apposition. G. 94; H. 624, d. Sc. o'res. 20. iv: emphatic, 'there was.' Tv'yxCave dWv: cf. N. to p. 51, 5. 21. ivTCIws gtXwv: see IDIOMS, p. 399. H. 810. 22. rrpoo-e-roLetiro: 'pretended.' Why impf.? eivcLL: G. 1519, H. 948. TCrv ailpt: sc. 7rpayudldrwv, 'in matters of.' G. 1140, and 952; H. 753, and 666, c. TrCiELS: i. e. 'tactics,' meaning Greek tactics, the superiority of which to their own the Persians had learned at great cost to themselves. Read p I2. 8. 23. lrpoo-eXeo'vTS: G.I 563, 7; H. 968. 26. aiKT'rovE: G. 643, and 687; H. 450, and 451, a. wrapasovrcas, to'vrs: = traditis armis, euntes, the first participle in time being subordinate to the second. G. I563, 7; H. 969, a. 27. pOpa s cf. N. to p. 83, 2. EpcrKKEcrO0aL: why mid.? G. 1242, 2; H. 813. TrL: attracted into the conditional clause; order of trans., e6pi'iceaOal TI ayaOQ6v, ea& a6vowvTal, or UEpiaKeao eai, Av S6VwcoTaI, dyao'Y TC. 9. 29. p3apEoWs jKovcrav: see IDIOMS. SLIos 8: 'and yet,' although they were angry. Tro-oTov: '(only) this.' How lit.? 30. Triv vLKtTvrov: cf. 1. 3 above, and N. E'1q: G. I487; H. 932. 'AXA': abrupt change to dir. disc. as Clearchus turns to address another part of his audience. Page 93. 1. C&vSpes: see N. to p. 60, 12. TOViTros: G. 1158; H. 763. 2. KaXXiL-TovY: put first, since to the Greek honor was all-important. TXErE: 'you can,' 'you are able,' sc. droKprpvaaOat; cf. Lat. habete (dicere). 3. AJw: ' I will return.' eKCeEo-r: trans. as if plup. H. 837. 4. C'o: G. 1365; H. 88i. LEpE: see N. to p. 80, I4. Eglip'leva: pred, = 'which had been taken out.' Clearchus was only to see the result of the sacrifice, not to officiate. e6vLEvos: force of the mid.? See N. to p. 77, I8, and Vocab. G. 1242, 2; H. 8I3. 10. 5. 'Evea Si: 'Then, you see.' 6. iSv: 'since he was.' G. I563, 2; H. 969, b. wpo'crOEv: 'rather,' 'sooner.' For 7rp6adev- with opt., see GMT. 654, end. ilv &arodi.voLEv: G. 1493. What person in the dir. form? 7. 'AXX'. see N. to p. 9I, 2I. 8. irocrEpa: G. i6o6; H. 1017. is KpaTav: 'because thinking that he is conqueror.' G. 1574; H. 978. 9. fos 8$& +klav: used instead of the more common cs qiAos. EL jFv Ya6p:; sc. ar-el. TC: 'why.' PAGE 93.] BOOK II. CHAI'. I. 269 10.;0dv6ra. 'come and.' irdo-as i e. by offering some inducement; cf. N. to p. 63, i6. 11. Tr 'what.' 'oicr oTparicT-aLs: G. 1173; H. 768. Cf. IDIOMS, p. 403. 12. aT1r: G. Ir58; H. 764, I. rcLTa XapCo-TvC'TaL: 'they shall have given these up as a favor,'= 'they shall have made him a present of these.' H. 898, c; GMT. 90. ' rpbs TaCLr: 'to this.' Notice the asyndeton in rapid narration. 11. 13. vLKav: cf. N. to p. 91, 5. G. 1522; H. 946. 14. acLU'r TS LPXIs VTVToLtLEtiTaC: = -czm eo de zmperio contendit. G. II28, II77; H. 739, a, and 772. 15. EavToU. freely, 'in his power.' G. 1094, I; H. 732. ifX<Ov [sc. /uas], SWvvevos: G. 1563, 2; II. 969, b. eiO'E Tr: G. 978; H. 671I. 16. LroTralv: i. e. the Euphrates and the Tigris. G. I1148; H. 757. rXfAos: emphatic by position. 17. ~ya/yeiv. G. 535; H. 436. So-ov: 'so great that.' ov8':= ne - quidem. H. 1043, 2. rrapexoL... sv aLrA' dv. G. 1408; H. 900. rapEpxoL [abTrovs] v6ijv: 'he should turn (them) over to you.' 12. 19. Oe6rjrowos: mentioned only here. It has been suggested that Xenophon himself made the speech which follows, but from modesty assigns it to an imaginary Theopompus. Diodorus (XIV. 25) attributes it to Proxenus. 20. 'lViEv EC-rLv see IDIOMS. 21. iv: with XpcrOai. What mode of dir. disc does this inf. represent? G. 1308; H. 964. 22. Kc(: nzot 'and.' II. 1042. 7rapas8ovTes rTaTra: render by a clause introduced by 'if.' G. 1413, and 1563, 5; II. 902, and 969, d. 23. ootiL..wv. G. 1112; II. 743. &yac0a: here subst.; see Vocab. ilULv 6'vra: ' which we have.' 24. o-'v: 'with the help of.' G. 1217, (4); H. 806. 25. iaxouJFOa: emphatic; independent finite form where 6'uas jlaXer0OaL, after oYou, might have been expected. &Kodo'ras: 'on hearing' G. I563, 7; t1. 969. 13. 26. >iLXooocJ: derivation? cf. G. 869, 879, and 884; II. 576, and 585, a. Why dat.? 27. 'oLKaS: G. 537, 643, I263; H. 369, 492, 7, and 849, b. vEavLo-eVL: 'young fellow.' G. 844; II. 558, 3. OVK CLXCpLo-Ta: i. e.' charmingly;' sarcastic. 28 &V1'rTOs: G. 909: H. 614. iv: 'that you are.' G. 1588; II. 980, 982. apeTJ^v: = Latin virtes, 'courage.' TrEpLytEvEcrOeaL v. implies an indefinite protasis, such as ' if you should try it;' represents what kind of opt.? G. 1329, 1418; H. 903, 946; cf. GMr. 235, 239. 29. Suvaptfos: G. I 20; II. 749. 270 BOOK II. CHAP. I. [ PAGE 94. 14. 29. amcr'av: 'they (i. e. Xenophon's informants) said,' = 'it was reported.' 30. XyELV: G. 1523; H. 946, b. viroplaXaKItOIpYvoUS: 'half-yielding,' (lit. 'softening down'); for the force of nro- see G. I219, end; H. 808, 3. &yivovro: 'they had proved.' H. 837. Page 94. 1. roXXoiv: G. 1135; H. 753, f. -yEVOLTro, Pov'XOLT G. I408; H. 900. 2. E'L —EE'*r': see Vocab. and H. I045, 2. aXXo TL: 'for any other (undertaking).' G. 183; H. 777, a, end. Xptoeat: sc. abros. we' At'yvwrTov Kc.r.A.: contains the chief suggestion of the speech, but is put in a subordinate place as an afterthought. Egypt had been conquered by Cambyses in 525 B. c., but had revolted in 460 and been reconquered soon afterwards. On the death of Darius II. (Nothus), the father of Artaxerxes, the Egyptians had again revolted, and as this rebellion was still going on the Greeks hint that they might help the king to put it down. 3. o-TppaTceVL: SC. e'eAol. o-vyKaTaorpe+aivrT dv: sc. Atyvrrrov, but to be taken by zeugma also with &AAo 71. a'ur: G. II79; H. 775. 15. 4. ev ProVn: sc. what? Reason for the asyndeton? et: not if.' G. I491; H. IOI6. &CrOKEKPLJIVOL fEEv: G. 733; H. 465. 5. {VroXaPBdv: sc. 'rbv xAyov, 'answering,' or 'answered and.' 6. &XXos &XXa: see IDIOMS. H. 704, a. XEYOvot: agrees with obroL rather than with &AAos. 7. Tr XMyLs: more nearly 'what you think,' 'what your opinion is,' than 'what you say.' 16. 8. 'ao-a1vos: trans. as if an adv. See IDIOMS, p. 398. G. 926; H. 6I9. olpt,: parenthetical, hence without influence on the construction. 9. ol &XXOL: sc. &<TrIEVOI wcvpa'caov. Kal,FiEts: sc. "EAArvEs E'cruv. 10 6vrs: 'since we are.' G. I563, 2; H. 969, b. wpa-yflar-: 'troubles' 11. o-u'pPovXcvdEeOa: 'we ask your advice.' Cf N. to p. 53, I8. G. 1242,2; HI. 813. oL: G. 1179; H. 775. Tr. introduces an indir. question. G. x600; H. io0n. V: = TOVTFW.. G. 1032; H. 996, a. 1 7. 12. rrpbs OCv ' cf. IDIOMS, p. 403. 13. 3Kal 8: relative repeated, an infrequent usage. Cf. G. 1040; H. 105, and a. ets: for ey. G. 1225, I; H. 788. 14. TrETcr: trans. as if an adj., 'future.' XEyPRivov: '(whenever) mentioned.'! TI... TSe explanatory: 'a above. 15. KeXeio'ov: G. 1563, 4; H. 969, c. TO: PAGE 95.] BOOK II. CHAP. 1. 271 G. 949; I-. 658. 16. o('upouvXuoj.vots wvE3ovXEucrev: notice the paroznoasia, the use of words of similar sound near each other. 17. OTrL T A.: in Latin ji-'ri )Iz /Jfov' q/tfil, yfolcai/iftqZa slaseris, zn Graecia referatur. v&yK'rl: sc. Tarl. G. 152I; II. 952. & adv: G. I434; H. 916. 18. 19. 8i: 'now,' resumes the narrative interrupted by the preceding quotation; so ouv is often used. vrsyero: notice the force of vr'-, 'craftily suggested.' IHow lit.? aoVT'v: intens., and emphasized by the preceding Kal, 'even.' G. 989,; IH. 68o, I. 20. 'rpErpevovraL: not 7rpE'0fvv, or Trpeoj3EurTv, because Phalinus was not a regular embassador, but was acting as envoy on this special occasion. 21. eYev G. 1365; H. 88i. 19. 22. virooTrpilas: 'eluding,' 'evading' the question. The term is borrowed from a feint in wrestling, where one of the contes, tants had gained an advantage, but the other by an adroit movement slips from under him. Phalinus was a match for Clearchus. It was a case of "Greek meeting Greek." 23. ryv; not to be translated. eXAr(fv: G. Io85, 7; H. 729, e.! LIa TLS: sc. XTrfs. H. 621, d. The use of the indef. pron. makes the possibility of a hope seem even more remote. 24. [eATrls] ao-oOiaL: G. I52; II. 952; GMT. 749. rroXEaovras: for roAeyovroz. G. 928, I; H. 94t. fctpaa-E: G. 1 77; HI. 772. 25. eL 8E TOoL: 'but surely if.' H. 1037, o1.!piSE8zCx: why not oubeYa? G. I61o; H. o021. 26. a:KOVTOS pac-rLX'os: see IrIOMS. G. 1571; H. 970, and 972, b. cr;iou-0a: direct or reflexive mid.? 20. 28. -rpbs TavT': 'in reply.' 29. 'AXXa 'd rOaa 8 a-r XEyELS: 'Well, this of course is your opinion.' G. 896; H. 602, a. XE-ys: see N. to 1. 7 above. 30. 4)kos: sc. i. rXE. XCovos: G. 1I35; H. 753, f. Page 95. 1. EtvaCL: for EYr/UE; after oloIEOa. G. 1494; H. 946. 9XOVTIs, wrapa8ovTES: G. 1563, 5; It. 969, d. &XXA: sc. TrLv. 21. 4. 8q: 'then,' marks the conclusion of the talk. 5.!iVova-L [sc. /ylv]; 'if (you) should remain;' Eav leVr7Te in the dir. form. G. 1413; H. 902. 6. eiev: G. 1497, 2; H. 932, 2. wrpoioc-rL [sc, uviv]: refers to advancing against the king. alrLow'rt: implies retreating back toward the coast. 7. nor6Xeos: sc. Ef7. Ei'-wrE: H. 438. 8. ealv: 'there is;' made emphatic by the change from the fut., in 272 BOOK II. CHAP.. I [PAGE 95. IjeveTe, to the pres. us irokXiiou OTros: 'with the understanding that there is war.' G. II52, and 1593, 2; H. 970. Ws: both causal and declarative. H. 1054, c, d. &crrcyyEldkw: 'I am to make announcement.' G. 1358; H-. 866, 3. 22. 10. Trovvv: 'well, then.' 11. p.itv rTcavr SOKiE: see IDIOMS, p. 400. How lit.? 12. &rreIKpLvaTo: asyndeton in rapid narration. Some MSS. and editions have a'7repi6o; and as Xenophon is fond of varying his expressions possibly he wrote darecpirOf here and a7rEKpipaTo below (1. i6). 23. 16. SrovSaC: sc. Elfov. F.VOvUrwv K.TA.: S. j u7v. 17. nrotrooi: G. 1287; H. 855, and 855, a. SLEcriqfiVEv: notice the force of S i-, 'distinctly indicate,' 'clearly show,' as between the alternatives. The negotiations with Phalinus well illustrate both the spirit and the adroitness of the Greek character. CHAPTER II. THE GREEKS WITH ARIAEUS. THEIR ADVANCE TOGETHER. 1. 18. jiv S: 'So then.' ot crvv avrc: who? Cf. p. 92, 18-20. o 8E cTrap' 'ApLcCov: = ol 8e irap' 'Apta7ov rexadv'rets rap' 'Apiaiov rIcov. First from Ariaeus Procles and Glus had come; with these on their return to him the Greeks had sent Chirisophus and Menon. See p. 91, I1 -I4; p. 92, 5-7. 19. IIpoKXtfs Kal XELprofos: partitive apposition. H. 624, d. 20. LEvev: 'was staying' for the time being; the aor., making the statement as an historical fact, would have implied that Menon remained with Ariaeus permanently. dXeyov, 4act: G. 1523, I; H. 946, b. 21. eavTro: G. 1I53; H. 643. 3EXTCOvs: here = f3exriovas. G. 359; H. 236. Trans., 'of higher rank.' oOs.... crLEOVTOS:o i. e. o? ovaK v avca'oxoivro, el farotAevouly. 22. oaTOi: G. 11 52, 1563, 5; H. 970, and 97 1, b. But some construe avrov as gen. of separation after &vacrXer'oa. &XX' eit p3oXEroe: the change to the dir. form makes the statement emphatic. See N. to XAvualvyOra, p. 63, 2. 23. 8,q l: {at once.' Trs VUKTO'S: gen., not acc., because the proposed march would take only a part of the night, not the whole. G. 1136; H. 759. e Si PAGE 96.] BOOK II. CHAP. II. 273 AI: sc. o'vare7tvat 3ovhXeoOe. H. 906; GMT. 478. 24. dLrrlTvc: why is the subject not expressed? 2. 25. 'AXX': see N. to p. 91, 2I. iv iJKoEv: as apodosis sc. iroto-ro/[ev, or e'-w. G. 1403; H 898. 26. Ei 8- I.i: more regularly eav 5 /ux (iKcw/xev). H. 906, a. 6oroi6v Tr: 'whatsoever'; more indefinite than g,Tt-. tv: G. II65; H. 767. o}'qo-e: G. 1434 and I431; H. 916. 27. TroidoroL: why opt.? 3. 28. MET& TaOra: notice the asyndeton in rapid narrative. 29. TOL.SE: see N. to p. 60, I. Page 96. 1. OvoiEvc: how different from OvovPr? Uvac: after EyIyveTo, which is used in the sense of tyyyvEro KaAc, 'did not turn out favorably, 'did not prove to be favorable.' 2. iyCyvETo: the impf. implies that several trials were made before it was decided that the omens were not auspicious. tip': 'as it appears.' IHow different from apa? Cf. H. 1048, I, and 1oI5. 3. v I'ero-: trans. 'between.' 4. Ttypvls: the king had not yet crossed the Tigris. Either Clearchus had received false information, or he and his scouts had taken one of the large canals in that region for the river itself. vavo-C7ropos: kind of compound? G. 888; H. 575, 586. SvvYaCLO':. 1327; H. 872, and 872, a; GMT. 239, 235. 5. -rXoca l!. s: both made emphatic by reversed order. 6. 8^ aTroi ye: 'here at any rate you see.' LOIv Tr: sc. Corul. See IDIOMS, p. 402. OVK OrT'LV:'it is not possible.' G. 144, 5; Ho 480, i and 3. 7. iXev: G. 1517; H. 949. ifvat: G. 1526; H. 952. 4. 8. arw6vrTas c.r.A.: sc. vlUas; trans., 'to go and make out a supper on whatever we have.' 9.,TL-: object of e`XE, but implying as antecedent a cognate acc. as object of aenrvev. TIs eXct:= EXoeAEv. ris has often a collective force. G. 1017; H. 703. Ho-TvT: sc. 6 oaxArr7ryi7cs. G. 897, 4; H. 6oz, c. KepaTrl: G. I81; H. 776. Read p. 35. os.vcarrauE-reaL: 'as if,' i.e. 'as (the signal is given), for going to rest. The Persians within hearing, understanding the usual signals of the Greeks, would be deceived by the change. o-vo'-euidecrOa: like nernev,, avaTrOeo-Oat, and iTre0OaL, explaining Die and dep. on Xpn understood. In some manuscripts and editions these infinitives are changed to imperatives, but the infinitive construction seems more natural. To SEevTpov: sc. 0a,617rp. G. 1054; H. 716, b. 11. &vaT'0eo-e0aL sc., a or-eV,. srt r', TpiT-: sc. oa-7ger/f. G. 1210, 2, (b). 12. Tr iyovUPvA: i. e. 'the van' of 274 BOOK II. CHAP. II. [PAGE 96. the army. 13. T& IrrXa = -robs 6xrAras, by metonymy. Cf. the use of &atris, p. 76, 14. o: i. e. away from the river, on the side toward the enemy. The river would thus serve as a protection for one side of the line of march. 5. 14. TragaT' Kowravrs: what reason for the asyndeton? 15. Tr XOLtrOV: 'thenceforth.' G. Io60; H. 719, b. 6> iev: Clearchus. 16. kXoJPEvoL, 6pv'Tes: G. I563, 2; H. 969, b. 17. ota: '(such things) as,' ='those things which,' 'what.' TOv &pxovra: sc. fpoveisv. &LrELpOL: from the biographical notices of the Greek generals given in chap. vi., it appears that all except Clearchus were men of slight military experience. Nevertheless, as Sparta was at this time the most prominent among the Greek states in matters of war, and as most of Cyrus's mercenaries were from the Peloponnesus, it was to be expected that the leadership would fall to a Spartan. 6. 18. 'Apji.bs... TpLCKo-Lo: on account of certain discrepancies between the numbers here given and those obtained by adding the items previously mentioned, it is thought by many that this entire section was not written by Xenophon, but inserted by some one after his time, perhaps from some other account of the Retreat. iv: G. o057; H. 720. 'EeCo-ov: as Ephesus was a Greek city, the precise location of which would be familiar to every Greek reader, it is assumed as the basis of reckoning rather than Sardis, the real starting-point of the expedition. Cf. p. 55, I. 'Iwovas: G. o085, 7; H. 729, e. 19. aXIs: 'battle-field, the battle by metonymy being put for the place of the battle. Tpets KaClt cvEvKiovTa: G. 382, i; H. 29I, b. The sum of the items previously given by Xenophon makes the distance from Sardis to the battle-field 84 stages, 517 parasangs. The distance from Ephesus to Sardis, according to Herodotus, was 3 stages; subtracting this from 93, there is still a discrepancy of 6 stages to be accounted for. If the summary as it stands is really Xenophon's, we may suppose that the army on the up-march delayed at some point without the fact being mentioned, especially as the discrepancy in the number of parasangs is hardly more than the distance from Ephesus to Sardis by actual measurement. 22. 4-Myovro: the distance from Babylon is given by report, as the Greeks had not gone over it. Plutarch puts Cunaxa 500 stadia from Babylon. 7. 24. 'EvriEOEv: the Greeks were still where they had assembled immediately after the battle. See p. 90, 3. 25. Opa: from the PAGE 97.] BOOK II. CHAP. II. 275 nature of the case there was slight fellow-feeling between the Thracians and the mass of the Greeks. Still, the contingent of Miltocythes could at this time ill be spared, as the Ten Thousand were left entirely without cavalry. TroVs IE.' Efauro: how different from Tros EavTro? 26. W's: adv., conj., or prep.? 8. 27. 'ros dXXoLs: G. 966, I, and Ii65; H. 767. After 'jyedT-Oa the dat. is used when the leader is thought of merely as guide, the gen. when he acts as commander. 28. KCard T'a raptlyyeXpieva: 'according to the arrangements' mentioned above, 11. 9-I3. 29. 7rpCOTOv orTaco6v: ' first station' reckoning backwards, the one occupied the night before the battle. See p. 87, i8. 30. poras vSKT's: see N. to p. 74, 20. iv r-itL: -'while still in line of march.' 0eEvotL.rc 67ka: ' letting their arms rest on the ground; ' agrees loosely with (rrpar-^yo and Aoxacyot, but refers chiefly to the men in the ranks. TV 'EAXESjvO v ra 'trAa Oe0olvwv might have been expected, Page 97. 2. 1.oorav: this full account of the solemn rites accompanying the compact is perhaps introduced to bring out in stronger light the baseness of the treachery of Ariaeus later on. 3. Ai-rE: after verbs of hoping, promising, and swearing, the infin. of indir. disc has 5 v, not ou. TrpoSJorxL, o'Eo'9aL: G. 1276; H. 855, a. 4. ': here 7,re6 - re = neque - que,'both not - and.' H. I044, a. rrpoor.jooacwv force of 7rpos-? 5 KaU: ' also.' 86.0Aws: emphatic by position. 9. 5. o'4cratvrEs - ELs a-irwca: 'slaying (so that the blood of the victims would flow) into a shield.' G. 1225, i; H. 788.. 6. raipov K.Tr..: in ratifying oaths and treaties, the Greeks as well as the Romans frequently sacrificed three victims, a bull, boar, and ram, as here, or a boar, goat, and ram, or a bull, goat, and boar, or even other kinds of animals. The wolf was doubtless offered up by the Persians, who sacrificed wolves to Ahriman, the spirit of darkness. Prof. Jackson aptly cites Plut. Isis and Osiris, 46. 7. PCiTTrrovT'rE both parties dipped their weapons in the blood as a token of willingness before the gods to suffer the fate of the victims if they should be convicted of faithlessness. L(Os, X6-yXiv: selected as the characteristic weapons of the Greeks and the Persians respectively, although the Greeks of course had spears, and the Persians swords. 10. 8. LTTO-C: see N. to p. 73, I8. "Aye 8i: ' come now.' 9. 6 caLUbs oro6Xos: i. e. back to the western part of Asia Minor, whence the Greeks could easily return home, and where Ariaeus, hav 276 BOOK II. CHAP. II. [PAGE 98. ing been placed by Cyrus in command of Sardis, would probably be able to make more advantageous terms with Artaxerxes than in the wilderness so near to Babylon. 10. riva yvd&.rlv: see IDIOMS. 11. fvirep: as antecedent sc. r-v 6ddv. SOKetS: ' do you think.' 12. KpELCrro: = KpEfTrova. Cf. N. to fEATiovs, p. 95, 21. 11. 13. "Hv: what antecedent to be supplied? &wLrdvrts: El cirtoiqlev. G. 1563, 5; H. 969, d, and goo. Vr6: see N. to p. 60, 22. 14. Tv lrftql8ELow: G. io85, 7; H. 729, e. 15. a-ra-0cL v: G. 1136; H. 759. 'ov /c roYYUTT: G. 952, I; H. 666, a. oM8i, ovS8v: G. i6I9; H. 1030. 17. e TrL Jv: G. 1387, I, (a); H. 893. 18. Jp.Kpo'rpav: sc. bRdv. G. I057; H. 720. 'rtwvo6i)Ev: pl., i. e.' I and my men.' The form of statement implies that Ariaeus had already made up his mind what course to pursue. 12. 19. iropevTrov.. O. aKpoT: i. 7 e. s pTovS oraOuotvs, ois jropevdeEOa, &'s fJaKporaTrous Elyait e7, 'we must make our first day's marches as long as possible.' How lit.? G. I597; H. 990, 991. 20. 8vvwji9a: sc. 7ropeveorGcai. H. 65r, a. WS wrXeto-ov: see IDIOMS. H. 651. 21. a, roa-rao-qer&u v: poetic word. Why subj.? o-rp.Tr6J.LaTos: G. 1117; H. 748. 22. &-rai: 'once,' 'once for all.' SV == Vo, here indecl. What would be the form here if declined? /i1pEp(v: G. o185, 5; H. 729, d. 68sv: G. IO62; H. 720, b. 23. oiKEnI pi': 'surely not;' used more often with the subj., but sometimes with the fut. indic. G. 1360; HI. 1032. 24. oarpeaTaevjTL: G. 1I89; H. 774. 4i1're'ea: force of Ae)'? 25. EXov: = ed, EXy G. 1563, 5; H. 969, d; GMT. 841. 26. o-rravie: G. 665, 3; H. 425. TC'cvT'iv T' yvW "'qv: see IDIOMS, p. 403. 27. gycoyc: adds emphasis not only by its form but also by its position at the end of the sentence. 13. 28. Hv - Suvacivq: 'amounted to;' = 6',varo, but more emphatic than the simple form. 29. &Lso8pa&va, &arovyetv: see N. to p. 65, 24. T'Xa:. personified, as often in Greek and Roman writers. EcrTpacYt'rEfl c KcAXXov: 'managed more nobly,' that is, by striking panic into the Persians so that the march of Ariaeus and the Greeks seemed to them not a hasty retreat, but a hostile advance. 30. iv SEtL, 9XOVTES 'rbv iXLov: 'having the sun on their right' during the ordinary marching-time, the earlier and middle part of the day; their course was therefore eastward, bearing toward the north. Page 98. 1. &da iki(cV 8SVvovL: see IDIOMS. 2. K1jhaS: PAGE 98.1 BOOK II. CHAP. IT. 277 these villages lay somewhere in the region northeast of Cunaxa; their exact location cannot be determined. TOTO: G. 1058; H. 718. 14. 3. 8sEhXv: here = 8etAnirv oiav. Cf. 1. 14, and see N. to p. 78, I. 4. 'EXXivwv: G. o085, 7; H. 729, e. ot iT: for ETES Ires p. How different from oa-oi 'L? G. 16io; IH. o021, b, and 9ro. 6. 8L6OT &TETpcoTO: parenthetical, explaining (p' &a/dar s TropEvu/evos. 7. ot criv aCLVTQ: sc. EiwpacKi7ov To. 15. 7. iv S: see N. to p. 89, 3. 9. tev, V4JIOoTO: opt. because AeyoTvrs represents the impf. tense. G. I487, and 1289; -H. 932, 2, and 856, a. v7rot6vyLac: i. e. of the king's army. 10. Kal ycip Kat: 'for also,' 'for in fact also.' Cf. N. to p. 52, 14. 16. 12. yyev: sc. Tb a-TparEupa. 13. 7rEtprllTKrcTas: from abrayopEvw. G. 1588; H. 982.. 14 ov!4VTro oV8': 'nevertheless not even.' G. I619; H. 1030. The Persians were directly ahead of the Greeks. The course taken by Clearchus shows excellent generalship as well as courage. 15. ixi: 'that.' G. 1378; H. 887. evvWpov: poetic word, =car' eUOeziav. 16. Trous 'rp(0TOus: 'the van,' 'the van-guard.' 18. Tl& iO' Trv OLKLCOV ihvXa: more fully. -ra ev rats oiKials uhvAa ctrb r'vY OKi0tWV. 17. 19. Spwos: 'nevertheless,' notwithstanding the dismantled condition of the houses. Tpodr ( TLVL:= quodam moto, 'in some way,' 'somehow.' 20. CKOT'ooL: G. 926; H. 619, and 6r9, a. f'ryXavev: sc. xrpoofbv. 21. rlUXit;TOv: impf., while in E'-rparornfEviavTro the aor. was used, because those in the van encamped once for all; the rest found quarters as best they could as they kept coming up. 22. wore, Wo-0r: G. 1449, 1450; H. 927, and 927, a; GMrT582-584. 18. 25. ov8ev: trans. 'any.' Why? 26. ebs 0olKE: marks the statement as an inference. 27. i4<x8w: see N. to eTrrpaTy)roo-e, p. 97, 29. 8iiKXwae.... rparrev: sc. 6 aBao-Ae's; expresses more fully the thought of ArAov... e'yevro in 1. 24. 28. otS: = Trovros a. G. 1032; H. 996, a. 19. 29. Ilpooivo-ris rqis VUKT-S ToVT'iS: 'in the course of this night.' Why gen.? iE'VTOL: 'however,' 'nevertheless;' the panic which fell upon the Greeks is contrasted with the alarm of the king. 30. dp13os: here == bp6os Ilavgs, 'panic,' so called because thought 278 BOOK II. CHAP: III. LPAGE 99 to have been caused by the god Pan. 0Opvu3os, Soros: how differ ent in meaning? otov (ace) eiKdos: sc. eirL, ' (such) as is likely.' 20. 31. ToXp1St8v K.r..: order, ToAglbrv, (rbv) &ptQrov KIppuKa Trv T6Te (KtcpvKWcv), 'b eTUVXaePY EXW' ap 7r aUTo. 32..'r avEv sxY v: cf. N. to p. 51, 5. Page 99. 1. K7qpvtavTa: G. I563, I; H. 968. Tr: most editions insert here 7rpoa-yopeuouwTL o' &6pXovres, repeating or' before Ai4,ETal; but the omission of the clause makes the reading much simpler. 8s &v: G. 1434; H. 916. 2. bTv 'vov: the article points out the ass as the common cause of disturbance, and thus adds force to the joke. Iphicrates, an Athenian general contemporary with Xenophon, is said once to have restored order in case of a panic by a similar announcement. It seems to have been a common practice of Greek officers to resort to some such device in order to show the groundlessness of a sudden and inexplicable fright. 7rXka: put by metonymy for the place where the arms were stacked. z-trO-ov TrXcvTrov: G. o080; H. 726. 21.. 4. Kvs: 'groundless.' 5. orwo: sc. ETE..&pZua bpOp): sc. 'Yvo3g4vq, 'at dawn.' 6. dis r'4tv,r& l irXa 'rCt'crOat: 'to take up arms in rank and file.' EXov: = 'were.' CHAPTER III. AGREEMENT OF THE GREEKS WITH THE KING. 1, 8. "O Pypa4ta: for Tov'o, o E-ypaxa; like the Lat. quod scripsi, = 'my previous statement.' 8Si: 'you see,' takes up again the subject mentioned in chap. II. 18. 9. i4)68s: sc. TroV opareTCLaroY, or TCV 'EEAAXvwv. G. 18I; H. 776. TrSe: freely, 'from the following circumstance.' G. 1oo5; H. 696. Trf irpoarOev iedpa'p: the day after the battle. See p. 92, 23-27. 10. irEp!rwv: sc. ayyAhous; but as a similar omission is allowable in English, trans. 'he kept sending and.' iEKEivEUE sc. robs "EAhXvas. &p.a. iXCw: G. 1176; 1-. 772, and 772, c. See IDIOMS, p. 397. 11. rrpI o'rrovSv: sc. &acrrpatoyJevous, or &ta7rpayifLafreuo'oueso0s, agreeing with cjPKpucas. PAGE 99.] BOOK. II. AP. II. 279 2. 12. q'rTOVV: the impf. implies that the messengers made their way to the generals by repeated questions. 13. c&rniyyELav: sc. rois apXouvo; trans. by the plupf. tense. Why? 14. ruvXOv — Ito'Ki7r&v:;= erTuXe yap e7ro-Kowrv. G. 1563, 2, and 1586; 1H. 969, b, and 984. EIrE KEXEViELV. = dXit Zt/ izberenZt. The infin. is used because of the command implied in e7Ire, which, if meaning 'said' merely, would have been followed by obrt or &s with a clause. G. 1523; H. 946, b, end; GMT. 99. 15. dXpi v o'orXoXdo': G 1465; II. 921, and R.; GMT. 6i8. The haughty attitude assumed by Clearchus was well calculated to make an impression on the Persians. 3. 16. o-TrE: G. 1449, 1450; H. 953. KCLXCs 'XEXv: see IDIOMS, p. 401; as subject sc. 'r o-rpdareua. 17. o6pa(aL0: dep. on cKaAws; the construction is analogous to that of the ace. of specification. English idiom in such expressions prefers the active voice, ' to look on.' CLXayya inuKVhv: (being) a close array;' properly in pred. after 6opaoOaL. Clearchus arranged his men in compact order of battle, in which they stood three feet apart, instead of the looser order of march, in which they stood six feet apart. By thus closing up the ranks he shut off the non-combatants in the rear from the sight of the messengers, even if these should approach quite near. 19. Ti' correlative with the KaL in the following line. 21 Ta-cT,: i e. -rposekeZv rovs eiroAoTarovs EXovroaS KOalr eUeLSerTOU riosW abrTjV 0rpariwwrwCv. 4. 22. irpds: 'in the presence of.' poiuXoLvTo: what principles govern the use of modes in indir. questions? 23. crarovg8v: cf. 1. i above, and N. IKOLEV: G. 1256; II. 827. dvSpEs: in apposition to the subject of iKoLEV, ' (being) men.' 24. E'-rovTrl: we should say 'would be,' or 'were.' G. 1498; IT. 933. ra: sc. Afqo4LEZI. 5. 26. pdiXs: G. 11 12; IH. 743. 27. &pLcrTO -dpLCa-Tov: commencing and closing a clause with the same emphatic word is known as palindraomnic chiazsmzus. E'oLrtv. sc. u?-v,, 'we have.' - o8 6 ToXi~oqoGv: sc. eoT-t, = aeque erit qui autdcal; trans. idiomatically,' there is not a man living who would dare.' 28. fia 'rropCa-as: = Et./ er4dpite, 'without having provided.' G. 1563, 5 and I612; II. 969, d, and 1025. 6. 29. jKOV: 'came (back); cf. p. 95, o.9 30. w Kc.: whereby again,' 'from this also,' as well as other indications. eyyus ovu: ' somewhere near,' somewhere in the vicinity. 280 BOOK II. CHAP. III. [PAGE 100. Page 100. 1. hXXos TLs: sc. eyyvs tv. 2. eK6OTC: 'what is reasonable.' How lit.? SOKOIV: sc. ol "EhAA^vs; in dir. disc., oc80KEre. 'KOLEV: SC. avroi, i. e. the messengers; in dir. disc., IKOLev. 3. &tiou0Lv, OUv-L: G. 1498; H. 933; GMT. 690. Mgvev: -= vOa 7. 4. e... a-rovSa: the question of Clearchus had reference to two points, whether the truce would be only for the benefit of those who were to go with the guides for supplies (ac3ros Tros cdvSpado), or for all the Greeks; and whether it would last only while the supplies were being obtained, or till some later time. e: not 'if.' G. I6o6; H. 1017. &vSpO8p L:. II65; H. 767. 5. -re'vSoT'ro: impers.; trans., 'the truce was being offered.' Lov-rL, &airtou0rv: while going and returning.' Clearchus seems to have expected that a detachment would have to be sent for the supplies; but the following narrative implies that in fact the whole army followed the guides to the villages where the provisions were. 6.,IxpL: G. 1464, 1465; H. 92I. 8. 8. RierTacrrlird.j5E~vo;3 daro'iS: in Lat., eis (i. e. legatis Persarsnz) secedere itssis. Force of etsra-? 9. ipovXETro: i. e. -bv ros orpa'r7yoiS ical hoxoayos. 'oS crTrov8t.s IoslercaL: 'to conclude the truce. 10. Ka0' vo0-xuav: ' quietly,' without doing anything to arouse the animosity or suspicion of the enemy, &rt: 'after.' 9. 12. IsCVToL: here takes the place of 6e. 13. oKviocrooCLv: 'shall have become afraid.' G. 1465; H. 921. ti a&.ros86o: 'that we have decided not.' 14. TroL4cr-a0ir: G. 1517; H. 949. 16. KaLps: i e. the time when the delay had begun to cause the soldiers in the Greek army to become anxious, and had led the enemy to think that the Greeks had given up the idea of a truce. 17. eKiXEVE: sc. rous 7`Iyesdvas, the guides brought by the Persian messengers. 10. 18. ol: the guides. 19. rwoncraplEvos: 'although having concluded.' G. i563, 6; H. 969, e. 20. fLtro-0otVXaKEL: on the derivation cf. G. 882, 2; H. 58I. ra&poLs: large irrigating 'canals,' leading from the Euphrates and the Tigris. 21. avkoaLv: probably the smaller 'channels' or 'water-courses ' leading from the canals out over the plain. Svato-at.. G. 1456; H. 953, end; GMT. 608. 22. rroLOvrTO: sc. yevpas.. G 242, 2; tS. 813. 23. EKwE'rrE(KoTas: 'lying' on the ground, 'felled;' used instead of the pass. of feIcoTrrw. Traus Se: 'and some.' PAGE 101.] BOOK II. CIIAP. IIL. 281 11. 25.?v:= oT rye Ezv. KXkapXov.. Er. ic'-TEL: proleptic, = Ka'rala6YOe'v Cs KAEapXos e7rear'rd're. 11. 878. K(cTracaLftOZv: G. 1517; H. 949. Force of Kara-? 26. apio'TEp4 XELP: soldiers usually carried a spear in the right hand, leaving the left hand and arm free to handle the shield. 27. paK'Tpiav: see N. to p. 70, 26, v'E'3aAEY. 28. PXCLKtuELV: G. 86I, 4; H. 571, 4. rbv erLTlSLovV: sc. 7raIeLOaO. giraLEv &v: iterative, ' he would strike.' G. 1296, 1297; IH. 894, 2, a, 835: GMT. I99, 162. 30. [iL ov: irregular use. G. i6i6; II. 1034. Page 101. 12. 1. wrps a-Tr'O i. e. for the work. Is: 'up to,' where we say 'under.' Spartan forces were so oiganized that men of a given age could be detailed separately. Cf. p. 28. 2. wrpooreXA.P3avov: force of 7rpoo-? 13. 5. isaTros: G. I1140; H. 753, c. p8ev: G. 1526; H. IOOO. Irrigation was usually confined to the summer months, in preparation for the autumn sowing. As it was now near the middle of September, the presence of water in the canals might well arouse the suspicions of the Greeks. 6. iSdl: 'at the outset.' iEs 'rv rropELav: why not ev rp,ropEla? 7. TrorTOU gEKCa: makes emphatic the purpose expressed by 'va.... Topeav. 14. 9. 0gev:=- e v. 10. XalipvELv: G. 1519; H. 948. 11. olvos OLVLKOV: see N. to p. 70, 21. 6gos r!'Tro'v: probably made by first boiling the juice pressed from the dates, or the sap of the palm-tree itself, and then allowing it to ferment. 15. 12. pfcXavoL: originally 'acorns.' Sec Vocab. ev 'ros "EXX'rTV: i. e. in Greece. C'o-TLV i8E6tv 'are to be seen,' 'are to be found.' How lit.? G. 144, 5; II. 480, I. In earlier times only an inferior kind of dates was known in Greece, called odatcrvAo, 'fingers;' later a better sort was introduced 13 C&rEtKELVTo ' were laid aside' for the servants, not being good enough for the masters. 15. K.XXos, e'yeOos: G. Io58; H. 718. i! 8' 6+L/s iXE'KTpuV o1SEv 8iLEEpEqv: condensed expression, = 7 8' 4'ois acrTwv ovwrv rTs5 WAKTrpov O4EWs s&ePEpEY. For the gen. see G. 1117; H. 749. 16. T&s 8 TLvas: 'and some others,' where we should say simply 'and others.' TpacyiJpaTa: G. Io8o; IT. 726. 17. v... 8': 'and it (ie. c. T' pc^yya) was agreeable (not only when eaten by itself, but) also at the symposium,' or 'at the cups.' A Greek dinner was regularly followed by courses of wine. 282 BOOK II. CHAP. III. [PAGE 102. 16. 18. eyK4aXov: 'crown,' the soft and pulpy bud at the top of the palm-tree, containing the substance of the future leaves. It is still considered a delicacy by the Arabs. On the derivation cf. G. 874 and 884; H. 588. 19. oL 7roXXko: sc. ri. arv. TV it'6rl'raL Trs iS8ovfs: = 'its peculiar flavor.' 21. KE4(aXcaX-yfs: perhaps the tendency to headache was due not so much to the dates themselves as to the sudden change from a scanty diet of meat to abundance of fruit. 580v: = e4 ob. ctaLpEOELl: G. 1431, 2; H. 914, B, (2). 22. 6Xos: G. 926; H. 6I9. The statement of the text is confirmed by modern travellers. 17. 23. 'Evra0': i. e. ev ra7s Kcais. Cf. 1. 9, above. [eyAXov p3aco-rios: see N. to p. 52, 3. 24. frfs Pao-LXeos yVVaCKLos: i. e. the 'principal and acknowledged wife and queen, Statira. Xenophon's statement here is inconsistent with that of Ctesias, who says that before Darius died Parysatis had succeeded in having all of Statira's relatives put to death. 25. SouXoL rrokXol, EtroVro: characteristic of the oriental love of display. 18. 28. ye(CTv: G. 907; H. 6i8. As Tissaphernes was satrap of Caria, his province was adjacent to the Greek cities of Asia Minor, and not far across the Aegean Sea from Greece itself. 'EXX&S: G. 1175; H. 772, b. 29. vip.&s is - JreirrTKdoTras: 'that you had fallen into.' How expressed in Latin? 'rokXX Kac & alxc cLva: sc. rpdayaraT; in translating omit Ka'. 30. eVprla: 'a piece of good fortune.' et' rows: G. 1420; H. 907. Page 102. 1. SoOivaL ioC: 'to grant me (the favor),' 'to give me (permission).' arroo'&ara: dep. on Bovval, which in turn depends on alfTrlraOai. 2. &v... ~XEtv:- OVbK acap(rorws TOur' Xoi os &vp, EL 7EYvoro. See IDIOMS. OViK aXapCo-Tros: litotes, the expressing of an idea by denying the contrary. 19. 4. vois: 'having in mind,' 'bearing in mind.' nTQVioiv: I kept asking.' 5. XapCtoLTo: G. 1327; H. 872, and 872, a; GMT. 239. Is a protasis to be supplied? etrLcoTpaTeiovT: G. 1588; H. 98. After dcyyAAXw the infin. is commonly used. irpCaos TyyetiYXc: 'I was the first to announce. G 926; H 6I9, b. See Bk. I., I. 4. 8. OVK '+vuyov: see Bk. I., x. 7. 10. &,IrKTELVE: according to Plutarch {Artaxerxes, I4) the king claimed that he had killed Cyrus with his own hand. Cf. N. to p. 82, 8 and I5. PAGE 103.] BOOK II. CIAP. III. 283 20. 12. vrierXET0o povXEvoEcrcL -O -ip0ctteaL EKEiVcwev: chiasmus. Cf. N. to p 51, 9, &'vB'r. povX-Erro-ea'0ct: in Lat. would be sc declibderutzm esse. G. I286; I-. 948, a; GAIr. 136. 13. X13. 0ra: 'to come and.' 15. i.erp~L'ws i. e. not so haughtily as in the previous messages to the king. Cf p. 92, 28 et seq. i4v rL: cf p. 92, 27, and N. 16. 8tan'poacro0ar c force of ta-? 21. 17. e1. TacarTavres: how different in force from feraoa-r77r'dluos, p. Ioo, 8? 18. 'XEyEv: 'acted as spokesman.' 19. 's: G. 1574; H 978. 21 eiIPLtiKEv force of the impf.? 22. 23. Ev 8ELyI see Vocab. under eWLods. OEov KaCl 4vOpWwous: 'before gods and men.' G. 1049; H. 712. 24. irpoSoZvaL: used loosely as ace. of specification. 25. 7rcapeXovVs: sc. acbr,. E~i LroLEi: i. e. for him 'to confer benefits' upon us, = for us 'to receive benefits' or 'to receive favors' from him. 23. 25. Te'V6KEV: 'is (now) dead.' 26. dVTLrro0ltOjE0a: c f. N. to p. 93, I4. oZir' gortv [TLI] sTOu iVEKLa: - ntque est cur, 'nor is there any reason why.' 27. PovXotlJe' iv: the indic. was used in avri7ronovofeOca because of the fxed'iprpose of the Greeks not to lay claim to the throne; the potential optative here is more appropriate because of the possibi/ity of sometime desiring to injure the king. G. 1327; H. 872, a. Notice the chiasmus in 3ovuAoiteAO' &v KicacWs roeri - aroKt'Ev al v eOiAoWlpEY; and the force of 3ovhfAEo0at, in the sense of 'be willing,' 'be ready,' as distinguished from that of ede'xev, 'desire' with set purpose, as a positive wish. 29. &a8LKovTra: C= 'dv Trs a &Kp. 30. o-iv ' ots Eotis see IDIOMS. 31. 'ur&prp: 'begins.' rovTov: G. 1120; H. 749. eLs 'yE SvacqItv: 'at least so far as it shall be in our power.' 32. ovx r1'TTTliEOa: 'we shall not fall behind.' Cf. N. to p. 84, Io. Page 103. 24. 2. TO ira p' KEivov: sc. &rayy?3. 3. IaraXPt &v Kco: = donec rediero. G. 1465; H. 921. JEvovrwv: not a part., feverwoffav. 4. &'yopv: cf. p. 33. 25. 4. dts: we should say 'on.' In expressions of this kind the Greek idiom, like that of the Latin in p osterum diem, looks at time as extending into and thus t/hrvough a given period. 5. o'... 14>povrLov: how different from are... (Ppori~wtv? G. 1449, 1450; H. 927. 6. 8tctsearpcayt'vos: G. 1563, 7; II. 968. 7. 8o0ivaL: 284 BOOK II. CHAP. III. [PAGE 103. 'permission.' How lit.? o-Tc&v: construed as subject of 6o8ivas. H. 939, a. KaL'rrep: with concessive participle G. I573; H. 979; GMT. 859. 9. EauTOv: reflexive, the quotation assuming the point of view of the king himself. 26. 9. 'r\Xos: 'finally.' G. Io6o; H. 7 9 0. L,0. cT'o: see N. to p. 73, I8. i!jFv: used especially to strengthen declarations under oath. H. 1037, 9. 11. wrapeiLv, c&rwtebv: explain ro-rad; as subject-acc. sc. iq'as. 12. i: 'be possible.' rrpCacrcaL G. 1517; H. 949. 27. 14. w-opeorEorOaL: G. 1286; H. 948, a. 4)jnXls: sc. Xw6pas. 15., Trwav: the idea is, 'only when.' 16. vovpAlvovs: emphatic by position, ' by purchase,' not by violence. G. I563, 2; H. 969, a. Doubtless the eagerness of the Persians to make a truce with the Greeks was in some measure due to the desire of getting them out of the fertile plain between the Tigris and the Euphrates. Had the Greeks intrenched themselves in some secure position, protected by the canals, they could easily have maintained themselves against the king's forces and have controlled enough country to furnish themselves with supplies. Fearing some such movement as this, the king's officers spared no pains to keep on good terms with the Greeks until they had led them across to the east side of the Tigris; when at once friendliness and favor turned to neglect and treachery. 28. 18. SeLts: sc. %fXpas. See N. to p. 73, 9. 19. Trfs PCaoLXVos yvvaLK6s: see p. IOI, 24, and N. 20. cXatlov: sc. Seia&s Xepas, ' pledges.' 29. 22. &reiLjL: 'I shall go back.' G. 1257; H. 828, a. SLa-.rrpwacLL: render as if fut. pf. 23. Wcs wtrrLov 6ias: 'with the intention of conducting you back.' G. I574; H. 978. 24. &apXv. See N. to p. 101, 28. PAGE 104.] BOOK II CHAP. IV, 285 CHAPTER IV. MARCH WITH TISSAPHERNES TO THE TIGRIS AND BEYOND. 1. 25. Mer& TaZTrc: i. e. after making the compact with Tissaphernes. 26. c&XXi^Xv: G. 1149; -I. 757. 27. pE1pacs: G. I062; H. 720, a. The explanation of the delay may be gained from the statement of Diodorus Siculus, who says that after the truce was made the king went to Babylon. There he showered all honors on Tissaphernes, to whom also he gave his daughter in marriage. Tissaphernes then proposed that, if the king would give him authority and sufficient forces, he would win Ariaeus back to allegiance and destroy the Greeks; for if Ariaeus could be induced to abandon the Greeks they would be left without any resources, and could easily be entrapped. How well Tissaphernes succeeded, the following narrative shows. 28. avayKCLiOL: 'blood relations,' 'kinsmen,' those connected by necessary relationship, as distinguished from relatives by marriage. Page 104. 1. rcapaOcappuvovT'rs: sc. avrous. Force of 7rapa-? 2. SEtLcis: see N. to p. 73, 9. J.FV7'tLKaK'crEL: fut. infin. because of the promise implied in seta&s 'p<epov. G. 1286; I-. 948, a; GMT. I36. 3. aviots: G. tr65; IH. 767.:o'-rpaTL'as: G. 1126; H. 744. 2. 4. TOUTWV tll y yvovv ~v: 'pending these transactions.' HIow lit.? 5. rpooaXOVTEs: G. I589; H. 981. 6. "EXXoa-iL G. 1179; H. 775. K}cC: 'also,' 'too,' implying that there were other causes of displeasure to the Greeks besides that mentioned. 7. wroXXos: G. 1159; H. 764, 2. rrpoo-6ovTS XE-yov: 'kept coming up and saying.' As subject sc. oi"EAAvEvs. 3. 9.: ' or (rather, why is it necessary to ask, for).' 10. -7roXe-ra: G. 15I9; H. 948. Wirpt iravros froirao-cLTo: see IDIOMS. -rotS dXXoLs "EXX1qo- 43opos: = ot aIXXoi EXXAr7vs oBwrvraic. 11. o-rpcavEVELV: G. 1521; H. 952. 12. VurrayETraL: is craftily enticing.' Cf. N. to p. 94, 19. SL& To K.T.A.: see IDIOMS. au'T: dat. of disadvantage, but trans. as if gen, 'his.' 13. crrpacTL: used instead of Crrpatrevua to vary the expression. 14. OUK?TorLV ASwrts: see IDIOMS. 4. 15. arrocrKira'et ri: = 'he is digging some trench (to shut us) off.' G. 1054; H. 716, b. Ws: here:== va. 16. ov yap oror: 286 BOOK II. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 105. -= oDrorE ydp, 'for never.' 17. Troo'oiS OVTres: 'though so few.' G. i563, 6; H. 969, e. VLK(lp.EV: 'we were victorious over.' 18. OVpaLS: cf. N. to p. 83, 2. The expression is here hyperbolic, as the Greeks were still a considerable distance from Babylon. KaTayeXdcr0avTes: force of Ka'ra-? 5. 21. Kau: trans. with ravhTa,avrTa, 'all these things also,' as well as others. 22. eL &lrLev: G. 1391; H. 893, c. r: 'for,' 'on terms of.' H. 799, 2, c. ' ratpd: see N. to p. 83, 28. Cf. chap. III. ~ 27. 24. irr60ev: for Xopiov or Trorov 6,roev, ' (a place) from which.' G. 1028; IH. 997, a, and 996. 25. O6 yIo-u61EVvos ov6ELs TaTL: =oubES E ITai bs tjyac-eras = nemo erit qtui ducat. dpa... p.&v: trans., 'at the same time that we,' etc. G. 1152, and 1572; H. 976, 970. 26. &a4orFTTfeL: G. 705; H. 467. 27. XEXEijf+TaL: 'will presently be left.' G. 1266; H. 850, a; GMT. 79. oL irp6OceOv 6OES: SC. q5iAos, referring to the barbarians in the employ of Cyrus. 6. 28. roTrapos: subject of ear-t, but put first as introducing a new topic. H. 878. e: not 'if.' itiv: G. 1596, end; H. 991. 29. Scaparios: G. i595; H. 988, 989. otv: 'at any rate,' 'at all events.' H. 1048, 2, end. 30. aSivarov: sc. coTrv. KWoXvov'rwv woXe.oifv: 'in case an enemy should hinder.' p.v Si: see N. to p. 84, 14. 32. Elo-rv tc.r.A.: 'the most numerous and most serviceable (troops) are horsemen.' G. 956; H. 669. irXeo-rrov: G. I135; H. 753, f. Page 105. 1. o-rT: 'and so.' VLKVEVTES: -el vitecpev. a.roKTaCvcuCLEv: G. 1408, 1413 H. 900, 902. 'jrTTlPJvov: SC. /&vuv; gen. abs., equivalent to a conditional clause. 2. LOdv Tr: SC. EC'riv. 7. 2. pao-rXi: proleptic, and emphatic by position. 3. oUTco iroXX: more emphatic than TorraTra. ovpXca a: neut. as including not simply the forces, but also the natural features impeding the retreat of the Greeks, as rivers, deserts, and mountains. 4. 6,rit: trans. as if -1& Tr. G. i6oo; H. ioI, a. av&'v: 'him,' emphatic, repeating the idea of caartAa, which is too far removed from its infinitive for clearness. 5. 0ov's: G. 1049; H. 7i2. rLo-rTI &lruroaC: paronomasia; cf. N. to p. 94, 16. G. 1077; H. 726. 8. 9. cs: G. 1574; H. 978. olKov: Caria. 'Opdvras: sc. KcE wXcov. This Orontas was satrap of Armenia. Cf. III. iv. 13, and PAGE 105.1 BOOK II. CHAP. IV. 287 III. v. 17. 1. ye: i c. 'Opz&,Tas. OuycLTrpa.: Rhodogune by name, as we learn from Plutarch. rr. yd.iLw: 'as wife' (lit. 'in the relation of marriage'). 9. 11. vreviOev 'thereupon.' &yop&v IrapXovTos: in accordance with the agreement. See p. 103, 12. 12. eropEvovTro in a southeasterly direction, bearing toward the Tigris; see Map. It was now the first week in October. 10. 15. iUc(opoVT3: cf. N. to VrrcTrnrve, p. 51, 3. G. 563, 2; H. 969, b. aCrTol / ' Eavovv: ' apart by themselves.' 17. hkXov: G. 1117; H. 748. irXieov: many editions here have,eov,, ' less;' but 7rhA7ov suits the connection better. 11. 17. i4vXa6TTOVTO: the mid. of fvXudrTCw is both reflexive and reciprocal; but to avoid ambiguity here &AA-'Aovs is added. Trans., 'were guarding against one another.' 18. co',-rp roXEqCou s: sc. oevras. 19. -rapepXev: ' aroused,' ' caused.' tvXLtd4LEvoL: derivation? force of mid.? Cf. Lat. lignari. 20. Troi cLUTroU sc. TO7rou or Xopiov. 21. veTEcvvov: see vre'vi, in Vocab. 12. 23. TrpEts o-TaeOous: reckoned from the point whence the Greeks had set out with Tissaphernes. MNiSCts TEZXos: see N. to p. 77, 7. 24. KCaXoi.1vov: 'so-called,' not because there was any confusion in regard to the name, but because the wall, although situated in Babylonia, was called 'Wall of Media.' ro-r: 'within,' i. e. on the side protected by the wall, hence the south side, towards Babylon. But in order to pass within the wall at this time, -if the assumed location of Cunaxa and the identification of the wall with the ruins known as Sidd Nimroud be correct, - the Greeks must previously have passed it twice, though no mention is made of the fact. Probably the south-western end of the wall, nearest the Euphrates, had been destroyed before the time of the expedition, and the Greeks, both in their march toward Cunaxa and in their route back again to the point where they joined the Persians, had gone over the line of the ruined wall without recognizing it. On the map, therefore, only the eastern part of the wall is indicated. avTro: G. Ir48; H. 757. jv tKOSOIj7CVOV: almost = wCKO0d770o. 25. wXCvOoss: Herodotus (i. I79) describes the manner of building a wall like this. 'They dug a trench,' he says, and made bricks with the clay taken out of it. When they had made epough bricks they baked these in ovens. Afterwards they constructed the wall 288 BOOK II. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 106. with these, using warm asphalt for mortar.' 6rrats: 'baked;' many of the bricks used by the Assyrians and Babylonians were sun-dried. &'r< TWo ': see Vocab. 26. e4pos: G. Io58; H. 718. rwosov: G. Io85, 5; -. 729. 27. &r'-XELL BOapuXvos oi,rok: the Greeks were certainly not less than fifty miles from Babylon; Xenophon had no means of knowing the exact distance. 13. 30. SL&pvuxas: traces of two large ancient canals are still to be found in this region, near the Tigris. Cf. N. to rTafpoLs, p. 1oo, 20. Tril'V Lev: partitive apposition. G. 914; H. 624, d. yeqipasc: i.e. a standing ' bridge' as distinguished from the pontoon bridge over the other canal. See N. to p. 55, 4. Page 106. 2. TC-yp'qros irorajoO: G. 911; H. 624, a. 4. eXarTrouS: not ace. G. 359, (a); H. 236, b. krirtp: sc. KaracTevovrUTai. 5. 4uLKvoUVTaL i. e. the Greeks, with Tissaphernes, Ariaeus, and the Persian forces. 7. 6vop.a: sc. iv. LrTTrKI]: the supposed site of Sittace is indicated on the map. It must have been on the west side of the Tigris, as the Greeks did not cross the river till later. Cf. p. 107, 23-25. 14. 9. 7rapas8E<rou: see N. to p. 55, 12. G. 1149; H. 757. 10. S4vSpwv: G. Ir39; H. 753, c. ao-us is regularly followed by the dat. ol p3ppapoL: sc. eKic7/laaav. 11. KacLTaQavets: 'in sight.' 15. 12. -rrpo Trv irXov: - = pro castris. See N. to 'rAxa, p. 99, 2. 14. rro0 &v tSot: in the dir. form, 7roi tv Ysou;; G. 1493; GMT. 68I. 15. Kci Tralra: 'and that too.' G. 1573; H. 612, a. 16. &v: 'though he was' (G. 1563, 6; H. 969, e); for, as Pretor well remarks, "if the object of the mission had been an honest one, Menon, as the guest-friend of Ariaeus, would in all probability have received the first intimation of danger." 16. 17. STL: G. 1477; H. 928, b. aCros ELIL: 'I myself am (he),' 'I myself am (the one).' 18 TaS e: see N. to p. 60, II. 19. a~rqei~: G. 9or; H. 607. rLrcrrol Kvwp~, p4Ltv EtvoL: chiasmus. 20. KEXEvovot: sc. vjtas. G4.J: G;. 378 H 887. 21. Uo-rt: 'there is.' 22. irXqroCov: trans. as if an adj. G. 952; H. 600, and 666, a. 17. 25. 4v ient': see IDIOMS. 26. roTarLo0, S&dpvXos: dep. on C-ry. The canal is evidently one of those which the Greeks had PAGE 107.1 BOOK II. CIAP. IV. 289 just crossed. As it drew its water from the Tigris, not far away (see 1. I above), the Greeks were shut in on all sides except one by the canal and the river. But cf. p. Io7, II. 18. 29. TLapdX0q, coE+opLro: the change of tense is significant, the aor. noting a single experience, the impf. a continued state of feeling. 19. 29. VEaVLcrKos: it has been suggested that this young man was Xenophon himself, in the narrative avoiding the too frequent mention of his own name. 30. 4vvoicr-as: 'on reflection.' CK6 -XouOa: derivation? Page 107. 1. Trb rL940ocr-o-aL: 'the intention of attacking.' G. 1277; H. 855, a; GMT. 113. SiXov ydp: abrupt change to the dir. disc. 2. 'rrTLrLE0evovus: sc. autros. G. I563, 5; II. 969, d. Why mid.? q, q: alternative. II. 1045,, a. 4. XOLILEv dV: less definite than the more regular 'o/uEv. G. 1421, 2; II. 90o, a. s'rro: '(a place) to which.' 5. crwOeu.ev: deliberative subj. in indir. question. G. 1358; H. 866, 3. 20. 5. XeXvp.uvls rT's,YEvpas: trans. by a conditional clause. 7. poq0qo-]cL: 'to come to (their) rescue;' dcp. on 8uvrjos-ra, but emphatic by position. yrroXXwv 2V'wV: trans. by a concessive clause. G. 563, 6; H. 97I, c. 21. 10. w6ro'r TrLS: 'about how large.' H. 702, a. Ev p.o': see IDIOMS, p. 401. 11. Trok\4: sc. al'r. VEL'o-iL: 'in (it there) are.' 12. 'srokXca KaL: in translating omit Kal. 22. 12. TOTE SI Kac: 'then, you see, truly.' 13. v'nrowrr.F+ELcav: trans. as if plupf. For the mode see G. 1487; H. 930, (i). Force of ro-? 14. jEivELav: aor. because oKvo0VTES is used in place of an impf G. 1289; H. 856, a. vicrC: the region b-tween the canal and the river. See N. to p. Io6, 26. 15. ipu.acLTc: in apposition with what? 16. IXOLEV: sc.. 17. otcrrqs: causal,' since it was.' TrSv 'pyarop.cEvov vOVTrov: 'because there were in (it) men who would cultivate (it),' who, the Persians doubtless thought, would gladly improve an opportunity to revolt. 18. yivoLTo, PovXoTo: G. 1497; H. 932, 2. 23. 20. LE'VTOL, 811os: lBut nevertheless,' double contrast, first with the thought of the preceding clause, then with that of the preceding 290 BOOK II. CHAP. IV. [PAGE loa section; although the message appeared to be intended as a ruse, zievertheless the Greeks acted on the suggestion in it. MTrc: 'to.' 21. ovT', ovSEls, ov8SCa'0ev: G. I6I9; H. 1030. 22. irpds: 'towards, more general than er'. 24. 23. wos: not a conj. 25. 4S otov TI [jv] Xiaorcta: see IDIOMS. H. 65I, a. 26. {t-yyEkkov force of e-? T'Ov ntap& TLo-crraeipvovs 'EXXjvwcv: probably Greeks from Asia Minor. 27. SLap3cvcvrov: sc. avbrv, gen. abs., best translated by a clause introduced by 'while.' The dat. might have been expected. ler9c-eo0C9L: G. 1254; H. 846; GMT. 73. 28. sLcLaaLvovTro v: sc. aunwv. 29. actiois: G. 1179; H. 775. -TrEi'.v:l: force of er-? [p.ET &XXWov: sc. rizvd. El: G. r6o5; H. IOI6. 30. ElEv: sc. acrovs za,8Ef3rlKd?7Cas. iXeTro '&Xawvc v: 'he rode off.' G. 1587; H. 985; GMT. 895. Page 108. 25. 1. TCyplTos: i. e. the point where the Greeks crossed the Tigris; for their general course now lay parallel with the river, not away from it. See Map. 3. rrqv: 'there was over (it).' 4. 6T 8voa: sc.. r. rpos: 'near.' 6. Xovi-cov: the biblical Shusan. Here a Persian royal palace, like that mentioned in the book of Esther, has recently been discovered, and the ground-plan traced, by a French archeologist. o'-rpariav: probably a contingent arriving too late for the battle of Cunaxa. 26. 9. ets 8vo: 'two abreast.' &XXrk KCIl &kXXoTE ' now and then,' 'from time to time.' 10. Trb fl-yovyPEvov: see N. to p. 96, 12. 11. erocWTaCL'r: G. 143I; H. 9I4, B, (2). 12. ro-'re.. 8d'c,: for Sar-e E'oFe, which would have been more regular here, as there was no purpose to deceive the Greeks. G. 1449; H. 953. 27. 15. 8& Lrb T MINqSas: apparently the Greeks were still in Babylonia; but it is not known exactly where the boundary of the province of Media lay. The time was about the middle of October. 16. EpriLous: see N. to p. 68, 12. lctpvUcr.TiSOS K4JcS: cf. p. 66, II-12, and N. The location of these villages, so near as can now be determined, is indicated on the map 18. KiUpP ere'yyeXC.v: 'in mockery of Cyrus' (how lit.?), since the very men whom he had brought with him as helpers were thus set to destroy the possessions of his mother, his first ally in his attempt on the throne. Perhaps also, as Thirl. PAGE 109.] BOOK II. CHAP. V. 291 wall suggests, the action was intended to arouse against the Greeks the anger of Parysatis, who still had much influence at the court. 19. irXiv &vSparroSv: the Greeks of course would hardly dare to harm the inhabitants; and were not permitted to carry off the slaves with other plunder, because Tissapherncs wished to furnish them supplies, no doubt, but nothing by which they could strengthen their power. v'lv: i. e. fv ras Kicclas. 28. 22. ev &pLarrep: in what direction were the Greeks now marching? See Map. 24. Kaivac: probably to be identified with the Canneh of Ezekiel xxvii. 23, and the ruins now known as Kalah-Shergat, which, as excavations have shown, mark the site of the ancient Assyrian town Asshzur. Asshur was once a powerful and important city. It was the capital of Assyria before Nineveh. 25. crXESiaLs SLc09EplvaLS: rafts sustained by skils inflated with air. Such craft were used in extreme antiquity, as shown by the Assyrian basreliefs; and are still to be found on the Tigris and Euphrates. Cf. N. to Kcapp7S, p. 70, 20. CHAPTER V. CONFERENCE WITH TISSAPHERNES. MASSACRE OF THE GREEK OFFICERS. 1. 27. ZCardrTav: the Greater Zab. See Vocab. and Map. Page 109. 1. 1)eOpas rpEts: in the strained relations between the Greeks and the Persians, the simple fact of such a delay was enough to give rise to suspicions. -Yro+iatL: grounds of suspicion.' 2. 3. Et' iros: 'on the chance that in some way,' '(to see) if somehow.' G. 1420; H. 907; GMIT. 488, 489. 4. yEvcrOaiL: G. 1470; H. 955. 5. EpovTac: qui diceret. G. 1563, 4; H. 969, c. 6 8': Tissaphernes. 3. 8. TtaLoe 4pvl: heteroclite. What would be the regular form of the voc.? Cf. G. 287, I; 1a. 212. h^iiv: G. IS86; IH. 769. lyEyEVTllevovs: =factos esse. G. i588; II. 982. 9. SEtLS: see N. to p. 73, 9 8&SLK ELrV: dependent on what? Cf. urvoIcaioaKw, p. 104, 2, and N. 10. T - K(,L: I. 1040, a. 292 BOOK II. CHAP. V. [PAGE 109. 4. 12. 8Wvaiact: removed from its proper place after oe, where it would have been used without ov, for the sake of emphasis. OrTE: trans. as if Te. Why? reiLp6pJ, ov: G. I588; H. 982. KaKO&s wroLEv: see IDIOMS. 13. Fp.EIS ye K.T.A.: 'SO far as we are concerned, we do not even dream of such a thing,' to say nothing of attempting it. 14. Els X'6yovs X@0tv: see IDIOMS. El, vvaiECpeOm: might have been erv avvwueOa; the apodosis is expressed in q4,eAoL/Ae. G. 1503; H. 937; GIT. 704. 15. aXilXov: G. 1II7; H. 748. 5. 16. ola... i.rotClrcav: more regularly, o?6a (here = I have known') jrt iv'Op67rovs, robs [e~v #fc saf3ox)s, Tros 6e cal e4 varoiLas, (poB0le'vrTas (aor. pass. as mid., 'becoming afraid of') axAAjAous, 9Odcrat f3ovAoj&vovus 7rplh 7ractOE, ~roiscavras, - where (pof,8O'evas and fovXojevovs would be causal, but ~rotfocuavras supplementary, = Latin fecisse. The irregularity arose from a desire to avoid the unpleasant succession of participles. 16. ToVs pIev, Tros 8: G. 914; H. 624, a. K: expresses cause. 17. +90o-aL: 'to get the start' in doing hurt. 18. KaKd, TroS: G. 1073; H. 725, a. 6. 20. &yvoJaoo-rvas: 'misunderstandings.' vop.(ov: G. I 563, 2; H. 969, b. 21. raCveo&aL:: what mode does the infinitive represent? G. I308; H. 964, a, and 872. In what word is the protasis implied? K: = adsum. 7. 23. irpwrov... pkywo-ov: as we say, 'first and foremost.' G. Io60; H. 7i9, b. Oe&v: 'to the gods.' G. io85, 3; H. 729, c. Clearchus was thinking of the gods as avengers of the violation of oaths sworn in their name. 24. KboXv0ovut: might have been followed by j.. G.1615; H. o029. &XX1AXoLs: G. 1174; H. 772, b. TroiTwv: G. 1102; H. 742. 25. avclTt: G. 1179; H. 775. rapqp.eXqKW&s: G. 1590; H. 982, a. TOT'rov: G. 1030; H. 996, b. 26. Oeiv: may be objective, 'against the gods;' but more likely subjective, ' of the gods' against us, emphasizing the inevitable character of the divine vengeance. wrdeov: object of c7roqPyoi. &irb rroLov: 'with what sort of.' 27. &,robutyo: climax in the three clauses with cdroiqdyoi, 'escape' beyond reach; a&ro6pai77, 'get away' out of sight; and dbroaTcair, 'withdraw' into a stronghold, where operations could be kept up against the enemy. 29. 7rrdvTl irdvTra, ravraX Ta ravrcov: paronomasia. See N. to p. 94, i6. The thought suggests Psalm cxxxix. 7-12. 30. zrwvTov: masculine. PAGE 110.] 1OOK II. CHAP. V. 293 G. I09; H. 741. 'o-ov KparTOiov: 'hold equal sway.' G. o051, and 1054; H. 715, and 716, b. 8. 31. oirTo yLyvWcrKo: 'this is my opinion.' How lit.? 32. KaTE0E.~eoC L: a term used in banking; here 'we stored up' our friendship with the gods, just as one makes a deposit with a banker. Page 110. 1. T'V vp0pwortvw' v: 'of things human.' cavOpcTrov might have been expected, in contrast with Oewv; but dvOpwrrlvwv is more forcible, as including not simply men, but all human agencies. crE ey: how emphasized? 2. ViJjV: G. 1I65; 11. 767. ayao0v: G. 925; H. 617. 9. 2. rrao-a, iras: zanaphora, - the repetition of the same word at the beginning of clauses of similar construction. 4. irao-a i1 6S6s: 'our whole (homeward) course (is).' G. 979; H. 672, and 672, b. 6. oopIprTaTcrov: G. 925; H. 617. In translating here retain the forcible chiastic order of the Greek. 7. PIEo-r-T: in speaking of the desert as 'full' there is oxymjaon; i. e. the joining of words or phrases apparently incompatible in meaning. 10. 8. JCaviv'Es: 'in a fit of madness.' G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. diXXo Tt: G. I604; H. o15, b. The apodosis if complete would contain another verb coordinate with aywvicovtoxEOa, and would read in some such way as XAAo r- Byv 7yvo0o, or 6A\o -i &y 7rpdaaiLeLV K.T.A. 9. 9lESpov: a term borrowed from the language of the games, which are suggested also by a'ywvlto[fAEra. See Vocal). 11. iXirCSov: G. I I8; H. 748, a. 12. o-i, KCK6v: G. 1073; II. 725, a. Tca'tra: 'this.' 11. 13. vop.iov: 'because I thought.' 14. 'Trv TOT6: 'of the men of his time.' tvat: sc. avrd'. rrOLtv: as object supply a demonstrative, antecedent of O6v. POXoLT-: G. I431: I. 914, B, (2). 15. vvv: with eXovrTa. Kupou Sivaitv: the bestowal of Cyrus's province on Tissaphernes is referred to by Xenophon in his /fellenics, Book III. chap. 2; and by Diodorus, Book XIV. chap. 26. 17. iroXEI.fa Xpf'TO: 'found hostile.' 12. 17. To'rTCov TroLoT'rWV SVTWoV: - acec cum? ita rtiz, 'since this is so. 8O-TrLS ov pOVXE.aTtL: q/ui /zol vZcit', that he would not desire.' 19. >Xoos: why not ace.? 20. 'AXX&a k.v: 'but moreover (we could be of help to you and),' e: " on account of.' i'rrtsas: 11. 636. 294 BOOK II. CHAP. V. [PAGE 111. 13. 22. MvoroVs: see N. to p. 73, 14. 6'vacs: == esse. Why? G. 588; H. 980. &v —rcapaco-LxV: for &v 7rapdo-xoi$L. G. 1522, I; II. 946- 23. IHlr'ias: sc. Av7rr7povs ovras. See N. to p. 53, 22. 24. EvaCL: after adocov the genitive is used to indicate a direct source of information, but the infinitive to express information obtained indirectly, as if there were an intermediate word of saying, as AeYO7v-rv. Cf. GMT. 914, I. 25. dv rara-a: for tiv 'rataaiaqtz, or &Yv ravla'aiev. EuSaL-,UoviC: G. II79; H. 775. 26. Atyvurrovss: see N. to p. 94, 2. ots: G. II59; H. 764, 2. 27. XP11qo-riEvoL: 'making use of.' 28. TrS [8uvd'cws]: G. II53; H. 643, b. The expression in full would have been, juFhov a [XpoadscEo ] Trj Eauvdel r vvv a-by Eol ov"r( ('which is '). 14. 29. v: 'among.' Tr: -= TiY. G. 416, I; H. 277. 30. 4s p.eIytrT'os freely, 'great beyond comparison.' H. 65i. 31. acvacrTpoio'o: 'you would conduct yourself.' IXwv: 'if you should have.' 32. v'rnopeTroL4ev: G. 1329; II. 903. Page 111. 1. oeoevTres: G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. xoLfLE: 'we should feel.' 15. 3. rTO 'IrrLet'Tv: G. 1517, 1542; H. 959, 949. SoCrT' div: see IDIOMS. 4. rotvoIo.a fC.T...: a mixture of two forms of expression, - &tv aKov'craLil Troavoa Trorov, oibuTrs a'rTY OVUTW) aelves AeYEwv, and hv aKovo'aiti, rils ovlrw iEv1Y6 f'a7 AyeIV. SEiLos XiyeLv: 'persuasive speaker.' How lit.? 5. X-yov: 'by talking' merely, as there was no overt evidence. 6. Too'ra'a 'thus much.' 7. anirtlite90l: poetic; a&rtiucfaro would have been more regular. 16. 7. 'AXX': see N. to p. 91, 21. ijSopL: see IDIOMS. crou, Xdyovs: G. 1103; H. 742, c. 9. &v )toL SoKets —tvaL: 'it seems to me that you would.' See N. to h.yY'ra 'AriA.h\wv, p. 55, 22. G. 1302; H. 858, a. 10. 4s av: G. 1367; H. 882; GMT. p. 400, 2, (a). 11. aVTaL.Kouv'ov: force of a&'-? 17. 11. ti lepovXodeec: = si vellemus. Why? 12. rr6ocpa: G. r606; II. 1017. t[rTrlov:. o85, 7; H. 729, e. ir-koovs: G. 1112; Ht. 74 13. '13. v: '(clad) in which,' 'with which.' 14. ivrLIrraXcrev: G. 1530; H. 952. KyiSvos: sc. tv e'l. 18. 15. &XAk: elliptical, 'But (even if in those respects you think we are not strong).' 4'LTT0oEr0aL: dependent on S7rt?6rrsifv. PAGE 112.] BOOK II. CHAP. V. 295 G. 1526; H. 952. 16. TooCraotrGC -TorLaT- ToarOO'rOO: anaphora. See N. to p. 11o, 2. 'rreSa: sc. opaTE ovra ropuTrea. 6VT'rO: concessive, 'even though they are.' 17. pi4v: G. I597, end; H. 991. 18. O6VTa ropEvTa: - 'which are to be traversed.' G. 1595; H. 988, 989; GMT. 921. 20. TaIfCLLLEVoCr0 'divide off,' 'arrange,' just as a steward (.ratuag) apportions to the members of the household. 6ir6 -croLs av povuX~EOcxa: i. e. as all the Greeks would not be able to cross over a stream at the same time, the Persians would be able to attack as few or as many at once as they might choose. G. 1434; H. 916. 21. Etar - ois: G. 1029; H. 998. 22. 8LaropEvoqiiev: poetic; only the mid. of this verb is common in prose. 19. 22. Et - 'TrrTicA8a: G. 1420; I. 907. 23. aXXa: 'well.' TO yE' rOL irp: ' fire at any rate.' For the generic rJ, see H. 659. KpEZrTOv: 'stronger.' 24. 8v - KaTaKCarravrTES: in Latin, yqibus (frzgibzus) combuslis. G. 1563, 3; IE. 969, a. Force of Kara-? 25. vwrLTdat: military term. 20. 27. ivv: repeated later. G. I312; H. 864. 28. prl8eva: not ovr'va, because of the condition involved in EXOvreE. 29. i7rErat: here logical, not temporal. H. 976, b. EK TroUTv: more forcible than the simple genitive. 30..tdvos, Lodvos: see N. to p. 11o, 2. irpos: see N. to p. 73, 3. a.o-ePjs: sc. era-v. Page 112. 21. 1. a6Trpopv: masculine. G. 1094; 1. 732, c. eo-r: 'it is the nature,' ' it is characteristic; ' would naturally have an infinitive as subject, instead of which the thought is expanded by a relative clause. The simple form of the sentence would be, dcirpwv Trzlv 0e'eAEt, or &7ropoi eloLZ' o'riLve eeAouvav. Trans. as if o'lrwes ~OAova- were e'OXevW. 2. v: we should say 'by.' Kal 'roTv: emphatic. iKal arai-a might have been used. 5. XdAo'yL(trot, iX90Lot 'thoughtless,' ' stupid;' the first referring to habit, the second to character. 22. 6. 'AXX& 'rT 8: ' But why, then' o6dv: 'when it was in our power.' G. 1569; II. 973. &aroXEl-aLt: in the ace. abs. with d6dv. eri; 'to.' 7. gpos: strong term; see Vocab. "The treacherous villain is not satisfied with the natural word, crLOuwtla: his desire to save the Greeks amounts to passion!" Kendrick aptly suggests. TO'UTOi: G. 1139; H. 753, e. C'rtLOS: sc. ertv. 8. Tro E. wrtLO-TOv -yEvcr8at: = 'to prove my fidelity '; dep. on eppws. 296 BOOK II. CHAP. V. [PAGE 112. KOat 4. io vp6v: order, Kal ezE KraTjSva, lvXupbv 1 E' Esepyeroas, ToTrsP T'r tEvtwy, ('with that mercenary force') 4o Kipos, t&& jto'Oooafias 7rize6wv, Avir/. 3, TOqVTw: G. 1I89; IH. 774. 9. Lt-Oo8orCas: pl., to express repeated instances of the pay-giving. H. 636. 23. 10. 8o'a: G. 1058; IL 718. 11. T-a REV, 'T SE: G. 914; IH. 624, d. eias: sometimes called first aor. See H. 438. 12. TLtpaCL: see Vocab., and Rawlinson's Ancient Monarchies, vol. iii. p. 204. It has been suggested that Tissaphernes here hints that with the Greeks as allies he might even revolt against the king and attempt the throne. More likely he wished to convey the impression that he valued the faithfulness of devoted supporters more than the outward appearance and symbols of royalty. With either interpretation, his treachery is impious enough. 13. r1V; i. e. rhv rcdpav opfOjv. vzxv 'Tap6vTWv: trans. as if EI vMes irapei7re. 24. 15. TaQvrr" ei'v: notice the asyndeton. 16. edrev sc. 6 KAEapxos. 17. OiKovv: - Latin nsonne igit ur. How different from oiKovY? tbr1: = our parenthetical 'said he.' o'TLrvs: antecedent? G. Io26; H. 996. Clearchus hints at Menon; see p. 113, 5-8. TrOOiTov.. i. VrapCvPXOVTV: = cum tales cansae nobis ad amicitiam colendam supzpeant, 'since we have such grounds for friendship.' G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. 18. iroXeiCovs ij&as: G. Io8; H. 726. 19. TiL irTC(ara ra0vtOv: see IDIOMS, p. 400. G. 1054; H. 716, b. 25. 20. Kal -yw jAv ye: ' (Certainly), and I for my part.' 21. o-rpawTtyoC, XoXayoC: in apposition with the subject of fBo6AEroe. 22. Trpbs 44: for isJol. Xeyovras: why resent participle? 26. 24. riravTrs: sc. laTousV, i. e. Tros orpaTr7yovs Kad Trobs Aoxawyovs. 25. 60ev: more regularly Sv, 'from whom,' for feiKvovs S&. G. 1034 and IC26; H. 997, a, and 996. &Koiw: sc. raura. 27. 26. (K rovrTwv r&v X5yco)v: 'as a consequence of this conversation.' cpLXocqpovoljvos: ' courteously.' How lit.? 27. cruvSsiLrvov: among Orientals the act of entertaining at a meal has always been regarded as a ground and pledge of inviolable friendship. The Arabs of the present day speak of eating bread and salt together as equivalent to contracting the most solemn obligations of mutual faithfulness. 30. 8Xos i.T.A.: cf. IDIOMS, p. 398. G. I589; H. 981. PAGE 113 BOOK II. CHAP. V. 297 4IXLK&S sLaKe~O08a l ' r TL(ra4^pvEl: 'that he was on good terms with Tissaphernes.' Page 113. 2. XpqvacL LEvaL: sc. roUrovs, ' that those must go.' oils KCAevcre: i. e. ovs eiait Tic-o-a-cppvrs KfCKEvEoe. 1V XEyX0olrTL: in the dir. form. G. 1434; H. 916; GM'r. 529. 3. oL -':EXXil'vv: G. 1085, 7; H. 729, e. 4. L. JT>pqOivaL: sc. XprYaL. 28. 5. Mevovca: subject, or in predicate? G. 956; H. 669. The feud between Clearchus and Menon commenced in the early part of the Up-march, and seems to have grown more bitter with time: cf. I. v. ii et seq. We learn elsewhere that while Cyrus was living, Menon attempted to supplant Clearchus in his esteem. 6. ouvyyE'yevqlEvov: had associated with.' iE.iT 'ApLaCov explained by p. 92, 4-7. 7. caTcorL-aovTa aC1Tr: ( was stirring up mutiny against him,' i. e. Clearchus. 29. 10. tXELv 'rv yvw'Jnv: 'should be attached.' 12. &VTiXEyov: 'were saying in opposition.' Ip: G. I615; H. 1029. 30. 14. KCX'TTELVEV: con1tenebat. KaT' is intensive; see H. 800, end. Ctesias (see N. to p. 82, 8) says that Menon was induced by Tissaphernes to arouse the popular feeling of the Greeks in favor of the proposed conference; that Clearchus, far from urging it, was forced to go with the other generals, against his own better judgment, by the demands of the soldiers. Xenophon's account is more likely to be correct. 15. SLE'prpCLaTro: G. T464; H. 922. 16. &s ds 'yop6.v: 'as if to market,' i. e. without arms. 31. 18. rl..rats Oipcats: cf. N. to p. 56, 16. Layard locates the scene of the massacre on the Kar-Dereh river, -a tributary of the Great Zab, from the south, - between the mounds Aboo-Shittha and Qas'r. 20. 'AyC/as: first mentioned here. Cf. N. to p. 56, i. 22. 9jtvov: why impf.? 32. 22. oroXX): G. 1184; II. 78I, and a. Tro: we should say ' at.' cr'qlCov: the signal, according to Diodorus, was the raising of a red flag on the tent of Tissaphernes. 23. ovvEXcqrLvevov'o, KaTaK6-ir-l-cav: notice the change of tense; the generals were not put to death at once, as those outside were. By a similar plot the Parthians obtained possession of Crassus, n. c. 55; and that even Caesar was not above such treachery is shown in the Gallic War, Book iv. chap. 13. 26. 4WLVL, wrav'as: see N. to p. 52, 3. 298 BOOK II. CHAP. V. [PAGE 115. 33. 28.,riv i'rr'rar-av acToiv: 'their riding about.' 29.,17l: G. I6oo; H. ioIi, and a. 4i~LEyv6ovv: G. 544; H. 36I, a. Page 114. 1. l^Kc: G. 1470, I471, 2; H. 924, 922. ElS: in. G. 1225, I; H. 788. 2. rr&vra Tr& yyevlpl.eva: 'all that had happened.' 34. 4. iK 'ror'TO Sij: 'thereupon of course.' rrl T7 SprkXa: for their arms;' in our idiom, ' to arms.' 5. EirC: ' against.' 35. 7. 'Apraotos: mentioned with Ariaeus in Chap. iv. I6; sc. x\0ov. ierav: trans. as if plupf. Kipc: i. e. K6py Ccirvt, Cyro dum vizebat. 10. &XXoL Hfe po'rv: &eAot Iepaai, or &AXoL rives riv lepao'v, would have been more regular. 11. ts: G. I207, (c); H. 796, c. 36. 11. irpoXOetv K.r.A.: in the dir. disc., et ris fe7rT arpcary?rys A oxay6ds, wrpoeAOXrw. 12. et TaS: 'whatever.' 13. airay/yetkworL: G. 369; H. 88, a. 37. 14. v\XarTr6TlEvoL: 'cautiously.' How lit.? 'EXklvwv: G 1085, 7; 11. 729, e. 16. r&,rrept Ilpoivou: more regularly, -ra 7repl Ilpo'vov. Trans., ' the fate of Proxenus,' whose intimacy with Xenophon is shown in Book III. i. 4-IO. Cf. also p. 41. 17. XELpCroo4os: mentioned especially because henceforth, as leader of the Down-march, he becomes one of the most prominent characters in the narrative. 38. 19. ElrTrro-cv eis lwqiiKoov: -= hAOo''rs EIs l7r'Icoov OO (rroav. G. 1225, I; H. 788. 21. 'XEL rV 8V SCKqv: see IDIOMS, p. 400. TreVT1KEV: G. 1263; H. 849. 23. ViR&s, 5rwXa: G. o169; H. 724. 24. ECavrTO evat: sc. avrd, ' that they belong to himself.' 25. KECvo: for eavrou, to avoid the harsh repetition of the same word-form. SovXov: contemptuous, 'slave.' See N. to p. 86, 28. 39. 26. IIpos rca-S': reason for the asyndeton? Xeye: see N. to p. I02, 18. 28. ol &XXoL: sc. vyeLs. G. 1045; H. 707. 29. 0ovS s: G. o49g; H. 712. 32. Tros &tvSpas caTo6sV: 'the very men,' i. e. the generals; object of a&roXwe'cKare. Page 115. 1..rpoSe8WoKd'rES: the repetition of ideas and somewhat loose structure of the whole sentence indicate the excitement and indignation of the speaker. PAGE 115.1 BOOK IT. CIAP. VI. 299 40. 3. ylp: elliptical; ' (we have not betrayed them) for.' 4. 'OpovTa: see N. to p. 105, 9. 41. 6. 'Erl, TVro'Ls: 'at this juncture.' 7. XVE, XEL: G. 1390; H. 893. 8. 8lKaLov: SC. &ToL. lp6tEvos KOCL Mevov: proleptic, for Ilp4Evov Kcal MYvwva, as object of Tr7daTE. II. 878. 10. aCuovs: rendered necessary on account of the prolepsis and the interposition of a clause between the verb and its natural object. 11. a(xo; yE vTr's: ' especially since they are friendly.' 42. 14. 4XXbXoLs: G. II75; H. 772. ov8sv c.roKpLVOaL.EVOL without making any reply.' The keen rejoinder of Xenophon had silenced them completely. CHAPTER VI. CHARACTERS OF THE FIVE GENERALS. 1. 15. 8ij: 'accordingly.' H 10o37, 4, a. oiT o: as described p. II3, I8, 24. 16.: here = rrpds. cro0Tprl evT~ES TSr& KEcLaXCas: 'by being beheaded.' G. 1239; H. 724, a. At the intercession of Parysatis (see Ctesias in Plut. Artaxerxes, I8) Artaxerxes had sworn to spare the life of Clearchus, but soon put him to death, at the bidding of Statira, along with three of the other generals. Menon lived and suffered in captivity a year, then met a similar fate. The bodies of the generals were thrown out to the dogs and birds; but Parysatis is said to have given Clearchus decent burial. Plutarch adds the romantic story that ' a whirlwind, bringing a great heap of earth, cast it upon the corpse of Clearchus and covered the body up. Some dates chanced to be scattered there, and soon a wonderful grove grew up and shaded the place. Then too the king was very sorry that he had killed Clearchus, a man beloved of the gods.' 17. ets: in partitive apposition with rrpar0-yoi. ol-oXoyovlEvwos EK: freely, 'by common consent of.' T&v filrECpws aV-roi XOVTWV: = 'those who knew him.' 18. ai-ro: dependent on oeyre[pws. G. 1147; H. 756. 8das yye've0aL: 'considered to have been.' rOXeqRiKoS, tLX\roXeiLos: how different in force? 19. ia-raTs: emphatic by position. 300 BOOK II. CHAP. VI. [PAGE 116. 2. 20. Kal 'yap 8i: 'for, you see.' r6oELos v rots AacKESatPjovLoLs: = 'the Lacedaemonians were at war;' referring to the Peloponnesian war, which lasted from 431 to 404 B.C. AlV: G. I464; Hi. 922. 21. rapie.LEVEV: 'he remained' faithful in the service of his state, as there was no need to look elsewhere for military employment. Cf. N. to p. 53, 2. 22. roils "EXXvas: i. e. the Greek colonists in the Thracian Chersonesus. Cf. p. 53, i-IO. 23. Ws ESUvaTo: ' (in such way) as he could,' hinting at the use of dishonorable methods; others render 'as he could,' implying that his influence with the Ephors was so great that they must necessarily grant his request. 24. 4)s rroXeJidohwv: 'intending to make war.' G. I574; H. 978. Xcppovlc'ou: cf. p. 53, 6, and N. 25. IIEpvOovu: at this time a more important city than Byzantium. See Vocab. 3. 25. pierfayvdvTrs Irn': ' having somehow (i. e. for some reason) changed their minds.' 26. Ego: 'beyond' the limits of Spartan rule. OVTOS cLvroi: trans. by a clause with 'when.' 27. 'Io-9.oO: i. e. the Isthmus of Corinth, which as best known is referred to without a defining word. Here Clearchus may have stopped, or messengers may have signalled to his vessel from the shore, or a despatch boat may have overtaken him. iXieTo SrXewv: G. 1587; H. 985. Had Clearchus gone by land he might have been intercepted. 4. 28. {K TOUTOV: in consequence of this.' 9avcaTrvOt: = OavdTrou KareKppirq. As there was no general agreement between the Greek states regarding the extradition of political offenders, the sentence in this case amounted to nothing more than life-long exile. Clearchus probably suffered no inconvenience from it further than that which might arise from the necessity of remaining away from Sparta. 29. TrvY TEXCv: 'the authorities,' i.e. the Ephors. 30. brroLots: ' with what sort of.' Page 116.. 1. caXxo: no passage corresponding to this reference is now to be found in the writings of Xenophon. Either his memory failed him in supposing that he had written something which he had not (as in connection with I. i. 9), or else the passage referred to has been lost from his works. 2. SapeKmovis: see N. to p. 53, 4. 5. 2. Xapc v: sc. av'rods. 3. paev!uCvv: cf. p. 6o, I3-I7. irwo: see N. to p. 53, 5. 4. OpaqC: G. 1177; H. 772. 5. I^ya: cf. N. to p. 55, 26. 6rb oro TOTOU: 'thenceforth.' &epse Kal ' yc: PAGE 117.] BOOK II CHAP. VI 301 see &yw in Vocab.. 6. roXkeqv: G. 1578, 1580; I[. 981. 7. arpa-?Ert"aT7os: G. 1112; H. 743, cf. 743, b. 6. 9. avSpos: G. io85, 2; II. 729, b. 10. 8irTLS 'such a man as.' e6v: 'when it is in his power.' Cf. N. to p. 112, 6. l6v, e6ov: see N. to raio-a, iras, p. iro, z. dp'qVrV &yeLv: see IDIOMS, P. 399. 12. 6orTE: 'if only it be to.' G. 1453; -H. 953, b; GMT. 587, 2. 13. rroXeqsv: G. I563, 3; 11. 969, a. IoT-rEp eLS: 'just as (other people spend money) on.' 7. 16. <LXoKivvo5VOS: G. 888; HI. 586. KaC: correlative with the Kal before vvr6TJS. 17. 6,yov: explanatory of q>pAoiczvUvvos, not co-ordinate with it. 18. cfpovLfJos: co-ordinate with paioKdvusvos, the two words together defining more closely the qualities implied in 7roAE~kicos. 8. 20. S... oLov: sc. eIiTv,, 'so far as (it is) possible (for a man to have qualities of leadership) with such a character as.' H. 1054, I, a. 21. os TLS KCLt &XXos: in our idiom, 'if any man.' 22. iXot: G. 1374, I; H. 885, b. 23. aCTiO: 'his' G. 1170; H. 768, b. 24. fpiroLioa-L rots zrapoivr'v: freely, 'to inspire in his soldiers (the feeling).' rELi'TEOV: see IDIOMS, p. 402. G. 1597; H. 990; GMT. 923. E'rq: G. 1502; H. 937. KXEkpX): more forcible than either aurS or au-rT would have been. Why? 9. 25. i'K ro0 evaL: 'through being.' G. 1546; H. 959. xaeros: G. 927; H. 940. opv: G. 1528; I-. 952, and a. 26. 0ovfi: G. 1182; H. 780. 27. avT,& IETraE ~tXELV: see IDIOMS, p. 398. G. 1159; H. 764, 2. o-0' -TE: for E^-rT(' iTE, e= VIorT, 'sometimes.' H. 998, b; cf. G. o029. 28. Kal 'yv51- 8': ' and on principle too.' Cf. N. to eveB/aAey, p. 70, 26. o-(rpaETvpraTos: trans. as if eV orpa7rEV.arT. 10. 30. 9acr-av: 'men used to say.' 80oL: G. I497; H. 932, 2. Page 117. 2. 4CXwov: G. 1117; 1. 748. Soldiers would be apt to plunder friends or allies unless kept under the severest discipline. Thus Cyrus's mercenaries sacked Tarsus; see p. 59, i6-r8. a4p{~o-0ta: see a&rreXo. 11. 4. a-rov: why genitive? ClKOEULV: here = &raKo0ezv. 5. jpoOvvTO: G. I340; H. 903. b o-rTUYyvOv.iTOoV * his sullen 30 2 BOOK II. CHAP. VI. ' [PAGE 117. look.' 6. caiSp6v: we sometimes speak of a person's face lightin~H up in conversation or excitement. 8. oorTi-pov: trans. with eQpav'Tro freely, ' appeared to betoken deliverance.' 12. 9. yivotvro: G. 1431, 2; H. 914, B, (2). dXXov: i.e. &AAov arparTy4dv. 12. wraivs wpbs St8isrKaXov: teachers in ancient times made unsparing use of the lash and other means of punishment. 13. 13. Kca -yap ov: ' accordingly as a matter of fact.' 4)LXCa, Eivo(g: datives of manner, 'on terms of friendship and goodwill.' irrolpuvovs 'followers.' 14. ortves: G. xo26; H. 996. rwo ~roO 8etcr0L: 8= t ' evaSeav. 15. irapeti v caLv?: 'happened to be in his service.' 16. TErLEOoi s.vohs: sc. TorTOIS. XyP^TO: ' found.' 14. 17. p-y6XXa.. o-rpaTLroas: 'strong were the (influences) making his soldiers efficient.' 18. TOr... yiLV: 'a feeling of confidence with reference to the enemy.' 20. ET&oKTOUS sc. autrous. 15. 21. ToLOVTOS: emphatic. EpXyov: '(as) commander.' 22. oi) piaXa eXcEv: 'that he was not specially inclined,'- a mild form of statement, perhaps so worded in order not to give offence to friends of Clearchus. The domineering spirit of Clearchus showed itself in Thrace (see N. to p. 53, 2), in his quarrel with Menon, and even in the battle of Cunaxa (see p. 80). 16. 24. BotodrLos: Proxenus was an exceptional character among the Boeotians, who as a rule were considered dull and unenterprising. ei0vs: G. 1572; H. 976. See IDIOMS, p. 400. jEfLp4KLov: in the divisions of life recognized by the Greeks, the male was 7rais up to the age of fourteen or fifteen; then 'eIpadcIov, to twenty or twenty-two; after that dvip, to about forty-nine; and then rpeo-fvrTls, from forty-nine to the end of life. 25.,vijp: G. 927; H. 940. T p.eyai/Xa: referring to management of 'the great' affairs of state. 26. 8wK~ e: i.e. for instruction. It is said that Gorgias received from each pupil Ioo minae, = about $I8oo. 1 7. 27. o uvWyevero iKEdvW: =' had been under his instruction.' How lit.? [cavds: in predicate with eJvat, and followed by &PXELI and 7'rra-bOa0, which are connected by Kai - Kar. 28. CtXos &v PAGE 118.] BOOK II. CHAP. VI. 303 rots 7rp'TToLS: 'as being a friend of the most prominent (men).' 29. ilrrTaer&L euEppyErC'v: Cf. N. to p. 84, Io. 30. 7rp04etsLs 'enterprises.' KTilorer0a-L: G. I276; II. 855, a; cf. GMT. 683. Ovoa... IroXXm: i. e. all that was considered desirable for a successful and happy life. Page 118. 18. 1. ocro-oTov: G. 1102; H. 742. 2. eLrOvuc.v: 'although,' etc. G. 1563, 6; H. 969, e. uo-f(ipa: with e7rLOVucv. vSrlX\ov: trans. as if an adv. TroTr': 'this (trait).' 3. &v O4eXoL: in the direct form, &V ee0XoiJL.. G.327; II. 903. IET': 'in connection with.' crv'v.r SLKOaL Keal cacX: 'with the help of justice and honor.' 4. 8Etv: 'that he ought.' Sc. what as subject? TOVrov: G. Io99; H. 739. &ivev: sc. -TO urcalou Kcal Kcaou. 5. pl] SC. fiZv TvyXdrveiv. G. i6I I; H. 1024. 19. 6. KacXCv, &ayaCOv: masculine. G. 1109; H. 741. 7. aico: G. 239; H. 196. 8. Ka: 'even.' 9. oi apX6p.evoL: 'those under his command;' broader and more forcible here than olf oparlwraL. 10. Cavpds: cf. IDIOMS, p. 404. o'TparTLOTaLs: G. 1159; H. 764, 2. 11. &airLoTetZv: = a7reLOe'V. 20. 12. 7rpbo TO &PXLKov Etvcld Kal 8OKEiV: freely, 'for being fitted to command, and being so considered.' 13. rb ElraLvwVv, [TO] eiraLvtv: subject of apKesv. 16. &rZv: pred. gen. of measure. G. 1094, 5; H. 732. 21. 18. ticrvps: with itOvucvv,, emphatic. rXeCw: = wErX\ova. As the key-note of Clearchus's character was love of war, and that of Proxenus's was ambition, so that of Menon's is shown to be love of gain. In these careful analyses of character we may notice the influence of Socrates, who taught that the reflection of men should be centred less upon the outside world and more upon human nature. Xenophon is the first Greek historian who gives character-sketches of individuals. Cf. P. 41. 20. fp.eyLroov 8Sva.LE'voLLS: 'having the greatest power.' acSLKWv: G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. 21. SL8oCr SiKrlV: See IDIOMS. 22. 21. wiv: for raura Wsv. 23. TO a&irXoev: 'candor,' 'sincerity.' 24. TO aVTO: 'the same thing (as),' 'identical (with).' XTr Ox'tWe: G. II75; H. 773, a. 23. 24. o-lTpyov: how distinguished from oa5xv and dtiyar$v? 25. 8T@: G. 1030; H1, 996, b. When Menon began to speak of 304 BOOK II. CHAP. VI. [PAGE 119. any one as a friend, it was certain that he had some plot in mind against him. 27. wrokqeov: G. 1123; H. 752. 28. (s KarcTaLyEv i 8LeXi'yEro: =' in conversation he always used to give the impression of ridiculing.' 24. 30. r&v #4uvXarTTop.veWv: 'of those on their guard.' Page 119. 1. p.dvos: 'alone,' in the sense of 'better than any one else.' eisevaL pcirrov 6V: 'that he knew that it was very easy.' G. i588; H. 982. 25. 2. Sto-ous 'those whom.' aco-0rvoLTo: G. 1431, 2; H. 914, B, (2). OirlopKovu: sc. Zvwras: = esse. 26. 5. 4irC: 'in;' might have been omitted. Cf. G. II8I; H. 778, and 778, a. 7. e7. vSfq: neut. pl. of adj., = - 6ev6rn. Mph ravoip'pyov: G. I613; H. 1026. ovf ravovpyov would have suggested a definite person. 8. TrV 4LraL8etv v: we should say 'a fool.' G. 1094, 7; H. 732. 9. 8Ltp36XXov: for (aVbrbv) 3&aSdXAovoa. TOVS irpCjTovS: i. e. TroS pl la vrpawret6ovTas. 27. 11. Tr... rapEXEOcLL: 'making his soldiers obedient to himself.' AK: 'through,' 'by.' 13. SVi'cLrTO Kalc 4eXOt kL: in the direct form, 8vrala. Kal eOAoiLtI &v; i. e. I have the power and (if occasion should arise) I should have the inclination to do (you) the greatest harm.' GMT. 235. 14. efep-ycto-Cav KcraTEXEEV: he used to reckon (it) a kindness.' 15. acvro: G. 1117; H. 748. 28. 17. &a'oOvroVo'KvrovTV K.T.X.: render by a clause with 'when.' 18.,rEvrotIKcdS: 'although,' etc. 21. orrpac-ryoC: sc. gcireOaov. 4aroT.iO0EvrTes: see N. to p. 115, i6. 22. Oii'valos: G. 927; H. 940. aiKL[o"0C: the Persians often tortured their captives; cf. N. to wo6iv, p. 84, 17. 23. reXevTqs: in what way Menon was put to death is not known; and why he was allowed to live a year in captivity can only be conjectured. Some think that the king spared him, thinking that his services might be made use of in dealing with the other Greeks. It is also possible that the influence of Ariaeus (cf. p. 92, 5-7) prevented his immediate execution. 29. 25. TroVT',v: cf. p. 118, 28, and N. 26. KCLKOV: 'cowardly.' els: 'in regard to.' 27. 4rb eo yevas ' old.' How lit.? BOOK III. A o r o: cf. title on p. 51, and notes. r: = TpCTos. CHAPTER I. AROUSING OF THE GREEK FORCE BY XENOPHON. Page 120. 1. 1-5. "Orca... E 8s^XWla: gives a summary of Books I., II. Read carefully the notes to Book II. i. I. 3. E'EXEVUTlev: trans. as if plupf. 4. ev TraLs: 'during the.' 2. 6. o-VVE,\LXpJ.evo0L crlcw: G. 486, 2; H. 464. 9. 1irl TLats pLaoLXe'os 0Vpacs: i. e. in the heart of the Persian empire. Cf. p. 04, 8, and N. 12. LpVpLa orTaSL&: i. e. in a straight line to Ephesus. By the route the Greeks had come the distance was much greater. Cf. p. 23. 14. o oirvv Kvp 13adppapo: Ariaeus and Cyrus's native army. 17. VLK(VTES: render by a conditional clause. 3. 19. a&01lps 9XOVES: see IDIOMS. oXCyoL, byoL: partitive apposition. 20. Ets Trv co'rE'pav: 'as evening came on.' CrLU v: G. II02; H. 742. 21. eirl Ti0 81rXc: i.e. to the place where the arms were stacked, for evening drill. 22. 4'rTyXcvEv: sc. &v, 'happened to be.' 23. 'rrnaTpwv: pl., because the Greeks were from many different states. Page 121. 1. ot7roT': trans. with eo0a-ai. 2, otTr 8SacKeCiJEvoL: ' in this condition.' 4. 3. EHv: 'there was.' Notice the modesty with which Xenophon introduces himself. 4. oBTE - lv: 'not because he was either,' etc. G. 1563,2; H. 969, b. Read pp. 41, 42. 5. XXud 306 BOOK III. CHAP. I. [PAGE 122. K.T.h.: abrupt transition from relative to independent construction. TrEirp.tcatro: trans. as if plupf. Cf. N. to p. 56, 5. 6. Wevos: see N. to p. 53, 12. (ikXov, aro'v: G. 1077; H. 726. 7. r-oLlELV: -= se factuirum esse. 8v: sc. sva,. Why aCtos: trans. as if subject of voldfei. KpeiTlW; for Kpetrrova, = utiliorem, ' of greater service.' 5. 10. 2OKpfLTiEL: the philosopher. For an account of his life and teachings see Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, article SOCRATES. G. II75; H. 772. Tri: 'the (wellknown);' in 1. 3 'AOQYvaios stands without the article. 11. Li: 'that,' used because of the idea of fearing involved in Vtrowrrev'as. rrpds: 'on the part of.' 12. E(': the subject is (avrbv) CpiAov yeJver&a-G, 'for him to become a friend to Cyrus.' STt... 'utroXEpijarL: i. e. in the latter part of the Peloponnesian War; see p. 20. 14. &0dvLa: for iOdvriL; trans. 'to go and.' G. 928, I; H. 941. 15. 0E: Apollo. See AeA0ol in Vocab. 6. 16. rTVL &v eedv oicov - g0XoL: in the direct form, SriYS Oee 06wov &v - EAxoltL, i.e. 'if I should start out.' G. 1327; H. 903. 18. o8v: cognate acc., 'make the journey.' 4rvoEt: trans. as if impf. Ka:.\s -rrp4oas o'9eC'; = ' come back successful.' 19. IvEtXv: notice the force of cav, ' lifted up ' his voice from the depth of the grotto whence the oracles were given, hence ' designated;' sc. robs Oeovs. The gods to whom travellers generally sacrificed on commencing a journey were Zeus, Hermes, and Hercules. 7. 22. eft: why opt.? 23. iLrov Etvc: sc. aury, ' that he ought to go.' G. I597; H. 990, and N. ErvvOcveTro how different in meaning from epwrciw? 24. WropEIueiC: in the direct form, 7ropeufveflv. Upo: abrupt change to dir. disc. TrcOL': obj. of 'rotetv. XPA: sc. are. 8. 26. Ouac'raevos: how different from 06wv? See Vocab. ols vetXev i. e. roTs Oeos, os avEiXAsv OveI. 28. 6ppi&v Trv vao o86vv to hasten on the up-march.' Cf. N. to 1. i8 above. Page 122. 9. 1. EireS&v rXLOTa: 'as soon as.' G. 1434; H. 916. aro7rEJJ+OL: for crore4/. w of the direct form. G. 1287; H. 855, and 855, a. 2. eds IILcC8cls: see p. 53, 22, and N. PAGE 122.] BOOK III. CHAP. I. 307 10. 3. ot0ws: with e-rpa'reTEro, ' under these conditions' 4. SEL: sc. 6 rp64evos. rVv 4irl paoaULXa op pplV: condensed expression for 7rv bp,1Yv e7rl Ba3aA-ia ov'rav (= esse). ov68EL: sc. 7e. 7. (oP3oVpoIvoL T'V 8Obv KCl &KOVTES: 'though fearing the (hardships of the) road and reluctant.' G. 1563,6; II. 969, c. 8. oi roXXo: apparently only Xenias and Pasion abandoned the expedition. See I. iv. 7. aXX'k\Xv, Kupou: objective gen.; 'both from a sense of shame in regard to one another,' lest they appear cowardly before their associates, ' and in respect to Cyrus,' lest they seem ungrateful to him. 11. 10. 'ErnEl 8' adropia qv: = 'Now when they were in this disheartened state.' EXUEireTO: SC. 6 =Evo)Cuv. 11. itKpdv: 'for a little while.' G. I062; H. 720. ijwvou: G. 1097, 2; H 737. 12. 6vap: among the ancients, as also in the Middle Ages and among some people to-day, dreams and visions were considered in a high degree prophetic of coming events. PpoVTrS: refers to the crash and roar of the thunder, as distinguished from O<rKT'nr6s (= Kepavvis), a thunderbolt. 13. riv trarpctav: ' his father's.' 12. 16. 4iss: to see a bright light in a dream was of good omen. 17. ALOS pacrLXdEs: 'from Zeus as king;' hence as protector of kings, and by inference protector of Artaxerxes. 18. ^z oi: = ne non, 'that — not.' G. I378, and 1364; H. 887. 19. PaoaXcois: emphatic by position, the dream being from Zeus as protector of the king. Wro TLVOV &wopLov: as by the encircling fire of the dream. 13. 21. 'Owrotov rC earT: == ' what it means.' 22, y(yveraT - trans. as if impf. 25. elKd: sc. lo-riv. 26. yEvqordoiLeOa e7ri 'we shall come into the power of.' Cf. N. to p 51, 17. 'rl ezrroSAv ph ovxC: sc. eo-ir, = quid impedil qzuin; trans., with V$ptSCo/LE'vovs (lL;as) arro0av'Ev, ' what is there to hinder (us).. from dying of ill-treatment?' G. I617; H. I034, b. 27. Trd 8ELvoT'aTc: = 'rT aeYLvTara 7raOl'1aTa. G. 1054; H. 716, b. 14. 28. &alvvoit0e.a: G. 1372; H. 885. 30. i<o-rrrp iov: = quasi liceat. G. 1569, 1576; H. 978, 978, a; C 'r. 867. ey: emphatic; Xenophon was not a military man by profession. 'OV iK,roiaS o~'XEOs: condensed expression, involving two questions, - ' What general?' ' From what sort of state?' - if not from such a state 308 BOOK III. CHAP. IT [PAGE 123. as Athens, whose citizens till recently had been accustomed to take the lead among Greeks in all things; though to be sure most of the soldiers were from the Peloponnesus, and Chirisophus was present with a general's commission from Sparta. 31. wrpoo-SoKi: not = Trpoo8OKtc; probably an ind., but by some taken as subj. according to G. 1358; H. 866, 3. 32. roiav 'ilLKWav: Xenophon was apparently still under thirty years of age. See p. 4I. Page 123. 15. 3. rovs IIpogevov Xoxlyoivs: Xenophon, as a friend of Proxenus, probably occupied quarters near or among his men. 6. Vets: sc. Kca0eBeiav 0Yaao0e. ev olots [7rp6iy.paorv]: 'in what a condition,' =' the condition in which.' 16. 7. SfXov Sr: i. e. waxdv aoriv 'ri, but trans. by one word, sevidently,' 'clearly.' rrpoTEpov- irpCv:- 'until.' G. I470; H. 924, a, and 955, a. 9. Tr. EaivrUv: 'their own (arrangements),' ' their own (preparations).' 10. Ls KcXXLc'-rT: here ' as successfully as possible.' 17. 11. el Kt.T.A.: trans. r1 olodeOa crerl'eOEOaL before el. yevrla'o/eOa, in order to bring the noun near the following relative. 12. aiSeXov: Cyrus. See p. 87, 14, and N. 13. KCLI TEOVrIK6TOs iSTq: 'and that too when he was already dead,' - a needless exhibition of wanton cruelty. 14. ii&s:. emphatic, subject of iraOe7v in 1. 17. KrTiJSq&Uv r.T..: we have no protector at court, as Cyrus had in the person of his mother. 15. SoiXov: sc. avr'rv, ' (him) a subject.' Cf. N. to p. 86, 28. G. 1077;H. 726. 16. 7roil0rovTes: G. 563,4: H. 969, c. El Suvalptd a: for eav 5vvc,uetca. Why? 17. div; with rraS0Ev.i What may be supplied as protasis? 18. 17. OVK &v irl Irav X 0oi: ' would he not have recourse to every expedient?' 18. r& a reXaTa: 'to the utmost degree. G. 1054; H. 716, b. aLtKLr&jpvos: 'by maltreating.' G. 563, 3; H. 969, a. 20. Irr&vTa: acc. G. 1597; H. 990; GMT. 923. 'rclvTa norlqTov: sc. iujv, errtI, 'we must do everything (possible).' 19. 22. 'EyWo pRv ov: emphatic and elliptical, implying a complementary clause with A8, 'I indeed therefore, (as others did not).' o'rav: ' lasted' we should say. 24. aTCWv: possessive gen., loosely used with the following clauses, which take the place of acc. of PAGE 124.1 BOOK III. CHAP. I. 809 direct object; ro0To or ravTa, summing them up, might have been expected. On the thought, cf. p. 2. 26. XpvUcrv 8: i. e. o'eov 3e Xpuabv eXoLEy. 20. 26. T: 'the (condition).' 28. ov'8Evos: see p. 402. G. 1097, 2, and 16i; H. 737, 734. 29. STrou: G. 1133; H. 746. As antecedent supply cdpyvpov or roTro as object of 4Xovras; trans. freely, 'that few (of us) any longer had anything to buy with.' 30. iropitcQrOc (lqas): after KaTXovras, -= proibere; ' that our oaths restrained us from obtaining supplies in any other way' than by purchase. Page 124. 2. vvv: sc. Ppofo0vait. 21. 4. 8oKE: trans. ' it seems,' as if v'ipts and vnro~ta were acc. See N. to p. 55, 22. 5. ev po-: 'before (us).' In athletic contests the prizes were set forth in plain view of the contestants and spectators. TraEV Tt7 rI&y&; mentioned p. I23, 24-26. &Xa: pred. appositive. oioTTEpo: in translating supply ro70roIs rt&uiv as antecedent, and omit l!uv&'V in 1. 6.. '7. O lKOs: SC. what? 22.. avarovs: 'by them,' i.e. the gods. G. 1049; H. 712. 9. av'rTv: i.e. rW& a'yaa0jv. G. 1117; H. 748. &wrEXopE0a: G. 537; H. 359. Trv 06v:. 'in the name of the gods.' G. 1o85, 3; H. 729, c. 10. Wo-rT' K.r.A.: order, &arTe sOKEt Moi, CeELvaL [I/'Iv] levai. 11. TrolTOLs sc. eF eVal. 23. 12. TOv'rotv: in full, rTa TouroTy (orfaTaa). I,'xi, &a\V: the p.l is emphatic, implying repeated instances of the experience. H. 636. 13. +lnuX&s ariv roLs 0eoCs &piCivovas: ' hearts more courageous, thank the gods!' 14. ot &vaps: i. e. 'the enemy.' 15. i.XXov: with both TpwTro[, 'more vulnerable' on account of inferior equipment, and Ovrol, 'm ore exposed to death' because of the effeminacy and lack of endurance common to Asiatics, for whose physical prowess the Greeks, hardened by athletic exercises and military training, had ever a supreme contempt. 24. 16. &XXoL, &XXov:s ' others' in the Greek army; let us not wait to follow their example, but let us set them an inspiring example of leadership. 17. irpos: 'in the name of.' Rh &va}.ivowtgv: G. 1344; H. 866, i, and a. 19. Trov eopPl.qori: G. 1099; H. 738. 310 BOOK III. CHAP. I. [PAGE 125. 20. #4.vrqTE: 'show yourselves.' Tr&v orpaTyrl~v: i. e. the generals who were killed. G. 1153; H. 755. 25. 23. o8Siv: emphatic; I make no pretext of.' G. 1054; H. 716, b. ikXuatv: see N. to p. 122, 32. 24. aiKjtELv: ' that I am old enough.' -yoi)xaL: in a different sense from 'y7ehOaiL in 1. 23. 26. 26. ol Xoxaoyot: i. e. the captains of Proxenus; see p. I23, 3. 27. rrX'iv 'A'roXXwv(C8qs... O.TOS EWEV: loosely expressed for rhAv 'ATrooAAmwvh3s rts, $towrdw0rv C r qwv,, irEy. 28. owvj: 'dialect.' Page 125. 1. STcrts: ( any one who.' o'Orlwpas: why gen. TivXEV: i.e. (aurby) TuXeZv. 2. rrdcras: sc. crwT7tpitav 6o)at.: ' in whatever way.' 27. 3. terat5v vnrokXapjv: in full, avTrbv ierabt Ae-yovrca u57roAac,6v. Xenophon would not suffer the man to finish his remarks, from fear of a disheartening effect. 4. oiS' 6p6Cv yLyvYvo'rKELS K.T.A.; a similar expression is found in several Greek authors. Cf. also Isaiah vi. 9, and Ezekiel xii. 2. 5. ev ravrP TOUTOIS: ' in the same (place) with these,' = 'with these,' captains of Proxenus. G. 1175; H. 773, a. 6. Eird: in our idiom, 'after' with the plupf. p ya *pov4cras: 'having become greatly elated.' G. 1054; H. 7I6, b. 7. eiri rotJr i. e.?ir i TYr a7ro0aveZv rbv Kvpov. EK~IXEUI: SC. j,*as. T r. ' our' 28. 9. eXOo'vres s came and.' TC OVK rroitla-e' like our expression, "to leave nothing undone." 11. crrovSv: G. o99g; H. 739. 29. 13. Es Xo yovs: see IDIOMS p. 399. aO-rots: 'with them,' the Persians. G. 1177; H. 772, a. 14. 1 OK EKCvOL - o~ &rroeavev - SiViv.aL * ' are not those men - unable even to die ' 15. ot rXqtioves: appositive, 'poor wretches' See N. to p. tS5, i6. 16. 1rovTO: i. e. -roa aroOave7v, or Oav',rou. ai 'r'vTa: trans. as if f~~ 7~a 30. 18. itEoi SOKci e: 'in my opinion, it is best.' 19. JpTE - E: ' both not - and.' Eds Tae'TOV i'v avros. = ' to our company.' PAGE 126.] BOOK II. CIIAP. I. 311 Cf. 1. 5 above, and N. 20. &aeEXol.vovs K.T.A.: ill full, iWas, &apeX.oyeVOUS abrbv ('from him') T^V Aoxayiav, rticeV'j cbvaOevras (on his back), au'ir 's TroioVrT (i.e. &cs tKceuondpp.) Xp(roat. G. o169; H. 724. 21. wcrCTpL8a: assuming that Apollonides was from Boeotia. 22. "EXkqv Wv: 'although a Greek.' 31. 25. rovSrTp....oiSv o'TE: 'this (fellow) has nothing to do either with Boeotia or.' BotoTLas: G. 1 6I; H. 7 737, 734. oVv: G. Io6o; H. 719, b. 27. AvuSv: owing to the servile condition of the Lydians (see N. to p. 69, I5), the term ',ydian' was often used as synonymous with 'slave.' So probably here; yet some think that Apollonides was actually a native of Lydia, who had been to Boeotia, learned the language, and obtained a position under Proxenus. He was certainly not a Greek, and was perhaps an Asiatic, as piercing the ears was a common practice among Asiatics. rv& tora rETrpvwrrUjvov: ' with his ears bored,' as often in the case of slaves, who were thus furnished with a mark by which they could be identified. G. ro58; H. 718. The part. agrees with ab'6v. 32. 28. diXcv oi;'ros: 'so it was.' 29. o-TpaTTlybs ocr-ss: how many generals were left? Cf. p. 29, and p. 113, 18-24. 31. O'LoLTO: ' he was missing.' 33. 32. ets - cKa0eovro: i.e. 'they came into - and sat down.' G. 1225,; H. 788. TO rrpodo-cv TrtV rXwv: i.e. the space in front of the place where the arms were stacked. Page 126. 2. &a>,l roVs CKavoV: 'about a hundred.' The article is used because the number was approximate, not exact. G. 948; H. 664, c. 34. 3. qv 'took place.' orXeSv K.T.A.: see p. 403, and N. to p. 74, 20. 4. v: G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. 6. acvrots: 'ourselves.' 7. rws... &yaOdv: cf. p. 92, 27, and N. 9. &rrep KaC: sc. \E~Aas. 35. 12. ots.... lJ': for roU'rSovs 'fpiwv uvvEiA1rpaaav, obus auvvro7raav o'vAAaBev. As the sentence stands, isu&i is a partitive gen. dependent on ohs. G. IO26; 1H. 996. 13. fiXov S-rL: cf. p. 123, 7, and N. 14. /tlv: G. 1597; TI. 991, 959. 15. erC: cf. p. 122, 26, and N. 16. e(KEvo: in fill, wr eKcETVOt JO' Fj',u, yevwvrat. For 's with subj. after a verb of effort, G. 1374, 2; I-. 885, b; GMT. p. 402. 312 BOOK III. CHAP. I. [PAGE 127. 36. 16. Troo-oTrot: freely, 'in so great numbers.' 17. piytorov KpLLpo: 'a very great opportunity.' 21. lrapaKa.XtqT: sc. 7rapacrEKevdcoOaL. 37. 23. itua&s StlacipEtv Tr TroVTrv: 'for you in a measure to excel the rest.' G. io6o, and 1120; H. 719, b, and 749. 25. XPIfLCLo': i.e. through higher pay; read p. 33. G. 1182; H. 780. 26. TrorTov: construed as in 1. 24. 27. EgL.ov K.T.rA.: 'it is proper to ask that you yourselves both be,' etc. 28.,roTrwv: G. 1132; H 751. 38. 30. li/ya: 'greatly.' What case? av '4eXo<rcut: in the direct form, dfqSE7aarTe 6V. Page 127. 2. &vrLKarCtrTae3C&cLv: what form might have been used? G. 1372, 1374; H. 885, a, b; GMT. 340. 3. dveu &pxo'vrov: takes the place of a condition. G. I413; H. 902. 4. cs o'UVEXOVTL etwetv: see IDIOMS, p. 404. G. 1534; H. 956. cUVEXiVTLL: sc. rlV. G. I172, 2; H. 77I, b, end. 5. 8i 84 ravrTarlraolv: 'and, you see, especially.' 39. 7. KTcaTarT^'ql 0e: 'shall have appointed.' Where formed? 8. Set: sc. KaTaorijaai. 9, ev KaLpq: ' opportunely.' wrofq-raL: what form in dir. disc.? 40. 11. irtL & 'rXtXa: see p. 120, 21, and N. 12. ofr7o IY Xdvov: sc. acTrcv, 'at least so long as they are in this state.',Ti: = 'for what purpose.' G. 1054; -I. 777, a, end. &v XProaL-To: 'could make use of.' 13. VUKTOS6: why not acc. here? 8ioL T: 'there should be any need,' i. e. to make use of them (lit. 'should be need in any respect'). 41. 13. a.Cov: dependent on,yvWas. 14. s....orovt aL reveals Xenophon's keen insight into human nature, which became manifest on many occasions during the retreat. Xenophon had also enjoyed the advantages of an Athenian training, which had given him experience in popular assemblies and the ways of handling masses of men. 15. reCrovTwac not from iFri0w. 42. 18. ~... roLoo-a: for rb 7roIow, being attracted to the gender of the nearest substantive; trans. idiomatically, ' what brings victory in war is neither numbers nor strength.' 19. o(riv TOiS eoiS: PAGE 128.] BOOK III. CHAP. I. 313 without the help of the gods, numbers and strength are vain. 19. dv i- wcrLv: GMT. 529. 20. s kirl r'b iroXv: see IDIOMS, p. 404. 43. 22. iK Wravrbs Tporov: see IDIOMS. 24. 0avaTwO, w.rac: both emphatic by position. 25. yvJKaoL': ' have recognized the fact that.' 27. roVSTovs: antecedent of what? 28. S8iyovTCLs: sc.,rbv ftov. 44. 28. &... KarToaaOvTas: freely, 'in full knowledge of these things, we ought now.' 30. roV's &Xovs irapaKaXoi.v: i. e. robs &A2ous rapacKaXe7v yaOobs &vApas Elvai. Page 128. 45. 1. XEpaCoaos: he would naturally speak first after Xenophon; cf. N. to p. 122, 30. 2. TOrofoTOV uLo6vov - oov iKOOV: freely, ' only so far as this, that I heard.' 3. ElvaL: sc. oe. See N. to p. Ino, 24. 4. i4' os: = erl TOVrTOs a; like our idiom, 'for what you say,' instead of 'for that which you say.' 46. 7. o[ 8SE6EVOL: SC. apXdovrw,, (you) who lack (generals).' 9. EKEC '-yKa.V0lDEV: for iece7 svrTes (i. e. dv rq do YO roi orparoaraov), ovyKa/coovley lKE7e. 47, 12. c. &ta Trawc' f7riv: 'as soon as he had said this.' G. 1572; H. 976. jJ X ILXXoVro: 'might not be delayed.' 15. KXecvovwp: although not among the generals at the beginning of the Up-march, Cleanor is mentioned as one of them, p. 114, 14; so here he was simply chosen by the officers of Agias to command their division in addition to his own. 314 BOOK III. CHAP. II. [PAGE 129. CHAPTER II. ADDRESSES TO THE SOLDIERS. A PLAN AGREED ON. 1. 18. jptqvro: i.e. &pXovres. 19. Tr fIroV: i. e. rb Y^Ea'ov Tro crTparo7rEfov, the place appointed (see 1. 8 above); the captains of the several divisions without generals had apparently retired by themselves to elect officerso 20. KaCTa-rfo-CtavTas: the dat. might have been expected. Cf. p. 54, 9, and N. 2. 24. &vSpes: see N. to p. 60, i2. Tr& trapOvrTa: 'our present circumstances.' 25. 6r'r'T: 'now that;' causal. &avSpCv: G. 11I7; H. 748, a. 26. irpos: here not a prep. oL a&j4' 'ApLoaov: 'Ariaeus and his men.' 3. 28. eK Ta5v zrapvvTwv: 'under the circumstances.' EVyac: sc.. as. Page 129. 1. cr-oafjEOa: 'may save ourselves.' el 8 il: 'but if not,' = 'otherwise;' i.e. 'av 5 ej oX a6Ceaal ai uvv eOa. G. I417; H. 906, a; GMT. 478. AXXa yi: 'yet at all events.' &aro0v^OrKWI~EV, yEVtE0eoac: sc. arws; construed by some, however, as independent hortatory subjunctives. 3. TrotaiJTa iraCEev Kc.r..: 'should undergo such sufferings as I pray the gods may inflict upon our foes.' G. 1054; H. 716, b. iXOpovs: forcible change from iroAe/dios, - our personal as well as public enemies. See N. to p. 62, 3. For the construction see G. 1073; H. i25. 4. woLrEcrLav: G. I507; H. 870. 4, 5. 'Errl rovrc: ' Next after him;' asyndeton in rapid narrative. 9. tScrn-s characteristic, 'a man who.' Ws ydrwv K.r.A.: in dir. disc., 'yetrvwy eljl ris 'EAAdsor, Kal repAl irxetrrov tv 7rotraffair (el &uvafev) 6vss ca-Zoat. See p. ToI, 28, et seq. wept rrXdorrov: see IDIOMS. 10. er.: ' in confirmation of.' 11. arT6s, aTOrss: forceful anaphora. Cf. N. to p. IIo, 2. 12. ACia ^iVov: cf. N. to p. 53, I2. 14. caviots TroVtros = ipsis his rebus, ' by these very means,' oaths, pledges, hospitality. Cf. N. to p. II2, 27. 5. 15. pac<rL\a KaOLo-&TavCL: see p. 92, 1-3. 16. SWKafaEV /c.r.A.: '(to whom) we gave and (from whom) we received.' G. Io4I; H. o005. PAGE 129.] BOOK III. CHAP. II. 315 17. KCA OATOS: ' even he;' emphatic repetition of the subject. KOpov TrEVlyKOTa; contrasted with Kvpov awVTos and TOVs Kvpov plAovs, all emphasized by the repetition of the name. 18. Ti-xl.evo: 'although he was honored.' G. 1563, 6; H. 969, e. 19. TOVS iKeCvov (X0(t'ov'S: 'his bitterest enemies.' 6. 21. CwrOTCratVTro: G. I507; H. 870. 23. Wos &v 8uvvpLeaC KparLorTa: 'as stoutly as we possibly can.' TOTO 8,T: - ' whatsoever.' soK: i. e. jlua rda'rXeIv; it is safer to fight bravely and trust to the care of the gods than to rely on pledges of oathbreaking men. 7. 25. -crraXpAevos: 'having arrayed himself.' Ets: for &s eSs. 26, Cs;svavCTo KaXXLorTa: see IDIOMS. 27. VLKV'rL: render by a noun. 28. 6opOs gXELV K.'.A.: 'that it was right for him who thought himself worthy of the most splendid outfit (Tr(v KaXA i-rwv -— TO KaXAiaroo uKdcaou), to meet his end (arrayed) in this.' The Greek character was particularly sensitive to the influence of fine appearance in form and dress, and Xenophon's course at this time was well calculated to produce a deep impression upon the soldiers. 29. TOrUTLs: i. e. Toro,0-o Tos,KaAXirTois, for To6T r 7Wi KaXAA[T'rT Kay.tP. TCEXVUqs G. o199; H. 739. roi X\6yov qPXeTO: for {PXETo A'eYEv. Reason for the gen.? 8-32. XENOPHON'S ADDRESS TO THE ARMY. The following address of Xenophon to the army (sections 8-32) shows such power and adaptation to the end proposed that it merits special examination as an example of oratorical skill. The aim of the oration is twofold: first, to inspire the demoralized and despondent soldiers with courage to face the apparently insurmountable difficulties which beset them on all sides; secondly, to induce them to enter at once upon a definite course of action which should enable them the better to cope with the enemy. Xenophon arouses the courage of the men, first by bringing forward plain reasons why their circumstances were far from desperate; then by taking up and refuting various objections that might be urged on the score of present troubles. Having thus wrought upon the thought and feelings of the army till all 316 BOOK III. CHAP. II. [PAGE 130. are ready for action, he suggests the immediate doing of several things which would both occupy the attention of the soldiers, forcing them to cease brooding over their difficulties, and would make them ready to meet the enemy at any moment. Accordingly the speech falls naturally into two principal divisions, with an orderly unfolding of the thought as follows: - INTRODUCTORY: SECTION To yield to the Persians means hopeless despair, - To rely on ourselves offers hope of safety....... 8 I. REASONS FOR HOPE OF SAFETY: - a. Positive Reasons: I. The favor of the gods on our side...... 10 2. Defeat of the Persians by our ancestors.... I1-I3 3. Our own defeat of the Persians at Cunaxa... i4, 15 4. Our greater familiarity with Persian tactics... i6 b. Negative Reasons - Refutation of possible objections: x. The desertion of Ariaeus and his men is no loss to us............. 17 2. Lack of cavalry is no disadvantage to us.... 18, 19 3. We are better off without Tissaphernes as guide. 20 4. We are better off without the king's market.. 21 5. Impassable streams present no insuperable obstacle.............. 22 6. In last resort we can even settle here and maintain ourselves, as the Mysians and others do. 23-25 II. COURSE TO BE PURSUED: - a. General course: We must make our way back to Greece.... 26 b. Specific measures recommended - i Burning of wagons and tents....... 27 2. Riddance of superfluous articles..... 28 3. Maintenance of high standard of discipline. 29, 30 4. Cooperation of all in enforcing discipline. 31 5. Prompt carrying out of plan proposed.... 32 Page 130. 8. 2. vTEts: emphatic, - 'you' soldiers, as well as we officers. 3. SL&a tnXlas: see IDIOMS. 4. wroXXkv &OvJ.tav XELv: see IDIOMS. rTOVS orrptrqyols: proleptic; trans. as if ol r-rpaTrrryot, subject of ireIrd&Oao-w. H. 878. 5. SI& v-rCrews: PAGE 130.1 BOOK III. CAP. II. 317 'in good faith.' 7. Wv: 'for what,' -- rovdrw (dependent on 5LKr'v) a. TO' XOLOrdv: see N. to p. 96, 15. 8. SLa TravTrds K..A.: see IDIOMS. 9. iljtv: no ' to us.' Why? Ka(: omit in trans. 9. 10. aCiTro0: i.e. _evoZ&vror. 'rTLapvWTaL: sneezing was considered of good omen, especially when accompanying words of favorable import. 11. rpo(rEKSvla<rv: they waved a salute with their hands to the god, probably crying out ' with one impulse' ZEVD avaov. r6v Oedv: i. e. Ata aowrpa, as shown by 1. 13. On Xenophon's ready acceptance of the omen cf. p. 44. 13. 411jsav XEyovrov: trans. by a clause with 'when.' 15. o'uverrE'uao-r0: force of avy- and E7r-? 17. vaCLETiLVa: sc. orTos, let him,' etc. 18. avETELvav: sc. ras Xe7pas. The army was practically a migratory state, where the will of the majority was law, and voting was conducted in the simplest manner. 19. rrEl Ta, Trv 0sevO KaXOs EIXEV: 'after what was due the gods had been properly performed.' 10. 21. 'ETuryXavov XE'ywv: 'I just happened to be saying.' 23. TCOv Oewv: See N. to p. 109, 23. 25. ofToS Eo XOVTv: sc. 7rpay'zirwv, = cume res ita se habeart, or cumr res ita sint, 'since matters stand thus.' IKds: sc. ETrL. 28. KiV: = cal e'ev, 'even if.' iv SevoraLTLs: ' in most desperate straits.' or: i.e. e oi uKpol, while the implied subject of the following f3ovxwvrat is ol Geol. With the sentiment cf. Luke i. 52, ' He hath put down the mighty from their seats, and exalted them of low degree.' 11. 30. "Errcra t 8 correlative with 7rpwrov ievC in 1, 22, and introducing the second reason for good courage. The natural form of the following statement would have been,"ETrerta e (dvapjvrao yTap Ia' 4 c Kal rov9 r7wv 7rpovubl~v wrpooa'cel crvat, 0oW'ovTra re r VV TroL s EO t KCal (' even') eft 7i-rdv &eLvtv ol adyaOoi. After the parenthetical clause, however, the rest of the sentence is made subordinate to it, instead of being independent. fVpas, KlVS3VOVS: G. o169; H. 724. 31. ayacOots: why not 4ayaOo6s? G. 928, I; H-. 941. 32. o-'tovTtC: co-ordinate with 7rpoacKEi, after crs. 318 BOOK III. CHAP. II. [PAGE 131. Page 131. 1. 0ovrTov IIEpqcrv: in the expedition under Datis and Artaphernes; see p. Io. 2. Wcs &qcavLoivrwov: 'intending to annihilate.' G. I574; H. 978. 3. 'A01qvYaoL: here more forcible than ot 'AOrvaoL. Why? 4. EvLKocrav: at the battle of Marathon. When? 12. 4. eTialEvoL: nom. pl. as if the principal verb were e67pfvavro; but as this by anacoluthon is replaced by the impersonal eSoeYv, ev4ideVvos is left independent, or may be taken with the subject of eiXov. 'ApepiTLBL K:T.X.: according to another account (Schol. in Aristoph. Eq. 666, Dindorf) the polemarch Callimachus vowed to sacrifice to Artemis ('ApTe/Ls 'Ayporipa) as many heifers as there should be men of the enemy killed. But so great was the difficulty experienced in obtaining heifers in sufficient numbers that goats were sacrificed instead. 6. OiUK ETXOV 'they were not able.' tKavas: i. e. in sufficient numbers.' According to Herodotus 6400 men on the side of the Persians fell in the battle. 7. KaT' iVLaVUTOv: 'yearly,' 'each year.' TIL- Kal vv: the number vowed had long since been offered up; the yearly sacrifice was kept up in national commemoration of the victory. oiroduovu-Lv: why not Ovouaiv? 13. 9. fcrTEpov: in 480 B.C. See pp. Io, Il. TV: almost demonstrative, ' that,'- 'that (well-known).' 10. Kal TOTr: even then,' against such overwhelming odds. 12. KCL& 'Yqv: at Plataea. See IDIOMS. KaCTo 0AXcarrv: at Salamis and Mycale. Wyv '(rT TrKp.fiPLma Op&v: 'as proofs of this one may see.' How lit.? VcrrT: why accented? G. 144, 5; H. 480, i. 13. Tp6orro a: see p. 38. The trophies have disappeared, but the high mound of earth raised by the Athenians over their dead on the plain of Marathon still remains,-a striking object in the landscape. ~j iXEvBepCa: sc.?rrL. 14. 4yEVE9are, cTpf4djTi: trans. as if in the pf. tense. 15. Touts Oeou: sc.,ldvous. WrpoOarKuETrE: suggests the oriental ceremony of prostration before superiors, especially distasteful to the freedom-loving Greek. 16. c-re: 'are ye (sprung).' rpo-y6vov: G. 1094, 6; H. 732. 14. 17. 0'.... p&: I am not, you see, going to say this at least,' = I do not, you see, mean to imply this at any rate.' 18. o0'rco iroXXoa i LRepac [CErlv] 4&F oV: sc. Xpodvou, 'it is not yet many days since.' 19. wiq&ev ac'r&v: 'than yourselves.' G. 1154; PAGE 132.] BOOK III. CIAP. II. 819 H. 755, a. 20. ca-v 'Tots 0ots: the frequent repetition of this phrase is noteworthy. 15. 20. TO'TE. i.e. at the battle of Cunaxa. 22. aTrv: G. 1003; H. 692, 2. wroX': with dlilvovas and 7rpoOvtoTopovs. 1 6. 24. ECtvac: sc. vyas or vuvir. 25. 6vrTes, OpwVTES: concessive; contrasted with the statement introduced by Sjiws. av'rwv: G. 1140; H. 753, d. 26. &e1Trpov: pred., sc. u,, 'without limit.' 28. 'relpav IXEE: see IDIOMS. E0eXovorL jlJ 8E'xe0aL: more emphatic than oVtK e0AouvL seXEa-Oal, implying not merely a disinclination but a determination not to face the Greeks in battle. KaL - v'riS: 'even though they are.' 17. 31. IetLov XELw: sc. VJUas, 'that you are at a disadvantage.' 86nTE: G. 1346; H. 874. ot KvpeLoL: i. e. Ariaeus and his forces. 32. irT: with icaKiovYs, emphatic by position. Page 132. 2. yoiv 'at any rate.' TOUS 8' ~0CXovrCTas K.T.A.: order, 7roAu' i KperrO' (E'oTv) 6pav TroVs eOEAovTcras (pvyis t&pXeiv rarTro/e1ovs (rVV Tois 7roAeFiois X e Trp 7)UAETEpa TrCFL. 3. 4vyrs: not dependent on s0'AovTras. G. gg99; H. 738. 18. 5. EL 8e TLS K.T.A.: the reasoning here and in the following section is striking but cleverly sophistical. Cf. N. to p. I27, 14. 10. 8,rL &v yCyvTrai: = -quicquid fit, ' whatever is done.' 19. 11. 'trrrEov: G. 1153; H. 755. roXu: with doraAeo'-TpoV; emphatic by position. O6XiarTOS: i. e. the ground. 12. KpE'.aVTCL: ' are poised.' 13. KcLTcLa7ra iV: force of Kcara-? 14. pEplKoTEs: see falcvw in Vocab. 15. iroXv... TEuvoieOa i. e. rohb,a.ahov 1'TO6TOU, 670ov &tv TVXeSV OhAWAvEP, TeuFVd/ea. 16. 'v: 'in one respect,' but construed as direct object of the verb. qip.v: G. 1132; H. 75I. 20. 18. 0appepir: here transitive, 'have courage for.' G. 1049; H. 712, b. 19. i11iv: 'for us.' Why not gen.? ayop&v ~rOtpE'l: cf. p. 33, and p. O13, 9-I5. 20. TOT': ' with reference to this;' refers to the clause orT... r.apErt. G. ro6o; H. 719, c. KpEtTrov: sc. what? 22. ^ otis c.T.A.: i.e.?eJ/Euo'as ('as guides') 320 BOOK III. CHAP. IL [PAGE 133. %XEIV TOUS &vspavS o0s hp?7f'ES Xa,9SVTES KEAE\U/e') 77yeso0Oait, o' Ei40ovrai K.T.A. 23. T';- - LapT'rvfo-i: 'do anything wrong.' G. I054; H. 716, b. 24. vXuds KacL 'crLp.aa: in our idiom, 'life and limb,' the former subject to death, the latter to torture. 21. 25. C;'TirL a cL: object of vea-OatL, but put at the beginning of the clause as introducing a new topic. r6TEpov: i.e. caQCffaaOe, IroTEpov Kpe?'r'r6y aTv. 26. a's for dv. G. 103I; H. 994. PILKpC...apypCou: ironical. prpa: in loose apposition with eTrTlsELa. &p vpyov: G. 1133; H. 746. PiS$ TroUT' t'ri tXovras ' though we (sc. Auas with W'eT-oOati) no longer have that,' the means to buy with. 27. ac'ros: sc. tF'as, 'ourselves.' XaCL.ipdveLV sc. what? 28. PouX'traL: sc. xpcrOar. 22. 29. El... K pe(CTova: for E; y 7y7vcrrcfET-, 8 - 'r aoTa Kpeir-,roval (earrtv). H. 878. 30. woraoJuovs. Euphrates and Tigris. l.ropov: trans. as if &iropdv T7, 'something insuperable,' 'an insuperable difficulty.' G. 925; H. 617. Page 133. 1. 8capdvres: 'in crossing (the Tigris).' See p. I07, 23-27. G. 1563, 3; H. 969, a. E: in our idiom == 'whether or not,' as an affirmative answer is expected. G. I605; H. ioi6. pc TroUTO Kai p(op6OaTov: 'as a matter of fact, in this - even a most stupid thing;' i. e. in leading the Greeks to the east of the Tigris, whence they must necessarily take a more circuitous route back to Greece, and hence remain longer in the Persian domains, doing greater damage by plundering and devastating. How lit.? G. 077; H. 726. 3. Ir'ycj'v: G. 1148; H. 757. wrpo'ovoo-L: 'as people go up.' What case? G. 1172; H. 771. 4. ov8s ppeXovrTEs: 'without even wetting.' 23. 6. ILij' - re: 'both not -and.' SLiAO'oo-LV: sc. 6uas. For the form, see $&dvu in Vocab.; for the tense, see G. I405; H. 899; GMT. 447. 7. oi8' 5Ss: see IDIOMS. 8. MWvorovs: proleptic; acc. where we should expect the nom., subject of oiKco0U-c. See N. to p. 73, I4. i1upv: G. 1153; H. 755. 9. &KOVTOS: see IDIOMS. pcarLXEWs: emphatic repetition. 11. ILtrC8Sas 'rav'Tros: i. e. nralals &roavrws v Tp,Baaciu'ws Xcp 7wroxAAs nroiers olKouvras, or 5rT v T'p Baat'CAews Xp A 7roas a. wrAEis oiKoVriv; but trans. freely, 'that the same thing is true of the Pisidians.' See N. to p. 53, 22. PAGE 134.] BOOK III. CIAP. II. 321 AvKcovas: trans. as if subject of Kap'rovTrai. Among the Lycaonians, long after this time, Paul and Barnabas labored; see Acts, chap. xiv. 12. etSop.Ev: on the Up-march. 13. -rouTwv: sc. TW v nIepaiv. 24. 13. &v a)ci YV K.T.A.: I for my part should say that we ought not yet to have openly started for home.' G. 1329; H. 872; GMT. 239. 15. KaTac'KEV.EaCr0CL: S. 7'tas Xpva-. WS - oiK^'croVTas: 'as if intending to settle.' G. 1574; H. 978. 17. v v: G. I313; H. 863. 18. oSoiroilco-Ee: 'would make chariot roads.' 19. &t flroCEL - etL wpa: = faceret- si videret. 25. 21. aXXa yap: 'But (I do not urge this course) for.' LaOcwp v: 'learn how,' 'become accustomed.' 22. PLOT~EVELV: how different from iv? 23. p.EyacXaS: 'tall.' yuvaCL: G. 1175; H. 772. 24. Bi:== 'that.' Why? X-To)d'yoL: see Vocab. In the Odyssey (ix. 84 et seq.) Ulysses is represented as coming to the land of the lotus-eaters and sending three of his companions to treat with the natives, who gave them the lotus to eat. 'Now whosoever of them did cat the honey-sweet fruit of the lotus had no more wish to bring back tidings nor to come back, but chose rather to abide there with the lotus-eating men, ever feeding on the lotus, and forgetful of returning' (see Butcher and Lang's translation, p. 137). The idea is beautifully wrought out in Tennyson's Lo/us-eaters. 25. 6Sov: G. 1102; H. 742. 26. 29. ibv... bp&v: 'when it is in their power to bring hither those now passing their lives in straits at home (i.e. in Greece) and see them rich.' Xenophon thinks of planting armed colonies in the midst of the Persian dominions. Cf. pp. 25, 26. Etov: G. 1569; H. 973. 30. Ko0L'raLoEvous: for Ko/Lra-/ervois. Why? &axx -yap: 'But (enough on this point) for.' 31. SfqXov 8: cf. p. 123, 7, and N. Tr&v KpaTOVVTWV: cf. p. 92, 3, and N. 27. 32. rropEvoCIpEOc: potential optative in indirect question. Page 134. 1. cs a&raoXrrwcaTa: see IDIOMS. 4. CrTpa.?Tny: 'direct our movements;' for the Greeks might often be prevented from making a rapid march or following a desirable route because the baggage-animals would be unable to keep up with the men or go where men could. 5. orvuiipnJ: sc. VropevetOaL. 6. 6XXov rrapExov'cv: see IDIOMS. 8. Eis: 'in relation to.' 322 BOOK III. CHAP. II. [PAGE 135. 28. 9. T& repLTTra: 'the superfluous (articles).' racrXX&agoJev: G. I344; H. 866, I. wrXv tcra: for A.v Troaourwv gooa. So we say 'except what' for 'except that which.' 10. VKVKE: with airwv and 7rorwv as well as 7roXAuov. cos wXAro'ToL ijFv: 'as many of us as possible.' 12. KpaLroviLEvwv: 'when men are defeated,' 'in case of defeat ' gen. abs., properly with?uw^v, which Xenophon omits from desire to avoid an ill-omened statement. 13. iravTa: sc. dO-iy; the thought is, everything falls into the hands of the enemy. KOaC: 'also,' as well as those of our own number acting as baggage-carriers. 14. oKeuod6povs: G. I077; H. 726. 29. 15. AoLwidv: sc. 'aneL, ' It remains.' 16. robs woXellovus: forcible prolepsis; trans. as if in the nom. case, subject of r~TAJ,.caav. tcvEyKetv cf. e^e'VIav, p. 123, 8. 18. v'rwv rvV &apXdv ovT: = so long as our leaders were living.' 19. ij,&s: subject of EhIai, which represents eo-aEv of the dir. disc. wrepvyevecric. sc. avor-v, i.e. the en,l.y. 20. &v - arwoXk Oal: in dir. disc. abroNoi/AeOa ly. 30. 21. woXil: with TrqtseAeura'povs, made emphatic by separation. 22. roVs vvv lr&v rrp6dr9ev: a graceful and forcible juxtaposition; sc. dpXdVo'wv. G. 153; H. 755. 23. TroVs 4apXofvous: sc. yEvfE'Oat. 24. reL0eopUvovs Ji&XXov: G. 356; H. 256. 31. 25. 'ELv: 'in case that.' TOv 4at v'J.Zv vvryxa'vovra: = ts UfLv del ('in each case') fvrvycudve (Tr caTreiOov'r). 27. IrXetOr-TO: 'to the fullest extent.' G. Io6o; H. 719, b. IEuvorfiEvot IroVTCLL: periphrastic fut. pf.; lit. 'will have been deceived,' but here = emphatic fut., 'will be deceived,' 'will be disappointed.' G. 706, 1266; H. 467, a, end, and 850, a; GMT. 79, 831. 32. 28. ivos: sc. KAedpXou. KXeppXOus: 'Clearchuses,' men as stern and brave as he. TOViS oVSevl iriTpeiov-rase: 'who will not allow any one.' 29. KaKC: G. 928, i; II. 941. XX& ~yap: ' But (enough said), for.' ' repavewv: G. 1521; H. 952. 30. Opa: sc. Gr'Iv. Page 135. 1. rT: = -rTv. 2. T ' ~XXo: SC. o8cei. 3. ravrT: 'in this way.' -tara might have been expected. Lrsqls: here 'private soldier.' PAGE 136.] BOOK III. CHAP. II. 323 33. 5. XELpLcrojos: cf. N. to p. I28, I. 6. irp6s: 'in addition to.' os:= '. Why? Kat auTi-Ka: 'even later on,' 'by and by.' 7. iroLEiv: 'to attend to (that).' L& C.r..: order, cOKeZ e /aLO &pnOT oy evat (rauTa), & viv 'Erprce, Ws ard'Xiaa q(piaraaOaL. 34. 9. IvEClvav: cf. p. I30, iS, and N. 11. v: = Trara 'Iv. G. 112; H. 743. 12. 8rrov: for eKceLrE girov. 13. elvcL: 'that there are.' EtKOCOrL orTa'ov: how many miles? G. II53; H. 755. 35. 14. &v OavIAc&oLirL: the verb of the protasis is 7raKoAovoOosev. G. 1408; H. 90o. 15. Tojis 7rapo6vTas: ' the passers by.' 16. &av SUvoWVTa: G. 1393, I; H. 894, I; GMT. 397. 17. aCTroi: emphatic; also recalling the subject, 7roxxIA o0, separated from the verb by the intervening clause. 36. 18. ao'afmrao-Tpov: sc. e'ofra. 'nXalOLov: study pp. 35, 36. 19. wroolq-aEraevous: might have been dat.; why? 6wXaov: _= oTrXiTcv, by metonymy. 6 wroXs /XXos: = 'the numerous camp-followers.' Cf. p. 29. 20.;v aci<rcaXEcrrip: i.e. in the centre of the hollow square. &aroSExOECtc K.T.A.: 'it should be settled who is to lead.' 21. a& w7rpdo-Ev: 'the van.' 23..v - SOL: conditional relative sentence of the fourth or "less vivid" form. G. 1436; H. 917; GMT. 531. 24. TroS TE'aytivoLs: masculine; Xenophon thinks of the organization as already effected. 37. 26. iXXo XT'rLov: &AAo I7n B3Arov ) TaDra. &XXWos XITaW: 'let it be otherwise.' 27. EL 8 FILi; see N. to p. 129, I. 1'yo;ro: 'should lead,' 'let Chirisophus lead;' less forcible and hence more polite than the imp. G. 151; IH. 870. iVrEL2Sh Kai c'rT: 'since (in addition to other qualifications) he is also.' Why should the command of the van, the post of honor, fall naturally to a Lacedaemonian? 28. ErkXEvpv: G. I ro2; H. 742. 30. To vOv edvaL: 'for the present.' The rear was the post of hardship and danger. Why? Page 136. 38. 1. weLpdw!evoL: 'making trial of.' G. o199; H. 738. 2. &iC: 'from time to time.' 5. Soge TavTa;: see N. to p. 63, 22. 324 BOOK III. CHAP. III. [PAGE 137. 39. 6. &ivLvTas: sc. vias. Tr SEsoy1vac: 'what has been resolved upon.' 7. ya8's: not 'good.' 8. eLvaL: why not &v here? lOTVw: G. I44, 5; H. 480, i. roVrov: i.e. Tro ~robs oiKe(oUs isevi. 9. rcZv VLKv'rTwv iC.r.A.: cf. p. 92, 3, and N. 11. XPqiLaTwv: G. II02; H. 742. CHAPTER III. MARCHING, SKIRMISHING. ENROLLING OF HORSEMEN AND SLINGERS. 1. 14. ToVw'OV XEX9eVTWv: trans. by a clause with 'after' and verb in plupf. &v4'cri'cvv: i.e. in the assembly. 15. KsrIKCLov: 'set about burning.' 16. STroV.... 4XXiXLs: i.e. /Tst'8ooayv aX4AXOLs etKIVO OTrou ris sorro; those who had, shared with those who had not. 18. MLOpL4Scils: cf. p. I 4, 7. 2. 22. viv: sc. edL. 23. 4lit, S8[yWov: 'I am spending &idyw. Why a'bv roXAA ipdf3? How lit.? G. I565; H. 968, b. Asia Minor. cal eva8SE 8': 'and besides here.' (time),' more forcible than simple 24. Kcl - 9Xov: 'together with.' 27. 'TOv ordkov: i. e. back to 3. 29. KyE'E: see N. to p. 102, i8. 'HI-tv 8OKEt: 'it is our resolve.' 'rS: hints at Tissaphernes, the mention of whom by name is avoided. Page 137. 4. 2. 68o5: G. 117; H. 748. 3. SamroXe-,EiIV: lit. 'to fight through,' -in our idiom. 'to fight it out' to the bitter end; sc. /uljv Boice.. 7 i. U'rrre'ros: notice the force of C6rd, 'insidiously,' =' under false pretences.' Mithridates had been sent as a spy to find out the intentions of the Greeks. Kal y&p: 'and (with even further evidence) for.' 8. CorrTEos VEKw: =: fidei causd, 'to secure his good faith.' As Mithridates had lately come over from the side of Cyrus he was not fully trusted by Tissaphernes, who sent an attendant to watch him. 5. 9. 8o'yfa.: see IDIOMS. 10. Trv o'n'AX.ov &Ki1pVKTOV Elvl: 'that the war should be without heralds,' 'that the war should PAGE 137.] BOOK III. CHAP. III. 325 be truceless;' the enemy had so often masked treacherous designs under a flag of truce. 1roXelc.a: sc. Xcpa. 11. 8&L0E~pov: 'kept trying to corrupt;' sc. olf roxAejoL. G. 1255; H. 832; GMT. 36. 12. Si0LEOeLpav: 'they did corrupt,' expressive change of tense from 5LdO0eLpov. WXeiO; supply the subject from the preceding acc. 13. a.irLcv: G. I587; H. 985. 6. 14. Zao.rro.av: the three days spent near the south bank of the greater Zab (see p. 1oS, 27, and N.) were full of tragic interest. Here, in that brief time, had happened the events related in Book II., chap. v., vi., and Book III., chap. i., ii. It was now late in October, perhaps the 23d. At what point the Greeks crossed the Zab is uncertain. Some think they made use of the principal ford of the river now known in that region, about twenty-five miles from the junction with the Tigris; others locate the passage lower down, or even near the confluence of the rivers. 15. E'rropeVovTo: i.e. in a northerly direction, probably with an idea of getting away from the enemy as rapidly as possible, and also of following the Tigris towards its source till a fordable point could be found. It is surprising that the Persians did not attack the Greeks while fording the Zab. 'rErayiVyvoL: i. e. v 7rAait-'y, as agreed in chap. ii. 36. 16. rpoeXI\\ueOdrvv: sc. avrwr. 17. gXwv: not 'having.' H. 968, b. 7. 19. Ws c(Xos lv: 'as if he were a friend.' G. 1574; H. 978. 23.,VTrEroiovv: sc. KaKcis. See IDIOMS. 24. KpfTecs: enlisted under whom? Cf. p. 55, 28-30. papcxvrEpov: 'at shorter range.' Trcv IIepro-v: = X ol Iepoacu. The Persian bows were very large; see p. 142, 6. 25. r6'v &rrXwv: = rv- 67rAzTrv. The bowmen, being without armor (see p. 32), were placed on the inside of the hollow square. The attack being sudden, they could not immediately get outside, and must shoot, if at all, over the heads of the hoplites. 26. P3paxirTpov A 6s [= are3] EtLKEveoCL'tO: too short a distance to reach' (lit. 'a shorter distance than so as to reach'). G. 1458; H. 954. 27. cr+EvSovlTTcv: G. 1099; H. 739. 8. 28. SLOKTiOV evvai: sc. abo7s, ' that they ought to pursue (the enemy).' Notice the forcible ancap/ora in 8coKrTeo, efIwKov, iC - Ko'rTes. 29. own'rXLorv, r~XTracwr;Tv: partitive gen. with o'l; trans. as if eKEvoL 7wv 67rXIV Krw al 'r Twv reACXwrfiv, o0. 326 BOOK III. CHAP. III. [PAGE 138. 9. 32. IK wrokXoV cEJVyovrtas: 'since they (the infantry of the enemy) fled with a long start,' or ' at a good distance off.' G. I 563, 2; H. 969, b. Page 138.. v 6hlyw Xwp(C: = 'on a short stretch,' implying that if the Greeks had thought best to continue the pursuit far enough, they could have caught up with the fleeing Persians. 2. ovX otov jv: the thought is that it was inexpedient rather than impossible. irrb Tou fXXov ourpLTEV1jaros: ' away from the rest of the army,' here contrasted with the division in pursuit. 8L6KEWV: 'to follow up the pursuit.' 10. 3. Kil. E~VyOVTES: 'even while they fled.' li'rpcoCKov: sc. 7rob "EXA7pvas. 4. els TOtrrUW-Ot TOtY VovrTS: ' by shooting arrows behind them,' as did the Parthians of later time, -a tactic which the better disciplined but more heavily equipped forces of the Greeks and Romans found it difficult to meet. 5. i7ro'ov: 'so far as.' G. 1062; H. 720. 11. 6. rTrs P4iupas 86Xls: 'in the course of the entire day,' advancing as they could. rvy 7^edpav 0'Arv would have implied that they marched all day continuously. G. I136; H. 759. 7. ra&Cxv: why gen.? s8Xqs: here == SEiAns oi4as, as shown by ris 7/eFpas oflxs above. See N. to p. 78, I. 8. K.L!as: referred to p. I35, I3. 10. f-TLwVTO: 'began to find fault with.' 12. 14. 9pyov: 'fact,' = 'result.' 16. Iv r ALE iVELV = 4while we remained stationary,' in order to receive the attack. cvT'WroLetv: see N. to p. 137, 23. 17. otSiv: G. o6o0; H. 7I9, b. 13. 17. nrEt81: 'when once.' aX=iq: 'what is true,' 'what was really the case.' The thought in full is, i7re8 8a' 4eiSrKo/eVr, ifeveTo racwra a7rXp vLUESS, &AWO A7eyovres, atrLaoT'e. 14. 20. XpLs: sc. (rocT. 'Pt ': - 'force' in numbers. 21. "&rT, pXlailc Li jai? eyXa: '(in such a way) as not to do (us) great harm.' G. 1054; H. 7I6, b. 22. 8qXocaLL v: i.e. 8,AcWi-a juAzv Tracra, Vi; with 8EdueOa = 'to show us our deficiencies.' PAGE 139.] BOOK III. CIIAP. III. 327 15. 24. 6Srov: i.e. ToCroovro, crfov; cf. N. to 1. 5 above. ot CK XELpbs P36XXovrEs: ol daKovrt-ra, for which see p. 32. 26. iroXv: with Xcdp'ov, 'a long distance,' 'far.' Cf. N. to 1. 2 above. G. 1062; H. 720. 27. oXCy: sc. Xwpt; see N. to. 1. I above. 28. 'K 'TOrd pu a'ros, 'from the distance of a bow-shot,' 'with a bow-shot the start', 'in case he (the foot-soldier of the enemy) has a bow-shot the start.' 16. 29. 'rlTOVS: i.e. TO' 7rov.s 7rosv: sc. avVara: ro'.. 30. crjEV8OVtT43v: G. 1112: II. 743-. Trv.raXCOrrqv: sc. 66v, ='most quickly,' 'in the quickest way.' G. Io6o; H. 719, a. Page 139. 1. Etvat: 'that there re.' See N. to p. 1Io, 24. 2. TOVS iroXXovs: how different from WroAAoVs? Eo'rrao-Gai: 'know how.' GMT. 915, 2. Kal TO PihoS a'iTcv: for Kald sv Tb 3e'Aos. G. 1040; H. 1oo5. 3. KaC: ' even.' 8sLrXa.-Lov: G. o162; H. 720. o-4Ev8ov<3v: ' slings;' put by metonymy for that which is thrown by means of slings. G. I154; HI. 755, a. 1 7. 4. KKEtvat: ' the latter.' cre~v8ov&v: as subject sc. 'robs reppras. 5. Kal: 'also,' as well as stones. 18. 6. aCOr v: dep. on rivEs, put first for emphasis; order of translation, Ctv o0vy 7TITcrKEi&/EOa, rives avrwTv W7rEavTaL.. 7 TOVTW i.e. rc, T reraVevp, the man who has a sling. aljTv: 'for them,' the slings. Kind of gen. 8. a?. Aas: ie as.0E(pvUtvas. TXXo apyopLov: we should say 'more money.' 9. Tr4 cr-ev8ovav IevTerTayiivC iOXovTr: =L 'for him who of his own free will (i.e. without compulsion) has enrolled himself as slinger.' &kXXrv: 'besides.' 10. 4Tee.Ltav: such as relief from duty as sentry, and the like. 19. 12. TroVs pIv, 'roVis: G. 914; II. 624, d. 13. 'rTvs: indefinite; 'certain ones,' almost = 'a few.' rap' EioC: probably Xenophon had more than one horse of his own, and had charge of those of Proxenus also. TroVs TrV KhXEdpXO K'aTa\rXfXEipqJLvoVS: 'those of Clearchus's (horses) left behind,' when the forty horsemen deserted to the enemy. Cf. p. 96, 24-27. 16. o-Kcuocj6pa [cca] avTi8oL&pv: 'we substitute baggage-animals,' mules and asses. Ets iarmcra: 'for (the use of) riders.' 17. KaTQaoKeVJ&olGWiLV; involves the idea of training as well as furnishing with equipment. O.TOL: oi i7re'TS. 328 BOOK III. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 140. 20. 19. "Es8oe Tralor: see IDIOMS. Traljrs 'rTi VUKTOS: cf. N. to p. I38, 6. 20. i8oKq,8o-0ro0av: 'were (examined and) approved.' At Athens, bocidceSiv was the regular term for the approval of cavalry at the annual muster. 23. 6 IIoXvauTpTrouv: sc. vIus. CHAPTER IV. MARCH UP THE TIGRIS TO THE MOUNTAINS OF THE CARDUCHI. 1. 24. ratnvrv Thv r idEpav: the day on which the horsemen were enrolled; probably Oct. 24., rr &XEX: = r va&rpaiq (stdepq). 25. 7rpcpacrpov: 'earlier' than usual, = 'very early.' Xcap48pav: probably the dry bed of a winter torrent; identified by Layard with the Ghazis, or Bumadus, three parasangs from Larissa. See Layard's Nineveh and Babylon, p. 60. 2. 27. 8LapeEI3I1KdoL: == 'after they had crossed over.' It is surprising that the Persians did not attack the Greeks while crossing, in accordance with the boast of Tissaphernes, p. Ill, I9-21. ca6ots: G. 1179; H. 775. 30.,JTTOl'E, XapfEv: trans. as if plupf. Cf. N. to p. 103, 27. Page 140. 1. Xkp-3: G. 1497, 2; H. 933-. lrLpaSOclreLv: What in the dir. form? G. I286, 1280; H. 948, a. KaTrapovi'cras: sc. abr&v, i. e. Trv 'EAAv^ov. 3. 5. X5apSpas: G. 1117; H. 748. s8BLpaLV: sc. rTv Xapd8pav. 6. ireXTrsa-Trv, 6orrXLTrv: partitive gen. with ov's; in full, 'word had been passed (to those) of the peltasts and heavy-armed men who were to pursue.' 8., Oappoou;: 'boldly.' How lit.? os: why used here? G. I574; H. 978. 4. 9. KarTeaXiElL: 'had overtaken; sc. robs "EAAXhvas. 10. ioir-jl.Ve: sc. o oraAr7rryKws. G. 897, 4; H. 602, c. 11. 90eov odore~: = 'rushed to the attack.' 60dtae implies fighting at close quarters. oQs: for eiceivo oTs. 12. ot 8'; for of 8e roXAZiot. G. 983; H. 654, e. 5. 14. 'Ev cK.r.A.: reason for the asyndeton? JapplpoLs: 'on the side of the barbarians.' G. II65; H. 767. 16. avTo PAGE 140.] BOOK III. CHAP. IV. 329 KXeUO-TOL: i.e. without orders from their officers. 17. iKCG-aTo: 'mutilated.' 1TL cf. IDIOMS. 18. 6opv: sc. avrovs; trans., 'the sight of them.' 6. 19. oo r rpcaGavrE, ' having fared thus.' 20. Tro XoL1rv Srfs 'iq)jpas: about three hours' march, according to Layard; see N. to p. 139, 25. G. o162; H. 720. The Greeks were now marching down the right bank of the Zab toward the Tigris. How far they had gone up the Zab in search of a ford is uncertain. Cf. N. to p. 137, I4. 7. 22. A&apLo-oa: the ruins known to Xenophon by this name were those of Calah, which once stood second only to Nineveh among the Assyrian cities. They are still extensive and imposing, called Nimroud by the natives because of a legend connecting them with Nimrod. The remains of several palaces of the Assyrian kings have here been excavated, with the discovery of many works of art and important inscriptions in the cuneiform character. The name Larissa is thought by some to be a corrupt form of Resen (Gen. x. 12), through the form with the article, Al Resen. See Rawlinson's Ancient Mlfonarchies, vol. i. pp. 200 -203, vol. ii. p. 57 et seq.; Smith's Assyrianz Discoveries, chap. 5; Layard's Nzineveh and its Remains, vol. i. p. 27; Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Chaldaea and Assyria, see NIMROUD in Index. 23. MiSoL: certainly not 'Medes' in the ordinary sense of the term; but cf. N. to p. Io8, 15. TrCXovS: the line of this wall can still be traced on two sides of the ancient city. 26. wrrXvots KpavLIVaCs: see notes to p. 105, 25. Several of the measurements here given by Xenophon have been confirmed by modern excavations. 8. 27. -racirTlv: i. e. 'ra6srv rv wJAXv. paaoLXvEs 6 HEpo'"v: Cyrus the elder; cf. pp. 7, 8. irap& MijS<v iXdAaLpavov: = MSwyv apppovvro. For the tense see G. 1255; H. 832. 29. JtXov: why without article? rpoKacXvafc': -= ' covered over and.' The reference is probably to a heavy fog, such as rise at times along the courses of all large rivers. The meaning may be that the fog so obscured the movements of the enemy that they were enabled to gain the advantage and drive the inhabitants out. But as the Sun-god was one of the deities most worshipped in this region, it is not unlikely that the inhabitants at the time of the siege regarded a continued fog, shutting out the sun, as a sign of the withdrawal of divine favor, and hence left the city in a panic. Though the tradition mentioned by 830 BOOK III. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 141. Xenophon is not confirmed by other authorities, it probably reflects in a distorted way some historical fact. At the same time it should be noted that in Oriental imagery the darkening of the heavens was often associated with the downfall of cities or nations; and some have explained the reference in the text by connecting it with an eclipse of the sun which took place B. c. 556. 30. 4Xka'Lov: sc. aV'Tv. 9. 31. wvLpalLs XLOCvq': this still remains; but as Xenophon doubtless had no time to take exact measurements, in this case his figures are somewhat at fault. The structure originally, as excavations have shown, consisted of successive stages, or platforms, rising one above the other, but each smaller than the one below it. As it fell into ruins the general appearance was naturally that of a pyramid. The material was of brick, but the lowest stage was faced with stone to the height of nearly 24 feet. The present height of the ruin is 14I feet, the length of the sides at the base I5o feet. The purpose of the structure is not well understood; probably at the top there was the shrine of a deity. Cf. Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, p. 123; Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Chaldaea and Assyria, vol. i. p. 386. Page 141. 2. KaT'ra(reevyresu: == ' who had fled.' 10. 4. TTELXOS lgpmlOV: ' a deserted fortress,' doubtless still to be seen among the numerous ruins about the site of ancient Nineveh. 5. MFo-rrLXo: name given to the ruins marking the site of Nineveh, for several centuries the principal city of the Assyrians and of the Euphrates valley; now Koyunjik. Excavations here have brought to light the remains of splendid palaces, among which are those of Sennacherib and Assur-bani-pal (see pp. 6, 7), adorned with many interesting bas-reliefs cut in soft limestone, and other objects of art of great value. In the palace of Assur-bani-pal was found an extensive library of clay cylinders with cuneiform inscriptions, many of which have been deciphered. The name Mespila is by some traced to a Semitic word meaning 'desolated;' by others considered identical with Me'6-wrvAat, ' Middle-gates,' supposed to refer to a crossing over the Tigris at this point. Cf. Smith's Assyrian Discoveries; Ragozin's Story of Chaldaea. Mfq8oL: perhaps the Assyrians are meant; the Medes captured Nineveh B. C. 606, but held it only about sixty years. 6. tEo-iTO KOyXvXLCTov: this fossiliferous stone is still the common material used for building at Mosul, just across the Tigris from ancient Nineveh. 7. eZpos K.c.-.: regarding these dimensions of the wall - width PAGE 141.] BOOK III. CHAP. IV. 331 50 feet, total height 150 feet - Rawlinson remarks (Ancient Monarchies, vol. i. p. 257, N.), "The excavations have not yet tested this statement of Xenophon's; but as his estimate of 20 feet is exactly correct for the stone basement of the walls of Nimroud (Larissa), we may fairly assume that he did not much miscalculate here." 11. 8. TCarU: sc. tcprJr't, 'this foundation.' 10. irEpCoSos K..A.: Xenophon's estimate here seems too great. The actual circumference of the walls of Nineveh, as indicated by the present remains, is barely eight miles. XeyECat: i.e. by the natives, who informed Xenophon of the legend. 11. paorLXeos: Astyages; cf. pp. 7, 8. Ka.Tac4yEv:= ' fled for refuge.' 12. nrr6: 'at the hands of.' 12. 13. b IIfpo'-iv pacwrXEus: see N. to p. 140, 27. XpdO: i. e. by starving the inhabitants out. 14. 43PpovTiTOvS woe0: to what this statement has reference cannot be determined with certainty. The siege of Nineveh is said to have been brought to an end by the Tigris leaving its bed and making a breach in the wall, through which the besiegers entered the city. This may have caused the panic alluded to in the text; but the legend as related is hopelessly obscure. 13. 16. 'EvTE6EV: i.e. from Mespila. It was now about Oct. 26. 17. KaTr: 'in the course of.' 18. TroVs Tr K.T.A.: = E'Xv 'oUs re i7rreas, otis EX'wv avrbs iAOev. See p. 54, 25-28. Opdvra: G. I88, 3; H. 149. See p. I05, 8-Io, and notes. 19. iXovTos: sc. yvvaclKa. os - pappdtpous: = 'robs BapSdpous ou's. G. 1037; H. 995. 20. oils: i.e. 'robs faptdpous ov's. See p. io8, 4-8. 21. g(rovs: for rous 3Bap,3dpovs giaovs. 14. 24. T&s Av K.r..: the Greeks were marching in hollow square. Tissaphernes arranged his troops in three divisions so as to annoy three sides of the square at once - the rear and both flanks - by marching parallel and constantly discharging mis- Persians. siles. The design no doubt was, to force the Greeks to make an attack on one side or the Greeks. other, and then close in all about them so as to let none escape. The relation of the forces was probably as shown in the accompanying figure. Persians. 25. ets r& -rXd-LyLa praayacy(v: = 'having led alongside and against the flanks.' 332 BOOK III. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 142. 15. 27. 8LaaaX0eVTs: ' posted at intervals.' 28. 'Pd8oL: see p. 139, 4-6. KpqrrEs: most MSS. and editions here have 'ScUrat, an unlikely reading. 29. &vSpos: G. o099; H. 739. 30. pSLov jv: i. e. &vapbs a&uaprdveiv. The Persian ranks were very close. Page 142. 16. 2. ot pvy, oL 8': the one (force),' 'the other.' 3. TJ TO6TE &KpofoXCoEL: i.e. with the kind of skirmishing which they had practiced before, 'with their previous skirmishing.' 4. IlHpo'rv: G. 1153; H. 755. 17. 6. KaC: 'also,' as well as the bows made by the Cretans. 7. XCO-KOLTO: G. 1431, 2; H. 914, B, (2). 8. KpqioC: G. Ir65; H. 767. SLEITeOUV XP1liEvoL: 'made constant use of.' G. 1587; H. 985; GMT. 879. 9. ICVTrS: sc. 7Tolelara. The Cretans 'practiced shooting arrows by sending them high up' into the air, so as not to lose them, having of course only a limited supply. 11. jioXVpSos: sc. 'roAXs, from preceding iroAAX. crrTE Xpfo'0c: i.e. bo-re avWrobs T0o6ro0 L Xpf'Oal, 'sso that they could make use of these.' 18. 14. LEiov tXOVTES: see IDIOMS. 16. iroXks aiUT: the region north of ancient Nineveh is still very fertile, though poorly cultivated. 17. rrESCou: not flat, like a prairie, but undulating and intersected by ravines and streams running toward the Tigris. 19. 19. wrXaCo'Lov to-o'wrevpov: cf. p. 135, I8 et seq. 20. roXElp.Cv rrolivwv: trans. by a clause with 'when.' 21. ou-yKvrrrln = are squeezed together. T' Kipara: here = at 7rXevpac, 'the sides' of the hollow square. 68o or' aEVoTipoa otcrq]s: 'because (the) road was narrower (than usual).' G. I568, and 1563, 2; H. 971, a. 23. K0X(pc(rO(aL Tois irX(Ctas: sc. CK rjs TrdeuW, 'that the heavyarmed troops be forced from (their positions in the ranks).' From the figure (Plate IV. 3) and the explanation on pages 35 and 36 it will be seen that the defiling of a hollow square over a narrow place was a somewhat complicated movement. With a large force of cavalry to beat off the enemy, it could be accomplished with very little disorder. But the Ten Thousand had only a few horsemen, and were assailed on every side by a persistent foe. Thus every change of form on the march exposed them to confusion and danger. If we assume the usual formation of the Greek line, eight ranks deep (see p. 36), then the four sides of the square were composed of four PAGE 143.] BOOK IlI. CHAP. IV. 333 oblong masses of heavy infantry, each having a depth of eight men and a length of about 300 men marching in line; for if there were 9,600 men fit for this service, there would be 2,400 on each side. Supposing that a bridge were to be crossed wide enough to allow 30 men to march abreast, the two flanks would simply draw near to each other and pass over, with the light-armed troops and non-combatants in narrow masses between. But the front and the rear lines would be obliged to reduce their breadth from 300 men abreast to 30 men abreast. Under the galling fire of the enemy the change of form would be made hastily, without perfect discipline. As the men naturally would crowd together, some would be forced out of the ranks entirely, others pressed into the wrong places, others perhaps, belonging to the front and rear lines, would find themselves crowded into the flanks. In like manner, after passing the narrow place the ranks would assume their proper form with even greater confusion and delay. 25. ElvaL: sc. avTrovs. iVC&LyK'q: sc. eirfv/. LTClKTOVS: i.e. out of their proper places in the ranks. 20. 27. To or'ov Trwv KEipaCLT: i. e. particularly the space between the ends of the flanks, left unprotected while the front and rear were changing form, and thus exposing the light-armed troops and noncombatants to immediate danger. 30. aro-'a wrpwros: condensed, though pleonastic, for qpOdat Trovs &AXous &oree rpciros eiat. On the discipline of the Greek force see p. 30. Page 143. 21. 1. v&a cKaTbv.vSpas: distributive, 'with a hundred men each.' 2. dXXous: 'others (as).' '1rEVTKOVTrqpa s: see p. 28. 3. O'TOL: ' these' officers and the six special companies. 4. iicrTEpo: G. 926; H. 619, a. ~voXXE\v rot$S KEpacr-: 'to be in the way of the flanks.' There is some difference of opinion regarding the movement here described. The explanation offered by Taylor is the simplest. "These six companies," he remarks, " formed a sort of elastic plug, which, when the companies were marching upon open ground, filled up the space betwixt the flanks and the baggage. When they came to a narrow road or a bridge, the six companies halted and the rest of the square marched on." When this had passed, the six companies, now outside the square (Qw0Ev rwv Kftparrw, 1. 5), also passed on, and when they came to open ground, resumed their former position inside the square. Thus according to the thickness of the column that they formed they could narrow or widen the main column of march. 334 BOOK IIL. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 143. 22. 6. ieEwriCwXaroav: sc. o' 4 AdXoi; iterative impf. G. 1297; H. 835. 7. KaT XdXovs: 'company deep;' i. e. if the flanks were marching fifteen or twenty feet apart, the 600 men would close up that space at the rear by foaming in a column having a front of 6 men and the depth of a company in line, xoo men. 8. Kantr. irEVTrlKOrT-VS: by pentecostyes; i. e. by a column with a front of Iz men and the depth of a pentecostys in line, 50 men. KaCT' viwoloTCas: i. e. with a front of 24 men, and a depth of 25. 9. Tb jLi'ov: see N. to p. 142, 27. 23. 10. SLaB3a(rv: not a cognate acc. 11. {v T'r plAEt: 'in turn,' 'each in turn,' without haste or confusion. oL XoxayoC: i.e. aour ToTs AdXOis, 'with their companies.' 12. Et C T' rou 80o TTs 4aXayyos: 'if there was any need of help in any part of the column (of march).' T: G. I060; H. 719, b. 4iXayyos: dep. on rov. G. 1148; H. 757. 13. crTaOVtois TTrTrpas: i.e. 'four stages' without anything of importance happening; for the same order of march was retained in the following stages. 24. 14. Trbv iripeJrov: it was now probably Nov. 3. P3ioLXELOv rt,: situated on a height of the White Mountains (Tscha Spi), so named from the appearance of the calcareous rock of which they are largely composed. In this region, some think on the same eminence, the Bey of Zakhu has a summer residence. 15. rTv 8' 68ov - yL.yvopivrlv: trans. as if i 5' 6bs - 7y'yverai, or 7 8' 68bs El'ytY ro, 'and the road-led.' Why? 17. troo Opovs: the range of the White Mountains. v-+>': 'at the foot of.' Ko&Pq: i. e. in which or above which the palace lay; visible above the ranges of intervening hills. 18. &criEfvoL: cf. IDIOMS. 19. tiKOS: sC. v..r&v roXEfLCwv K.T..: contains the reason of dbSov... F6LEvo. The Greeks thought that the enemy's cavalry would not be able to move about so easily among the mountains as in the open country. 25. 19. 8e: 'but.' The condition of the Greeks was no better than before, owing to the agility and persistence of the Persian lightarmed troops. 20. &vel3icrav - K-TeaifLvov: notice the difference in tense, -' had gone up,' 'were going down' into the valley between the first and second ridges, or ranges, of hills. 21. 's: = — rT, final. G. 1456; HI. 1054, I, e; GMT. 608, 587, 3. 9rhepov: 'next;' 8et'epov might have been expected. 23. ets rd rrpavis: see IDIOMS, p. 399. 3paXXov iK r.X.: the vividness of the description is height PAGE 144.] BOOK III. CHAP. I. 335 ened by the asyndeton. virb cuoaarlyv: ' under the lash.' Thus cowardly and spiritless subjects were forced to fight 1 No wonder that the Persian forces were no match for the aggressive and free-spirited Greeks. 26. 25. yvvAowv: cf. p. 32. G. o109; H. 741. 'ruov SrXwv: for r-V 67rAirIv. G. 1148; H. 757. The light-armed troops took refuge inside the hollow square, which in its modified form was still the marching order. 26. &io-rE - |crav: how different from oto-E - eval? G. 1449, 1450; H. 927, and a; GMT. 582-584. 27. 6v'res: G. 1563, 2; H. 969, b. o-EvSovfriTVc, 'roTra: emphatic by position. 27. 28. oXoXf: 'slowly,' hence 'with difficulty.' 29. lv'TS: 'because they were.' 30. a'trErri8cav: how different in force from aireiSapaaKoy? Notice the forceful and elegant order of words from croAp to a&7rer76wv. Page 144. 28. 1. 6r6T': 'as often as.' 2. TraVC.: i.e. as often as the pursuing hoplites went back to the rest of the army, the light-armed troops of the enemy rushed forward and renewed the attack as before. &rrb 'ro9 TopC'ru TpT ouv ': after KL'veEv. 3. aTitrots: i. e. TroZs o'rpaTr'yos. 4. &vivyayov: used instead of dvarsyayoiev, as if ovK fidv7Oaa stood instead of IEo&~f A/ KLVE7v. 5. To dpos: the road that the Greeks were following seems here to have run parallel with a mountain, from which jutted out the ridges or spurs which they were crossing. They sent a body of peltasts up the side of the mountain. These made their way along in a line parallel with the main force, but so high up that the enemy could not get a position above them, and did not dare to attack the main force on that side from fear of being between two fires. Perhaps the other side of the road was protected by a sharp descent or by ravines; but in any case the fact that the peltasts had the advantage of position and could charge in a moment to the relief of any part of the line of march, checked the aggressiveness of the enemy. 29. 7. l7. iroTP'qdEV: for subject refer back to iroA4jioL in 1. 6. 8. oL rOXl oLOL: here 'the enemy'from the Persian standpoint; hence referring to the Greeks. 30. 9. ol piv: the main force. Kara`: 'over.' oL 8e: the peltasts. 10. aKOa: ' along.' See N. to I. 5 above. Ta'S KWI.aS: 336 BOOK III. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 145. mentioned as in sight, p. 143, I5. 11. LaTpous: probably soldiers who had had experience in caring for the wounded, now detailed for this special work. Up to this time few of the Greeks had been wounded, — a surprising fact, considering the circumstances. 31. 13. 'EvTCaO': i.e. Iv T7'aC KscoLas. TrV TETpOWiEVWV: G. 1151; H. 758. 14. KCaC: connects the causal phrase with a causal clause. 15. tirros rupp3EpkXtlfvas: 'collected (as fodder) for horses.' GMT. 142. 16. Tr c'-apaClEiovTL: G. II86; H. 769. X5pas: G. I1o9; H. 741. 32. 17. wrECov: north of the White Mountains. 19. KaTarcKqvi'~rac: = 'to take quarters;' for the tents had been burnt. Cf. p. 134, 6. o: for CvraiOa o0. 22. Trv 4EpdOVTWv: sc. TroU TrETpW^cvoUS. 33. 23. KaTEoKlvTvcirav: sc. ol "EAXXlvs; trans. as if plupf. acvrots: dat. because of the idea of fdXcaO0ai involved in daKpoBoMACEoOaL. 25. 8iFeepev: see Vocab. iK X&pas: 'from a position.' 26. t: used because of the comparative force in Sie(ppEv. EIrLoot: 'when charging against (them).' 34 28. Bt. eCi: cf. N. to p. 78, I. cwrivcLa: G. 1521; H. 952. 30. 'EXXqvtKo9: G. 1132; H. 751. filjKovTa ao-TaciWv: = ) 4ijtcovTa Orraafovs. rfs VVKTO6s: why not r^v vY6cTa? 31. tirC(ovTaL: the subj. here seems more forcible than the opt., implying the constant presence of the fear. G. 1369; H. 88z, a; GMT. 365. 35. 31. irovlpldv: 'a troublesome thing,' ='in bad condition.' 32. arVots: = 'their.' G. II70; H. 767. Page 145. 1. uds ld rT, roXiv: see p. 404. ro0 ph31 cj~yEWiv WVEK: sc. avro6s, = 'that they may not get away.' G. I151; H. 758. The horses were both tethered and hobbled. 2. el XuvOe: the thought in full is, itrep &v rodiafocav, el XveZi v. 3. IlipcTr 4vSpC: for rnporyv &vYpa. 5. KaC: connects an adv. and a gen. abs. OopVpov $vros: freely, in case of a panic.' 6. 'EXXkvwv: G. 1148; H. 757. 36.. S8ayyeXXokLopvous: 'were passing the word through (the ranks).' G. 1588; H. 982. iK^pvue: sc. 6 KjpvU. 9. Koodv'tvov 'aCv iroXep~ov: = 'in the hearing of the enemy.' The Persians of PAGE 146.] BOOK III. CHAP. IV. 337 course understood the Greek signals; cf. p. 96, 9-I3, and notes. The object of the proceeding was to see what the Persians would do in case they thought the Greeks intended to make an advance by night. 10. iropcias: G. 1117; H. 748. 11. aOiTOVS... rTpa'r6dre8ov: 'for them to be marching and getting back to their camp by night.' 12. o-rpacr6resov: already prepared by the non-combatants while the troops were still following the Greeks. 37. 15. KaC: 'also,' as well as the enemy. avaEvtiacvrEs: 'broke camp and.' Early in the day the Greeks had quartered in a village; see p. 144, I9-25. 16. r6b ETarv: ' the (distance) between.' 17. OVK f+4vqo'oav: ' did not come in sight.' 20. aKpovuiCav: in apposition with Xwpfov. A spur from the mountains on the right jutted out across the line of their advance. The Tigris prevented a detour to the left. The Greeks must either force a passage over the ridge, or retreat. v4': 'near the foot of.' 21. TrE8ov: another stretch of gently rolling country, north of the mountainous region through which they were passing. 38. 23. &rbi Tis ovopa: cf. p. I35, 29-30. 24. ELS Tb irpo6orev: see IDIOMS. 39. 25. 7rTLaivLVd.EvoOV: 'showing himself,' 'coming into view' in the rear. Only a detachment of the Persian troops had been sent for. ward to hold the pass. G. 1582; H. 982. 27. acir'6s: 'himself' alone, without taking the peltasts as directed. Tt: 'why.' Sc. 4id. G. io6o; H. 719, b. 28. "EEcrrLV op&v: sc. rOL; 'you can see for yourself.' i'Ltv: 'against us.' G. I65; -. 767. 29. Xd6os: 'height.' gcrrL: =-potest. G. 144, 5; H. 480, X. Page 146. 40. 3. 9prl,: i.e. without the peltasts, who were acting as rear-guard. T- 6IrUoT0-v: -= 'r ovpdv. 4. 'AXXd K.T.: transition to dir. disc. 5. qT!: sc. 6 XEipiaropos. 'rLs: here = French on or German man; trans. 'we.' cireXc: G. 665, 2; H. 424. 41. 7. vrwap acro-O Toi earvUTv orpaTEvp.aT'os: 'directly above their own army.' How lit.? The summit of the mountain on their right was higher than that of 'the spur, or ridge, over which their road ran,' which was held by the enemy. Cf. p. I45, 19-21, and N. 338 BOOK III. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 147. 8.!fo8ov: sc. oobaa, ' that (there was) a way of approach.' 9. Kp&CTcrrov: sc. ea'rt. 10. TiO &KpOV: i.e. TYv KopUvqv ro0 opovs. 11. SaXk: see N. to p. 91, 2I. 12. 4eOio: why not fo6XouaL? 42. 14. 'AXX: ' But (instead of making a choice myself).' 15. eX'r0aL: object of 8iao/Mt; in our idiom, 'I leave it with you to choose. 16. EnrrWv: = 'with the remark.' 17. o: refers to Xenophon. G. 1179; H. 775. o-rofaTos: here = primi agmainis, 'van.' 18. paaKpbv iv: longum erat, = 'it was too far,' 'it would take too long.' How lit.? 43. 19. ao-v.irinrE: sc. a3rtQ. 2. roVs Kcar&d f1i'ov To wrXamolov: 'the (peltasts stationed) at the middle of the square;' these Chirisophus drew from inside the square to take the place of those sent with Xenophon. 21. ca'u: i. e. EvoQwcvyt. The three hundred men, hoplites no doubt, were to follow as best they could after the peltasts. 22. r7Cv E{rLXMKT)VV: partitive gen.; probably refers to the 600 picked men enrolled a few days previously to guard the front and rear; by some, however, thought to refer to a special bodyguard which Chirisophus perhaps had, according to the Spartan custom. 44. 23. 'EvTrEOEv: 'Thereuppn.' Reason for the asyndeton? 24. avr&v: i.e. Trwv 'EhAA4vv. 25. &ppltro'av &LaXXooeaiL: 'rushed forward to make a race.' nl T'rb &KpOV: why repeated? 45. 27. 8LaKE6EvojLevWV: pl. because Tro 'EAA7vycou arpare6aros is thought of as r&v 'EAhhivv crrpafrLwrwrv. G. 92o; H. 633. Notice the forcible and graceful anaphora and chiasmus in this section. 46. 31. a&FuXX&cr-Oa sc. 7isas. 32. 'Srruias, 'yvoatKas: in such expressions we usually put the ' wives' first. Page 147, 1. Trv Xoirriv: sc. od6v, 'our future march,' = 'our march for the future.' G. io51; H. 715 b. 47. 2. E to-rovr: 'on equal footing.' 3. 4i'' trrou: see IDIOMS. 4.,E'pcov: G. I563, 2; H. 969, b. 48. 4. Kat s: = ial OlTOS, 'and he.' 7. Xwov: 'with (it).' GOpaKa rbv itrrLK6v: heavier than that of the infantry. 9. uira PAGE 148.] BOOK III. CHAP. V. 339 yew: 'to lead on step by step,' without waiting for Xenophon. TrapLIvat: i.e. not to wait for him. Struggling along on foot with his double weight of armor, Xenophon could hardly keep up with the rest. 49. 12. Xa'PovTa: 'to take - and.' 13. 6 8': sc. EyoqWyv. &vacd.s: sc. f' 'lr'rov. Xenophon had taught a salutary lesson. pdroLF.a iv: i.e. Ta Xwpia Y'riroLs dLa'/ya Yv. 15. 6O&vovocr v K.T.A.: 'they reached the summit before the enemy.' How lit.? CHAPTER V. CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO A DECISION TO ENTER ARMENIA. 1. 17. "EvOa K.r.X.: properly a part of the preceding chapter; such bad divisions are sufficient evidence that the work as originally written was not divided into chapters, at least as at present. 18. oL J>ljl TLororaE'pvrlv Kal 'ApLtaov: 'Tissaphernes and Ariaeus and their men,' who had been following in the rear of the Greeks. See p. 145, 25, 26. 20. 686v: with &rworpa'7rdJEvol. 21. eSCov: previously seen from the heights; cf. p. 145, 2I. It lies southwest of the mountains of the Carduchi. See Map. 2. 26. K ca yap: 'and (they were scattered about getting booty) for.' 27. SLcapiLPaaoLEEva diEs TO rrepav 'while being taken over to the further side.' Page 148. 3. 1. TLrora<)Epvqs.. IL.ES: chiasmus. 3. ivVOOVJIEVOL p.i: involves a conception of fearing; 'being apprehensive that.' G. 1362, 3; H. 887; GMT. 365. ed K&OLEV: i;. e. El or' roAX/otI ras KCUCCs KcdoIev. 4. 6orowev: cf. N. to p. I04, 24. 4. 5. iK T'iS pooel0as: =- 'from rendering assistance' to the soldiers attacked while taking booty, to the relief of whom Chirisophus and his men had gone; cf. p. 147, 24-26. KaTie-: i.e. from the summit of the mountain (cf. p. 147, 15), where Xenophon and his detachment had kept guard till the rest of the troops had passed safely by; 340 BOOK III. CHAP. V. [PAGE 148. hence he reached the villages when Chirisophus had already repulsed the enemy and was returning. 7. oL "EXXlqves: for ofi afpl XElpio'oqoov. 5. 8. iJLeVTCas: sc. av'Tos (i. e. robs' roAE~/ious), 'that they are conceding that the country is already ours.' jv: sc. Xcpav, = the country which.' 9. KCi&ft: sc. 7I/as; see p. I03, 10-I7. 10. &dk': 'but (in vain for).' 11. WevrOa t: for Tvrav0o. 6. 12. pon9itv lir: 'to go to the rescue against.' 13. Ttil qiTerpas: sc. Xdpas. 14. OJKOV 4pOLY/ SoKEt: 'I at least don't think so.' 15. KfWpev: G. 1344; H. 866, I. 7. 16..r&Cs 'rKvl s: 'their quarters;' cf. N. to p. 144, 19. IrEpC: '(busied) about.' 19. opi: in the country of the Carduchi, where the Tigris breaks through the mountain-chain. The appearance of the mountains is most formidable from the south, where the Greeks now were. won'orap 's: what river? 20. ds: for rre. Iv'pePXEv: 'reached above (the surface of the water).' 'rrepotE'voLs: 'when they tried.' G. 1172, i; H. 771, a and b. 21. PdOovs: G. o099; H. 738. 8. 22. cTrots: G. 1179; H. 775. 23. KBa' TT'paKt-XLlXovS BowXCkas: 'four thousand hoplites at a time.' 24. v: = rTaa iv. 9. 25. rovu, 'AO'Kv: why not acc.? 26. 8Lo'XiXCov: a skin for every two men; see p. I49, 2. 27: &: includes the different animals previously mentioned. G. 1021, (a), and 924, (a); H. 628, and 615, (2). 28. 4vo-rt0evTaC: agrees with a, but refers to the skins taken off, from the idea of sepcaTra involved in & a&ro~ap'rTa; brief expression for pvor'v-OrwV rv TV 8EpdCrdTwv. O/v rrap6xo: the condition is involved in a&rosapev'ra, -== e acroap~et. G. I563, 5; H. 969, d. The Rhodian no doubt got his idea from the floats and rafts of inflated skins used by the natives. Cf. N. to p. 70, 20, and p. Io8, 25. 10. 31. ppCo-cLs.. 4s aes: ' after I have made each float secure by hanging stones (from it) and letting (them) down.' 32. 8Layay'v sol &apor0ipCoev 86io'as: 'when I have extended (them) across and made (them) fast (to the banks) on both sides (of the river). PAGE 150.] BOOK III. CHAP. V. 341 Page 149. 11. 1. ClrpaXC... iirLopo'r o: chiasmus. 3. ~EtL,b siLA KCTaSvCLL: 'will keep —from sinking.' G. 155I; H. 96I, a. &rOrE ifL 6iXLcr0aavEv: noticeable change of construction from the preceding clause. 4. ao-X'oreL: why not dual or plural? 12. 7. KoXlVo'ovrEs: why not KwAJovTEs? ot... 'woLtv: order of translation, of EvOvs ('at the outset') &v 9Wr;epeoroV 70oS,rpWcros (-'those first making the attempt') Lrorev outev rovr,.v. 8. &v VrieTpErIov: sc. e eTreXElpovv. G. 1340; II. 903; GMT. 247. 13. 9. rtVv trrEopatcav: sc. 7jpepav, probably Nov. I I. ElS Troi.LiraXtv: in what direction? Cf. Map. 11. Tds iEvEv: - Tavrtas (a&s KCWIas) 4 iiv; refers to the villages in which the Greeks had spent the night. 12. OavpatourLv: dat.; the thought is, 'like men waiting in amazement to see.' G. 1175; H. 773. 13. TpIEljovTa.: more vivid than TPrpe,'o0 o. G. 1498; HI. 933; GMT. 670, (a). 14. 17. TAlV wraoav X wpav: trans. as if nom. with ris, = 'what sort of country all that was around (them), (in) each part.' 1I. 878. 15. 18. WT gRuv: sc. Xwpia, 'the (parts).' 19. TrS [60ov] rrL: with e>, 'were on the (road) toward.' G. 1094, I; II. 732. 20. ij 84: sc.. is. orcvra: see N. to p. 108, 6. We learn from Xenophon's Cyroiaedia (VIII. VI. 22) that Persian kings used to pass the winter season, seven months, in Babylon; the spring, three months, in Susa; and the hot season, two months, in Ecbatana. 22. 8La-.vrrL: 'if you cross,' 'if one crosses.' How lit.? G. 1172, 2; H. 771, a and b. 23. E'pOL: 'led.' 24. T'TPafLVpiJr: = 'lying.' 'TL: repeated for emphasis, marking the route finally decided on. es: = 'into the country of.' See N. to p. 53, 22. 16. 25. ToUTOVS: i. e. robs KapsouXovs. uacxrav: i. e. the captives ' said.' 26. pa3crLeos: see N. to p. 52, 3. CLKOVLV: in the sense of v'raiKovev. tlJpaXetv Eds aCrLTOs: = invaded their country.' No mention of this expedition has been found elsewhere. 27. 8s;8eKa pvpLCLas: trans. as if gen.; sc. &vpCov. 29. irpds: with.' Page 150. 1. Kai K.r.h.A: =- al 0ca fv Taivs re (opaftav) eriryrayvlrvat lrpbs e&Ceivous ical nvas EKErlvw eE'7ri/jyvuvvat rpbs eaU-ovs; trans., 'and some of them (they said) had dealings with the Carduchi, and some of 342 BOOK III. CHAP. V. [PAGE 150. the Carduchi had dealings with them.' G. T091; H. 734. aTFlyvvvaL: represents what mode and tense? G. 1431, I, and 1522; H. 914 and 946. a-wv: = Eavurwv. 17. 3. ros.... EiSev: 'those who said that they knew (the route leading) in each direction.' 4. oS&v: not obj. of IrOLo4-avrES. G. Io6o; H. 719, b. 8jiXov: agrees with the clause Phrot ropeveraOa eyeAXAov, which stands as obj. of the part., 'making (it) clear,' = ' disclosing.' 7. Toiros: i. e. Kapo6Xovus, = ' this country,' 'this people.' H. 712, c. 8LEXOdvTaS: sc. aurrov, - o= TOS EAArvas. 9. Eihropov: sc. -ropefeoffoa. eiarav: i. e. oe eaAwxKodrs earayv. 18. 10. trl Vroirots: 'upon this,' thereupon.' iBO'cavro: 'they offered sacrifice,' as was customary in starting out upon a new undertaking. 11. Trv irreppoXijv- -,I1 lrpoKa'Tl8rtf0E(C:: = -- & rTepBoA\ - rpoKicaaAn7f6c>e. What is this species of attraction called? 13. -vo-"KEuLao-cLEvovs: 'pack up their baggage and.' 14. ILS rapcayyeX] l: ' any one should pass the word along.' The usual signals were not to be given; the order to march was to be passed from one to another. BOOK IV. A 0 r 0: cf. title on p. 51, and notes. A': = TriapTos. CHAPTER I. MARCH AMONG THE CARDUCHIAN MOUNTAINS. Page 151. 1-4. 1-20. "Ooact piv... T& &KCpa: contains a summary of the preceding books. Section I presents a general view of the whole narrative up to this point, similar to that at the beginning of Books II. and III. Sections 2, 3, and 4 summarize the latter part of Book III., and the beginning of section 5 connects naturally with the closing words of Book III. Three good manuscripts omit sections 2, 3, and 4. Cf. p. I9, I-6, and notes. 1. 1. vapLo-i: 'Up-march,' from Sardis to Cunaxa. 2. IiXqls: see Book I. chap. viii. 8-cL: sc. eeveTro; refers to the narrative from I. x. to II. v. ev ' during.' 4. 6ora - iroepqiq l spos 'all the attacks that were made upon.' trapapdciv'ros... TLcrroafEpvovs: trans. by a clause, ' after the king and Tissaphernes,' etc. 2. 8. MvOa0: '(to the point) where.' G. 1028; I-T 996. 9. nrdpoos: ' passage along the river. 10. Tr KcapSouLa otpt: rising from hills and precipices a few hundred feet high at the river to heights of ten thousand feet further back. doroTopaL - CKpCFaUTo: ' hung sheer,' 'hung right' over. avtiroO roo iroractov; why not ToO avroU roratoaO? 11. 8&a TaVv opEWov: i. e. taking a course away from the Tigris, the general direction of which the Greeks were following. There are now two roads across the mountains in this region (about Finik) - one over 344 BOOK IV. CHAP. I. [PAGE 152. the heights along the river, and traversed with extreme difficulty in winter; the other, generally regarded as following the route taken by the Greeks, bending eastward from the Tigris through the MarYuhannah valley. 3. 12. r&V aXLKrKO0EVOY: = ' from the captives.' 13. SLIX0oev: = peragrassent. 15. SLapicrovrTC: apodosis to El &iL'AOoiLE (= eav 8seA0?Tre, in dir. form) as well as ediayv Sovwvra.. G 498; GMT. 690. ireptia'CrL: sc. ras wrrdys. For the tense see G. 1257; H. 828, a, end. 16. AeXyero: G. 898; H. 602, R. irpo-ro roV0 TCyp-rTos: for rpo'aw TaW (irVyv) roO TkIyp7'ros. General Von Moltke, who travelled in this region, stated that the sources of the Tigris are hardly more than i,ooo or 1,500 paces from the Euphrates. 17. oTrrL oirTws gXov: emphatic, 'this is actually the case.' The Greeks established the truth of the statement later., 4. 18. dEs KapSoVXovs: cf. N. to p. 53, 22. c8E: explained by 7reLp4EYvoL K.T.A. 19. &Xa: G. 1572; H. 976; GMT. 858. 4a'craL: sc. ireLp&yEVOL. 20. KCTaXapElv: G. 1469, 1470; H. 924, a, and 955. 5. 20. jv: G. 897, 3; H. 602, d. It was now about Nov. I2. 21. 4uXaK~iv: how many watches did the Greeks have? Cf. p. 35. How many did the Romans have? Sbrov: ' enough ' or ' sufficient' for them to cross the plain in the dark. The expression in full would be, Trooorov r7jS vvICcrbs teeirero broov 5v iabChv avTrous iKcorTaovs Se6OEiv rb rE&gov, or something similar. Cf. G. T526; H. 952. orKoratovS. G. 926; H. 619, a. 22. Tb TrreStov: in which the Greeks were encamped; see p. 147, 21 et seq. wrob 'rapa~yyaXoccos: instead of the usual signal with the trumpet, the order to march was passed from mouth to mouth, that the enemy might not hear. 24. rb dpos: cf. p. I5o, 5-8. Page 152. 6. 2. Xaw3v Trb &a4' aUVr6v: with his own corps,' 'with his own division,' consisting of hoplites only. 3. &TrOr9ouXactLv: here used attributively; trans.,' of the rear-guard.' 4. p4: 'that,' used because of the idea of fearing in Kiclvvvos. 5. &vw iropevojevov: sc. avbri, 'while they were going up' the mountain. wIrLr'rolTo: see efs7roaal. So soon as the Greeks had entered the Carduchian Mountains, Tissaphernes and Ariaeus, giving the Greeks PAGE 152.] BOOK IV. CHAP. I. 345 up as lost, went with their forces back to Asia Minor, Orontas and Tiribazus to Armenia. 7. 6. &vatpavetE: historical present, inserted in a series of past tenses, to make the narrative more vivid. 7. u'yeiTo': r 'led slowly,' as they descended. aLE TO7b irEppa3XXov TOV arTpEta'LvQfTos: freely, 'the parts of the army crossing over in succession.' 8. K"-!pas: the defiles of these mountains now contain many villages, inhabited mainly by Kurds. 8. 10. IKXLtW6VTS: trans. by a finite verb. 12. iv: cf. p. 64, 29, and N. Xa\KwuJaXcrL: the Kurds to-day, says Ainsworth, "take great pride in their copper utensils." 13. KaTreoKeuacr.Ojevai: refers to permanent equipment or furnishing, while rrapacrKeu&aoa implies that which is temporary. 15. FroLeL.SoevoL, e;: 'sparing (them purposely), on the chance that.' G. 1420; IH. 907; GMT. 488. 16. 6s SL. cthLXCLs rf's Xopas: i.e. S&a r&7s ('their') Xcpas Ws &ic (riias (Xcpas). The Greeks expected to meet with friendly treatment at the hands of the Carduchi, on the ground of both being enemies of the king. 9. 17. EirrLuyX vot: 'might come upon (any).' 19. KaXOUVTWV: sc. avrwv, ' when they (the Greeks) called.' RXho tLXLKbV oviev: 'anything else (that was) friendly.' 10. 21. iI o-KOTatOL: -= when it was already dark.' SLt T: 'on account of the fact that,' etc. 22. Xv rnv irv pav - a1J'ToLs yfEvco: in our idiom, ' had taken them the whole day.' IIow lit.? 23. aCTots: G. 1173; H. 768, and a. 26. oXtyoL 6'vrEs: - 'although but few.' ef &rpoO8oK1ou: = ex improviso.. Yap: introduces the reason why the Carduchi had not collected in greater numbers. The modern Kurds fight in scattered bands, never being united in one government, and often attack by night. 11. 27. Et - aTru\eXyjlcrav: - si collecti fuissent.. G.397; H. 895. rrkeovs: nom., ' in greater numbers.' 28. KLVVSVEucrOEV dv SLcacapflvat: ' would have been in danger of being destroyed.' 29. oiiTos: 'as they were.' 30. wupa.: 'watch-fires,' 'signalfires,' such as often made use of by the Swiss and other inhabitants of mountainous countries. 31. arvveiopwv a\4XiXovs: 'were keeping one another in sight' by means of the signal-fires. 346 BOOK IV. CHAP. I. [PAGE 153. 12. 32. oruvveo9o-L - SoE: = 'came together and voted that.' Cf. N. to p. 63, 22. Page 153. 1.. avayCKaia: i. e. those that could not be spared. 3. tXovras, KaTaXtrtwvras: might have been in the dat. Why? G. 928, I; H. 941. 13. 4. orxoXaCcv: 'slowly.' G. 926; H. 619. Elrotovv: pl. out of regard to the meaning rather than the number of the neuter subjects. 5. rroXXika OVTCa: ' on account of their number.' G. I563, 2; H. 969, b. 6. Eirl TroUoLs VTrEs: = 'who were in charge of these.' 8. &avOpSrowv: including both soldiers, noncombatants, and captives. Render in a clause commencing with 'since.' H. 97r, a. 8sdav Taiita: ace. abs., instead of eSoSe raura Kai. G. 1569; H. 973, and 974, a; GMT. 851. 14. 10. ViroorTvrTes c.TA..: the generals stood in a pass where the soldiers could march through only in a narrow column. 11. e1 T: 'whatever.' G. I393, 2; H. 894, 2. TWv etp~JlEcvdv: i.e. roIrwv, & E~pljTo &aeVCai 1. 12.rv tR 'r(s T: 'except whatever any one.' GMT. 477. 13. KXEiXEV: = 'smuggled through.' otov K.T.h.: condensed expression for ofov ) traka ) yvuvaiKa TWV EvlrpErwT (part. gen.), er0vu-,iuas (causal) ai'Tr&v. rtracLos, yuvaLKos: attracted to the case required by ernOv/u.a-as. G. o102; H. 742. 15. TI& Yv - 'rtL sE: now - now,' 'sometimes - sometimes.' TL LCaXdlievoL: 'fighting somewhat,'=-'doing some skirmishing.' G. 1054; H. 716, b. &va'ravdoevoL: i. e. dsva7raudvuevos Tro /'LdXEOai. 15. 16. Eis Trpv virTrpaCa&v [i7pApav]: 'by the next day,' probably Nov. 13. It was time for the beginning of winter in the highlands of this region. yVyveTa': freely, ' had arisen.' 16. 20. T&v XLopCowv: i.e. through which they were going; used instead of 65oO. 21. rtS8LsoKOTES: expresses manner, cause, or means? 22. waplyyeXXev: ' passed the word along' to Chirisophus and his division at the front. 23. STr: 'as often as.' 24. 4riKEOLVTo: involves the idea of erirTOovro; cf. Lat. instare. G. 1431, 2; II. 94,, (2). 17. 25. rwapeyyuTO: why opt.? 26. TTrE 8': 'but in this instance;' as opposed to the general practice of Chirisophus PAGE 154.) BOOK IV. CHAP. I. 347 expressed by &A\OTre Vcre'EvE. 27. rrapryiy'i: i.e. to Xenophon as well as to the rest. OTr wp&ayp TL: ' that there was some difficulty,' ' that there was something the matter.' 28. crXoXi K..X.: sc. avo', 'he (i e. Xenophon) had no time to go forward and see.' 29. Tois 7rL-'0oovXaaLv: trans. as if gen. G. II73; H. 768. The rear-guard found it difficult to fight and at the same time retreat rapidly enough to keep up with the front of the column. Page 154. 18. 2. SLtaIpirEpS rhV KEcatlv: sc. 'roEu0EIS, ' shot with an arrow right through his head.' G. io58; H. 718. 19. 4. Wornrep EJXEV: 'just as he was,' i.e. without any delay. 6. vaLyKCdtovTo: i.e. Xenophon and the rear-guard; abrupt change of subject from vr'Lpsevev. E~VYOVTES &.ila I.aLXEO-0cL: 'to flee and fight at the same time.' G. r572; H. 976; GMT. 858. 7. KIc v~v K.T.A.: sc. i1oX; the sudden change to dir. disc. suggests the excitement of the speaker. 8. avEEcrOea: 'to take up' the bodies. To leave the dead unburied under any circumstances was considered by the Greeks an impious and unpardonable neglect of duty. After the naval battle of Arginusae, five years before this time, six of the admirals were condemned to death because of the failure to gather up the bodies of the dead, and rescue those still living from the wrecks. 20. 8. raoKptvcTaL: asyndeton of quick reply. 11. JiLa ai'"rTq 86s K..\.: sc. ecrv, ' the only road is this' (with a gesture of the hand) 'which you see, a steep one.' 12. gEo-rrL: cf. p. 145, 28, and N. TOO-OJTov: accompanied by a gesture pointing out the enemy's forces. 13. KaT'rEt(dOTEis: trans. as if Ka-relAhactpa- Kai. KpcacTLv: ' egress,' 'way out,' from the narrow defiles through which they had been passing to more open ground, —perhaps a plateau of limited area marking the commencement of a still higher range. 21. 13. Trac O' yw T-TrErvsov: = ' I made haste thus,' ' this was my (reason for) haste.' G. 1054; H. 716, b. 14. it: - 'to see if,' 'on the chance that.' G. 1420; H. 907. 16. ol jCacrLv cEvaL:= 'say that there is no.' See N. to p. 60, 2. 22. 17. 'AX': ' But (even if they do say so).' 18. wrpayIraTa iraptiXov: sc. oi Kap~ovXot. See IDIOMS. lrrep: i. e. iT fvespEiE. 19. J19. s avavCoraiL lrroqroe: 'gave us a chance to 348 BOOK IV. CHAP. I. [PAGE 155. catch our breath.' 20. trov TroV'rov: ' this very (purpose).' 21. iypE.o'Crv: sc. avbro7s, ' them as guides.' 23. 23. el: G. I6o5; H. IoI6. 24. OVK Hl: for H' OUK tEisva. f6cov: = ' threats and tortures;' render in a clause beginning with 'although.' H. 971, c. 25. 6pvros: we should say ' in the sight of,' ' before the eyes of.' 24. 26. o0TOS: the captive that had just been killed. 27. aoVrco iTVYXavE Ov'ycTn'qp: sc. ocra, ' he happened to have a daughter.' G. 1586; H. 984. 28. irap' &vSpL;K8SE8o!JiV: 'married (and living) with her husband.' av3pl &fc8eoIevUr would mean simply ' married'; hence the prep. airTOs trans. as if subject acc. with }yrjorer0aat, with which also av'ro6s or liervovs should be supplied as object. 29. lropEveoIcora: dep. on Svva,-vz. G. 1527; H. 952. 68ov: G. 1057; H. 75, b. 25. 30. el: as in 1. 23. 31. 8: trans. as if Ral -roVro, 'and unless some one should seize this in advance.' 'Ts: refers to the Greeks. Page 155. 26. 1. o'uyKaEo'trTas: sc. aTrovs, i.e. Chirisophus and Xenophon. 3. Tr& 7rap6vTa: sc. 7rpdyLaTa, 'the present crisis.' l: G. i6o05 H. Ioi6, and b. &vip: in pred.; why not ace..? 4. roo-rTCs c0'XovT's: 'by undertaking as a volunteer.' 27. 5. vit'cravTraL: i.e. bv5o-a'ravra' OeXovTra. iryovJvivo: render by a conditional clause. H. 971, b. 10. iov 28. 11. Trv yup.'Vrtov: light infantry would be especially needed in scaling the height if the enemy should interfere. 12. NOIEoL: opt. because the historic present Epwc-rorv is felt as a secondary tense. GMT. 171. 13. wroXkcLXov rroXXoi: cf. N. to p. 94, i6. iroXXoO: G. 1135; H. 753, f. PAGE 156.] BOOK TV. CHAP. II. 349 CHAPTER II. STRUGGLE WITH THE CARDUCHI AT A PASS. 1. 15. ol 8': i.e. Chirisophus and Xenophon. atrois: the volunteers. j4cay6ovcas. ' to eat quickly and.' 17. ruvvrCEVTaL: 'they arranged with (the volunteers).' ' rev VUKTir. with quidTretwv. 18. Xdpowto: i. e. olf eeAovrTa. O EiKpov: see p. I54, 30-32. The location of this summit, as well as of the pass, is uncertain. But the military movements described in this chapter were no doubt somewhat as indicated in Plan IV., facing p. 156. 19. rovs dva ovTras: i. e. the volunteers on the summit. 20. roUs KaTriXOvTas: the Carduchi at D on the Plan. 21. o-upvpoiqNoEIcv: G. I286; H. 948, a. EKPaCvovTES: i. e. out of the ravine or valley, on the other side of which the steep 'egress' leading up to the plateau was held by the enemy. os liv SUVoVTra: the apodosis is in crvJ/Soi67Bjrev. G. 1434; HI. 65I, a, and 916; GMT. 529. 2. 22. TaTra o-rvv0egvoi: 'in accordance with this agreement,' we should say. oL pLv: i.e. of uev fOAFovTar.. -\rX09os. why acc.? 23. Sowp roXik K.Tr..: in our idiom, 'a heavy rain fell.' 25. oL woXjAioL 'rrpoo'EXoLev - X&do~Ev ol IrEpLLdvTES * chiasmus. Xenophon led forward to the edge of the ravine at 1B, in view of the enemy at D. 26. ot repoLLdvrTS the volunteers on the circuitous road a b d e'. 3. 28. wrpbs TO OpOLov: i.e. up the steep 'way out,' C E. Trans. the clause freely, 'which (they) must cross in order to reach the ascent.' Page 156. 1. bepo'^Evoi: - ' in their course.' Iow lit.? The rocks were rolled down into the ravine from the opposite side. 2. 8LEcrov8OVCvTO: i. e. were dashed to pieces and the fragments scattered as if thrown from a sling. 4. 3. T'r edo'8Sc: 'the entrance' to the ascent. G. 1175; H. 772. Srvacvro: G. 1393, 2; H. 894, 2. Sc. TreAaEcaL. y5. ve'ro: why not opt.? G. 1464; H. 922. airavets v eva ct a'rLdvTr: =-'that they could go away without being seen.' 6. airijXov: while the 850 BOOK IV. CHAP. II. [PAGE 156. volunteers had been following the road a b c d, Xenophon and the rear-guard had advanced to the ravine at B, and drawn the attention of the enemy at D so that the flank movement might not be noticed. When it became dark Xenophon and his men 'went back' to A, where the main body of the Greeks was, for supper. cvdPLo-ToL: for the reason why the men of the rear-guard had been without breakfast see p. 153, i6-24. 8. 8L' 8\X]s 'qs VUKTOS: 'at intervals throughout the night.' How different in force from SX7lV TAV vCTa? KVXCvSoVTES: G. 1580; H. 98I. 9. +0l+6: G. 181; H. 776. 5. 10. KiK\X: i.e. by the circuitous road. Xenophon now relates the deeds of the volunteers. 11. Tros u XaKas: i.e. rovs 4<6AaKcas v v Kapo6xuwv, at c in the Plan. 12. KaTCL8UtgaVTes: 'pursuing down (the hill).' Apparently the outpost was stationed on an elevation not far from the foot of the main summit; cf. p. 157, 26, 27. 13. &s rT dKpOV KCrTeiOVTES: supposing that they were holding the summit,' marked h in the Plan, which they had set out to gain. See p. 155, I7-21. G. 1574; H. 978. 6. 13. oL 8': emphatic repetition of the subject of icaraAa,3SaYOUwT. 14. KaTcrEXOV: sc. -r &Kpov. LaPcTos: doubtless the very height which they had been sent to occupy. 15. 4 rTevi emphasized by separation from 66os, ' this narrow way,' referring to the bypath d D. G. 975; H. 673, c. 9foS8os: not a road, but a place where it was possible for the men to make their way. 16. atTorev: i. e. from the place where the volunteers now were. eirl rT+4avepa i68o: at D in the Plan. 7. 19. vwrintaev: 'began to dawn.' Force of VTr-? Oirope~ovro: from the place where they had spent the night, c, toward D. 20. Ota0ov 4yyius w'por0oeX6vTs: 'they came close up without being observed.' G. 1586; H. 984. 22. tEvro: notice the change of number and of subject from po0fytaTo. &vOpd&wrovs: for groXepiovs, as often. 23. 84tavro: sc. aTrovs. XtrWvres, +EtOVTES: forceful change of tense, AXro'Yres expressing momentary, oE6yovTes continuous, action. How translated idiomatically? 24. oXkyot: '(only) a few.' EicovoL yap o'av: explains why so few of the enemy fell. PAGE 157.] BOOK IV. CHAP. II. 851 8. 25. 01 apijl1 XeLpt(-ooov: 'Chirisophus and his men;' the main body of the Greeks, who had spent the night at the place marked A in the Plan. CLKOVovrCS: = ' as soon as they heard.' TrIS ocdXrrLyos: i. e. of the volunteers, who were attacking the enemy on the right, according to the plan agreed on the previous afternoon. Cf. p. 155, I7-21. 26. 4IVTO E&vw ' made a dash up (the ascent).' As the attention of the enemy was taken up by the attack of the volunteers, they offered no opposition to the approach by the direct road. 27. rVXov iKaCrlTOL VTES: 'they severally happened to be.' They had seemingly spread along the bottom of the ravine on the side near the enemy. 29. TOis 'rpoKawrcaapovoU: i.e. the volunteers. 30. T' XOpCov: what place? 9. 31. Trois ijp(o-rLs: trans. as if rb uiL o-u. While the volunteers were clearing the direct road and Chirisophus with the main force was making the ascent out of the ravine, Xenophon started with the baggage-animals along the circuitous road, by which alone they could go. Half of the rear-guard went in front of the baggage, half behind. Page 157. 1. ]v: SC. SC- 68s. Cf. p. 154, 28, 29. VnrouyCcv: G. I 49; H. 757. 10. 2. Xdcwp {nrn'p T-rS 8So0: marked 1 on the Plan. 4. SLEtEOX0aL: = disiunctos ese, 'find themselves separated;' the action is looked upon as finished and decisive. G. 1275; GMT. IIO. If Xenophon should leave the enemy on the hill unmolested and pass on, they could command the road in his rear and shut him off from communicating with the main force. 5. &v eropeviqTloav fwEp ot &kXXo: 'would have gone the same way as the rest.' i.e. the main force with Chirisophus. 6. oVK jv: = 'it was not possible.' A conditional clause with some such meaning as ' if it had not been for the baggage-animals,' would ha.ve been more regular, but less forcible. 11. 8. op6CoLs Tros X6XOLS: 'in company columns' (how lit.?), each company forming a column by itself, of course with greater depth than front. Cf. Plan VI., facing p. I63. In ascending a hill the usual line of battle would be liable to be broken by reason of the inequalities of the ground. A force advancing up-hill with several columns at stated intervals could pick its way better, present a firmer front to the enemy, and embarrass him by presenting several points of attack at once. 352 BOOK IV. CHAP. II. [PAGE 158. KVKX\: i.e. on all sides of the hill. 9. &+o8ov: 'a way of escape.' Xenophon had no desire to endanger the lives of his men by forcing the enemy to close quarters. e: G. 1420; H. 907; GMT. 490. 12. 10. caiTro'us &vcvapavovTas: trans. as if Swr s ve3aLov. 11. iyvs: = 'to close quarters.' 12. TO XOPCOVV: i. e. rbv xd(pov. 13. KCLL: trans. as if temporal, ' when.' rTepov X6cov: marked 2 in the Plan. 13. 16. 'Evvo'cras: see N. to p. 148, 3. 17. XcLap6ves: trans. as if AdSoLEv (avTrbv) Kai. 18. rrapLoirLv: ' as they passed by.' iAl wroX.... ropEvu6Evc: parenthetical. ierl i~roXiv v: freely, 'extended a long distance.' 19. &TE: G. I575; H. 977; GMT. 862. orTvfS: G. 971, 972; H. 670, a. The whole expression = iaE oi7Erev ousorts T7s o6aOu L' js eropEtovro. 20. KqTLao'o +&VT0o: i.e. vibv KpfiaoCop&wvos. H. 730, a. In Athenian names especially the name of the father was often given with that of the son. 14. 25. TpCros Ipo-acTos: same as /aoTrd5s of p. r56, 14, and 6Kpov of p. 154, 31, and p. I58, 4. See Plan IV. 26. o...UKTOS: ' the one that overlooked the outpost, surprised at the fire in the night.' See p. I56, IO-15. 27. e0EXovTrv: how different from eoeAYvr6>v? 15. 27. flyyis e-YvovTo: 'came near.' 29. Se-cravcTas ctairo6s K.7.X.: ' that they (the Carduchi) had left (the summit) from the fear that,' etc. Page 158. 1. &pa: 'as it turned out;' for Xenophon found later that the Carduchi, seeing what was going on, had left the summit to attack the Greeks guarding the first hill taken (p. 157, 16-24). 16. 4. irs/yeLv: 'to move on slowly.' Xenophon started to ascend the eminence in order to reconnoitre. 6. cv TCi o6a o: on reaching the plateau the men were to halt. etrEv: = KArVEU-v. H. 946, b, end. 17. 8. &roteK'7rloav: forcible use of the indicative in indir. disc. 10. &XXot Sro0o 1tI CXokUEvot: = ' all the rest who did not leap - and.' G. 1612; H. 1025, a. Trovs 60rtLreo' o arcts; passing by at the foot of the hill. PAGE 159.] BOOK IV. CHAP. II. 353 18. 12. lraT0a L8arpaS'cJEvo: the barbarians had driven the guard of the Greeks from the first hill, but apparently did not dare to remain there, knowing that they could not hold It. aVTCiropov X64ov Ty' laarw: marked 3 in the Plan. 14. TroVs VEKpOVs alry.JTE: see N. to p. 154, 8. 19. 15. arro8(ro'tv: i. e. acTros a&roraoltv 'robs Pvepo6s. 4' w!hL KELV: = E'7rl rov-tre oT-re p/ C KdELv, 'on condition that they (the Greeks) should not burn.' G. I460; H. 999, a. 17. rT &XXo rpdcTEuvC,: on the direct road. ot 8: Xenophon and the rearguard. 18. wrcvres ot IK 'rovov To0 T6roUv: 'all the (natives) from this region;' in full, raCv/Tes ot e'v rovrT try.Trrto oa'vvppuvr'av iY rourou O 'rov To'ro. crvveppivtlrav: trans. as if plupf. act. 19. evcaLc a: temporal. 20. 19. jpcavTo: i. e. the detachment of young men with Xeno. phon; see 1. 3 above. 20. T'ros &Xovus: here 'the rest' of the rearguard mentioned in. 6 above. 21. KELrO: trans. as if passive of r'Oiul/; 'the armed men (-a B'7rAa) were posted.' 22. EyEvovTO rrl ~rqs Kopviqs: as Xenophon went down one side of the height, the enemy rushed up the other. 25. cnlrEIrcv: ' (had) left in the lurch,' as we say. Perhaps the man through fright rushed down ahead of Xenophon; or for some reason he may not have made the ascent at all. 21. 26. &LaRotv ' both' Xenophon and himself. wpopE[PlMeXvos: sc. Trrv ao'7rita. 28. &arrkXov: ' got back (in safety).' 22. 30. aCroO * on the plateau. Cf. Plan IV. 32. XKKOIS KOVLa-Tros: similar cisterns for the storage of wine and other things are still common in Armenia. According to Ainsworth, they are " in the form of a pear, and the mouth of them closed with a single great stone." The use of casks is almost unknown in these regions; wine is carried about in skins. Page 159. 23. 1. SeiwpdWavTo: 'made an arrangement' by means of renewed negotiations. 2. TOrs &ro0OavoirO-v: G. 1T65; H. 767. OK r&v 8uvacvrv: ' so far as possible.' How lit.? 3. VOCpETraT * not 'are thought.' See Vocab. 354 BOOK IV. CHAP. III. [PAGE 160. 24. 4. tvevu iqyeF.vos: they had given up their only guide in return for the bodies of the dead, —sufficient evidence of the importance attached to proper burial. Cf. p. 37, and N. to p. 154, 8. 6. KdX\vov: 'were trying to prevent.' G. 1255; H. 832. 'as 1rrap6Sous: refers to the act rather than the place; pl. because the attempt was made at different times and points. 25. 7. ~KpaCvorv rrpos T.& 6pq 'leaving (the road) for the heights,' which rose on both sides of the way. 9. avoTepo nELmpWLEVOs yCyve-eaCLL: 'by trying to get above.' -rv KoXv6vrowv: sc. r-v 'rdpooov as object. G. r153; H. 643. 26. 9. oir6Te K.r.A.:. notice the similarity in the arrangement of words to the preceding clause. 12. Cro'6paipv: not used again by Xenophon nor by any other classical Greek writer. eM: continually.' 27. 14. 'Hv 8' OrW'ET KaC: 'and sometimes too.' irp-yCLarac irapetLov: see IDIOMS. 15. Kat'rcTacvoVor1LV: 'as they were coming down.' 16. <EiyOVTEs Cwroc~UyeLV; paronomasia. 28. 18. iyyis: 'nearly.' 20. irpbs ar KrTW Kc.r.A.: 'by planting the left foot against the lower end of the bow.' How lit.? These Carduchian bows differed from the common sort only in size. They were so large that in stretching them they could be rested on the ground, with the lower end brought against the left foot as a kind of fulcrum. 23. aKOvL'OtS eVayKUcv EVTS: 'as darts, by furnishing (them) with thongs.' Cf. p. 32. CHAPTER III. CROSSING OF THE CENTRITES. 1. 26. Tav'rIv r^ v qi1'pv: probably Nov. I8. lbXCo'0,1racv: why not &rKcvi4aav? Cf. p. I36, I5. 27. 'ro rrcpa: = ' which lies along.' KeVTP'iTnv: see Vocab. and Map. 28. (s: ' about.' 30. &doJ.rvoL: cf. IDIOMS. G. 926; H. 6i9, and a. Page 160. 1. 6pE'v: G. 1117; H. 748. Kap8oQXwov: depends upon opf'wv, perhaps added as an afterthought. The moun PAGE 160.] BOOK IV. CIAP. III. 355 tains slope down towards the river, which is itself 2,500 feet above the level of the sea. 2. 3. ir&X' i8eos: the reason is given in the causal participles XOVTs, and x,,vo,/6ove;ores. When harassed by the Persian cavalry the Greeks had gladly entered the mountains (cf. p. 143, i8, i9); but the agile and courageous mountaineers were more formidable to contend with even than the hosts of the plain had been. 4. -roXXk IFvtl!ovEiVovTes: 'having many recollections.' G. 1054; H. 716, b. ir6vcwv: G. I I02; H. 742. 5. i"rrTa& Pipas: only five days have been referred to in chapters i. and ii.; the other two days were probably spent in making the descent into the valley of the Centrites. 6. T'ov Kap8ouov: for T's Xwpas rev KaplovXwv. Cf. N. to P- 53, 22. 7. SMra o8e K.T.A.: sc. 's.raoov; trans. freely, 'more than all the sufferings which they underwent at the hands of the king and Tissaphernes taken together.' The thought in full would be, EraOov OcaKcd, 5g6a ou {v ' rt op'a, 7raYva (caacd), & v5rb f3a CLLAews Kal TwI'o'apfpvous 6raOov, but as the text stands, T& o-rvi'ravcoa may be taken in loose apposition with;o'a. Vr TO; see N. to p. 60, 22. Yet had the Greeks not reached a mountainous country, little doubt that in time the persistent attacks of the Persian cavalry would little by little have worn them out, increased the difficulty of obtaining supplies, and thus finally accomplished their destruction. 3. 10. Trcpav ToD wrorap ov: i.e. on the north side, in Armenia. G. 1I48; H. 757. 11. &s KWXVo'rOVTrs: 'as if with the intention of hindering.' Cf. N. to p. 5I, 14. 12. dvo: ' above,' i. e. on elevated ground back from the river, above and behind the horsemen stationed on the lower ground along the bank. 4. 14. 'OpovTa: cf. N. to p. Io5, 9. For the form see G. 188, 3; H. I49. For the construction see G. 1094, I; H. 732. 'ApIWevLOL: the modern Armenians are among the most intelligent and enterprising of the Oriental peoples. They are the direct descendants of those of Xenophon's time. The ancient Armenian language, still extant in an abundant literature, bears about the same relation to the modern as ancient to modern Greek. It belongs to the Indo-European family, and thus has a remote kinship with the Greek and the Latin. The political history of Armenia has been turbulent and unfortunate, in 356 BOOK IV. CHAP. III. [PAGE 160. some respects resembling that of Poland. The Armenian territory is now partly under Persian, partly under Turkish, and partly under Russian rule. MdpSoL: both the name and the exact location of this people are uncertain. Many editions have Map8d6vo here. XakSaito: doubtless a branch of the Chaldaei, or Chalybes, of northern Armenia; perhaps these had wandered south and settled near the Centrites. The name is thought to survive in that of a mountain in this region, -the Chaldi Dagh. 15. EXe\~0po: here not 'free,' but ' freedom-loving;' they were still under the rule of Persia. 16. 8rrXc: G. 916; H. 624, b. 5. 19. 7rMXpc: G. 1062; H. 720, b. 20. 68os K.T..: 'but there was (only) one road to be seen leading up.' How lit.? i-'rep XELpolroClrros at what point the Greeks crossed the Centrites has not been settled; but some miles from the junction of the Buhtan-Tschai with the Tigris, where it is "still hemmed in among hills that rise eight or nine hundred feet above the stream, the valley being somewhat wide," Ainsworth found " an artificial causeway carried up the face of the rock (limestone), partly by steps cut in the rock itself, and partly by a causeway carried circuitously up the hill-side, and paved with large blocks of stone." (Travels in the Track of the Ten Thousand, p. 170.) As this causeway is on the north side of the river, "and may be of remote antiquity," it corresponds very well with the allusion in the text. 21. 'racuTL: ' at this point.' 6. 22. 1rcEpolLvoLs: sc. abrols; cf. p. r48, 20, and N. 23.,rpa. xvs: this description is confirmed by Layard, who rode across the Buhtan-Tschai. XMOos: G. xi8i; H. 776. 24. iXEtv: i. e. 'to hold fast' so that the stream would not carry them away. Et 8I gA: G. 1417; II. 906, b. 25. 6 IroTaiLos: 'the current' Tr& wXa': the shield in particular is referred to. 26. yuvvo)l ZyC-yvovTo; pl. because of the collective force of Lrs in the protasis; but in our idiom, 'he became exposed,' 'he exposed himself.' G. 0oo; H. 609, a. 27. c2. TO: 'on the spot,' 'where they were.' 7. 29. "EvOa ' (there) where.' cracv: trans. as if plupf. 30. irokoivs o-vvXAyi/'vous iv rots 7rkXots: 'assembled in great PAGE 161.] BOOK IV. CHAP. III. 357 numbers, under arms.' 31. Tots "EXXqoLv: '(among) the Greeks.' Page 1611.. opwoU, 6po-r: forceful anaphora. Tows 8saL3caCvovrrv: G. II79; H. 775. 2. eIrLKELQroo.Uvos: G. 1582; GMT. 884. 8. 4. vatp eZSev: cf. p. 122, 12, and N. s8otev: note the asyndeton and personal construction. 5. aCTrac: i. e. av'rat 7reSa eSo60r. aVTrl': we should say, 'from him.' G. 1165; H. 767. 6. Cio'm X'v0Cqv: sc. avro'v, 'so that he was released.' Sta3aCvErv: a word especially appropriate here, as meaning either ' stride' or 'cross over; ' repewvar might have been used. 8. KctOXs ioE0r0aL: in our idiom, 'that all would be well.' 9. 9. as 'TaLXLrTa: C = Zt primum, ' as soon as.' 11. erl 'TOO 7rpwrov: sc. iEpelov, ' with the very first victim.' 10. 15. tdClq: in dir. disc., fEoE-trv. aOrw: after 7rpooca-OEv. 16. wEiryeyCpavTa irEEv: sc. 'rTa, 'for any one to wake him up and say (it). 17. T' 'rTyv p'rpbs rbv roAXqov: = 'anything (to say) bearing upon the war.' 11. 18. Xe'yov: pl., though the implied subject is T'r 8Uo veavLOr'cw. 19. W's 4irt 7 i'p:= 'to make a fire.' How lit.? 20. KctOiKoV5-caLs: 'extending down,' without intervening valley or open space; hence precipitous at the water's edge. 21. 6cr-rEp papo-Crrovs: 'what looked like bags.' The natives were perhaps hiding their property, not fearing the Greeks so much as their own lawless troops. Their presence encouraged the young men to think that, although the cliff was inacces. sible for cavalry, there must be a passage thence back into the country beyond. Some infer that the natives were simply laying aside their clothes with the intention of swimming across, and that this led the young men to attempt the passage. 22. KawraTLtOqEvous: G. 924, a; H. 615, (i). 12. 23. 86caL: sc. 'ALeyov. Notice the change from the construction with art to the infin. G. 1523; H. 946, b. 24. KaLrT 'OVgTO: 'at that place.' 25. SiapaivoLv: for 8ieBat'volv of dir. disc.; 'that they were starting to cross with the intention of swimming.' G. 1285, 927; H. 853, a, 940. 26. 7rpo'o-cv-n-rpv: here 'before,' in the sense of'without.' G. 1470; II. 924, a; GMT. 658. 358 BOOK IV. CHAP. III. [PAGE 162. 13. 29. VeavLt'KOLS: not after iKeAce. YXetv: sc. obvov; for what purpose? CK\EVE: i. e. 'bade' the attendants. ivac-L: 'who had showed,' 'who had given.' 30. ovECpcvrcL: 'visions;' pl. because the dream presented two distinct scenes, the binding with fetters and the falling off of the fetters. KeL Tr& Xoc. ra yaOa e rvLrEXE-'c: after EXEa-oaO; freely, 'also to complete whatever was lacking to success.' Used instead of the usual formula, rayaOa& 8,dvai, 'to give whatever is good,' 'to give success,' because one good thing, one part of the success, had been the discovery of the ford. Page 162. 14. 1. ornovScs ereroEL: how different from o7rovas ieroeTo? 2. 'rapyyWEXXov: i. e. eavopwv fal XelpiToopos. 4. v: to be taken also with VrLK9ev and 7rdaXooev; G. 1314. In Attic Greek &v is rarely found with oirws in object clauses with the opt. GMT. 349, 351. ro0s p7.irpoo-0v: the Armenians, etc. 5. 6ro6: see N. to p. 60, 22. T'rv OTLroOEV: the Carduchi. 15;. 6. Soev carTots: cf. N. to p. 63, 22. 9. Ev JQUO' rovvoW: 'between these,' with half of the fighting men under Chirisophus in front and the other half under Xenophon at the rear. 16. 9. KaXUs TrT'a EtXEv: 'this was well settled.' 10. ot vcavioKo: i. e. SV'o veavuaoiw of p. r61, 14. Ev &PLOrTEpac RXOVTES rTO rrora.ov: in this case going up-stream. See Plan V. 12. ar&SLOL: cf. p. 77, 6, and N. avT'r'rapTcav: 'were moving along parallel (with them) on the opposite side (of the river).' Cf. p. 60o, Io-i3. 17. 14. KcTa,: 'over against,' 'opposite.' X0as: see p. i60. 12. 15. F'Ev-ro Tr& 8rXka: 'they grounded arms.' 16. EcrTeav(ocr'dlVOs: according to the Spartan custom. Just before entering battle the Spartans used to offer sacrifice. At this moment the king or general and the army laid aside their weapons, the flute-players played war-melodies, and all placed fillets or crowns about their heads. In this case the crowns were probably withes of twisted grass from the river-bank. The sacrifice was usually offered to Artemis Agrotera (cf. N. to p. 131, 4); but the Muses and Eros were also honored,-the former as giving skill in battle, the latter as inspiring loyalty among the troops to their officers and their cause. anros-s: 'laying off (his cloak).' 17. -rap/yyeXXE: sc. o-rePavwa'au/evovs ical airoiSras Aa/43dv'ev Ta o7'rAa; but trans. 'to do the same.' PAGE 163.] BOOK IV. CHAP. III. 359 18. op0Covs: 'in company columns.' See N. to p. 157, 8, and Plan VI. 18. 20. els 'rv wroVaCtod: ' (so that the blood flowed) into the river.' Cf. p. 97, 5, and N. Doubtless in this way it was thought that the river-god might be propitiatec, and thus allow a favorable crossing; for according to the Greek conception all streams had their protecting deities, whose favor or resentment might be affected by men's actions. 21. obirw itLKvoivvro: 'they failed as yet to reach 'the Greeks with their missiles. 19. 22. iraCL&vLtov: see p. 37. 23. vilX6.Xaaov, cruvvoXXvtov: how different in meaning? Force of the prepositions? The men cried dAaAa, the women oAuAv. 24. rroXAAa: cf. p. 153, IO-'4. 20. 25. ve'3paLVE: i.e. els TrbV ro-ra/Jv. 27. d.va KaTos: see IDIOMS. IrrXiLV.. Opq: 'back to the ford that faced the pass leading up into the Armenian mountains,' where the Greeks had first attempted to cross. Cf.. p. I6, 18-28; Plan V. 28. orpoo'roLoliLevos Taircrla SLcps: = ') retending that he was going to cross over at this point and.' The object of the feint was to draw the attention of the enemy from the main body of the army, already crossing the river above. Page 163. 21. 1. O. o roiLLOL. i.e. on the other side of the river. TOVS a4p4i XELpCiro4ov: see N. to I. 147, i8. 2. opiYvrEms cf. p. i6I, I, and N. 3. ds rTo/trraXLv: as described p. 162, 26-30. 4. ds irpbs Thv TOO iroTa.LuO &vao E'Kpaa-L: ' apparently making for the pass above the iver,' i. e. leading into the hills extending back from the river. Cf. p. I6o, 20, and N. 5. KCLTC& TiV 8bv iytvovro: = ' had reached the road.' 22. 7. rdtLv tv T irV t'rrv: cf. p. 139, 20-23. 9. jEvyovrCas: sc. robs r o7oAef ous. The detachments under Lucius and Aeschines reached the other bank of the river first. o'L rpa-pLTLaL: here = of OrAzTra. 10. iEpOov W.T.A.: 'were clamoring not to be left behind, but to go out with (the horsemen and peltasts) upon the height,' joining them in the pursuit. yi: G. 16Io; 1. IOi9. In dir disc., droAei 7reaora would be imperative. 360 BOOK IV. CHAP. III. [PAGE 163. 23. 12..rpocnOKoioras irl Trbv roTarlpv: see p. I6I, 20, and N. 13. &vwo: i. e. on the precipitous rocks at the water's edge; the cavalry were on less elevated ground further down stream. Chirisophus showed excellent generalship in restraining the hoplites from going against the part of the enemy already in flight, and directing them against those on the cliff, who if left unmolested might have attacked them in the rear. 24. 17. Ts. 'repav KCIXcoS gYLyvo6pva: ' that matters on the other side were turning out prosperously.' 18. riv TaXCrr-qv: cf. N. to p. 62, I9. As his feint (see N. to p. I62, 28) had been successful, Xenophon hastens back from the lower to the upper ford, where the rest of the army was still crossing. 19. Kaxl yp: 'and (well he might) for.' 20. TOiS TeXEuTaoCots: sc. riv ihaSatv'orrwTv. 25. 21. rTO &wvo: sc. X(tpla. KaTEiXE: impf. of continued action. 22. r&v o'K-vouOpwV: i. e. of the enemy. Tr& V roXe,rodtpeva: 'such as from time to time fell behind.' How different from 6aoAsrX4Jeva and ubroAeAej/ue'ra? 23. &o'0TfO collective. 26. 26. &aK^lv: see diKq in Vocab. orpij/as.... 0ero 'wheeled about to face the Carduchi and halted.' How lit.? As Xenophon was marching rapidly back to the upper ford, his right flank was exposed to the Carduchi, who were ready at any moment to rush down from the heights to attack. 28. KOaT' IVwotoTCa K.T.A.: ' that each should draw up his own company in enomoties, bringing up each enomoty on the left into line.' In what order the troops were marching at first is not indicated. But as the companies were formed in enomoties, they stood facing away from the river, towards the Carduchi, probably in some such order as indicated for three companies in Plan VI. II. Then, the first enomoty in each company remaining stationary, the other three took their places at the left, forming thus a deep and firm battle-line; cf. Plan VI. IV., and p. 28. 29. rap' &rrria: = 'to the left,' because on the left side the shield was carried. 31. irpos: ' on the side toward.' oipayovis: the 'rear-men' were trained to lead; for at any moment by a change of front they might be placed at the head of a column. So here, whether the line should be ordered to charge up the heights or dash into the river, officers were in position on both sides to lead in carrying out either order. PAGE 164.] BOOK IV. CHAP. III. 361 Page 164. 2 7. 2. Toa gXkou itLXoA4vous: 'separated from the non-combatants,' who had already crossed over. 3. Miro'av: inceptive impf., ' began to advance.' Sd&s TLva.S: 'a kind of song,' 'something like songs.' H. 702. To the cultivated ear of a Greek these war-songs of the barbarians seemed unworthy of the name. 4. rod irap' aura a&orf)aosXs jXE: = 'when he and his division were safe.' How lit.? 5. OrC~EVSovrilTaS, TOE6raS: sc. Tros, from 'robs ~7reArao-a'.rd. H. 662. 6. KEXEjEL: sc. avrovs. w-apayyE\XXa: sc. o aevo>wyv. 28. 7. 8LpaiL'vovras: ' starting to cross ' back to the south side of the river, where Xenophon was. 8. KEXEEL: sc. avrovs, i.e. the light-armed troops sent by Chirisophus. avroiv f-rl TOU rroTaCIo: ' there (where they were) upon the (bank of the) river.' h/ 8LcaavTa:s 'without crossing.' G. 1612; H. 1027. 9. avroiC 'they themselves,' i.e. Xenophon and the rear-guard. EvavTriovs K.T.r.: sc. cKE~U~ELf aurovs, ' he directs them, on the opposite side, above and below themselves (Xenophon and his men), to enter (the stream), as if with the intention of crossing over.' 10. 9vOEv Kal fVOEV cr-4Sv: ' on both sides of them' here means above and below where they purposed to cross over. In regard to the purpose of the movement Taylor well remarks:."lThe rear-guard, literally having a race for it, would be glad not only of the protection which they (the light-armed troops) could give, but of the presence of those above to break the force of the stream, and of those below to save any one who might be carried off his feet by it." SLi1YKVUXo.EVOus: see Vocab. 11. eIrL3EP13X'ivovs: mid., sc. -rA roivtraTa E'r} 'ais Fvvpa4s; see Vocab. 12. irpo'-r: 'further into.' G. 1148, 1149; H. 757. 29. 13. r'LapiyyEfXv: why not Ic6A.vcoe? Because while Xenophon sent orders to those on the other side of the river, he 'passed the word along' among his own men, from fear that the Carduchi might hear. c-4'vS8dv: here 'sling-shot' from the advancing Carduchi. 14. a&o'rls +on ~: 'a shield should rattle,' being struck by a sling-shot. ~raLavLo'avTas: 'that they should sing a paean and.' 16. rq ILAqV iob roXEuLKo'v: sc. o'71/erEov, 'should sound the charge,' 'should give the signal for a charge.' 17. &varrTpd4aLvTas K.r.x.: ' (they) should face around to the right, and the rear-men (now) lead' (see N. to p. 163, 31), while the enemy, having heard the usual signal for the charge, would suppose that the Greeks 362 BOOK IV. CHAP. III. [PAGE 165. were in hot pursuit, and thus flee the faster and farther. Xenophon's ruse was both clever and successful. cirl Sopv: = to the right,' because the spear was carried in the right hand. By wheeling to the right, the side protected by the shield would be toward the enemy during the manceuvre. 18. 0Evv: i. e. into the river. n 'KcacrTOs K.'r..: they should waste no time looking for a good place to cross, but each should dash into the river just where he came to it, 19. cTL K.T.A.: '(saying) that he would be the best fellow.' G. 1287; H. 855, a. 30. 22. XCyovs: sc. v6ras, 'were few;' cf. 11. I, 2 above. 23. T'rv JiVELV TeTa.yl.ivwv: i. e. the rear-guard mentioned 1. i, above. CXOvTO: trans. as if plupf. TLJ.~EXqo'dpJevoI: why future part.? 25. ivTa0c8a: temporal. S8: 'you see,' resumes the narrative interrupted by the parenthetical clause oroAXo. c. ratp&Yv. 31. 27. ot 8' OVK E8e;av'T.: i. e. of se KapoviXos avi'ros OVK EselSavTo. 28. s;v Trots SlpEov: ' as (one would expect in the case of men living) among mountains,' and accustomed only to desultory or predatory warfare. iKav.... Kavis: forceful and elegant chiasmus. 29. Irpbs bTO s Xipas iXEO'cLl. 'to engage hand to hand.' 32. 31. 'Ev To6r': 'at this juncture; asyndeton of vivid narrative. 32. 0&r'Tov: i.e. than before, inferring from the signal to charge that the Greeks had quickened their pace. Eis r&vavraL. 'in the opposite direction; instead of facing the Carduchi they turned about facing the river. Page 165. 33. 1. Ecv-yov: the Greeks were not 'fleeing' in the sense that the Carduchi were; but the repetition of the word with the implied contrast makes the description more spirited. 2. oL piev TLVES: == some few.' CaLo964EvoL: 'perceiving' what the Greeks were doing. 3. o;L soXXoC: i. e. rev 7roXezoiwv. 34. 5. ol rav'rqo'avrTs: the light infantry sent by Chirisophus to help Xenophon, and by him ordered at the sound of the trumpet to advance into the water as if to cross over to his side; see p. I64, 7-12. 6. lrpooTre'pco Tro KcLpo '-:= further than was expedient.' They went clear over to the south side of the river, as shown by iB,3raav rdAtiv, 'they crossed back again' to the side where Chirisophus was. i0Tipov ic.r.A.: refers to time, post eos qui cum Xenophonte erant. 7. KcL: 'also,' as well as some of Xenophon's men. PAGE 165.1 BOOK IV. CHAP. IV. 3863 CHAPTER IV. MARCH IN ARMENIA. 1. 9. 8Lp|1cav: 'had crossed (the Centrites).' H. 837. orvva-,iptvol: i. e. they resumed their marching order, interrupted by the passage of the river. 10. SLa Tq 'AppEvtis: cf. p. 159, 27-29. The Buhtan-Tschai now separates Armenia from Kurdistan. rreSCov &Trav: 'over an unbroken plain;' loose use of the ace. of extent. 11. XCous: ' gently sloping,' ' of gentle ascent.' In this region there is " a large undulating plain (more properly plateau), without a single tree, surrounded at a considerable distance by high mountains," in the midst of which lies the modern town of Sert. 12. 8iL K.T-..: villages near the river would be too much exposed to predatory incursions of the Carduchi. 2. 13. Ets Iv CI4KOVTO KfpLV: i.. e, K6&U, Els )v aciKovPro, E,'yadX7 Kc.-r.A. G. I037; H. 995. The town is usually identified with Sert, which by many is thought to occupy the site of Tigranocerta. 14. Trn craLTrp'ar: kind of dat.? Trans. as if gen. The satrap of Armenia was Orontas; Tiribazus was his deputy, or lieutenant-governor, for the western part of the province (see 1. 24 below). 15. T1pcr'ELs: owing to the unsettled state of society, the houses in this region to-day are usually fortified by a wall thick enough to turn bullets, and frequently surmounted by a square room or turret built above the flat roof as a kind of look-out. Not unlikely the style of architecture is the same as in the time of Xenophon. 3. 18. piXPt o: cf. p. 75, 25, and N. It was now about Nov. 22. Trs wrWqy&s TOV TCypqT'os: certainly not 'the sources of the Tigris' proper, which lay some distance west of the region traversed by the Greeks, but of some smaller eastern tributary, such as the Bitlis-soo, which the Greeks mistook for the main stream. Cf. N. to p. 151, i6. 21. TIXEP6av: probably the Kara-soo, an arm of the eastern Euphrates. See Map. 4. 23. orros: ' region.' 24. 71 wpbs oer'mipav = 'Western.' TLpCpa;os: see N. to 1. 14 above. An account of Tiribazus is given in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biog raphy and Mytholoogy, vol. iii. 364 BOOK IV. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 166. 6 yev4opEvos: ' who had proved himself.' When the king thought of fleeing before the advance of Cyrus, Tiribazus encouraged him to make a stand and face his brother. 26. &vePSXXev: 'would help to mount.' G. 143I, 2; I. 914, B, (2). 5. 29. ElS iriIKoov: cf.. 114, 19. The Greek officers evidently did not purpose to lose their lives in a conference like that fatal one with Tissaphernes. 30. 'ip'Trov: why not ipcraoav? Page 166, 6. 1. ('' i: followed by same construction as a&-TE. Cf. p. 158, 15, and N. avr6s: trans. as if avrdv; attracted to the nom. to agree with the subject of SouXoUro. Tr', ti' TE 'both - not, and - not, and.' 2. Xappa3VELv: sc. btelvovs. 3. 8oE TrafTCa: cf. N. to p. 63, 22. {rl TOVTOIS: 'on these terms.' 7. 4. S8i& rreiov: the Greeks were advancing up the valley of Kara-soo, in the plain of Mush, the average elevation of which, according to Ainsworth, is 4,200 feet above the sea. This elevation, together with the season of the year, is sufficient to account for the bitter cold and deep snow which caused the Greeks intense sufferings in the course of the later marches in this region. The inclemency of the climate was made still harder to endure by the comparatively sudden change from the hot and arid plains of Mesopotamia. 5. n-apiK0loXovi0: apparently in order to see whether the Greeks observed the terms of the compact, but in reality doubtless awaiting an opportunity to attack. 7. 3paortXc: cf. N. to p. 55, I2. The location of this ' palace' is not known. 8. iroXXv: predicative, - 'in quantities.' 8. 9. yCyveTaOL XLC'V IroMXXi 'a heavy snow fell.' TaS VUKT'S: why not irv VVKTa? Cf. p. 138, 6, and N. 10. 8LacrKqvqOraL Ic..A.: i. e. for the generals with their divisions to take quarters in different villages. This would be an unsafe experiment under most circumstances, but the Greeks thought that during the inclement weather there would be no danger of attack. 12. 8o'KiE: i. e. E'8KE taiKc717Y1vrat. 9. 13. o<ra lo-rlv aya0a: explanatory of radvra rairrT8la; they found not simply provisions to sustain life, but 'all' that might either minister to need or gratify the taste for luxuries. 14. iepeta: PAGE 166.] BOOK IV. CHAP. IV. 365 the Greeks never slaughtered an animal for food without offering a portion of it to the gods; and when sacrifices were offered only a small portion of the flesh was burnt, the rest being used for food by the priests or by the person bringing the victim, or exposed for sale in the markets. Hence LspEZa came to mean ' beef-cattle.' oivous EV&8eS: owing to the shortness of the summer in this elevated region, the grapes produce only a sour wine which is far from agreeable. Not unlikely the fine wines referred to by Xenophon had been brought up from Mesopotamia for the use of Tiribazus and his household. 16. TiV arroocKesavvvljWfvv &irr: ' of those who were dispersing themselves away from.' 17. AXeyov: impf. because different persons were coming back and reporting at different times. KaCS80LV: j had clearly seen.' OcaCvovTa: here = AX7rov'ra. 10. 18. SLcrKqvovv: from siaa-crK7n6, which here =- LacKrivdw. 19. auvalyayelv: sc. e'dKei airo7s, 'they thought best.' 20. a-vvf0ov: i. e. ol a-rpar7^yol Kal oti o'par~Tra-. SLaLLpLi&6LV: see Vocab. Notice the force of 8t-, suggesting the breaking apart of the clouds, and thus the end of the storm. G. 897, 5; H. 602, c, end. 11. 21. N-uKTEpevOvTTOv: i. e. in the open air; they were without tents (cf. p. 136, r5), and no one village could furnish shelter for the whole army. rLIrlTrrTrL: force of 'rrt-? 22. l7ricKpnE' (: G. I450; H. 927. 23. KaTcLKErLEVOUS: notice the force of cara-, = 'as they lay on the ground.' auvvEwo'Sd IV: the snow, packing about their feet as they tried to move, held them fast as if shackled. 24. 6KVOS CacrTaor0aL: 'reluctance in regard to getting up.' G. 1530; H. 952. KaCacKElp.CVV: SC. aVrcam, gen. abs.; trans. by a clause beginning with 'as.' 25. aXEELvov: 'a thing imparting warmth.' G. 925; II. 617. Indians and trappers in the northern parts of our country when bivouacking sometimes wrap themselves in their blankets and allow themselves to be covered with snow, which serves to keep them warm both by protecting them from the cold air and by preventing in some degree the radiation of heat from their own bodies. ST6r io 'rrEptpp'uVCl: literal meaning? Trans. freely, 'except in the case of one from whom it might have drifted off on all sides,' i. e. any one from whom the snow had blown off. 366 BOOK IV. CHAP. IV. [PAGE 167. 12. 26. &26. rTOqre: 'ventured,' 'plucked up the courage.' yvpv6os: i.e. without his mantle ([ItTrov), having on only the undergarment (XC'T^v). 27. cKECVOv: G. 1I7; HI. 748, a. EKEiVOU 4aEX6JEvos: = ' took (the work) from his hands and;' others render ' took (the axe) from him and.' A commanding officer would not be allowed to do menial work. 28. trXo-tiv: translate, 'went to splitting.' Wood is now scarce in this region. "The Turks have cut down (the forests) without replanting," as in so many places under Turkish rule. 29. eXpCov-ro: they rubbed their limbs and joints with oil to lubricate them, to take away or prevent stiffness and rheumatism. 13. 29. Xpta: ' unguent' of any kind; used here in distinction from ' olive-oil' (exAaov) and 'fragrant oil' or 'balsam' (iivpov). 30. &vr iXaCovu: the olive-tree does not grow so far north. Gou'Eov [Xp^a]: recommended by Pliny the Elder for the treatment of burns and frost-bites, as well as for rubbing on stiffened or wearied limbs. rt-qo-LLLvov [XpiaJ]: mentioned by Curtius Rufus (Alexandri Magni Gesta, VII. xvii. 23) as a substitute for olive-oil. 31. K Cr&v WSKpfCV: sc. dv-vy6aAwv, but trans. ' of the bitter kind.' iK T&v QaTrVy Troowv: ' (made) of these same elements.' Page 167. 14. 1. i:8OKEL sLao'KnpqVrEiov EtvLL: i.e. iSKciel avros 8ta'cKTcrT]vlEo aivros evai, ' they thought that they ought to take up quarters separately,' or ' it seemed necessary to take up quarters separately;' more forcible than fSdKEr &awcKv'jaam. Cf. p. 166, o1, and N. G. I597; H. 990, 991. 2. Ets: we should say ' in.' 3. Kpacuyj Kal Ilov j: ' with shouts of joy, —an instance of hendiadys (from v 81&a voT7), the expressing of an idea by two nouns coordinated in construction when the dependence of one upon the other might have been expected. 5. SCKqv Socrav: see IDIOMS. KWKCCS 'K1tvov-Tes: = 'by having bad quarters,' without even shelter. 15. 8. dvSpcs: i.e. (rrpaTriras. ot asrocKs8avvvYFevoL: see p. I66, i6, and N. 9. Kaopav: G. i285; H. 853, a. 10. &Xr6vsao-a: 'to have reported correctly.' T& OVTra: = 'facts.' 11. Tr4& M 5vTa: notice the hypothetical force of pi, as distinguished from the unconditional force of obK; 'whatever was not real (he reported) as not real.' G. i6I3; H. 1o25, a. With the statement cf. Caes. B. G. I. XXII.: cognovit Considium timoreperterritum, quod non vidisset pro viso renuntiasse. PAGE 167.] BOOK IV. CHAP. IV. 367 16. 12. TropEu0es: I 'having gone and come back,' 'after his return.' OvK 4rq I Setv: for a'p OVobK laESv. Cf. N. to p. 60, 2. 13. iKEV &yOV: ' he brooght back with him.' rTov IIEpoLKo'V: cf. p. I7. 14. 'Apclxoves: a mythical race of women, supposed to dwell along the river Thermodon, in the neighborhood of Trapezus. They were considered valiant warriors, and were prominent in several adventures current in Greek mythology. They were a favorite theme with ancient artists, being often represented in paintings and statuary. See Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. i. ixoVr-iv: i. e. in paintings and statues. Whether Xenophon believed in the real existence of the Amazons is more than doubtful. 17. 15. IIEpo-rs: in pred.; why not acc.? G. 927; H. 940. 16. Lwr6: 'away from;' the man belonged to the army of Tiribazus. 17. To o-rp&.rTpTeva 0irorov d'i1: proleptic, for d6rrfov Erl Tb r TpdreEva. G. 1014; H. 700, and 878. 18. eirl T'rvL; 'for what purpose. orVEtXEYJEvov: sc. Efn. 18. 19. E'IT) lx: = ' had with (him).' 20. racpE0-KEdCL0ecaL avTov: ' that he (Tiribazus) had prepared (it);' change from construction with 0on- after EifrEv to infinitive after erl. 21. ds: with ertiO'rladoYvov, ' apparently in order to attack;' used with the part. because a private soldier could not be supposed to know with perfect certainty the plans of his general. 22. Erq = esset. ivTra0a: points back to e7rl -rrn vrepf0SoA, Tov povs, separated from eiOrjtlOorduvov by the intervening clause. 23. Trots "EXXrcrLv: i.e. Tons "EAAlaov r repd,6AAov't rb opos. 19. 24. 'AKoo'Urao-: 'on hearing.' Reason for the asyndeton? 26. IkEvouo: trans. 'who remained,' soldiers and non-combatants. Soa*CveTov: the reason for his being left behind rather than any of the other generals may be inferred from V. iii. i, where he and Philesius are mentioned as the oldest among them. iropVovro: in the direction of Tiribazus's camp. 20. 28. T'r& 6pl ' the Greeks could not have advanced far into the mountains in the time. Probably the camp, shut off from their view by the hills, was in reality not many miles away. 29. Karr86OVTrs T o'rpacLTorEov: ' having the camp (of the enemy) below 368 BOOK IV. CHAP. V. [PAGE 168. (them);' as they went over a ridge the camp lay in a valley or depression at their feet. 9jxELvav: _= 7repLfte.vav. 21. 32. 6Aws 8': 'but (although they fled), yet.' Page 168. 2. kaXo: G. 537; H. 359. KXLVO: 'divans,' doubtless similar to those found in the Orient to-day. Tiribazus was imitating the display and luxury of the Court. 3. ol - 4drKOvrS elvaI: ' those who asserted that they were his bakers and cup-bearers.' 22. 4. irvOovro: apparently the light-armed troops had gotten so far ahead of the hoplites that the latter did not even see the fray. 5. a7rlvaL: ' to go back.' rlv raXCCr'riv: cf. p. 58, 7, and N. TO: 'their,' i. e. of the Greeks. 6. errC0Eoas: i. e. by Tiribazus, who was evidently in the vicinity. 'ots KaTaXEXELjjiLvoLs: after VerL- in E'irOEo's. G. 1174; H. 765, a. 7. &vaKaXEcroapEvoL: see Vocab. 8. avOip.iep6v: cf. N. to p. I67, 28. CHAPTER V. MARCH THROUGH DEEP SNOW. QUARTERS IN ARMENIAN VILLAGES. 1. 9. rT, v'O-rEpaC: it was now about Dec. 2. wropeuErov eTva.: cf. p. I67, i, and N. 10. rb oT'parp&evua sc. ri-v 7roAclAiwv or Troi TipLBdCovu.. 11. r orea: see p. 167, 20-23. 12. 'yEAcvas XOVTEs: probably those captured in the attack on the enemy's camp; see p. I67, 31 et seq. Without guides the Greeks could have advanced only slowly and with great difficulty on account of the snow, in regard to which cf. N. to p. i66, 4. 2. 15. 'EvrEV0ev: i.e. from the camp on the other side of the pass. The exact course of the Greeks cannot be determined. 16. Elp&CTrrv i. e. the eastern branch of the Euphrates, now the Moorad-soo. See Map. 18. of irpoo-: the Greeks appear to have crossed the Moorad-soo about fifty miles from its source. PAGE 169.] BOOK IV. CHAP. V. 369 3. 19. XL6vos iroXXqs Kcl irrclov: hendiadys, for which see N. to p. i67, 3; trans. 'a plain covered with deep snow.' 20. rapacabyycs irEvrt: a short distance for the time, on account of the difficulty of travelling. rTpCos: sc. araQo6s. 21. vavTlos: 'in their faces.' IravTr&craaLv, 'rrvTa: cf. p 109, 29, and N. 22. arroK&ov 'parching' with cold; more expressive than simply 'freezing.' 4. 23. r-(ayLacrao-0cw L GMT. 753, 3; H. 946, b, end. At Athens there was a temple dedicated to Boreas, and he was honored with festivals (called Bopeaaouoi) at Athens, Megalopolis, and Thurii. 24. 'r~ayLia'T cL: sc. C6 LydaTIs. Tb XaXEWv: 'the severity.' 27. Ws rTpLKoVTa: sc. a&rcwovro. 5. 28. ALeyeivovTo Ka&OVrEs ' they kept on burning.' 29. roXXa: emphatic, ' in abundance.' Cf. N. to p. I66, 28. 30. ol ir cwX IKOVTES: = ' those who had been there for some time.' Page 169. 1. eLt fi: ' unless.' 2. rvpovs: the partitive gen. is usually found after tfeTaSi6vaL, specifying the whole of which a part is given; the ace. here emphasizes the giving, and points out the object, " not as a part of a whole, but simply as a thing given." Cf. ivI in 1. 3. MXXo E f TL lXOLEV PPWTOd: ' whatever else they had to eat.' Reason for the opt.? 6. 3. xv. for rovr-etv "a. VKacoL: ' severally.' 5. o; 8Si: 'where, in fact.' 7. 8. ipovuXJlCacrav; Bous compounded with other words added the idea of size or quantity, as fo6ovavKov, ' great fig; ' fSov'ras, ' big boy;',8ov6Aios or BovuXiuia, 'ravenous hunger;' SBoHnrs, 'large-eyed.' In a similar way we use the word horse in horse-laugh, horse-play, horsemackerel, horse-muscle, horse-martin, and the like. 9. rTOus rLIrToovTas TV av0ep(1rv: 'those of the men who were falling' along the road. 10. 8,T: G. I013; H. 700. 8. 12. &vacrqo-aovTa: G. I497, 2; H. 933. 13. et wrov: 'wherever.' SLESCSo: 'he would distribute (it).' Force of &8-? 14. S8o'vras: more vivid than the fut. part. (expressing purpose), which would have been more regular. TOVS Suvac^4vous prapaTpe(ELv: 'those who had strength to run along (the line of march).' 15. -ots PovXLIa.oLV: after S&itvras. IE'.j&4yoLEv: G. 1431, 2; H. 914, B, (2). 370 BOOK IV. CHAP. V. IPAGE 170. 9. 17. IIopEiuoj'WV: sc. a'VTWV. KVaLS: poetic word. Xenophon must have been fond of poetry; the percentage of poetic words he uses is large for an historical writer. 18. iK Tris KPSLI: with?yvvaicas and K4pas. 19. TrJ KP'VYt, Tro0 epulaLtros: 'the (common) spring, the fortification.' The article is used because villages usually had a spring accessible, and some kind of fortification. II. 657, b. 10. 21. &L... TOv 'a-Tplniv: a shrewd reply, which would lead the natives to treat the Greeks well. 23. 6orov: acc. sing. neut. used adverbially, = 'about.' o 8': i. e. Chirisophus and the van. 24. ouvveLr-pxovXTaL: notice the force of crvv-, 'with (the watercarriers).' 11. 2. 8 ivviOc-rav: ' had the strength' to reach the village.?rov c'rpcLaTEVTLO S: for rav a-rpaTrwrL'v. 28. o, AF1 8uvaLEvot: how different from ol ob uvdvt.eevoL? G. I612; H. I025, a. 12. 30. rT- v woXelCtowv crvvLXEYF/EVOi TLVES: probably bands of robbers collected from the neighborhood, not a part of the army of Tiribazus; cf. 1. 32. 31. T'r, t Su L6Vc Kc.r.A.: the disabled animals. Page 170. 1. 'EXEC-novTo. 'kept falling behind.' o. 8LEs4CapIVOL0 TOS 6W9aXjoLovs - = 'those who had lost the use of their eyes,' being troubled with (probably temporary) snow-blindness. 2. vir6: 'by reason of.' Travellers upon snow-covered mountains are obliged to protect their eyes against the intense glare of the sunlight reflected from snow and ice. o 5aXpou1%s, 8aK'rKTovs: G. 1239; H. 718. See Vocab. under dToo'h7rouas. 13. 4. ocfOaXjjLos: dat. of advantage, used instead of the gen. with dritco6prlfia. Xlovos: 'against the snow.' G. 1085, 3; H. 729, c. Ficav r: with some similar device Napoleon I. protected the eyes of his soldiers against the reflection of the sunlight in the marches across wastes of sand in the famous Egyptian campaign. 5. 'wcv iroScv: for iv 'Orio'Oprfj.a.rwv 7ro&v,Y i. e. against freezing. 6. K.VOiTO. XOi: in order to keep the blood circulating. I0-av C 'Xo: see Vocab. 7. 'nroXioTOr: sc. T'& VnroaucTra, 'loosed his shoes,' 'should take off his shoes,' (or 'brogues,' as indicated in I. Io). PAGE 170.] BOOK IV. CHAP. V. 3T1 14. 7.;o-oL: freely '(in the case of all) who.' Vwro&SeE8vo:=L 'with their shoes on.' 8. LtLavTES: 'thongs,' 'straps ' over the instep, by which the sandal was held in place. Shoes something like those of our day were in use at Sparta and other places; but as the sandals and shoes of the Ten Thousand had long since been worn out, they had been obliged to resort to rude brogues. 10. Kappla'rva: each probably made of a single oval piece of untanned leather drawn up around the foot on all sides and held in place by straps or leather thongs. These 'brogues' were the common foot-wear of peasants and shepherds. 11. poov: 'cattle,' by metonymy for ' skins of cattle.' 15. 12. wrreXeCwovTo: cf. 1. I above, and N. 14. KKXEXOt7rvaL: 'had disappeared.' TrT'rKEVLt: sc. a.vr-v, ' that it had melted.' G. 1522; H. 946. 15. &TrjCxovcra: 'sending up steam.' As there are at the least two hot springs in the region where the Greeks now were, their route cannot be settled from this indication. 16. EKTrpaordlLevoL: notice the force of eK-, 'turning out of' the road, 'turning off from' the road, to the place where the spring was. 17. iropEeorEo-reL: G. 1276; H. 855. 16. 18. ws: render as if at the beginning of the clause. 'rOeTO: sc. au'rovs ecTrperoeo'vs. irdoi TX1 vnl KaL Ii'CXViq:: see llxxavi in Vocab. 20. TEXImEY: 'at last,' 'finally.' G. 1580; H. 983; GMT. 881. 0)&rTTELV K.T.A.: i. e. EKEiZvol avu'rovs a(prrTewv eKLAevoV; in dir. disc., ra'dTrre 7jual, ob yap hv auvaifieOa TropevuOrjat. Why is ardrTe w used here rather than (poveiv, riroK-reIELV, or Mcta0etpevw? 17. 22. wroXeCovts: object of po3Biat; see p. 169, 30, and N. 23. Et: G. 1420; H. 907. IrCoLEv: i. e. in the absence of Xenophon and the rear-guard, who had to go on to join the rest of the army for the night. 24. oL 8: ol e 7roA4toI. 25. ci4l, v: for aJ5l TOVTWV r '; they were 'quarrelling about' the division of the booty, the disabled baggage-animals and their loads left behind, mentioned p. 169, 31-32. 18. 27. avaKpaydvTrs 8crov E'svavCro Eytarov: 'raised a shout as loud as they could and.' Even the exhausted men did what they could to add to the din and frighten off the enemy. 29. ijKav eavrovs KaCr-& rls iXLvos: 'plunged down the snow,' i.e. down a snow-covered declivity. " Modern travellers," says Taylor, "note the ease with which 372 BOOK IV. CHAP. V. [PAGE 171. the people of the country will put spurs to their horses downhill, with the snow some feet deep, when the only track is the half-frozen holes made by previous comers in the snow." Page 171. 19. 2. ir acLroVis: 'after them,' i. e. to rescue them. 4 'rots o-'rp.aTacLL: of the main division of the army. 5. iycKEKakXpu4EvoLS: 'muffled up,' 'wrapped up,' in their cloaks or blankets. 6..vCorc. o'av aTroVs: ' tried to rouse them,' apparently thinking that they were succumbing to the fatal drowsiness that precedes death by freezing. G. 1255; H. 832. 7. o0X v6roXwpoEv: i. e. were blocking the way so that they could not advance. 20. 7. ircpL'v: 'passing along' toward the front. 9. sXov C.T.A.: Chirisophus and those able to reach the village where they had found the water-carriers, had encamped there; the rest were obliged to bivouac as best they could on the snow along the road, exposed to the rigors of an Armenian winter night. Of the severity of the weather in this region Curzon says, "The cold was so severe that any one standing still for even a very short time was frozen to death." "It is common in the summer, on the melting of the snow, to find numerous corpses of men and bodies of horses who had perished in the preceding winter. So usual an event is this, that there is a custom, or law, in the mountains of Armenia, that every summer the villagers go out to the more dangerous passes, and bury the dead whom they are sure to find." No wonder that this night 'some of the soldiers perished' (p. 169, 29)! 21. 11. aTi'ro: 'on the spot.' 12. otas SivavTro: sc. RaTaaT'7oa'aoaa. So many of the men were faint from hunger. or disabled, that fewer watches than usual were set. 13. nrpbs 4iIp., ' v: = it was day-break.' How lit.? 14. TroVs &io-Evovwrcs: at the hot spring, four stadia back; cf. p. 170, 13-2I. ovaoravrovawas: 'to rouse (them) up and.' 22. 16. 'Ev TOU'or. i.e. at daybreak, when Xenophon was sending back for the disabled TrGy K Trfs Kw)lrS: ' (some) of those (who had passed the night) in the village.' EK is used because the men started 'out from' the village. For the condensed expression cf. Trcv 7rapa SaactXws, p. 52, 3, and N. 17. O-Ktc+0OVOUS: G. 1563, 4; H. 969, c. ot ': i.e. oe 5e vewrraroL, the relief party sent back by Xenophon to bring on the disabled. &toiEVOL: see IDIOMS. PAGE 172.] BOOK IV. CHAP. V. 373 18. ISdovTs: sc. Tro6Tros, the party sent back by Chirisophus, who now took charge of the disabled men that had remained all night by the hot spring, leaving the relief party sent by Xenophon free to go forward to the village where Chirisophus had found quarters. 23. 21. o-uvW-yvovro i. e. Chirisophus and Xenophon. 22. T&s rT4dLS a-KrJVOV: 'for the (different) divisions (of the army) to take up quarters.' No one village was large enough to provide accommodation for all. 23. arrov: == 'where he was,' in the village mentioned p. I69, i8. oL &kXo: sc. r-rparryol. 8taaCXodwrS as fwpwv Kp.cLas: ie. laAaX6vrTE a's C 6K/Aas, &s iEpwv. G. 1037; H. 995. 24. gcKaorro;: i. e. each general to the village assigned him; pi., to agree with the subject of i7ropevoVro. The Greeks remained a week quartered thus among the villages and recovering from the terrible sufferings of the past four days. 24. 26. 'KiXEvcrtV &4LECvL ia'vrov: 'bade Xenophon let him start off.' As Polycrates was a subordinate officer, taiEAevrev is used to suggest the urgency with which he pressed his request. 27. TroV E~VdOVoUS: sc. &vspas. 29. irXous ds Saco'dv: the satrap of Armenia each year sent to the king 20,000 horses. Even to-day the horses of this region are sought after and considered of excellent quality. 30. Ei-rcLKaC8sKa: the number seems too small in view of the statement (p. 173, 24-26) that Xenophon gave a horse to each of the generals and captains. Still, he may have obtained other horses in the other villages. Page 172. 1.;vcETrlv,1pipav = 'eight days before.' In expressions of this kind the Greeks reckoned in the day of the event itself, while we do not. G. o163; H. 721. 2. i&vq4p: 'husband.' ev TCrs Kcj.aLs: search was probably made for the man in the other villages. If not intercepted, being son-in-law of the chief man of the village, he might carry news of the incursion to influential friends and organize an attack upon the Greeks. 25. 4. KaTayELOL: similar 'underground' habitations are still common in northern Armenia, built thus for protection against the cold. " Often," says a German tourist, " the traveller looks about for a village when he is already on its roofs, and finds this out only when his horse's forefeet plunge into some smoke-vent, and he himself, unexpected and unannounced, goes tumbling down through the roof into the midst of 374 BOOK IV. CHAP. V. [PAGE 172. the family circle." Mr. Curzon, in his Armenia (cf. Taylor's N.), gives a detailed account of the construction of these houses. First a site is selected on the side of a gently sloping hill. Then a space as large as the proposed house is excavated. This is divided off into quarters for the stock and rooms for the family by walls and rows of wooden columns, eight or nine feet high. Over these large branches of trees are laid, with a thick layer of smaller branches and twigs on top. Then a large part of the earth taken out in the excavation is spread above, and a layer of turf completes the roof. The houses are now entered through door-ways on the lower side, which is built up four or five feet above the grade of the slope. 'bTO ro'-ca Socri-np piCaTos: i. e. Tb a-r4da (ace. of specification) &frrEp aoroAa qppdarso, = 'with an entrance like the mouth of a well.' 6. opvKraC: i. e. like a tunnel on an inclined plane from the surface of the ground, down to the floor of the house. KCLa.: here = 'on.' 7.:v rats o0K(LaitL K.T.A.: a similar state of things exists in Armenia to-day, though effort is being made to do away with it. 8. -r& 8 KTnvlq....'Tpe<ETo: mentioned to account for the maintenance of so large a number of animals in quarters, naturally a matter of interest to a Greek; for in Greece animals usually graze all winter, as in the western parts of our country. 26. 9. borTrpltc: 'beans.' 10. otvos KpCtlvos: 'beer,' used as a beverage also by the ancient Egyptians, Thracians, and Germans. It seems now to have gone out of use in Armenia. ivlqorav 8 KCa: 'and in (the beer) also there were.' The grains of barley from which the beer had been made were floating on the surface 'even with the brim' of the vessels in which it was kept. Hence the natives used jointless reeds to suck it up. 11. Ka,6cLja: many orientals to-day prefer sipping their drinks through reeds from large vessels to the use of drinking-cups. 27. 12. TroUTOVS-' aovT-X: 'to take these and.' 13. 8*tcil: force of opt.? G. 1431, 2; H. 914, B, 2. 14. Lcpa-ros: 'strong;' taken literally the statement would be a truism. The Greeks usually mixed three parts of water to one of wine, sometimes two parts of water to one of wine. iv: i. e. 6 olvos KpiOvos. 15. orupjaLVTi: = to one who was used to it.' G. I1172, 2; H. 771, a and b. 28. 16. o-rvSEirvov: cf. N. to p. 112, 27. 17. oiTE, TrE 'both -not, and.' 18. TiKvV: G. 1117; H. 748. o"rnpqooL.To: PAGE 173.] 00B K IV. CHAP. V. 375 G. 1248, I287; II. 496, 855, a; GMTI. 128. rjIv.. &. racLrv: change to dir. disc.; trans. freely, 'and that before going away they would fill his house with provisions by way of recompense. 19. ErTLrtSewv: G. 1113; H. 743- &yaOdv K.T.A.: see Vocal). under fpy4dopyai. &yatOdv Tr (sc. p-yov), Oarpa.EvjLa: G. 1073, 1054; IL. 725. 20 ycvvTraL: G. I465; H. 921. 29. 21. c\LXodpovomilzevos: see N. to p. 112, 26. olvov: proleptic; trans. as if nom. in the following clause. 22. jv Karopwpvyjlvos i. e. el AcKKrcoIs KoviaroTs, as described p. 158, 31-32, and NN. 23. iv Trr&acrv di6voLs: sc. iovre. 24. iv uvXaK.... iv 6o0aX-,ois: chiasmus. The comarch was strictly guarded, but his children were merely kept as we say ' under the eye' of the Greeks. 30. 28. wrpbs XELPtro#0ov. the different divisions of the Greeks had quarters in different villages; cf.. 171, 21-25. 29. TroiS iV -rats KWjlaLS: i. e. the Greeks quartered in the villages. KarcXafdpave E sc. a;urovs. 31. afecoav.. ie. oi sv rats tfc atus "EAAkqves a.ieaea evowP(wvra,al a bv Kw/ dpXrlv. 'rCapaOetEv G( 1470; II. 924, a. 31. 31. OVK T\v 8' O'irou of. 'and there was no place where not = 'and everywhere,' like the Latin lusquaim nzo Page 173. 32. 3. #LXkofpovouipevos Tw. 'Gshowing kindness to any one,' 'courteously entertaining any one.' irpowrtcv: 'to drink to his health.' 4. LXKEV '. L e. the person entertaining 'would draw ' the person entertained. iriKci4ravTa. render as if coordinate with rieive.. 50 Wov: attracted to the ace. by the proximity of po5oOvra, the nom. would be more natural, ro-rcp foovs (pofpei). This evidently refers to the drinking of the wine, not the beer. The natives seem to have had no cups to drink out of. i(s8oorav Xaqipd tv: == pe'mnzztebaut, t sumerezt, 'gave (permission) to take.' 7. ade iX&dipavev: the comarch wished to bring all his relatives under the pledge of security that had been given to him. Cf. p. 172, i6-20. 33. 8. KIcvovs: i. e Chirisophus and his men. 9. (rKIlvouvvas ' in (good) quarters,' suggestive of carousing. ro-Tr4voLs: 'garlands,' 'wreaths,' like those ordinarily worn by the Gieeks at banquets but made of hay as a substitute for the flowers commonly used. This merry picture stands in pleasing contrast with the distressing scenes of 376 BOOK IV. CHAP. VI. [PAGE 174. the late marches through snow-covered passes. 10.,1ap3CapK(Lts rrokXais: the Armenian dress seemed no doubt droll and incongruous, in connection with a drinking-bout in the Greek fashion. 11. eSeiKvUcrav: 'showed (by signs).' &o-irep 4veots: 'as to deaf-mutes.' The boys did not understand Greek, nor the Greeks Armenian. 34. 13. &XXi\Xkous ie)LXo4povlcLravTo 'had greeted each other.' 15. repoL'crovTos: the comarch understood Persian, at that time the official language of Armenia, but not Greek. 16. 'ApievCat: sc. fr. oL tiriro K.r.A cf. p..171, 29, and N. 17. SCaor-os: in apposition with the subject of TpepowvTro understood. 18. XaXvBas: '(the country of the) Chalybes.' rTv 866v: proleptic. Trans. with el73, ' in what direction the road (thither) lay.' 35. 20, "XeO &yowv: = 'went back with.' 21. ecturoi: i.e. roy KcwIaptov. roaXcaCTEpov: '(as) too old (for him); sc. vrTa. 22. &vaOpqiavTr: 'to fatten up and.' 23. a6rbv tiepv etvaC. rovi 'H\iov ' 'that it was sacred to the Sun,' i. e. had been consecrated to the Sun, in the worship of whom as Mithras the Persians sacrificed horses. Cf. p. 15. The sun as an emblem still appears in the Persian national coat-of-arms. lvac: see N. to p. 110, 24. 24..r&v irdoXv: trans. as if Tz-v rcwAwyv rIas. G. I099; H. 738. 25. XoXa-yv: perhaps only to the captains of his own division. Cf. p. 171, 30 and N. 36. 28. Irept... r.. iXEt: a similar device is still made use of in the Caucasus Mountains. By tying on these little bags the feet were made to present a larger surface to the snow, and were thus prevented from sinking in, on the same principle as that utilized in the construction of the snow-shoe used in the northern parts of America and in Norway. CHAPTER VI. MARCH ALONG THE PHASIS RIVER. Page 174. 1. 1. 7ileppa oySdq: i.e. 'the eighth day' after the Greeks had taken quarters in the villages. On the omission of the article see H. 66i. It was now about Dec. 15. Trbv friv Ycpiva: PAGE 174.] BOOK IV. CHAP. VI. 377 'him (i. e. the comarch) as guide.' 2. rrapaScso8wX: sc. ePoq0&Y. KcaTLaiX'TrEL: i.e. at home, in the comarch's house. 3. Koif.pX: G. II65; H. 767. Tro &PTrL /pdco'KovTos: the restrictive article implies that the comarch had other sons besides the one taken. The boy was fifteen or sixteen years old. 5. ilyTlcaTTo: sc. o Kwc/codpXrs. Kac: 'also ' if the comarch should prove a faithful guide he would have this son back as well as the rest of his household, who were left behind. AwscoL: 'he might go back' to his home. 6. ds K.T.X.: cf. IDIOMS, p. 404. 2. 8. aCrots: cf. N. to p. 96, 27. XeXuvp.vos: he was left ' unbound' doubtless because the Greeks thought that if confidence were placed in him he would lead the more efficiently. 9. iv: sc. o KwcUdpX7s, taking the place of rb rTpdareuCa. or me similar expression. KCi: trans. as if with temporal clause, ' when.' 11. O0K eEV: SC. Kicu/al, 'there were no villages.' As the Greeks were now in a rocky and barren region, not unlikely the comarch told the truth. 12. o l: 3. 13. Trs vvKTOS': 'in the course of the night,' the fourth night after leaving the villages. &iroSpas W.XEro: G. I587; If. 985. 'T'TO K.T.X.: 'this in fact was the only source of disagreement between Chirisophus and Xenophon.' 15. KCLKOCLS, \iiEecLa: in apposition with what? KcaiCWos is explained by I'TratrLe ievy, aLeXAia by f87n/Oe 5' oV. 16. 7raLSo: G. 1102; H. 742. 17. pXPfT'O: sc. avw1, 'found him.' 4. 18. l7rT. o-TaOa1oos: December 19-25 inclusive. &av: 'at the rate of.' 19. T'S p11epas: -= 'each day,' 'a day.' Why not ace.? ao-ewv 'roTra.ov: see Vocab. and Map. The Greeks had now crossed the watershed between the Euphrates and the upper part of the Araxes (called Phasis, as if it were a different stream), doubtless through deep snow and with much hardship. This watershed forms a high plateau intersected by mountains, with an average height of about 6,ooo feet above sea-level. It has been conjectured that the Greeks mistook this Phasis for the river of the same name in Colchis, which flows directly into the Black Sea, and followed it seven days with the design of thus reaching the sea; and that, having then found out their mistake, they crossed it and started over the mountains to the north, through the pass mentioned in 1. 21. 378 BOOK IV. CHAP. VI. [PAGE 175. 5. 20. ivTeev0i 'from that point,' referring probably to the place where the Greeks crossed the Phasis and began to march away from it. 21 vrrreppoX: apparently some pass leading from the Phasis through the mountains to the north. But the route of the Greeks from the Phasis to Trapezus is exceedingly uncertain. 22. XkdXuves: cf. p. I6o, I4, and N. 6. 25. KarCT KEpas dywov agtmine longo ducens, 'while leading in column,' the usual order of march and ill suited to attack or repulse of an enemy. Cf. p. 35. 26. T'ots iXXoLS: sc. 0rTparCeyoqs. Tros XdXOVs C.T..A: the companies were to be brought into line of battle. For the manceuvre cf. N to p. 163, 28, and Plan VI. The change from the column of march to battle-order was effected in the same way as that from the company column to the battle-order by enomoties, except that the companies moved each as a single body instead of moving in sections by enomoties. 7. 28. jX\ov: here 'came up.' 30. Oi rroXEluot: specified in 1. 22. Page 175. 8. 2. TrrapaoyeyXXLv: why not JKexeviEv? Cf. N. to p. i64, 13 4. 4. eT, ElT: G. i606; H. IOI7. 9. 6. 'Eploo: emphatic form in emphatic position. 4ireLS&v T,&X'oTa: 'as soon as.' 8 8 8a;'pitPoypev: G. 1391; H. 893, c. T'iv T'rqpEpov il).pa: more emphatic than 'rOjepov; trans. 'this single day.' 10. LKOds: SC. foTiy. rhXEiovs: 'in greater numbers.' 11. wrpooryevecrOaL: aor. with ~EKis (eor-tv) having the force of the fut.,='will add themselves (to them),' 'will join (them).' GMT. I36. 10. 13. 'Eyb ol'r o yvyvWo'Kc: cf. N. to p. 109, 31. Xenophon's clever advice to gain the point aimed at by strategy stands in marked contrast with the blunt Spartan proposal to scale the height at once and carry it at any cost. The two ways of meeting the difficulty are characteristic of the two different types of men, the Athenian and the Lacedaemonian. 14. Toiro: emphatic, looking forward to what follows. 15. jLa.Xoiipeka, X&lpt4p.v: notice the change of mode with bTrws. G. 1372, 1374; H. 885, and b; GMT. 339. 16. Ws eXaXLrTa: 'the fewest possible.' Notice the parallelism in arrangement and the forceful anaphora in this section. 17. ur4ci&Lra av8p3v: emphatic, but trans. simply 'men.' PAGE 176.] BOOK IV. CHAP. VI. 379 11. 19. iroTl riTeov A +c' i;iiKovrac crTa'Stc: - 'extends more than sixty stadia.' How many miles? Trb opfpiEvov: in loose apposition with opos; trans. 'the part that is visible.' 20. 4vX&TTovrTE. 'watching.' 21. aXA': 'except.' I. I046, 2, c. 22. o6povs partitive gen. dep. on Tr; trans. freely, 'to try to steal upon some part of the mountain and seize (it) in advance (of the enemy).' GMT. 893. 23. el 8vvaip0a: more modest than eayv vvJcYeEa..akXXov: repeats the comparative idea in Kpturrov, the force of which has been weakened by the intervening clause. 24. cLpETo'KEUQao-,cvous: 'who stand prepared' to receive us. 12. 25. p Sov: sc. i. pi. p0Lov: adverbial acc., 'up hill,' 'up a steep.' 6tLaMes: 'on a level.' 26. o6vTov: G. I563,7; H. 969, R. 27. Ta rrpb oro8&v: 'what lies before one's feet.' ipE0' i'pxpav: 'by daylight.' 28. i TpaCXEte K.rT..: 'the rough road is easier for the feet, when marching unharassed, than the level road for those whose heads are a mark for missiles.' Notice the forceful repetition of ajuaXf. 29. KEF4CaXis: G. Io58; H. 718. 13. 30. KXEi+JL: emphatic. Eo6v. 'since it is in our power' G. I569; H. 973. 31. CreXEXOEtv TOOOVrTOV 'to go so far away (from the enemy).' Ws tjI aX'crO'rrLv wapeXev = 'as not to attract their attention,' by any noise we might make. How lit.? Page 176. 1. TaUT-r: 'at this point,' i.e. at the pass where the enemy were. L&v: G. I312; H. 864. 2. 'rt &XXy peL XpeOa-0 'that we should find the rest of the mountain,' i.e. all except that part now occupied by the enemy, in plain sight of whom the main body of the Greeks remained. 3. Eyd: emphatic, in sharp contrast with iu/as in l. 4. o'UpP0XX0oiat: sc. yvwjvY', 'express my opinion.' 14. 5. eo'rT TCZV O'otlov: 'belong to the peers' (ol /iotoit), the highest class in the Spartan state, to whom alone belonged the rights and privileges of full citizenship. G. IO94,7; H. 732. 7. 5roa p.i KoXVtEL v6OLos: sc. KI'7rTEiv. Spartan boys were served with scanty rations, and were permitted to steal anything besides that they could find to eat, under the penalty of a sound thrashing if they should be caught in the act. The custom doubtless originated in the loose ideas about private ownership that must prevail where property is held in common; but it was kept up because it was thought that by learning to steal in this way the boys' wits were sharpened. G. I428, I; It. 913; GMT S20. 380 BOOK IV. CHAP. VI. [PAGE 177. 15. 8. &pL: 'of course,' ironical. In both Xenophon's remarks and the rejoinder by Chirisophus there is a trace of the ill-feeling mentioned p. 174, 14, which Xenophon's pleasantry was perhaps intended to allay. 9. Laxo-rLyor-0aL: ' to get a thrashing.' 10. j&uha KaLp6S COTLvV: colloquially, 'it's high time,' or ' it's just. the right opportunity.' 11. opos: partitive gen.; sc. n-. 16. 14. Seivois ival: 'are terrible fellows.' Aristophanes and the Attic orators often allude to the dishonesty of public officials at Athens. Chirisophus's reply is rather caustic. 15. KaL Sv'ro. ' even though,' etc. The penalty for theft at Athens was a fine equal in amount to twice the sum stolen; but under certain circumstances it amounted to exile or even loss of life. G. 563, 6; H. 969, e. 16. etlrep... dtLoivTr: bitter sarcasm, since every one knew that it was not 'the best' men, in the ordinary sense of the term, but the favorites of the people, the demagogues, that held official positions at Athens and made use of these for their own interest. 1 7. 21. KcLTaXrl8+Evos: G. 1563, 4; H. 969, c. 22. KXorr&v: following the Greek line of march for the sake of plunder. Cf. p. I69, 30, and N. 23. 'rOTrOV: G. I I03; H. 742. KaC: 'also,' in addition to other information. 24. ai C: G. 8II; H. 776. 25. pa3r& teo-cr: sc. m& Xwpia. 18. 26. p.evtv: G. I286; H. 948, a; GMT. I36. 27. ev 7W 6FLoI': 'on their own level,' 'on a level (with them),' i.e. on the mountains beside them or above them. 28. KCaTraccv L v LV Jv eis T' to'ov: 'to come down to the same level with us,' in the valley of the Phasis. G. 1178; H. 773. 19. 30. 'i SEt K.T.A.. Chirisophus is touched by Xenophon's brave offer, and assumes a more gentle tone. 31. &XX' iXXous irdE ov: i.e. 'rovTo 7rolet, dAA' &KAovs re'olov; cAAX' may be translated ' rather.' Page 177. 20. 1. tpXera: 'came (forward);' sc. M0eAo6,ros 3. EcrvOq!jLa iOLiro-avTo: notice the reciprocal force of the mid., 'they made an agreement with one another,' 'they agreed together.' 4. ruvpa Kfiv -roXXl: both as a signal to the main body of the army and as a protection against the severe cold. 5. Ipo-fTv: translate, 'went to eating their breakfast.' PAGE 177.] BOOK TV. CHAP VrI. 381 21. 5. iK: 'immediately after.' 6. Trb orTpaT&iEva irav: including the detachments of volunteers, who did not start out to scale the height till nightfall. 7. Tr-CrlT: 'in that direction,' i. e. up the pass where the enemy were posted. 22. 8. oL raXi'vrEs: ( those who were detailed,' i. e. the volunteers. 9. aTroi: 'there,' 'in the same place,' where they had been the day before, facing the enemy. 11. Eyp'lydpeorcav: 'kept awake,' 'kept watch,' fearing a surprise. G. 1263; H. 849. 23. 12. OwuaplEvos: cf. N. to p. 77, I8. 13. Trv 686v: i. e. over the pass; cf. p. I74, 21, and p. 175, 2I. KaLT T aL pa ip rrfiav: 'went against (the enemy) along the heights.' 24. 16. urrrppoXj: see N. to p. 174, 21. &arivra: 'went to meet.' 17. TroVis roXXoiis: 'the main bodies,' both of the Greeks and of the barbarians. 18. cruptLyvuacrLv: less common form than oavu.,zyviovo-u,. ol KLa& r& o Kpa: 'those on the heights,' here including both the volunteers of the Greeks and the detachment of the enemy that had gone to meet them. 25. 19. oL -rEXrarTarcC, XEpiCo-ro4os: in partitive apposition with OL EIC roOv reiov. 26. 23. To &vc: 'their division above,' the fitpos avi-Tv of 1. I6. 26. aXpia: the Greeks could not use these shields themselves, and hence made them useless to the enemy. 27. 26. avep-q3Vcv: i.e. into the pass, now cleared of the enemy. 27. 'pod'ratov o't'lrTop.VOL: cf. p. 38. TO wrECov: probably on the north side of the pass. Cf. N. to p. 174, 19. CHAPTER VII. MARCH TO A MOUNTAIN WHENCE THERE IS A VIEW OF THE SEA. 1. 29. 'EK roV'roV: i. e. 'EcK ro76Trv TWv KW/y, mentioned in I. 28, or iK rovTrv Trwv Xwplwv. It was now about December 30. ds TaoxXOUs: cf. N. to p. 53, 22. The name is thought to survive in the modern Ttaikh, a district in this region. 382 BOOK IV. CHAP. VII. 1 PAGE 179. Page 178. 1. ydp: introduces the reason why the Greeks could obtain no supplies. v: not Els, because of eXov. 2. etXov &vaKEKOJ.iLrIoVOL: G. 1262; H. 981, a; GMT. 47. 2. 3. ro'dXL oVK edXEv: the stronghold was evidently used merely as a place of refuge in time of danger. 4. o-uvVEXXuV06TEs qiHrav: 'had assembled.' Cf. p. 9I, I5, and N. 8' oardo-E: change from the relative construction; used instead of eds 5' o'. G. 1040; H. I005. 6. Ev09US qKCOV 'immediately on arriving.' G. 1572; H. 976. Canl. Ka.JIVw: 'was getting exhausted.' 7. &apooos: 'in a body,' forming a compact circle about the place. Apparently a river defended the stronghold on three sides, and on the remaining side the troops could come up only one detachment at a time; cf. 1. I6, below. 3. 11. Els KadOV: ='at an opportune time,' 'at the right time.' Xoplov... Xp ov: palindromic chiasmus. Cf. p. 99, 27, and N. 12. Xt6pOe0a:. 139I; H. 893, c. 4. 14. i3ovXE6ovro: i. e. o; u-rparT7yoi. 15. T'r KowXov Eto'e0tBtv: 'the hindrance in the way of entering.' G. 1549; H. 963. 16. aiirr: subject of ueriv, while ircposos is in pred. Cf. p. 154, II, and N. 17. KcuXVi8o'urL: sc. ol vroXAitot. 19. OijT: spoken with a gesture pointing out the unhappy victims. See b&arTitOiu in Vocab. 20. o-KiCs, irXevpdss: G. 1058; H. 718, and a. 5. 22. &XXo rt i: cf. p. IIO, 8, and N. IK TO yvavritou: 'on the opposite side.' 23. Et IL Kf.,...: '(any) except these, a few men,' pointing them out with a motion of the hand. GMT. 476, i. 6. 24. XwpCov: here 'space.' 25. o'rrtv 'extends.' PBakXoiLvovs: ' under fire.' Why present part.? 27. &ve':= ' behind;' the men while advancing toward the stronghold could find refuge from the enemy's missiles 'behind' the trees. ri &v T'aroXoLEv: what answer is expected? 28. cjEpojevvov: 'hurled,' 'thrown,' as distinguished from KuvXLtv;oLSEwv, 'rolled.' 29. TO Xowo'rdv i e. rb Aonrbw Xwptov. yC-yvEt: ' amounts to.' Page 179. 7... rokXot': pred., 'in great numbers.' 2. AUTb atv Tpb sov et': for aUrb,roVro i.r...: = ' that would be the very thing PAGE 180.] BOOK IV. CIAP. VII. 383 needed.' +: sc. zEVoq'w. P 3. ~VOEv: 'to the point whence.' JILKpOv T iracpaSpap.elv: '(only) a short distance to run across,' referring to the remaining half-plethron. 4. 8vvwJ'peO: sc, 7rapaSpalpv. &aXreetv L 'to get back.' 8. 7. TO1TOV iv: 'to him belonged.' G. 1094; H. 732. As the front of the column was the post of danger, the captains with their companies took turns in leading on the march. 11. KILO' 'eva: see Vocab. G. 1211, 2, (); H. 800, 2, d. KCL<rTos: G. 914; I. 624, d. 4VUXacLTTdvoS is isSvvaro: see IDIOMS, p. 404. 9. 13. Kal oVrTOL: 'these too.' 14. %gX: '(just) outside.' 15. v: 'among.' rO 'gva. X6Xov: 'the one company' of Callimachus. 10. 16. ilqxav&rTcC Tr: freely, 'availed himself of a ruse.' IrpoirpeXev: impf. expressing repeated action, 'he would run forward;' asyndeton of explanation. 18. j'poLvTro: G. 143I, 2; H. 914, 3, (2). )f' iKaC'ntr s rS lrpoSpois: = 'each time that he ran forward.' 19. /dLiaEaL: trans. 'wagon-loads,' that which carries being put by metonymy for that which is carried. 11. 21. TObv KaokXCJaLXov a ETroLEL: trans. as if & 6 KaXXfaXos ErToiEt. What is this arrangement of words called? 22. IJ.h ov w rpOTros: trans. ' that he would not be the first,' with infinitive following. G. 1618; H. 1033. 23. oTi-E rLapaLKaXeros-C -O -o -; ' without calling upon either - or - or.' 24. dvTar, ovraas: concessive; render by clauses with 'although.' 25. aTods: here 'for himself,' i. e. alone.' 12. 27. g'uTOS: G. o199; IT. 738. 28. a6Trovs: i.e. both Callimachus and Agasias. I. 712, c. 29. &vTE7roLOiVroT: 'were competing in regard to reputation for courage.' G. o199; H. 739, a. Page 180. 13. 1. pLrTovoa LL: trans. as if dpp-rr7ovv Kal. The impf. here and in the following verb implics continued action; one woman after another cast her children down the rocks and then herself. 2. Er[KaT'rppCTwTovv: force of r7T- and cKar-? 4. Ws: cf. N. to p. 51, I4. 14. 5. B 8' acrb-v frtrra&TIaL: i. e. the native dragged Aeneas after him. 6, WXovTro +E6pdotEvoL: 'went plunging.' G. 1587; H. 985. 8. roX\o: belongs also with 7rpodara. 384 BOOK IV. CHAP. VII. [PAGE 180. 15. 10. XcXv1pov: cf. Map. The route of the Greeks here is extremely uncertain. It was probably about Jan. 3, B. c. 400, that they captured the stronghold of the Taochi 11. wv SLiXqov: for rTOVTW'r ors &8A.ov, which in turn stands for roV'rw, wv Xwpav ls7xOov. 12. Eis Xtpas: i.e. ors eis xeTpas, 'into collision with whom.' The other mountain tribes had avoided pitched battle with the Greeks. 09paKas SKvos: cf. N. to p. 79, 7. 13. av-l..... i'rTpaLp.va: the corselet-flaps of the Chalybes, unlike those to which the Greeks were accustomed, consisted of firmly twisted pieces of rope hanging down close together from the corselet. 16. 15. Scrov: 'as large as.' EviAllv: attracted from the nom. through the influence of the near acc. The weapon resembled an American bowie-knife. 16 sv: -= roVTovS &v. 7'roTiq6VTrES &v: 'they would cut off the heads (of their enemies) and.' The custom suggests the scalp-lifting of the American Indians. It is said to be still prevalent among certain savage tribes of Asia. G. I308; H. 86i 19. tlCav X6yXTv: unlike the Grecian spear, which had a pointed shoe, or projection, at the lower end so that it could be stuck in the ground 17. 21. (Kov: the Chalybes lived in the fortresses, unlike the Taochi, who used them only as a place of refuge. 22. iv roiToLs: we should say 'into these.' G. 1225, 2; H. 788. 23. a-UdvTo0v: 'from them,' the fortresses. 24. 8LErTpa'flacrav: forceful change from the infinitive after &ro-r. G. I450; H. 927; GMT. 582-584. 18. 26. "Apirao-ov: identified by Koch and Kiepert with the Tschoruk-soo (or Chorook-soo), which however is not so wide as the Harpasus of Xenophon. Rennell thought he had found the Harpasus in the Harpa-soo, a tributary of the Araxes from the north. The view of Kiepert is probably correct, and the Greeks may have reached the Tschoruk-soo at a point where it was marshy, or where it had overflowed its banks by reason of the winter storms. Robiou places the Harpasus farther north. 28. SKvOW&vv: thought to be descendants of the horde of Scyths that had overrun Assyria in the latter part of the seventh century B. C. Cf. p. 6. Their location, as that of several of the other tribes mentioned by Xenophon, is not definitely known. 29. yrESCou: probably the valley of the Harpasus, west of the point where the Greeks had crossed 'the river. Cf. Map. PAGE 181.] BOOK IV. CHAP. VTT. 385 Page 181. 19. 3. rvLavL s: the exact location of Gymnias is unknown. At least six different sites have been suggested, no one of which can be settled upon with certainty, owing to the meagre data given by Xenophon. 5. &uavTv: with 7roAesias as if the adj. were a subst., as in or?roAeitor eavrwvY; trans., 'a country hostile to themselves.' P1. as including both chief and people. 20. 5. ~KEtVOS: 6 qy"EYL6v. 6. trVTrE 1FTp6v: 'within five days.' G. 1136; H. 759. 7. eL 8i p. sc. what? T'rOvdva e7r1ryyECXaro: 'he offered to be killed,' i. e. he staked his life on the fulfilment of his promise. G. 1263; H. 849. 8. EiwELs: here 'as soon as.' Ivd3aev: 'he (the guide) had thrown them (i.e. the Greeks) into.' Xenophon views the swift hostile incursion as the act of the guide. iavro: as eavrcv, in 1. 5, the guide here being put for the people of Gymnias. 9. TrapiKEX6Ei o: SC. a'rovs, i. e. the Greeks. 10. s KOC: see N. to p. 99, 30. 11. 'EXXAvov: G. 1085, 3; H. 729, c. 21. 12 TO 6pos ' the Xwpiov of 1. 6. T I'r rlITrrIn i1ipp: probably Jan. 27. 13. OEXiqs identified by different writers with seven different peaks in the region south of Trapezus. 14. KarEZSov y force of KBar-? 22. 15. aKouocaS why not pl., as Oi-07crav? 16. &XXovs: 'others ' besides those attacking the rear, as shown by the following clause. 18. avcT(v: dep. on nrvas.;tWyprcl'av: sc. Trvas. 19. roLlo'LJraEvoL: force of the mid.? copbodoa: i. e. ox-hides' untanned, with the hair left on. 20. T,: cf. N. to p. 126, 2. H. 664, c. 23. 21. EyyiTErpov adv., joined in construction with an adj. Notice the frequent use of conjunctions throughout this graphic description, in no small degree heightening the effect. 22. o afl ErL6dv'TES: 'those who kept coming up.' 23. rroXX5 ptCl~v-rv - 6c IrXEovs: 'much louder - the more.' G. II84; H. 781. 24..E4Ov TI:'a matter of unusual importance.' The shouting was louder than was usual in the every-day skirmishes. 24. 25. AUKLOV: the captain of the horsemen; see p. 139, 20-23. irapcpoE OL0: notice the force of 7rap-; Xenophon and the horsemen 386 BOOK IV. CHAP. VIII. [PAGE 182. rode along the line of march from the rear to the front, which was already on the height. 27. aXa'TTa, O4Xa-raC: like the cry of "Land! Land!" raised by the mariners of Columbus at the first sight of San Salvador. By reaching the sea the Greeks would meet with men of their own race, who had founded colonies all along the shores of the Euxine, and would be relieved of the terrible hardships of a mid-winter march over the mountains of Armenia. irapEyyvuVTowv 'passing the cry along' to those who had not yet come up. 25. 32. OTou 8I rapeyEyuYu'o-CavTo s ' some one or other, you see, having started the word (to do so),' i e. to build a memorial mound; in full, 7rapE-yyv'aravTds Trwos, otI-rls 8a iv. Page 182. 1. KoXwvov: the custom of piling up heaps of stones in commemoration of important events was common among the Hebrews and other ancient nations, particularly of the East. Cf. Gen. xxxi. 46. 26. 2. &rVTerTiecav.: 'set up' as a thank-offering to the gods. 4. KaTTFiEIve TL& YEppa: had the shields been left whole the natives might have carried them off and used them again; cf. p. 177, 26. Why did the guide interest himself in destroying the weapons? SLEKEEXEvEo: SC. KaCsalTeAveY. 27. 7..Tr'o KOLVOO. 'from the common stock.' 9. TroS 80 -KTuXCovs: 'the (commonly worn) rings,' the signet-rings, of which the Greeks made much use, but which the barbarians wore only for ornament. H. 657, b. 10. orTvic-ourO- 'they might find quarters' 11. MdKpwvas: cf. p. 53, 22, and N. 12. Trqs VUKTOS a7r wv: in order to escape the vengeance of the enemy into whose country he had led the Greeks, and of whom some were still following the Greek army. CHAPTER VIII. MARCH FROM MOUNT THECHES TO TRAPEZUS. 1. 13. SL& MaKp6vowv trans. as if SzA r^s rTy MatKpowv Xcpas. The name is thought to survive in Makoor-Dagh, a mountain in this region. 14, o-raOj1olus Tpeis probably Jan. 28-30, B. c. 400 -15. rVv ' se. Xcdpav. PAGE 183.] BOOK IV. CHAP. VIII. 387 2. 16. 7'Trp S1eiLov see eids in Vocal). 17. otov: with the superlative having the force of Wcs or oatn, = TOIoroT o6v eUrT XaAeTrWrarov, ' of the greatest possible roughneas,' i.e. of ascent. Il. 651. 18. b 6pi' n v [7rorTa.j.s] 'the border-stream.' ob: the borderstream. 19. Sao-rs; here ' thickly bordered.' SvSpEoi: == evapots. G. 287, I; H. 212. 20. Ta.Ta iKorTrov: to clear a passage for the army through the thicket, and get material for making the road passable for the animals. Cf. ~ 8. 3. 22. TrpLXvoous: probably of goats' hair, still used extensively in these parts for making coarse cloth. 23. KaT"' dVTLirepas: see N to p. 53, 2. 25. w'rTa[dv; the border-stream. iLKVOvVTO i. e. across the river to where the Greeks were. oi: G. I38, I; H. 112, a. 26. olS'v:'and they did no damage.' Xenophon is here slightly ironical. G. 1054; H. 716, b. 4. 28. 'A0ilv7l1L; an old Ionic locative, - cv 'AOrjvas. G. 296; H. 220. SE80UXEVKEVaL: L had served as a slave.' Slaves were very numerous at Athens. Some were born there of slave parents, others were captives in war; but a great number were obtained by trade from the slave markets, of which there were many around the Black Sea. 29. oowviv;: here not 'voice.' 30. TLo.I'rlV elvL: 'that this is.' Cf. p. 52, 21, and N. El ^! TL K(OX\EL: 'if there is no objection.' Page 183. 5. 1. 'AXX': cf. N. to p. 9I, 21. 3. poTT'jrCaLVTos: i e..ro a&vapbs auirois ep'pwrctavros, 'after the man had asked them.' 4. av'TLTST'XQaTaL: Ionic pf mid. third person pl., -= a'VrTre'rayevo. esiov. G. 701; H. 376, D, d. 5. Ka.: emphatic, 'also.' 6. 7. AEiyCv: asyndeton of quick reply. iKeXvov: sc. Tbv &vapa, the man who was acting as interpreter. TL: G. 1477; 11. 928, b. 7rotilr'ovrEs: 'intending to do' 8. &rrEpX6F6p.6a notice the force of 7r-, 'back.' 7. 10. eL: 6;. o660; ioi. Soiv iV: i.e. ol "EAA7lyes: E; a&'eTJaEav may be supplied as a protasis. G. 132S; H. 903. TO~'ru)V:= 'for this.' Trd 7rWrti: ' the (customary) pledges.' L 8' i. e. ol 5e MaKpcoes. 12. XYX'YV K T.A: an exchange of weapons symbolized cessation of hostilities, with something the same thought that a conquered general now delivers his sword to the conqueror. 14. eireQaprTupavro ' 'further called to witness.' 388 BOOK IV. CHAP. VIII. [PAGE 184. 8. 16. ouvve'Korrrov: ' helped to cut away.' wcSoroCouv - 'made passable.' 18. rrapilya-yov... rois "EXXqlvcts: order, 7rap7'ya7yov rovs "EXArJvas v TrpTLrl t7ep cts, Eo're tcarTcrraf1oC (avrobs) Erl 'r $pra (Tirv) KOAXXYw. Trapi-yayov: force of irap-? 19. KoXXoAv Spra: the territories of the Colchians at this time extended along the shore of the Euxine Sea westward as far as Trapezus. Kcrio-To-av: G. 1464; H. 922. It was now probably Feb. 2. 9. 20. iEya: trans. as if uEiya /uCv, in contrast with 7rpoaf3cabv,. 21. Tob wpwrov: G. Io60; II. 79. 24. ouVXXyEto-: 'to meet and.' 10. 26. iraivro-avTas: sc. avtros, i. e. rovs orrpa rryovs; trans. freely 'to give up - and.' 27. XoXovs opOCovs '-roricra: for the change from battle-order to company columns, see Plan VI. and N. to p. I63, 28. For the advantage of arrangement by company columns in scaling a height cf. N. to p. 157, 8. i1 piv -ycp: transition to dir. disc. 28. Trj e'iv, 'rq 8e. 'in some places,' ' in others.' 29. roiTro: refers to grav.. pcrpwv. 30. TreTrayp.ivoL: 'although drawn up.' 31. opCoolv: pl. from the idea of orpaTrirar in (fd&Aa-y. 11. 31. rITreT': introduces the second reason for preferring the arrangement by company columns to the regular battle-order. irlr.roXXov: 'many deep.' If we advance with our men massed in a deep line of battle, the enemy will present a wider front than we can, and will thus be able to outflank us. 32. ilZv: G. 1120; H. 749. Page 184. 1. rots 'rrEpLTTo's r 'their surplus men,' i. e. the men at the extremities of the enemy's line, who, in case the Greeks advanced with greater depth and narrower front, would have nothing before them to meet and could be detailed for a flank attack. ir' oXiywvv: ' few deep.' The less the depth of the battle-line, the greater its length. If we should advance up the ridge with our men spread out in a line as long as the enemy's front and but few deep, probably the battle-line would be broken by the mass of men and missiles hurled against it. 3. a0poov: with both the following genitives; trans. 'in a mass.' 12. 6. 6pOtovs: cf. N. to p. I 57, 8. WOL'olO-aLeoVS sc..cUas. 7. TOrOiTOv K.r..X.: 'take up so much room with our companies by leaving intervals that the companies at the ends (of our line) will be beyond the enemy's flanks.' The arrangement suggested is that illustrated PAGE 185.] BOOK IV. CHAP. VIII. 389 in Plan VI. I. TroO'orov- io-ov: with infin. almost === 6a(T. Cf. p. I5I, 2I, and N.; GMT. 759. Iow: with Kfepdrw, emphasized by separation. 10. oL Kp&LTLO-OL 7TOL rpTo pocrCa'av: because the captains, chosen for strength as well as courage, would march at the head of their companies thus arranged in columns. 11. g TE C&v: 'wherever.' 13. 12. Eds 'b SiaXEtirrov: sc. Xwplov, i. e. 'into the intervening space' between two company columns. The enemy would not dare to charge into the spaces between the companies from fear of exposure to double fire. 14. 8icaKo+ac: i. e. for the enemy 'to cut to pieces.' opiOov 1rpooluocVTa: 'advancing in column.' 17. ovSEls IL'iqKrL: emphatic. G. 1360; H. 1032. 14. 18. TaOT' i8sot: cf. p. 63, 22, and N. 19. Tro SEgLOl: i. e, of the battle-line that had been formed and so remained during the deliberation; cf. p. I83, 22-25. Here the council was held. XcEyE; as he passed along the line. 21. i)pv.... vca: ' in the way of our being immediately (at the place) whither,' i. e. at the sea. Tb Svai: G. I551; H. 96I, a. )n: not to be translated. G. I615; H. 1029. -rrdaac or-'nevSotev: 'we have long been hastening.' G. 1258; H. 826. 22. T'oiTovS KCL'L jRoiVs St KaTaCL4,aYEL: like our idiomatic expression, 'we must make mince-meat of them.' 15. 24. ev TaiS X&paLS; 'in their places,' 'in position.' cKaLTOL: 'severally,' i. e. the captains, at the head of their companies. 25. iy'vovTO: cf. p. 76, 13 et seq. 26. TOvs': cf. N. to p. I26, 2 -X6Xos: sc. &eye'Ero. Cf. p. 29. 28. TrpIx, ErrOi-cLavro: 'they formed in three divisions.' 30. eKa0roVus: 'each division.' Notice the total number of combatants mentioned, 9,800. Page 185.. 1. 1. Evooav: Chirisophus was on the right wing, Xenophon on the left. 2. Ao: post-positive, as often. The peltasts on both wings extended beyond the two extremities of the enemy's front. 17. 3. CLurTOVs: i e. a',rov;s fE 'oyevoqUVovU. 5. -rokX: 'a large part.' By extending their line to cover the front of the Greeks, they left the middle weak. 1 8. 7. sLaX6tovTas: foi ce of ta-? Trb 'ApKaSCLKv: sc. orhArrIK&,, ' in the Arcadian contingent,' i. c. of hoplites. The division of 390 BOOK IV. CHAP. VIII. [PAGE 185. peltasts posted at the centre of the line (cf. p. 184, 29) is meant. 9. Ev'yELV: 'that (the enemy) were fleeing,' though they were really only extending their line. 11. v v: pl. from the idea of o6rAira in 6orAXrctjv. 19. 12. PptCLVTO: SC. ol 7reArao-atC. 0tv: i.e. towards the centre of the enemy's line. 13. hXXos AXXi: - see IDIO.MS. &TpdTrTO: G. 646; H. 435, a. 20. 15. T &XXa c: G. 1058; H. 718. 16. a: 'also,' i. e. not simply saw but 'also wondered at.' ro'pvq l: sc. Trv fEeAXiLT'v. 17. KiTpwov: G. 1097, I; H. 736. The intoxicating and poisonous effect of the honey is thought to have been produced by the blossom of a species of Rhododendron or Azalea (the Pontica), which grows abundantly on the mountains about Trebizond and is attractive to bees. A similar kind of honey, dark-colored and watery, is sold to-day in the towns along the Black Sea in this region. It is called deli-bal, 'madhoney' by the natives, who use it only after it has been boiled and mixed with other ingredients to counteract the evil effects. 1.9. 8tX~WpaEi: see Vocab. G. 897, 3; H. 602, d. 20. MeSSOKOTrES: for the form see G. 529; H. 368. LE0vouov '-: sc. dt Ofp7rots. G. II75; H. 773. (IKeoCv: G. 537; H. 358, a. 21. rroXk: sc. e8w6oco'res. &rovv^crKovuLv: 'men in death-agonies,' sc. daveparois dy9ceaav. 21. 22. troXXoC: 'in great numbers.' <iarEp: G. 1576; H. 978, a. 24. av~podvovv: force of the impf.? 25. Ki.: we should say ' or.' *aplLaKosroolas: the men acted as if they had been drugged. 22. 27. els TpaTrEowvra: 'into (the territory of ) Trapezus, probably about Feb. 8, B. c. 400. See Vocab. and Map. The name Trapezus is thought to have been derived from rpci7rea, 'table,' suggested by a high table-shaped rock near the city. 28. v ~ 1. e. 'on the coast of.' 23. 31. EvrEc'Ev opplhoLevoL: i.e. K ri-Y KweaLwV 6opIAFievor; cf. N. to p. 53, 6. 32. it8tavTo: i. e. into the city. The people of Trapezus, connected by ties of kindred with the Milesians (Sin6pe, the mother-city of Trapezus, was a colony of Miletus), would naturally be at PAGE 186.1 BOOK IV. CHAP. VIII. 391 one with the Ten Thousand in their hatred of Persia. Otherwise the army might have met with a far from cordial reception. Page 186. 1. 4iLa: see 4evros in Vocal). 24. 2. o-uvStiLerpTT&ovTo 'joined with (the Colchians) in negotiating.' What was the object of the negotiations? 3. 'r&v Ev rw TreS5~t oLKOrVrv: i. e. in the plain along the sea near Trapezus; hence no doubt having treaty relations with the Trapezuntians, and under their protection. 4. jXOov: hiei used of things, as 'come' often in our language. 25. 5.!tiavwro: 'had vowed ' at various times on the road. Cf. p. I84, 31, 6. T A... iye6 ALL. a: clondensed for rW'T7ptia T' Adl TrW 71rp Katl r 'HpaKXe? 'HyFev 7^ye/toa1Ouva. Cf. 'HpaackAs in Vocab. 8. &: '(the sacrifices) which.' &y Wva VyuFLVLK6V: athletic contests and games were a part of the worship in honor of certain deities, and at the same time were to the Greek the most agreeable form of amusement. 10.!cfvyEv: ' had become an exile.' At Athens murderers were put to death, but those who had killed any one unintentionally were banished till they had come to terms with the relatives of the person killed. A similar law seems to have prevailed at Sparta. rt nLrats Sv: see IDIOMIs. 11. tislX r: cf. to p. I80, 15. Spdoiov: why not acc.? ri.LreX0lvacL: G. I532; 9I. 951. 12. nrpoa-crTairoaL: as we say, 'to act as master of ceremonies,' 'to seive as marshal.' 20. 13. Tr& SEpiara: 'the skins' of the victims just sacrificed, offered as p-izes in the games. 15. 'rE'roL'KAS E'LT: what form in dir. disc.? Cf. N. to p. 91, 15. 18. ev o-KXpXop KaL Sar-L oTrws: 'in a place so rocky and overgrown with brush.' The Greek racecourses were usually covered with sand. 19. M&XXdv rL K.T..: freely, 'so much the worse for the man that tumbles.' " Spoken with Spartan brevity and satzn f-oit," Kendrick aptly suggests. 27. 20. 'HCyovltovro o-Tr8LOV: see p. 397. G. T051, T052; H. 7I6, a. A course was laid off a stadium in length, down which the boys ran once. The contest was like our " 20o yards' dash." acXtpaXmTwv: allowed to compete here because there were veiy few Greek boys in the army. In Greece only free-born Greeks were permnitted to enter the lists in most of the games. 21. oLt rXeio-rOL: freely, ' mostly.' S6XL 392 BOOK IV. CHAP. VIII. [PAGE 186. ov:. the runners of the ' long race' ran down the course, rounded the goal at the other end, came back, rounded the starting-point, and kept on thus till they had completed the number of runs required, which was usually I2 single runs (= 6 times down and back) or 24 single runs (= I2 runs down and back). 22. iraXrlv K.rT..: sc. jwyvi4ovro. In wrestling, the victor must throw his opponent several times. Tricks and feints of all kinds were allowed, but not blows. wvruyp v: boxers usually wore heavy cestus, corresponding with our boxing-gloves. See Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. rrcayKpdTLov: the most involved and exciting as well as the most beautiful of the athletic contests. See Vocab. and Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, article PANCRATIUM. 23. KaTe4p3o'av: idiomatic, like the Lat. in arenam descendere; refers to the contestants stepping 'down' into the place of contest. Trans. 'had entered the lists.' 28. 25. 'rrrot: i. e. with their riders, who are referred to in avrovs. KaCLr& roi 7rpavois: 'down the steep hillside. The starting-point was the altar on the hill, where the sacrifice had been offered. It had probably been constructed for the occasion. The other goal was at the water's edge, so that the drivers had to turn around in the sea and then lead their horses up the steep. HELPS TO THE STUDY OF THE ANABASIS. XENOPHON AND HIS WRITINGS. GRANT: Xenophon. In the series of "Ancient Classics for English Readers." MURE: A Critical History of the Languag, e andz Literature of Ancient Greece. Second edition. Vol. V. contains a suggestive critical examination of the Anabasis, both literary and historical. MULIER: History of the Literature of Ancient Greece. Continued by Donaldson. Vol. II. MAHAFFY: History of Classical Greek Literature. Vol. II. JEVONS - History of Greek Literature. New York, 1886. DAKYNS: Xenophon. In " Hellenica," edited by Evelyn Abbott, pp. 324-386. SCHOELL: Geschichte der Griechischen Litter-atur. Vol. I. MUNK: Geschichte der Griechischen Literatur. 3te Auflage, nach der zweiten Ausgabe neu bearbeitet von R. Volkmann. Zweiter Theil. Berlin, I88o. PIERRON: Histoire de la Litterature Grecque. Paris, 1884. COURDAVEAUX: Eschyle, Xenophon, Virgile. Paris, 1872. ZELLER: Socrates and the Socratic Schools. Translated by Reichel. London, 1877. Makes numerous references to Xenophon as a pupil of Socrates, and an authority on the Socratic teachings. UEBERWEG: History of Philosophy. Translated by Morris. Vol. I, pp. 84, 85, 89. Touches upon Xenophon as an exponent of the Socratic philosophy. MULLER: Handbuch der klassischen Alterthumswissenschaft. Vol. VII., Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur, von V Christ. 2a~ Auf. Munich, I89o. EDITIONS OF THE ANABASIS. COBET: Books I.-VII. Text, with Latin preface on readings. 4th ed. Leyden, 1886. HUG: Text, with extended Latin preface on readings. Leipzig, I886. DINDORF: 2d ed., with Latin notes critical and explanatory, and valuable indices. Oxford, I855. 394 HELPS TO THE STUDY OF THE ANABASIS. DINDORF: 4th ed., text only, with Latin preface on readings. Leipzig, 1872. SAUPPE: Text, preceded by critical annotation. Leipzig, I865. SCHENKL: Text, with critical notes. Berlin, 1869. REHDANTZ: With introduction and German notes. 5th ed., revised by Carnuth. Berlin, 1884. 6th edition of I-III. 1888. VOLLBRECHT: With introduction and German notes. 7th ed. Leipzig, I880. Specially helpful on military matters. DUBNER: Text of Cobet, with introduction and notes in French. Paris, 1864. HUTCHINSON: With Latin notes and Latin translation at the end. Glasgow, 1817. Formerly a standard edition, and even now suggestive. KUHNER: With Latin notes critical and explanatory, and indices. Leipzig, I852. MArTTIA: With German notes, lexicon, and grammatical appendix. 2d ed. Quedlinburg, 1859. KRUGER: With German notes. 6th ed. Berlin, I87I. BREITENBACH: With German notes and critical appendix. Halle, I865. BREITENBACH: With full Latin critical notes. Halle, I867. TAYLOR: Books I. and II. With notes, rules of syntax, and vocabulary. London, I879. TAYLOR: Books III. and IV. With notes, rules of syntax, and vocabulary. London, 1882. MACMICHAEL: Books I.-VII. With introduction, notes, and an appendix on geographical points. New edition. London, I878. PRETOR: Books I.-VII. With an introduction, notes, critical appendix, and indices. 2 vols. New edition. Cambridge, I88I. KENDRICK: Books I.-IV. With notes and vocabulary. New York, 1873. MARSHALL: Books I. and III. With introductions and notes. Oxford, 1885, I888. SPECIAL DICTIONARIES. STRACK: Vollstldndiges Wdrterbuch zu Xenophons Anabasis. Based upon the lexicon of Theiss. 4th ed. Leipzig, 1884. VOLLBRECHT: Wibrterbuch zu Xenophons Anabasis. 6th ed. Leipzig, I886. SUHLE: Vollstdndiges Schlz- Wbirterbuch zu Xenop/ons A nabasis. Breslau, I876. CROSBY: Lexicon to Xenophon's Anabasis. New York, I873. MARSHALL: Vocabulary to XenoAhon's Anabasis. Oxford, i888. WHITE and MORGAN: An Illustrated Dictionary to Xenoihon's Anabasis. Boston, I893. HELPS TO THE STUDY OF TIIE ANABASIS. 895 WORKS HELPFUL IN THE SPECIAL STUDY OF THE ANABASIS. PLUTARCH: Life of Artaxerxes. Readily accessible in the text of Sintenis and in translations. RAWVLINSON: 1Five Greant Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World. The Fifth Monarchy. RAGOZIN: Story of Media, Babylon, and Persia. In the series of " Stories of the Nations." New York, I888. CURTIUS: History of Greece. Vol. IV. contains an account of the Retreat; Vol. V., a brief estimate of Xenophon as a man and as a writer. GROTE: zHistory of Greece. Vol. VIII. contains a full discussion of the Anabasis. SANKEY: Spartan and Theban Sipremacies. Chap. v. SMITH: Hiistory of Greece. Chap. xxxvi. AINSWORTH: Travels in t/e Track of the Ten Thousa7/nd Greeks. London, 1844. HERTZBERG: Der Feldznwg der Zehntansend Griechen. Halle, 1870. ROBIou: Itineraire des Dix-lldle. Paris, 1873. KOCH: Der Z n der Zehntausend nach Xenophons Anabasis. Leipzig, I85o. STRECKER UND KIEPERT: Beitrdge zur,eographischen Erkldrntg des Rigckznges der Zehntausend dnrch das Armelnische ilochland. Berlin, I870. KoPP: Griechische Kriegsalterti^mer. Berlin, i88I. Brief but comprehensive. RUSTOW UND KOCHLY. Geschichte des Griechisc/hen [Kriegresweesens. Aarau, 1852. Elucidates the military movements of the Retreat. MUILLER: Handbuch der Al7assischen Altertumns-wlissenschaft. Vol. IV., Die griechischen Kriegsaltertzimner, von Dr. Adolf Bauer. Nbrdlingen, 1887. KOCHLY UND RUSTOW: Griechische rIiegsschrztsteller. 3 vols. Leipzig, I853. Gives the text of the Greek writers on tactics, with a German translation and valuable illustrative material. ENGELMANN: Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classicornm, Scri6tores Graeci. 8te Auflage neu bearbeitet von Preuss. Leipzig, 188o. Contains a carefully compiled bibliography on Xenophon's writings, including numerous valuable references to periodical literature and pamphlets down to 1878. 396 HELPS TO THE STUDY OF THE ANABASIS. Among recent books of interest to students of the Anabasis are: GILMORE: The Fragnments of the Persika of Ktesias. With Introduction and Notes. New York, I888. WITT: The Retreat of the Ten Thousand. Translated by Miss Younghusband. New York, I89I. A popular, well-written account, based upon the Anabasis. Illustrated. PERROT and CHIPIEZ. History of Art in Persia. New York, 1892. Contains fine illustrations of the remains of Persian art, with restorations of the more important palaces. IDIOMS AND PHRASES. &ye s8i, come, now. &yELV Erl ycLft, to have as wife. iyCva. Trl0ivat, /o propose a con/esl, to hold a contest. ay(viCEO-OcLL crrdaSOV, to rontend for a prize in the race-course, to contend for a prize in the race. &SLKEZV TLvC, to wrong any one, to do any one an injury. dOvJuos eLvaL wrpos Tijv &avd3aotv, to have no heart for the ipmarrch. avOupLtav gXELV, to be despondent. OGljows gXELV, to be disheartened. dKOVTOS paAcrXe'WS, agaznst the kinzg's will. dKovTos Kvpou, against the wzil of Cyrus, oithout Cylrus's consent. Tfi &XXT, on the following day. &XXo 'apaTeuj.a, another army. irb.XXO (ropTpTcvca, the rest of the armzy. &XXoL AXXoOev, one fronm one part, another fromz another; from different parts. &XXoL orTpac-rLcoTa, other soldiers. oL dXXoL orrparTiCOraC, tZe rest of the soldiers. &XXos d'XXa Xy~EL, one man says one thing, another anoi/er;, different men say different things. &XXos &XXD irTpcbr'ro, one turned one wzay, ano/ter another; they turned in d/Jc, rent ways. &XXos &XXhs E'LKaov, one conjec/ured oie t /hing one another; there were different conjectures. d&\os Kat &Xkos, one and then anoth/er, one or twoo. &XXos TLS, some one else, any one else, any other. &dXXws XELV, to be otheroise. &p.aa TaCh' Ernwv &v4Er'CT], as soon as he had said this, he stood up. dp.a rT T ip3 p, at daybreak. &pa. T-r i7rLotXr1 7'iLpe, at dasZn of the foGlowzuing day. &iJLca Ta) itXc Svoj6Ev, at sztnset. dPj' il^Xc &vaiCe'XXovn, at suznrise. &fL' TXL') dv^XovTit, at sunrise. &|j' iX< S&UvOVTi-, at sunset, at slindown. &L*' opOpw, at dacwzn. &Lz3(~&vC i T-L /key disputed about someletkhin, they became involved in some dispute. &4>l &dyop&v rAXiouovaav, about fill market tizme, the zlater pbart of te forenoonz. &vA KparTos XavUvwUv, ridZin-g at fill speed. 398 IDIOMS AND PHRASES. &v o, KptrTos 4(vyetv, to flee with all one's might, to be in fill flight. LVa -rrVTE irapcaCrwy-yas TrS Ijpepas, at the rate of five parasangs a day. voLpaiLViEv Eirl Trbv Zrwov, to mount on horseback. avtyKq EoCrTL, it is necessary. LvfLyKTq 'p.iv 4-rtv, w7e mujst. tvEqtos AVOLVTios irvgEt cvrTots, a swind bleU in their faces. &v0' hv Ei g'rraeE, in return for the favors Ae had received. &vtTot Lvac TOS rots woXepois, to go against the enemy. aVTLIrOLEiv KOaKWS, to do hurt in return, to retaliate. &avTirwotLv oISEv, not to refaliate. 'rrb KOItOV, from the common fund, from the commonl stock. WaMob rov avTot~aTOv, of their own accord. &ro rTow To' i V xpp.rWov, with these funds, with this money. ev apLTcrEp, on1 the left. &crupvos ifWpaca, i avn glad to have seen, I am glad to see. aiUTb TOUTO, this very thing. r0b CLt6'b Tr tXLtOL, the same thing as stupidity. avro\ l ' eavrfv, by themselves. avros &o vopowros, the man himself o a-'obs dvO9pworos, the same man. &veptoWrds TrS, a certain man. TrCs &vOpwnroS, wha/ mnaZ? &ATb TO otou ar 'ovs, oith what swiftness. avTO9 oXC-youv 8ei(ravos KrTCLXIEuor0v vcu when hJe had just missed being stoned to death. OL VT petraMifXE, he repents, he is sorry. a4 ' twrov, on horseback. OVK &v &XapcoLprT(s pot 0Xo, I should notfind it a thankless task. papcos IepeLtv, to take to heart, to be annoyed. paritXeLa Krpw ~v, Cyrus had a palace. 3otwrtcatev T La dovj, to have a Boeotian accent. s8etav SLSdvac, to give one's right hand as a pledge, to give a pled ge. seLCav XaEpCdvELv, to accept one's hand-grasp as at pleage, to receive a pledge. TA Seta TOU KEipcTOS, the extreme right. Tob Segov KcpasC, TO StoiV, the right zving. 58Xds o4rTLV CVLvtJp.Evos, he is,eidentl/y troubled. SqXos qv nirEvSoov, he pWas clearly hastening, it was clear that he was hastening. t8d jierovu rog wapaSEcruov, through4 the aiddle of the park. L8d LErov'U TorTowv, between these. L& warvrbs rroXip.ou carots tivat, to be on terses of unconipromzising hostility izth lthem. Slt wroXXd, for many reasons. St& 'rC aXev, rapidy, quickly. Sid Tb 8LEowCpa0( aLTcT -ro' -rpclCvTRm, on account of his army havineg been scattered. caUots 8ti *LtXlts L{vatt, to come to friendly terms wizth them. SLdvaiL 8(Ktlv, to suffer punishment, to make aniends, to pay the penalty. icKlqV iCrTIti(vat, to inflict punishmn eit. Trs Sicrqs 'ruXEtv, to receive one's deserts. Sd~ya wrrotodroca, to pass a resolution 8OKE; PFoL povXerOuXaL, it seems to vme best to take counsel, I think zwe should take counsel. Tao Sotavra r r oTpcarpLLr what the army had resolved upon. papfcos &'KOV'ELV, to hear 7wih dis-,gst, to hear with anzger. TOL 80't1MVTCL Tq crrpCLTW what The I - -, - -. IDIOMS AND PHRASES. 399 spoLOS EiyC/ETO 'roS rTparTWrTtas, fze soldiers broke into a run. jj 8vvarTbv f&XLoTa, as mi uch as possible, so fir as possible. 98ootv VTrots, t/hey /thougit best, they resolved. S8oe aTCrTaC, th1s zwas votr V, this was resolved ztpol. E' TL 'v, zwhatever there was. EL' L &XXo XPrlprOov i v, '-hatever else there was of use. EL TLS Kal &/XXos, if any one else, if any one does. ElvaLt rpos Lvos TpOdiov, to be consistent wit/h one's character. eip4Vqv dyELV, to keep thie peace, to be at peace. EipTlV-qv gXEiv, to en/oy peace. e(s 8LKaLOcOTrV]V, in regard to justice, as fir as justice is concerned. ES 'TrTKOov, within hearing distance. Els EcroEpa v, towards evening, as evenzng came on. Els KCaXo'V IKEW, to come at an oppo tune time. eis Xoyovs iXOeiv, to comne to a conference. Els Ta' &rXsa, to arms. Eis TrEvTlKOVTr, to /the number of fifty, fifty izn numbIL er. ais TrXyciov, sidezwise. ils TravvTiC, in the opposite direction, about. ELs TiV ierrLOUrav OW, on Zhe following niorni ug. ElS T.'IJV crrE)aCLav, o;z tthe followin/la ca'iy. Els TO 8iov KaCl(oTaro-0L, to come out all righzt. Eis To 'Ltov, for private use, for one's own advantage. ElS TO CLrov KaTapaiOLV, to march dowzn into the plain. ets rb IEo-ov &>or+OTipov, iZnto the space between the two. els rb lrpaves, dovwnward, head foremost. as TOb rpocdOEv, forzard,c to the front. Eis Troijrrahv.ac, bac, toward the 7'eC(f, oL eLS TPL.aKOVTa g9Tl, Itose under hirty yCears of age. Ces Xetpas iXOeZv, to cote to blaows, to be englaged in hostiliies. Eis XEipas TIvl iXOiv, to cozme izito t/e pozer of any one. Es L XLovs' o a Iozusacnd in niznber, to the nutmber of a thousand. EK trfVTOS TrpOrov, in every zway. EK TOv 4SLcKov, unjustly. EK TOJ av'Cov, fr'om / the opposite side. iK TOV, SLKa~ov, in a fair way, EK Tov EvaOVTC'ov, over against, opposite. EX TOUTOV, Ihereupon, accordingly, in consesvuence o7 /this. iK7ro8tv TOLc'O0aLL, to pzut out of /he 7ay. EK4E'ELV roAXcov, to be fin war. iXOdvTas aLTrev, to go tnd ask. efLpaLtvv is irXoiov, to go on board a transport, to enmbark oit a transport. 4to0 TOTO 'ro roLTEOV (TCov V, v 7Msust do this, I oaughl to do t/zis. oL LWrrelpws arTov iXOVrEs, those who are acquainted wzvzt hint. (v SEL o, on thie ight. Ev ea'uTr eYEveTro, he camne to himEv -r '-'rpo-LE'vCL, to advance with even step. Ev 6ppjq Etvao., to be on the point of starti'g. iv v4 g6XELV, to have in mind, to intend. ev TrovUT, in the meantime, meanwhile. ivrT(pos gXt~v, to be in h/onor. er' 6Xiyov, fiew ldeep. 400 IDIOMS AND PHRASES. brtl rT \ iXLKtC b1rpewr, when he became of age. rrELSBv rtxLIrToa, as soon as. biri yqs pEpIKOTes, standing firmly on the ground.;irl S6pu, to the right. flrl ir&v Oxe\tv, to have recourse to every expedient. trl rroXX\v, many deep. irlt IroXu, over a wide space, far. tirt TOb roXk, for the miost part. &s irl Trb iroX-, for the most part, very generally. 4rl TErTTapcv, four deep. krl Tr paclrLXEt ESvact, to be in the power of the king. o-<rxaa -raetv, to experience most intense sufferings. Trt -rats Lv, while yet a boy. et &KOVELV, to be spoken well of Et yEverOcaL, to turn out well. et 'raorXev, to be well off, to be well treated. Et 7roLEtV, to /reat well. e0Vs iK r'taC8ov, even from childhood, from childhood up. EV0is rrast8s, while yet children. Ev03s rcaLSes 6vrES, even while children, from childhood up. EVOS FELp aKLOV iv, even when a boy. VVO'iKWS gXELV, to be kindly disposed. EVXOipLt acorbv EiTVXrclXa', I wish him success. Tro E&vWv.ov KEpaS, Tob eScvvpov, the left wing.;4' t7rtrov, on horseback. gXIEV TiV 8LKTqV, to have one's deserts, to pay the penalty. iTEr T Iv yvW qV, make up your minds. ' eSivcrTo &XtLacra, as much as possible, as much as he could. ASt'varo raXL'rTa, as quickly as possible, as quickly as he could. StTrr' &v &KOTuC'aLtfL, I should be exceedingly pleased to hear. iSo~a1L &KOvcov, I am glad to hear. T' 7rpo(rpOV 'ijE'pa, on the previous day, on the day before. Tr1v 'ipEpav, during the day. /iiEpas KCat vvKTOS, by day and by night. Tf1s jpl'ipas, in the course of the day. TrlS FipaLS 8XTls, in the course of the entire day. irpbs ilpp ^v, it was about daybreak. 8iKa it jpiov, within ten days. ill.iv EroTLV, we have. ihFtv rTaTra SOKic &dirp, we hold just the same view as. Tiv rovrwv 'r(v o-TajCi(v ots 6.VV.aKpovS iXavvwv, some of the marches which he made were very long.?jv Ejot iro6Xqeos irpbs Mvo'ous, / was engaged in war with the Mysiaans. hirav Iapvucr'LTiros, were the property of Parysatis, belonged to Parysatis. LevaC TOV I wpdoo, to go forward. g'c-Ot vdqTos $lv, know that you are a fool. t 'crov Etval, to be on an equality, to be on an equal footing. KaC0' apwra-yv, for pillage. Ka0c' rauXCiav, at one's leisure, quietly, peaceably. KaeiOKEL FLOL, it is my duty. KaC yap, and with good reason, for; for. Kal MIv, and moreover, and yet. KaKa rrotlEv rtva, to do harm to any one, inflict evils oupon any one. K.KLoV wp&TTELv, to fare worse, be less fortunate. IDTOMS AND PHRASES. 401 KOWKs VXEtv, to be in bad condition, to be badly off. caKCLS rrdL-OxeLv, to suffer hurl. KaKwsS woLtiv, to do ourt to, to injict damage tupon. KaK(S WrpadTTELV, to fare badly. KaKOKS T&v iltE~T'pov i4XdVT'wv, since, if, or when our affairs are in a bad condition. KaXcis XELV, to be in good condifion, to present a fine appearance. KahS 'Oie to L reat e, to trt w do good to. KaXcAs Irp'TTrLv, to fare well, have good success. Ka' evLavrTdv, each year, yearly. KaCrT yqv, by land. KaaCL SiUVCLa or ELS SUvapiY, according to one's abiity, as well as one can. KaOra OdXaLrrcTv, by sea. KaTa ro tizcrov, at/ te middle. KaLTa TOb J.rOv T3v rroXEJtoav, against the middle of the enemy, against the enesnys centre. KCaTCpaCvwLV es &y~va, to enier the lists. KacT' vr], by nations, nation by nation. Tas KEacaLs CirorTPO'qEVTEs CTEXEVT71'av, they suffered deatk by being beheaded. KEXEUOVTOS KIpov, at the bidding of Cyrus. Kpavy9s yCVOPtivtls, when a shout zwent up. KpEa r0CovTre SLa LyV'yyvOEOa, we continue to subsist on meat, zwe live on meat. Tb KipELOV TrTpa7&Tre8ov, t/Je camp of Cyrus, Cyrus's camp. Kvpov 4v 7reCpa eyevor.lv, I wzas personally acquainted wit/ Cyrus. XaOetv a6Trbv arrWEXOv, to get away without his knowing it, to get off without his knowledge. X&Opct T(rv rTpaCTLToTr3v, without the knozoledge of the soldiers, unbeknoown to The soldiers. TO Xoor'ov, tlenctforlh. g XOXOL &av&a EKCarb &v8pas, six companies wzilh a hundred men each. 'r AVKaCLa 6VELV, to offer the Lycaean sacrifices, to celebrate the Lycaean fistival. ieEov yXC(V, to be sworse off, to be at a disadvantage. j.eXavIa TLS, a kind of black cloud. fLeX\Cq)L phoL, I will take care, I will see to it. fiEpos TL iv f ciraorOat, it was possible to see somethingz. joEras ViKTCLas, Zdni;htl. eon -q d. 4Xavyt, the zmiddle of the line. iiCrov IjL'pas, mid-day. TOb jcrCOV T'rY K(paT&ov, the space bewteen the flanks, the distance between tIRe wings. pLkrov Trov Oa-crLaO[. v, the middle of the stage, the middle of the day's march. Tb e(rov tTV TrX hVv the distance bezsceen the walls. Ev fiLo-'9 ijiv Kal pacorl.X.s, between the kinig and us. Ev pIECO TOV wrora'oO KCal Trs SL'pvXos, between the river and the canal. Ev PEcr9 TOT'rOV, between these. jerT&a raOva, after this. peTacafXEL fOt, I repent, I am sorry. LETar\XiELV poLt 9dp9V, I said that I had repented, that I was sorry. Tb e-~rav 'Trv crparTEuvj.dr'ov, the distance be/ween the armies. IM~TE'r4'ItaTrO Kipov rpbs iavrov, he sient for Cyrus to come to himself jpSXpt ou, to the place wheree, to wh ere. 402 IDIOMS AND PHRASES. ol aptl pao-tca, the king and his meni, the kins mzen. oL a&p4i TLo-a-cracpvqv, Tissaplernes and his zmen. ol acrovo, his own men. Ot REV, ot SE, some, others. ol irapa arco-LLt O6'Ve, those in the service of the king. oas KaOiKEI L &popcfreaOat, whose duty it is to assemble, zho are to assemble. otov T' Co'TLV, OLOV TE, it is possible. oXCyov Set, it lacks little, all but. op.oarE Oetv, to rush to the attack, to rush to attack. 6volta aCTLT Kop(rcoTt, its name is Corsote, it bears the name Corsite. 6rAXa irpopaXeroOaL, to present arms. 'rrXa rteivat, to ground arms, bring arms to rest; to halt under arms. S6oa eOarTTO TOroi6Tar awrapaorKeudTrpov, the more quickly the more unprepared. 56,t &v Sen, whatever may be needful. 8&rTL wapacaKeVO'uTaTO, as unprepared as possible. STL P3e'XILrTos, the best possible, as good as possible. STL irXektrTOL, as many as possible. o0 TZv VLKjVTc'WV r& 07rXac irapasL8OvaC, it is not the place of victors to give up their arms. oV raOXvt i4lO io-"repOV, not long after nme. ov8' 6is 'vPtv a0vpTTliov, not even under these conditions should we despair. ovSevbs 't4.v pETfrCT TO r w)V, we share in none of these things, we have no share in these things. OVK 4arrwtv &O6-S OaK 7rtiT0cr-eTaL, it is not possible that he will not make an attack upon (us), he will inevitably attack. OvK iLv avCroVs Xapetv, it was not possible to lake them. otirro iroXXolt iL ipat &a4' ov, it is not many days since, not many days ago. OTiE crTpaT1qyou OirT tIStwTu a'efXos oaSe'v Ecnrv, neither general nor private is of any use. TOts 6oiaXp.ois ',rtKoi pTllap Trs XLdvos, a protection for the eyes against the snow. iTrwS gXEL it is so, this is the case. 6XXov irape`xovtouv dyev, they are troublesome to carry, they are hard to take along. irvTwov rraVTa KP'LtaTo, best of all in everything. ~rap' o'iwGc8a, to the left. 'ircpexeLv irotjCav, to cause suspicion. wrra&a 68ds, every road. w&aca i oSoSs, the entire road, the whole way. rwetpav XELV CLa-Tv, to try them, to be acquainted with them. 7reia-TEov iEoTi KXEfcpx,, Clearchus must be obeyed, obedience must be rendered to Clearchas. wrepi L.eSo-s vwrKTas, about nmidnight. rrepi iravYTos 7roLetr9ao, to consider all-important. wrept -rXeoIrouv n-oi.et(rea, to consider of the highest importance. 'rXEtcrTOL, very many, most. ol wrXetorro, the most, the majority. ac TrXicrlov K(oJt.a, the neighboring villages. Troetiv EKKXatc'aV, to call an assembly. irOLiLV XdXous 6pOCoLus, to form company columns. 'nroLietO9t rrlXe.ov, to niake war. iroietv o-TkoXv, to make a journey, to make an expedition. roteter Oat ardXov rcLXLv, to march back again. IDIOMS ANDI) P'IRASES. 403 wroXXhv aOu.viav 9XELv, to be very despondent. 'roXXoi Xp6vov, for a long timoe. To iroXv orTpa'Trevta, the greater par of the army, the bulk of tie army. iroXiv roO crTparCTefvjaos, a large part of the army. Trb rroX' 'rZv rroXEALXcv, the greater portion of the eneny. wropEicv TroLEiV, to make a journey, to march. nrpyp.laTLa WrapEXELv, to make tronlble, to trouble, to disturb. irplv SqXov EivaL, before it is evident. irpbs OECv KCL Trpos &v0pofTrcov, in the sight of gods and imen. 7rpbs +tLXCv, on friendly terms, in a friendly manzner. 7rpd4acrLS Eov V d(poCciEv crTpd'rpo'f.o-s roD &OOOL'ELV o-rp&rEvp.a, a prelext for collecttzg an army. ~zrpxrTov AXee, first he said. rpLCrTOs fgXEE, he zovs he first to say. o-!jnvaL Torb roXEj.LKOV, to sound the signal for battle. o'Lyf dcS Svuavrov, as silently as possible. crKeirTEOV LOL SOKi EtvcaL, I think it ought to be considered. rsrLcrra.e'vov Kupov, whenz Cyrus had made a treaty. o'-rovScs roLeatoeaL, to make a truce. oiyv qipFv, together with its, 7iith onr help, on outr side. ao-v rots 0EOtS, woitZh the help of the gods, thanks be to the gods. rUvvrrTayp Vtv T'r CrTpwTrUAarTt oravTr, with the (his) army all drawn up. OrXESov EoTaL VU'KTES 'crav, it was almzost midonight. rTOa rov OEWv KaXcs eGXev, whart was due to the gods sows properly performed. T&. rap' pEotL, /the conditions of life with me, a life with me, service tinder mC. TO. LrapovTra irpCtyLaTaL, 'Tn 7rapdvToa, Ite present citrcumstances, the present state of affairs. T, irEpi Hpotgvou, the fate of ProXet/itS. Tr& O'KOL, the condition of affairs at home, a life at home. TaiLrTqv TV yvctlV Xqv, this is mny opinion. T'rauTqv T'rl yv4J1Zqv 9gXo y6,, th/s is MY opinion. aTCrTTiV T'iV yVipL.Tv gXw y'oyE, this *s at least MY opinion. raVTn's ris ifJeipas 'roiro rb TEXos e-yiveTO, thus that day ended. Trn acrjj iTppaq, oz the samLe day. rT EvSSKET.'r ljEp d(rI' wKELVTjS T'S ilpipaCs, en dacys previously. Tr 'g-rTaL roLs orTpaorL rTats, what will the soldiers have? awXcayyos Tl, a part of Mhe battleline. TrivcL yvvpslTv 9XELS, swhat is your opinion? rTOLO'UTV ( TrE TrpoydOVWv, such are yourt' ancestor's. rb KaOO' auTov's, the part opposite t/rhemsel7es. To KaCT TroOrov Evat, so far as this man is coticerned. rT vVv EvcvaL, for the present. TO'S o-rTpaTrYyoZs iVrro+iCa. v, thie genera/s had a suspicion, /he generals were suspicious. rTOS i'lro+Ca jV, somie had a suspicion, some soer ser spitciots. TOVSE Trv Tp6drov, in the folloszing ]tlfglliZC] 4woL TroVT' oV TroLTei4ov, I aught not to do this. TOTrcov TOLO3TCV OVTWV, since /et(ce I/i/tll arc sao, sice' I/ic (acse staZcnd7S t/ us. TpE(cdO~eVOV TrOTO eo Xv0av~v, t/Iis Zwa secretly mttiZtcaied. 404 IDIOMS AND PHRASES. irapwv rTvyXf&ivEL,t he happens to be present. T'rvXV EiTcqKWs, he happened to be standing. ruVyXi veL povXdpevos, he hapSpens to be wishing. ~ruvyavEa cOgv, he happens to have. TvvyXavev rTCaypjvios, he chanced to be stationed, he as it happened had been stationed. rp 6vTL, in fact, in reality. Vi;pxs lrpOTiPiKciL & vovas EvaL, you ought to be better men, you ouzht to be braver. OmlpIr'a, Kvpt eXfX0io-crw ytv4 -~rOaL, it was said that Cyrus had helpers. vrvov XaXEtv, to fall asleep. f-rfi vorTpaOC, on the following day. 4avepos eyevero E'rL8e(CKvo-Oat povXo'jevos, he appeared desirous of exhibiting. *avepbs jv lrecpW&fLvos, he was evidently striving. *avepbs fv f>opovj.evos, he was evidently fearing, it was clear that he dreaded. *ipeLV Kal &yewV, to plunder and devastate. XaXerCs +Epetv, to take to heart, to be irritated to be vexed. #dp1ov Iroitv, to inspire fear. 4<uXaTTrdopvos cOs eSi5vao, inz as guarded a manner as possible. XaXEWWr s XELXV, to feel angry. XPLtv &arobCSvca, to return a favor. XapIV etiSva, to feel grateffl. XPh 4hias 8&capva,, we ought to cross ozver. 6pa PovXEuecrOatL, it is time to take counsel. Ws av svcraTL IrXECro-Tvs, as many as poszsble, as many as he can. Ws &a(aXcErrTraa, as safely as possible. <s CS8ivaro KaXXw-rcCa as nobly as possible, as fine as possible. os EtKO'ico. rroS3v Trb ~tpos, abozt twenty feet in width. Ws eLs jL aX7v, apparently for battle, as if for battle. Ws ftrl TOVTOVS, apparently against these. Ws 6r'i TOi roXk, for the most part, generally. Ws ErrL8Oro4evos, apparently in order to attack; with the purpose, it seemed, of attacking. cs Kp.atrrTa, as well as possible, as bravely as possible. os o'ov rc JA4XLtrTa ''ireUXaLyj.voVs, in as guarded a manner as possible. Ws wrXtrrTov, as much as possible. WS wroXet.iav ocrav, on the ground that it (the country) was hostile, with the pretext that it was hostile. cbs crveXovTI ertvlrE, to speak concisel; in a word, briefly. WS r&ciXLirca, as quickly as possible. W5s TIS KCl i XXos, as well as any one else, as well as any one. a4.Xe KvOpos tqv, would that Cyrus were living! oh that Cyrus were zalive VOCABULARY. ABBREVIATIONS. a. = active (voice). abs. = absolute. ace. = accusative. adj. = adjective. adv. = adverb, adverbial. aor. = aorist. c. = common (gender). causat. = causative. cf. = confer = compare. chap. = chapter. comp. = comparative (degree). conj. = conjunction. dat. dative. decl. = declension. def. = defective. dem. = demonstrative. dep. (with parts of verbs) = deponent. dim. = diminutive. dir. = direct. e. g. = exempli gratia = for example. et al. = el alibi = and elsewhere. etc. = et cetera:- and so forth. et seq. = et sequentia = anld wh/at follows. excl. = exclamation. f. =feminize. freq. - firequentative. fut. = fiture. fut. pf. =filure perfect. gen. = genitive. ibid = ibidem -= iz the same place. id. = idnem the same. i. e. r /d es = tha/t is. imp. = imperative. impers. impersonal. impf. = imerfect. indecl. - indeclinable. indef. indic. infin. in tens. interj. intr. irr. Lat. 1., 11. lit. loc. m. mid. MSS. n. N., NN. nom. num. opt. P., Pp. part. p., pass. pers. pf. pi. plupf. pred. prep. pres. pron. reflex. rel. sing. subj. subst. sup. tr. V. VOC. = indefinite. = indicative. = infintive. = intensive. interjection. - intransitive. i= rregular. =- Latin. line, lines. = literally. - locative (case). - masculine. =- middle (voice). = manuscripts. = neuter. = note, notes. = nominative. = numeral. -= optative. = pae, pages. = participle. = passive. - pterson. = perfect. = plural. = pluperfect. = predicate. = preposition. - present. = pronoun. =- refexive. = relative. = singfular. -- subjunctive. =- substantive. - superlative. - transitive. -- verb. vocative. References such as I. v. xo (Book I., chap. v., section Io) are to the books of the Anabasis. VOCABULARY. d A. c&yyXXo a-, inseparable prefix, with two meanings (in the Anabasis), viz.: I Negative or Privative (av before vowels), = iun-, in-; as, fayros, fordable, passabe; t-/3a'os, not fordable, impassable: &ros, worthy; av-d4ios, unworth/y. 2. Collective, from a of a&ua; as, aOpoos = & + Opdos, co/llc/cd, compact. &, rrep, see as, oa7rEp &dpaos, -ov, adj., [L priv. + BaTos, from Baivlw], not trorlden, imcpassable, unfordable. III. iv. 49; V. vi. 9. 'AppoteXprls, -ou, 6, Abrozelmes, a Thracian interpreter, belonging to the suite of Seuthes. VII. vi. 43. 'Aj3poKo'das, -a, 6, Abrocimzas. See N. to p. 63, 24. I. iii. 20; I. iv. 3, 5; I. vii. 12. "ApuoSos, -ou, i, 4Abrdos, a city in the Troad, situated at the narrowest part of the H-ellespont, where Xerxes built his celebrated bridge across the strait; modern Aidos or Avido. I. i. 9. &yaeos, -a, -dv, adj., (comp. b&ivwv, EArlwv, 1cKpEiTrrw, XA v W; sup. d&piTros, hEnn'-TTOS, KpdriaTros, Aaros), good, noble, brave; propitious; urefil; ferti/e, II. ii. 22. [Tb] ayaOv^, favor, II. iii. 20. [ra] caya0d, good thia'gs, oords, treasure; property, = provisions, III.. v.; IV. iv. 9; IV. vi. 27. &y&XXw, ayaA&v, def., adorn, decorate, make glorious, exalt; pass., aydaAAo/a(, take pride in, glory in, rtjoice; followed by dat., or e6ri with dat. 1I. vi. 26. d&yafcL, no fut. in Attic, 4yaco-ra/n (rare), -idyaO-lqv (aor. p. used as mid.), dep. and clef., wonder; admzre, esteem. I. i. 9. dyav, adv., very, very much, too muck, exceedingy. VII. vi. 39. 1yatardw, -oroW,?^yd7rrvoa, 'iryadrriKca, love, esteem, implying affection, while (piAw implies rather passion; of things or circumstances, be well satzfied, content, zwullpleased, as I. ix. 29. 'Ayao-Cas, -ov, o, Agasias, a captain (Aoxa-ys) of great courage, and friend of Xenophon's, from Stymphalus in Arcadia. III. i. 31, et al. ayaro-os, -7, -dv, adj., JTyacyat], zoorthy of adnnration, admirable, praiseworthy. I. ix 24. &yeOV, -ov,, i-, [Oyyos, vessel], vessel, receptacle, reservoir. VI. iv. 23. &yyEXacL, -as, 3, [&yyeAos], message, announcement, news, report. II. iii 19. &yye'XXwA, &-yeA, yyyeAWca, S'yyetAa, announce, report, briz mzessage, carny Inews. I. vii. I3; II. iii. 19. dyyfXos 4 &8SeLrvos &yyEXos, -ov, 6, messenger, envoy, herald. Cf. ANGEL. ayetpw apou, ayEpo yiayep/uat, Ijyespa, gather, bring to-ether, assemble. III. ii. 13. ayEvELos, -or, adj., [A priv., EVELyov, chin, beard], beardless. II. vi. 28. 'AyTrl(oXaos, -ou, 6, Agesildus, a famous king of Sparta. His best known exploits are an expedition against Artaxerxes (396-395 B.C.), and a war with the allied forces of Athens and Thebes, culminating in the battle of Coronea (394 B..)... iii. 6. 'AyCLas, -ou, 6, Agias, one of the Greek generals of Cyrus. See N. to p. 50,. II. v. 31, vi. 30. &yKos, -Eos or -os, rd, valley, glen, defile. IV. i. 7. &yKi/pa, -as, 41, anchor. III v. 1o. 4Pyvoeo, -c&aw, 7i]yvor'ica, yrfyorstoa, [a priv., yrvo = vo in voEo], be ignorant of, not know, be in doubt. ayvopoo'nvl, -719, -, [, [a'yvc&^], thzouzghtlessnes; misunderstanding, II. v. 6. 47yvpOv, -or, adj., [a priv., 3yrw4S/], thoughtless, iungrateful, inconsiderate. VII. vi. 23, 38. &yopa, -as, 95, [a&eypw], assembly; by synecdoche, place of assembliig, market-place, - Latin forumz; also, whatever is offered for sale in the market, provisions, slupplies. &yopdco, -adw, yopaKa, '-;Pyopacra, perf. p. 7Jypacr-ai, aor. p. 7-yopdOB77, [a'yopa], frequent t/e market-/lace; buy in the mnarket, purchase. &yopav6o{os, -ou, 6, [&yopd + rv6os, from vEJ1w], marcet-clerk, sizperintendent of the market; an officer (there were ten or twelve in Athens) appointed to see that there was fair play in open commercial dealings. ayopiUwo, -eviw), 7170PFUvKC, ryJPEvaUa, [ayopd], speak in the assembly; speak in public, harangue, address. V. vi. 27. &ype'iw, -evw, perf. wanting, Iypeu0a, [-ypa, chase], hunt, chase. a/ypevUdOea Ojpia, game. V. iii. 8. tCypLos, -fa, -iov, adj., [aypos], livifng zi or belonging to the fields; wild, sa vage. ypods, -oi, o, [cf. Lat. ager, Eng. acre, Germ. acker], field, land. &ypvurveo, -frw, 7hypvrv7rKa, 7ypv7rv1la, [tiypurvos, wakeful, from aypfw, seek, +- Tryos, sleep], be wakeful, lose sleep. VII. vi. 36. &Iyw, aw, ii a, 74a,, 2 aor. act. T7a7ov, perf. p. ya/ai, aor. P X077rv, [cf. Lat. ago], lead, bring:-of things with life, lead, conauct, drive; of things without life, bring, carry, convey; - figuratively, live through, lead a life of, pass, as etps1vnv &yeiv, keep the peace; ifouXiav &iyEiv, remain quiet; - idiomatically, &ye, cone! &yei Kaml cpepeiv (=-ferre et agere), have complete control of; plunder and devastate (qPEpeIv having reference to things, S&yeL to men and animals). aycyLtos, -or, adj., [&?wy5, conveying], portable, easily conveyed, managzt eable. a'y &7 wyIua, cargo of a shEip, freigh. V. i. 6. Wyowv, -cvos, 6, [hayw], place of gatherzoin; by synecdoche, that which takes place at the &aycv, contest, game; strife, rizalry, competition. YWVftotjcalt, -tao/sai or -orysat, ijyc6 -vrr/sat, 975ywcrtodurv, [a'ycr], conmpele, struggle, contest, fih-t. &aycvo6Tzs, -ou, 6, [aywv, TrOrjn7], one who institutes the contest or offers the prize, director of the contest; arbiter, umpire, judge. III. i. 21. Sewtzrvo-, -ov, adj, [a priv., bdrrorv], 4S6cXcos 5 aiBSo4LCit dinnerless, supperless. See under 8Ei7rvov. &a8eX46s, -oi, (voc. &eAXpe), 6, brother; intimate friend. BaSws, adv., [&Lais, fearless], fearlessly, without fear. d8qlXos, -or, adj., [a priv. + arAos], not clear, not plain, obscure, uncertain; followed by a clause with b-n, or by indir. question. aSLajpaTos, -ov, adj, [a priv., 6sd, root 3a of 3alvw], not to be gone through, uznfordable, impassable. a8iLKEO, -o-rw,, -)aKrcKCa, tlbcrlcra, [astcKOS], do injustice, do wrong, wrong, treat unfairly. rsfi4yv a&8Kelv, do no wrong, do not/zing out of the way. I. ix. 13. &SiKCLa, -as, 27, [O&6cos], injustice, unrighteousness, wrong. II. vi. I8. iSLKOS, -or, adj., [a priv., 8'f?], unjust, unzfair, wrong, wicked. EK TOV- asaou (from Tb &K1Cov), unjustly, by unfair means. &aSCKWs, adv., i[&6Kos], unjustly, zunrighteously, wrongfully. a86Xows adv., l[aoAos, -ov, uileleess], guilelessly, without deceit, without treachery. Ca8ivaos, -or, adj., [& priv., uvva'rs], poowerless, weak, feeble; impossible, impracticable. a85o or atbCo, a'ouyaz, aor. jo-a, sing. aEC or aite, adv., always, forever'; constantly. arTos, -ov, o, [&FerJs, avis], eagle; aET-b Xpv-oivs, golden eagle, borne by a standard-bearer or attached to a chariot as the special ensign of the Persian king. I.x..2. af0os,- ov, adj., [a priv. + EdEs],godless, wicked. II. v. 39. 'A0tvaL, -cv, at, Athens, chief city of Attica. 'AOhvrlo-, loc., at Athens. IV. viii. 4. 'AOivaCc, -as (also 'AO-rva, -as), r, Athdee, the goddess ]Palas Athe ne, identified with Minerva of the Roman mythology; daughter of Zeus, and patroness of wisdom, especially of wisdom combined with courage; hence also patroness of war systematically carried on; tutelary deity of Athens. See Dict. of Bzorraphy and Mytfholoy, or Murray's Manual of Mythology. 'Alqvatos, -a, -ov, adj., ['AOrval}, Athenian; as subst., an Athenian. a&Xov, -ou, Td, [a0Xos, contest], prize, reward. I. ii. 1o. &Opoi.tw, -olozw, Olporca, iOpoLaa, [Opdoos], assemble, collect, nmuster; mid. and pI, gather themselves toaether, be mustered, collected together. apdoos, -a, -ov, adj, [a coll. + pdoos, noise], in a mass, conpact, serried, collected, hick. auOLxco, -jow, Orl6vu7ca, ijvlrCqa-a, [&bOvuos], be discouraged, disheartened; dcespond, lose heae. I ence avOun7rE'os, -ov, III. ii. 23. aOvu.a, -as, -%, [aOviuos], despondency, dejection,,gloomi. &auvtav leX-Iv &aOvtutv, be despondent, lose heart. ia0vuos, -ov, [d priv. + 6Ovfs, soul], spiritless, de.spodent, down-hearted, dejected, gloomny. c&OUwos, adv, gloomily, despondently, without heart, without spizit. alytaXdos, -oi, 6, shore, strand, beach, coast; also, later, the sea. ALyvrWTLos, -a, -or, adj.,,Egyptian; as subst., an Egyptian. See N. to p. 79, 10. Atyvnrros, -ou, 7, iEgyt; in ancient times often called the "Nile country," because in breadth it extends only a few miles on each side of the Nile. See Smith's Diet. of Greek and RoAman Gecgraphy. OcStoljcal, -leroouai, tbeo(ryai, rj7ofdpy7rv, yjbtoLV r, [ai&sY, reslpect, CLSTjjSCFo 6 CI'ITLOS dep., be ashamed; transitive, respect, have regard for. aCiLSijov, -o, adj., [ais1s], respectful, reverent, modest. I. ix. 5. atLota, -wv, Tad, [aiiL6s], the private parts, groin. IV. iii. 12. at8Ss, -ois, ~, shame, reverence, respect, bashfuin1ess. At'ilrS, -ou, 6, uetes, a mythical king of Colchis, said to be son of Helios (the sun) and Perseis, and father of Medea. In later times the name was applied to a series of kings, one of whom is mentioned in the Anabasis, V. vi. 37. alOpia, -as, r, [alOQp, clear sky], clear weather, open sky, open air. at'0, def. verb, found only in pres. and impf., poetic synonyme of KiW, set on fire, burn, consume; mid., be on fire, burn. atKltco, def. verb, in act. found only in pres. As dep., ailKtOjaL, alcimoup/a, ffKiao'az,?tia'fitrlnv, [alcia, injury], treat iznjuriously, maltreat, abuse, plague, torment. ajjcsa, -aros, T-, blood. Alveas, -a, 6, Aeneas, a captain from Stymphalus, in Arcadia. IV. vii. I3. AivL&ves, -wv, ol, Aenianians, a people who dwelt on the southeastern borders of Thessaly, on Mount Oeta, and the banks of the Spercheios. I. ii. 6; VI. i. 7. att, ai'y6s,, goat. AitoXs, -ilos, -r, Aeolis, a country in Asia Minor between Ionia and the Hellespont. See Map. V. vi. 24. atperTos, -a, -ov, verbal adj., [alpew], to be taken, that must be taken or captured. IV. vii. 3. a'tpTOS, -7, -ob, verbal adj., [al pe], taken, selected, chosen; in p., as subst., ot alperol, the delegYZes, the deputies. I. iii. 21. CtLpo), -Ijrw, ppprKa, 2 aor. eTXov, aor. p..perGjv, take, capture, seize; - mid., take for one's self; hence of things, select, pick up; of persons, elect, choose. appo, &ap, ipPca, $pa, ift up, elevate, raise. aiLorOdvojat, alo0eoooyat, o-Ortuat, rOrja'dfs.^v, ya,'or6f v, notice, perceive, become aware of, learn through the senses. ac?criqtLs, -ews, r, [alCrfiodoJUai], observation, notice, perception. IV. vi. I3. a'crtos, -ov, adj., [aTroa,fate,fortunej, of good omen, lucky, auspicious. VI. v. 2. AcrXCvsqs, -ov, 6, Aeschines, a native of Acarnania and commander of Achaean peltasts. IV. iii. 22, viii. I8. alcrXpbs, -id, -or, adj., [alaXos, shame], comp. ator'xiwv, sup. a'oXilroros, shameful, base, despicable, contemtible; disgraceful. catcrxpSs, adv., [alrxpos], basely, shamefully, contemptibly. aiLo-,rXv, -, -7s,, [ataXos], shame, disgrace. racv al'rXmvfl v, all were ashamed. aiacrXvco, alcoXvvue,.jfvxyica, "YXVvXa, [alarXos], make ugly, disfigure; disgrace, dishonor. Mid., a.crXvvojsai, aioXvvobuai, ifXvjaxupai, I1XrevOfv (aor. p. as mid.), feel ashamed; feel shame before, stand in awe of. aiTrio, — irw, jff7r-7a, Tarra, ask, demand, beg, followed by acc. of obj. or by acc. of obj. and acc. of person; - mid., ask for one's self, entreat, beseech, obtain by entreaty. aLtrLa, -as, 7, [alzecw], charge, guilt, fzult, accusation, blame. alTLaofLa.c -daooat,?rjiiaiJa, rtaa'cil71r, [al-ia], mid. dep., blame, accuZse, charZe, censure, reproach; followed by acc. of person and inf. al'Tros, -a, -ov, adj., [air'w], causing aitxw.XorOS anything, often best translated the cause, as I. iv. 15; hence, responsible for, chargeable, blameworthy, guilty. As substantive, 6 aYros, the accused, the culprit; rb ahr-ov, the cause, IV. i. 17. alXTXTo~roS, -ov, adj., [ar'XI, spear, and &aia'cwoyMal, taken in war, captive, captured. As subst., oT alIXdXwoToi, the captives, prisoners of war, IV. viii. 27; Tra ai^xaoAwra, the booty, including captives as well as animals and treasure, V. iii. 4. 'AKaPVCv, -avos, 6, Acarnanian, a resident of Acarnania, a province of western central Greece. &KcaucrTos,-or, adj., [& priv., ic tc], unburnt, that had not beez burned. III. v. 13. aKEpaLOs, -ov, adj., [a priv. and KEpavvvyti, itpatw], K unzmixed; of troops, not confused, fresh. VI. v. 9. CLK1PVKTOS, -or, adj., [a priv., Kt)pvaoow], unannounced; with 7rAEfjuos, a war in which no herald would be received; hence, truceless, inplacable. III. iii. 5. iKLV&Kq)S, -ou, 6, Persian short-sword. Cf. P1. I., fig. I. &cKivSuvos, -ov, adj., [a priv. + KivvUvos], without danger, free from dancer, safe. aKL8vsvaws, adv., [aKivrvvos], without danger, in security. II. vi. 6. CKp.Cg), -dow, Ka ccaa, KtfCaaa, I aKtci], be at one's best, be at the best time oflife. III. i. 25. aiK,-, -S, [,a', point, cf. Lat. acies], summit, highest point, maturity, ripeness; a~Kprv, acc. used adverbially, =just at that point, at that very moment, IV. iii. 26. &KoXaorTos, -ov, adj., [a priv., KOAdCwl, unpunished, zundisciplined, unruly. II. vi. 9. aKOXOVueE, — dow, fKOAOVC0wKa, ustoAo60ro-aa, [aK4douvoos], follooU, pur 7 &KpOS sue; followed by dat. or a-v with dat. VII. v. 3. 6LK6Xov9os, -ov, adj., [a coll., hcXAevOos, way], taking' the same path as another; consistent. II. iv. I9. aKovTrCo, -lSo or -iw, VKOVtIrca, 7KJvriTra, [aK6vr ov], hurl the dart; strike or wound with the dart or spear. &KOVTLOV, -ov, TO, [&KWv, from a&t], dart, hurled either with the hand alone or by means of a leather strap. See p. 32, and PI. II. 2. aKdVTLioLS, -EWo, 3, [aKoviCWo], darthurling. I. ix. 5. aKOVT(rUT-S, -oD, 6, [aKiovrtw], darthurler, rtr, ter, avelin-thrower. See p. 32. aKoWo, -ovo'ooa, aI&/icoa, f/coura, perf. p. ficovo-pat, aor. p. lkcOVao-re7, hear, listen, learn by hearsay; heed, obey; followed by acc. of obj. and gen. of person from whom heard. F3 iCKOvEIV VbTr Tivos, to be elle spoken of by any one, VII. vii. 23. d.Kpa, -as, 'i, [tcpos], snummit; citadel, stronorhold. &Kparos, -ov, adj., [d priv., KEpdvvvuy], unmnixed, pure (especially of wine), hence strong. The Greeks usually drank their wine mixed with water, looking upon the use of strong liquors as barbaric. IV. v. 28. dKpLTos, -OV, adj, [d priv., Kpfvo], not judled, without trial, uncondenned. V. vii. 28. &KcofPoXCt[oas, -to-oai, —,po/3 -Atro-at, -tcpoo3oAotrCdl-v, [&icpos +,BoAM fw, from fox, from ^ ], throw from above or from a distance, fight at a distance, skirmish. dKpoPO'XLors, -ewS, 7l, [&Kpof3oAitopat], skirmishing, skirmish. CLKpOrroXLS, -EWS, 7, [aKpor + T- Als], citadel, fortress, stronghold, fastness. dKpos, -a, -or, adj.. [facit, acies], lyinn iLKppovVuxCa 8 d&XXoEv at the summit, highest, extreme, topZmost. As subst., rb &Kpov, summit, hezght, peak; &ra tKpa, heights, summits. aKpovvXia, -as,.4, [&Kpos, ovvu, finger-nail], tte tip or extremity of the finger-nail; hence, mountain ridge. &KT'T, -is, Ji, [&yvvlUm, break], land against which waves break, headland, promontory, strand. dKKvpos, -ov, adj., [C priv., Kvpos, authority], without authority, not authoritative, invalid. VI. i. 28. d'KOov, &Kovoa, aKcoY, adj., [a priv., e&cv], unwiling, not willing. &KOVrOS ficOU, against my will, without my consent. aXaX6atw, -6So/cat, aor. 7?AdaAata, [aAaxd, war-shout], raise the warshout, give the war-cry. See P. 37. &XEELVOs, -, -o',, adj., [&aea, warmth], warm, imparting warmth. IV. iv. I. &XMco, &AeT5rw and &axew, I aor. AEacc, 2 aor. XAaMcov, ward ofJf keep of, defend; recompense, requite, repay in kind. &Xerqs, -, -o, [al, gaew, rind], grinder. ovos ader7qs, millstone; see N. to p. 69, Io. &Xevpov, -ou, Td, [axe'w], usually in pl., flour, fine flour, as distinguished from coarse meal (&ix4rpa.) FiX^eOm,-as, -a, f[ad0x6sl, truth,fairness, reality, sincerity. &xtreiiow, -ow, 7jAOsevo-a, [dXriy4s], say what is true, tell the truth; conjecture or predict correctly; report correctly. &Xl0eis, -es, adj., [d priv., aQO, root of XavOdvaw, conceal], open, true, honest, frank, real, sincere. As subst., Tb dh0Gles, truth. a&Xl0Lvds, -*, -d., adj., [daOrl)0s], true, to be trusted, trustworthy. I. ix. 17. &XLEVuLKoS, -4, -6o, adj., [hAeivo, to fish], for fishing.,rAoZov &AxivTrKO', fishing-smack, fishing-boat. aXiCtw, aiAhrw,.ALca, Aoa-a, [aiAs, together], collect, assemble, bring together;- mid, congregate, come together. 'di0os, -ov, adj., [d priv. + Afoos], without stones, free from stones. VI. iv. 5. &XLs, adv., in a heap, enough; with part. gen., V. vii. 12. 'AXLO-dpvIr -qs, r, Halisarne, a town not far south of Pergamos in Mysia, belonging to the principality of the Spartan Damarhtus. VII. viii. 17. Xa\CoKOLaL, aAc6aoao/a, def., used as pass. of alpew, hence perf. EtAwca or jAoKa, 2 aor. dxatov or 0Awv, be captured, taken, seized, caught; fall as result of attack or siege. X\KL4,os, -or, adj., [daKA, strength], brave, darizg, warlike. IV. iii. 4. aXXa, adversative conj., [&AAa, neut. pl. acc. of 6AAos with accent thrown forward], otherwise, but, on the other hand, on the contrary; yet, still, however; sometimes, at the beginning of a paragraph or section, resumptive, well, now, well now. dxha ydp, but [this is not the case] for; dAA& h, but of course, but you see; daAA L.e'Troi, but nevertheless; adXX& i'r, but certainly, and again; dAA'., except; caAA' ifows, but yet. ciXXaXoO, adv., [&AAos], elsewhere, in anotherplace. II. vi. 4. LXXI, adv., [dat. of &Axos], elsewhere, in another place; otherwise, in another way or direction. &aXXXwv, -ois, reciprocal pron., used only in the gen., dat., and acc., dual and pl., [reduplicated form of &Axos], one another, each other. G. 404; H. 268. kXXo0~v, adv., from another place. I.x. I3. AXxoat CL 9 &SI~ELVOV &XXolati, a ixorfat, haxiJuv and hAdur/v, [Lat. sa./ Io, /lea,jJump. IV. ii. 17; VI. i. 5 -'aXXos, -7, -o, adj., [ Lat. alits], other, another, as &AXo o'-Tpcreu/a,,another army; the iret, as r AxAo a-rporevJLa, the rest of t/e army; used adverbially, ZxXAA, z? anglot/er way, rAXAa, zi ol/her respects; idiomatically, &AAoz &AAoQEv, soee from one place a nd some from aznother; &aAAos &AXov, one anotlher; As ho ixAws, some /i one owar', some in another; &AAos &AAa AE'yEt, some say one t/hinr, some another; &kAo rZ ', (interrog ), is it not so thiat? (literally, is there any other possibildty fan or is the case any other than?) &XXorT, adv., [aAAos, ore], at other tinzes, at anof/her time. AAX ore Kal &aXore, fr-ao time to timee, noiand then. II. iv. 26. &XX'Arpos, -la, -iov, adj., [AAosl], belozlning to others, beloging to another; foreign, aliet. XXwos, adv., [aAAos], oth/erzwse, in a different way; otherwise than to the purpose, hence vainly, in vain, at random; often used with other words, as &kAws 7rwcs, in any other way; &NAws re KCaf, both in other ways and, = especiall,. &aXo6ytcros, -ov, adj., [a priv., aoyiCoia]L, devoid of sense, withaout forethioght, foolish. II. v. 21. dXcros, -eos or -ouV, iT, [a&8aivw, cause to groez], primarily overgrown vegetatioz; then, grove, especially sacred grove. V. iii. II. "AX-s, -vos, 6, [airs, salt., lalys (-='Salt River'), the most important river of Asia Minor. It rises in the western part of Armenia, and flows first westward and then north into the Black Sea. From very early times it has formed a natural division between states and provinces, and has many historical associations. To-clay Aiz// Irmak^, — 'Red iv er.' &X(LTra,-W',,rd a, coarsely ground grain, meal; especially barleymealc. I.v. 6. ckX, see aAX-Kcoyae. aXtoriWr~K, - or &AaAtexcfY, -fSos, 5, [aAxCvrn, fox, fojx-zide, fox-skin; by metonymy, cap made of foxskin,Zfox-skiin cap. VII. iv. 4. aXforoLp.os, -av, adj, [&XaAo(roat], liable to ble lakenL, easy to take or capture. &pia, adv., [for acd4Ca; cf. Lat. sinmi/, Getim zi-'aml men], at once, at the same tine. atLa ltE - ata 86, partly-parlly; followed by participles, as soon as, as afLi TarT ' eiawv, as saou as he haid said th/s. As prep). with datl, at the same timte 7vith, alotng with. at/a (rp-) j.ep,, at day-break. alpav xLt &avi'crXQ'TLv, at sunrise. ita Atpfw dvoaVrs, at szunset. 'AAa(,6v, -vIS,;, [ priv., 4aods, i.e. breastless], usually in pl., Aimazon. See N. to IV. iv. 16.,,uaa,-a, -j,, [a, &wav, axleJ, weargon, especially a heavy wagon for freight; also, by metonymy, load, wzagon-cload. &eca &aM4aCat 7reTPCOv, ten waeron-loads of stones. Cf. N. to p. 57, 13 afcAtaiLos, -a, -ov, adj., [aMa54], large enoufgh to load a way on; each a load for a wzeagaon,. IV. ii. 3. caLtLT6s, -6v, adj., [agata, and -rrds from eLxu], zwide enoughz for a zwa(,o, traversed by wagrons. alta4t'TbS 68S7, Uwagon-road. allapTravo, -r/jao/ac, 7j/xopyMpr7a, 2 aor. gclaprov, faid to hit, mi.s (with gen.); ftzz, err, do wrong. alLaXd, adv., [&6xAaos, from a priv. and idXr; cf. judXoauaL], Swithout fightizg', twit/tout a battle. &JiELVov, adv., see e. ajiLvovw 10 &fLeCvcov, -ovos, adj., [irr. comp. of &yaf4s], better, bravr,, obler, superior; sometimes with Kpei-rcWv, as a/uELvwv KIal pErperrv, better and stronger, almost ==far better. &aeLEtam, -as, 7, [aj sA^A s], negligence, carelessness. IV. vi. 3. LfLEXE~I, -iocv, ifgtA`\Kxca, yEIAuXnata, [&t/eAxs], be heedless, neglect, slight, be negligent of, axEAE~Sv JUWCv avbrv, be neglectful of our own safety. ah&IXs, adv., [a6iEAMs, negligent], carelessly, heedlessly, negligently. 4lerTpos, -ov, adj., [a priv., e-rpov], measureless, boundless, immense. III. ii. 16. i. Xavos, -ov, adj., [a priv.,,RXav', contrivance], without resources; of persons, without means, destitute,perplexed, ata loss; of things, impracticable, insurmountable, inextricable, impossible. J~iLXXdoJaoaL, -rojuiaiz,?tAAaarlx, iAXAioayc/rn'v, [aujXAAxa, contest], compete, vie, contest; followed by 7rl or rpbs, race for, vie for the attainment of, struggle for. dpreXos, -ov, -, vine. 'A rpc'aKLrTS, -v, -o,, Amnrabacit, Ambracian, a resident of Ambracia (modern Arta), a colony of Corinth in Epirus, about seven miles north of the Ambracian gulf. Ap.vySAiXtvos, -q7, -or, adj., [a&uv'yaAr?, almond], made from almonds, of almonds. IV. iv. 13. &lpavo, -vi, -, aor. /urva, [cf. Lat. munio], ward off, keep off defend one's self; avenge one's self upon, retaliate upon, requite, punish..ti4>C [cognate with 6& po, Lat. ambo], on both sides of, hence, about, around: (i) followed by gen. of cause or occasion, as SlabcEpeaO alx & i Iraos, to difer in regard to something; (2) followed by ace. of place, as dj44pl MiXA7ror, about Miletus, around Miletts; dafpl Kupov, around Cyrus; (3) with acc. in general expressions of time, as d/fpl ucr-as VVXTcas, about midnight; &itpl 7rABouoav &yopdv, about fill market tmne; (4) with ace. in expressions of indefinite number, as apld rTobs 6s(rXtiovs, Zabout two thousand. ajLjflyVoe(o, -(ovW, impf. mYevP'YYdovxv or 71ip-yyPvoov, [du(pl, and yxvo vo of voEw], lit. think on both sides; hence, doubt, be perplexed, wonder. II. v. 33. 'Ap4f.&8tp.os, -ov, 6, Amphidemus, father of Amphicrates. IV. ii. 13. 'Ap.4>LKp.arlS, -ou, 6, Amphicrates, a captain, native of Athens and son of Amphidemus; slain by the Carduchi. IV. ii. 13, 17. &apt.\lEiyo, -Aec w, I aor. d/(p 'Aca, [dap4 i + AE7W], lit. speak on both sides; hence, discuss, dispute about, quarrel about. Iv. 1 I. 'AJ4Lt7roXl'T's, -ou, 6, ['Ay0 tfroAts, aM0i + woAis], Amphzpolian, Amphipolite, a resident of Amphipolis, a colony of Athens in Thrace, near the mouth of the Strymon, which nearly surrounded the city, giving rise to the name. aJ!>opEvs, -iOs, 6, [i, a, and fope6S, from (ppw, i. e. carried on both sides], a clay vessel with two handles and short neck, jar. V. iv. 28. &P4(6Trepos, -a, -o, [ ey4ow], generally used in dual or pl., both. &lj>OTripwoev, adv., [dc-0drrepos], from both sides, on both sides. &i.owG, gen. and dat., d4ofot7v, [Lat. ambo], both. av, adv., implying hypothesis or condition in the statement in which it is found. It cannot generally be translated into English, but its force may sometimes 11 &va cKOLV6 be indicated by/perzhas, or -ever, especially with relative words; as oreav (== re v), whenever; ireiSdlv, (= -erel 8' &v), whenever. &v is used in the apodosis of conditional sentences contrary to fact and of the vague future form sometimes called potential. av, conj., [= dv, f E + &V], if if ever. &dv, prep., [akin to Gv]j, up, followed by ace.: (I) of place, along, upon, as cdv rb mre8lov, alongt the plain, dva Tr op 7, oui the mountains, among the mountains s; (2) of manner, at, as ava KuCdros, at fill speed (lit. up to one's strenlgth); (3) distributive, as dva 7Freve 7rapaoa'dayyas 'rs iUepcas, at the rate offiveparasangs a clay. avapaLvco, -,B'oieLa, -13B3rcKa, 2 aor. avE$f3rv, [dvd + Gf3alw, go up, ascend, climb up, mount, march up; embark; go upfrom the coast into the interior. 4vap&XXw, -BaA-D, -B3/3AKa, 2 aor. aveiBaXov, [ad- + PdAAw, throw], throw up, lift, help up. avdpac'LS, -ews, r', [dvaaS3afw], ascent, upward march, march to the interior, expedition into the interior, up-march. avaptpdo~a, BdBraooMal and -Bt8z$uam, a&ve/i3aaa, [dvd + 0d (3aw], make to go up, lead up. I. x. 14. avalpoaw), -f3oirotuat, -B EShKa, aveBo'oaa, [aId + 3odaw], raise a cry, call, shout, yell. V. iv. 31. 4vapoXq, -s, -, [ara.dAAwjo, rampart, bdlwark, made of earth thrown up. V. ii. 5. &vcayyeiXX, dvayyeAw, av7-yyeACKa, cdvayyyixa, [dvd + d'yyeAwj], bring back word, report. vayLyvYvcTK6C, -yyvurooat, avy7WK5ca, 2 aor. daveuyu, [dvd + y1- yYv~Kw], recognize; hence, as reading implies recognition of the letters, read. dvctyKatios, -a, -ov, adj., [dcvaycy], necessary. As sublst., &vayKcaos, -oU, 6, kinsmanz, relative. vaC-yKa rWco,-, - vr'yKcaK, r aa, yKara, [&vdayK7], force, compel, necessitate; obl/,e, refquire, constraiz. vwLyK'q, -7rS,, necessity, constraint; often with eaori expressed or understood, it is necessary. &vidYKT1 fptol Efortv, I must. dva-yo), -adw, -ixa, 2 aor. av7-yayov, [dvd + &yw], lead up, bring zp, carry zup; of vessels at sea, mid., weitrh anchor, put out, set sail. vav4EVyvvuLL, -CoE6w, avE(Eeva, ad'evyjtuat, I aor. p. aveveX0O77, [avd + Cev yjzpi], yoke up, harness up; break cam;p, = castra movere. dvaeappeio, -Oapprirw, svareOapp7iKa, vE 0Odpp7(ra, [dvd + Oappeivw, reg<zin coirfidence, agfail take co2rage. VI. iv. 12. Lvd ej0a, -aros. r6, [&variOfylu, set zp], lit. anything set up, what is set up, especially in a temple as an offering; hence, offering, sacred gf, votive offering. V. iii. 5. dvacopuvpeo, -0opv387row, avareOopvd frqKa, aveoopv,3rjra, [lad + 0opvfPw, mzake a noisc], /make a noise; applaud, cheer. avatpEw, -asp7o'w, av'p7Kca, 2 aor. aveAov, [tvda + alpfw], take zip of oracles, appoint, ordain, make response, signify; -mid, take zp for one's self, undertake, commeznce. avaKaco or avaKaco, -Kavc w and -Kavro'oal, -Kfecavca, aveKavo'a, [adv + Kaw], 1gthlt zp, kindle. adaKader 7rup, make afire. III. i. 3. dvaKctaEw, - tow, avaKrcKAXyKa, aveKdAEcra, [aivd + KaXew], call outagain and again, czy out, call back. rji o-dAtryyti avaKaAXea ait, sound the retreat, =- Lat. receptui canere. avaLKOLVw6, -otlo, -iceKofvwKa, avIKolvwsca, [avd - KotvO from KOWIts, common], conzimmunicate.mid., consult, confer wzth. va &VaKoJl't) 12 vapLo-Tros KoLvoVao'aO rp Oe, ask counsel of the god. civaKoiCpw, -KO1.bTW or -Lw. -KFeKc4f0IKa, &veFCKJjIcrat, [a, -+- coi.Cuc], bring up, carry up; - mid., carry up for one's self, store zu. IV, vii. I, 17. lVC'KpaIO, - oKpdyop uat, -KeKpaya, 2 aor. &veKpayov, [&vd - Kpadw, scream] cry out, raise a shout. avacXaXb\to, -aAaAatdojat, [av'd -- aciaAdcw], raise the war-shout. IV. iii. 19. LvaXsapc3dvo, -VA oyaiC, ave('X7]pca, 2 aor. &via3aov, [avd + Xap.Gdvwl, take ip, take away; take back, recover, regaizn. avacXip.ir, -XAwaw, def., [&vd 4 Adurw, s/sine], _fame up. blaze zup. V. ii. 24. dvacX;'yw, see LVELreiv. vaXiCerKw, &aaAXWaw, &avXwKa, &viAwcaa, [aIv ~ aAfWTcw], use utp, spend, consume, waste. &vXawros, -ov, adj., [av priv, aA~wrTs from &Xai(Koitat, be taken], not taken, not to be taken, imnpregnable. V. ii. 20. avaA~EVw, -yetvw, -sI.LEyvIKca,s avE/OeiLva, La[a +- yLw], stay back, remain, wais; with ace., or ace. and infin., wait for. ava4LuyvqLL,, -yutw, -/e`tit Xa, &aev/ua, [a&v -{- +L yUvL, mix], msx up, mix togther;-pass., be mixed up with, be united with, join. IV. viii. 8. dVacLLILVWrKO, -ywParw, ave,4vyara, aor. p. avepLv'4rOnv, [alvy + $ YijLsv'5 -Ktcw], remind, bring to mizd;mid. and pass., remember, recall, recollect. avavSpos, -or, adj, [av priv., avpl], unmanly, cowardly, weak. II. vi. 25. 'Ava(ipi-os, -ou,, Anaxibius, commander of the Spartan fleet at Byzantium. Bribed by Pharnabazus, he allured the Ten Thou sand from Asia Minor over to Byzantium under false pretences. Ile was afterwards sent to carry on war with the Athenians about the Hellespont, and was killed in battle. 4vatvpCSes, -ov, ai, [Persian word], trousers. See N. to p. 70, 2. I. v. 8. &volrrarco, -ravtO'w, -rerravKa, avcirauaa, [aYd -+ rauC], stop, cause to rest, cause to cease; - mid, take breath, pause, rest, refresh one's self. dvcarreiew, — rei00a, -7relreLKa, avE7reLrCa, [a va - iretfwl, persuade; win over to a different opinion, gain over. tvatrrrcTvvUp.L, -7rreTacfw or -7rercw, apie7reraoa, [a/a + 7reravvvd/i, spread out], open wide, throw ojpen wide. VII. i. 17. kvacwrjS8c), -7r?740oftarL, -7reFrt7TcKa, aErsEir7cra, [6ar/ + mqirbaw, leapl, leap up, spring zup; mount. &varvr(,a, -7rvevaousai, -7rerTUEucLa, ai/elrPEvaa, [aiva + 4vdw, breathe], breathe again, take breath, breathe; revive, rest &va'irpdTT&), - rrpd e, -7r&rpaxa, avE6 -7rpaca, levy, etact VII. vi. 40. &vaCirTvC'or, -rTT,-ro, [a/va + 7rTvbo-O', fold], unfold; as a military term, wheel round, fold back. See N. to p. 89, I. I. x 9. avaTrwT, avadw, [r arvd + arT, touch, kindle], light up, kindle, light. dvaTriuvOLvo}J.cL -lrfev'oLroa, -Ire7ru/a-m, 2 aor &averuOofiArl7, [avvc + 7ruvvovoLat], mid. dep., inquire a.gain, inquire closely, learn by carefit inquiTry; followed by TrEpL with gen. or by ace. with a participle. &vap(0flroos, -ov, adj., [ar priv., aptOqTrds, from a&piOIew, rznmber], innumerable, countless. III. 11. I3' dv&pcTrros, -or, adj., [av priv., &ptvrovs, breakfa2st], without breakfast. &vapTr'to, 13 Cave-Lr\' irTI)os avapiraio, -aproa'w, azVp7raKa, dvfptraaa, [Lv a + p7ra co], szatch i p, seize; plunder, pillage. &va.pXiL, -as, h, [LvapXos, wit/out a leader], lack of leaders, want of govermnent. III. ii. 29. avao-KEuatco, -f-UfVtErf, [ava + -K C agw, from aKceos, pLack up, pack up and carry. VI. ii. 8. &vacrroavupo, -c6aw, &avEf'rapwKoa, arearavpwfca, f avd, (ravpo'w, crcjifyJ, impale, cruczly; fasten up on a cross. III. i. 17. &vcLorTAXXo, -oTreAc, a&vY'raAca, aveCrEila, [&av + a-e'TXAw], send back, drive back, restrain. V. iv. 23. cva<rTp6ow, -?ao, avzeTpoqa, 2 aor. p. aV0rpdas)'qv, [lavi - + TpeIO, turn], turn around, turnz back, wheel around; intr., face abozt, rally. avaTapacTco, -rapdow, -rerapaXa, aiveTdpata, [avd a- + apdrrw, disturb], stir up, make disorder, disturb; pf. p. part., avaTreapay/uerov, in disorder. I. vii. I9. Cvaraeivo, -TE v ea -TEaKa, aVdrver a, [a'v + reIvw, stretch], stretcA upward, lift up, hold up, as the hand in voting. &e-bs avaTrera/evos, eagle with extended wings. avaTrrXXo, -TreAX, — eraAoca, arv'rerAa, [aIvd +- redwc, raise, rise], tr., raise, cause to rise; intr., rise. aitca hi/'a dvareXAovrt, at sunrise. II iii. I. avawirLOLL, -Gfjaw, -TrOezKa, dvedOr77a, [adva -f+ 71u0 i],pt up; lay upon, place upon, load; of votive or religious offerings, set up in a temple, dedicate, consecrate. &vaCrp4wo, -Opefw,, -rtrpopa, avEOpe4a, [dvd + rpepco, nour'ishZ, feed, raise; fatten. IV. v. 35. avae6uryo, -f~EuVo0/aZ, -rre0evuya, 2 aor. &ve<puvyov, [dvd + ~pEyW l,flee up, escape up, as up a mountain. VI. iv. 24. 4vacpoviW, -(ppov/oa, -Trejppcvqica, aepdv6opaa, [dda' + ~povew], regainl one's toils, comle to one's senses, bcomie ratolnal. IV. viii. 21. avaX6wO or avaax'ottolm, [Ivcad Xd&o, force back, poetic word, draw back, retreat, retire. IV. i. i6, vii. 10. &vaLX"piE, -Xwp'<ow, -KeXdwp7fKCi, aCXWpntra, [avda + XWpio, zwithdrawo, retreat, zwitdraw, go back. avaXwcpeiv e'rl rb arpaTbreboV, wizidrawz zo i/e camfp. 4va)Xoopot -XCC, -x avaX, [aa pe'o], wilhdraw, drawt off V. ii. IO vSpacyacOLa, -as, 7i, [aYvIp, ayados], manzliness, bravery, courage, valor; reputatiozn for courage. V. ii. 1. iv8pspaso8ov, -ou, r6, [apparently from idvop and an assumed form oiraSos connected with elrojuai; mtan's follower, attendant of a man], slave; see. N. to p. 59, 28. &V8SpLOS, -a, -ov, adj., [&vlp, aapods], manly, brave. VI. v. 24. v8p~LOT'lS, -7r7j0S, -, [a [v8pEos, = Lat. VIRTUS, m/talinless, bravery, courage. VI. v. 14. &vSpCtop.c, -fro0a, t, [mid. of avSp&cw, from &vo1p, davpesl, show one's self a manz; take courage, act manfizlly. dvepillv, see cvaaCvtvo. avfcyECp), -eyepcO, aveyl-yepYpKa, aor. p. a".v yipO-)vV, [avd + eyeLpw, rouse}, awaken, rouse: - pass, be awakened, awake, wake up. III. i. 12. &VELrrEev [aor. of avaAE'yT, from avd, ejTrov], aive notice, announce,proclaim &VEKwnlrpTrXiLLt, -rAX aw, -7reirXrcKa, &vE7r\Ara, [va'd + e'4 ~ 7rAjciityL], fill zp again, fill ot again. &vefos, -ov, 6, [cf. Lat. animus], wind. IV. v. 4. dVErLXi'rrT(Ows, adv., [&verr'rx7-rros, from avd, errl, Aaludvoo], blamelessly, beyond reproach. VII. vi. 37. avepEOtCO 14 CvoioLtos avepeOL't), -EpeOiarw or -iC, avrpesOi-a, [avd,, peo, rovoke], irritate, provoke, stir zp. VI. vi. 9. dveporToW -epwTorcrw, dvY7pdcricTa, dvr7pcr77aa, [dd -+ pcprdwo], question, press with questions; ask as with authority, demand. fivev, prep. with gen., without, apart from. vEvfUpCoKc, -fvprf'aw, dvEup7ca, 2 aor. aveupov, [ava + EvploI-K], find out, discover,find. VII. iv. 14. aivexw or &vCTXO,, dYvw or dva Xr - ow, dvar'oX7Kia, 2 aor. dvedXgov, [va + x] w], hold up, Zlft up; of the sun, rise:-mid., hold out, sustain, endure, bear, tolerate, restrain one's self ave+L6s, -ov, 6, cousin, nephiew, kinsman. VII. viii. 9. &vfvyayov, see &vd6y.. cviKECO-TOs, -or, adj., [&v priv. + atKfrTOY, from aKceoLat, heal], incurable, irreparable. &VK, -(i, [*ard + A sKw], come up; reach, extend. A&vp, avpo's, 6, = IR, man, as distinguished from woman or child; hence, husband; sometimes in pl. used instead of o'TpaTrrTai, soldiers, or 7rohxEjio, enemy; often equivalent to person and not to be translated, as dvrp flepors, a Persian; av&p mydavrs, soothsayer; &vSpes -rparrIOTai, fellow-soldiers. Kar' &v3pa, man by mnan. See &vOpcoros. vOe' = a-rt. &vOE'RLOv, -ou, rd, [&vOos, blossom], blossom, fower. V. iv. 32. dv0cLO"rITLtJ, avT&rTrTraw, avrOeTrr7Ka, 2 aor. av&rrTrTv, [aYi + 'o-Trtl, set], tr. set against; oppose, zwithstand, resist. VII. iii. rI. &v9p&lvrwos, -*, -ov, adj.. [&6vpwros], human; neut. pl. as subst., ri-v dvOpwrivwv, of things human. II. v. 8. idvOpOwos, -ov, 6, = HOMO, man, as distinguished from other beings, such as gods and lower animals, as a member of the human race; human being, person; sometimes, like &vpfEs, used in pl. for orpaTT.rat or 7roXg'uot, as IV. ii. 7; sometimes implying contempt, as I. vii. 4, while t&vpes usually implies respect; often not to be translated, as &vOpworos 'HpaKoed6 -r7Is, a Heracleot. &wvtw, -dcow, rvlaca, vhiaa-a, [daia, grief], tr. grieve, annoy, distress; -pass., with mid. fut., be distressed, be troubled. rA os giv aicV&/LEvos, he was evidently troubled. &vC,[Ai, dvanrow, dvrtka, dvijca, [avd + i7-j], let go, allow to go, siffer to escape. dwVLO4W, [avd, lt s, strap], lit. 'draw up with a strap,' draz zup, raise up. IV. ii. 8. dvClrTrJpji, dovaar-j, ow, dYEa'-r-cKa, dvEeo-rT7oa, 2 aor. edvarE'Tv, [dvd + 'for t, cause to stand], tr, set up, cause to stand up, raise up, roust up; intr., stand up, rise, get up, as from sitting, from a meal, from one's seat with a view to making a speech, or from sickness. CvLoLX(, see &vtEw. lvoSos, -ov,?7, [dvd + aoosl, = dvdSaaor, journey upward, journey up to the interior, up-march. &vo8os, -ov, adj., [di priv., 65djl, pathless, inaccessible, hard to ascend. IV. viii. Io. &vo'-qos, -or, adj., [a priv., Yvon-Ts from Yoedw], witless, senseless, foolish, silly. II. i. 3. &voity, dvoiw, avEqXa, dveg4ta, [avd olyw, open], open up, open. Qvop.ia, -as, 17, [&votuos, lawless], lawlessness. &voFotwos, adv., [dvadoios, dv priv. -+ o/oLos, similar], differently. dvoLoiws eXELv, be diferently situated, be thought of diferently. VII. vii. 49. dVOIlOS 15 &avT'ropos &vojRos, -oV, adj., [& priv. + v6Jjos, law], lawless. VI. vi. I3. CvrTCayopto, -acrw, avrTyppaa, aYrv7 -'yopaaa, [avri + Ayop4dw, purchase], buy in return, purchase in return. I. v. 5 CaVTCKOVD, -(0o/a111, ai/TaK4woa, avrT4 -Kovra, [avrl + aI-eouw], hear in turn, listen in turn. II. v. I6. 'AvTavSpos, ov, 1, A ntandrus, a town in the Troad, on the north coast of the Adramyttian gulf, at the foot of Mt. Ida; said to have been founded by the Pelasgians; colonized by Aeolians; sometimes under Persian and sometimes under Greek rule; modern Avchdiar. VII. viii. 7. ClVTE p.Tr4iXA L, -E/xJ.7rX7' w, -e 7tre7rAX7 -Ka, -EYV7rrX7ra, [&vriL + ev -+ 7ruj7rl7-tA, fill, fill in return. IV. v. 28. &VTETrqiiEXojCtt, -eTrl'/EA'aIouoai, -'FntteyEAl,77aLt, -E7re/eA?7oial7/Y^, [avri + E'7r + fie\ouat], take care int return, care in retiurn. III. i. G6. &vTE'Urotif, written more correctly aTr' ev 70rolw, do a kindntess in return. V. v. 21. awrC, prep., followed by gen., opposite, over against, against; instead of; behind, IV. vii. 6. BSa-revELv avT ' eKEivOU, to reignt iiz his place, in his stead. avrn $alzxecws SoDXov lroLEv, to make hint a slave instead of kino;. avrLSct8%LLf,8, - && ln, -eOadKa, dTreaicra, 2 aor. &wre8Wo, g.ive instead, give in return. III. iii. 19. LVTrLKaSL0ClT',lL, -Ka-rar-fr'iw, -KaOGeT77Kaa, -CKaTrer'T7oa, 2 aor. -KTarrT7vP, [aIyr + Karca + Y'lnr/rI], appoint instead. &VTLX\YW, -A.d}o, avTrEXa, speak in opposition, speak against, contradiet, oppose, object; followed by inf, or by clauses with ~.7, Ws. 'AvTLXi'v, -ovnos, 6, Anidl/eon, one of the Ten Thousand, and 1nauvc of Thurii, a colony of Athens in the southern part of Italy, on the gulf of Tarentum. V. i. 2. &VTL'Os, -a, -or, adj., [avrni, opposite, facing over against; oppyosed, contrary, different; hostile; often best translated as an adv. or prep., as eivai avrios, tlogo against. eK Toi avTu ov [liupovs], directly opposite, iin frosit. a&vrios, other than, dtiferentfrom what. avTLirapaett o, -0euo'oLat, [a&vT-it+rapa + Oe-G], def., run against, run aloan; against. IV. viii. 7. cvi7LwapCiaKiEUvci'3LaL, -a'Toualt, -7rapearKeEvac cat, aor. p. -rapenrKcvdaOriv, L[V + + ua c- avd'oKv tat], prepare in turn, make preparations in turn. I. ii. 5. &vTLw7rapaCnTaTTo.atL, -7rapaTdo0lat, -TapaTEra-yxc.ai, -rapenratarlvp, [ avr! +- 7rapa + rdirrw], array one's sel aainzst, draw zup in array against. IV. viii. 9. CVTLrapEitjitL, impf. -7rapjpetv or -7rappa, [ Avr-i - rapd -+ Ein], irr. and def., nmarch along side of and opposite, march abreast IV. iii. 17. dvTLt'rrLdo-X, -Trelcro-a, -riero0va, 2 aor. avreraOov, [iavi - r+ rarX], sffer int return, experience. II. v. I7. vTi'LrrEpaS, adv., [&avr, rcepaS, across], over agtir.ist, onz the opposite side. rcaT' avrnrepas, over against. I. i. 9. CdvTL7rOLE, -Trotlcw, -rTro-qctea, arTE=roprlna, [avrn -- +roLew], do in ryeturn, retalite; - mid., 1o for one's sc/f in retccrn, c/aim in opposition, dispute, vie, compete; followed by dat. of person and gen. of thing. avrT7roieoGOai apXs ripv, to contend with any one for the soverez/nty. CvrlTropos, -ov, adj., [&aYi - + Trpos from repdw, czlOsr, on the o/her.idee f over against; with dat. IV. ii. 18. a6VTLO-TaCTLto) 16.C7raWyiXXsw vrLTwrrarLo'Lto, -darw, av'e'raoaicKa, avrcca'racaiaoa, [avr; + c'raoida?], oppose, contend with; followed by dat. IV. i. 27. 4avTTrTacrtLTnjs, -ou, 6, [av'ri, a'7raffWTrls, partisan], adversary, antagonist, opponent. I. i. Io. a&TvCrTOLxoExC -TroitXto-ff, aVTE'roiXtKa, avrTecroiTX -a, [ av'ri-rotxos, over againsl], stand in rows opposite one another, stand in pairs facing one another. V. iv. 12. &vTLcrTparToirESEVolaL, -crpaTOTreafucoy/at, avrecrpaTro7rE evJIa, avrEatrpaTo7r'eSev-aflj7v, [&lvTl - aTrparoVTreev'], encamp over against, take the field agrainist. VII. vii. 33 -&VTLTTvr TC, -Trdw, -Tr TaXa, a&vrTraa, [ari + Tr rTt], marshal against, draw zip against, array in opposition - mid., array one's self against. &aVTLTLfaJx, -TtI1A W. -TerTIJ77Ka, acre'rlrtca, [&avrti -+ Tqaw], honor in return, honor in turn. V. v. I4. avTLToE~V6, -roe0-cw, -rerobevKa, avTreroTeua, [LVri +- ToevbW, from To'ov, bow], shoot arrows back, shoot arrows in turn. III. iii. 15. &ivrLUlaXTTrroLaL, -_UvXAdctat, -VreOvAa-ylas, &anTEpvAaad7vn, [ayri + pvxdrrzoua], guard one's self in turn, be on one's guard in turn. II. v. 3. dvrpov, -ov, T', [= Latin antrum], cave, grotto, cavern. I. ii. 8. AvrTpd&SS, -es, adj., [&vTrpov, eT8os], full of caves, cavernous. IV. iii. II. &vuvcrros, -ov, adj., [tvXiw, accomplish], practicable, capable of being accomplished, possible. Cf. IDIOMS. I. viii. II. avvouT or &avo i, jvua I, Vua ruva, [avw, finish ], bring about, accomplish;- mid., accomzplish for one's ozwn advantage. VII. vii. 24. &v, adv., comp. dvwrwpW, sup. a&YrdWr, [&avd], up, upwards, above, high up; tup from the seacoast into the interior. i7 &vo 66as, the upper road, the inland road. 6 &v faclAXevs, the king in the interior. &avYEWV, -Cv, -r, [SOY, & ya=a = -7y, earth], lit. 'what is above the earth,' upper floor. V. iv. 29. 6avwev, adv., [dvw, -Oev, from], from above; from the interior. aCia, -as, |, [d1os],,worth, value, desert. rYv &4iavY iKdciozs v 'pat, to gzve to each his due. agilV -s, ij, axe. d'tos, -a, -ov, adj., [dayw, bring, weighz], lit. bringing or weighing as much as; hence, worth, worthy, deserved, fitting, - used absolutely, or with gen. of value, or with gen. of value and dat. of person, or with inf. &ltos iroxAoc itvi, worth much to any one, of great value or use to any one. 6&ios apXeiv, worthy to rule. &CLoorTpC&TlYs, -ov, adj., comp. dloO'rpaT7yr6ppo s, [t{0os, 0rpar)yds], worthy to be general, worthy of commnand. III. i. 24. 4ai0o, atc6ca, i(1cwKa, iwlcaca, impf. jifouvv, [&cios], deem worthy, think proper, consider fitting, think fit; hence, claim, demand, ask as one's right. See N. to p. 52, 23. faio.a, -aros, Td, [dcidw], lit. 'that of which one is deemed worthy,' position, dZinity. English deriv. axiom. VI. i. 28. 'onv, -ov, 6, [yw] axl, xle, axle-tree. I. viii. Io. ao7rXos, -ov, adj., [a priv., 07rAov], unarmed, without armor. II. iii. 3. &rr', ci4, - a7ro. 4'ira'yyeXXw, -ayyeX.o a&r7r'yyeAhKa, a&rbyyetia, [a7r- + ayyexxwl], annoulnce from, bring news from; awayopev1 17 airepv'K bring word back, send back word; report; followed by ace., or by ace. of obj. and dat. of pers., or by els or irpos with ace. instead of the dat. of person. awrayopeiow, -a-yopEv'rw, 7rr-yopEuvLa, a&lrtlypeuva; or &wrayape6ow, a7repa, arreiprlia, 2 aor. arer7rov, [a7rd + ayopevcw], renounce, give lp, abandon; grow weary, become fztigued. &rr&-yw, -ate, a&rXya, 2 aor. a7r7 -'yayov, [a&ro + — yw], lead away, conduct away; carry of; bringr away. &arraywyl, - ciS, r, [arar'ywl conductizg away, removal. VII. vi. 5. &ara0ls, -es, adj., [a priv., rdaos, suffering], devoid of sulfering,, free from sufferinig. VII. vii. 33. CLTraiEvros, -ov, adj., [o priv. + iratlevTds, verbal adj. from -rac8 iw], untrained, stupid, simple. II. vi. 26. awrrapw, -ap&, acr-pica, cacripa, |aro' + adpw], lift off; sc. vcavv, set sail, sail away, depart. aQrraiTre, -aTtricrw, acrp-rpca, arr)rra, [a7ro -I aSre's], demiand from, demand of, ask from, ask back; followed by two ace., also by dat. and ace. &aracXXc'w, -ahd, -a dw, arAAaxa, a7rXxAaga, [a7rd + tAAaTrT)w, change], get rid of, dispose of; escape:- mid. and pass., be freed from, be delivered from, be rid of; leave, go away (from), depart. &araXos, -, -Ov, adj., comp. traACirepos, soft, tender. I. v. 2. &irapLECpOop.LcL, anraEel'oyatc, aor. p. (as mid.) w7r7lhEiOqv, [ arod + a&lELfio, change], reply, respond. II. v. 15. aiCLravCo, aravAo'fw, a7rrVT71Ka, carrvv,7a(rba, | a7ro + avracw from dari], meet, in either a friendly or a hostile manner; encountler, meet in battle; followed by dat. &drag, adv., once, at once; after adv, h7rav, eTre, or Ws, once for all. &arapd&rKEros, -ov, adj., [d priv, 7rapaafcevfCW], without preparalion, unprepared, unequipped, not ready. irras, aT7raoa, arav, [a coll. + ras], all togelher, all, the whole, entire. aratsa ) XCpa, the whole reion. rb bAAo crrpdrasvia &arav, all the rest of the army. 7re8ov airay, a plain level throi,khozt. &arauvOlvJepCLtc, -avOnryepicaw, or -avOlepiSt, [auVO'7/,uspov, from abros, 7jLedpa], come back the same day, return the same day. V. ii. I. acipgrlv, see a&ropatvo. a(rele~i, a7reoi7oaw, j7r1eira-a, [arele O0s, from a priv., 7reO in rireOw], disobey, disregard, be disobediezt. dreLXewO aretIAlo-o, 7reTiA7]KaC, 'retA7(ra, }a7reiA1|, threaten. 4arreX-i, -ij,, threat, iemenace. VII. vii. 24. arrELtL, atreooLai, impf. air-p, [a 7r +- E~iL, = Latin absum], be azway, be abseJt. ci'rcl(jt (used as fut. of darenipXoai, Latin zbo), impf. arrja or a7rpeiv, [atron + e-l}, go off go awoay, withdraw, retire, depart; go baCk, retreat; go over to any one. See orEpXopaL. cneTrEwov, see &wrayopevCo. careLprlKa, see airayopevw. d'TrEpos, -ov, adj., [a priv., 7rEpa], inexperienced, unskilled, mignoraZt, infaminliar with, uzzacqnuanted izoth/; used with or without a dependent gen. dIrs\aviv, -ecAa'rw or -EsA, -EAh'AaKa, aCxAaea, [LiTr + E'Aalvw, drive], drive away, dislodge, lead away; intr. (properly with obj. understood), march azwaty, go off, march i7rep-KW, UKCr, epvw, arpva, [ai7d ipicsu, crbll\, keep ff, Zwaid aof; /lnCIld, wpreven't. V. Viii. 25. &'ipXoUla. 18 &roSLSp&crKQ &iripXOp.aL, aTrEAeuro-ola, a7rEAXvOa, 2 aor. dirjAOov, [&arR + EpXoyat], go away, come away, depart, re tire, withdraw; go over to any one. rapa KAeapXov d7rsjAOe, he went over to Clearchus. &creXOavoLat, a&rexOaofLas, acirixO/Lat, 2 aor. ota7rxOfJyJv, [&7r, EXw, hate], be hated, make one's self hated, incur hatred, displease, offend, become hatefil to any one. n'irEXW, a&ptoW, a7rE'oX-Ka, 2 aor. ireoxov, [ard6 + Exwa], be away from, be distant, as ob roAv a&TreXtv, be not very far away; airvXEe, 7rapaCdTp-Yrfv, be a parasang distantn - mid., keep one's self away from, abstain from, refrain fron, spare. c&rqv, see &/ELfLL. &arwqXX\\ayv, see,raXX\rTTro. dairLriEto, &a'Tiarwrra, iTrLir'7tca, irtrr'?oa, [&6rtl ros], not believe in, disbelieve; distrust; disobey, be disobedient. &rriroTCa,,-as,,), [7&rioros], unbelief, mistrust, distrust; lack of good faith, faithlessness, treachery. &Ao-rTos, -or, adj., [a priv. + -wtrtas], faithless, perfidious; unbelieving, distrustful. roirT& i7riraa 7rotev, to make pledges void. a&wriov, verbal adj. of &7reqIt [from E/uL], necessary to go away, necessary to depart. V. iii. I. dirXETOS, -or, [a priv., v7riu'7rA7ut, fill], boundless, immense. X&Yv &-rAeTos, a proditious snow-storm. IV. iv. It. &arXois, -4, -oiv, for a&rAJos, -7r, -or, adj., single; straightforward, sincere; as subst., Tb a&rXoov, straightforwardness, sincerity. &dro, by elision a7r', by elision and aspiration a', [cf. Lat. ab, Eng. of, off], prep. with gen., expressing relations of place, time, and origin (origin whether as source, cause, means, instrument, or agent), from, away from, off; with, by, by means of through, because of: dap' 'rirou, on horseback. d7rb arv Xpt?7VdrTov, with these funds. dirb Tro avbroi T77 -yEiou, at the same signal. d7rb Tro auvroaTou, f one's own will, of one's own accord. dqa' ieorepav, from (the beginning of) evening, at eventide drb Trovsrov, because of this. In composition drod = fromn, away, off back. &aropaCt, -,f3pouai, -Be3 Sr3ca, 2 aor. a7retr, [da7r + aoivwJ, go off, get off, disembark from a ship; reach an issue, be fuSfiled. ar&wopdXXw, -lhaAw, -BSer3Aca, 2 aor. dirtf3aov, [dard + $jdAw, throw], throw away, lose, throw off CTropLPdaW, -f,3tdaow or -,3B$c&, di'rei83ara, laI 6 + tfidSCw, cause to mount], put off from a vessel, disembark, land. I. iv. 5. airropX&er, -AeC'oj.ali, -,/3G3Ae0a, dareA/3ea, [airS + $A/3trw, look], look off, look away, gaze, watch. c&Lro-yLyvW&rK(), -yPc0co6caci, adTryewKa, 2 aor. dire'yvwv, [atrd + -yryvC0Kw], renounce, abandon the thought of, give up the thought of. I. vii. I8. aCLIosECKVuJJi, -Ueiw, -eafELXa, dir4 -8ea, [di7r + 6et-KY'Vu,], point out, show; declare, direct; designate, appoint: - mid., express one's opinion, declare one's views. 4iroSEpow, anrosepcO, aor. adreSeipa, 2 aor. p. d7rebdp7v, [d7ro + 8pw, flay], take the skin off, skin, flay. III. v. 9. aoSE'XOJaLat -atUocial, -d5E-ey/LaL, a7re8E&dU4yJv, [dTr + 8 e0XoLai], receive, accept. &aroSTleo,, -8r/ftrOw, -eIc, -e ai 7re86L/qa, ['it, [ar os, land], leave home, be away from home. VII. viii. 4. &iroSLSpCarKW, -5pdrfo/oat, -6pof p -spa, 2 aor. direApav, [d7ro + s- apdacw, run away, run of;f flee; escape, desert. See N. to p. 65, 24. wTroC88wSLF 19 &aroXeCTrww &'woSCtSotIt, -8o'rW, -iSwKa, cawrwica, [La7r + i- SIawyt, give, especially what has been promised, or what is due. give back, gzve up, give over, deliver:- mid., give inz exchange, sell. aTro8oKiW, -Jd4w, pf. wanting in Attic, aire;8oa, [7r-b + SoKcWj, be unacceptable, alpear improper, not to appear good; third pers. sing. used impersonally, it does not seem best, it is decided not. d7ro0&oce? we v, we think best not, with infin. II. ill. 9. aroSpacqovLatL, see &WroTpeXo. airroSu'w, -66urw, -6E'u&ca, 2 aor. drtUv, [d7ro + 6t']J, strip, take of, rob, despoil; 2 aor. dare'6v and mid., strip one's self, take off one's clothes, undress. &LroOvilc'Ko, -Oavoifar u, -reOv.Ca, 2 aor. dirEOavov, [d7ro + OvYjaKw], die, die off perish, with Ubro and gen., be killed, be slait. &aro'out, -0oraw, -TedOuca, aredOuoaa, [bard + - 6w, sacrificel, offer tp in fulfilment of a vow, offer uip as a votive sacrifice, sacrifice in payment of a vow. III. ii. I2. a&rOLKCa, -as,?, [&7roiKos, c0/o01ist], colony, settlement away from home. iCLrOLKOS, -ot, adj. d7rr, ohio, house], away from home. &troLKos rdtAs, colony. As sulst., rTTOLKOS, -oQ, O, colonist, settler arroiLXOpat, -oiLrx oLata, -oiLXwKa, [dbro + ofrXo/Aa], depart, go away, go off aTrOKCAXEa, KaAXow, -KEKAXCKa, aTtrEKaAerra, [atrb + tKaEaw], call a7e'y, call off, call aside call apart VII. il. 35 CroKatLVW, a7roKatuo siat, -KiCfcj7KCa, 2 aor ad7rKagov, [darr, -+ KdctLv w become fatitcedt, be tired out,,g-ve out, grve up from weariness IV Vii 2, &aOKCW, -KaboW, -KEKKeaua, CKa rETaua, burnz off, of cold, reeze, blight. aLroKELIGaL, -KedsoolC ai, impf. direKeiJu7vv, [airJ + KEeyaLt], def., be laid aside, be laid lip, be reserved, be stored uip. aLIrOKXk(lO, or aL'rOKXE(oW, -K aaTW, -KCcA:pKa, adreKXpa, aor. p. &dreKxpaeOrlv, [dar- + Kxyw, shut], shut off, shut out from, exclude; cut off, head off, intercept. aTroKXlCvO, -KZIcVC', -KEIcEIcKa, CareICALva, [ad7J + KALi'w, bend], bend out, incline away; turn aside. II. ii. 16. &CWOKOIrTzO, -K4iAi, -KEIKOQpa, &areKota, [caro ~ K+ crrw,, cut], cut off; beat of, drive ff, force back. I wroKpCvo.aCLL, -KplvoVuat, -KCKpixfua, airEKpILvptlv, aor. p. (as mid.) d7rEKfpl'nr, [d7r +- Kpt'o[aaI], answezr, respofnd, rely. aLTrKp'urThi, -Kpu4lw, -K6KpUpja, aTrcfcKpuia, [a7ri- KP+ ouirrrw, hide awzay, coniceal ftJ a, conceal. I. ix. 19. rn-OKTiELV), -KTEYri, ivw e-t, Carev, rcKTEOvaC, [laro + KTICEvw, kill, l, s;', pit to death; stronger than a&oKTCvvu., pres. indic. third pers, pl. dcrosrwKvvanri, impf. indlic. thi-d pers. pl. dareKCTivvu/Sav, d7roffret w. wOsir(\OKw w, -KWXlV'W-, -KEKCAUKICS, dareKinAvo-a, idnS + cKwAvw, hinder\-, hinder fromn, keep azway from, ptrevent /roanm. &rroXacp4vto, &croak4oati, acretA i'r(pa, 2 aor. &arexaBSov, aor. p. dTreX)Op6Orv, lar - +- AaGujay]w, take away; ieceive back, recover, retake, receive what is due as pay, intercept, cut off. nrroXderro, -Ae(rwO, 2 pf &aroXeAo7ra, 2 aor. r7reAtX7rov, tard +- AEnrc(c7, leave leave (beitnd, desert, foil, faet short - mid. and pass., be left behind, Jail behind. - lRro'EKTeros 204 a lTroXo-2rolL C&rrSXeKos, -ov, adj., [daroAryco, select], selected, choice, select. II. iii. 15. 'Iro6XXi.L, Ca'roxhtr'w or a&rox,, daroAdtAeca, [tdrr + O- xAvi, destroy], destroy, kill; lose; 2 pf. droArwAa and mid., perish, die, fall away, be lost or destroyed. 'AwdoXXwv, -wvos, dat. -wvt, acc. -wva or -w, voc. "AroAAov, Apollo, son of Zeus and Leto (Latona), god of archery and of healing, of song, poetry, and divination. There were many oracles in his name, of which the most renowned was that at Delphi. The priesthood of Apollo was well organized and rendered the influence of his worship prevaalent throughout Greece. 'AiroXXiovia, -as, 4, Apollonia, a city in Mysia, in the region of Teuthrania, east of Pergamus. VII. viii. 15. 'AiroXXovwLSqs, -ov, o, Apollonides, a Lydian, suspected of treachery and driven from a meeting of the Greek officers. III. i. 26. C&roXiofo' at -AyrOcal, -oy aoaL, m - eh r/pai, aTrfAoylavG/fJly, [aTrodAyosj, vindicate one's self, plead off, apologize, defend one's self V. vi. 3. ~&roX6wo, -Abwrc, -ACAvKca, dirieAfua, [dIro + xAu;], release, set frce, let loose, acquit. VI. vi. 15. &lroILapXoaL., -JUaXoVuIai, -~tE/aXndr at, atirepaxiedau1v, [Lirc5 + tcidxotal], fight fromn, figt off; decline, resist, refuse. VI. ii. 6. a&wdroaXos, -ov, adj., [ad71-, aXrl], unfit for battle, kept from fighting, non-combaafnt, like the French hors-de-combat. &rrovocrT'W, -vYoT-r7trw, -veYrFVrTa, darev4o-d'rta, dar' -+- voOte-z, return], return home, go home, reach home. III. v 16. iairotrifr), -7reyiw, -TirErox(pa, daei 7E/fJia, [Tire' + T'e/A'TWIJ, send off, send away, send back, remit; send what has been promised or is due: - mid, send awayfrom on e's self, dismiss. anrorr'riyvvjf, -rij5, — re&trnXa, direrriyja, [Lird + -7r' jvvut, freeze], curdle, freeze. cwronrr5d6co, -7rS7io,5cuao, -irrqFr]Kca, crern71jaiaa, [dTiro + 7r- r1aw, leap], leap away, spSring away, spring back, hasten away. III. iv. 27. awrorAiw, -7rAeuo/xMa or -7rAe vro vyai, -7rh7rAevKa, dirhrIAevcra, [tro' + irAefz], sail away, sail off, sail back, sail home. wlrrOrXous, -o, 6, for airo'rAoos, -ou, [dnrorAE'W], voyage back, voyage home. V. vi. 20. woroWopev3oaCLL, -iropeva'oL.a, -ircsropevfuai, aireropeuva'duxLv, [ird - + Wropeuogas], go of, leave, depart. iropeow, airoprw, 77rdpnKa, 77ropn(a, [a7ropos], be without means, be without resources; be at a loss, be in doubt, be in perplexity, be troubled; be in want, lack. arTopia, -as, h), [&tropos], difficulty of passing, V. vi. 10; dfficulty, straits, embarrassment, perplexity, distress; lack, wanzt. 6wropos, -ov, adj., [d priv., iropos, way], without means; of persons, at a loss, lacking in means, without resources, devoid of resources; of places and things, impassable, Zimpracticable, dfficult, insuperable. As subst., drropov, -ou, r6, strait, difficulty, obstacle. aidrpprTlos, -ov, adj., [cdro, ep&, speak], not to be told, secret. ev arropp1rTcp roe7o'0at, to keep secret. oaroppr, -cwyos, adj., laird, pr'yvvrt, break], broken off, abrupt, sheer, steep. cropp& 7rrerpa, precipice. VI. iv. 3. &iroorojrroiaL, 2d fut. diroear7rarocuat, pf. (act.) dcroerirrira, 2 aor. aireearqjv, [tir6 -- + 7roujai r, rot], rot away, rot off, mortify. ros aaoKTv awroCT'KCarT 21 cTorTpIXw Aous TrW v roeSv d7ror~Ep7rSTes, having lost their toes by mortifiation. IV. v. 12. rrOCrK7nrrTco, -ICKd4l/c, ad're'icKapa, d7rC'cKaCza, [diro + - KcatrrcW, dzgr], cut off by a trench, dig a trench to cut off dig a trench to intercept. II. iv. 4. &LrooCrKESdvUj1L, — KofcetdaW or -tKce5w, LdrcrKi6caKa, dcraccKc'8a-c, [a7ro' + KEadvvv/uLj, scatter], scatter abroad, disperse: - mid. and pass., be scattered, disperse, stray, stray away from. of dLroaKecavviUj'evoi, the stragglers. arocr-KTvo', -(crTvc/C6ro, impf. d7recKlcyouv, [ar'r6 + cKiccvOw, from acv]77V], pitch tents at a distance, encamp at a distance. III. iv. 35. &a'nroorwr&, -a7raiocr, ar&E'-rcaKa, oareairaaa, aor. p. a7reorradto'0rv, [a7ro +- a7rdw, draw], draw away, draw off; draw back; intr. and mid., separate one's self, remove one's self, withdraw. c&roTclauvpdow, -arrauvpioc, adrreraupwKca, darecrracpwaa, [d7ro - aravp6wc, from aravupds, stake], stake of, surrozund with/ stockade, enclose with palisades. VI. v. I. &arroo'TeXrXo, — TreAIw, airea'raAKa, c7reareiXa, [daro + rTe'AAc], send azway, send off, send back. II. i. 5. aTro(rrEpEO, -arFrepcW, t 7rECTp7CepcKa, darecarip7-a, [diro' + -r-epe'w, deprive], deprive of, defraud of, rob, despoil of. &arocrTpTo'lreSe'opoliL, -crrpczrovreSefbffoaF a, adre-rpaTOrrer'Sejat, dtrea-rparro7re&ev'Cdflrlv, [dair' + a-TrpaTroireSevboya], mid. dep., pitch a camp away from, encamp away from, encamp at a distance. III. iv. 34. VII. vii. I. &TrocrTpe'xo, -oTrpe'pW, d7rc'rrpo/oa, aTrEa-Tpeza, 2 aor, p. dTre-arpdapv, [adro + orpe(pc], tur/ away, turn back; recall. aroortponj^, -iS, {, [d&roa-rp4ccj, place of refuge, refgZe, retreat, resort. drro-rvoXow, -cravjaw, -ax-6ecA1rra, aTre(truAra, [airo - vXudwa, plunder], pluander, rob. diroa'-uAv riva Tia Xp~,tara, to rob any one of his money. arror'to, -'sc, -or'w,-C Ka, dna,'-7crwa, [direo + 'a-rc, save], save from some danger; conduct in safety back, bring safely back. II. iii. i8. &aroTra.cp6vo, -raCppevuarw, -Te'dPpevutca, adTfrrd peVua-a [d ro +,racpe&w, from rdoppos, ch, c u, ct off by a trench, dig a trench as means of defence, trench of. VI. v.. C7roTelvW, - re'E aa, dre eiva, pf. p. c'7roreraLais, [di7r + -- rzvw, stretch], stretch from, stretch off, extend. I. viii. Io. airo'rtLxC(tA, -'reiXt -'reTrEX Ka, dcrereiLicaa, ldtro + TEIX('cw, from.reoXs], Uall off, sZhut off by means of a wall, cut off by a wzall. II. iv. 4. 'rror4evco, -re/uw, -reir/7jia, 2 aor. d7rereAov, aor. p. airrez-qA0fV, [dairo + reijV, cut, l, cut off, sever; intercept. dtiroT/rY)Oer1Tes ras Kec4aAds, by being beheaded I. vi.... &wroTiOtjL, -O-faw, -,-reOefKa, dire'OKa, aor. p. ad7rETErOv [dr '- + TO77Yll, put away, lay aside, lay zp. II. iii. 15. &rro'rCv, -r%'co, -.reTtca, d&rr(rTa, [adrd - -rirT, pay], pay ofr, pay back; rcquzte, punish. aroroToos, -ov, adj., [dtrore4cvwl, abrupt, precipitous, steep. IV. i. 2. &irorrpEro, -rpAcCo, 2 pf. -TrpoaC a, direrpeaa, 2 aor. mid. d'rerpaurOo/n.-y, [d7r4 + Trpe7rw], turn away, turn off turn aside. C&roTrpexO, air roppanuoi; ai, - eSpa'dj7Aca, 2 aor. a7redpay/ov, [di -r + rpEXl, runfo'am, ruo, run o un away, rzun back. acroaCtvwo 22 4pyvpovs s&ocafwCvo, -qav&v, -7re;ayia, atreqrnva, 2 aor. p. cdrecd^I/X, [cro +qaaivw, show], show forth:- mid., show one's self; declare, make known, express; appear. awro4j6-yw, a'7ropEvoLua, -7rl e,Evya, 2 aor. crnriuvyov, [cird + (piEywU], flee away; escape, escape from, avoid. OEwv 7ro'Ae.ov a7roqpvyerv, to escape from a war zwith the gods. awd7rpacts, -ews, j, [daroopdzrr, obstruct], shutting off, blockade, obstruction, impediment. artoxwpeo, -XCwp4'aw, -KCEXcwp-qKa, areXc6pfcra, [ Iro - + Xwpw, proceed], go away, go back, withdraw, retire, retreat. oEw $EsAwv a'iroXWpel, retreat beyond the reach of arrows. aWro+i-nLtoFaL, -X'f+ola4ouja or -iovoUaI, adreisOclsrya, dwreA iarduj4-ov, [aro + 'i4SLcoktat, vrote], vote against, vote otherwise, vote zn the negative, vote not to. I. iv. 15. cirpdOvpos, -or, adj., [a priv. -+ rpuV/Los, eager], not inclined, relictant, unwilling, disinclined. VI. ii. 7 -carpotrSo'Krjros, -o, adj., [a priv. + 7rpooa-oK-Tos, expected], unexpected. cdippo-o80Kro ou, unexpectedly. Qw1rpobcwaolrcTTos, adv., [acrpocpa'crzoros, without pretext, from a priv., 7rpb<aa-s], offering no excuse, without hesitation, readily. II. vi. Io. &Trco, &aw, pf. mid. fJL/uaL, 4-a, fasten; of fire, kindle:-mid., touch, undertake; followed by gen. 5pa, conj., [probably connected with pw,,fit], illative, but weaker than obv, fittingly, consequently, accordziozly; then, so then, therefore; it appears. oi ' &pa ravr' Aeyov, but they, it zappears, said this. dpa, interrogative adv., [strengthened form of dpa], when standing alone simply indicating a question, and usually not to be trans lated. ap' o, = -Lat. nonne vero, not indeed? expects an affirmative answer. apa Ao5, = num vero, not indeed (true), is it? expects a negative answer. 'Apap'a, -as, i, Arabia, properly the peninsula lying between the Arabian and Persian gulfs, and bounded on the north by the river Euphrates; but often used by ancient writers in a broader sense, as comprising all regions inhabited by nomad Arabs. Thus in I. v. I the southern portion of Mesopotamia is called Arabia. 'Apdtls, -ov, o, Araxes, an important tributary of the Euphrates, entering it from the north below Thapsacus, usually known as the Chaboras (Xalfcbpas); scriptural Chebar, modern Khabir or Chabour. There is a large river in Armenia of the same name. I. iv. I9. 'App Kts,-ou, 6, Arbhaces, one of the four captains-general of Artaxerxes. I. vii. I2. 'Apytos, -a, -ov, adj, ["Ap-yos], ofArgos, Argive. As subst.,'Apyeos, -ov, 6, an Argive, native of the city Argos, in the eastern part of the Peloponnesus. IV. ii. 13, 17. apyds, -dv, adj., [for a-epyos, a priv. and 'pyov], without work, doing nothing, idle, at one's ease. III. ii. 25. &pyVplov,-ov, -ov, [dim. of &pyvpos, silver, from root ap-y, meaning bright], lit. silver coined in small pieces for money, money. &pyup6rrovs, -rroSos, o, 7i, [&pyvpos, 7rovs], with silver feet, silver-footed. IV. iv. 21, apyupoOs, -a, -ov, contr. for &pyvpeos, -a, -or, adj., [&pyvpos], made of silver, of silver, silver. IV. vii. 27. *Apyc 23 'ApKAis Apyc6, -ois, 6, [dp-ybs, swift], Argo, the ship on which Jason with his fifty companions is said to have sailed from Iolcus in Thessaly to Aea in Colchis to get the golden fleece. See Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geographyy, article ARGONAUTAE. VI. ii. i. ap8lv, adv., [afpw, f, izt, l/fed up; utterly, wholly, entirely. &p8o, in Att. found only in pres. and impf., water, irrigate. II. iii. 13. apeo-Ko, dpo, dpe paa, p, impf. lpeaKov, please, be agreeable, be acceptable, satisfy, suit; followed by dat. II. iv. 2. &iper], -s, 'j, like Latin v i r t u s, excellence, whether shown in moral qualities or in physical prowess, virtue, goodness, manliness, magnanimity; courage, valor, prow-eess, bravery. 7 vrvpl euE dpET7 f, their good service in my behalf, I. iv. 8. &apiyco, dpcw, def., help, assist, give aid, succor. I. x. 5. 'ApTiCov, -wvos, o, Arexion, a soothsayer from Parrhasia, in Arcadia. 'ApLatos, -ou, 6, Ariaeus, the commander of Cyrus's barbarian troops, who held the left wing at the battle of Cunaxa and afterwards went over to the king. apL0p6s, -os, 6, 6number, numbering, counting, enumeration; whole onumber, summary. dpiOpubs s rs Sov, entire length of the road or way. api/lubv roiE7v, to make an enumeration, to number. 'Ap(crrctapos, -ov, 6, Aristarchus, Spartan governor (harmost) of Byzantium, who proved treacherous to the Ten Thousand. apLcrTco, dplnTTrw, i7p(e-r7Kca, 'ptcrlo'ra, [& pi-rov, breakfast], = prandeo, take breakfast, breakfast. 'ApLr-Teas, -, 6, Aristeas, a Chian of great bravery, who commanded a division of light-armed troops in the Greek force. apLrrepds, -4, -dv, adj., on the left side, left. iv dpra-rpp, (sc. Xepi), on the lel/. e4 dpi crprpas (Xfipos), from the left, on the left, IV. viii. 2. 'ApLCcT-r ros, -ou, 6, Aristippus, a Thessalian of noble birth from the city Larissa. He obtained money from Cyrus and enlisted troops in order to oppose a party formed against him, and afterward sent a contingent under Menon to join Cyrus's expedition. &pLr'Tov, -OV, rd, [~pi, early], breakfast, the first hearty meal of the day, usually partaken of about ro or II A.M. The Greeks ate three times a day. The first meal, acKpdncra, was simply a light lunch. The breakfast, fpilorov, was more substantial; but the chief meal was the dinner, 8eirvov, which came near evening. &apLo-TorroiLo LoL. -Tro' ooai, [&PioTov, 7rroiw], dep mid., prepare breakfast, get breakfast. dpLo-Tos, -n, -ov, adj., [sup. of aya0ds], best, noblest; bravest; most excellent, most fitting, most advantageous;- neut. pl. as adv., 6&piora, in the best way, best; most advantageously. 'Api'rrwv,, -woos, 6, Aristo, an Athenian, sent to Sinope as an ambassador for the Ten Thousand. V. vi. 14. 'ApLo-TrvvJuos, -ov, 6, Aristonymus, a hoplite captain from Methydrion in Arcadia, distinguished for bravery. IV. i. 27. 'ApKicaSKos -4, — ov, adj., ['Appcaal], Arcadian, belonging to Arcadia. rb 'ApKa&SKod (sc. orrpdrcvtua), the Arcadian troops. IV. viii. i8. 'ApcKs, -daor, 6, an Arcadian, native of Arcadia, a mountainous and rude province in the centre of the Peloponnesus. Half of the whole number of Cyrus's apKco 24 a.proK6iros mercenaries were Arcadians and Achaeans; for the inhabitants of these districts, warlike and without adequate means of support at home, were easily induced to enter foreign service. apKe'o, apKErow, pf. wanting, ~ptceo-a, be sufficient, stffice, satisfy, be enough, with or without dat. of person; used impersonally, dpKei, it is enough, it is suffcient. abrois gpwei, they were content, V. viii. 13. tpKrOS, -ov, A, bear, she-bear; also the constellation Great Bear (Ursa Major); hence, north, the north. &ppLa, -aros, Tro, chariot, war-chariot. ip/oa 8penrav70)4pov, scythe-bearing chariot. See p. I8, and PI. I. &plafata, -?-s, a, [ apya + &La~a, carriage], covered carriage. See N. to p. 57, I3. 'ApxevLCa, -as, j, Armenia, a mountainous country in the eastern part of Asia Minor, south of the Black Sea and west of the Caspian. Its highlands contain the headwaters of the Euphrates, Tigris, Halys, and many other rivers. 'Appifvtos, -a, -ov, adj., ['Apievifa], Armenian. IV. v. 33. 'Ap{pivrt, -as,,, Harmbne, a village and harbor in Paphlagonia, situated about five miles west of Sinope; modern Ak Liman, = 'White Haven.' VI. i. 5, I7. &pp.oToTrjs, -ov, 6, [Apuow, arrange], official title bestowed on the representatives of Sparta in subject cities, governor, harmost. tpveios, -a, -ov, adj., [dpvys, of a lamb], of a lamb or sheep. &pveia KpEa, lamb's flesh, mutton. IV. v. 31. &pwrayij, -is, [', [apirdw], seizure, plunder, robbery, pillage, rapine. Ka0' a&pray4v, for plunder. apSr&ow, -do-w or -daofsai, )p7raKa, ^4pruaoa, [cf. Lat. rapziJ], take quickly, seize, snatch up, plunder, pillage, carry of occupy. ol aprrdzCoves, thepillagers. r&a ipraroyEvla dvacpairo~a, the slaves that had been taken. ip'ra'ev 6 lrorabAbs — & hrAa, the river would quickly bear their weapons away, IV. iii. 6. "Apiraoos, -ou, 6, Harpasus, a river in Armenia, now Tchoruk-Soo. IV. vii. I8. 'Ap'rayepcorls, -ou, 6, Artagerses, commander of cavalry in the army of Artaxerxes, slain by Cyrus at the battle of Cunaxa. See N. to p. 8i, 28. I. vii. 1; viii. 24. 'ApTaKcIUas, -a, 6, A rtacamas, satrap of Phrygia. VII. viii. 25. 'ApTaCeptrls, -ov, 6, Artaxerxes, the name of several of the Persian kings; but in the Anabasis, referring only to Artaxerxes II. (Mindful), the oldest son of Darius Nothus, and brother of Cyrus. See p. 20 et seq. 'AprTotos, -ov, 6, Artaozos, a friend of Cyrus, who after the battle of Cunaxa went over to Artaxerxes. II. iv. i6, v. 35. 'APTCrairr's, -ov, 6, Artapates, a devoted sceptre-bearer of Cyrus. I. vi. II, viii. 28. 4pr&co, dprT(rw, 1TprTtca, p77no-a, [atpwo, lift up], hang, fasten, attach. III. v. o0. "ApTEIpLS, -tLos, {, Artemis, often identified with the Roman Diana, daughter of Zeus and Leto (Latona), twin-sister of Apollo; goddess of the chase and of virginity; worshipped extensively among the Greeks, especially at Ephesus. Cf. Acts, Chap. xix. d&prL, adv., [root &p, fit], just now, just at that time, just. 'ApTCp.as, -a, 6, Artimas, satrap of Lydia. VII. viii. 25. &apOK6dros, -ov, 6, [&pros], baker. dpTros &pTro, -ou, o, loaf of bread, bread, especially bread made of wheat flour; barley bread was called 'Aprovxas, -a, o, ArtiZcha/s, a general of Artaxerxes in command of troops near the Centrites. IV. iii. 4. 'Api'rTas, -a or -ou,, Arystas, a glutton from Arcadia. VII. iii. 23. 'Apxayopas, -a, 6, Archalgoras, an exile from Argos, serving as captain in Cyrus's Greek army. apXacos, -a, -ov, adj., [dpX7, beg~inning], old, ancient. Kupos 6 dpxacos, Cyrus the Elder. /svos apaios, a gzest-frzend of long standing, III. i. 4. Tb apXacov, acc. used adverbially, formerly, previously. &PX^, -~s, ~, (I) beginzingz orgtin; (2) rule, lordship, sovereignty, command; (3) province, governmenit, realm. dpx4v, acc. used adverbially, to begin with, at all. 7 rarpcTpa apx6, (ourZ) fther's realm, I. vii. 6. ev r? Kvpov dpX, in Cyrus's province. apXLK6S, -74, -bo, adj., [&pXw], fittd to command, skilled in governing. &pXyo, &ptw, -pXa, JpSa, start, befin, commence, implying that others are to follow; hence, be in the lead; command, rule, manage, govern, reign over; pass., be ruled, be governed; submit to authority, obey, serve; - mid., be-in, start, without reference to others. &pxea0az daTb rOsv, to begin with the gods. dpXcov, -ovroS, 6, [pres. part. of &pXw], commander, leader, ruler, governor. dpcL -aros, -ao, so, pire, spice-plant. I..I. acrePeLC, -as, a, [CoraiE sj], iimpiefty, impiousness, godlessness, ungodliness. III. ii. 4. 15 dorevos Lao-eprs, -fS, adj., [a priv., o(loiae, reverencej, imptious, irreverent, godless, ungodly. CLCOErVEO, CGer'aTW, ezr-OEvqKa, *'6 — vroa, [aC&Oevr'V, weak], be ill, be sick, be weak or feeble, be infirm. aioeEvrs, -es, adj., [a priv., orOvos, strengt/h], Zwithout Str-ength, weak, feeble, itfirm. I. v. 9. 'Ara-a, -as, ij, Asia; sometimes limited to Asia Minor, which was dividced by the Greeks into ij KaTw 'Adai, Lower Asia, the part lying west of the river Halys, and ^ &ivw 'Arfa, Upper Asia, the part east of the Halys. 'Arati8Trs, -ou, 6, Asidales, a wealthy Persian, captured by Xenophon in a marauding expedition. VII. viii. 9, 12, 21. 'Ako-vaios, -ov, o, Asinaean, a native of Asine, a small town in Laconia, south of Sparta; modern Passava. arL-vo&s, comp. dciaveorepov, sup. dt'vearara, adv., [cdartvjs, harmless], without inijzry, harmlessly, doing no harm, without depredation. &tv[~'S, -ov, adj., [a priv., eoros, ~rain], without food, in want of food. CLcrKEcW, d(orKT- w, f ru7qiKCa, j0KovClcfC, practice, exercise, cultzvate, observe, maintain. da-ierv hdAOetav, topractice Iruthfulstess. arKOS, -ou, o, bag, made of skin (particularly goat-skin), leather bag, used for carrying wine and other commodities; also, inflated with air, used as a float in crossing streams. dro-JEvos, — q, -ov, adj., [root a5 in i 8otac], glad, pleased, wellpleased; often with the force of an adv., gladly, zuth pleasure, cheerfully. &tfevP's (Tr 6bpC, I am glad to see you. &6rTevos cacovei, he is glad to hear. &arw4tosati 26 &rao-OacXCa &rT&raCtoJaL, ad'rd6oYopat, $lnra'guat, 7i-'fraa'durv, dep. mid., [a coll., oradwo, draw together], embrace; greet, welcome, bid welcome; take leave of. 'AcrrwevSLOS, -ov,, ['AatrEvaos, Aspendus], an Aspendian, native of Aspendus, a city in Pamphylia, near the mouth of the Eurymedon; to-day Minugat. I. ii. 12 aorarCs, -tIos, -, shield, in general, whether the large oval shield or the small round shield, but usually referring to the former; by metonymy, as a collective noun, shield-men, = hoplites, heazy infantry, as cairrs uvpia, Io,ooo shield- bearers or heavy-armed troops. As the shield was carried and used on the left side; 7rap' dawri8a, = to the left (IV. iii. 26). See pp. 30-32, and P1. IV. 'Aco-orvpc, -as, 3, [Semitic Asshzir], Assyria, the country of the Assyrians, comprising first the territory about Nineveh, east of the Tigris, later the greater part of Mesopotamia also. In Xenophon's time the cities of the once powerful Assyrian Empire were nearly all in ruins. The Assyrian language has been deciphered only in the present century. Read pp. 5, 6. 'Acrro-vpos, -ov, 6, Assyrian, native of Assyria. aorraC(s, -a8os, 9, driedgrape, raisin. IV. iv. 9. CctrpTpirr,, aaTrpd4Wc, io-rpaqa, impf. frrpa=Trov, [daCrpawr, lightning], lighten; gleam, glance, flash. I. viii. 8. cr4B.iXeLcL, -as. /, [4oi aAx5s], safety, security. &o-craXjs,, s adj., comp. doqpaAdorTpos, sup. adfoaXa'raros, [& priv., root oa(aA in o'ddxAAouat, fall], not liable to fall, steadfast, unfailing, safe, secure. ev da-a Ae?, in safety. voy fovrre s e' do-QdaAmcsrdr e'vat, thinking that they would be least exposed to edazger. iao-4actX6s, adv., comp. dacrqpaxA'epov, sup. a&rqpaA rTarTa, [a<rpaAxis], safely, securely, without danger. ss do-paAxoraraa, as safely as possible. &io-4cX\ros, -ov, 7, asphalt, bitumen, a plastic, inflammable mineral product, resembling pitch, and in its chemical composition closely allied with petroleum and coal; found in lumps on the surface of springs near Babylon, and used as mortar in ancient as well as modern times. II. iv. 12. iaoXoXia, -as, 47, [&aXoAos, without leisure, from a priv., o-oAx1], lack of leisure, occupation, business, employment; pl., engagements, affairs. VII. v. 6 &a-CKTEiW, drar7Scrw, pf. wanting, r7adKT7rJa, [L&raeKTos], be disorderly, cause disturbance, be undisciplined. V. viii. 2r. draKTos, -or, adj., [a priv. + TaKTds, verbal adj. of T-drorw, not in order, out of order, in disorder, disorderly; confused, in confusion, disarranged. &aatia, -as, 3, [&Tasros], opposite of evbratia, disorder, disorderliness, want of order, lack of discipline, coifusion. &rTp, adversative conj., but, yet, but yet, however, nevertheless; introduces a correction or objection, usually in the form of a question. 'ATapvEis, -ows, 6, Atarneus, a city and narrow region along the Aegean Sea, in southwestern Mysia, across the strait from Lesbos; modern Dikeli iioi. CLrao-ocaXoa, -as, t1, [a&rd'Oaxos, reckless], wantonness, recklessness, wickedness. v6r' arafBaXtas, from wantonness. IV. iv. I4. &Tdrao 27 avro lTjroS &Tra<oos, -or, adj., [d priv., -r6dios or rza(p, burial], unburied, wilhout burial. VI. v. 6. &Tr, neut. pl. of (orrs, used as an adv., suZc as, just as; with part., especially in gen. abs., inasmzch as, because, since. &TdXL~a, -as, -, [acreAijs, free from tax, see rTAos], freedom from taxation, exemption, immunity. &.AArv rvi are'Aiav, exemption fromn some other service. III. iii. I8. &rTpL4dtw, da'riudf&w, TraGCzcOa, -irL.aosa, [4&Tosj, di, dishonor disgrace;pass., be in dishonor, be in disgrace. &rlos, -or, adj., [a priv., TI'U5, honor), without honor, in dishonor, dishonored, disgraced. VII. vii. 24. &cTlijco, dTrfiLw, i'c, 1r/ ra, ryia, [Crtuss, va por], give off steam, exhale vapor, emit vapor, steam. IV. v. 15. 'Arpapt ~ESrOv, -ov, To, Atrainytium, a city in Mysia, across from Lesbos, at the head of the gulf of the same name; modern Edremid, VII. viii. 8. ip3ilp's, -ds, adj., [a priv., rptiBw,?wear], unworn, untrodden. 66bs darpi8$s, via non trita, untrodden road. ai, adv., with reference to time or place, pointing to what precedes; back; again, further, besides, moreover; - adversative, on the other hand, on the contrary, in turn. avOaicpETO, -or, adj., [abrds + afperos, from aiplw], self-chosen, self-appointed. V. vii. 29. a-pi8jwp6v, adv., [aUrds, yulpa], on the same day. actSOs, adv., [ab], again, back; moreover, besides, in turn, on the other hand; afterwards, at another time, hereafter. 7rpw-rov... aOits 86, in the first place.. and again. II. iv. 5. aSX'Aco, civA7-aw, j70X6rica, nbAmr]iS a. [adAos, lae], play the flute, maZke sound with the flute or horn;mid., have the flute played, listen to flute-playing, hear flute-playin. avAXtoflJi, abvAi'ooat, 7v7ao/uai, ]vjXArqdaA7v, aor. p. 7R6AfvOrnv, [abAi, courtl, lodge in the open air, bivouac, encamp; quarter, take quarters. avAos, -ov, 6, [&Fw, blow], any wind instrument, flute, clarionet, pipe. The Greek flute had a mouthpiece, and resembled a modern clarionet. acXv\v, -ivos, 6, channel, canal. II. iii. 10. aiptLov, adv., [root aF in 'Bs, fws, dawn, cf. Lat. aurora], to-morrow. i1 atptov (jtlpa), the morrow, the followina day, the next day. a(T7rn'p6T'qs, -rrTroS, a, vaorrpos, roTuh], roughness, harshness; of vwine, strength, sharspness. V. iv. 29. CLVTCKa, adv., [aTros], at the very time, in a moment, at once, immediately, forthwith, presently, directly; strengthened, avrc&a /a',da, on the spot, shortly. aC6rdOv, adv., [avTro], f-om the very spot, from that point, thence, hence. a-ToOL, adv., [auro's], = auTrou, on the spot, there, here, in the very place. atrTOKEctXuorros, -ov, adj., [avrobs + KEAXEVuTrs, from cKAiow], self-bidden, of one's own accord, of one's own motion; Lat. sua sponte. IIT. iv. 5. avrTOKpaTw p, -opos, adj., [avra-o, KpaTrw, rule], with absolute power, absolute, with unlimited authority, arbitrary, sole. VI. i. 21. avcro-TaTos, -or, adj., [abrbos, yaros, from jadoyat, seek], self-moving, of one's own will, selfprompted, ~-pol~ouoX~ 28 28i+7LrnC spontaneous. ic Tro avuroLdrov, spontaneously. acLroj.oXEo, avTroYoA)(w, 'vroAO6Xeca, vrTrof6A7ya, [avr6ToAos], go of one's own accord, desert. of arro1.oAouvres, the deserters. ot avrrootoAoavrTes, those who had deserted. auT66ooXos, -ou, 6, [abuOs, root,uoX in 3ArcrKCw, e/oAxov, go], desteter. a6uTvopos, -ov, adj., [avr-'s + vdlzos], living according to one's own law, independent, self-managing, self-ruling, autonomous. VII. viii. 25' arV6s, -%, -4, intensive pron., self; in the oblique cases frequently used simply for the personal pronoun of the third person, him, her, it; with the article, 6 avOTOs, 77 avbr, rb avrTo, often contracted to aubTds, abrlT, raro' or Travdv, the very, the same. abrbs ExCw, Imyself have. aurbs pb7,, he himself said. avrTb TrovT, this very thing. avirbv y&sOq^v, I esteemed him. avroD XPpUara, his money, 6 airbs Ao(pos, the same hill. es ravTb iA0ey, to come to the same place. See IDIOMS. aCrvTs, aUr~T, TaidT or Trabrdv = 6 auros, { airT-,,b aubd, by crasis. aCrdo-e, [avr-s], adv., thither, to that place. IV. vii. 2. CaVroV, [aitos], adv, -- avrTO, in the same place, on the spot, here, there; to be carefully distinguished from the gen. masc. and neut. of aurSs. aCLroT, aiuvs, contracted from iauTOu, eaVris. aXiv, -los, 6, neck; by metonymy, neck of land, isthmuzs. VI.iv.3. t4cactp&, aipalp'orw, drppp7ca, 2 aor. ad4e7Aov, aor. p. dcpr7ppr71v, [aird + atlpw], take away, abstract, detach; - mid., take away for one's self, take off; deprive of, rob of; followed by two acc., one of the person, the other of the thing, or by gen. of person and acc. of thing. cipaptpe~'OaE "EhArvas Tiv -ypr, deprive Greeks of their country. oa.vi's, -is, adj., [ca priv., root fav in patlvoLaw, appear], not seen, unseen, not apparent; out of sight, obscure; secret, private, occult. {Oav a<daves, they were out of sight, = they zere gone. aCoavCtw, dcipavtOlw or -iW, raivtuca, 7dVa'rzra, [dapavjs], cause to disappear, make invisible, hide from view; annihilate, blot out, utterly destroy. a64EL&S, adv., comp. CaePisbo-epov, sup. aqEp8iacr(ara, [dae(iiS, from a priv., stem (pesi in (peidoUaL, spare], unsparingly, unmercifully, without mercy. &a4tXov, see 4acaLpe. ahcfyiojaxit, ds7}pyi7^o/yat, 0&4yjcs1t, Cf7-]yrjoc, 7V, [dIr6 + iYOyeoaas], lead away; relate, narrate. VII. ii. 26. &aOovCa, -as, 7, [&p0Oovos], abundance, plenty. els dqSOoviav, in abundance. +O9ovos, -ov, adj., [a priv. + f 0ovos, envy], ung rudging, generous, abundant, lavish, bounteous, plentiful. ev arp0o'vos f3iorTebe, to live in the midst of abundance. &pOovos xcfpa, fertle land..l11L di>L v(o, a dpekaw, dqeK rca, irr, [a7o + -ly t], send away, sendback, dismiss; allow to escape, szffer to go; set free, release, let loose, let drop; of water, let flow. Cf. G. 8Io; H. 476. ac|fLKVEOjatL, daol o/ua, todi,^yjar, 2 aor. da/Kodn ifv, [rdo' -+- iKM oyUal, come to, arrive at, reach, return; followed by dative or by prepositional phrase. a4)nu'~Ew(, ap7rrevfrrow, 4di3lrrevv'a, [dro- + irvrevw, ride], ride away, ride off ride back. I.v. 2. &)CarillrrI, droatrricO, a0i~rrK7ca, derior71-a, 2 aor. ad7rEaTrv, [aro + i'Tr7UI], transitive forms (see a-T7 c r), cause to withdraw, remove, alienate: intransitive forms, withdraz, stand away fromn, desert, revolt, stand aloof. Cf. G. 504; H. 331, 351. &LoSos, -ou, %4, [daro + 66ods], retreat; way out, way of escape. IV. ii. II. c4povTto-ero, a'dpovTr-TriTo-r w, riqpov~ri-r7ca, [acipovrriazro, thouZghtless], be thoughtless, act carelessly; neglect, makee lght of. V. iv. 20. &+poo'rivn, -ns, i, [4&pwv], unreasonableness, folly, lack of sense, want of understanding. V. i. 14. &dpcov, &6pov, adj., [a priv., 4P7vy, sense], senseless, without sense, foolish; delirious, out of one's head. IV. viii. 20. cvXcaCKTEoS, aSpvAaKrtcrTw, 7bpvuAacrrKa, 1vhAdK7cso-a, [aci/qvAatros, be unguarded, be off one's guard. VII. viii. 20. &av'Xacros, -ov, adj., [a priv. + vuAaKrTos, from vuAadrrw], unguarded, off one's guard. auXv KTicrWs, adv., [d&qvAacrTos], unguardedly. V. i. 6. 'AXGaLs, -a, -do, adj., ['Axaal], Achaean. As subst., 'Aaods, -oD, 6, an Achaean, resident of Achaea, a mountainous region in the northern part of the Peloponnesus. Arcadians and Achaeans formed about one half of the whole number of Cyrus's Greek mercenaries. aXapLo-ros, -or, adj., [a priv, XaplCouai, be pleasin^], graceless, lacking in charm; thankless, ungrateful; without reward, unrewarded: acc. pl. neut. as adv., aX'dpu'ra, without charm, ungracefully. aXapLtrrTs, adv., [daXpiaTros], ungratefully, thanklessly, without reward. 29 BapvXMv 'AXEpoV'rL&s, -ados, adj., ['AlXpwvy, Acheron], Acherusian, pertaminz to Acheron, the fabled river of the lower world. 'AXEpovaris Xeppvrworos, Acherusian Peninsula, IHades Point, a tongue of land near IIeraclea, in Bithynia, containing a cave through which Hercules is said to have descended to Hades; modern Baba Burun. VI. ii. 2. &XOIOat, dax0grolas, SXOvlqjai, aor. p. SxOraOwv, [&xOos, pain, burden], be burdened, vexed, pained, troubled, chagrined, provoked. &Xpeios, -a, -or, adj., [a priv., Xpeda, need, use], useless, unserviceable. &XP'lqros, -or, adj., [a priv., XpTTroS, useful], useless, of no use. &Xpt, prep. and conj:-. As prep., with gen., till, until. 2. As conj., till, until. a+Cvtowv, -ov, TO, wormwood. B. Bapucwjv, -ivos,, [Assyrian word Bdb-ilu, Gate of II, II being the name of a god], Babylon, one of the most famous cities of antiquity, situated on both sides of the Euphrates, below Nineveh. According to Herodotus, its groundplan was a square, twelve miles each way, and it was surrounded by a wall 300 feet high and 80 broad, with Ioo brazen gates. It was captured by Cyrus in B.c. 538, and by Alexander in B.c. 331. The ancient site is now covered with broad hills, the remains of once imposing palaces, in which excavations have recovered innumerable objects of interest and value. The modern name of the site is Hillah. BacuvXwvCa 30 BapvXwvCa, -as, 5, [BatA4v'], Babylonia, a large district about Babylon. See Map, and p. 2. Bap3vXwvLos, -a, -ov, [Baj/3vAv], BabyIonian, of Babyloma, of Babylon. II. ii. 13. PS&wv, adv., [root j3a of afivwo], step by step. f3&d6v raXb, at quick march, double quick. paSltw, -io0ual,,3efBadoca, e'dboloa, [root,3a of 8aivmwl, walk, march; go, proceed. 30Oos, -sos or -ous, TO, depth. pa3o0s, -Ea, -6, adj., deep, hig. pa3Cvco, 3iaoascai, $0eiKca, 2 aor. E',qv, step,?alk; pf. part. f3sEKWs, having stepped, having planted foot, = standingfirmly. III. ii. 19. paKrlpCa, -as, i, [/3aiSvc], staff, cane, cudgel, walking-stick. m3Xavos, -ou, i, acorn, or any fruit resembling an acorn, as date. P6XXw, 13aAc,,13\X7SKa, 2 aor. c/3aAov, throw, hurl; throw at, pelt, stone, hit with missiles. L&rTrw, $cabw, f3ata, dip. II. ii. 9. pcPPap LKos, —, -ov, adj., [3dapjapos], not Greek, foreign, non-Hellenic, barbaric; in the Anabasis refers especially to the Persians, almost = Persian. rb BapaapIKcbv (UTrpdrev/Aa) usually refers to Cyrus's native army as distinguished from his Greek force. pjappapLrTrC, adv., [fja'papos], in a foreign tongue, = in Persian. I. viii. I. apapapos, -ov, adj., not Greek, foreign; hence, as the Greeks considered themselves alone cultured, rude, rough, barbaric; in the Anabasis used often of the Persians. As subst., pdpp3cpos, -ou,, foreigner, barbarian. papeos, adv., [Bapts, heavy], heavily; grievously, with dificulty. Bapcws bplpew, to take to heart, be vexed.,sapdws daofeiv, to hear with disgust, hear with displeasure. BaoCas, -ov,,name of two Greeks mentioned in the Anabasis:I. Basias, an Arcadian who was killed by the Carduchi. IV. i. 18. 2. Basias, a soothsayer from Elis, in the Peloponnesus. VII. viii. Io. ParC'XALa,, -as, i, [,ISao-Aes], queen. paco-XrEi, -as, -a, [a, [o-3aaxos], kingship, royalty, sovereign power, sovereignty, royal authority, kingdomn. caraaro-vat ELs 'Trv SaffleAdav, to be established in the sovereignty, = to be made king, to ascend the throne. p3cao-Ci os, -ov, adj, [,Saactxes], royal, kingly, regal, belonging to the king. As subst., pcaorCAXov, -ov, To, or pl. 3arEtLa, -Cv, rd, palace of the king, royal residence. See N. to p. 55, I2. p3aoLXEVus, -es, 6, king; often refers to the Persian king, usually without the article, sometimes with yiAyas; used also as epithet of Zeus. pacirLXEvco, -sVtrw, sEBC3aa'sevica, s'ejaaLAevcra, [3ao'iAesus], be king, rule, reign; followed by gen., govern, reign over. pacTLALKoS, -4, -dv, adj., [3arczAshFs], king-like; kingly, of the king, the king's, belonging to the king. II. ii. I6. as he could ride. III. iv. 49. PaCros, —, -Ov, adj., [l3aivw], passable. IV. vi. 17. ep3aios, -a, -ov, adj., [3aivw], firm, steadfast, constant. I. ix. 30. Pepf3aLO, -co-sW, ieeaiwlfa, [,4catos], make sure, confirm, fulfil, complete, carry out. VII. vi. I7. BeXorvs, -vos, 6, Belesys, a governor of Syria. See N. to p. 66, I5. I. iv Io. P1Xos, -ceos or -ouV,, r, [fdoX], missile of any kind, sometimes dan or arrow, sometimes sling shot, 1 peATLToTOs sling stone. Efw ( rv ) BEXwV, beyond the reach of missiles, out of ra ne. p3Xno'rros, -n7, -or, irr. sup. of ayao0's, best, noblest, bravest, most advantageous. peTXtCov, -ov, gen. -ovos, irr. comp. of ayaOo6s, better, nobler, braver, more advantageous. III. ii. 32. Plfat, -aros, To, j[aiBvw1, step, pace; as a measure of length, pace, about 2k feet. IV. vii. Io. PIc, -as, i, [Lat. vis], force, especially physical force, strength, violence. $fia, by violence, forcibly. fi, with gen., in spite of; as, 81la FJi-rpas, in spite of his mother. PtaCtoactL, 3sdaaooai, 8Es/3iaoa-ai, ef3iaatrafjt,, aor p. etl3sdaO7v, [/3ia], mid. dep., force, compel, use force, use violent means, overpower; force one's way. VII. viii. I1. P3CILOS, -a, -ov, adj, [Ital, violent, with violence. p3Laits, adv., [$iaLos], violently, with greatforce, with violence. I. viii. 27. piPXos, -ov, i, inner bark of the papyrus; hence book. VII. v. I4 BL9vv6s, -4, -^d, adj., Bithynian. As subst., BL0uvos, -ou, 6, a Bithyntan, from Bithynia, in Asia Minor. Originally the Bithynians were a tribe of Thracians, who were driven from Europe by warlike neighbors, and settled in Asia. P3KOS, -ov, 6, [Semitic word], winejar, jar,,flagon. I. ix. 25. Pios, -ov, 6, lfe; living, means of subsistence. PLOTIEXW, -eva'W, BeBlTrevuca, e,3ibirevTa, [3iosl, live, pass one's life. III. ii. 25, 26 Bt'irdvlt, -s*s, r, Bisanthe, a fortified Thracian city on the European shore of the Propontis; modern Rodosto. VII. ii. 38 etseq. 31 BoLwrL4to I Biwv, -wvos, 6, Bion, envoy of the Spartan Thimbron to the Ten Thousand. VII. viii. 6. pXpkrl, — s, i-S, or PX6pos, -eos or -ovs,, r6l, [3AadrrTw], hurt, Zinury, harm, damage, detriment. pXaKerVc, /3Aaev'w, ejXAacCera, [g3Ad, slack], be slack, be lazy, shsirk. PX'-rrTrW, AGd4w, fe3WAapa, i'$Xaca, ijZure, o doamage to, hurt, harm. FJTeyada X3Aa'rrsev Trd, to do great harm lo any one. phXrw, $Als/w, j8GAe0ia, 7A3ejsa, look, see; of inanimate things, point, be directed. 8peirava els 'yv 3di7rovra, scythes pointed toward the earth. PfXAiCrKW, OAOU/pa, pl$3oAwKa, 2 aor. EuoAoov, (poetic word), go, come. VII. j. 32. poaLw, Joho-oouat,,8/3sI7Bia, j3b2jra, [to07], cry out, call out, shout, shriek/; followed by dat., call out to, shout to. POtLKOS, —, -6v, adj., [Iois], of an ox, ox-. gEeYOS o oeiKov, yoke of oxen, span of oxen, ox-team. Poj],, ry-, sou, c, sho outcry, shoutuig. IV. vii. 23. pO iLtca, -as, i, [$Bo0a'os], aid, assistance, help, succor, rescue; auxiliary troops. polOeow, -haTw, eSf3oOrl0rca, ei'oh0)-ra, [Soro -+- 0co, row, come to the rescue, br assistance i, assist, help, succor, render aid. 306pos, -ou, 6, pit, hole, ho/low; hole in the snow. IV. v. 6. Bo'trKos, -ou, O, BoicscLs, a Thessalian wrestler. V. viii. 23. BoLwTCia, -as,,, Boeoia, a province of Central Greece, north of Attica. Its capital was Thebes. It reached its height of power under Epaminondas, 371-362 B. C. II. i. 31. BOLwTLS-nio, -drw, pf. not used, eIowToiaa'a, [BowT-ia], spi ak with BoISTLOS 32 yap.o& Boeotian accent, speak like a Boeotian, i. e. with broad sounds and coarse voice. III. 1. 26. BOLCrTLOS, -a, -ov, [BoIwria], Boeotian. As subst., BoLWTLOS, -OV, 6, a Boeotian, native of Boeotia. BoLTOrs, -o0, o, [BoLsJtla], a Boeotian; native of Boeotia, inhabitant of Boeotia. PopEas, -ou, 6, or popp&s,, 6, north wind, which in Greece, coming down over the mountains, brought clearing and cold weather. P0crKwLa, -aros, TJ, [,So-cw, feed], cattle in pasture, cattle. III. v. 2. PovXE\vcW, 3ovXeCFcvw, jeBoouev6Ka, EfSobAevoa, plan, devise;- mid., take counsel, take advice, deliberate, counsel, consult, concert, consider; in past tenses, resolve, determine, after deliberation. Pov\X, -js,, [$oBXoJUaL], counsel, plan, consideration. VI. v. 13. PuovXqtLaoD, -ac'To, pf. wanting, EBouAyXdao'a, [BouXtlAa, from 3ovs + Atds, famine, lit. ox-hunger], be intensely hungry, faintfrom hunger. IV. v. 7, 8. pBo6XoraI, $BovuAXcroua, E,80eolXAru, aor. p. (as mid.) eiBovuAO7v or?7jovAiO7v, impf. f3ovAd6Lrv, will, wish, desire, be willing; prefer, choose. 6 $ovuXuevos, whoever may desire, any one who pleases. Poviropos, -ov, adj., [,3ous, Treipw, pierce], lit. ox-piercing. oJ3exhcKOS 3ovirdpos, spit on which a whole ox could be turned, ox-spit; spear large enough for an oxspit. VII. viii. 14. P3oOs, /3ods, 6 or 7, [Lat. bos], ox, cow; pl. cattle; fem. often oxhide, cow-hide, leather. PpaSctos, adv., [/pa5bs], slowly, deliberately. I. viii. i. ppa8cts, -~a, -1, adj., comp. 3ppabvrepos, sup. BpaSvTraos, slowz. Tb SparvTaov, the slowest section of the army, i. e. the heavy infantry. VII. iii. 37. papXivs, -ea, -v, adj., comp. $paX6 -repos, sup. fBpavzraros, brief, short. 3paXv, e'il fpaXv, a short distancefor a short distance. 3ppaXv,7pov r70ovevP, to shoot arrows a less distance. 3piXw, /3p pea, $8pega, fpev& a, aor. p. e,3peXO6v, wet; -pass., be wet. PpovTi, -4s, 4, thunder. III. i. I. PPTOds, -*, — v, adj., [Bt3p6&Kcw, eat], eatable, edible. Iporozv i, anything to eat, something to eat. IV. v. 5. BvcvVTLov, -ou, T-, Byzantium, a city founded B. c. 667 by the Megarians, on the Thracian Bosphorus, between the Propontis (Sea of Marmora) and the Black Sea. It followed the fortunes of the leading Greek cities, being now under Athenian and now under Spartan control. In 330 A. D. it was made the capital of the Roman Empire, when its name was changed to Constantinopolis,modern Constantinople. BvutcTLOS, -a, -ov, adj., Byzantine, of Byzantium. As subst., BuV wrtLOS, -ou, 6, a Byzantine, native of Byzantium, inhabitant of Byzantium. Pco.6s, -ou, 6, [alvvw], raised place; hence altar, shrine. r. yaXjv'r, -n, -S, quiet, peace, stillness, calm, especially of the sea. V. vii. 8. ycyaqeo or yajcu, yE'ycaccte, eyla, [-ydIos], take to wife, marry, zued, said of a man:- mid., be married, get married, said of a woman. ye'yajuxru4v, having been married, married. IV. v. 24. y4Los 33 ydyaos, -ou, 6, weddingo, marriagTe, wedlock. 6-yEv E'rl ydcy, to have as wife, II. iv. 8. ravos, -ov, 3j, Ganus, a city in Thrace, on the Propontis, south of Bisanthe; still retaining the same name. VII. v. 8. yap,, causal conj., [yl, 6pa], postpositive, for, since, because; introducing an explanation or explanatory narration, namely because, namely, then, now; with an interrogative adv., strengthening the question, as?ydp; what, was it...? why, is it...? Often used with other conjunctions implying an ellipsis, as aAAa ydp, but (far otherwise) for, but (not so) for, but certainly, but indeed. Keal ydp, and (with good reason] for, and (not without reason) for, and accordingly, and therefore, and so. Kal yap ovy, and (with good reason) for accordingly, andtherefore, and consequently. yao-T'ip, -Trpos or -rpds, ', abdomen, belly, stomach. yaUVXCK6S, -i, -dv, adj., [-yavAos, merchant-ship], of or pertaining to a freight-ship. Xpatara yavAXiKt, ship's fr-eight, cargo of a vessel. rauvxtris, -ov, 6, Gaulfes, an exile from Samos, in the service of Cyrus. I. vii. 5. ye, adv., post-positive and enclitic, emphasizing or limiting the word with which it belongs, at least, indeed, of course, surely, -= Lat. quzdem; used often with conjunctions and pronouns; sometimes to be expressed in English only by emphasis of the voice. aAAa ye, but at least, still at least. 'ywye, at least, I indeed, I for one. iaAAh v ye, the more. E7rEL8j yE Kal avvaTc&repds CoTri, since of course he is strongver. yelrWov, -ovos, 6, neighbor, borderer. yeXiOw, -aarola/a, yeyxAafta, esyeAata, laugh; laugnh at, nmock, deride. 'yeXozos,-a, -ov, adj, [yeAws], laughz able, ridiculous, absurd. ydAXo, -cTo7, 6,,lazughter. yEXAToirOLOS6, 6, [yEAws, roidw], mirth-maker, sport-maker, jester, clown, bffoon. VII. iii. 33. ydtwo, def., found only in pres. and impf., be fell, be full of. IV. vi. 27. yeveaw, -sa, 7, [ydvos], race, birth, age. a7rbf yeveas, from birth, -= of age. II. vi. 29. yevEtiCo, -dafw, e'yeve'aaa, [Lye'veOY, beard], have a beard. Yvvwa6oTrs, -7)ros, 7, [?yevva7os, noble], good birth, nobility; generosity. VII. vii. 41. yevos, -Eos or -ous, Ti, [-yev, root of yylvopai], birth, race, stock, descent, family. yepatods, -d, -dv, adj, comp. yepairepoa, sup. yepaicTaros, [root 7Ep in yepwv], old. As subst., of yepas-,epol, the elders, the senators. yefp6vTov, -a, -ov, [dim. of yipwv], little old man; spoken with contempt, feeble old man. yEppov, -ou, Td, shield of wickerwork, usually of oblong shape and covered with leather. It was used by the ancient Chaldaeans and Assyrians; later by the Persians. ycppo46pos, -o, 6, [7yppov, pepw], shield-bearer. o yEppofnSpoi, shieldmen, light-armed troops in the Persian army who carried the wicker-work shields. I. viii. 9. yipov, -OVuros,, old nman. yeco, yucrw', Vt, yyEvca, yevtra,,give a taste of; - mid., taste, taste of, eat, partake of; followed by gen. y/4rGpa, -as, r, bridge e. -yepupa efCvuT tuvexl trAoltos, pontoon bridge. Cf. N. to p. 55, 4 -ye(8Js, -es, adj, [7y7, Elsos], of earth, earthy. VI. iv. 5. 'y 34 yvtv Wo yf, y, y 's,, [contracted from 7ya], earth, lan, rond, country. Kara?y i Kai al KarTa dxarav, by land and by sea, on land and sea. -y''ivos, -ov, adj., [?yi], made ofearth, of earth, earthen. VII. viii. I4. -yiXofos, -ov,, [yij + AXdos, hill], lit. ' earth-hill,' rise of ground, knoll, eminence, ill, heieht, elevation. yflpas, Tyfpaos, contracted to yjpws, T6, old age, age. yCyvojat, yEv-a o L, yey yev'/raL, 2 pf. yyova, 2 aor. i-yEvy/Jlv, [root yev], dep. mid., become, come into existence, come to be, be born, be descended, spring from; occur, happen, come to pass, take place; prove to be, become possible, be. eyevero tKal EXAhrVc icKai (ap,3Bpcp, it became possible both for Greek and for barbarian. ie`ppa Ey7 -vero, day dazoned. Xtyv yiyvraat, snow falls. & Ttyyvo.bdva XP4 -aTara, the accruing revenues. ev EavTrq eyfvero, he came to himself. i&v 6e y7?hdraL, if it turns out well. irdvTa ra& YEYEyevT7JLSxa, all that had happened. yeyov's &rb Aa-apdTOU. a descendant of Damaratus. rptiKoVTa Tnr yeiyovr&s, thirtyyears old. yLyvtcrKo, yv&rOAao/a, 6?yvWorKa, 2 aor. [yYvwv, aor. p. eyvi6ao-Ov. [root yvi], know, recoynize, perceive; understand, think, judge, resolve; with adverbs and neut. adjectives often has the sense of e'XEv yvC'Iv rXoos, -oi, dat. -oi, ace. -o0v, voc. -ou, 6, Glus, an Egyptian, son of Tamos. See N. to p. 67, 25. rv'qrr-7ros, -ou,, Gnesippus, a captain from Athens. VII. iii. 28. yvwc&rq -7s, s, [root yvw in yryvc6 -a-Kw, lit. ' means of knowing,' understanding. mind, thought; conviction, opinion, judgment; design, intention, e.pectation. ornws yvWC4rv EXEi v, so to be disposed, to have one's mind so made up. yvt& - e'rKoAaCev, he used to punsh on principle, II. vi. 9. royyuaos, -ov, 6, name of two Greeks mentioned in the Anabasis:-. Gongylus, a descendant of the Gongylus, who during the Persian wars was chosen by Pausanias to assist him in his treacherous plans, and having been banished from Greece, settled in Asia Minor under the protection of Xerxes. VII. viii. 8, 17. 2. Gonzylus, a son of the preceding, brother of Gorgion. VII. viii. 8. yove6s, -ies, 6, [root yev in ylyvola:], father; often in pl., yovets, parents. yo'vu, ydvaros, r6, knee; knot, joint of a plant. ropyas, -ov, o, Gorgias, a renowned teacher of rhetoric, born at Leontini, in Sicily, and contemporary with Socrates. He came to Athens first as an ambassador, and afterwards settled there, receiving exorbitant prices for his instruction. II. vi. I6. rop-yCov, -wvos, o, Gorgion, a descendant of Gongylus of Eretria, and son of Gongylus and Hellas. VII. viii. 8. yoiv, adv., [ye + obv], at least then, indeed therefore, at any rate, at all events, assuredly; in force often hardly distinguishable from simple ye. ypq SLov, -ov, contracted from pypa&Bov, -ov, d, [dim. of ypats, ola woman], feeble old woman. VI. iii. 22. ypfaqtxra, -aros, r6, [ypdoi0w], a letter; in pl., zwriting, especially inscription. V. iii. 13. ypw|o, -ypdAfw, yeypa(pa, eypa4a, originally scrape, scratch; then draw, paint; write. yuJLV4aw(, tyu1Oa.O', -yeyu/Vuvaaca, fy - yupVvis 35 Sa+cXIs Yvaca, [yvuJOs], exercise, train in gymnastic exercise, train, practice. I. ii.7. 'yvp.vis, -jros, [yvuuivs], light-armed soldier; general name for light infantry, including particularly darters, bowmen, and slingers. See p. 32. rvtujvLas,'-aos, -,,Gymnias, a city of the Scythini, in Armenia. IV. vii. 19. yuvLVcLK6, -', -4v, adj., [yu/vods], gymnastic yvUMvKbS daywv, gyimnastic contest, contest in gymnastic exercises. IV. viii. 25. yupv6s, -75, -dv, adj., naked, unclad; Zltitly dressed, in under-garments; without armor, unprotected by armor, exposed. yvvfp,,yuvaicus, dat. yvvuali, ace. -yvvacKa, voc.?yvvai, 1, Zwoma;n wife, spouse. I. ii 12. rowppuas, -ov or -a, 6, Gobryas, one of the four captains-general of Artaxerxes. I. vii. 12. A. S' = be, by elision. SIKVCO, b7oCuat, bsEbXa, aor. p. e5'xO-77, bite. caKpVO, aKcpuo'o, B5cbdEpvKa, EaKr1vcra, [Bacpv, tear], weep, shed tears, be in tears. 8aWKTV-XLo, -or, 6, [sdKaruAos],,fngerring, ring. IV. vii. 27. SdCKTVXOS, -OVU i, fiJnger. adcruAOt TrC& 7rob&v, tAes. AaQcApaUTos, -ou, 6, Oamar7dtns, a king of Sparta, deposed by his associate, King Cleomenes I., in 1. C. 491. HIe took refuge at the Persian court, and later advised Xerxes in regard to many matters connected with the great expedition against Greece. Ile received as a gift from the court a principality in Mysia, including the cities H-alisarne and Teuthrania. Sarravdw, -7ocw, eaarcrv-fca, iabcra'vro-a, [Sardvvl, expense], spend, expend, consume, use p.r 8'Wr8ov, -ov, Tr,, [perhaps for (ireb8ov, i. e. &rare8ov], ground, surface of the ground. AapSave6s, -eWs, 6, [Adpbavos], Dardanian, a resident of the town Dardanus, in the Troas, near the Hellespont; hence the name Dardanelles. AdpSoas, -aros, 6, a water-course of uncertain location, above Thapsacus. See N. to p. 66, 13. SapLKOds, -oi, 6, sc. o-raTrp, [AapT7os], darii, a Persian gold coin, first struck by Darius I. and named after him; - 20 Attic drachmae, or about $5.5o. Cf. N to p. 53, 4, and P1. III. Aapetos, -ov, 6, Darius, name of several Persian kings, of whom only one is mentioned in the Anabasis, I)arius II. (Nothus), father of Artaxerxes and Cyrus the Younger. H-e was a natural son of Artaxerxcs I., and gained the throne by putting to death his brother Sogdianus. Cf. pp. 12, 13. 1. i. I. 6SoLpC.iEJLS, -ews, /, division, dividin;', distribution. 8aorSo's, -ov, 6, [root oa in 5alw, divide], division, distribution; inmpost, tribute, tax, revenue; in tile Anabasis referring always to the tribute collected by the Persian government. Sactus, -ea, -6, adj., dense, thick; shaggy,, bushy, haziy. Trb 8at-, the thicket. Aactvayopas, -on, 6, Daphnagoras, a Myesian. VII. viii. 9. SacfLXS, -eiS, adj., Iroot baxr in d-Cr7-rw, de?'co/ur, and I.at. d/apes], abuncantl, ample, plentiful, in abzndance. Be 36 SELtooILt. 8e, conj., post-positive, copulative, adversative, but, and. (I) When used alone, slightly adversative, not so strong as acixd, but, still, however, nowe, indeed, moreover; or loosely copulative, and, further. (2) Used in correlation with preceding yfE, yd.... 8, on the one hand... on the other, indeed... and, indeed.. but, often hardly translatable. (3) Often used with other conjunctions, as Ve.... t, ical.. 3, and... also, and... even, even... and; Kal '7raVTES 36, and in fact all, but in truth all; V8e 8, but indeed, but moreover, but you see, and you see. (4) With the article, which gains a pronominal force, 6 3e, and he, but he, he noow; oi f ev... oL 87, some.. others, these...those; 6 MeV.. 6 oe, the one... the other, the former... the latter. 8et, see Se&. 8eL8W, &Serouat, 2 pf. (with force of pres.) SEiKouca or b8i&a, EetLva, fear, be afraid, be anxious pf. part. Se&Sws, fearing. Cf. H. 490, 5 SECKVVU.L, 8eaLd, 8elS6Xa, eEIScta, impf. Ef3EKvVI/iMYv, 3d pl. eieLK'vvav, show, indicate, designate, point out. SeiXt, —Is, -, afternoon; often divided into two parts, - rpl'a 4eiA;7, early afternoon, 4b4a 8FiAf, late in tfhe afternoon; as gen. of time, Sel'A7s, in the afternoon. Cf. N. to p. 78, r. SELOS, -,,-Y, adj., [C'os, fear], fearftl, timid, cozoiardly, craven. SbELIV, -3, -dv, adj., [for Seeivos, from Seos, fear-], fearful, fear-inspiring, dreadful, terrible; extraordinary, zwonderful, strange; severe, grievous, shameful, outrafeous; able, skilful, clever. As subst., SELvov, -o0, iT, peril, strait, difficulty. Cv &EIVY elvai, to be in danoer, to be in trouble. 8ELVW5S, adv., [8eivos], dreadfully, feaiflzly, terribly. SeIsvs e`XELV, to be in a dreadful condition, to suffer severely. VI. iv. 23. SLEIrvio, -ijaw, SE&ELenrvK7ca, SeiCrjvr-a, [etrTYvov], ine, take dinner; make a meal on, eat for dinner; as the dinner was late in the afternoon, - siup, take supper. SetYrrvov,-, - ro, dinner, supper; the principal meal of the Greeks, partaken of late in the afternoon. See &PLo-Tov. SELSvo'rOLTE'C, -IOTw, bEEITnoiroOfvKa, i8Strvo7roLtoa, [Se' rvov +- rrrotw], prepare dinner or supper for any one; - mid., prepare supper for one's self, get dininer, get supper. S'Ka, indecl. num., ten. SEKa-wTiVTe, indecl. num., fifteen. 8EK}CaTVe, -eVW, es&EICdrevica, eEKaOa - reuvaa, [e'Ka], tithe, take the tenth part of, as of the produce of a field. V. iii 9. 8eKaTos, -77, -or, adj., [f&ea], tenth; fern SeKdcr (sc. Mo7pa) as subst., tithe, tenth, tenth part. A&Era,, indecl., Delta, in the Anabasis the peninsula lying between Salmydessos and Byzantium, near the Bosporus; so named because of its triangular shape, resembling the letter A. 8eX#(s, -ivos, 6, dolphin. V. iv. 28. AEX<oC', -cv, o, Delphi, a town in Phocis, on the southern slope of Mt. Parnassus, famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo. It was the seat of the Pythian games, and one of the places for the meeting of the Amphictyonic Council. See Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Romanz Geography. V. iii. 5. siVSpov, -Ot, dat. p1. 8erSpots or ECr8peoi, TO, tree. SE~L6oJatL, -6ro5a0, - a ESworaL, ee c- twadM7rv, [LSEio0], give the riglht ,StEbs 37 8~~WcTOS hand, greet with the riazht hand, welcome, congratulate. V I. iv. I9. SeLos, -d, -dv, adj., [root bex in 6EIogas, Lat. dexter], rig'ht, on the riht hand, on the right side, as opposed to dpLfa-Tpos, left. i 6Eid, (sc. XeLp), the right (hand), the right. Tb 8eSdv, (sc. Kcpas), the right wing of an army, the right. dv Sesia, on the right. 7brp 6ELW^V, above their right, above them on the right. eiaL&v a8Ldvai, to extend the right hand. &eSl&s SoevaL cal XAaev, to give and take pledges. etads <qpepv, to bring pledges, II. iv. 2. aErbs 8eLt6s, an eagle of good omen. Ai'rLwrros, -ou, 6, Dexippus, a treacherous Greek, who slandered Xenophon. V. i. 5, et al. AepKvXCSas, -on, 6, Dercylidas, a renowned Spartan general, who served against the Persians on behalf of the Ionians and with the Ten Thousand. V. vi. 24. Seppa, -aros,, [p, TOay], skin, hide. AepVls, -oV or -os, o, Dernes, satrap of Phoenicia and Arabia. SEcl'S, -o, 6, [eo;, bind], band, bond, fetter; strap, yoke-strap, halter. III. v. io. S8ecr6OTlS, -ou, 6, master of a house, owner, lord; ruler, despot. II. iii. 15. Sevpo, adv., hither, here. SeuTepos, -a, -ov, num. adj., [ordinal of iuo], second. 6EvTEpov as adv., a second time, I. viii. 16. As subst., Tb 8evrepov, adverbial ace., a second time, for the second time. SexoILcJ, e4aojat, 6eoEyuaai, /e2aSfJ/r1, aor. p. e'e0X-qv, receive in either a friendly or a hostile way, take, accept; admnit, welcome, entertain; await the attack of, meet. ets Xetpas be'Xe0a t, mee at close quarters, receive ovith hand-to-hand combat. Sco, 8o4?wr, o86fEKa, EoeCaa, pf. p. e'&eljai, bind, tie up, chain, fisten. 8iw, Oeh7-io, OeorJca, eer7Coa, need, miss, fee the need of, lack, want; - mid., &8oPaL, &eiaootual, 3e/fWl/as, e8~7071t5, stand zn need of, want; ask, beseech, pray, beg, request. As impers., Bei, Oeo-et, E'SeaIsE, it is necessary, there is need of, it is due, it is proper, it behooves; often best translated personally, must, ougt, as oe? rJ.ut, we ought. oAiyov beiv, to lack little of, be near to, = almost. wroAAoi ev, to lack much of, be far from. Tb asov, the proper thin, the necessary thing. eds Tb beoY, to the proper end, satisfactorily. S8i, [shortened from M87i1, adv., post-positive, now, just, then, even, already; surely, indeed, treuly, you see, of course; accordingly, forsooth; in questions, pray. 8fXos, — r, -ov, adj., plain, evident, clear, manafuest, apparent; often used with the force of an adverb, as i7Aord eILt, clearlO Iam; ixAor v asvt66Aevos, he 7Uas evidently troubled. \hAov 'oT, lit. it (is) clear that,' often used without influence on the construction, manifertl/, clearZ; as I. iii. 9. 8XCo;, Sr-Aiawe, beosAwKca, e'fAwa(a, pf. p. MSsefAiwal, [5|5AosJ, make plain, make clear, manifest, show, demonstrate; set forth, declare, relate. Srlmaywyei', -7,%, -, pf. wanting, 17rl/ayW7 yr7c0ra, [&ryaywySs, demlagogue], act the demargogue; curry favor with, win over through popular acts. VII. vi. 4. AqiPoKprTrq,3 -oU, 6, Democrates, one of the Ten Thousand, who acted as scout in Armenia. IV. iv. I5. 8rl Oti-LOs, -a, -ov, adj, [85yos, peoplel, belonging to the people, of the people, related to the people. ria Br7 - 8l6) 38 8CLaSEiXoia gzdma, public property, state property, public moneys. IV. vi. I6. 8snow, Sn6o-w, Se56cwKa, fS'6ffoa, [contracted from 8,io'w, from Srjios, hostile], ravage, lay waste, as a country. V. v. 7. 8~irov, adv., [8 + ro60, indeed, certainly, assuredly, doubtless; of course, you know. st', = i&d. 8si, prep., with gen. and acc.:I. With gen., through, by means of. i. With acc., on account of, by reason of, for the sake of. In composition, 8id adds the force of through, thorough; sometimes apart, indicating separation. SiA vvKrzs, through the night. fppijvlsw, through an interpreter. 5ha TraXwv, quickly, rapidly. 5ti 7rLi-rews, from good faith. 1)' h Fays, on our account, for our sake. 58&,roro, on this account, therefore. a&a roaxd, for many reasons. 5ib Tb ev To0o6Ic eJvaI, on account of being in such straits. 8Lapavc,- -fiiovoa, -fioa i, - a, 2 aor. Srdtv, [8id -+ $Baiw], go through, pass through; step across, cross, go across, pass over; make a stride, stride. 8isapaXko), -,BaX, -BgEBAWKa, 2 aor. SdBaov, [bid + a3dAAw], put throzugh; slander, traduce, accuse falsely, calumniate. SLaC3aCrLs, -ews,, [ial3aitvw]j, crossing; place of crossing, passage; ferry, bridge,ford. SLapc4Eos, -a, -ov, adj., [verbal adj. from SiaBaivw], Lat. transeundus, to be crossed, that must be crossed; impersonal, SiBaStrbov, it is necessary to cross, one must cross. SLapwCrs, -i, -1v, adj., [Sriafa(vw1, capable of being crossed, able to be crossed, fordable, passable. 8cMLapipt W, -0Isdna- or -3lBSc3, aor. 8Lf3B[3aaa, [t a + ~BjaSwo, causa tive of 3Bavw], cause to go over or through, lead through, convey across, carry across, carry through, transport. SLcLpoXq, -4js, 7, [tSiadxxa], calumniation, calumny, slander, false accusation. II. v. 5. SlayyEKXco, rSayyeXw, BSiL-y-eAKa, SifryeiLAa, [&d + d-ayy-AAw], give notice by a messenger, send as a message, report by message, send w7ord, report; - mid., pass the command from mouth to mouth, notify one another. SiayeXac, -adropal, SiayyeyAaKa, 8esye'Aaaa, [bid +- yeAdcw, laugh], make sport of, ridicule, mock. II. Vi. 26. SLaMyyvoljc1l, -?yev'iroaLai, -yevy?'vfjai, 2 pf, aTsayyova, 2 aor. Si lyev64JoV, [ida + 7y1yvoAai], go through; continue, pass. rhv vvKTa 8iaytyvea6at, to pass the night. aroXqAeiv SeLyVerEo, he was ever wanging war. SCayKcuXdoCLat, -arocuat, Il7^yKZ6Awuai, 8ryKUAwad/u7v, [&a'-KvA?, thong of a dart], hold a dart by the thong, i. e. with the thong about one's finger in readiness to shoot. riyiryKvAw.ivos, with the thong o.f a dart about one's finger, = ready to shoot. See P1. II. 2. SiC6yw, StdMw, Sixa, 2 aor. 317h-yayov, [bid + &-/w], carry through, carry over, lead through, bring over, transport; of time, pass, live through; with part., continue. nhrw8as Alyowv &Siye, he continued mentioning hopes, = meanwhile he kept speaking of his hopes. SLayvCtopxat, broa/ai or -ioatai, St?7 -ycvt'ia.'at, [Siywvitadfj7v, [Lid + aydcvigoLai], compete to the end, vie, struggle, contend. n layswvCYIaoat nrpJs wiva, vie oith any one. 8tcaLSXOt1cL, 8ola'ojai, ia6t, eSEybEai, 8leBe4daJrlv, [Sid + SeIxoal], 1e 8La1cSatuLL 3I9 s&avehl lieve one another, succeed one another. Cf. N. to p. 68, 23. I. v. 2. 8aSLta fw, -&crwc, -5ef'i ca, i'4SwKa, [bid + 8t/wjMt], give from hand to hand, divide up, distribute, scatter, give freely. 8Ld8oxoS, -ou, 6, [8iacE'xosuaz], successor. VII. ii. 5. 8LCaE6YVVtJL, &LaSEUcO, biEgEUva, pf. p. bieEu'yyuai, [ad + cU- yvvyuL, yoke], unyoke; sep2arate, cut off. IV. ii. IO. 8La9Oeop.aL, -Oeda'o/Lat, 8iareOeaO at, 8ieOeaard/.7lv, [bid f+ eEdouam], look throuh^, look into; observe, consider. III. i. 19. sLaLOpLcgEL, [&ad + aiOpidccw, from alOpla, clear ski], def., impers., it clears up, it is clear. Soo'Ci SiatOpda' eiv, it seemed likely to be fine weather. IV. iv. Io. 8LaLpiw, miaipraww, b1?prlKa, 2 aor. &eiAov, [Sid + alpeo], take apart, destroy, put out of the way. SLaKELjLaL, -KeIaroati, [bai + 1 tef ai], def., be disposed. (ipaKx s oiaKei'Oai, be well disposed. o'rw 8iaKEeifevos, being in this condition. 8bteceiyro lrpbs abrb;v oafrp, they stood in the same relation to himz as. SLaKMEXE6ocL, -o-oai, - a, ceKe'A euvyai, SierKFAeodyurlV, [aid + KeAeUw], urge through, urge on, encourage, cheer one another on. 8LaKLvsuvEdw, -evow, [aid + KiCsVVVevo], incur danger, run all risk, risk all, hazard all. 8LaK\X6o, -Ka'dow, -KEKcCaKa, &ieKAaaa, [ da + KArdw, break], break in pieces. 8iaKAadeIv KaTa Czicpd, to break in small pieces. VII. iii. 22. 8LaKovie, -KOVOTW, pf. wanting, bieKodvyra, [baiKovos, servant], act as servant, serve, wait upon. IV. v. 33. 8LOaKO6'iro, -KO4*W, -KeKO(cpa, 8seKofa, [8id + KOrd7T, cut], break in pieces, cut to pieces, break through. I 8MaKOroML, -ai, -a, two hundred. I. ii. 9. SLCKpwi/Cp, -cKpivw, -cEtcptca, ticKpLva, [1id -- KpfIV, jufdge[, distuguish, discriminate, decide between, jutde, settle. VI. i. 22. 8tLaayX4vw, biaA-4o/zuas, btieiArXa, 2 aor. &ieAaXov, [81d +- AayXdvw, obtain y vlot], allot, assign by lot, divide up by lot, distribute by lot. IV. v. 23. SiaXa4FiPcvw, -AM*ojualt, bteArX a, 2 aor. i'Aa,3ov, [Lad + Aa/dyavw ], take apart, separate, divide'; take separately, take one by one. 8LaXMyofLaL, &iaAe4o/jat, bieAey/uai, ieAeadyrl-q, aor. p. (as mid.) SieAe'X07v, [bid + A- yw,, confer with, converse with, hold converse with. SLaXELWCo, -AeiCw, -Ae'Aonra, 2 aor. &eAlTrov, [8ai + xAe/rw], intermit, leave between, leave an interval, leave inte rvals; stand at intervals, be distlant. Tb &aAeZiroy (sc. Xwplov], the intervenin;g distance, the interval. 8LacLapravpo, -?Jro/uat, 8tijdprrt7Ka, 2 aor. &SoIapTov, [ia + 4 aapTdvW, err], miss entirely, go quite astrayfrom, fail to find. SLaJJ.CdXOa iat, -/AaXecrosiat or -tuaXov/Iai, -/eIdaXr j1ai, bteJLaX ~eo'dt/jv, [aid + 4idXoi/ai], fight to the end, tfiht it out, fight against. SLLaJEv, -ULEvy, -Lfje~tdqKa, bdFeitsa, [& d- -/lfE ], remain throzgh, be still standing, remain by, still remain. SL8,aLrTpEo, -uEIfTp4'Ow, -e/1fUE'rpTKa, 8itejrTpaqcra, [8id +- erpiw, from gdrpov], measure out in portions, edcal out by measurement. obvaE &ia/Aerpeio-Oai, to give out no rations. SLC8IarrEpis, adv., [bid, vd, trElpw, pierce], throzgh and through, entirely through, clear through. 8LavEow, -vEL, -iE-v iuteC, -e di S'reia, [id + l vCeA, distribute], distribute, StLivoeo01aL 40 SaMrekie apportion, divide Zip among. VII. V. 2. 8LavoEoiatL, -cojcac, -o avevouqalt, aor. p. BiEvoriOrlv, [id ~+ voeo/uat, mid. dep., have in mind, intend, purpose, design. SLivota, -as, i, [id, vous] thought, purpose, aim, project, design. V. vi. 31. SLawsirtC, -7rTSUW, 8iawre'roy iba, bseVreyiea, [Lid + 7rEuarw], send about, send out in different directions, send around. SLacrXAo, -7rAEuv'oCua, &aTrtrAEuVca, biSFrA'svra, [bto + rAXew], sail through, sail across. SatcTroXeqico, -ow, )ia7rer7roA n77Kca, 8iteroXf7oaqra, [8td + 7roAeedwc], carry the war through, fight it out, III. iii. 4. SLar'opeu;, -7ropevo'w, pf mid. ta7ir7rdpveuai, aor. p. (as mid.) 8ieTropeu07rv, [i&d + 7ropEU6w], lead across, convey throzgah, carry over;-mid., pass over, march through, pass through, traverse. SLtrpop4co, &8aropo7aw, brnw7rnpr7ca, Sib7rdp7ja, [sid + diroptw], be perplexed, be at a loss; doubt, hesitate, be in perplexity. 8sacTrp&aTO, -7rpdSw, &iairerpaxa, s4irpara, [SLi + rpdrcTw, work through, work out, accomplish, effect, bring it about, achieve, obtain;- mid., effect for one's self, gain; negotiate, stipulate, arrange, settle affairs. SLapTrC&to, -a'orouai, bi&praca, pf. p. b1ipxraoaiai, [bid + ap7rdxw, seizel, tear in pieces, carry away, carry off as spoil; plunder, spoil, sack, seize as plunder. Lappio, tiappeva'oJoat, i8tppvwKa, aor. p. (as mid.) i8tppu77v, [Sid + pkw, flow],flow through. V. iii. 8. s8appLwrTeo or SLappCrrco, biappltw, btEppLta, biippi4/a, [8La + pLtrrw], throw about, fling about, scatter, scatter among. SLappLiLs, -0Ws, ', [biappitrrwj, scattering. V. viii. 7. SLacOtlJaLVW, -o'/.stav&, 8tia'cLPva or bSiolUava, [8La + o71uaivw], indicate, shignfy, designate, showforth. 8LaOorKqvEW, -j4aw, 8ieoK 4vvKea, EbieoKoeYrvaa, [8id +- Kice7Iw, from oK'7fl1], encamp apart, encamp in separate quarters, separate for quarters. 8LacrKilVO, -deo, take up quarters. SLao-IKV'TiEos, -a, -ov, [verbal adj. from 8iaaTKjveECw], with elvaw, ought to have separate quarters, ought to encamp apatt. 1V. iv. 14. 8LaOwrSroL, bar, biavdw, e7raKa, brEraara, pf. p. rieroraacrat, aor. p. &ieardaO77qv, [&id -+ o'rdw, draw], break away, separate, draw apart, disperse. SLCr'rrE'pcw, -(rTeps, 8darzreipa, pf. p. diarraptai, pf. infin. p. bieardp6at, 2 aor. p. ieao7rap7v, [Bid + o'rnEpw, scatter], disperse, scatter, separate. 8cLaa(rlvSov(Aw, — 4ow, biEasOevbdv-qKa, bioTSeVbdJV7cra, [8id + QpfEvovdaw, from -c(vEdvb6r, sling], sling about, scatter as with a sling;- pass., be scattered, fly in pieces. IV. ii. 3. SLacdro>to, -ro6uow, -c*iroWKa, bic-waCa, 2 aor. p. biooe(rl07V, [iad + crbS j, bring safely through,preserve, save, keep safe. SiarTrrw, -T-TcW, -rfTraxa, bteTraa, aor. p. &fTerdxOnv, [8d +- rdTarT.], array, arrange, draw up, distribute in order, get in order, especially for battle. SCaTeCvcI, -Tevc, -rITaKa, bte-l-va, aor. mid. bieFeivdjt.v, [8d +TeLvw, stretch], stretch, strain;mid., exert one's self. wrv iaTreivEc6ai, to make every effort. VII. vi. 36. 8TLLTEX\, &iareAovw, &8aretrAcKa, b8sreAFO-a, [bid + TEAet], finish, complete, reach; get to, arrive at; continue; - with part., expressing duration, often best trans &SLtCaLT KOj Lt 41 S8opLL lated as an aclv as ixaxoevrot 6SereAEacv, they fought )/coninuozsly, they fought without Zntermission. 8LaTrlKOIlaL, Siar ayast, 2 aor. iETranKlYv, [ib + T7'K1w, mele], i, elt throzgh, dissolve, thazw. IV. v. 6. SLaTiLCOpL, -0 ijo-, -TEIe/Ka, 3dLt7ca, [li' + Ti07 Mrj], dispose; handle, manage, treat; - mid., sell. o'To bzaTrOeva, to treat so, brifng to such a condition. oirWO Sa7riOerat, he is put in that contdiiot, IV. vii. 4. L8aTrpico, -Ope'ic, -Te-rpoQa, 2 aor. p. 8itErpdpf7tv, [6da + rptqf w], nouris/h through, support, sustainz m1eanwhile. IV. vii. 17. SLaTpLPi, -? s, [, siaTzpipf,V deltay, loss of time. VI. i. I. SLaTrptcpw, -Tpl'wC, -TrTrpica, iberpi4a, [std + P4- piw, rubl, rub throzugh, wear azosay, spend, waste; sc. Xp&voy, delay, tarry, pass time. 8Lcifai(vw, -pav&, -7rioayica, 5i,'rva, [Lid + palvw, show], cause to shine through, show through; - pass., shine through, show one's self througzh, become visible. SLactavts, adv., [6taOpavsv, transparent], openly, apparently, clearly. VI. i. 24. 8LctaepovT'os, adv., [tacqoepwv, dtfering], especially, pre-eminently, peculiarly. I. ix. 14. 8La4+EpW, toiota,, evtxvoXa, 2 aor. ljveyEcKOt, [ati + f- epw], d/ffer, difer from; surpass, excel; followed by gen. or inf.; - pass., be inharmonious, be at variance, be quarrellingt;-act. used impersonally, tra(pEpet, there is a difference, it makes a difference. 7roxv bite'ppEv, it was far easier, III. iv. 33 -8Lacdpei yo,, -0evaotat, -rr evuya, 2 aor. WtbvUyov, [8tL + ef~vEyw], flee thronugh, escape throuzgh, get away. VI. iii. 4. SLa0EBdpow, &iatOcpfp, Si/pOapFca, 8e'(/)Oeipa, 2 aor. p. teOadpr^v, [&di -- ftOEeipw, d'.stroy,, destroy utterly, destroy covG/c/ely; ruin, spoil; corrzupt, bribe; kill. StLaQopos, -ov, adj., [Staeppco, dferj,] different, hostile. As subst., SL8I-?opov, -ou, Tr, diference, cause of disagreement, gr ound of dissension. SLOtiu, -is,, [Siaq6ofJscf, grow through,, gr-ozoth betweren; joint, suture, division, cleft. V. iv. 29. 8tacvXTT'rWC, -quvXh oJ, 6atreaIpviXaXa, 6tepvAc0Ata, j 6i -+- OuvAdrhw], guard closely, oatch carefully, take great care. 8maxaot, def., 186t + xCwo, force back], draw apart, separate. IV. viii. 18. 8LaCXeliuditco, -Xeiae(rw, taieX e fsatia, StEXeLja.ara, I|8d + Xet/sds(, wointer, front Xeaa], pass the zwinter, spend the wuZter, winter. VII. vi. 3F. 8LaXEtpLto, -XetpLo'w, StatcexeipFca, 8te(pEtEza, [&tad - XHeplo, handlee, fromn elp], manage, handle, admzinister, ca-rry on. I. ix. 17. 8iaXwpcE, -Xwp7/ 0w, iaK~cEhwpq7Ktca, tieXwpd7rqa, 1I + x Xwpo0], pass thr'ou2'h, go throgrhi. KcratO tcXcpet abroAs, they had a diarrha a. IV. viii. 20. 8taoKiaLXos, -ou, 6,, [Stdoa-c], teacher, instructor, m asteir. 8StL8irKw, 8t84Co, SwESaXa, sea aa e a, [root Sae, cf. Lat. dloceo], teach, expblainc, instruct, inform; - pass., be instructed, learn. SC81%IL, def., [reduplicated form of V6w, bindl, pres. third pi. 6tIaat, bimnd, tie, chain. V. viii. 24. SLS~ot, &6fTw, 6eotWKa, 8wcaz, pf. p. Sei8oxa,, aor. p. eid6Ov, [root 0o, cf. Lat. d(re], ve?, g'rant, present, bestow, ofer, offer to the gods, assigin. SLeCpyo 42 S&irXOc-Los 8tEiLpyo, &SEipwo, pf. wanting, 4iepta, [aid + E'lpyw, s/ut inl, s/ht off, zntercept, intervene; le belteen. SLEXcLIvo, ieXciar or 8EACO, BieAhAaKa, dvAaara, [bid + E'avivw, drive], drive through, drive across; sc. 'RTroY, ride through, charge through. SLEX6V, see SLacpiE. SLEtepXOd a.t, aiE4eAev-O/act, 8ieeA4AAu0a, 2 aor. 6ie\A86ov, [aid + te + EpXoouai], come out through, pass through. 8Lepxol1cLL, BfAEtva-ouaL, 8zeXtAXua, 2 aor. n ibAhov, [iad + pxoyayl], go through, pass through, come through, pass over; spread abroad. 8fAXOE A6yos, a report spread abroad. SLIE'XO abtsw, EdaXnKca, 2 aor. SMiaXov, impf. &SitXo, [sid + EXcol, be away from, be apart, be removed, be distant, diver~gee. Tb bXov, the intvi dstnc, t terveg disance the iervening space. ScL'YEOaiLL, iy7riroyhoiat, Sply7%iaci, bjyard1ru v, [idJ + ' oyeo/tai, lead], relate, narrate, set forth, explain. SLq\9ov, see SLipXofaLL. SLCTJLL, 61Oa-w, tIEsica, 8ijtKa, [bid + f7i'l, send], send through, permit to go through, sziffer to go across, let go through, let go across. 8LlO"TtJLL, iaUr4-wC, blE'nTyKca, MFLarTqa-a, [8id + Y'crT/lUt], station separately, put apart; - mid. and intr. forms (see To-T'ji,), stand apart, open the ranks. SCKaLos, -a, -ov, adj., [b10cn, right], just, righteous, ri,/ht, upright, reasonable, proper. As subst., CKcaLov,-oV, TO, justice. ra 8iKala, rigzhts r&a SlKaia EXt;, to receive one's due. eic Trou biKaov, justly. 7rapa rb biKalov, unjustly. abv rt 8tKaicp, in a just nianner, with ritht on one's side. 8ihcatos feSii, I have the right, it is rigzt that L SLKaooruvtl, -7is, h, [biLatos], justice, uprigh ness, firness. ScLKaLt6os, -rTos, 3, uprightness, justice. II. vi. 26. 8LsaiC s, adv., [ Sialos], justly, rigzhtly, righlteously, with right. SLKacwrTns, -oa, 6, [iKcSrcw, judge\, judge. V. vii. 34. 8CKIl, - 1s, ii, right, justice; trial, judicial proceediings, legal process. eis iK7cv Kara7-vTfaTi nTya, to bring any one to trial. oyiK'v brExi/Y, to submit to trial, to stand trial. 77 eaxadrv bimcr, the extreme penalty. 8K7)Yv XAaI,3dvei, to inflict penalty, exact retribution. tscKv bibovar, to pay the penalty, suffer puniishment, give satisfaction. 8tKcv ErSLTlOeVCal, to inflict punishment. r7s 8itK7s TUXetY, to receive one's deserts. XE 8 iK'iv, to have satisfaction. 8iOLtpCia -as, -1, [8is, yo?pa, portion], double portion, double share, twice as mznch, as much again. 8-vs&, bs-Srrow, pf. mid. &iEsv;yfcai, I6bvyaa, [Lovr, whirlpool], whirl, spin round. VI. i. 9. SL6, adv., [8id ~ o'], zeherefore. 0SoSos, -o, -o i, [8d + 6ods], way through, pass, passage. V. iv. 9. Stopco, i6doyIai, SiecpaKca, 2 aor. Bie&ovy, [btd -+ pdcw], see through, see clearly, perceive, discover. V. ii. 30. StLopurT', tiopVwt, Btopcpvxa, &i&pvta, [ld + bopv'rTw, di, i], d through, tunnel through. SL6TL, conj., [ia d+ STi], == s TroVro Sgi, because, since, for. SCirXs, -v, gen. -eos, adj., [bis, rTrXvs, cubit], of the length of two cubits, two cubits long, i. e. about three feet. IV. ii. 28. SvrXacito's, -a, -ov, adj., [sbs, 7rrrXTrw, make], double, twofold, twice as much as. birAdatiov, twice as fir as, as far again as. III. iii. I6. SCrMeOpos 43 SovXos SCrXeOpos, -ov, adj, [ rF, pov], two plethra in width or length, two plethra wide, i. e about 202 ft. 6 inches. IV. iii. I. StrrXoVs, -7,-o~v, adj., [for &nrAdos, -,/, ovr, tzvojold, double, twice as 9much. VII. vi. 7. 8is, adv., [uoj, twice, doubly; in the Anabasis found only in composition, in the form Srm- or 8-. LOrXtXLotL, -a, -a, num., two thousand. 8i(pC6, -as, -a, hide, skin of animals, leather; hence, by metonymy, things made of leather, as leathern bag, pouch. B40CptLvos, -7?, -or, adj., Il500cpa], made of hide or hides, leathern, of leather. II. iv. 28. sc(pos, -ov, 6, [8;fopos, from Sts and Jepw], seat of a chariot, so called because originally made for two, the driver and the fighter; hence, stool, seat. 8;Xa, adv., [lis], in two, asunder. SiXa 7roieV, to separate, divide, split. VI. iv. I x. SL+C&O, 3S1370u, SeS7tjKa, C'5i(TO a, [Slia, thirst], be thirty, thirst. IV. v. 27. SLWKTcrOs, -a, -or, verbal adj. of &IWKW, to be pursued. SowKrTov, with ecdva, necessary to pursue, ought to pursue. 8itjK(o, 81rt40 or &L6 otLoa, SeSlSwXa, iSiuwa, pursue, chase, hunt, give chase, follow; intr., hasten, rum, gallop off SLoiLS, -EWS, f, [St1i<ccO], pursullit, chase. III. iv. 5. 80.&pv~, -VXOS, q, [8topUTTr,, dig through], ditch, canal, trench. 86ypfa, -aros, r6, [S0cc)]1, opinion; decree, resolution. do'yua wroieiaOa, pass a resolution. sOKEi, 8Jdw, SeSd/fcrea, EgAoa, seem, appear, believe, suppose. 8eSoK-rai, it has appeared best, it has been decided. Ta eO aoyuGva, the conclu sion, decision. SOw yos0, I think. 8o0cet fCot, it appears good to me, I th/ink. t6oe, it appeared good, it was decided, it was decreed 8oKLqaAtw, SoKitacOw, pf. 1. aSEOKdpA a a t, aor. p ioKlsao-frv, [SOKfjors, acceptable}, test; approve, select, choose. III. ii 20. 86XLXos, -ou, O, long, race. See n. to p. I86, 21. IV. viii. 27. 8dXos, -ov, 6, [cf. Lat. dolus], guile, wile, fraud, deceit, treason, treachery. V. vi. 29. AbXoires, -wv, ol, Dolopians, Dolopes, a tribe in the southwestern part of Thessaly, along the range of Mt. Pindus, bordering on Aetolia. I. ii. 6. 86oa-, -?rs, ri, [Sodcel], opinion, bebef, expectation; reputation, glory. 7rapa p64av, contrary to expectation. Bopa&rov, -ot, r6, Jdim of dpujl, little spear, short s/car. VI. iv. 23. SopKas, -a'os, xj, S/rpeopas, see], gaZzelle, a species of antelope with large, beautiful eyes, whence the Greek name. I. v, 2. Sopirrtrdrs, -ov, 6, [Spi7rov, evening meall, time of the eveninug meal, supper-time, eveniJng. I. x. 17. 8spv, _bparos, Td, spear, lance, pike, chief weapon of the hoplite; see p. 31. e7rl Sopu, since the spear was carried in the right hand, to the rig/ht. 8opv4opos, -ou, 6, [(Spu, OeJpw], spearbearer, spearsmzan. V. ii. 4. 8ovXdea, -as, -j, [SouvAew], servitude, slavery, bondage, subjection. VII. vii. 32. 8ovXuvCo, -euow, SeSobAeuva, E oV'Aeuvra, f[ouAos, slave] be a slave, be in bondage, serve as a slave. IV. viii. 4. SoOXos, -ov, 6, f[5e, bindj, bondsman, underlinfg, slave, servant, as opposed to Se',rdr T7s/, master, whether ruler or owner. See N. to p. 59, 28. Sovrdco 44 8Spov SouvTiw, -i6yw, seiFovra, soVnrflr-a, ou nros], sound heavy; strike hieavizy, clash, so as to make a noise. Soi7ros -ou, 6, [poetic word], thud; din, hubbub, uproar. II. ii. 19. ApaK'VTrLos, -OU, 6, Dracontius, a Spartan exile, chosen marshal of the games at Trapezus, and afterwards sent as envoy to Cleander. IV. viii. 25, VI. vi. 30. Sperrav o'pos, -or, adj., [&pe7ravov, qdpE], scythe-bearing~, armed with scythes. 6pe-ravCr-oppov apy-a, scythe-bearing chariot. 8pETravov, -o, rd, [p7ro, cut], scythe, sickle. I. viii. Io. Ap(iXa, -&v, oi, Drilae, a warlike tribe living near Trapezus. V. ii. 1, 2. spdos, -oo, 6, [root bpac/, cf. 2 pf. bapoala], running, rush, race, race-course. ap4uy Oeiv, to run with a rush, to run fast. &pgAov iroti~v, to make a race-course. SLvaLJaL, Uvvao' flany, s8EvY1fJL, E'8UavyLfv or?ruvvdcr,-v, aor. p. eUvvj077v or 7'jvvh6,Sv, be able, can, have power, have influence; be equal to, have the power of; mean; with a sup. adv. and s, 7nry,, a, Sov, o'ro, as is possible, as Ws roiaXrra ebvSaro, as quickly as he could. 6 riyAos 6u varai, the siglos is worth, is equal to. o Svvd.jue evo, those in power. See IDIOMS. SuivaCtps, -ews, h, [8vvazai], ability, power, mi4ght, force, influence; in pl. often = c o p i a e, forces, troops, army, contingent. cKar Buvanv, or Eis vilagavz, accordi-ng to one's power, as much as one can. SuvdTOS, -4, -dv, adj., [uv/vacaaL, able, powerful, stronzg; possible, feasible, practicable. ie rcv Suvavr v, according to possibilities, so far as possible. Sivco, or SiVo, 6a-cw, e6UIca, aiVn, cause to sink; of the sun, set 8Uo, num. adj., indecl. in the Anab., two. 8iopaLt, a6c-ooai, eovuca, eGovua-d v, [mid. of 8cow], go down, set. 8ur —, found only in composition, hard, dfficult. SUocraros, -ov, adj, j5vo- BSars, from atvwY], inaccessible, dfficult to reach. V. ii. 2. SuosL8aarT0s, -ov, adj., [8vr- + 8iaBSards, from 6safavwo], hard to cross, dfficult to pass. Su8sa-L, — s, ', [uow, set], usually in pl., setting of the sun, west. 8vuTrPapLToS, -ov, adj., [8oo-, rdapeiLt, go by], difficult to pass, hard to pass. IV. i. 25. sVo'dTrdpeuos, -o0, adj., [5uov- + ropeUTos, from -ropevtoyaL], hard to traverse, dzficult to pass. I. v. 7. SvuWoopia, -as, i', [utIrnopos], difficult passage, dfficulty of the passage, difficuty of crossing. IV. iii. 7 -u8viropos, -ov, adj., [&va- + irdpos, way], hard to pass, hard to cross, dzfficult to traverse. 8vorXPptroos, -or, adj., [6u~ — + XPV7rr'os, from XPdot/Lai], hard to use, almost useless, unserviceable, of little use. III. iv. I9. 8uo'-Xwpla, -as, 7~, [6v;r-, XiCpos], roughness of the country, broken character of the country. III. v. 16. S8SeKa, indecl. num., [uvo + SE'Ka], twelve. SowpeoFacu, -4jronat, 6fd5cprp. at, eowpia-'c,Ulv, [6Spov], present, make a gift, give. Swpo8oK0eW, -4t, pf. p. e6cpo5dKcijsai, impf. eowpoSofcovv, [8oppov, e'Xotat]L, receive presents, take a bribe. VI. vi. 17. 8(pov, -ou, T-o, [ic'sow,], gift, present, gift of honor. ed.v 1EOL 45 yX4p5(apw E. civ, conj., [el + &v, often contracted into dv, Yv], Zf, if haply, in case that, always with subj. mode. eav,u., if not, unless, except. adv re... eav re, whether... or. iFairEp, [d + rp], especially if, if only, certainly if IV. vi. 17. EaptCo, 4aptir, [rap, spring], pass the spring, spend the spring. III. v. 15. aemro0, -ijs, -o, often contracted to auro0, -+s, -oD, [e', pron. stem of third person, abvrs], reflex. pron., of himself, of herself, of itself ol eavuro, his own men. Ta eavuwv, their own goods, their own affairs. See G. 40I; H. 266. aow or E(3, edCw, etaKca, eYaoa, impf. EYfv, let, allow, permit, stffer; let go, let alone, dismiss, leave. abrbv eaara, to let him alone. eaiv alpeiv, to dismiss. OiK eay, to forbid, not to allow, to protest. pS8ophiKovTa, indecl. num., [Earrd], seventy. IV. vii. 8. Y3Soxos, -], -ov, num. adj., [errMd], seventh. VI. ii. 12. EyyCyvop.ca, eyyev^-ojai, e-yyeyevr}/uai, 2 pf. eyy^yova, 2 aor. 'e-yevydLav, [ev + 7iyvoMal], arise in, be produced in, take place in. iyyva&w, -O7rw, 7yybv)1Ka, iyyv'dy7ra, [Eyfr), plede], plede; -mid., pledge one's self, promise, give security, engnage. VII. iv. 13. iyyuOev, adv., [eyyvs + -0ev], from near at hand, hard by. IV. ii. 27. ~yyis, adv., comp. eyyvfmepov or eyyvTfpW, sup. ' yyU7TdT or eyyV'ama, near, near at hand, at hand, in the vicinity, nieh; nearly. al eyyuTdTw Kcouai, the nearest villages. mrwv eyyvUTaTmW Tma0jU.cv, of (during) the last day's journeys. ol Eyy7TaTa Twv 7roXEjUiwv, those qf the enemy who were nearest. ey'yvsb TpirrXu7n, nearly three cubits long. i I cyetpw, yepci, eyjyepKica, 2 pf. e'ypijyopa, aor. -yelpa, awaken, rouse, wTke' up; 2 pf., intr., lie awake, am. wakeful, keep awake, keep -yKcaXE'C, efyraAe6-a, E'ys1ceEc`iKqa, EveKdaAetac, [Le + Kaxec'w, ca/l, call zupon; charge, accuse, blame, find fault with. EyKCaX\no TT() ca, eeaXvo c, etdvAipa, eveKIcdcAva,, pf. Yp fEKcEdavfLUai, [iv + KaAvrrw, conceal], conce al in, cover up, wrap up. IV. v. I9. ycyKiELj.UL, (Ey1CFe1ropa1, impf. veKfEiAJ-v, 3d pl. (dEceZYvT, [Lv +Ke7zJa], lie in, lie therein. IV. V. v. 26. eyKiKucrvcos, -o, adj., [ev, /eAeuw, bid], bidden, urg ied o, incited. I. iii. 13. YKiahCXos, -ov, [iv, Kir~paxh, head], brain; crozown, palm-cabbage, the rounded, compact growth of young leaves not yet opened, at the top of the paln-tree, used in the east as an article of diet; by some, however, referred to the pith of young palm-shoots. II. iii. I6. EyKXLivo, W yKvAvw, pf. p. E'-yKe'KXAali, [ev + Kivw], bend,, in, put to flight; intr., give way, turn to flee, flee. I. viii. 19. cyKpamTls, -s, adj, [eiv, Kpdmos, power], in control of, master of, having possession of, in possession of. VroizeZv Tra e-yipaTr7 Tvos, to make any one master of anything, to pitt any one in control of anything. &yy^aX\ivow, -o6w, eK'icXaAlvuyKa, eYeXaAhvwaa, [lv + XaxAtvw, bridle], bridle, put the bridle on, put the bit in the mouth of. 'n~ro y eweXaAXvwfJe'vo, horses with their bridles on. yXfeLPEC, -77Trw, fYceEXEfelp7ca, evexepr7aa, [ ev, XF'p, handl, put one's hand to, take in hand, undertake, attemp t. V. i. 8. EyXELpcSLOV 46 eYpyc IyXELpCSLov, -ov, Tr, [&y, XELP], handknife, dagger. IV. iii. 12. eYXELPCtCO, -iW, e'YKEXEIPIKa, evexeIpora, [Lv + XeipiCw], put into the hands of, give zp, entrust, commit. III. ii. 8. eYXEW, -XEC<, eIKeXUKa, eyvexuoa, [Lv + Xew, to pour],pour in, especially to pour in wine for libation, fill the cups for libation. IV. iii. 13. ty(c, j/Aou, or /you, pl. 'ieGs, pers. pron., I, we. See G.79; H. 26i. tyw', = wyoe. /ywyE, [E'yc + f ], more emphatic than 7yc7, I at least, I for one, I for my part, Z certainly. eSASoKa, see elr-0o. S8papov, see TpiXo. OeXoVT^rs, -oV, 6, L[6eOX], volunteer; sometimes with the force of an adj., willing, voluntary, of one's own desire or accord; pl., of their own will. 60eXov1rLOs, -a, -or, adj., [iefAw], voluntary, of one's own accord; pl., of their own accord. e9Xco, eiOeAxcw, 60eAspKa, tOeAn7ffa, will, wish, desire; be willing,plsease, prefer, choose. ieOXwv, willing. '0eAWo implies purpose or design, while BovAhoasi indicates rather mere willingness. 90vos, -eos or -ous, r6, crowd, class; people, tribe, nation. Kar' ^vrl (for Kar-h eOvr), by nations, nation by nation. Ei, conj., proclitic, usually introducing a condition, if, supposing, provided, in case that; sometimes introducing an indirect question, whether. el lt, except, unless, if not. el be bt, but if not. e' TS (for goins), whoever. ft TE, whatever. eY Trore Kal &XXore, if ever at any other time. efz r Kal &AAos, if any other, if any one else. etSov, see opa6). ELSOS, -Fos or -ous, rJ, [root Fi8 in tovr], appearance, shape, form, beauty. II. iii. 16. EitSs, see otSa. tELKCXY, EIK eaoc, e efaa, acra, pf. p. efKao-jaat, aor. p. P'Kcre-Or;, make like, liken; conjecture, suzppose, guess, estimate. Cf. iosca. eLKOS, -oros, adj., [for E'~oios, pf. n. part. of 2 pf. eoOlKa, resemble], likely, probable, reasonable, fair, equitable, natural, proper. rb eK4S, likelihood, probability. ei6Sra AE'yeSv, to say a fair thing. eliKS KCal Slfatoo, fair and right. eiKOs EizT, or eIlKOS [SC. eo-T], it is natural, it is probable. E'KGo-t, indecl. num., twenty. eitKorws, adv., [elK's], probably, likely, naturally, reasonably. eiCL, &rou/at, impf. rv, [root es, cf. Lat. es-se], be, exist. Sometimes used merely as copula, sometimes as a verb expressing existence; at the beginning of a clause often translated there is, there are, etc.; sometimes, in third person singular, used for eoa-Tr, it is possible, elvat Twlos, to belong to any one.,SIbos a0-T TVi,, some one has a book. Tb Kara TOvTov eTvEa, sofar as this man is concerned. Tb yvv efvat, for the present. vy BvuraievP =,-1 bzo9, =was able. f(TlVv ol, some. eorT (Jvy) = 'erEzTI, it is permitted, it is possible, I. iv. 4 etal. See G. 127, I.; H. 478. ElfIL, impf..eiv or Ja, pres. with force of the fut., go, come. elpi, Iwill come, will go. els XETpas TIVI lCvc/, to come into the power of any one. See G. 127, II.; H. 477. egrep, conditional conj., [e? + rep], if in fact, if indeed, if really, certainly if especially if eIrrov, see cfi.t, XMy. Etpyw3, elpOw, ep~a, bar, shut out, cut offfrom, exclude; shut in, hem in, imprison; prevent, hinder. ~lpVvn 47 CK etp6vW, — S, s, peace. VII. vii. 33. eis or Is, prep. with ace., into, to, in; upon, on, at; up to, to the number of, about; to the extent of, to the depth of; in respect to, for, concerninhg; often used after verbs of rest, to express the limit of motion, where the dat. might have been expected, as irapicrav els ZdpSets, they arrived at Sardis. ElS OKTW, eight deep. els Tb tiov, for one's private advantage. ELs, ula, Ev, gen. evos, /5uas, evds, num., one, alone. Ka0' 'va, one by one, singly. es Tls, a sinzle one. els E'KaTos, each one, each individual. G. 375; H. 290. ElU-a-y, eiadtwo, eloOixa, 2 aor. ela'-?ya/yov, aor. p. ela-fX076y, [els + ^yw], lead into, bring into, introduce. EciraKOVTrom, -ip, ElafdKvrTa, impf. elr7icK6vTCov, [els + aKcori^fi], hurl darts in, throzo javelins in. VII. iv. 15. EoIrpfXXA,\ elo-3aw, eo3 e/3Bh7Kca, 2 aor. elcr-aAov, [Els + BadAAw], throw in; intr., cast one's self in, break into, make an irruption into, effect an entrance into; of streams, empty into. EicrlpLp to, eF'ciBd3 w or elQSiL$o, elref3laa,a [els + ilBdcw, force to go], cause to go into, put on board ship. V. iii. I. ElrpoXi, -5s, c, [el0hdAAW1], entrance, pass; invasion, itncursion. tlrS0uoLat,( -bvaofsat, eLOFEv5djS77V, [els + avopya]j, enter in, sink in. eLaebvovdro Es TOuS 7ra8as of i.yaarevs, the thongs pressed into their feet IV. v. 14. YctrepLt, impf. Ela-fev or elapa, [Els +Eit], go into, enter; of thought, enter one's mind, occur to one. ELor'eXavov, eleXA&rw or -eAx, el'eA*AaKa, ela-7Atcra, [ls + fav'vwl, drive into; sc. 'rrrov, or intr., ride into, march into. E<lrep)(XoJLL, fELaEAevayo/AaL, ffeLO'AAvOa, 2 aor. elaoXOov, [els + epXo/t.L], come in, go il, enter; go into, come into, penetrate. t'o-oSos, -ov, -, [Els + 6bds], entrance, passagre-weay. IV. v. 25. eto-opcL, see otSa. iLcrrn18c&fw, — 4aoouai, eloa EireE8rtKa, eFae7r7ba5ca, [ElS + 7r7-Saw], leap in, jump in, sprihg into. I. v. 8. iTcTrLrrWrTo, elaoreEaovjuat, EIT7-rea7rTWKa, 2 aor. eLireEov, [eNs - + ararTw],./l7 into, fall upon, burst upon, rush into, rush upon. lctrXAeoi, elCo7rAeva'oJLai, Elotr7rE7aEvKa, eLrrevioa, [els + 7rAwl], sail in, sail into. VI. iv. I. EtCirpEXCo, elalSpafovutya, elo8SEpad/r7tca, 2 aor. EIcrApae/ov, [els - Tp W] i, rn inn, rn into. V. ii. I6. tcr+cpwc, elF'oiLow, elff'Ev'oXa, 2 aor. elcOlveEYKOy, aor. p. E1ellvX8O71v, [Els +- qpa,], bring, in, bring into, carry into or in. ~Co-+opiWo, — a, ELT7rEPpJ'KC a, elSe(fdp7r-a, [els + popew], carry in, bear into, carry into. IV. vi I. etaro, adv., [Els], within; sometimes with gen., inside of, within. Erlo-fOeE, eloffw50 w, [els + W OEw, push], thrust into; - mid.,force one's self into, press in. etra, adv., then, afterward, thereupon, in that case, next. 7rp4,ov xPv- ei-a V4, at first- and then. I. iii. 2. ELire conj., [el + Te], and if, either. CYrE - eCIr, = Lat. sive - siv e, either - or, whether - ore6o0a, plup. EiLwOq, [2 pf. of e'w, be accustomed], I ant zont, I am accirstomned, I am in the habit of; VII. viii 4. EK, before vowels 45, prep. with gen., ot of, ou t from, from, foth. lfc TOrTOV, from this time, thenceforth. CK 7raalOw, /from childhood. eU ro TrovouroV,rpTrov, with such iKacO'raxcr 48 iK0Xipo a character. eK Trov IKcafo, justly. dE apiLarepas, on the left. ie W dcouw, from what Ihear. ec /3$ao — Aews e80MojEvos, having been given by the king. iKaoTaXOcrE, adv., [ecKaa-os], in each direction, in every direction, on every side. III. v. I7. VKaTrros, -77, -or, each, every; in pl., Kecaoroi, e eti sever, r esecti everally. 'eca-rSos in sing. is often used to limit a plural noun. roTs fPpovpdpxots eccirots, to the several commanders, to the commanders severally. CKaCTOTE, adv., [eKca-Tos], each time, on each occasion, every time, always. II. iv. Io. iCKrEpos, -a, -or, [cf e'Kac-ros], each of two, each singly, as opposed to adoLJiorepos, both of two; in pl., EfcrrEpoI, each party, each side, both parties. iaO' E 'Kdpa, on both sides. 4KarTEpwOev, adv., [ecdrepos + -Oev], front both sides, from each side, on both sides, on each side. iKaT poore, adv., [Kfcrepos + -E a], towards each side, towards both sides. I. viii. 14. iKrcov, indecl. num., one hundred, a hundred. 'EKalrvvuLos, -ov, 6, Hecatonymus, a citizen of Sinope, sent as envoy to the Ten Thousand. V. v. 6 et seq. 4KpaCvoW, eCIB7 Oao, e /cec13sca, 2 aor. 4e4f37v, [eK + I3aivw], go out, go aside, go forth, sally forth; disembark from a ship. tKplaXWo, eKbaAw,,ah, CeiBc AiKa, 2 aor. Cei aAov, aor. p. CeI3A5OrY, [e'c + BdaxAw], throw out, cast out, cast forth, empty out; banish, driv7e out, expel. etc7rTrrW is often used for the pass. of eKSGaxxo, especially with the meaning banish. i,l~o-rtsL,-eW, -e, [ecafvw, going out; way out, passage out, exit, outlet, egress. 'EKP,3&Tra, -WY, ra, Ecbatana, capital of Media and summer residence of the Persian kings, situated near Mt. Orontas. Few vestiges remain of its ancient splendor, and its site is now occupied by the city Hamadan. II. iv. 25. EK1301o9W), -$or77fawc,?ic$e$oflOrjrtca, 4EeSo0r6oaa, [eK + 3ov8Owe], march out to render aid, come to the rescue. VII. viii. I5. &Kyovos, -ov, adj., [eKyiTyyopa, spring frnoz], springing from, descending from. As subst., 'EKyovos, -ou, o, descendant. EKyova,-v, Td, young of animals. cKSiep, eicaep6, EK84`apica, e4e'6tpac, [efc + aepw, flay], flay, strip off the skin. I. ii. 8. eK80tSCSIL, eSC6 K oW, ee&KwKa, gEVr4 K, pf. p. ece'So/yai, [e' + 8facoW], give out, give forth; give out of a house in marriage, settle in marriage, settle with a husband. EKSjW, etcruWco, eKS&aVKa, 4esa-la, 2 aor. e'eS3v, [eC + - 8vw], strip off; -mid. and 2 aor. strip one's self, take off one's clothes. IV. iii. 12 EKEt, adv., there, in that place; in that region. EKEOtEv, adv., [eKe? + -Oev], thence, fron that place, from that region. V. vi. 24. iCKEvos, -7, -o, dem. pron., that, often best rendered he, she, it, or by the noun for which it stands. drV' efEvov, instead of him, in his stead. IKEo-E, adv., [EKe? + -Tel, thither, to that place. iK93tfw, bKOAfuO, eKTr0itxa, eiO6Ah/a, [ +- Of BiAw, press], squeeze out, press out; crowd out, as from the ranks, force out from the ranks. III. iv. 19, 20. I EKKAVXIrTW 49 EKKaXVI'TTT, e'I:caAv4W, pf. p. etKcEKdAAvu.Lai, [e5c +;caxru7rr, covzer], uncover. Cf. N. to p. 57, 15. I. ii. I6. EKKXIo-ta, -as, ri, [eKKaA/tv, call out, i. e. from home to the place of assembling], assembly, convocation, applied usually to meetings of citizens, but in the Anabasis also to meetings of soldiers. iKKX1oLatwo, -doa, [|eKKAcx1a], call an assembly, summon an assembly, hold an assembly. V. vi. 37. iEKKOtCow, -iW, eKKEIKOfLLKa, 4eeKO6d LOa, [EK + KOst(W], lead out, lead forth, carryforth; - mid., carry out for one's self. EKKO6rrTc, eIKKCoW, eiKKEKO(pa, EfEKOat, impf. S4EKo7rTOv, [ef + KOTTrrw, cut], cut down, fell, hew dozon, usually of trees; lay waste by cutting down trees. eKKuPLrTaLo, -4o'w, impf. eEKtvf4icorwv, [ei + Kvt3iordw, from KvrI, head], tumble headlozn out of; turnz a somersault. VI. i. 9. EKKvjaCLVWO, b eKCv/avac, aor. eteKCuJyYa, [eK + u/fyalivw, from Kutv/a, wave], wave out of line; wave out, swcll out like a wave; bulge out, bend out. I. viii. I8. KX\Ey@(O, W, eeAAoaw, iAoXa, oCAeea, aor. mid. e4eACFaO7nIv, [e'K + XA)y, gather], pick out, single out, choose out, select. EKXEL7o, EcA1AEW, K*exonrEra, eko /AWroV, [ec +- ALerw], leave, abandon, desert, quit; intr., disappear, vanish. EKj'lpVo'uat, -5Touaia [eK +,Yrpvoiuat, wind], wind out, like a ball of thread; intr., of an army, defile. VI. v. 22. EKncEirrco, EKerEtIw, fIc7r7rroua,, EE7re,/ia, I[ E + 7rE'7TroW], seIa7 o0t, conduct forth, escort forth. KWrepaC'VW, -Trepavw, pf. wanting, ien7rEpeva, [cc + t7rpaiyow,finuishj, finish, accotiplish. EK7TrTlSCio, -4rolo.ee, Kc7rTc7r71)SKa, csErhrlFaa, [eK + 7r- Oqadw, leap], leap out, leap forth. EKrTrirXrtLL, X KrAroTow, rr'ir, ir7rAr a, 4e'7rA-q(a, imlpf. 3d pl. 4eern'YrAacao, [e + Tru.TrAy/.l, fill out, fill up. III. iv. 22. K7rrLV(, tc7riojuai, Etc7reTrwKa, 2 aor. 4lT~rtoV, [eK +- trivwj, drink off, quaff drink up. I. ix 25. (K'rC'rrTO, eKrrefrov/ya, eK7 Trc'rTKa, 2 aor. CeSTreoov, [ec + Trbrrw,, fill], fall out; make a sally, make a dash; stray fron the road, leave the road; of trees, fzll doewn; of ships, szffershipureck, be wrecked; often used in place of pass. of iKadAAw, be driven out, be forced out, be banished. ol efirrec'rwKores, those who had been banished, the exiles. EK'rrXayELs, see KTrwXqTro. KI'TXE'c, eKtrAeUffroiat, eKcirr7AevKa, dE'7rAEvOra, [et +- rwAnJ, sazl out, sail off, sail away. Kn-Xr~EWS, -ewv, adlj., [be + irxwos, full], filled out, filled up, f/il. EK7rXrrTTW, EK7rrA74w, eKw7rwr-qya, e&'7rt.ra, pf. 1). KcriTrAxy, a (u (inf. etcireirhAxOai), 2 aor. p. Et47rAdy77r, beK -+ rArjXrzw, strie]j, surprise, astonish, amaoze; alarm, terrify, bewilder, confuse. EKiroSwv, adv., [eK, 7roVs], out of the way of the feet, out of the way. cK7roSb&v roitao6Oal, to put out of the way. eKTroSYv Elvai, be out of the way. fKcropEioV.LaL, -evoaofiou, eKire7rdpevU.at, c'ErropEvead7PY, [em + -ropevo/eai], mid. dep., march out, march off; go forth, go out, go off V. i. 8. EKropLOw, -1w, ceK77rEpIa, e4e7rpzica, [(K + Troplfw, from zrdpos], provide, procure, fjurnish. gKTwtcLa, -aTos, rT, [eKrLvowl, drinki/ig-cupr, drinzzing-vez, sel, beaker. ~KTCra OS 50 A\K~ iCKatos, -a, -ov, adj., [E'Tros, e4], in szx days, on the sixth day. VI. vi. 38. iKCTaeEis, see eKTECVtO. EIK ~rrW, ticrd5co, 6CrE-raxa, t44r-a~a, EKTLTT(~ eKTra( CKTeraxa, eTata, aor. mid. 4eraSva.ai,, [lic + rdTaw] draw, draww out; draw up in battle array;-mid. pl., draw themselves up in order of battle. CKT~ECVW, CKT~'EWV, CICT-TatcKa, Ef4TEil, aor. pass. 4ETd0erOYv, [ei + Te7dwc], stretch out, extend. IKTrO~UE&, E6CTO~ETOW, EKcTETOS UiVKa, SeerTJeura, [CK + TO4euW], shoot arrows out shoot arrows forth, shoot forth. VII. viii. 14. -KTOS,, -ov, num. adj., [et], sixth. EKTpiXrw, CKTptEW, tiKTTpOTpa, t'5ETpesa, 2 aor. p. 4terpcdr^n, 2 aor. mid. 4erpa7r6ouv, [ec + Trp'rc, turn], turn out, turn off, turn asitde; - mid., turn onJe's self aside, turn off or aside from the road. IV. v. 15. EKTpEiof, -Ope`Cw, tKrerpo(fa, tetOpe6a, 2 aor. p. teTrpdpnov, [ec + TpeCqa], nourish, bring. up. VII. ii. 32. EKTpexC, Kicpxa.Jovf.ati, eKtceSpasLrKaa, 2 aor. e`S6pauov, [i-c + TrpEX], run out, rush out, sally forth, make a sally EKaOLIVWO, KCpavnc, eK7rtEIrayKa, e4e()p7Ya, [tK + qpaIvjW], show forth, bring to liJht. wrdAejov 7rpos Trva eiKcafveiv, make war openly, make open war. III. i. I6. EKiepwo, eoioraw, ter/-5noXa, 2 aor. C'ZvevyfKov, [Kic + f pw], bring out, bring forth, carry forth, give out, mention, relate, report. ticpp iw ir6XqjLov, commence war, commence war openly. EKeE1VyW, iK(f~ev4oiuai, ieKfreo~evcya, 2 aor. teq-vyov, [ec + (-evpyw], flee out, flee away, escape. CKojv, -ovaa, -o', gen. -dvros, -oVa'os, -dvTos, adj., willing, with glood will, of fire will, of one's own accord; often with the force of an adv., willingly, voluntarily, readily. eXda or EXaca, -as, -/, olive-tree, olive. gXatov, -ov, r6, olive-oil, oil of the olive. eX&arTTv, -OP, adj., properly comp. of obsolete eAaXtrs, small, but used as comp. of pUKPds, which see. Xacvcov, edao-w or eAa, eAX4Aaca, fAaaa, drive; intr., or sc. T'rnov, ride, march, advance, proceed. X+CtELos, -or, adj, [eAacpos, deer], of deer. KpEa ecAde(pa, deer's meat, venison. I.v. 2. MXauos, -ou, 6 or l, deer, whether male, stag, hart, or female, hind. eXa4pds, -a, -d^, adj., lifgt, lghtmoving, easy, e nZencumbered, quick, nimble, agile; of soldiers, often lght-armed, unencumbered with baggage. 4Xea4pCos, adv., [exaapdsl, lightly, nimbly, quickly. IXd.XtrIos, -'i, -ov, adj., sup. of EXaXbs, small, but used as sup. of uiKp6s, which see. iMyXcw, 'Ae'yw, pf. p. eAXAevyuat, aor. p.?\eiyx6O7v, examine, question, inquire of; test by questioning or cross-examining, prove by examination, convict of. jXeI'yXO7 ila/3BAAon(, he was convicted of slandering. IXeXMAC, EXEliow, [eXAeAX, war-cry], raise the war-cry, raise the battlecry, raise the war-shout. iXuvep~tc, -as, i, [Exdevepos], freedom, liberty. EXEVE0pos, -a. -ov, adj., free, independent; freedom-loving, liberty-loving. IV. iii. 4. gXKcO, e'tw and AiKVuoow, EtiAKvKa, EtxKVcua, impf. EA\Kov, att/rat, draw, drag, pzul; stretch, draw a bow. 'EXXCi.s 51 El 6rE86 o 'EXX6s, -daos, h, He/llas, (Greek name for Greece as a whole. Originally the name of a city in Phthiotis (Thessaly), said to have been founded by HIellen; then applied to the surrounding region; then to the whole of Greece; and finally to the whole Greek world, including the colonies and islands as well as Greece proper. 'EXXds, -ados,,, Hellas, wife of Gongylus. VII. viii. 8. "EXXqv, -*vVos, 6, Greek, inhabitant or native of Greece; often in pl., "EXX-qvES, -wv, ol, Greeks, whether s all Greeks in general or particular Greeks; sometimes used with the force of an adj., = 'EhAA-v]i6s, as ol "EAXA1evs 7reAraoTac, the Greek petlasts. eXX-qvCo, -lo-w, ["EAAh^v, speak Greek, talk Greek. xxAA^vieL irKTiraroT, he understood Greek. VII. iii. 25 'EXXkqvlKOS, -17, -dv, adj., ["EAAnvI, Grecian, Greek, Hellenec. Tr 'EAX7Xtvutcv (sc. a(rpdreu-xa), the Greek army, the Greek force. 'EXXqvis, -iaos, adj., I'EAAnvJ], Grecian, Greek. 'rdois 'EAArvis, a Greek city. 'EMXXTivrC, adv., VEhAxv], in Greek, in the Greek language. 'EXX1qcrroVTCaKos, -, -d7, ['EAAxiarovrTos], Ihelleponftian. at 'EAAXa7rrovrcaoKal roXetLS, the czites along th2e Hellespont. 'EXXiro-r-oTOS, -ou, 6,, EAA7s 7rdvros, Sea of Helle], Heellespont, Sea of Helle, so called because it was said that Helle was drowned in it when crossing it upon a golden ram to escape the intrigues of her stepmother Ino; to-day the Dardanelles. I. i. 9. X-irCtw, eAxtrrw or -Cw, ~AraKca, ljAirtoa, [eAirrs], hope, expect. VI. v. 17. VAMrs., -Lios, 1, hope, expectation, expectaucy. Tzv JIvtPiv eA riwy,ta, one chance in tenZ thousand. iCLoTUrov), — S, -ou, reflexive pron., [4-, auTbds, mnyself See G. 80; H. 266. iEy3paCvw, Eju/3crotxac, e4,3figrlca, 2 aor. eve3r-V, [ev + -faivw], step into, o in,.,0 zinto, go on board ship, embark. eMPaXXco, ep/aAkW, e4siAArca, 2 aor. evegaxov, [Lv -{- fdAAw, throw in, throz to, cast into, thrust before, insert; intr., or sc. eavrov, throwz one's self into or against, invade; attack, chaige; of streams, flow zino, empty into. rAr^yas Efj3dAAEv, to inflict blows. e.3PL.4p(d, e$43O4, [ev ~+ +3a4], cause to embark, put upon a vessel, pitt on board. ipo13oXi, -5s, 3}, [epd3aAwl, inroad, foray, i-rr lpion, izzwJsioiz, entatrZce. IV. i. 4 EipPp6vrTTos, -ov, adj, [tip7povrcaoga5t, from ev j- povriafw, thuiznder], thunderstruck, stcupd, st pazicstruck. etfpTvr7Tlrov iroLeiv, to make mad, make stupid as if struck by lightning. III. iv. I2. 4Efo, 4easdW or 4e4, e4LEjUEKa, 7jeac, impf. lfrouv, vomit. IV. viii. 20. EptlLevco, 4ipjeLv, ieJjcEuErn7Ka, eveiYsCva, imf. Cssteyvov, [ev + ydvwj, Vremaint int, rclmain thierzin, abide iiz, stay in. IV. vii. 17. '6ds, -7, -ov, pron. adj., [euoi], mny, mine. tWcraXLv, adv., [rv + 7irdAv], in the Anal)asis always with the article ro, by crasis forming T'rot7raxv, backwiards, back, back cgazzn. eZs,robt7raVa, tvba, b ck, back (cain.,uireSodo, -W6(w, efcirelrEwAca, eve7re&(raa, [jC'Tre5os, firm-set!, hold fixed, holdt fst, hold sacred. III. ii. o10 &^'irELpos 52 'vavrCos jf'tretpoS, -ov, adj., [Ey, Tre7pa, experiencel, experienced, practised, familiar with, acquainted with. ijLrwipos, adv., [LerELpos], with experience, in an experienced matnner. eji7reipws arTov Xw v, acquainted with him, knowing him by acquaintance. 1I. vi. i. ijrCpirXj Pt, Oj7rA4coW, frTrAT7]Kia, EvetArr~a, aor. p. eve7rAxaO7rv, IE' + 7rtrA? ], fill, fl/ fil fi l, fill up; satisfy. O A Xqos FrvetrXA O rrerwYv, the hill was covered with horsemen. yvtf4rl-v etLij7rzsavai, to satisfy the desire. llJ7rip.lrp~qLL, e4TrpifOw, E/0Tre'pr7fla, Ev'irp7loa, impf. 3d pl. eveWr'nriupaav, [ev + 7rtfirpfrlu, burn], burn, setfire, set on fire. 4IxrCWrCo, e/A7rEt~oa1tCM, eu7trirrwca, 2 aor. Ev&Freov, [6v + t 'rTwl1, fall in, fall /pon, seize upon, attack; occur to. evvoia avrcT EtOrrlrre, (the) thaught occurs to hinm. tparXeos, -wv, a dj, [v + -rAXws, full], quite full, filled up, full. I. ii. 22. iELaroSttlo, -L,, 4trETOaLKa, ('nEr7oia8-a, [ev, rovs], hinder, inipede, thwart, be in the way of, be in one another's way. IV. iii. 29..rr'dSLos, -ov, adj., [fv, rovs], standing in the way, in the way, impeding. As subst., pirnSLtov, -or, 76, obstacle, hindrance. Jl{Jro8wSv, adv., t= e'v roar &v, but formed after analogy with eK7roswv], in the way. ~txtros3v elva, to be in the way, to hinder. Ti iATroahv [eozi], what hinders. iuJnrOi~W, -7r0w, E/.trerol177Ka, EVe7ro I1-,a, [ev + troie], make in, produce in, create in, inspire in, impress on, cause. Iejroioja'l as rETia-Eov ef, to produce the inpression that they must obey.,ErroXaw, -i'cfw, mrch andisa, 7,ur6 -A-nla, [eu7roAj, merchandise], get by sale, obtain by traffic, gain by sale. VII. v. 4. enO-dpLov, -ov, r6-, [K iropos], tradingcentre, centre of trade, place of trade, emporiumn, mart, especially for business by sea. I. iv. 6. 4twropos, -ov, o, [connected with rEpdaw, traverse], trader, merchant, supercargo. V. vi. 19. 4Jrpor-Oev, adv., [ev + wrpoeev], before, in front, earlier. 6 4torpocafo Adyos, the preceding narrative. os' xrpoc-OeY, the foremost, those in front. ra & 'jw7rpoo-Ev or r&,TrpoC0ev, the places in front, the front. El4>ay/tv, see Eve0cr w. iJ4Ptvils, -is, adj., [,qpaivw, show], visible, open, manifest. iv T4 eiupavE, publicly, openly. II. v. 25. e,44avvs, adv., [etpnavjs], visibly, openly, publicly. iv, prep. with dat., in; of place, in, within, on, upon, amnong, at; of time, in, at, on, during'; of manner and means, with, through, as e' ' butAS l3dat i Kavoi ear tev, with which we are able to harm you; used also in many idiomatic phrases. iv XP [xpdvl, meanwhile. iv otrAois Evat, to be under armnis. ev To6T [re Xp xpv], during this time. In composition iv becomes ei- before palatals, Ei- before labials. &vayKvX&oO, -o^-w, fv)rr'ycrKv,K, ei7yKAfa-a, [ev, ayKvncA, thong], fit thongs to, attach thongs to, put tMongs on. Cf. p. 32, Darters. IV. ii. 28. EvavTrLo60JaL, -ocronais, i7avTnriwtaL, [e'vavros], set one's self against, oppose, zwithstand. VII. vi. 5. EvavCTos, -a, -o, adj., [6e, VcrT, aainst], opposite, on the opposite side, over against, infront of, before; in the opposite direction, contrary, in one's face; hostile. eVa'irTO 56 ~'vtlv ol evavrios, the enemy. bK rov EvavrLour, on the opposite side, on the other side. Els rabavria (= ra CvavTiLa) orpe4avres, facing about. evairrco, ievdw, aor. ievi*a, [ev + aTrrw], set on fire. YVCLOS, -77, -ov, num. adj., [evveal, ninth, the ninth. IV. v. 24. 4vavXCtopJaL, -laosat, evrvio7a-.zua, aor. p. (as mid.) i7vUvA(r7Ov, [ev + aviofAboysa, from avbA', courtyard], bivouac, take up quarters for the night. VII. vii. 8. {vSeLa, -as, 3j, [Ev8e7s, needy], want, need, lack, particularly of the means of subsistence. vSaCKVVptL, ivYet4i, evse&EiXa, Ivi6esa, [Le + &eicKvvui], show forth, display, indicate, express. VI. i. I9. EvSeKiTos, -,-, -ov, num. adj., [e'v8eca], eleventh, the eleventh. I. vii. 17. vSEio, iYSvaeow, evfSe-77Ka, eveaerloa, [iv -+ sw], need, lack, wantl, followed by gen.; often used as impers., evS?, impf. evaei, there is need of there is lack of lvSTqXos, -ov, adj., [Iv + 8jXos], visible, manzfest, plain, evident, clear; often used with a participle, like 87jxos, as 4vS8Aos IylyveTro TrrtBovAevwv, he was evidently plotting. vSrpFos, -ov, adj., [ev + a3y1ov, people], at home. J7rb iWv eivbotJcwv, from the home revenues. VII. i. 27. 4vS4ptos,-ov, adj., [ev, 6lppos, seat], sitting on the same seat, hence szttingattable. As subst., ivStbpLos, -ov, 6, table companion. E'vo0ev, adv., [tv8ov, -Oev], from within, from inside. 'vSov, adv., [ev], within, inside, in. C'vSogos, -ov, adj., [ev, bSda], held in honor, of high repute, full of honor. oiwvbs EvaoBos, omen betokening honor. VI. i. 23. ivvS60, e'vUw, evieaKua, vevfara, plupf. 3d pl. iveCeSfi6ceav, 2 aor. vE8iv, [Iv - 86w], put on, plupf. had put on, = wore. ivepaXov, see Ejip3d\XXw. ev'Spa, -as, j, [ly + e'ipa, seat], ambush, ambuscade. IV. vii. 22. eveSpovw, -evaOw, iv8fpevfca, ivYOjpuvaa, [levepa, ambush], set an ambush; lie in ambush, lie in wait. Ve'Vi, iveroapa, impf. ievv, 3d sing. often e'vt for fyE-rei, [ev + Elfi], def., be in, be on; be therein, be there. VEKac (eveKev before vowels), prep. with gen., generally following or separated from its noun, on account of, for the sake of, because of; for; with regard to. VEV'lKovTra, indecl. num., ninety. EvCos-, -a, -v, adj., dumb, deaf and dumb. IV. v. 33. EvEcr0oo, 2 aor. eveqayov, part. eCL(payc6v, lit. 'eat in,' eat quickly, eat in haste. &V~TOS, -4, -do, adj., [ev1yst, send in], suborned, prompted. eivxvpov, -ov, T6, [ev + Xupds, strong], pledge, surety, security. VII. vi. 23. iveXxw or EvCroX, iev^w or evaXaow, evEffXr ca, 2 aor. evCEXov, [L + exw], stick in, hold fast in, catch in, be caught in. VII. iv. 17. ivTv, see gViEL(L. Av0a, adv., [eV], there, here, thither, where, whither; of time, thereupon, then, wihen. ivO&Se, adv., [eveal, here, hither, there, thither. 'vOairep, adv., [evOa + 7rip], just there, just where, in the place where. 'vOev, adv., [ev + -eyv], from here, from there, hence, whence, thence. ev0Oev... ev0ev, on this side.. on that, from this side... from that, from both sides, on both sides. 4vOevSE 54 E'VTrL.os ev9Oeve, adv., [6EYYv], hence, from this spot, from this very place. ievuioaJLOL, -7jtro-/a5, ivresV-OiUa/amt, aor. p. veOuvucOrv, [ev + Ou-!Ldouai, from Ovds's, mind], have in mind, bear in mind, consider well, reflect on. eve6rQur tiai TOuTO, I have made up my mind to this, Ihave observed this. ive'OurlpC, -aTos, TO, [eYvspLoyaLc], thought, reflection, consideration; plan, device. iVOwpaKtlt0, -liW, pf. p. YreOTWpdict^ota, aor. p. wvewpaKicir7Ov, [ev + OwpaKciw,, from OfcpaS], put on a coat of mail, arm completely. evreOwpaKiouSv os, clothed with a coat of mail, in full armor. VII. iv. 16. wvt, see E'VELIL. IvtVuT6s, -oi, 6, year. 'iwLO, -as, -a, adj., [v'I oi', = EiryIv oY], some. EVLOTE, adv., [Lei + bTe], at times, sometimes. EvCorxo, see evexo. ivvEa, indecl. num., nine; in derivatives, with one v. ivvoYe, -'rw, ivevvrtKa, eievo7coa, [ev + voiw], have in omind; bear in mind, think, think over, reflect, ponder, consider, devise, think out, find out by reflection; take thought, be anxious, fear. EvvoLa, -as, 77, [Iv, ovoi e, thought, idea, consideration, reflection. III. i. I3. fvoLKEi, -ffW, ivevcf)7K1ca, CvyrCa, [ev + obcK'w], inhabit, live in, dwell in. ot EvoCoYTvres, -= o' EyVOIKOI, the inhabitants, the natives. evd'rXos, -ov, adj., [ev, o"Xov], in arms, with arms, martial. evodrXAos pv uOo's, war-dance time, the metrical time adapted to warsongs. BvopcoW, evdo3oais, ievepaKa, 2 aor. eveirTov, [ei + opdw], see in, see, discern, notice, observe. woAA& evop& (sc. iv rv oTpar7tysa,) 8s' a, I see (in the leadership) many reasons why. Wvds, viC, see Ies. evoxXMio, ivoXXr0coA, ']v0 XA\Kca, hlvc6Xao'ra, imperf. vo'dXouv, [iv - OXAiw, from oxAos], crowd upon, interfere wzth, trouble, disturb. eVTarTTr, iYvrdtc, evrlracxa, pf. p. vrewraystas, Lev + frdarsoj, register among, enroll zi. Trj a(rvpevovav ievrerayjd vew, to him who takes post to use the sling. vTavOa, adv., [evOa, aurs-s], here, there, at this place, at this very place, hither, thither; at the very time, there, thereupon, hereupon. kVTrisVw, ivyTCev, eivrYraKca, veEreva, impf. ev^reLvov, [iv + TEIYw, stretch], stretch tight, stretch out at. r3A7-yas evrevevv daAAjAO1s, to lay blozs on one another, to strike one another. II. iv. xI. EvreXTis, -es, adj., [eiv, rTeos, full, entire, complete. sslrObs CVTreAS, full pay. eVTrXXhoap.at iveo, rreXo a ax, vrAa i, fveTeAdciA7V, [lv + T'hAAw, accomplish], conm anztd, enjoin. V. i. I3. ivETpovV -on, -O,, [VTOvS, within], piece of intestine; usually in pi, 'vrepa, -wv, rd, inZtstines, bowels. II. v. 33. EvTrweOv, adv., [evOey], hence, thence, from this place; henceforth, afterwards, after this, hereupon; in consequence, therefore, from that source, fm-om this. EVT~rlCJ.LL, irWv-Ia, evriOeIKOa, Cvefrlca, 2 aor. mid. iveOfty'v, [ev + rfOrJLt], put in, place in; especially of lading a ship, put on board; inspire, inspire in. E'VTLJOS, -ov, adj, [iv, TsIj], in honor, held in esteem, honored, respected. 4VTjuos 55 uavaCvo CvTAcos, adv., [I'vrt/os], he/a in honor. evrTiws eEXELv, to be in honor. II. i. 7. fvr6vws, adv., [evrovos, eager], earnestly, strenuously. evTOs, adv., [el], often with the gen., within. eYvbs abrWv, within their line. wroVraCV eIvtbs ad&aBdrwv, between impassable rivers. IVTUyX64VW, cVTrE4oCLi, va r fV7-TVE ra, 2 aor. evErvXov, [Le + rvyxdvw], happen upon, fall in witt, chance to meet, find. 'Evw&XLos, -ov, 6, Enyalius, the Warlike, epithet of Ares (Mars), as god of battle. ivVTVwov, -ov, -O, [ie, rtrvos, sleep], dream, vision. EVwfLapOTCXos,, 6, [evcusori(a, eivctloros, and &pXwo], enomotarch, leader of an enomoty. See p. 28. VfJ~LOTCa, -as, 3, [ev, ovvYUv, swearj, lit. 'sworn company' of soldiers, enomoty, fourth part of a 6Aoos, numbering usually about twentyfive men. e, see EK. e, indecl. num., six. cxayyYXco, i4acyfy~A, ie47yyeAKa, etiyyerAa eq, + ayy~IAw], announce outside, bring out report, tell outside, report. ieayw, itdEw, ietixa, 2 aor. iejyayov, I aor. p. ipejXOqv, [et + ~-y)l, lead out, lead away, lead forth, lead on, induce; march away. eaip~Tos, -ov, adj., [eaippw, choose out], chosen out, picked out, choice, selected. VII. viii. 23. acLpiw, -?rCVw, ie.pprca, 2 aor. ee7Xov, pf. p. iEp/-qpuai, aor. p. ippiQl7v, [e4 + alpcw], take out, remove, set apart, select, choose;- mid., choose for one's self, choose out. E'airT~o, leatracvo, eiTjrtKa, i 6PtjTna, aor. mid. egir7rvdrc'v, [L + lTeZ], ask of, demand;-mid., ask for one's self, beg of, rescue by entreaty. Ea'cIvrls, adv., [i4 + acpvons, su'ddenlyI, suddenly, on a sudden, znexp ctedly. ictKLO-XCIXO L, -at, -a, gen. -uv, num., [ec Kits + XtAott], six thousand. IE(aKOVTriw, -sr, impf. ei-TKvritov, [e + d+ TcoVrf], dart forth, hurl Jorth, shootforth. V. iv. 25. gctiKocrLOL, -at, -a, num., [EL, eKarvY], six hundred. iSaXaratr6o, eiaAatradw, [4i + dAardacw], poetic word, sack, plunder, pillage. VII. i. 29. eaXXoacLL, daxovuiat, I aor. io7xdjLvy, 2 aor. f7tjx^/7jv, [et + aiAAoI, lea,, spring out, sp'ring aside, leap out of the way. VII. iii. 33. EctajapTr&vW, -7jaou a, e4trldpsr^ra, 4I?7jdpr1Inc a, 2 aor. i4/sapTrov, [e1 + atjapTrdvw, err], fail, err, sin. V. vii. 33. 4iavc(rTr1p, 4i~avacrr7,orW, i4aVcfrr7Ka, i4ava-rTlca, [ie + ava + oTar7ju], rouse zup, raise up out of; —intr. forms (see t'rTTiit), stand up, rise up out of, stand, rise. gcaTraT.t, -jCw, i —priCCa, 'rrr ra arT71taa, [l1 + ahraTdw], beguile conpletely, deceive utterly; practise deception, deceive, cheat, impose upon. tai7rdTrq, -rS, h, [ei, darar?, trick], deception, gross deceit, imposition. VII. i. 25. ic.TrTlXUS, -v, adj., ['e, t7rXus, cubit], six cubits long, six cubits wide. V. iv. 12. eia'irCvq}s, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly, on a sudden. ctapKECo, ltapKea-w, aor. e4tpKica, [e + fdpcecw, be sufficient], be quite enough, be sufficient, suffice. k;px"', iecdpws, icEpxa, e4tipta, [64 + KPXsl], be^in w7't, make a beg-innimg, take the lead in, lead off. eacuaCvvw, -avw, aor. eSrv-qva, impf. mid. ivactv6aY v, [16 + avbatvw, dty], dry up, wither up completely, wither away. II. iii. I6. eavuXCtoIatL 56 CWOQEV 4EavXCtoo aL, -iaofJae, efv6AiLafSL, e7r6uAxiaod/?v, 1[e + avixi'Colai, from abuA, courtyard], take up quarters, change one's quarters. VII. viii. 21. t'ELJL, ea-oiyaz, [4e + Elf], used only as impers., E'ErTL, vijz, be possible, be allowed, be permitted, be in one's power. Neut. of participle, e44v, often in acc. abs.. while it is (was) possible, although it was permitted. EgCELp, impf. Eqpewv or 1E4a, [t4 + EiL]l, go out, march forth, come forth, come out. VI. v. 3. ieacavvvw, EcEXaocw or 4eeA6, f~E4\Aaca, etAacra, [e4 + iXavvcw, drive], drive out, expel;- intr. or sc. 'Yrnrov, march out, march forth, ride forth; proceed, advance, march. OEiXov, eS6ELXrllV, see Ecaipio. eerX'ynLv, see iKwlrTT.o. Ti4VEyKOV, ECEVEyKitV, see (4e'pco. 4pE'pr, 4ep+w, [4e + ipmrw, creep], creep out, creep forth. VII. viii. I. EtipXojJlat, eEfX6broyLai, E~eXAvuOa, 2 aor. e44Aov,o [e4 + pXoutai], come out, go out, go forth, depart, escape; of intervals of time, come to an end, elapse, expire. EtTEow, -dac, e-rTKcaK, e47raaa, [4E + ~ Td(w, from eTds, true], examine, inquire into, review; - mid., present one's self for inspection, pass muster. EieaCL(T, -ewSs,, [94srcdw], scrutiny, inspection, review, muster. 4dTratwv wroieZv, to make a muster, to pass in review. iEvuropCtw, -lrw or -ic, [4e + fe + wropifw], supply abundantly, provide fully. 'tI-yEoLL, -2'JofuaI, e'44yniat, 4e4,y7raoCrV, [4E + ryiojla,], lead forth, bring out. gthKOvTa, indeclin. num., ['], sixty. itKi eCo, 44 4, cKa, [e4 + fKIj, pres. with meaning of the pf., have come out, have issued; of time, have gone by, have expzred, have run out. VI. iii. 26. e4gXh ov, gSX0~etv, see 4ejpXoaLL. gILKVC'opL e, e41o/aa, i4s, 2 aor. etIKOI^yv, [4e + LicvEoyaIl], mid. dep., come out of, come to, reach, arrive at, strike, suffice. 'girrTmlL, IT~CTWrJW, e'crT77)Ka, 44so-ro'-a, 2 aor. 4e4o-r'v, [4e + 'lr7r7/ut], put out of, change;mid. and intr. forms (see to-r-Pl)), stand aside from, retire from, withdrazw from, get out from. I. v. I4. QeoSos, -ov, 7, [e4 + 4 86s], going out, marching out, expedition, excursion, departure; way out, egress, outlet. idv, see etEL^Ip. eto7rXCMw, -ilaw or -ci, e4c7rAica, 4ewrXoraa, [e + 6rAxtCw, from iAxov], arm completely, arm fully; - mid., arm one's self completely, be in arms, be in full armor. etw7rAo-uevYos, in full armor. go7r\LXcra, -as, 1, [eToirAilw, being under arms, review, accoutrement. ev Tr 40o7rhAclj, under arms. I. vii. IO. koppwW, -jaow, 4tc6pi7rcKa, 4e4cpf7-qoa, [e4 + opjdwo, from bpjud, start], send forth, urge forth, incite, urge on; - intr., set out, start, goforth, especially in haste. Sovcrt-a, -as, 4j, impers. EcQarr, itis permitted, from r5Et1i/], permission, power, authority, liberty to do anything. V. viii. 22. 944o, adv., [4], out, outer, outside, without; with gen., outside of, beyond, beyond the reach of, besides. -b E'w [rez os], the outer wall. 4co0ev, adv., [rw, + -ev],-from outside, from without; with gen., outside of. 9OLKa 57 EWrEKeLVa gOLKL, 2 pf. of ectu with pres. meaning, part. eiKws, 2 plupf. eiyqecv, be like, seem like, look like, resemble; often impers., EOLKc, it appears, it seems; it is natural, it is rizht, it is proper, it is likely. EopT^, -s, -, feast, festival, holiday, feast-day. ra'yyiXXw, h'rayyexda, ier47yyeAf a, ETrriyyeLAa, [hrl + ayyeAAw], announce, proclaim; —mid., propose, promise, offer. eirrcy, rcradw, tri xa, 2 aor. c7r?^yayov, pf. p. ie7r7yl/a, [i7ri + 6'yc], bring against, bring- forward agoinst. VII. vii. 57. erraLviE, errazVercrw, TryvELeK, aePrCfyeEC, [irL +- alviE, praise], approve, praise, commend, applaud, thank. wICrLVos, -OV, o, approval, praise, commendation. V. vii. 33 irraipw, rrapw, e7rx7pa, e'rr-pa, [Crhi + aYpw], rouse up, stir up, induce, persuade, influence, urTe on. ETraKoXovXOEL, -4o-w, E'7r qoAovt6-cc0a, En.'.Ko3ova o'ac, [Er[i + CKoAouOew], follow after, follow upi, foi/low close zponz, pursue; followed by dat. firaCKOVW, -ova'o/al, hcra-iKoa, hTr'Kovnoa, listen to, hearkeni to, hear, overhear. VII. i. 14. firrCavcarTEW, -revw, -7r'raKa, e'rav'reiva, [ehri + avd + TreiVwj, stretch up; present stretched out. frrLvaXwope, -Xwp'f-w, -KeFXCpVrKa, e7ravEXcp7roa, impf. crravXcwpovv, [lir + dvd 4- Xwp l], retreat, draw back, return. CravepXoIJaLL, harave cAcVro/oai, c7raveArdvOa, 2 aor. eravAOov, [erri + dav + gPXota"], go back to, come back to, retZurn. err:vw, adv., [tr + &vw], over, above. iv rots 7rdvw, zn the preceding narrative, above. ircrTELXE'w, -rctrew, a7rr7rreiAKa,, E7 -r i71-at, [ierl + a7reiXECw, threatent], threaten besides, add threats, make threats in addition. VI. ii. 7. ErreyyEAXd, ErrfyyeA 0o/xsatI, [firl + ej + 'yexacto, laugh at, exzlt over, ridicule. II. iv. 27. iTrreyCpo, h7reyepC, eIreI7iTyepKa, harr-y7tpa, [eri + '-yePpCl], awaken, rouse up, wake up. IV. iii. IO. ETriepalaov, see 'irLrpieXu. inEC, conj., [7ri + ef], of time, after, when, since, now that, ever since, as often as, whenever; of cause, since, seeing that, inassmuch. ere rTaXiorTa, as soon as. eireLSiLv, conj., [for e7re8j &j], used only with the subj., whenever, whenever indeed, when indeed. ereirsav rTaXtTa, as soon as. EEirt8', [for erd 84], temporal and causal conj., strengthened form of e7re', after, after that, when znow1, /whent, since, seeing that, since indeed. birt8ov, see 4opdow. E7r~ELKL, Ibreho'roa, impf. Erjyv, [eri + i], be o, be on, be over. E'reLLtL, impf. eryeeiv, [eri + eLtj], pres. with fut. meaning, serving as fut. of erEpXo/laL instead of 7reAEv(ro[Lai, come upon; go ag5ainst, come zagainst, assault, attack; come forward in order to speak or perform in public; of time, come on, mostly in part. eirriw, -oo-a, -dv, following, succeeding, as r enoivaa (7,7ipa), the following day. elreC'rrp, causal conj., [for 1ErF Trep], for the very reason that, inasmuch as, since indeed. gTrELTa, adv., [ti + JEra], afterwards, thereupon, thereafter, hereafter; in the next place, next, moreover, further; sometimes correlative with -rp rov. i'TrKE La, adv., [for i r' eKeva, erl i e7va], beyond, on the furt/her side, on yoiider side. ol cK ron ereceLtia, those of the country beyond. V. iv. 3. Ei-rEKeoW eTreKO&O, -GON ofota, impf. rErEfOeov, E7rlt + eK0ewj, run out i/on s/all forth against. V. ii. 22. EirEtePXOfAaL, -AE6AOeu-o.a, ErEtE-M-A AvOa, 2 aor. ErWE-jAhov, [Ei7rt + eEpxoizl ], come out against, make a sally against. V. ii. 7. rego6sbos, -ov, adj., [crr'eoSos from +?ri + 6e + 'ods], of a march or expedition. rre4ASia, [sc. Lfpd], Tia, preliminary sacrfices, the sacrifices offered previous to setting out on a march or expedition. briwraTo, see,iraolaL. eiErrere, see 1tirriLrTTo. EreipolaiL, E-rpCTro0Lai, 2 aor. ir7pblArYv, [eirlt+ puipolat, ask), pres. not used, zinqire of; ask further, ask again, question, ask. eirepxoiacJL, EiA-6oM, revoa reAh Aua, 2 aor. Et7r7Aov, [eri + EpXouaL], in Attic EriEifj is used as fut., come olz, come tuon, go on, traverae. trrevXoaLiL, -ev4opai, aor. eC7reuvtli7Jv or rjvluSjr7v, [eri +- evXoiuat, pray], utter imprecations, appeal to the gods. V. vi. 3. lireX}c, ep4lsw, e7rea-rXl ca, 2 aor. i-reaXov, [hIri + tXw], hold upon; keep in, hold back, stop from, cease from. III. iv. 36. iriKOOS, -, adj., [eTrwoiaK, hear], hearing, listening to; within hearing, within ear-shot. els 'riyKoor, within hearing distance, within ear-shot. EtrjKTO, see 'ray&o. erC, prep. with gen, dat., and acc., on, upon. i. With gen., (a) of place, on, upon, in, on board of; with motion, towards,for; (b) of time, in, at, during, as Je' 7~IAv, in our time; (c) of manner, especially in military phrases, as 2-rl TeradpWv, four deep; i' f vds, one by one; Eq Eavruiv, by themselves; erl qidxayyos, in line of battle. -rvtyCyvojpat 2. With dat., (a) of place, at, by, near, upon; of authority, as rrTpar-)ybs irl T ots yuevovcr, general over the rest; yiyveo-ai C'ir,aoLAei, to fall under the king's power; (b) of time, on, at, durinz, as eirl ri Tropeia, on or during the advance; (c) of cause, on account of, as piEcya qpovro-a ehrI ri crp, having become proud of this; (d) of purpose, for, as 7ril OavdCfp, for death,for execution; (e) of condition, on condition, as E'O' rTE, on condition that, provided. 3. With acc., (a) of place (with motion to), to, towards, upon, over, unto; often used thus in military expressions, as er-l 6opv, to the right; ri' dciori6a, to the left; in a hostile sense, against, as iriopeeaOai e7rl PaaiAeta, to proceed against the king; (b) of time, until, till; (c) of cause, as;rcL Ts (trpaTevcueaua, to take the field on account of sorething. ELtPaAXX, e7riX3CaAco, e'7r-ij3E3AnKa, 2 aor. hir~BaAov, [eni +,BdaAo], throw on, cast on; mid. pui t on, have on. of ro orai e7riSei3A-?EAe1 -vro, the archers with their arrows put on the strhin, the archers in readiness to shoot. itmpo0refw, -ic-w, [Eii + fSoO7wj], come to aid, give support to. VI. V. 9. urtpovuXr'o, fut. mid. eiriSovxAevaopiac, aor. p. hrei3ovue-O-qv, [e7ri +,BouAe vw], plot against, form designs upon, plan against, lay snares for, contrive aaintst, aim at, purpose. Ei-povX., -s, -S, [EiL-' + 0VouX] plot against, plan against, plot, scheme, design against. S ehr iouvXAs, by treachery, treacherously, by design. eirLytvyl-yvoatL, eTyryvofoyati, 2 pf. hi-ye^yova, 2 aor. 'irreyeiv-orv, [Irif ~ yiy'vozas], come upon, fall upon, assault, attack; come upon suddenly, take by surprise. eitypaMd4 59 irrtLPLpT-pcpIL 'rryp+xo, irrypa w, en7rry'ypaqpa, cirelypa/a, Len + 'yp00w 1, write upzon, write thereon, inscribe. enrtSELKvjjiL, -e6f1'w, - 8s eXa, T reeL-,a, impf. exreSELKvt'Ylv, [eir + se[KvuIIj], show to, exhibit, point out, display, show forth; mid., exhibit one's self, show of, show one's self, show, make a display, set forth. im8iLSLCK, -WO, [Ln + IIWKco], pursue after, follow up, follow after, ive chase. irtLaXaTTtos, -or, adj, [elri, OaAarra], borderaing on fhe sea, lyingZ along the sea, maritime. V. v. 23. triOecr, -ews, — ew, [', iTriOi], a setting upon, attack, assault. eWrL O-vLEo, -S]4W, iL'rTreOuj`7i/ca, ivr u/^oC'a, [iC7, OuvtJs, soul], set one's heart upon anything, be eager for, desire, wish for, covet; followed by infin. or gen. tiriUOl.a, -as, i7, [irtOevu w], desire, ambition. II. vi. I6. EwrLKaCptos, -ov, adj., [Ler + Kcatipos, from Kalpos, the rifht time], seasonable, in fit time or place, timely, suitable, opp5ortune; important e rlKKCLlTrT, eirTKditL4w, impf. E7reKaLsrrvov, [eiri + KTTs trw, bendj, bend into an ange e; of troops in line of battle, bendforward, i. e. move one or both wings forward so as toform angles with the centre and take the enemy on the flank. I. viii. 23. irLKacTappLTeC'), impf. erriKareppiirroUv, [eirl + nard -+ kpTrrw - pj'rTw], throw down after, cast down after. IV. vii. I3. rWCKeitlaI, eraKeiaroyati, impf. ireeditvv, [leri + KttetLai, lie], press upon an enemy in retreat, fall upon, attack. erTEiaofuevos, ready to attack. irrLKCvSOvos, -ov, adj., comp. erxKiWvWv6Tepos, [bri - ci- iSuvvos], fraugiht with danger, full of danger, da.ngerous, _perilous. TrLKOVpipE -WJow, e7riKcoupos, all}J, assit, relieve, defend against, protect fromn, keep offr-om. EirrKovpTjpa, -a-ros, -d, [erixcKvpwa], help, relief,protection. 7raKorp77ysa T7-s xgvos, protection against the snozw, IV. v. 13. EiTLKPCWT'tT -as j, [xtuKpaTrs, in power], control, command, mastery; realm, dominion. 27rb Tr ecrIKpaTreta Tov XowpIov, within the country subject to the place. CIrLKpvrTrt, ET'tcKpbiw, x7rrclKpu(pa, er'KpvuCa, [i7rL + i purrw], conceal. &s ya'xiara eivvaro r7rKpvTT"rrtevos = as secretly as possible, I. i. 6. ETrILKvrTl, -KV6eW, -KiKV2wa, txrKV*ca, [exi + iCr-rw ] stoop over, bend over. IV. v. 32. irLK'Kcvpdo, -Icvpwrs w, ETruKeKfvpKa, eIefcKpwcoa, aor. mid. 7rewcupwo-'dtjvlv, [et7r + KupOW, confirm], sanction, confirm, ratify, votefor. III. ii. 32. eIrLXctapavv, e7rxLAsouyai, ixreiM'Ar7pa, 2 aor. eirrAafov, [E7r + Aap a/dvw], take on; reach after, reach to; - mid, take hold of, seize upon, lay hold of; come nwithin reach of, reach. ErtLXatvOcvoFaiL, -Ah*ooiua, -AlAOCryat, 2 aor. C7reAaOdujfv, [lir + AavOavw,], forget, lose thought of; followed by gen. III. ii. 25. E-irXi'yo), -AE4w, [e7r + AEyw], say in addition, say further, say besides. I. ix. 26. f7rtLXErdC, -Aeitew, -AhXolra, 2 aor. erdAtsrov, [erl + Aexrwo], leave behind; fail one, give out, come short, be wantnqg, be lacking to. iMCACKTos, -ov, adj., [IElraySy, select], picked out select, e icked men. EirrtfapTrvpof.ac., ie7riaprvpouuait, aor. e7re/aprvpd/c.lv, [ tri - I taprVpok/at, attest], call to wilness, call on earnestly, appeal to. IV. viii. 7. ;rC'WaXos ( X60 4ntrcra pma trCplaxos, -ov, adj., [eir, -udXofias], easy to attack, open to attack, assailable; sup. rcidaX&rTaTos, very easy to attack. V. iv. I4. E7rLpXeLa, -as, j, [S7rqzxeAs], thoughtfulness, thoughtful attention, attention, diligence, painstaking. EreiEXs, -es, adj., comp. rs;7eXErTErpos, sup. e7rLueAecrararos, [erttXAhogat], careful, vigilant, thoughtful, attentive, diligent. III. ii. 30. EriLAXofLaL, -ateX4^oLsac, -fe/tf7AaL, aor. p. (as mid.) eirEfjLEA0qrv, [ert + e4tAoutat, carefor], take care of, attend to, take thought of, care for; watch to see, observe carefully, watch closely.;rLE'ivw, -FLevWc, - eE6'7va re7e, uriva, [eri - e^vcoW, remainl, stay on, abide still, tarry, remain by, remain near. EnrLyyvviLL, -,IAco, [e'rVi + pi-yvvjt, mix], mix with; intr., associate with, mingle with, have dealings with. III. v. I6. iErLVoEa, -h-co, E7rtivevoKca, EirePv4Y7a, [dSr + vofw, from vdos, voDs], have in mind, think of, intend, purpose. EILOpKow, -4otw, hTriciprcqKa, 4rriwpK7o'a, [eTriopcos], perjure one's self, forswear one's self, swear falsely. OeoVs E'rtopKcra-a, to perjure one's self before the gods. EirLopKCa, -as, 9), [SCriopicosj, false oath, perjury, false swearing. irCopKos, -ov, adj., [erlt+ gpicos, oath], sworn falsely; of persons, forsworn, accustomed to swear falsely, given to perjury. II. vi. 25. ErL7raCpe.LjL, impf. eTlrrapja or 4eri7rapcvY, [e7ri + 7rapd + e4liL, come to one's assistance, III. iv. 23; march on high ground parallel with others marching below, III. iv. 30. EoLrtT, Jri(reaovuai, Elri rrrwKia, 2 aor. e'rirecorv, L7ri + 4rirTrw], fall on, as of snow; fall upon, attack, make an attack on, assail. irlirovos, -or, adj., comp. ermrovc6repos, sup. ELrTrov&raros, [eiril + rdvros, toil], toilsome, laborious, wearisome. olwovbs eri7rovos, omen portending stfferzing or trouble. EWLrppLI"rTo, impf. Erreppi'rovv, [ei7r + pr7TwO = pirrco], hurl at, hurt down, throw down. V. ii. 23. erppvros, -or, adj, [eTippew, flow upon], moist, well-watered. I. ii. 22. irLra'rrw, aor. errecaaa, [erhi + 'arTw, load], pile a load on. ftodaiac 'Irrov, to saddle a horse. 'EwrLriev's, -ovs, 6, Episthenes, name of two Greeks mentioned in the Anabasis; - I. Leader of the peltasts in the battle at Cunaxa, from Amphipolis, in Thrace. 2. A captain, from Olynthus in Chalcidice. VrLrilTCtoi.aL, -lovuai, aor. 7r'eaSriao-drv, [ao-ros], get supplies, obtain provisions, lay in provisions, forage, procure supplies; with ace. of the thing, provide one's sef with. iruiTLT-c.6s, -oi, 6, [erurItt forail], foraging, gettingprovisions, getting supplies; stock of provisions, supplies. ILcrKEUa&ZW, -daow, ETreaicevaKa, heKecbaouaa, [Seri + o utev7f w, make ready], equip; repair, keep in repair, restore. V. iii. 13. irtcTrKorio, fSirscrK4osas, erI aKEjuLtat, r7ncrKticdu tjrf, [eri + oTorW le acd7rTojLac], look at, inspect, examine, review; look after, look out for. 4rwrrm7,o, -dow, eirdaraKa, e rfcarao'a, [eri - + ardw, draw], draw on, drag along; - mid., draw to one's self, drag with one's self. IV. vii. 14. irrC'ra'aiL, STr'o-rcrooai, impf. Sriordurfv, aor. 97trsTrO7vr, know how to do anything, know, understand; eirttr s 61;4nXIt be familiar with, be versed in, be acquainted with, be aware, be assured. erLrTrcs,s see 4i+arT'itt. irTCrTClo'S, -eOw, 7, [pi(r6ffrutl, a stopping, halt, haltizg. II. iv. 26. Er'rLrTaow, -4'crw, impf. eireocTarouv, [EorifraT7s, overseer, from ieia'Tr)u], have charge of; command, exercise command, act as commander. II. iii. II. e7riLcTeXXAJ, -aT~rE/A, e7reorraica, 6artoTretAa, [Lehi + 're'AAw], se(nd to, send a message to; direct, charge, enjoin, give orders. irt[o-Trl Lwv,-ov, adj., [eri-rra/sat], conversant with, expert in, versed in. II. i. 7. eirLToXi, -, -, [eio-TxAAW], message; letter. irLCrTpaTEca, -as, i r, [e7rrrTpaTeuWl, a march against, expedition. II. iv. 1. l'rLcrrpaTEV(o, -eaw, [7rt + t-opae6wi], make an expedition against, march against, make war upon. II. iii. I9. IE7rLrrrwaTT, E'haOaicw, aor. TbreO'aa, [e'rl + (a4dTw, slay, as a victim for sacrifice], slay upon, kill upon. I. viii 29. i7rnraL.TTw", -rdtC, -Te'raxa, eirTrata, pf. p. 7rtrE'Tay/ai, aor. mid. e'7eTra/l7Vs, [heri }+ rTdrw], place next, place beside or behind; enjoin, command, give orders. iTcrEXeO, -Te/eac'o, aor. hereTeAeroa, [eri + re\Ew, from re/os, end], bring about, fulfil, complete, accomplish. IV. iii. 13. EfrlTLSELOS, -a, -ov, adj., [eir7T&Ss, to the purpose], suitable, adapted to the purpose intended, fitting, fit, proper. As subst., irLT'qSEa, -aov, Tcr, often by crasis rcirirz4sa, lit. 'things suitable to sustain life,' provisions, supplies, necessaries of life. ra7 esrTrilov EiratEv &y, he would strike hi-m who deserved it. E-LTOi.LL, -0r'4w, -re eaca, e'rrOiJKa, [ehi + ri;7Oji], lay upon, place upon, inflict; - mi4., fill upon, miake an attack on, attack, assail. 6icKYv Tvl reTTOaTi, to inflictpunishmnent on any one. eirLTpilro, -rpecw, -rTepoepa, hi^7peja, 2 aor. mid. e7reTrpaTrom7iv, [eri + rphwrW, turn], turn over to, give up to, commit, entrust; permit, allow, szffer, refer to, leave to. EirPLTEX^o, -6pa/.ovfua1, e7rit6epa'trc7Ka, 2 aor. ETearpalov, [eri + rpe'Xw], run upon, rush upon an enemy. IV. iii. 31. E7WrLTVYXLVO, -TrevToja, ETrETE7rX7)KIca, 2 aor. irervuXov, [ier' + ryXdavw], happen upon, fall in with, chance tofind; followed by dat. wrL(aCIvw, -aavn, 2 aor. pass. e7reAdv7Yv, [eir + <paivcZ], show forth, display; - mid., show one's self, come into view, come in sight, suddenly appear, as an approaching enemy.;ErL#epo( hrota, c reYtvYoxa, I aor. tir1Xve'yKa, 2 aor. errmveyKov, [ ri —+ cQpwc], lay upon, brinzg upon;mid., bear dozon upon, rush zpon, attack, assail. OdAarra uec/yaAt7 efrit pe~rai, a heavy sea strikes the ship. iEr4Iop)o, -q5op7acw, -7reidp?cKa, 4zre(prdpvaa, [Erl -T opew from Cpepwl, carry upon,put on, lay upon. III. V. I0. ErLXclapLs, -i, gen. -lros, adj., comp. ErXtapTrr'FepOS, sup. triXap1rrc6rarTS, [eri - XcdpFs, grace[, agreeable, charmzii, pleasant, winnitg. rb eiriXapt, pleasantness of manner, winnzing manner. II. vi. 12. 7TrLiELPEiW -p m, hfWc, icxefiprna, e'reXFelp7laa, [ein, Xeip], put one's hand to, undertake, attempt, endeavor. irriLX, eirtiXEWC, aor. e7re'xea, [eir + Xyw, pour], pour over, pour in, add by pouring. IV. v. 27. 4 =Xl\p~&~ 62 pXOit.aaQ ilLX(opot., TrXcpw EpTLK.Ew X rt p7Ka, eTEXprla-a., E[-rl -+ XwpEw, move, come towards, go,against, move against,, advance. I. ii. 17. rLfT4LC, t ear~if r qOLW, ei7re40/CtKa, e7re*0tora, [Frt+ r0Clcw, vote], put to vote, put the question; mid., vote. rrt'tv, see LirEji1L. WtroLKo8o(AEO, -o'To, pf. p. erycosotr/atll, [ei7r + oiKcobo/AEwJ, bu/ld upon, construct on. III. iv. I. girofaL, e'4oyat, 2 aor. E'o7r7v, impf. EiL'rO'/L, [root -7Fr-, cf. Lat. seq Z o r], come after, follow, follow in the track of; of an enemy, pursue; usually with dat. e1ro01utL, irtoua, O/roiov/aZ, ero oKa, ErWStUoaa, [f ri + OlVvui, swear], swear accordingly, swear to. EfrwfAdocas ebrt, he said with an oath/, said upon oath. l-rrd, indecl. num., seven. fIrTLaKai EKa, indecl. num., seventeen. ETrraKO6LtOL -at, -a, num., seven hulndred. 'Err'vata, -s,, Epyaxa, wife of Syennesis, king of Cilicia. ppaJat, ipacr0aoofjat, ilpdafOljv, pass. dep., love, be fond of, with gen. p&ao, in act. used only in pres. and impf., love, long for, desire; with gen. See +tMo. &pfYyoLtaL, Jipyaoyuat, e4pyao-aF.a, flp-?yaacd4v, [Ep-yov1, work, labor, toil, perform; till the soil. adyaodv ri fipydoao-Oai zria, to do any one a good turn, bring benefit to any one. i'pyov, -ou, -r, work, labor, deed, act, performance, accomiplishment, action, exercise. rpycw, by deed, in reality. IpeerOca, see CIpon-Ta. 'Eperpties, -ews, 6, Eretrian, native or resident of Eretria, a town in Euboea, modern Negroponte. VII. viii. 8. EprlLCa, -as, "7, [eprJuos], wilderness, desert; isolation, loneliness. Epljos, -ov, or 9pPiJos, -rq, -ov, adj., comp. ep-qArTfpos, sup. ipro/draros, desolate, lonely, solitary, deserted, uninhabited; without inhabitants, without attendants, without owners; abandoned, enpty; with gen., deprived of, bereft of, without. Irvpah eptnya, desertedfires, fires without watchmen. iTrres epr-quoi, horsemen unaccompanied by tinfatry. 4pltw, piao-w, lptKa, ifptra, [Ep's, strife], quarrel, dispute; compete with, vie with, contend with; often with dat. Cpit~Los, -or, adj., [epsPos, kidl, of a kid, of young goats. Kspea rpiresa, kid's flesh. ppRnlevts, -ews, o, ['EpMxs, Hermes, the messenger of the gods], interpreter. Epffl'VrWo, -e~o-, impf. ^7p/jrvevOr, [fip/rEvsl, interpret, translate, explain. V. iv. 4. eppopevos, -7, -or, adj., comp. EppwUEPveSTepos, sup. eppWjxEVECTsatos, [pf. part. of pdvvvjLu, strengthen], strong, stout, vigorous; resolute, determined, courageous. ippcoevws, adv., [ ppwue;vos], stoutly, manfully, energetically, resolutely. VI. iii. 6. ipOUKo,?p'Vw, 1puva, poetic word, holdback; ward off, keep off III. i. 25. %pua, -aros, Tr, [epvojuat, ward off], fortification, rampart, wall of a toann; bulwark, defence, protection. Eipvvos, -7, -dv, adj., [Eptopat, ward off], fortified, strong for defence by art or nature. As subst., pl. epuv.v&, -Wv, Td, strong positions, strongholds. gpXopacL, e'Aevroual, eA-SXvOa, 2 aor. XO0ov, come, go,; in Attic EL/tI is used as fut. instead of iAEXeJro/ual. 63 ev6ir0ios dp&C,fut., (pr. p pEp.),pf E'prnKa, EpnfAat, aor. ipp'qjv, say, tell, mention. gpcos, -T0oso, o, [epajuas, ipdwi, love, affection, earnest desire. II. v. 22. IpECOTaO, -— Wo, &pc-rrpajKC, tpcr6-rra, impf. ipcwrwv, 2 aor. mid. 7p7l-qv, ask, iznuire; question a person. [ir0^s, -jro0S, j, [root Fe-, cf. Lat. vestis], dress, clothing, raiment, apparel. &irCw, erooat, eroa,i 2 aor. ayr ov, eat, feed upon. IV. viii. 20. corrirpa, -as, 3, [cf. Lat. vesper], evening, west.?rpbs e'Tre'pav, towards the zoest, on the west. 'E'cr-epitaL, -wv,, Hesperftae, a people in the northwestern part of Armenia. t-Tre, by elision eor', adv. and conj.;-I. As adv., even to, as far as, IV. v. 6. 2. As conj., until, till, so lozng as, while. E'-cXCaos -r, -ov, adj., [probably from eS, ec], last, Jfrthest, tftermost, extreme; of actions or sufferings, woorst, severest. 7ro'As eio'aTq, frongier city. &ra TXara rraOeiv, to sltffer to the utmost. e(rXT6w s, adv., [e(Xraros], in the highest degree, exceediznly. I. VI. [. e'oroev, adv., [ro-o, -6ev], from within, wZithin, inside. rb aoowev reLXos, the inner wzall. I. iv. 4. raCLpa, -as, 7, femtale companiont, mistress. Traopos, -ou, 6, companion, coimrade. 'ETe6viKos, -ov,, Eteozniczs, a Lacedaemonian, lieutenant of Anaxibius in Byzantium VII. i. 12-20. Tcepos, -a, -ov, adj., (rb ErEpoV, ra E'zrpa by crasis and aspiration of T become O&repov, 0&repa), one of two; where more than two objects are mentioned, other, djfferent. 6 erepoS - 6 -rTepos, the one -the otherl. 'roUtrw elepot, other than these. rb eir}t 0repa, the counzty lying along the other side. i I -gr, adv., yet; of time, still, yet, as yet, any loincer, again, henceforth; of degree, yet, still, besides, further, even, often used to strengthen a comp. obcK Er IJiaxesTrai, he will notl fiht at all. -ror,rZ, ever ogaazih. EfLt V6, and besides. ETL avwrTpoW, stillfurther up. 'TOLmOS, -7o, -o, or 'grot.os, -ov, adj., at hand, ready, prepared. eToflpcs, adv., [le'oqsos], readily, promptly. i'TOS, -fOS or -ous, rd, [root FFT, cf. Lat. v e t u s], year. iTpawrrdlv, see TpirWo. eS, adv., used as if adv. of &aya0,s, well, luckily,, apply, beneficially. ev dhAa, very much, rather. ESUaLjOVCc, -as, f [eubsalytw j, good fortune, prosperity, happiness. II. v. I3. dSiacLovltoA, eviatiovi'wv or ebMaztxoviZ, aor. fbato/6vira, evdaiAuwv], consider happy, deemn happy, pronounce happy, cotngratulate. evSact.L6vs, adv., comp. E6aiatxove(rsepov, sup. evstlaovloravraa, [evalfjixv], happily, fort/nately. III. i. 43. evB8aLowv, -ov, gen. -ovos, adj., comp. ebvaqlove'repos, sup. ev5aaxJovEa-'raTos, [ev + 5atiovv, divinityl, of g-ood fortune, fortunate, happy, blest; prosperous, wealthy, well of EtSirXos, -ov, adj., [4e +- 8jAosl, quife clear, plain, quite evident, perfectly evident. CCa -a, -as, - V, [, root &(F, shtie], Jfir weather, fine weather; tranquillity, calm. V. viii. I9. EUELS5, -4s, adj., comp. eExi6erTepos, sup. eveo-eTraros, [eU, esos, form 1, zoell-shaped, handsome, good-looking. II. iii. 3. ~tEXWLs, -I, gen. -aSoy, adj, I[f + Axr-lsl, of,god hope, hopeful, cheerfit. II. i. i8. EtVricE0os, -ov, ad], [ev, strTtrOUyt, attack], easy to set upon, easy of EiEpyerCCa 64 Eun'opos attack. eberiOTov iv, it was easy to make an attack. III. iv. 20. eep-yeci a, -as,?, [eVepye-rEw], welldoing, good service, kindness, benefit. CEepyeTEo, -%ovo, evepyerrlKa or eu7npyETfl7ca, erv77pyerf'jaa, [evepyers], do good services, show kindness to any one, do any one a kindness. II. vi. 17. EV6pyErqTs, -ov,, [ef, root epy in $pya dotaL], benefactor. II. v. I0. 4Etwvos, -or, adj., [sE, cvn, girdle], well girdled; lightly equipped, ready for action, nimble, agile, quick, used especially of lightarmed troops, and of hoplites without their heavy shields. evi'eELa, -as, i, [vfUjr0us], simplicity, folly, silliness, stupidity. I. iii. i6. Eq0irls, -es, adj., [e5, 0Oos, disposition], good-hearted, simple-minded; simple, silly, absurd. I. iii. 16. ei6v9uJPeoju, -7ooyat, [efvfuyos], be of good cheer, be in good spirits. IV. v. 30. ~0vILos, -or, adj., comp. evOuB6repos, sup. eviOvUdTaTos, [es + Ovuads, spirit], cheerful, of good cheer, in good spirits. III. i. 41. c0v5s, adv., immediately, directly, straightway, at once, forthwith. e0utvcopov, adv., [neut. of euOvwpos, from eVd0s], straight ahead, right on, straight forward. II. ii. I6. iIK\LCL, -as,, [6sbicxKA s, famousl, glory, honor, good repute. VII. vi. 32. EVKXEiSqs, -or, 6, Euclndes, a soothsayer, from Phlius, in Achaia. VII. viii. I. EUKXE\CS, adv., [evKKeEis, famous], gloriously. VI. iii. 17. ev6LEV1S, -es, adj., comp. evibyev-repoS, sup. ~fVUvYroTaTO [Sf, [ UvoS, temper], well-disposed, kindly; of a road, easy, comfortable. IV. vi. 12. E6LlerTXECpLarro, -or, adj., feS, /esraXetpiotjtai, handle], easy to manage, easily managed, easy to impose upon. II. vi. 20. eivoLa, -as, -4, [EVvovU, favorable], good will, friendliness.,wv 'EAXiywv erosia, fondness for the Greeks. CEvo'iKCs, adv., [esvolKs, well disposed], with good will, kindly, favorably. exeL evvoiK's, to be well disposed toward, be attachea to. I i. 5 evous, -ovv, contracted for sevoos, -ov, adj., comp., evvoVarepos, sup. evvotoTraros, [eb + voos, voOs], well disposed, kindly disposed, frien dly. EiEvVos, -ou, Ionic form, = Attic etvevos, [es + Si-ivos = - veOS], hospitable; in the Anabasis always with rrboos, sea, as 6 Evseivos lo'vros, the Euxine, now the Blatck Sea. To this sea the name iseivos, inhospitable, was first applied, from the savage tribes surrounding it; and perhaps the change of name arose from euphemism, i. e. the desire to avoid a term suggesting ill-luck or unpleasant associations. E6oSis, -E'ws, 6, Euodeus, a captain in the Greek army. VII. iv. I8. eo8Sos, -ov, adj., comp. eeo$&6rspos, sup. eboSrTaros, [ef + b6Js], easy to pass, easy to travel. EbowXos, -ov, adj, comp., eoirorAX spoS, sup. esborAdrTaos, [es, 5orAov], well armed, well equipped. II. iii. 3. ',r~T,&s, adv., [evrre's's, easyl, easily, without trouble. I1. v. 23. evwopCL, -as, 74, [evsroposl, easy way of doing anything, ease of accomplishment; plenty, abundance. e'hropos, -ov, adj., [ev + 7rdpos], easy of passage, easy to travel through or over, easily passed. el'rpaKTOS 65 ElvuupOS cEfrpaKros, -or, adj., comp. Ev7rpacrTrepos, [fU, irp&rTTco], easy to be done, easy of accomplishment. II. iii. 20. E''rrpfirS, -ifs, adj., [E5, Trperw, be fitting,, fitting, seemly; comely, handsome. IV. i. 14. E6vrpooroSos, -or, adj., comp.,eurpoaoocawrepos, sup. eV7rpowoowcraros, 1es + 7rpdao6os, approach], easy of approach, easily accessible. V. iv. 30~ EiprlJa, -awos, rb, [ubploKwl, lit. 'what is found,' windfall,,gdsend. Etpl7yLa 7roieo-Oaid, to consider it a piece of good fortune. eVphorKW, Ebvpirow, fvSpr]tKa or 77Upr7Ka, 2 aor. evpov or 7upov, impf. v'pioKov or 77opLKoov, find, discover, devise, invent, contrive, plan;mid., find for one's self, get for one's self, obtain. Epos, -EOS or -ous, T-, [cf. Eivpvs], breadth, width; often used as ace. of specification, in breadth, sometimes with a gen. of measure, as eupos 7rAOpov, a plethron in width, of the width of a plethron. Eip-iXoXos, -ov, 6, Eurylochus, an Arcadian hoplite of remarkable bravery. IV. ii. 21, vii. I; VII. i. 32, vi. 40. EvpvpLaXos, -ov, o, Eurymachus, a native of Dardanus, sent as envoy to the cities in regard to the Ten Thousand founding a settlement in Pontus. V. vi. 21. E6p6s, -Fa,, -6, gen. -los, -eas, -fOs, adj., broad, spacious. EUrpWirrl,, -7s,, [of Semitic origin, cf. Hebrew and Assyrian EREB, esltern, west-land], Europe. See EUROPA in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. EtTraKTOs, -or, adj., comp. ev-aK74-,fpos, sup. E'TaKr&Traros, [C, radrw], rdrl, or ery, ell/ orlered; especially of soldiers, well disci plined, in good training, under good discipline. eTCLKTrWS, adv., [EVffraKos], in good order, in an orderly manner. VI. vi. 35. e6raLia, -as, 3, [ediraKros], good discipline, orderly behavior, good order, good training. EuTrUX(O, -o(w, EV'rvXKica or 7v'76 -XrnCa, evTXlctra or p7br&v x a, [CbuT Xis, fortulnate], be fortunate, be successful, prosper, succeed. efruvX^acra TvTo rb evTvb'X7ja, to obtain this piece of good fortune. ETrX7Ujlia, -aTos, T-, [-iivrv-vxwl, piece of good luck, happy issue, success. VI, iii. 6. EU4>pT11rs,-ou, 6-, [ancient Persian U-FRATU, ' having a beautiful course,' -- 'The Beautiful-flowing'J, Euphrates, which rises in Armenia, consisting at first of two branches, of which the eastern (now MAourad-soo) is mentioned IV. v. 2. After these branches unite, the river pursues a south-easterly course and flows into the Persian Gulf. The ancient name survives in the modern Frat, by which the river is known in the East. EVXi, -fis, 7,,[eIXoyat],l prayer, vow, wish. I. ix. xI. EGXoL0aL, se6otci, sV'yaai or rbyymat, Sau,4vtj or 77udlyc'al, impf. EUXoAy'7v or iUX16jiniv, pray, offer prayers, voz, make vows, pay one's voows; earnestly wish, long for, zwish for, earnestly desire. e(U s,8 -E, - adj., [,E, ovW, smell], sweet-smelling, fr-afgrant. EUWVjiLLos, -or, adj., [Ev, ovopoUa, oj good name, of.,aod omen, lucky; often by euphemism =- diprepds, left, from a desire to avoid the use of words directly meaning left, because in augury omens from that quarter were inauspi ~Uv.Xt( 66 ExWO cious. Tb EiJJbfvujovY Kipa, the left wing of an army. EvoXwX, EVUW)(XT, EbUXI(fca, EvciXrm, L[, [ xwI, clt] entlerain sumptuously;-pass. with fut. mid., be sumplouously entertained, fare well, feast; of animals, be well fed, have abundant fodder. vcoXla, -as, i, [eubwxW], feasting, good cheer, entertainment. VI. i. 4. if'ayov, see Eo-rOCo. YQeSpos -ou, 6, [~ePEos~, sitting by, from C7rt, C'Ipa], lit. ' one sitting upon,' antaonist, avenger, term applied in the games to the third contestant, who in the boxingmatch or wrestling-match sometimes waited upon a seat by the struggling pair in order to contest the palm with the victor. 4ib'rot.aL, ip4io/am, 2 aor. eErardJt7v, impf. E(f>eL7rdflv, [liri + neoyiC], follow close upozn, fjollow p, attend, accompany, pursue. EeOS, — os a,, -OY, adj, [Ec-pOcs], Ephesian, of Ephesus. V. ili. 4. "E+cros, -ov, -, Ephesus, a large and wealthy city of Ioni a, at the mouth of the Cayster, most famous for its temple of Artemis (Diana), the largest temple of the Greek world. The site of Ephesus is now uninhabited, but marked by important ruins. The foundations of the temple have been discovered by means of excavations. EO96s, —, -do, adj., [verbal adj. of e'c*w, boil], of meat or fish, boiled, dressed; of nuts, boiled, cooked. V. iv. 32. 4iL'jtj,!icrw, ipe/kca, eqjKa, impf. mid. peifELU*v, [eir~ + Y'q1/], send to;- mid, yield to, give up to, submit to, permit. e4CErrTmli, eXLri'rSw, 2 pf. pC'T77KOit, rrefflrrra, 2 aor. eirlro-Tv, 2 plup. third pl. oaerTao-av [tirl + fT'irn ti], cause to stop, cause to halt, bring to a halt, as an army; check a horse; set over, place over, appoint; intr. forms (see 'laT-rytm), stand on, stand by, be placed on; stop, halt. 468dLos, -ov, adj, [iert, 63ds], for a journey, oj a journey. As subst., 4cS8Lov, -ou, rd, provision for the zway, supplzes for travelling, travctling-zmoney. ioos,O -ov,,, [ei, 665s, A way of approach, way towards; approach, onset, advance. i+opca, i*rdtaofsa, ecicpaKra, 2 aor. ereElov, [e7f + o paw], look upon, survey, behold; watch over, oversee, guard, take charge of; experience. jf4opjEcO, -5ar-o, [eri + Opidw, lie at anchor], lie by and watch, blockade. VII. vi. 25. +4opos, -ov, O, \[popdw], overseer, overlooker; at Sparta, Ephor, one of the board of Ephors (oa EopoL), consisting of five magistrates x ho had almost supreme power. XOpau, -as, /, [EXoas, hate], hatred, hate, enmity, hostility. II. iv. ir. ex0pos, -a, -ov, adj., comp. peXiwxv, sup. eXot-ros, [EX0os, hate], hateful, hostile, ininical. As subst., 0xspos, -, enemy, foe. See N. to p. 62, 3. (Xvp6s, -c, -ov, adj., [VXc1], capable of being held, strong, secure. ixW, ew, or a-Xt4a, aeX7Ka, 2 aor. oa-Xov, impf. eaov, have, hold; possess, occupy, obtain, retain have on, wear; keep from; with infn., be able; intr., with adv., be disposed, be so and so, as ev Xwo, be vJell; KaKC- xw, be llZ; part. eXwv, -ova-a, -OV, with ace. often = with, as E'fwv TptaKoalovs 6orTifra, with three hundred hoplites; -- mid., hold on to, lay hold of, clig to, E+r6os 67 follow closely, come next to, adjoin, often followed by gen. oVUrWs EXEI, thus the matter stlands. eXEuEvos KXeapXOV, next to Clearc/1is. irTOds -,, -6v, adj., [e'f/], boiled, obtained by boling. II. iii. 14. /,4w, 4ne-c, boil, seethe, cook in water. Oca0eV, adv., [,[ daw, -OEV], from dawn on, at early dawn, early in the morning. lEqKELV,, third pl. Eo'KEr-av, see EOLKa, iWpcov, see 6pao. ios, few, dat. e'y, ace. e'w, mornlingred, day-break, dawn, mor1ninl; east. els rv' e'riovoav eow, on the followingz mormnig.,rps fec, lowards the east, on the east. &os, temporal conj., until, till, so laon6 as, while. fws ov, znfil the time when. Z. ZacrdrTCLS, -oU, O, [Syrian ZABA, wof], Z paas, 'Wolf River,' a large tributary of the Tigris, entering it south of the site of Nineveh; to-day the Great Zab. See map. II. v. I; IIl. iii. 6. tcaw, no-aw, E'iKtc, f'Cso'a, pres infil. (v, pres. part. (wv, impf. eSwv, live, exist. tgEL, -as, 7, usually in pl., a kind of grain, probably coarse tzoheat,.spel, hardier than common wheat, and especially adapted for fodder. V. iv. 27. eLPd, -as,,, a wide cloak, girded at the loins and covering the feet of a rider on horseback; worn by Arabians and Thracians. VII. iv. 4. tf~VYlXaTEc(o, teUvYl'AarTw, eu^vyn7xd-ri-s, teamstlcr], drive a yoke of oxen, drzve a tean. VI. i. S. I 6uylnX-aTris, -ov, 6, [L(vyos, yoke, eAav'vw], teamnster, driver of a yoke of oxen. VI. i. 8. tE-YyvVU1, E vw, SeuXa, e'EUva, [(ev-os], yoke together, yoke; bjon, span, coinnect; fasten, bind, bind Jfst. tiwpvU erEuy LeVrl, canal bri(deZd over. yCpvpa e(EUvy wqtv 7rAolots, bridge constructed by joining barges, ponltoon-bridgte. 6f~yos, -EoS or -ous, od, yoke; yoke of oxen, span of horses, team, pair. Zevs, Aids, dat. Ad', ace. Ala, voc. Zeu, Zeus, the highest god in the Greek mythology, identified with the Romanfjuppiter; son of Kronos and Rhca, king and father of gods and men; mentioned in the Anabasis with several epithets, as t(vIws, guardian of the rih,-/s of hospitality, Protector of Gzuests; awn'p, Deliverer from danger and need. ZiqXapXos, -ov, o, Zelarchus, a market clerk, supervisor of the market in the army of Cyrus. V. Vii. 24, 29. tiXorTOds, -*, -oJ', adj., [verbal adj. from (qAdow, vie wi/th], worthy of emilat/ion; to be deemed happy, to be eznvied ani oiject of envy. I. vii. 4. St1p160~, -claw, eruulwfa, J( u dwo(a, [(eia, /oss, penalty], (do (damge to a(7/y one; file, p zniZsh. VI. iv. Ir. NTE'(, -oGTW, ei7rY-Ka, elr7 —qaa, seek, seek for, inycjuire fioas, a sk for. UICT1r]S, -OU, adj., (,vj, c, leavenl, of bread, leavened, raised with yeast. VII. iii. 21. Ytypco, -I(TWr, aor. lw4yp-qoa, [VoWIs, dypEw, hunt], take alive, save alive, m//e capftize instead of killing. IV. vii. 22. tWVv, -1, -s, I| Sj,(vvu,,'ird, girdle, beIt, lone, o al implortant and often expensive article of dress among the orientals, not merely for twds 68 mXEtos women, but also for men, who made use of girdles both to confine their flowing garments and to carry daggers and other weapons. Cf. Plate I. t6ds, -i, -4v, adj., [CL1, alive, living. III. iv. 5. H. q, disjunctive conj, or; correlative, - ~, either - or; in indirect questions, rdrepov or 7irrepa-, whether - or; Fl -, wzhether - or. j, comparative conj., than, as; found usually after the comparative degree, sometimes after words implying a comparison, as aprlos, opposite to, diferent from. 1, interrogative adv, Lat. -n, usually not to be translated; its force may often be indicated by a rising inflection of the voice, more or less marked, and it may sometimes be rendered by pray or can it be? q, confirmatory adv., indeed, surely, certainly, truly, emphasizing the truth or importance of a statement; often found with other adverbs. < iiv, in very i, adv., [properly dat. sing. fern. of the rel. os, sc. ow3,], zwhere, there where, at the place where; in whatever maniner, howsoever. W cSuvaro Tda-trra, as quickly as possible. jP&To-Ko, impf., 45aaKcov, def., [ij3r, youthl, become of age, reach the age of manhood. jyawyov, see &yw. iyas'0tv, see &yatai. iyep.ovLa, -as, sq, [ryeyswv]}, leadership, headship, chief command. IV. vii. 8. fryEpo6'-uvCa (sc. ifpc), -wv, Td, \ yejUc6], sacrifice, thank-offering for safe-conduct. IV. viii. 25. ryqi.c6v, -Oeos, 6, ['iyoj at, leader, guzide; chief, commander. avr&v i^yElovas evau, to possess sovereignty over them. 2)ysouaL, -{profsat, iyarl'a, {jv76Godre, [same root as &^yw], go before, lead the way, be in advance; lead, cozduct; with gen., coimmaud, take comznmand of; consider, thinhk, believe, supose. ZI hyoUevvot, the van of an army, thef -oa t of a column. 'H-yijo-avSpos,-oU, 6-,, lHegesander, a Greek captain. VI. iii. 5. '8iLv, see oL8a. s18&os, adv., comp.?iorv, sup..&roTra, [j3s, sweet], sweetly, with pleasure, dagreeably, gladly. 1itr' tv aKoubaaiuj, I should be exceedingly glad to hear. 8isl, adv., [ + %], aow; by this time, already; at once, presently, forthwi th, straightotay. ij8ofat, oOs^oo0lai, aor. rio077v, be pleased, be glad, be g7ratfied, delighzt in; often with dat. of cause. iuOG TriLwJLeYos, he was pleased at being honored. hisov4i, -7s,, [l8oMuar, pleasure, enjoyment, gratification; of fruit, flavor, agreeable 2favor. i8lvoi os, -ov, adj., ['Laus + oirosl, produchig sweet wize. VI. iv. 6. iq8ss, -eio, -6,, gen. -os, -ia, -e os, comp. Sjiwv, sup. &rIros, sweet, pleasant, agreeable; delicious, fineflavared. jKoUrTa, see TTrov. jKWf, j4t, Kca, impf. hKov, come, return, come back; the pres. often with the force of a pf, have come, am conme, be here. 'HKetos, -, -or, adj., Elean, resident or native of Elis, a province in the western portion of the Pelo yX~KTpOV 69 'HpaKAeWTnjS ponnesus, containing a city of the same name. III. i. 34. 4XeKTpov, -ou, -T, amber; ambergold, a compound containing four parts of gold and one of silver. II. iii. I5. qAXCpM os, -ov, adj., poetic word, steep, hizrh, precipitous. I. iv. 4. ilXi0tos, -a, -or, adj., stupid, foolish, silly. As subst., iAiOLov, -ov, zd, stzupidity. ijXCLKC, -as, jl, [lxicKOS, as olZ as], age, especially age of manhood, reckoned at Athens from I8 to 45; manhood, prirme. X\iKLWTIS, -OU, 6, [ALKLuca], one of the same age, comrade, fellow. I. ix 5. qjios, -ov, 6, usually without the article, sun. "HXos, -ou, 6, I/elius, sun-god, the Greek name for the sun, worshipped by the Persians as a divinity. Read p. I5. ifJ.EXkljivs, adv., ['iuemX7vos, pf. p. part. of a./ExwA, neglect], carelessly, unguardedly, incautiously. I. vii. I9. qgpCa, -as, 7, day, both as distinguished from night, and as a measure of time including night and distinguished from month or year. ij'eupas, by dlay. -7? avTr7j 1Fiepa, onz t/e same day. bica 771epwv, within ten days. ^jEpos, -ov, adj., fame; of trees, cultivated. V. iii. 12. SJeerEpos, -a, -ov, pron. adj., [{,aE7s], our, belolgifn to us, of us. ra 1/te.epa, our affairs, our relations. ijL-, found only in composition Lat. sem i half. '.i.ppcTos, -ov, adj, [iy- + 3pwars, from riBBpL'icjc, eat], hal/f-eatcn. I. ix. 26. 7jLL8apetK6v, -ov, Tr, hal/f-dar/c, ha/f a daric, -= about $ 1 75 in our money. See SapELKos. I. iii. 21. q1fj8lTEs, -es, adj., [iu-, s6c, need], lacking half, half-emzpted, half full. I. ix. 25. ]JJ.L6XL0os, -a, -ov, adj., [,ur-, Axos, whole], whole and ea half, half as large naain. As subst., lTJ.LOXLOov, -ov, T6, half.as mch again. c uti - 6wiov ou wrpOrepov, a half more thanformerly. I. iii. 21. ILOVLKdS,-, -,, adj, [ijiiovos, imule], of a mule, mule-. cevyos 'O/.tJLovIKv, span of mules, muleteam. jltovos, -ou, adj., [i/Ai- + o'vos, ass], mule. V. viii. 5. Arf(XE8Opov, -ov, -r, [itur- -+ -rhxpovl, half-plelhro;, half a plethron, about 51 feet. IV. vii. 6. See rXiapov. qjfLcrusj, uci-Eta, yra.rv, gen. -eos, -eia,, -Eos, adj., [L(U-], half. As subst., tjoLUr, -eos, ri-, a half, one half &prwov 7j1iCreCa, halfloaves of bread. ofi 2Fia'eis Tiv borcrtOoqfvAdcwv, half of the rearguard. ~IalWopXLOV, -o, - To, [i/uL-, o,3oxis, obol], ha/f-obol, half an obol, about kI cents of our money. See 6pe6s.. I. v. 6. jvLKa, rel. adv., when, at the time wohen, as. t Coxos, -, -u, [7.via, reins, Exs, l, driver of a chariot, charioteer. I. Viii. 20. prep, adv., [dat. of -frep], in just the way that, just as; in just the place that, just where. 'HpdKXea, -as, -, ['HpaArXs], Herac/la, an important city in Bithynia, on the coast of the Euxine; modern Eregli. V. vi. 0o; VI. ii. I. 'HpacKXelS's, -ou, 6, Heraclides, a Thracian, unprincipled agent of Scuthes. VIT. iii. I6, et seq. 'HpctaKXe'TTjs, -ou, 6, Ileralean, Hfeoacliot, native or resident of iJrraclea. 'HpcWkXevrLs 70 HpaKXETrLS, -tos, -s, (sc. y?), Heracleolis, the country under the dominion of HIeraclea. VI. ii. I9. 'HpaoKXqs, -uovs, dat. -E, acc. da, voc. 'HpaKAcLS, Heracles, Hercules, mythological hero, son of Zeus and Alcmene, famed for his accomplishment of the twelve labors imposed upon him by Eurystheus, king of Mycenae. From the difficulties he overcame in his wanderings he became a patron deity of travellers, with the epithet (iyepLawv, Leader; and sacrifices were offered to him as guardian of the way. See Smith's Dictionary of Biography and Aytholog'y, article HERACLES. ip6dlv, see ipowra, ViouXatyW, c(rvxdacw, [Liavxosl, be quiet, keep quiet, remain still. V. iv. i6. ic-ruXq, adv., [i5uTXos], quietly, noiselessly. I. viii.i I. ij-ruyxa, -as, 77, [o(]vXos], stillness, quiet, rest, tranquillity. KaO' as-vXfav, quietly, peaceably. rvXtiav diyEiv, to be at rest. ucrvXlav EXESv, to keep quiet. irovXos, -or, adj., still, quiet, at rest. qTpov, -ou, Tz, [CTop, heart], abdomen. JiAXpr TOv rTpou, up to th/e groin. IV. vii. 15. rTTClopfat, Tr7T5aoruaL, or 'r-r7^cop4ai, ArTTnai, priT5er8v, [TTirwY], pass. dep., used as pass. of VI'cow, be weaker, be inferior, be surpassed; be overcome, be worsted, be defeated, be conquered, be vanquished. TTrov, comp. adv., sup. rIOcrza, [neut. acc. sing. of -rrwvu], less, the less, less ably, less likey; sup., least, least of all. ITTrrwv, oo'ov, gen. -ovos, adj. in comp. degree, used as comp. of iKctoKs or JLKcpo', sup. ficOTOS, less, inferior, weaker. oQl rTToves, the wzeaker, the vanquished. 0. 0', = e, by elision and aspiration, before a rough vowel. 06OXTTCa, -?rs, 4, sea. Oa'XaraTa.E-?adr h, a heavy sea. 06Airos, -eos or -ouv,?U, warmth, heat; in pi,, OdAXrq, attacks ofheat. III. i. 23. OaLvb., adv., [Oatxd, often], oft-times, frequently, often. 0OVCLTos, -ou, 6, [root Oav in OvyoaKW], death, whether natural or violent, execution. aOLvardo, -&cfw, 7reavcrwtKa, fEavadTwcra, aor. p. eOavarOTc0v, [davaros], put to death, condemn to death. II. vi. 4. 0dwrcTr, dcow, aor. 'C0aia, pf. p. Te'auyas, 2 aor. p. eT&drai, [root,rap in Trapos], bury, inter. 0appaX'os, -a, -or, adj., comp. OappaAecWrepos, [Odppos], bold, courageous, zundaunted, darzing. 0appoaXios, adv., [OappaAeos], boldly, courageously, fearlessly, cofidently. Oappeco, -ioaw, reOdpprsca, COdppfa-a, [Odppos], be of good courage, be of good cheer, be courageous, take courage, take heart, be fearess; part. Cappiv, often with force of an adv., with courage, with coz7fidence, fearlessly, boldly. O pppos, -eos or -ous, rd, new Attic for Odpcaos, [Opaa-'s, bold], courage, confidence, boldness, daring. 0appuivc, OappuvC, [Odppos], encourage, cheer, inspire with courage. I. vii. 2. 0&TEpos, O&drpa, see 'repos. OEarov, adv., [neut. acc. sing. of Odrruwv, comp. of raXvs, quick], more quickly, more rapidly, sooner. Oauip.a, -aros, TO. [OdopAai, wonder at], wozider, marvel, cause of wonder, bezoonderment, astonishment. VI. iii. 23. 9avuclto0 71 OpttPW 9avuidLo, Oavuydaw, TeOavauaKta, 0avspaoca, [Oaivua], wonider at, wonder, marvel, be astonished, be surprised at; admire. eaupvoros, -a, -ov, adj., comp. OavJCaoaa'Irepos, sup. Oautaoui&7wraTos, [Oav/usaiv], wonderfi l, remarkable marvelouts, surprising', astoniszing; admirable. OavLacrds, -ro, -d7, adj., [OavuadCw], wonderfu, remarkable, surprising, stranrge; admirable. OaL+CaKlvds, —, -tv, adj., of Thapsacus. As subst. in pl., OoaicaKrvoC, -wv, Thapsacans, people of Thasacus. I. iv. IS. Oa4a.aKos, -ov, ', [Hebrew TIPHSAH, ford], Thapsacus, an important city on the Euphrates. See N. to p. 66, 20. OEa, -as, 7l, view, sJit, spectacle. IV. viii. 27. OEa, -as, '4, [fem. of OeGs], gokddess, divinity. VI. vi. 17. Oeaia, -aros, Td, [eadoyat, view], sight, scene, spectacle. IV. vii. 13. EopCaL, &t oai, Oeda'oa i a, e Eae-al, eOeaj.trxv, [Oea, siz/it], mid. dep., gaze on, look upon, view, behold, observe, watch, witness. Otos, -a, - o, adj., [Geds, god, of the gods, from the gods, (i/vinee; supernatural, miraculous. I. iv. i8. 0E'Ao, Oe6<x5OW, 06A7o-o=a, shortened form of 8e0ow, which see. -0ev, adverbial suffix, indicating motionfrom, as erTEvOFv, hence. e0oyevils, -o,, 6, Theogenes, a captain from Locris. VII. iv. I8. OE6'n'o'ros, -or, 6, Theopompuzs, an Athenian in the army of Cyrus. See N. to p. 93, 19. Oo's, -oi, 6 and -1, god, goddess, deity, divinity; with the sing. the article is used only when some particular deity is mentioned or thought of. abvv Tros Oeo7s, with the help of the gods. rpbs QeSev, bfore the gods, in the sirht of the gods. O0oocr'EL(X -as, i, fEo(,3oc 74s, godfearzq, from O~ eS, dc/3o,Mual,fear of t/e gods, reverence for the gods, pizet, godliness. II. vi. 26. Oeparrevco, -eurco, r~eOpdcrerua, eOepdreva-a, cherish, care for, provide for, court, show attention to. OepO.rW, O-ovros, 6, wating-man, attendant, servant, in free service, as distinguished from aovAos and dvapdarobov. OIpCto, O0p':aw or -iw, [OEpos, summerl, pass the slummer. III. v. I5' 0eplacurCat, -as, -], [Oep/ds, warm], warmth. V. viii. 15. OepfJLSO8v, -ovros, b, ThermZodon, a river in the northern part of Asia Minor, near Sinope, flowing northward into the Black Sea. V. vi. 9. OrrTaXCa, -as, O, Thessaly, a large country north of Greece proper; bounded on the north by the Olympus range of mountains, on the west by the Pindus range, on the cast by the Aegean sea, and on the south by the Othrys mountains. 1. i. Io. OrTaods, -ou, T, Thessalian, native or resident of Thessaly. Owo, OeBofTUat, impf. fOeov, run. OQwpEo, -t4ow, treO'OepsKa, eOec6proCa, [Oewpbs, spectator], look on, behold, view, observe, witness; review, inspect an army. Ol3pa tos, -a, -or, adj, [o[ISat, Thebes], Theban. As subst., Olp3taos, -oV, 6, Theban, native or resident of Thebes. II. i. Io. OPil-q, -77S,, 7h ebe, a town in Mysia at the foot of Mt. Placus. VII. viii. 7. 0ipa, -as, ', [0'p, wild beast], huntin, Zhimt, chase. 09qpO0o, -acoar, TreO7paKa, e04padia, [Ojpal,,hunt, hunt for, chase, pursue, follow up, as a wild beast. Olpev'u 72 GvvoC lpEV(o, -eFSW, 're'ppevuc a, e017pevaa, [0j7pal, hunt, chase; capture, catch, take; lie in wait for, I. ii. 13. 0t,1pov, -ov, TO, [dim. of 0lp, wild beast], wild animal, wild beast, game. O1q'ravp6s, -o, 6, treasure, store; teasure-chamber, treastury. OfTiXls, -ov, 6, Theches, a mountain in Pontus, south of Trapezus, from which the Ten Thousand in the Retreat caught the first glimpse of the Black Sea. IV. vii. 21. ~C5ppwv, -wvos, Thibron or Thimbron, general of the Lacedaemonians, who in 399 B. c. enlisted the remnants of the Ten Thousand to serve under him in a war against Tissaphernes and the Persians. VII. vi. i et seq. OvficrK(o, Oavoviuai, FTervya, 2 aor. eoavov, [root arv, found in Odvaros], die; be slain; be killed; aor. and pf. often with pres. meaning, be dead, lie dead. reOvYrKws or reOvEcs, dead, slain. OVT6ds, —, -i^v, adj., [verbal adj. of OvavKscw], liable to die, mortal, exposed to death. III. i. 23. 6oava: -wv, rd, Thoana, Tyana, a city in the southern part of Cappadocia, near the northern entrance to the Cilician Gates. See N. to p. 58, Io, and map. I. ii. 20. 06pvpos, -ou, 6, [0pJos, noise], tumult, uproar, alarm, outcry. Oouptos, -ov, o, Thurian, native or resident of Thurii, a Greek city in Southern Italy. V. i. 2. OpacKl, -rJs, -, Thrace, (I) Euroopean Thrace, a large region lying north of the Aegean Sea and the Propontis, now Rumelia. (2) Asiatic Thrace, a smaller region in Asia along the eastern side of the Propontis and the Black Sea, as far as Heraclea, and inhabited by the Thyni and Bithyni. OepCKLOv, -ou, To, Thracian Sqare, an open place in Byzantium, near the Thracian gate. OpaCKos, -a, -ov, adj., [opcdcn, Thrace], Thracian. VII. i. 12. Op, Opc, 6, Thracian, native or resident of Thrace, whether the European or the Asiatic Thrace. Opaore.os, adv., [0paar-s], boldly, with boldness IV. iii. 30. Opaar-s, -ea, -, gen. -los, -eas, -eos, adj, comp. -Vrepos, sup. -tfraTos, bold, spirited, of good courage; daring, rash. Op6vos, -OU, 6, [Opdw, sell, seat, chair; chair of state, throne. II. i. 4. OvryrLiqp, OivyaTrps, 7i, daughter. See G. 57, I; H. 188. OvXCaKos, -ou, 6, bag, sack, pouch, especially for carrying meal. VI. iv. 23. Oijac, -aTos, 7r, [0vw, offer sacrifice], victim for sacrifice, sacrifice, offering. ~O)UppLov, -ou, ir, Thymbrium, a city in Phrygia, where the spring of Midas was. See N. to p. 56, 25, and Map. I. ii. 3. OuizoeLS8s, -s-, adj., comp. OBvUoeLer&Trepos, [vuous, os?os], highspirited, spirited. IV. v. 36. e0vi6OlCaL, OQUl&c6o-oiat, 7eO0jusojalc, E00 -L(607]v, [Ovluos], mid. and pass. dep., be ansgy, be enraged, be provoked. II. v. 3. evio6ds, ou, 6, [Ovw, rush], lit. the active principle in man; spirit, soul, miznd; anger, passion, rage, resentment. VII. i. 25. OvvoC, -vT, ol, Thyni, a Thracian people that lived originally northwest of Byzantium, near Salmydessus and Apoilonia, but afterwards settled in Asia, along the seacoast of Bithynia. VII. ii. 22 et seq. 73 NflJA 0pf, -as,, door, ate; by synecdoche, quarters, residence, Ihus; especially in the pi., of a king's residence, cma'/. Cf. N. to p. 83, 2. O9vpeTpov, -ov, r-, [Oupa], usually in pi., door, gate. V. ii. 17. var-Ca, -as, c}, [0/w], sacrifice, ofing, offritng of sacrfice. j0w, 0oaw, reOvzca, eOurua, sacrifice, offer up; followed by dat. or dat. and ace. 0/e v -iT A/VKa ia, lo cf/rthe Lycaeanz sacrifices, - ce/lefate the Lycaean festivaL. Ovw is used of sacrifice in general, mid. 0vo/uoa of sacrifice for the sake of omens, in order to read the future. opaKtcy, Owpatlcio, TrEwpadcKIca, fewpdcKi-a, [OP, [,ar'm wliti the coat of mail, put on the breastp/ate;- mid., pizt on one's ncirass, arm one's self TEcOwpaKIO-,evos, in full armor, completely armed. 0cpa, -aKos, 6, coat of mail, cvizrass, corselet, breastplate. See p. 30 and Plates II., IV. Owpa~, -agcos, 6, lThorax, a Bocotian who joined with Timasion in thwarting Xenophon's plan of founding a city in Pontus. V. vi. 19 et seq. I. itaotca, lZagoiat, Ya fi, 4orwtv, heal, cure; of a wound, dress, treat. I. viii. 26. 'IaOVLwos, -a, -or, adj., ['l-cwv, azsonlt, of 7ason, 7asomzan. 1 'Iarovia aKri T, 7,ason's Point, asozium Pr., a cape on the south shore of the Black Sea, between Cotyora and Sinope, now called Yassoon-Booroon. VI. ii. I. tiTpOS, -OV, O, [iaoaut], healer, physician, surgeon. "ISq, -7s,,, Ic/a, a wide and irregular range of mountains, properly a branch of the Taurus, extending thro),gh l'hrygia in a norlthuestcrly dncection into Mysia 1and 'Iroas; smodern KASz-D/a:g. The highest summit was GarStar/, now lOara —Dagh. VII. Viii. 7. tLos, -a, -or, adj., one's own, private, personal. rb l &o, one's own benefit, one's aow/ a(dvantage. ia., - p r iv a te m, i pJrivate, privately. SLOdj's, -71os, ', [Itos], peculiar characster, /pecuZar nature. II. iii. i6. ISL'jTT79 -, O, [&os, private, p commton so/lier; private soldier, as distinguished from an officer; private cit/zen, ctizzen, as distinguished from a king; layman, comtmont man, as distinguished from one having professional knowledge. LtSWTKr-s,,-da, -, [lrrsj, of a priv7ate citizen; hence common, tsznal. VI. i. 23. tSpdo, ibpc-w, Lapowpa, p pwora, [cf. opc6s, sweat], sweat, perspire. I. viii. 1. LVatL, see {elpt. LEvat, see I'rlt. LEPEiov, -ou, TO', 1lepos], victim, animal for sacrifice; in pl. often cattle for slauzghter, beef-cattle. 'Icpbv Opos, a', SSacred Mountain, a mountain in Thrace, north of the Propontis, near Ganus; now 7Tckir-)Daoh. VII. i. 14, iii. 3 -LEpOs, -a, -oy, adj., ad sacred, holy, consecraed. As subst., iepdv, -ou, rJ, temple; pl. iepa, rd, offerings, 7victim s, inwards or vitals of victims (comprising the heart, lungs, and liver), auspices from the appearance of the vitals in sacrifices. 'IEcpovujos,-ou, 6, Ifieronymus, a captain from Elis. ItlFtq i`, ]( nca, c, ra, impf. mid. Ieu.^iv, send, h/rl, throwo, shoot; ticayds 74 tcTT~|LL mid., hasten, rush, dash.. 127, III.; II. 476. itavos, -,j, -d., adj., [fKiVW, reach], enougi, szficacnt, adequate; able, fit, strong enough, competent, qualflied. tKcavs, adv., [iayds], suficiently, adequately, well enough. IV. iii. 31. tKETE6VO, ZereoftoW, aor. ceTruEvTa, impf. ICTEUvov, [iKST ers], come as a suppliant. be, beseech, entreat. TEr-lS, -ou,, ['iKw,, come], sZppliant VII. ii. 33. 'IKOVLOV, -oU, 7d, Iconium, a city in the southern part of Phrygia, later capital of Lycaonia; now Koniah. I. ii. g9. XoEWS, -wv, adj., propitious, gracious; in the Anabasis only with o t 0Eo. tXj, -r,, ' [e'Aw, crowd together], company, band, troop of soldiers; especially of cavalry, squadron. I. ii. 16. tlLS,, -dvos, 0, leathern strap, thong; of a sandal or shoe, latchet, strap. IV. v. 14. ILUGTLOV, -0o, ', [ vvvJVt, cot/he], cloak, outer garment, mantle, a broad, oblong piece of cloth, worn over the chiton (XLrT-v), usually thrown over the left shoulder and fastened at the right; in pl. sometimes = clothes, clothing. Cf. p. 31 -tva, final conj. with subj. or opt., in order that, that, so that. tsrwapXos, -ou, 6, [trrros, apXo], commander of cavalry, cavalrycaptain, master of horse, hipparch. III. iii. 20. twn'ar'Ca, -as, fj, [T7rtros], riding, riding about. II. v. 33. 'rWeCla, -as, ^, [irvrevrw, ride], horsemanship, cavalry. V. vi. 8. iWrTEVs, -res, nom. pl. irRfELs or irsrSs, 6, 1[tmros], horseman, rider, cavalry-man; p. cavalry. Cf. p. 32. lrWtKOS, -A, -dv, adj, ['braos], of a horse, relaltn, fo horse or caz,lry. As subst., 1Tr7riK6v, -oD, TO, cavalry. O6pa, inriK-ss, horsebreastplate; cf. p. 32. abvauts sirsrtif, force of cavalry. iLrrs68pol.os, -ou, 6, [I'raros +- apuos, race], race-course; for chariots, hippodrome. I. viii. 20. trr7rros, -ou, o, horse; pl. 1-7rrot sometimes by metonymy used for iVrTre-s, cavalry. C(p' 'Tirrov, on horseback. 'IpLs, -sos, o, Iris, a river in the northeastern part of Asia Minor, east of the Halys, and flowing into the Black Sea; now called Yeshzl Irmak at its mouth, in the interior Tosauloo. V. vi. 9. t-0', see olSa. tlrOLds, -ov, 6, isthmus. As proper noun, 'Iar0ids, -ou, 6, [sc. KopivOtaKcds}, 1sthm2is of Corinth, which connects the Peloponnesus with northern Greece. II. vi. 3. itoo'd)Xvpos, -ov, [l'os, rAuEvpd, side], with eq.al sides, equilateral. III. iv. 19. 'tros, -S, -ov, adj, equal, equal to, the same as, like. ELS rb oIov, to the level of. Ev Y ra, in an even line. i a-ov ' Evat, to be on an equal footing. cro-XEtXis, -es, adj., [Yoor, Xf^Xos, lit, bm], on a level with the brim, even with the brim. IV. v. 26. 'Icro-C, -yv, of, or 'Iro's -os, -o, fssi or Issus, a city in the eastern part of Cilicia, on the sea-coast, near which in 333 B c. a famous battle was fought between Alexander the Great and Darius. See N. to p. 64, 8, and p. I3. a-O41, to-Tr, see ol8a. tGrrjlt,, UTOW -r, E"rvqKa [part. IasTCS], Er77cra, 2 aor. iThr-7v, plupf. eia/mKElv, 3 pl. eca-TraCav; transitive tenses, pres., impf., fut., and I aor. q "tOv 75 KOLOAKW act., I aor. mid., casne fo s/and, bring to a halt, halt, stop; intr. tenses, pf., plupf., and 2 aor. act., all mid. tenses except I aor., stand, stand still, stop, halt; make a stand. G. I23; H. 331-336. io-TLov, -ov, To, [dim. of itf-s, veb], sail. I. v. 3. a-Xupos, -a, -dv, adj., comp. loXvup6 -TEpOS, sup. iTXUvpTaros0, [IXcrv], strong, pazoerful; severe, violent. Xwpla lrXvpd, strong'hiolds. LoxvUpCos, adv., com!p laoXUpdrepov, sup. lrXvpra-ra, [L'aXvpds], strongly, powoerfully, energ'etcally, vZiorously, forcibly; severely, violently; exceedingly,, very. Lo'XvS, -Vos, strn, strngh, migt,power; especially fighling force, force of soldiers. toXcwo, [a form of Xow], found only in pres. and impf., act. and pass., hold, hold back, curb, restrain; impf. as impers., ev -ov7y c-XETo, the matter stopped at this point, it remained as it was. to'-Os, adv., [o-os], perhaps, likely, probably; often used ironically in cases where the speaker has no doubt himself of the truth of his statement. 'ITap~vTis, -ovs, 6, Itamnenes, or, according to some editors, 'ITraCEXLOS, -ov, 6, Itabelius, lieutenantgovernor of Komania in Mysia. VII. viii. 15. Ti-ov, verb. adj. of ~Ej,1i, necessary to go. ivus, -vos, ij, ed(e of a shield, shieldrim; sometimes by synecdoche, shield. IV. vii. 12. iXeis, -vos, 6, fish. I. iv. 9. tXVOS, -eos or -ovs, rb, track, footstep, trace. 'IcoIvt, -as, -, lonia, a region in Asia Minor, comprising the central portion of the western coast, early settled by Ionians. See Map. I. iv. I3. 'IOVLKO6S -, -Se, ['Tw-la], ^onian, of lonia, belomgwg, to lonia.. See N. to p. 52, 14. I. i. 6. K. KcLyae0s = KaIx 6yacos. Kay6 KLI tyh. KaO', - Kaai by elision and aspiration before a rough vowel. KaOa, adv., [for KaO' 'a = KaTa- a"], as, just as. VII. viii. 4. KaOaCipo(, Kaapk, KEtcffaapKa, EKca07-pa, [Ka0apbs, pure], make pure, purij,, cleanse, used often of religious ceremonies of purification. V. vii. 35. KaOci7drrp, rel. adv., [for KaO ' acirep rKara arep], just as, exactly as, in the snme way that. Ka0aplds, -os, 6, [KaOaipw], purzication, cleatns1ig. V. vii. 35. KaOeOopJaL, rcaOeFoiuyat, impf. CeaOe(do'nv, IrKard 4- e(()ya, sit], dep., sit dozwn, take a scat; halt, stop, stop to rest. KaOEXKWo, traOEAw, impf. rKatEiAKov, [ra-d 4+ ie'Al, drag, dra, drdown; especially of vessels, d haw down into the water, laznch. VII. i. I9. KaL0ev658, KcauEvo'?7ao, impf. IKrdOEnBov, [KaTa + ev'w, sleep], sleep, slamber, repose; take one's ease. I. iii. r. KaeC0yEoajCLL, -7'jojiaia, KaOyfljiat, Kat0'y-qc,?7vl, [LKard +?7eotal,], dep., leZad, lead down. tra7a raO7ye7?rOai, to take the lead in this undertaking. VII. viii. 9. KC0qSvw'uae0w, -o-rw, aor. Ka0-G6nTra0prca, [Kard a + 3vuraOew, from Ijvnra0js, 7b66 + 7ra0eiv, spend in pleasures, waste in dissipation, squander. I. ii. 3. KaOiKWo, Kal44w, KaBOKa, KaQOya, [Kard + 5K-W], come down, reach down, extend down. As impers., Ka0tl(Jiab, 76 KaCKO6 rKa04CKt u.ot, it is m tyrftt; ot KaOtKi, twhose duty it was. K9tba~iLaL, impf. eKaQp.47mv, [rarci + iuaL, sit], szl down, be seated, sit; be stationed, be halting; sometimes of an assembly, be in session. KaC9iot, KaOiocr or KaOLw, KefcdOtKa, ecKotcaa, [Kard + 'ia, cause to sit], cause to sit down, seat, place, put. KaOiCeiLV eis rb Opodvo, to seat on the throne, i. e. to make king. Kac9cFLL, Ka0fj-c, Ka0eiaa, caOiKa, [KaTc + nc7i/]t], send down, letf/al, lower. Ka%9C1rT-iLt, KaTaicT$I`Wa, iraOlO-TrKa, KaTre7g7TJaa, 2 aor. KaE.o'-T7r7, [Kar + Yo'T-tlr]; transitive tenses (see &Crj)t), put dowe, bring down, bring back; settle, arrange, station; place, establish, render; constitute, appoint, make; - intrans. tenses, pf., plupf., and 2 aor. act., and all mid. tenses except I aor., become established, take one's place, be stationed, be placed, be settled; come out, result, issue, become. KaOopaW, i KarJ4ouat, KaOeaSpaKa, 2 aor. Kare?6ov, [KaTr + opdw], look down upon from above, view, perceive, inspect. KaC, copulative conj., and, also; often intensive, even, and even; sometimes with inferential force = and therefore, and so; often used with other conjunctions and adverbs, as al.... Ka, KIa....r, or r... Ka, both.. and; d Ka;, e ven if, even though; tal ai, and especially, and you see, and indeed; xxcws re... Kat, especially. See H. I040-1042. KC;IKOS, -oV,, Catus, a river which rises on the northern border of Lydia, and flows westward through Mysia by Pergamos, and empties into the Aegaean Sea opposite Lesbos; now Bakyr- Tschai. VII. viii. 8. Kativa, -cv, al, Caenae, a city on the Tigris, in Mesopotamia. See Map, and N. to p. I08, 24. II. iv. 28. KaLCwsp, e[at + riep], adv., even indeed, even though, although; often used with participles. KLtpos, -oQ, 6, proper time, fit time, season, opportunity; crisis, occasion. Katpos EsaGr, it isthe proper time. v Kiaspk, in season, opportunely, to the purpose.,rpoawrEpw To iraipoi, further than was best, further than was expedient. CXeWv Eyaroov Kaitpov, to have a very great opportunity, have very great influence. KaCTro, conj, [Kat + Toi] and yet, and still. KKICELVOS, KaKELtva, = KLal iKiVOS, KaL EiKELV(a. KaKovoa, -as,, [Kafcrvous], ill-will, malice. VII. vii. 45. KaKOVOUS, -ouv, adj., [for KaKo'voos, -or, from KaKosr + voos or roUS], ill-disposed, malicious, full of malice, hostile. KCKOS, -*, -Sv, adj., comp. KiaKIWV, sup. KCidKtnros, evil, bad, base, wicked, vile; of soldiers, cozwardly. As subst., KCLKOV, -oi, rT, pi. Kaicd,,, evil ill, harm, trouble. KaicJv rTva VroWev, to do harm to any one. Kaibv 7rda'xstv Vbir Tvos, to suffer hurt at the hands of any one. KaKOupyEW, -ip0o, [aKOOpyoS, evildoer], do evil to, injure; maltreat, harass. VI. i. I. KaKOppyOS, -or, adj., [rKadJ, epyov, work], doing ill, mtischievous. As subst., KaKCopyos, -ou, evaldoer, criminal, malefactor. I. ix. 13. KOLKOW, KatKC6orw, pf. p. KeKtcarKccwat, plupf. p. iKesaKiw/7rrv, [raKrds], treat ill injure, harm, hurt; in pass., KaKLcS 77 KcanlracSoxCa suffer ill, be in bad condition. IV. v. 35. KOaKS, adv., comp. KCKSOV, sup xKbcKiTa, badly, ill; wretchedly, poorly, miserably; ijzurzously. Kaiwcs 4XcW~, to be in bad condition. See IDIOMS. KCKOWIS, -ews, 7), [KaKcW], abuse, ill-treatment, maltreatment. IV. vi. 3. KaXAcW l, - ss, 7, stalk; straw of wheat. V. iv. 27. KXaaL0os, -ou, 6, reed, reeed-plant. KacX E caAow, ucao /KAKA, c ca, AeoCa, I aor. mid. ecKaxeo-a-/,/v, aor. p. EKXf0Ytv, call, summoln, call in, invite; call by name, name;mid., call to one's self. 6 KcaoVpuevos, often = the so-called, socalled. KaXLv8EofLcL, impf. E'KaXtvSo0v7v, roll about, roll. V. ii. 3r. KaLXXpLEpO, -r71fj, KeKalAAEp-p7Ica, eKaAXdep7)rra, [KcaXos, lepov, sacrifceJ, obtain good omens in sacrificing, sacrifice with good auspices for an undertaking. KacKXXip.aos, -ou, 6, Callimachus, a captain of great bravery from Parrhasia, in Arcadia. IV. i. 27, et al. KCXXLorrca, see KaX&S KaXXos, -Eos or -ovs, ra, beauty. II. iii. 5. Ka\0XXoYlcrjLos, -oi, 6, [cKaA\wrriw, adorn, from KdaAAo, t4, face], ornamentation, ornament, adornment. I. ix. 23. KcaXos, —, -o'v, adj., comp. KaALXiv, sup. Ka\iAAoros, beautiful, handsome, fine; noble, honorable; favorable, auspicious. As subst., KcaXOV, -o9, Tr, beauty, the beautiful, the horble, onorable. h e's KOaZv ' TKere, you have come at the right tine. KaAbs Kacya0os, honorable and good, - gyaOog referring to character, KaAds to conduct. KX'rrnl, — s,, in the Anabasis found only with Alt/zlv in K.ciA'rrrs XLqAv, P'ort of Calpe, Ca6Spe Haven, a harbor-city on the south shore of the Euxine Sea, between Heraclea and the Bosporus. VI. ii. 13 et al. KaXXqv8ovia, -as, [KaxxUAc6Yv], Calchedonia, the territory belonging to the city Calchedon. VI. vi. 38. KcatXxlS&v, -dvos, 4, Calchedon, a city in Bithynia, at the southern entrance of the Bosporus, opposite Byzantium. VII. i. 20 et al. KCaXs, adv., comp. KcatAAov, sup. KaXAA'ra, [caAxs], well, finely; properlv, nobly, prosperously. caAws ciXer, be well, be in gooa condition. KaOVlWO, Kcayovicat, KKjf77Fca, 2 aor. ueKarov, worka, toil; be weary, be tired, be exhausted, be sick. oi Kcuvovres, the sick, the disabled. KCLOp.0, =- Kal col. KO.vSUS, -vOS, 6,,robe, particularly the long, flowing robe, with loose, hanging sleeves, worn by Persians of wealth and rank, often called the Median robe, because derived originally from the Medes. I. v. 8. K&w7TELra, =- Kai ExreiTa. Kanfr1XEtov, -ov, Ts, [KcaTrA^os, retaildealer], booth, shop for retail trade, especially for dealing in provisions; inn, tavern. I. ii. 24. KanrLLO, -s,,, kapithe, a Persian dry measure, = two Greek choenices, = a little less than two quarts. I. v. 6. KCLtrvds, -oi, 6, smoke. KcawrraSoKCa, -as,, Cappadocia, a large mountainous region in the central part of Asia Minor, bounded on the east by the river Euphrates and on the south by the Taurus Mountains. It KCiTXpOS 78 KCLarcTy4Et formed a part of the province of Cyrus the Younger. I. ii. 20 et aa Karrpos, -ov, 6, boar, especially wild boar. II. ii. 9. KcappaCiLVTl, -is, {, brogue, rude shoe made of untanned ox-hide. IV. v. I4. KcapSc, -as, h, heart. II. v. 23. KapbopvxLos, -a, -ov, [KapbouXos], Carduchian, of the Carduchians. KapSovxos, -or, 6, Carduchian; in pl., of Kapboxyos, the Carcdzchians, the Carduchzi, a brave folk of mountaineers, dwelling along the east bank of the Tigris, north of the Greater Zab; by many considered the ancestors of the modern AX rds. III. v. 17 et seq. KapKaro-s, -ov, 6, Carcasus, a small river of uncertain location, perhaps in Mysia. VII. viii. I8. KapiMrCa, -as, ~, [Kap7ros], cropdance, a mimic dance of the Thessalians, in which a peasant scuffled with a cattle-thief. VI. i. 7. Kapr'n'OOff -, -oo Kapo, KEKCtprcWal, EKap7Trrwoal]7V, [Kapir6s], reap the fruit of, e;oy the fruit of get the produce of: Kapir6O, -ov, 6, fruit of trees, etc., produce, crop of grain. II. v. I9. Kapoos, -ou, o, Carsus, a small stream on the southern border of Cilicia, separating it from Syria. See Map, and Plan I. I. iv. 4. K&pvov,-or, -r, nut, in the Anabasis referring to the chestnut, which before the time of Xenophon was not known among the Greeks. V. iv. 29, 32. Kapflj, — 7t, -S7, [cf. Kapcpw, dry up], dry grass, hay. I. v. so. KaocrTOX6s, -oV, 6, Castluzs, a place in Lydia, giving its name to the great muster-field for the Persian imperial troops of the western Asiatic provinces; probably on the Hermus river, near Sardis. See Map. I. i. 2, ix. 7. KaTO., by elision aT', by elision and aspiration KaO', prep., followed by gen. or acc.: -. With gen., down, down from. 2. With acc. of place, along, alongside of, by, over, over against, opposite, at, upon, in, about, near, to, throughout, as Kar&, yhv, by land; with ace. denoting manner or purpose, according to, in respect to, for, as KaO' apracyrv, for zlunder; KaTa Kpdros, by force; Kar& AxXovs, by companies; KaOe' f'a, one by one; rb KCarah uSva S Kfpgoo, monthly pay. In composition Kata (fcar-, Ka0- before vowels) adds the force of down, downwards, in answer to or against, but is often used merely to strengthen the notion of the simple word. KcTapaltvo, Kcras'a,8c'P oa Ka7raa3e^,7nca, 2 aor. KarET', [Kara + faivos], go down, come down, descend; dismount from a horse; go down from the interior to the coast. KaX-raJavE'v, [|eLs cayCva4, to enter the lists for a contest. Ka&aoarLS, -Ect?,, [cKasrafaxvs], goinfg down, descent; way down; especially march down from the interior to the coast, downmarch. KarTapXaCKEvUO) KaraIAaKsaev'ro, aor. mid. KareBAaKevtEdrrv, [Kard + BxcaKow, from $jA&t, slack], treat carelessly, mismanage. VII. vi. 22. Ka.TCLyyEXw, KarayYE\w, CKar7YyeAKaa, Ktc[re KaE, card - +&yyeAAwl], announce; betray, denounce, expose. II. v. 38. Ka-CTyeloS, -ov, adj., [Kard, yf7, earth], underground, subterraneous. IV. v. 25. KaTayEXikO 79 KacTCLXT'rLV KCCLtyEXcW, -do'outa, cKa'ra-yeyEAaKa, Katre-y/Aaaa, [w caa ~+ yeAh ], laugh at, jeer at, deride, mock at, ridicule; often followed by gen. KClTayVVuiL, Kcardtw, 2 pf. warTaya, KaTra&a, [tcaTrd &-yt/vu, break], break in pieces, shatter, crush. IV. ii. 20. Karayo'lTreio, -evffw, I aor. p. KaTeyof7rESOQlV, [wKa'r + 'yo'1rEuvw, from ydo7s, ziizardl, bewitch, begile; charm, put under a spell. V. vii. 9. KCLTaywc, KarTdw, Karvxa, 2 aor. KaTriyayov, [card + &-yw], lead dowzn, bring' down; of a ship, bring- to port; of exiles, bring back, restore;-mid., go back, return. KaTraSacravco, -irw, wawraaearradvr7Ka, arE&aardvoa, [ara + &aravdco, from Sa7rdvr, expetsel], sqzuander; utterly consumte, entirely consume. II. ii. I. KaCTa8L\LSEO, -daw, aor. KcaresElAiacra, [Karad - StAtdw, from &eiAia, Sa ldS, cowardly], show siJis of cowardice, be cowardly, shrink from through cooardice. VII. vi. 22. KCaTasLKatW, -aow, KaTraelLcaKa, icarEiLKara, [KaTr + 5slK&d, flrom Simtc], pass sentence upon, give judgzment against, condemn KCTa8rCLOLKJ, -CO4oUat, tKCaraserwXa, KaTrelOiwa, [Kard + 8i&Kw], pur-l sue down, follow closely, chase down, chase off IV. ii. 5. KCLTaSOtiat, -do'w, aor. Karredao'a, [Karad + 5otd0, from 3d4a, opinion], form an adverse opinzion, think to the prejudice of any one, suppose to the discredit of any one. VII. vii. 30. KaCTaSbo, -Vt', KarTasiGca, KcareSuva, 2 aor. KariUSv, [wcara 1 -Suo]l, cause to sink down, sznk dozwn; intr., sink dozLn, sink under, sink. KaTrCaoeaoFiL, -acroyat, impf. careOetcyjv, [Karad + OctdoUat], look down upou from an elevation or from the back of a horse; survey, view, watch from above. KarTa0el.EVOs, see KaTaT0COifL. KaCoTaXOo, -BOEv'ooai, [card + 0w, runm], ruz7 downr, rush down. KaTGCaO Vc, -t ararTOuwca, KaTeOGaa, [warra 4- uw, sacrJfice], sacrifice, ofJer zu, offer as a sacrifice; dedicate, consecrate. KaCTalacX-ovo,.-aratro'vvw, [ward 4 -atlcrx(vw], be a di.sgrace to, put to shame, shame/,, disgrace, dishonor; followed by ace. KCaTCLKCL(CVI, -KOwac, 2 pf. KarTaK cova, 2 aor. tcarioavov, [wcard + Kaivw = Crec[vw], cut doawn; kill, sla, murder. KaTaKCwT or KOTaKaaco, KaTaKavabw, caratc/KauKa, KarTcauvaa, [wLard + cwdw, wawc], burtr dowin, destroy byfire, burn up, lay waste by fire. KaTarKEipaiL, KaTracKFoyja, [wcard + KEf/ta, lie], lie dowz, lie here, lie there; recline as at table; lie inactive, lie anid do zot/hing. KaTaciKXiw, -, - Karar, KataKe t, aeKApoJa, plupf. p. KareKsKAr yw71v, aor p. KaTECre7Xy'Olv, [Lard + KAw, Acw, A shet], s shut itz, enclose, shut up, cofine. KaTaKOVTriqo, Karalcovric'w or caraKovriw, aor. warT'qrwov-rsoa, [ard 4+ dKovTriL], shoot down with darts or spears. VII. iv. 6. KaTOLKrrrTKaaKOw, K aaraco aKE, wa'aKcoa, ra'rE/co4a, 2 aor. p. KaTrecoTr^v, fut. p. cKaracetcdolat, [rcarao + KCTrrrw], cut down2, hew down; cut off cut to pieces, kill, slay. KaTraKTCojLaL, -wCr'roooat, -KiwcrI'tat, KatrEcT'r7rTdfoyv, [Kard + KTadoasi, acquire], get full possesston of, acquire securell. VII. iii. 31. KaOLTKTrELvw, -rKTev, 2 pf. Karfirfova, I aor, KaretK re/va, 2 aor. KarETECra KcaTaKoWXi 80 KaCTarp6Vrr'r vov, [KaTr + wreivwo, killz, kill, slay, murder, put to death. K.Iara TCLKwC, -V0w, -fKCA:KLAKOa, KOa - KccSAt'a, [KaCrd + KWCAUh, hinder], hinder from doing, detain, keep back, stop. KaTacatXJpacvo, -Aifoyta, CarEiXAJq)a, 2 aor. KaTeAaf3ov, pf. p. KareaiAvuU,, I aor. p. KareA4X^qOv, [wcard + Aa/sadYWo], seize, take possession of, lay hold of, occupy; capture, catch; take by surprise; light upon, find. KaTraXCEyw, -A6(a, impf. Kartxe-yov, [KaTrd + AE'yw], reckon against, account azfainst, charge up against II. vi. 27. KaTaXEL'Trw, -Aehlwf, 2 pf. cKaraAeAo7ra, 2 aor. KarTeAtirov, pf. p. KaraAeAelu^qa1, [Kard + Ae7rwl], leave behind, leave remaining, leave, abandon, desert; - pass., be left behind, remain behind. KIaTa\EoW, KCaaAeufoa, aor. pass. KaTeAeva0 ijv, [KaTa + Aevb, to stone], stone down, stone to death. KaLraXXa'TTr caraAAd4, Waa ariAAaXa, icaTrAAaa, 2 aor. p Karq7AAadyv, [lcarT + d.AAXTrw, changre], change a person from hostile to friendly terms, reconcile; - pass., become reconciled. I. vi. I. KClTaXAo'y(oaLL, KaTraoytoltyas, Ka7aAXeA.yia'.at, aor. p. KaTEAoyfi(07Cv, [Kard + xoyICojua, reckon], reckon together, reckon. V. vi. I6. KO.raXvw, -A-ro, -u Auva, a-Ae arzOca, [Kard + Avw], unyoke, unloose, as horses or oxen; hence, halt, stop; put an end to, dissolve, break up. Karaxveiv by TV rdAEytov, end the war; sometimes without trdAeyov, come to terms with, make peace with, as I. i. Io. KaCLCactavOdvco, KarTa.aOi o/,aal, KarafExdOlKfca, 2 aor. KarTiraBaOv, [Kard + haavwodw], learn thoroughly, understand; perceive, observe; find out, discover. KCLTCLfLEXE'W, KaT?7,uE',X7pca, impf. A a E' [KaT + 631.4EA icaT71A OUV, from JjweAs, ne,-1z,,-eW], be ve;y be heedless, be quie careless. V. viii. i. Kwrajiiwo, tcara1AEV, KaTaUEJAV77KM, KaT/AELva, LmaT(Z' + UE'Vw]' stay beh ind, remain fixed, settle down. K(XT(XILEPL'tW, -LV, i aor. p. Karc-/AEPLO-077V, [KaT' + juEpfCw, divide, from uE'Pos], al5portion, distribute. VIL V- 4 -KCL'TCLj1VYV1VLL, -,a Lf co, impf. mid. KaTeAvyPVj.4?jv, [KaTa' + /"1-YVVjA1j' mix; - mid., mingle one's se4f with, mingle wall, join. V11. 3 -KUTUVOEW, Karavoljo avc-v4-qKa, KaTc-PO77cra, [Ka7-a' + voc_'cv, from PoOs, mind], consider thorou,,rhly, rej7ece on; watch carefully, observe with care. E' ' w, Kara7r' o/ioa, KCLTM7r Iv7rw, -7rEy E7 tca7-C-7rE/A*a, aor. P. KarE7rE'M9bO-qv, kaTa' +?r' 7rcol, send (town, as EA from the interior to the sea-coast. L ix- 7 -KcLTmrrErp6w, -7rETP(60-W, i aor. p. Kare7rETpc6OP, [KaTC&' + veTpolw' from 7r,rpos, stone], slone to death. 1. i i i. 2. KCLToLrr-qSC'Lw, -7r?7&4croAai, -7rE7r877Ka, KaTCW677tra, [KaTal + 7r?73a'w, lea.pl, leap down, jump down, spring down, leap off. KCLTOL7rLTrTW' -7rEYoO/Aat, -7r6rrwica,:2 aor. KaTewEo-ov, [KaTal + 7ri7rTW], fall down, fall OY: Ill. ig. KCLT(%1roXEji4E'(,)) -7rokEuO'co, KarwreroACIIA-qKa, i aor. p. maTE7rOA1EUhO7?X" kard + 7rOAE/A', from 7r4AEUOS, war], overcome in war, conquer in war, VII. i. 27 -KcLrcL7rpC'LTTW, -7r P aQ co, -7rewpaXa, KaTerpaa, [KaTa + 7rpd',rrw1, accomplish, execute, achicve, bring about, Haiti. KaCraLEXiw, -,7Oo, KaTr/ueAX7pa, impf. Kartj/eAo'v, [KaTr + ateAeew, from acieA4s, neligezeltj, be very negigenzt, be heedless, be ui.e careless. V. viii. i. Kara.liEvo, tcara/ftevw, KaraaJeJY vrKa, KaTetueLva, [Kard + yeVw], stay behind, remain fixed, settle down. K(XTa(LepLo, -,i, I aor. p. Karej/epf io07v, [Kara — + jepI[w, divide, from 4Epos], apportion, distribute. VII. v. 4. KaaTcL/yvu1pL, -/aTow, impf. mid. KareFaLyw/iVj.7V, [cara + /+ "^iVVul, mix; - mid., mingle one's self with, mingle zwith, join. VII. ii. 3. KaTavoCo, Karavoljoa, Karavwc7wd, a, KaTevo'7ara, [wcaar + vowa, from vows, minid], consider thoroughly, reflect on; watch carefully, observe with care. KarTare.'rw, -'re/w, Ka4ra7rf7ro/JLa, KarCret7rE a, aor. p. KaTe7rep6O7wv, [Karda + irdTsrw], send down, as from the interior to the sea-coast. I. ix. 7. KGTorArrp6ow, -'reTrpc6a, I aor. p. KaCreTrerpcOY, [Kara + rerpolw, from r7rpos, stone], stone to death. I. iii. 2. KacrTa'rlqSo, -rfi4roao/, -r7rEr87fcaa, KaTrern$Wr6a, [wcard + 7rS7daw, leap], leap down, jump down, spring down, leap off. KaTCtir 'lrTW, -7reroOv/at, -7rrrtwwKa, 2 aor. KarT&reaov, [Kard + 7ri7rrT], fall down, fall off: III. ii. I9. KarvaroXqoe,- -7roAej'crc, ca'rarre7roAe/Iuca, I aor. p. KaTreroAfe0wv]?, [Kard + 7roAealdw, from 7rdAeLOs, war], overcome in war, conquer in war. VII. i. 27. KaTcarprTTtw, -7rpd ao, -7rerpaxa, Ka7rrpa~a, [Kard + 7rpdrro], accomplish, execute, achieve, bring about, gain. KaClrapdlol.l L 81 KcTar4pOVVe KarapaofaLL, KaTapdao/.al, aor. mid. Kcar71pao'd/rJ7, [KaTa + 'dpaoai, from dpd, prayer], curse, execrate, heap curses on. Ka'rTao'evvVujL, KatrarBafo,', carEfa/3tiKa, KaTraSeaa, [Kcarad + (r~/eCVV/iL, queLch], put out, extinguiZsh. VI. iii. 21, 25. KaaCIArKaESCLVV JL, -a'Kesodaw, aor. mid. KareCa'CK-aEcadFjv, [Kcard -+ o-KceaYvvYU/, scatter], pour drazon, sprinkle about, pour about. VII. iii. 32. Ka'LTaQoCKEiTTOLCLL, KaTaa'CKE/o/al, KarTo'Kef/lfaL, KcarecrEce/a/A71v, ['cara + a'KErr7TO.ai, look], examine, review, inspect. I. v. 12. KCaTCL(KEvitO, -'cr va lw, CKatc re vacra, pf. p. tcarea'Kevaarrjat, aor. mid. KaTE'Kea'cvlaadfv, [Karad + o'lceud(w, prepare], make ready, get ready, equip, prepare; -- mid., make preparations. KaTacrKIVdL, -a'K7ctV'Cw, 'Ka'TEKVJyKca, KaTrEaK'cv71Ca, [Ka'Ta + afK'cadw, from atK'cvrj, teilt], make one's camp, encamp, quarter oioe's self III. iv. 32. KacTaorKtlvoo, -a'cK7vswaw, KaTcare0K)vwCKa, cKaTea'Kj/vwCGa, [KcaT.C + OaK77 -Pvw, from 'CK7Vj, tent], pitch one's tent, encamp. II. ii. i6. KaCTCLorKOTr, -ijs, 9/, [Karaac KOTwew, observe], spying, observatlon. VII. iv. I3 -Katrao-Cracw, -CaTrac'w, cKar7araKa, cKatrcaraa, aor. p. tKarea7rdOsrv, [Kard q+ arad, w r, dr drag, down, drag off, pull down. I. ix. 6 KaTroLTacrSts -EWS, -j, [KaOla'raTi, establish], state of affairs, state, coandition. V. vii. 26. KaTaCrTparTOreSefojLaCL, -evi'oouai, aor. KarearpaTro7reevTa'd/vv, [Ktard + rrpaTrolreevo/ual, from rrpard7re&ov, campl, encamp. KarTacrTrpecow, -aTrpiiw, cKaTcr'rpoipa, tcarearpeifa, aor. mid. KarCTorpet'/dArV) [Kaara + oTrpE'w, ti) a)i, turn lown, overtu) n; - nllid., I overturn for one's self, slbject to one's self, subjugate, subdue. KaCvaT'6aTrrwo, -aoqdow, 2 aor. p. KatErrfa'nd v, LKara + aTcfdrrw, kill], kill, slay, put to death. IV. i. 23. KCtCao-(XCto, -rxI'Ow, aor. KareCrXira, [Kcard + aXi1w, splt], split ip, break in pieces; of gates, burs/ open. VII. i. 6. KrraT eTivo, -rTEVE, -rera'ca, Kcarrelva, [Karad + Tre-vw, stretch], stretch tih/,i Strain; strive earnestly, hisist on, urge. II. v. 30. KaCLat.rTvcO, -7rEpw, -TrTrrA'tca, 2 aor. cKarteratov, pl up. ap. KarerFersU /jv, [cKaTr + ri- vw, c ut], cut down, cut in pieces, cut up; of canals or ditches, cut throug h, dig from, extend. KaTlraTi0JI,, -O8ow, -nrOe/ica, Ktarer0tKa, 2 aor. mid. KarTeOde!Yrv, [Kard + rirofAl], put down, lay doUlwn, deposit; make firm, as friendship; - mid., lay aside for one's self, reserve, store up, treasure 2p. KarTTiTpLTo-Kc, -Trpaw, aor. KarerpwCaa, [Kcara + rriTpClaKW, wound], wound severely, cover with wounds. IV. i. lo. KararpiXco, -8pa/uovl/at, - SEpdfjcjKa, 2 aor. KcarTpayov, [ carad -+ rpExw, -run, run down, rush downa. KarTavuXCoFaL, Karavahuroaosa, Karl7vAlXa/ai, aor. p. (as mid.) Kcar7vAto'Oi;v, [Kard + avxAto/uat, from avir, courtI, encamnp, bivouac. VII. v. 15. KaTraojyetv, see KacrTecrCo. KaCra+ctav/s, -es, gen. -oVs, adj., IKara(Paivw, make clear], visible, inz /pain si,(ht, clearly seen. Kalrctajlvyw, -I(pEvtoIai, [fcard + rTezywl, flee for protechon, betake ou's self, lake r'f if e, escape to. I. v. 13. KOTCrapOVleW, -qf)poVr/(w, aor. KareqpUvr)ra, [card T - )pove'w, t/iink], KaTraCX(pLt 82 KEVOS lit. ' think down upon,' look down upon, view wiih contempt, despise. III. iv. 2. KCTaCrXc)p(t(o, -iL, aor. KaTXc^pio-a, place in position, put in position, station. VI. v. Io. KcLTrEiov, see Kacopato. KCTIrELLL, impf. Kartpiv or Kar71a, [KcaT-d - + lL ], go down, come down, descend. V. vii. 13. KaTrpyactofLct, irarTepyao'oSaL, iKarfipwyaco'jca, KaTretpyaa'c.Jclrv, [ Kcaar + qpydCobaru], work out, accomplish; secure, achieve. KarEpxoj Oac, KaareA iv-oai, KeareArAu0a, 2 aor. KarAXOov, [cKaTa + KpXojat], go down, go back, return, especially to one's native land. VII. ii. 2. KaTreo0-o, tariaOlTa, a KarTEs roKa, 2 aor. KaTr aayov, [ca6ra + e ol, eat], eat up, devour, usually of animals of prey. IV. viii. I4. KCtTErTV, see Ka0QivTr~]L. KaTrrEX, KtaOEWO or KarafrXl0r0), KaTerXflCKa, 2 aor. KarTeOov, impf. KaresXov, [Kara + EXW], hold under, hold fjst, hold back, hinder, restrain, prevent; occupy, hold, possess, havepossession of; - intr, of ships, come to land, stop. KaTrrlyopEi, aw, -t -yordp-/ar, Ka y aTryoplo-a, [caTyopos, from Kcawd - a-yopeto, speak], speak against any one, find fault wZth any one, accuse, charge; followed by gen. KaT'l-yopia, -as, -K, [Kariryopew], charge, accusation. V. viii. I. Karqpei.co(to, I aol. cKaT-peiulca, [Kcard, 'pEua, quietly], make quiet, calm, appease, pacify. KaCLOtcKE(, KaTrodKa0rw, Ka7 rKrfea, KarcpKflo/a, [KaTrd + ornetw, dwell], inhabit;- intr., dwell, live, reside. V. iii. 7. KaTroLKCo, KaroiilKI, KaTWaKiKa, iarreKioa, [Kard + o;K't fW foundT, settle in, colonize; found, build a city. KarTOpv'rTT, KaTop uw, KaropcppuXa, Karcpvea, pf p. Kapropowpurytai, [aCrad + opvtrrcw, dig], budr, cover with earth, sink in the earth. KacT(O, adv., [KarTd], downwardr, dozn; beneath, below. rb Icdrw [/epos] Tro TO4OU, the lower part of the bozw. KaLvja, -aTos, 'r, [EKdc], burning heat. I. vii. 6. KaiOro-Los, -ov, [cdKO], capable of being burned, inflammable, combustible. KaiWcrpos, -ov, 6, Cayster, a small river in Phrygia. There is a larger stream with the same name in Lydia, flowing into the Aegean Sea at Ephesus. Kavcrrpou ireS8ov, Caystru-pedion, Cayster-field, a city of some importance in Phrygia, at the meeting of two great royal roads. See N. to p. 56, 13, and Smith's Dictionary of Greek and A'oman Geography, article CAYSTRI CAMPUS. I. ii. II. K&O or KaCLt, Kavcrw, rEcKavKa, eKavca, impf. KdaOV, set on fire, kindle, burn; keep up a fire; - intr., be onfire, burn, be burned. KCyXpos, -oV, 8, sorghum, a kind of millet, having a tall, succulent stem and a small grain suitable for food. It belongs to the same genus of plants as the American broom-corn. I. ii. 22. KelaLiL, KEi-o/Sai, impf. CeKiyjrv, lie, lie dead; often as if pass. of T'rt flt, be laid, be set, be placed. KEXavwaLC, -ov, at, Celaenae, a large city in Phrygia, at the headwaters of the Meander river. It had a strong fortress, and there were two palaces in the vicinity. I. ii. 7. KeXeVO, -Etw, -e ae, ceAevua, IEciAvo'a, uige on, exhort; commrzand, bid, enjoin upon, direct, demand. evo6s, -j, -dv, adj., emipty, vacant, KEvOTaclOV 83 Ki1pUTT? void, ulnoccrpied; groundless, baseless. app aa Ke va jVIXi4xwV, cAia iots withzout drivers. K~VOTaLtOV, -oU, 4TO, [evS, rdfos, tomb], cenotaph, empty tomb, raised in honor of those who, having perished in war or on the sea, had been deprived of the ordinary rites of burial. VI. iv. 9. KEVT'Oo, - ' -O, KEKevT'lKca, CKevrT7o-a, prick, stab; goad, tar/tre. III. i. 29. KEVTrptTrTs, -OU, 6, Centrites, a tributary of the Tigris, entering it from the east, and forming the boundary between Armenia and the country of the Cardtichi; now Bohtan- Tschai. IV. iii. I et seq. KEp,;JivOS, -77, -ov, adj., [kcpayoSl], of clay, clay. III. iv. 7. KEPCaILOov,-, -ou, [dim. of Kipaftos], jar, earlhemr jar. KEpaCIos, -ov, 6, clay; ecartern- t far, wime-jar; tile, tiins,. Kepipfv 4'yopDi, ide-market, a populous city of Phrygia, near the Mysian boundary. See N. to p. 56, I. I. ii. ro. KEpaVVvU.L, KEpdiSo, KefcepaKfa, eice'para, aor. p. KFpdacOr7v or Lcpa O1iv, mix, mi/nle, blemid; mostly used of diluting wine with water. Kepas, -aros and -,ws, -r, horn of an animal; dr/ininz-h/orn, beaker as a musical instrument, horin, cornet; as military term, zoiig of an army, cf. p. 36; of a mountain, peak, summit. rb 8eFibv Kcpas, the right wing. Kara KEpas, iz coloziwz. Kepaoo-uvTLos, -OU, 6, [Kepar-ovs], Cerastilian, a resident or native of Cerasus. Kepacrovs, -oOvros, 3', Ccrasns, a city on the south coast of the Black Sea, west of Trapezus, colonized originally by Greeks from Sinope. From this place, in.ic. 73, the cherry (cerasus) was first imported into Italy, whence the name. V. iv. I et seq. KEp&rLvs, -1, -ov, adj., [Kcepas], tmae of horn, of horn. KepdoTvLa rori'pisa, drinkilng-horns. VI. i. 4. Keppepos -ou, o, Cerberus, a mythical dog-like monster with three heads, guardian of the entrance to the lower world. VI. ii. 2. KEpSOaivw, icptav&co, KEhC/pqcea, KSpaMva, l[cepoUs], gain, get. II. vi. 21. KEpSaXEos, -a, -ov, adj., comp., -Wrepos, SU1). -CTraros, [ci8o0S], licrative, proitable. I. ix. 17. KipSOS, -EOS or -ous, T,,gain, profit, ad(vanztae; wagtes, pay. I. ix. 17. KE~+aXaXyis, -es, adj, [cKEaAi6, &A'yoS, paintZ, causitng headache, headachvP, at v to cause headazche. II. iii. 15. KE+aX', -Sj, s1, head Kts8elbtv, -ovos, 6, l(c-qSE6U, tenal, rtolector, gavian' III. Ill. i. 17. Ki8O0o, K-fljiraw, Kwcyia, troKulae,e, ex; -mid., cjs3oLeaC, impf. eKrTnJ64,iY, be troubled for, care Jor, be azixiozts. VI. v. 5. KjpLov, -oU, T6, [rnKpds, bees'-wax,,at. ceral, honeycomb, honey. IV. viii. 20. Kt]pVKELOV, -ou, T-, herald's staff, herald's 7waznd, a staff having two scrlents twined about it, carried by heralds and suppliants. V. vii. 30. KtpV-, -Uvco,, herald, marshal; a mbassador. KipiiT~i-W, crqpc~c, KEKlp5Xe, iin'K-q' KTpVTTfa, lC7pU^W, rKr fpuXa, eKvrpu4a, [KcpuV], makeZ kncown through a herald, annzounce, p-roc/aim, ~give notice, cdec/are. eK1 pvUE, i6 oK put, it was proclaizted, notice was rgiven. Kqr4Lot8copos 84 KX 40& Ki'eroSowpos, -ou, 6, Cephisodorus, a captain from Athens, slain in a skirmish with the Cardfuchi. IV. ii. 13, 17. K71lto-o V, -,-vros, 6, C6ephisofphon, father of Cephisodorus. IV. ii. 13. KLPtOTLOV, -ou, To, [dim. of KiFrSOTs, box], wooden box, chest, box. VII. v. 14. KLXLKLCa, -as, 4/, Ci/icia, a fertile province in the southeastern part of Asia Minor, between Mount Taurus and the Mediterranean Sea; chief city, Tarsus. I. ii. 20, 21. KEcti, — Kos, 6, Cilzcian, native or resident of Cilicia. I. ii. 12, iv. 4. KiXoo'ra, -77s, h3, Cilician woman. I. ii. 12, I4, 20. jCLVSVEoC~, -eVWO, KisE'3'bVEVKt, KLV6Syavora, [Lvsvvos],be inb dangzer, incur danger, run risk, endaznger one's self, imperil one's self; as impers., KLvvuveUEL, there is danger. KCvSueos, -ou, 6, danger, risk, hazard, peril. KuVivvos [sc. OTr1], there is danger, often followed by infin. or by 1i, with subj. KLveo, Kict^'i, KEKiivrycKa, EKIVSf ra, aor. p. (as mid.) KcVi077rv, move, set zn motion, keep movzng, keep in motion - intr., stir, be in inotion, remove, nmove. KLTTOS, -oV, 6, ivy. V. iv. 2. KkXay6pas, -ou, 6, Cleagoras, a writer or painter from Phlius, who adorned the Lyceum at Athens. VII. viii. i. KXeciVETos, -ov, 6, Cleaenetis, a captain in the Greek army, slain on a plundering expedition near Trapezus. V. i. 17. KXeavSpos, ov, 6, Cleander, a Spartan harmost of Byzantium, at first hostile, afterwards friendly, to Xenophon. VI. ii. 13, vi. 5, et seq. KXEdvop, -opos, 6, Clednor, a native of Orchomenus; after the massacre of the Greek officers, chosen as general in place of Agias. III. i. 47 et al. KXeaperos -ov, o, Clearetus, a Greek captain, killed in a raid on a town in Pontus. V. vii. 14, i6. KXECpXos, -oV, 6, Clearchus, a Spartan general, afterwards commander of mercenary troops under Cyrus, by whom he was highly esteemed. After the battle of Cunaxa he assumed command of the Greek force until he was treacherously murdered, along with the other Greek officers, by Tissaphernes. For a fuller account of Clearchus see N. to p. 53, 2, and II. vi. I-15. KcXwrro, KuAiW, 2 pf. KceKcACa, eucAsua, steal, take by stealth, rob; convey secretly, carry seclrety by, smugrgle y; go secretly by, steal by. KXEwvvjos, -ou, 6, Cleonymus, a Spartan of excellent character. IV. i. 18. cKX70pov or KXELepov, -o, -O r, [tc, hw], bar of a gate, sometimes of wood. VII. i. 17. KXTW or KXei(o, KA1-cW, KeKdTKa, eKAloa, plupf. p. CKeKricAp7v, shut, close, bar, bolt. KXZEta| aOcos, ], [Kaviw, incline], ladder, stairway. IV. v. 25. KXlCq, — qs, ~, [Ktivw, incline], couch, divan, especially for reclining at table. KXoCrr, -5s, 7, [KxeN'rw], theft; stealth, sly movement; surprise of a military post. IV. vi. 13. KXowrct Kfrco r w, IccwEreAvC, tXoreva, eKtcArvcrvaa, [KAWS4', steal, pilfer, plunder. VI. i. i. KX4j+, Kaw7r6s, 6, [KuX7rTw1, thief, pilfeser, smarauder, pilunderer. IV. vi. I7. KVE()XS 85 K0wpos Kveias, -ovs, 76, dusk, twilight, darkness. d/,cpl Kvde(as, about dusk, about dark. IV. v. 9. KVYqCiS, -?os, ', [Kcv/yn, lower part of the leg, between knee and ankle], greave, a protection for the front of the leg, between the knee and the ankle, usually of metal, and fastened by straps behind. Cavalry men wore greaves also above the knee. See Plate III. 8, II. KOy6yr, -iS,?, [cf. Lat. concha, shell], muscle, a kind of shell-fish. V. iii. 8. KoyxuAviLrls, -ou, adj, [coyXvxj = Kidyxt], shelly,full of shells. III. iv. Io. KolXos, — q, -ov, adj, holloaE; of land, deep, hollowed out with ravines or valleys. V. iv. 3I. KOLJfdLWo -ijw, fcEKOulj7CKa, e6KofPnrfa, impf. eKcoimwv, aor. p. (as mid.) eKoiJ4077rv, [cf. KfCEaZL], put to sleep, alll;- mid. and aor. p., go to sleep, sleep, rest, repose. KOLVfl, adv., [dat. fem. of KOwvOS], in common, together, conjointly. KOLVOS, —, -dv, adj., common, public. As subst., KOtv6v, -ov, ro, common good, common treasury, coamon store, common plan. els Ib KO1 -viv, for the common good. KOLVOW, -ctT, KccOIfWKa, Kf o coKa ova, [Koivds], make common; - mid., consult, ask, inquire. VI. ii. I 5 KOWLVViW, KOLVWVoffW, KEKOVlPV7Kca, Kiowc6vv7ca, [Koivwvds], share in common, have ilt common, share. VII. vi. 28. KOLVovOs, -oi, 6, sharer, participator; partaker. VII ii. 38. KoLpcrTScas, -ou, 6, Coeratadas, a Theban, once holding a command under Clearchus; afterwards he offered his services to the Ten Thousand. VII. i. 33-40. i I I Kotiro, -Wo, ol, (Ceti, an independent tribe, living between the Tibareni and the Mossynoeci; otherwise unknown. The word KorToi is thought by many to be a corrupt form for TdoXoL. KOXa.td, -adw, fut. mid. KoAx&royas, aor. mid. 'coAao'u-qvr, chastise, punish, correct. KoXa-cLs, -ews, [, [tcoxw], punishment, chastisement, correction. KoXocraC, -wv, at, Colossae, a city in Phrygia, on the banks of the Lycus. See N. to p. 55, 6. I. ii. 6. KokxCs, -6sox, 4, Colchis, a region east of the Black Sea, famous for its connection with the legend of the Golden Fleece, for which see Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biog,-raphy and Miythology, article ARGONAUTAE. KoXXos, -ou, 6, Colchian, a native or resident of Colchis. IV. viii. 8 et seq. KoXWo6S, -ov,, hillz, ond, cairn, erected in commemoration of some event. IV. vii. 25. KojavCa, -as, ', Comania, a fortress in Mysia, in the vicinity of Pergamos. VII. viii. 15. KOtJLS1, -jS, 4, [KOt,(ojO], carriage, conveyanzce, means of transportation. V. i. r. KOptLO), -to-w or -is, ICKeKdjUIKa, i6oLcra, care for: carry, convey, take, bear, bring; - mid., bring, carry, get back for one's self;pass., betake one's self, travel, go. KOVLCiT6S,, - d, ad., [aj ova, plaster], plastered, cemented. IV. ii. 22. KOVLopTOs -oil, 6, [fovIS, duast, OpvUVos, stir up 1, cloud of dust. I. viii. 8. KO6ros, -or, 6, [rxTrrw], suffering; weariness, faiwgiue. KdirpoS, -OU,, dunZ, ordure. I. vi. I. K6lrTO) 86 Kpis KdTTwp, KOIw, KiKO(a, Ko, a, cut, strike, smite, cut up; slaughter, kill; of trees, cut down; with irbhas, knock at, beat, beat against. KOpT, -j, -7, [fer. of Kcpos, boy], girl, maid, maiden. IV. v. 9. -Kopo-riT^, -ijs, i, Corsole, a city on the Euphrates, apparently situated on an island formed by a canal joining two parts of a bend in the river. See N. to Mao-cav, p. 69, 2. I.v. 4. KoptiXas, -a, 6, Corylas, a Paphlagonian ruler, who maintained his independence of the Persian power. V. v. I2, et seq. KOpVi4j, -s, ', [icKPU, helmet], highest point; of a mountain, peak, top, summit. KOQcrEwc, -5T0w, KEKICEO77aflKa, eKfOynaa, aor. p. EKooota0G7v, [K6Tbos], put in order, order, regulate, arrange; deck, adorn, embellish, ornament. K6Or.LS, -, - -o, adj., [Ko'-jos], orderly, well-ordered; of soldiers, well-disciplined. VI. vi. 32. Ko'rI.OS, -ou, 6, order; adornment, embellishment, ornament, decoration; world as an orderly system. KoT-opa, -wv, Tr, neut. pl., Cotyora, a commercial Greek city on the southern shore of the Black Sea, in the country of the Tibareni; originally a colony from Sinope. V. v. 3. KoTUwptTrTs, -ov, 6, Cotyorite, a native or resident of Cotyora. V. v. 6, et al. KOD09o, -n, -ov, light, nimble; of grass or hay, dry. KOSxcos, adv., [icoipos], lightly, nimbly. Kpato, KpJiW, 2 pf. KeiKpdya, EKpata, pf. usually with force of the pres., cry out, call out, scream, shriek. Kpc'vos, -EOS or -ouv, ri, [cf. Kpavads, hard], helmet. See p. 30. KpaCTi', +-oC, -, KeKpdTr7Ka, eKpcdTrloca, [Kpdros], be powerful, be strong, be conqueror; be sovereign over, have power over, rule; master, overpower, conquer, vanquish, overcome; keep possession of, hold. Kpa-Trp, -ipoS, 6, [KEpdrvuVI, mix], mixing- bowl, mixintg-vessel, a large bowl or vase for mingling wine and water, from which the cups were filled. IV. v. 26, 32. Kpai.torTa, adv., [neut. pl. of KipdTioros], best, in the best way, to the best advantage, most stoutly. KpLarorros, see KpEi'TTV. KpaTos, -eos or -ovs, 4O, strength, miht, force, especially of physical force. ava Kpdros, at full speed. KaTa tcpdros, with all one's might, with might and main, with violence. Kpay, -s, ' [icpdCo,, p ]shriekiin, yelling, yell, shouatig, shout; outcry, tzunzzlt. KpEia, Kpews, T-o, nom. and ace. pl. KpEf, flesh, meat. KpECLTVtt, -ov, adj., sup. KpadTrO-T [properly comp. of obsolete KparVs, strong, cf. KpdTos], used as comp. of adya0s, better, stronger, Zmihtier, more powerful; braver, more courageous; more advantageous. KpeLOaFaLi, -95oooaal, impf. escpafdiunv [shortened forms for mid. and pass. of Kpetdzvvruu,], be hung, hang, be suspended. Kp~q&jVVUt, tcpe/ daLcLco or Kppeftw, aor. fEcKptuaoa, I aor. p. 'Kpeudao'rlv, hanmz up, suspend, hanrg. Kp^vq, — is, 9, spring of water. KpxTiTs, -78os, i7, foundation, base, ground-work. III. iv. 7, Io. Kpis, Kpr]ros, 6, Cretan; usually in pl., Kp-rTES, -, ol, Cretans; inhabitants of Crete, the largest island in the Mediterranean. The Cretans were famous for KptO0 87 KOpLOS lying, swift running, and skill in archery. See Map. KpiA, -$s, 27, often in p1., barley. KpiOLVOS, -71, -o, adj., [KptejI, of barley, made of barley. olvos KpiOwOS, beer. &pros IcpiOwvOS, barley-bread. KptVcO, KpivY, KCKprKa, eIKprva, aor. p. EKpi87Ov, discern. distzinZuish; jzrdge, decide; choose out, select; consider. KpLOS -, 6, ram. II. ii. 9. Kp'eLS, -EWs,, [Kpivw], trial, examination, judgment. KpOy.vov, -ov, Td, onion. VII. i. 37 -KpOTos, -ou, 6, clapping of hands, applause. VI. i. 13 KpOVCO, KpovOw, KKcpovKa, EKpouvCa, strike together, clash, clap together. KpUrrTW, KpV'W+, KEKpvKa, eCKpvoa, hide, cloak, conceal, keep secret. KpWop3Xos, -ou, 6, tzft of hair on a helmet, crest. V. iv. 13. KTCioaiL, KcTr'oUAaLi, Kce-K7,ual, EKTr7 -aru2iv, impf. eKTW'r]v, acquire, get, procure, gain, win; pf. KcKrtLaizn, have acquired, often with force of the present, = possess, have, enjoy. roXAeilous ira-Oat, to make enemies. KTIECV(, Krevr, 2 pf. ic&ova, EKrTeva, kill, slay, massacre. II. v. 32. KTrqpCL, -aros,,TO [Kcraooaij, property, possessions. VII. vii. 41. KTrvVOS,- or -ouv, r6, [cT'ao/aLt], mostly in pl., cK7TrSa or KT'vr, flocks and herds, s, hes, because in the earliest times possessions consisted mainly of these; in sing., domestic animal. V. ii. 3. KTjorICas, -ov, 6, Ctesias, a Greek physician and writer of history, native of Cnidus. See N. to p. 82, 8. I. viii. 26, 27. KUPEPVT]TiS, -oS, 6, [IKuv&epdw, steer], helmsman, steersman. V. viii. 20. KuSvos, -ov, 6, Cydnus, a river in Cilicia, flowing through the city of Tarsus into the Mediterranean Sea. I. ii. 23. KUitiKtVOS, -OV, 6, [sc. TraTrpj, Cyzicene stater, a gold coin struck in the mint at Cyzicus, and widely circulated. It was reckoned as worth about 28 Attic drachmas. KU'ILKOS, -OV, h, Cyzicus, an important city of Asia Minor, on the south shore of the Propontis. VII. ii. 5. KVKXOS, -ou, 6, circle, ring; enclosure, especially wall of a city; of men together, group, throng. ICUKAw, dat. of manner, with adverbial force, all around, around, round about. KUKXA6o, -Crw, iKci, cKKAKa, aor. p. cZKVKAc(6O7v, [fcbKAos], encircle, surround; - mid., gather about, stand aroound. KVKX\OrLS, -Ews, 3, [JvUKcA], a surroundzng, shutting in. I. viii. 23. KuXLVSEcO, -%wO, KeKivArtlv7Ka, c KC - Aiaa, roll, roll on, roll along, roll dozwn, roll of, roll around. Kv1ivS8), impf. eKviAVaov, = KVXLtvSo. KuvvlrKos, -ou, 6, Cyniscus, a Spartan general who was waging war in the Chersonese against the Thracians at the time of the retreat of the Ten Thousand. VII. i. 13. KUrlpCTTLvos, -71, -ov, adj., [CuvrdpiTTos, cypress], made of cypress, of cypress-wood, of cypress. V. iii. 12. KvpELOS, -a, -or, adj., [Kvpos], of Cyrus, Cyrus's. As subst. in pl., KUpELOL, -wv, o0, troops of Cyrus. KptLos, -a, -ov, adj., [icvpos, authorit'], havizg power over, master of. Kvpibs elfi, I have the power, am in condition to. V. vii. 27. Kupos 88 XavO&wv KOpos, -ou, 6, [ Old Persian Kfuru, nom. KCurush], Cyrus, name of several Persian kings and princes, of whom two are mentioned in the Anabasis: - I. Cyrus the Elder, or Cyrus the Great (Kvpos 6 dapXaos, Kupos 6 raxaios), founder of the Persian Empire, ruled from 560 to 529 B..; see pp. 7, 8. 2. Cyrus the Younger, prince, son of Darius Nothus and Parysatis, fell at the battle of Cunaxa, B.C. 401; see pp. 20-26, and I. ix. KwIM&vov, -ou, r6, Cytonizum, a city in Lydia, between Atramytium and Atarneus. See Map. VII. viii. 8. KUWV, Kuvods, 6, 6, [cf. Lat. canis], dog. cKOMA, -aW, KFec6XKica, KccA ooA, hinder, withstind. check, oppose, prevent, stop. rb KcwOov, hindrance, obstacle. KoAJ)pX1;,-o3,,- [K/iC,4, &pxw], head man of a village, town-chief, comarch. Kf11, -,, illage, hamlet. K(o^TS-o, -ou, 3, [KcU]], villager. IV. v. 24. Ktr' -, -i, oar-handle, oar. VI. iv. 2. A. XayXcavo, AiXomat, EtYAXa, a aor. MXaXov, obtain by lot, obtai; happen upon, get. wvvou vAaXlv, having fallen asleep. Xcay~s, -4, 6, hare, rabbit. IV. v. 24. Xa9pp, adv., [root XAa in Aav0dvo], secretly, stealthily; with gen., unknown to, without the knowledge of I. iii. 8. AcKCESaiLo6vLos, -ov, 6, [Aaice8aiLwY], Lacedaemonian, native or resident of Laconia, in the Peloponnesus. AaKe8acs(Ov, -ovo, -o, Lacedaemon, or Sparta, capital of Laconia, and most important city in the Peloponnesus. V. iii. II. XCKKOS, -ou, 6, [cf. Lat. lacusl, cistern, reservoir, pit. IV. ii. 22. XaKTCZW, AawKTi, AEAdKTIKa, I aor. p. aKcriOr-01 v, [AdS, with the foot], kick, kick at. III. ii. i8. AdaicKv, -ovos, 6, Laconian, inhabitant of Laconia. AaKCOVLK6S, -5, -yv, adj, [AdoKwv], Laconian, of Laconia, from Laconia. Xacp.pdvw, Xf4of/ia, EYA7Xqa, 2 aor. (Xaaov, pf. Ep. fX/Iuai, aor. p. thMqpO9rv, take, receive, obtain, get, procure, seize, capture, catch; overtake, come upon, detect, find; take of, partake of. Xa,8v, having taken, often = with. XqrL7rp6s, -d, -ov, adj., comp. XaaMrp-o Tepos, sup. Aaj.irpd6aros, [Ad/FCro], splendid, glorious, full of glory. VII. vii. 4I. Xactirp3TrS, — pTOS, 7, [Al7ArpJs], splendor, brilliancy, bright array. I. ii. 18. Xplrow, XAa4w, AXAaJiXra, b\afquAa, cause to shine; - mid., shine, give forth light; blaze, blaze up. III. i. II, 12. Aaj+auKcqvo's, -Ou, 6, [Adfuaftos], Lampsacene, a native or resident of Lampsacus. VII. viii. 3. Aap4facKs, -ou, ), Lampsacus, a city in Mysia, on the south shore of the Hellespont; now Lapsaki. VII. viii. i, 6. XavO0vw, AMCaouait, AEAXr)a, 2 aor. xacOov, escape notice, be unnoticed, be unseen; lie hid, be concealed, elude; generally used with a participle, in which case the participle may usually best be translated by a verb, and xavOadvw by secretly, unawares, without being noticed, without the knowledge of any one, as crpcrevua A&pLo-ra 89 Xoirods TpE(olEuevov eXAaSvOavr, an ar7my was beingt secretly mainiatn ed. A6pLro-aC -7S,,,Larissa, a ruined city on the east bank of the Tigris, identified with the Assyrian Cala/i. See N. to p. 140, 22. III. iv. 7. XaorLOS, -a, -ov, [connected with 8aoa-s, thick], rolg/, thicke/; overgrown with underbrush, bushly. As subst., XO-rLCL, -V, - t, ZLunderbrush, tMicket, thickets, Xa4tvporrwoX\w, -,o-r, [xdcpvpov, booy,, 7riwcAw, sell], sell booty. VI. vi. 38. Xci4upor'n'X\ls, -ou, 6, [xdfQ6pov, booty, 7rciA7s, dealer], booty-dealer, booty-seller, one who would buy up booty to sell at retail. VII. vii. 56. XdXos, -Eos or -ovs, TO, [xayXvlvw], lot; part assigned by lot, share, portion. V. iii. 9. XEyw, A!$w, EfiprjKa, 2 aor.?irov, say, sfpeak, tell; state, report, relate; speak of, mention, name, bid, cozmmaznd, direct; mean. XeCta, -as, ri, booty, plludetr, consisting especially of cattle, sometimes also of captives, who were to be sold as slaves. XLptav, -&vos,, O, [xdfw,flow], moist spot, m, ead meadow. V. iii. II. Xetos,, - -o, adj., smooth, event of a hill, gently slopi g. IV. iv. I. XdTrow, AE~ow, pf. X'Aoi7ra, 2 aor. -i;roov, pf. p. A/Ae/I/cat, aor. p. Axixq0r7r, fut. pf. pf. AeAeioat, leave, abandon, forsake, desert; leave behind, spare; - mid. and pass., be left behind, fall behind, remain behind; be left over, survive; be inferior. XeKT'OS, -a, -ov, verbal adj, [A-ywa], oughit to be said, -proper to be said, to be said or spokea. V. vi. 6. AeovTtvos, -oU, 6, Leontinzc, Leontinian, a native of Leontini, a Greek city in the eastern part of Sicily, northwest of Syracuse. II. vi. I6. Xe-KO0wpCt, -altos, 6, 6, [hVUtKOS, Ocwpa4], havinzg a white coat of mail, wit/h white corselet. See N. to p. 79, 7. I. viii. 9. XVKOCS -, -, -o, adj., [cf. AEfVTIoW, see], lizht, bright, /white. TXiyw, -4w, stay, abate; - intr., come to an end, leave off, cease, abate. XjropRaL,?iro'oata, AeAprrua, eApCajcrtv, iml)f..ApCvy7^, seize as booty,,et booty; rob, plunder. Xflpos, -ou, 6, nonsense, idle talk, triflinfg. VII. vii. 41. X.n loTerCa, -as, 7, [CA7(-rCo, be a robberl, robbery, plundering, rapine. VII. vii. 9. Xpra-r]s, -oD, o, [xAPo/uat], robber, fplunderer, pirate. XCav, adv., very, exceedingly. XCOvos, -7, -or, [AiOos], of stone, built of stone. III. iv. 7, 9. XlOos, -ov, 6, a stonze, stone. XLyijv, -Evos, 6, harbor, haven. Xtk[J S, -oi, 6, hZunger, jfmine. XLvos, -I7, -oiv, contracted for Aireos, -a, -ov, [AMvov, linen], of linen, made of linen, linen. XoyCto1J~C L, -tloila, AeAJ-ytio'ya, eAoytcrsa/- v, aor. p. eAXo'y-O'v, [AO-yos], calculate, reckon, think of, consider, expect. Xdyos, -ov, 6, [Alyyc ], word, statement, pramie; speech, discourse, discussion; report, tale, rumor; argumZeint, cplea, reason. X6-yXq, -71s, 7, spiear-point, spearhead; by synecdoche, spear, lance. XoLSope, co, -f, XotArprca, eAoJop-q(ra, [Aoi8opos, abnsive], abuse, reproach, revile, rail at. Xotvros, -', -ov, adj., [Asei7rw], left, remaininiitg, the rst of: i Aolrn, [sc. 686s], the rest of the way, the rest of the road. As subst., Xowmrrv,-ov, r-, remainder, rest, AoKPOs 90 XU(TiLreX0 often with gen.; referring to time, for the rest of the time, for hei future, from that time on. dAoKp6S,-os, 6, Locrian, an inhabitant of Locris, a province of Greece adjacent to Boeotia and Phocis. VII. iv. 18. Aovcr'TTis, -or, 6, _ Aouo-tcEs. Aovorev6s, -ews, ace. Aovoua, 6, Lusian, an inhabitant of Lusi, a town in the northern part of Arcadia, now Sudhena. XA(os, -o,, [Ahrw, T rub], back of the neck as rubbed by the yoke; crest of a hill, ridge, hill, heigaht. XoXayEco, -tv o, [AXOosl, lead a company. be captain. VI. i. 30. Xo yia, -as,, oays], position of captain, rank of captain, captaincy. XoXaOs, -oO, 6, [Ad os, A ywo], y eader of a company (XdXos), captain. The captain received twice the pay of the common soldier. XoXtTris, -ov, 6, [AoXos], member of the same company, fellowsoldier, comrade. VI, vi. 7, I7. X6Xos, -ov, 6, [root AeX, lie, in A^XOs], ambush; armed troop; in the Anabasis always company, battalion, consisting regularly of about a hundred men. See p. 28. AvlSC, -as, s, Lydia, a fertile province of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Mysia, on the east by Phrygia, on the south by Caria, on the west by the Aegean Sea. Under Croesus it became the head of a powerful empire. It was conquered by Cyrus the Elder in B. c. 559, and formed part of the satrapy of Cyrus the Younger. See S.d pS.es A5tOS, -a, -ov, adj., Lydian. I. v. 6. Au0ds, -oD, 6, Lydian, an inhabitant of Lydia. III. i. 3I. AsKcaM, -C, T-a, L ycaean Festival. See N. to p. 56, 8. I. ii. Io. AVKOVCa, -as, -s, Lycaonia, a mountainous province of Asia Minor, north of Cilicia; chief city, Iconium. See Map. I. ii. I9. AuK&acv, -ovoS, 6, Lycaonian, in pl. AVKiDovS, -Wnv, o, Lycaonians, inhabitants of Lycaonia. III. ii. 23. Al'KESov, -or, TO, Lyceum, a public park at Athens, just outside the city wall on the east, with beautiful trees and covered walks, adorned with works of art, and named from its dedication to Apollo Lyceius. VII. viii. I. AlKLOS, -ov, 6, name of two Greeks mentioned in the Anabasis: I. Lycius, an Athenian cavalryofficer. 2. Lycius, a native of Syracuse. I. x. 14. XvKos, -ov, 6, [cf. Lat. lupus], wolf. II. ii. 9. ALKOS, -or, 6, [XKs], Lycus, = Wolf River, ancient name of several rivers, given perhaps on account of their swift, rushing course; in the Anabasis the name of a small stream entering the Black Sea from the south near Heraclea. VI. ii. 3. AicKOV, -os, 6, O Lycon, an Achaean who made himself prominent by raising objections. V. vi. 27, et al. XvpaXivolLat, Avuavoylati, AeXA6acroual, fAnvYlva/J7?vy, [LAXvLn, outrage], outrage; ruin. I. iii. I6. XvTi-r', -f'a'w, XAtsr7pca, EAhnrcra, [AvTrt]l, pain, distress, grieve; trouble, annoy, harass, afflict, molest. Xtrn'rl, -?s, 3, grief, pain; trouble, sorrow, dishtess. III. i. 3. kXVrlp6-s, -, — v, adj., [lxrr?], troublesome, annoyin0g, tryin g. XVioLTEXEco, -TrW, [AUvw, 7eAos,- obligation], lit. 'meet one's obligation,' be best, be expedient. III. iv. 36. XXrra X-urra, -7s, 7j, raging madntess, frenzy, madness, especially of mad dogs. V. vii 26. Xvw, xv-w, xAcAvKa, txbaa, loose, release, set f-ee; undo, brseak, break down, destroy; remove, violate; - mid., ransom, release by ransom, redeem. XWoroTdPyos, -ou, 6, [Awrds, lotus, root pacy in 0aycov, eatj, lotuseater; usually in pl. See N. to p. 133, 24. III. ii. 25. XAcawo, -uaw, AEAuflO'rzKa, lAdw-reoa, abate, cease; stop comitg. I V. vii. 6. Xqcov, Aiov, sup. AXcaros, used as comp. and sup. of dayads, better in the sense of more desirable, more advantageous, more proqftable, more expedient, preferable. M. pa, adv., used in oaths and strong asseverations, and followed by the ace., sometimes with affirmative force, in Attic more often with negative force, by, as a& Trovs OeovS, by the gods. FaLyaSLS, -i~os, dat. tuayd3r (for n &ayST &s), j, magadis, a harp-like musical instrument with twenty strings, arranged in octaves, probably invented by the Egyptians. VII. iii. 32. Ma&yvls, -n7ros, 6, Mfagnesian, an inhabitant of Magnesia, a peninsula jutting out into the Aegean Sea east of Thessaly. VI. i. 7. McaavSpos, -ov, 6, Maeander, a large river of Asia Minor, flowing through Phrygia and Caria, and emptying into the Aegean Sea at Miletus. Cf. N. to P- 55,3- I. ii. 5, 7 IpaCvoFttL, IavtvoOai, 2 pf. Iexqdva~, 2 aor. p. esxdvY7, rae, be crazy, be frenzied. rdavvres, in afit of frenzy. II. v. Io. 91 ta.CvOQvo MaLcriaSrs, -or, 6, Mtesades, a Thracian king, father of Seuthes. VII. ii. 32, v. I. v ctKapitJ, -1Co, [Y aKap, /apy], deem happy, esteem fortunate, congratulate. III. i. 19. IzaKapLrTo s, -j,, -6v, adj., [uaecapf[c l, to be deemed happy, to be envied, fortunate, enviable. I. ix. 6. MaKC(rLTo s, -ov, 6, [Madcs-ros], Macistian, an inhabitant of Macistus, a town in Elis. VII. iv. I6. pcaKpa.v, ace. fern. of laKepos used as adv. (originally sc. o6dv), comp. InaKporEpav, sup. /iaKcporad-,7rv, a long way, fir, a long dislance. ori juIaKpo-rr'v, as far as possible. jIaKpos, -d, -6v, adj., comp. Cp4-p& repos, sup. jLaKporaTos, [cf. -'cKOSj], long, used both of space and of time. pxsaKporEpov, used as adv., further, a gtreater distance.,uaKpbv ev, it was a long distance, it was too fir. MiKpcov, -wvos, 6, Macronian; usually in pl., Mi.Kppwvs, -wv, oi, Macrojes, a tribe dwelling in the northern part of Pontus, south of Trapezus. See Map. IV. vii. 27, et seq.!aX', -= Fa0ka. ILXa, comp. isAA\ov, sup AIhcrAra, adv., very, very much, exceedingly; quite; ve7y zvell, certainly. ob xaAca, not at all, by no means. IaAAeov, rather, more, sooner.,iaArarr, most, most of all, above all, especially, in the hizghest degree; in expressions of number, about, very nearly. fLCLXCaKtoltcLL,,uaXaKcAro-Gacoxai, aor. eaaKXeafOYV, [ LaXwaKos, soft], show weakness, show cowardice. V. viii. 14.!pav0Ocivw, fIaeOo'oas, eu-aIO-qcKa, 2 aor. etaOov, learn, ascertain, learn how; remark, notice; understand, comiprehend. (CavTeta 92 i- ya9Xos pjtvTeCla, -as, j, [MjarTrEtO Lat, prophesy], prophecy, response of an oracle. III. i. 7. uwavTevTos, -i, -dv, adj., [|EarrTEbopua, prosphesy], foretold by oracle, prescribed by oracle VI. i. 22. MavrTlv~6s, -ecOs, 6, [MaTrivYtal], Mantminan; often in pl., MavrLvets or MavTrvqs, -eWv, of, Maantineans, inhabitants of Mantinea, a city in Arcadia on the borders of Argolis, near which was fought the famous battle of Mantinea in 362 B. c. In this battle the Theban Epaminondas conquered the Spartans and Athenians. Cf. p. 43. F.aLVTIs, -ews, 6, [/taifvoUIa], lit. one who speaks under inspiration, soothsayer, seer, diviner, prophet. MapSot, -owv, ol, Mardi, Mardians, a people dwelling in the southern portion of Armenia. IV. iii. 4. Mapcav8vvoC, -&v, of, Mariandjni, Mariandynians, a people in Bithynia, on the shore of the Black Sea, subject to Hcraclea. VI. ii. I. pidpoctwos, -ov, 6, [cf. Lat. s; arsupium, bag], bag, pouch. IV. iii. II. Maproavs, -ov, 6: I. Marsyas, a satyr of Phrygia, flayed by Apollo; see N. to p. 55, 22. I. ii. 8. 2. Marsyas, a small river in Phrygia, tributary of the Maeander. I. ii. 8. JiapTUPEvo, -prW, yeAUsapTrpnlKa, 4rapTrpr77'a, [,uaprvs], be a witness; bear witness, give evidence, testify. I&ipT"S, u.prvpos, dat. pl. MtdpTUro, 6, zoitness. VII. vii. 39. MapCovECTns, -ov,,, Mapc6veal], Maronite, inhabitant of Maronea, a city in Thrace, east of Abdera, famous for its wine. VII. iii. I6. MacKas,-a, 6,, ascas, according to Xenophon a river flowing into the Euphrates, but more likely an ancient canal. See N. to p. 69, 2. I. v. 4. ioaorTeVc, -E-6bo, [poetic word], seek, search out; strive. jraiaTyodw, -cWro, e 'aCT7w a, 1[Lda1,L], whip, flog. IV. vi. 5. jjdCTLt, -lyos,, whi, lash. brb aroriy7ywv, under blows of the lash, under the lash. III. iv. 25. acr6Tos, -ov, 6, breast; Zhill, heiht. PIraLos, -a, -ov, adj., [UaTr, folly], vZai, fruitless, idle, empty. paXaitpa, -as,?, [root iaX,,uPdXolaL], sword, sabre, short sword, or brnt sword, as distinguished from the straight sword, 4&tlos. Cf. p. 3I. pa~XaCptov, -ou, Td, [dim. of taXatpa], datgger, knife, probably of the shape of a bowie-knife. IV. vii. I6. aX5, -aS, i, [LciXotxaL], battle, fight, combat, engagement; battlefield, field of battle. 1JaxLJos, -71, -oy, adj., [1cdX?], fitfor battle, warlike. &vrpes FcdXq'ot, fighting-men. VII. viii. I3. IdCLXOP.aL, tuaXovuyal, eldaX77,tat, itaXadyMnrlv, fight, fight with, fight against, contend, often followed by dative. MerycPvtos, -ou, M, gegabyzus, official title of the keeper of the temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus. V. iii. 6, 7.!L6yaCXqryopEco, -ffow, [Mtyas, dayoptew, speak], talk big, boast, talk boastfully. VI. iii. 18. LtEyKXorpr1rtos, adv., comp. jueyaAo7rperErTEpov, sup. /t F yaAXorpeTre(rara, [es-o-yaowrperns, nzagnficent], mzagnfcently, on a grand scale, munificenlly, with great display. jEy4XCos, adv., [Exeyasl, greatly, very much, exceedingly. III. ii. 22. MiyapElVs 93 Me-yapes, -ies, 6, [Me-yapa], Megarnan, an inhabitant of Megara, chief city of Megaris, situated on the shore of the Aegean Sea, about thirty miles southwest of Athens. pdyas, EyiEMYX, U'ya, gen. 'e-a/oav, /,y7aA7ls, /e'yciAou, comp. iEAIwv, sup.,sjyi7-ros, great, large; mighty; important, significant; of sound, loud. Tra fIeya'Aa eb iroLer, to confergreatfavors. MEsyaE'pvrls, -v,, Megaphernes, a Persian courtier, suspected of treachery by Cyrus and put to death. I. ii. 20. UpyeOos, -Eos or -ous, r3, [t~yas], greatness, size; of a river, width, breadth. II. iii. 15. MiSLivos, -ov, 6, medimnus, an Attic dry measure, containing nearly a bushel and a half according to our standard. PO9*, see era6. fietq6CaL,, uLE~O~C, /EOesfca, euOijKa, [/ETad + Y'7rt, let go\, set loose; let go, giveup. VII. iv. Io. p.e0o-rr.,LL, Uperaorr'aOw, UEOea'rTRCKa, e~Te(roro7ra, 2 aor. ETro-7r7Yv, [Fjerd + Y'TrA-I], transitive tenses, pres., impf., fut., and I aor. act., and i aor. mid., change from one place to another, remove, dismiss; - intransitive tenses, pf., plupf., and 2 aor. act., all tenses of mid. except I aor., go one side, withdraw, retire. MEOVSp0LEpS, -ews, 6, [MeOvApiov], Methydrian, native or resident of Methydrium, a city in the Pelopomnesus, in the central part of Arcadia. IV. i. 27. PjEvo, impf. %ulAvov, [Oevu, wine], be drunk, be intoxicated. pCLtov, see c"iyas. pELXCXLos, -a, -oy, adj., [etALt-aw, soothe], gentle, soothinz; of a deity, gracious. VII. viii. 4. JliEov, adv., [efowv], less. pelov EXetv, to be worsted. ILELtpKLOV, -OU, Td, [cf. ftezpa4, lass], boy, youth, lad..LECWLOL, -aros,,rb, [uEodw, lessen], deficiency; fine. V. viii. I. Lt(vw, puerov, adj., used as comp. of /lKp6s and obA'yos, less, lesser; weaker, smaller, fewer. MEXav8rcal, -&v, Melanditae, a Thracian tribe, of which nothing is known. VII. ii. 32. pEavCa, -as,,j, [Icxas], blackness, black cloud. I. viii. 8. ILXas,,sxAatva, pAav, gen. ue'Aavos, feaivars, hlAavos, adj., black, dark. A4X&EL, fteA'ffcet, pe c-Ke, fjlAac~E, [impers. form of /xeAo, care for], be a care to, concern; used with dat. of pers. and gen. of thing cared for; best translated by a finite verb, as eiol e EA'a-,e, Iwill see to it. fLEXETaw, -1cTW, fueu.FEAETfKIca, izueAt'roa'a, impf. eptEArwv, [UxAcoJ, care for; practice, exercise one's self in. tLXEtlpo's, -d, -dv, adj., sup. jeAernpd-raros, [\eAeradC], diligent in practicing. I. ix. 5. p.ECvTl, -js, ij, millet, a kind of grass with tall, succulent stem, bearing a grain suitable for food; in pi., peAlvai, -, - milletfields. MCXLVoadyoL, -ov, o-, o [,ueAtv, root (pay in qpa-yCv, eat], Melinophagi, 'millet-caters,' a Thracian people northwest of Byzantium. VII. v. 2. 1JXAXo,,ueAAIr(Tw, aor. 4,]AAhcra, impf. EeXfAov or jreAAov, be on the point of, be about to do something, be going to, intend; delay, put off; often best translated by will, shall, would, a to, were to. EEhXAAe KaTrahXeiv, he was going to halt. f &xAofv iKecv, if they p.4p1oopLU 94 IETGayLYVWffKWu would come. rb feAAxov, the future. iLEj4opfact, IOfyoylat, aor. eu,/d/fj71, blame, censure, find failt with, be dissatisfied with. pEv, post-positive adv. or conj., in Attic usually with a correlative word expressed or understood, indeed, trulzy; most often with correlative a, in /zlv - a, on the one hand - on the other hand, as woell- as, true that — but; but the force of &iv can often be expressed in English only by the inflection of the voice. Instead of a8, hAxd,,uvTroi, and other conjunctions or adverbs are sometimes correlated with efv. erYv a8, now indeed, so then, truly, indeed, accordingly, you see now. ov tEYv 85, nor yet indeed, yet surely not. aAAx& yt, but certainly. 6 fJav - 6 e, the one - the other, the former - the latter. of yev - oi 5, the one party - the other, some - others. iLCVTOL, adv. or conj., [/rnE + -ro], assuredly, really, moreover, you see; however. yet, still, nevertheless. Kal I TOt, and yet, and indeed, and of course. PlEvoW, E, IvEj fjeVjKa, uJLeica, [cf. Lat. maneo], stay, wait, remain; tarry; with object-acc., wait for. MEvov, -w6vos,. Aenon, a Greek general in the service of Cyrus, from Pharsglus, in Thessaly; treacherously taken by Tissaphernes with the other Greek officers, kept in confinement by the Persians a year, and then put to death. For an account of his character see II. vi. 21-28. e~piCtco, cpiLtp, feupLPca, iflufppiaa, [f/'pos], divide, distribute. FJEpos, -Eos or -ous, Tb, [fCipopi.ai, share], part, share, portion, di vision; office, position. iv rc EpEti, each in his own place in the ranks. III. iv. 23. E~-ElpplPpia, -as, iJ, [/yeaos, JL/pipa], mid-day, noon; south. LEcor6yata -as, O, [/eo-os, yala, y7i], interior of a country. jecos, -V1, -ov, adj., [cf. Lat. medius], middle, in the middle, in the midst, central. po-os 6 7rapd&ei-os, the middle of the park. /a-at vVKTcr, middle of the nikht, midnight. As subst., pieov, -ov, T7, middle, center, central part. UfE-oav yieFpas, mid-day. &cI peaofV Tzijs r$Aecws, througfh the midst of the city. 8L&A pEO-ou Trov0tY, between these. pGtroo, -cow, [/a-ov, middle], form the middle, be in the middle. sLEaroucoa 4 s75bpa, mid-day. VI. v. 7. M&ErLXa -rs,, l, 7, espila, name given to the ruins of Nineveh, now known as Koyunjik. See N. to p. 14I, 5. III. iv. 0I. CEr-TOS, -j, -dy, adj., fill, fill of, filled with; followed by gen. IpET&, by elision JUEr', by elision and aspiration pe0',, prep. with gen. and acc., [akin to p/ITos: I. With the gen., with, among; of soldiers, under the command of; expressing manner, through, by means of, as peirh a8scias, throqgh in/ustice. 2. With the ace., after, next to, next after, used in expressions of both place and time. xeO' 7fi/AEpar, by day. In composition uesra usually adds the idea of chazne. EiLTafPAXXO, -,3aAx, -,3S3ArcKa, 2 aor. Pftri-3aov, [siTa + BdaAAw,, throw], throw into a dfferent position, change;- mid., put one's shield behind, as if for retreat. VI. v. I6. ILErTayLY'yvco'-K -yvicSooyat, yf evowKa, 2 aor. -zei'yvwv, [FieTa + lLeraSi;CSoL 95 *yiLyvCdoKW], change one's mind. eTa-YV'YoTes, having chagt aed their minzds. II. vi. 3. LE~TLaSiiWUL, -Sc0aow, -63swcva, 7tere8oWK, [iE Ti + i&6O/.i],,give a part of, divide up with, distribut, share wlith. fLETajLEXEL, -FeA7(f-TEl, [\reTad + JUeAEL], impers., lit. it repents, with dative of person; best translated with the dative of person as nom. and a finite verb, as.erTaECAEI E o01, I am sorry; ovi juraMEAh5o e:. abrS, he will not be sorry, he will not repent. P.ErTatu, adv., [Le~Er, fv* -=o dr6v], inZ the midst, meanwhile; often with the force of a prep., followed by gen., between. Me-raSu b7roXa 3wv, interruptingt him in the midst of his speech. fiTE' TrrTos, -ov, verbal adj, [jxevraireO7rw], sentfor. I. iv. 3. ieTraTriwro, -ire4oow, -reiroyuoa, jEmr7re/n/a, aor. mid. ETre7re,4I/au iv, [/eTra + wrorw1], send qlrit; mostly in mid, send for some one to come to one's self, s'ummonJz. ILfTa'cTpiEqw, -crp4e'o, teTe'&rrpopa, jtUECTEr'pEa, 2 aor. p. UfCTE(r-Tpdrpf]V, [/era + p F'pwO, turn], turnl about, turn around; - mid, turn one's sef around. VI. i. 8. pATaXOPLpo, -xwpfT-W, -KeX Wpqina, /ie'reX:wpf?7'a, [JFEra + XawpEW, move], go elsewhere, remove. VI i. ii. 8. ELTELfIL, -&fuOIat, [Merda + e 4jI], be among; mostly impers., peTEo'TL, fFeETierat, impf. pETErv, there is a share; followed by gen. of the thing and dat. of the person; best translated by have a share with the dat. as subject, as ouf3eebs ilyYv iE'frETT, we have a share in none. III. i. 20. LE~TE'XO, EOE4NEw,.LeTErE`X'Ka, 2 aor. TerETEXoV, ilmpf. JereXo/, |{ETri -+ EXw], have a share of, have a part in, take part in; followed by gen. IETEGopos, -ov, adj., [/Era + apdoi, liftj, lifted up, raised zp off the ground or out of the mud. I. v. 8. CTpEPE, -~rWco, [liaxpov], measure. IV. v. 6. p.ETpicos, adv., [fAEptos, from fETpov], temperately, modestly, with modesly. II. iii. 20. ILeTpov, -ou,, n measure. III. ii. 21. JiEXpL, adv., prep., and conj. i. As adv., even, as /#XPt els, even into. 2. As prep., with gen., used of both place and time, even to, ip to, as far as, so far as. eAXp ou, to the point where, to the time,/hen, Zuntil. 3. As conj., temporal, until, till; sometimes with the indic., sometimes with 6v and the subj. J nl, negative adv. and conj., used in expressions of will and contingency, while ov is rather the negative of fact and unconditional statement, not; after verbs of fearing, like Lat. n e, that, lest; while xh o o = that not. See G. i6o7 —T6~T; H-. 1or8-o135. jTnlSapll, adv., [nbtaAkbds, none], not at all, in no wise; nowhere. VII. vi. 29. JiaScqJs, adv., [yrsSaMJs, nonej, n no0 way, by no means. VII. vii. 23. 1Si,8, adv. and conj, 1a4r 8 ], and noa, but not, nort, not even. Cf. ouse. MiSELa, -as, M, edia, wife of Astyages; said to have fled to Nineveh when the Median power vnas overthrown by Cyrus. II[. iv. II. pT8IECS, 17 c, f ji geae, X, gen. SefVOeS, M/rnefALas, ju vOevos, adj., [uo7Se + ets, no oJZe, not eveni one, not one; masc. often as subst., no one, pL sE0ITIC 96 MiSas nobody; acc. neut. nu7J/v often as adverbial acc., in no respect, not at all, by no means. jl8E'orTe, adv., [Mb?7 + wrore], not at any time, at no time, never. p8lETSpos, -a, -ov, adj., [/7)pe + E'TEPos, either], neither of two. VII. iv. Io. MlSfCa, -as, rj, [old Persian Maida], Media, the country of the Medes, bounded on the north by the Caspian Sea and Armenia, on the west by Assyria, on the south by Susiana, on the east by Parthia and Hyrcania; see pp. 2, 6. MI8CaS s TreXos, Median Wall, Wall of fMedia; see N. to p. 77, 8. MjSoKos, -oU, 6, Medocus, a Thracian, king of the Odrysae, who brought up the prince Seuthes. VII. ii. 32 et seq. M18Sos, -ov, 6, Mrede; usually in pi., Mi8oL, -wv, ol, Mei'es, inhabitants of Media. III. ii. 25. Mi8roo-r8rs, -ov, voc. Mr)oo-a6es, 6, Medosades, a Thracian, ambassador of Seuthes. VII. i. 5 et seq. jA9O' = [f^TE. lTqKEiCt, adv., [fn, 'ri], no longer, no more, no further. jpfKOS, -eos or -OVS, Td, length; in pl. often distances. pijv, post-positive adv., [strengthened form of yEvl, truly, in truth, surely, indeed, certainly, hozwever. Kal,v, and in truth, and yet. oU MIAv, not indeed. a u25v, most certainly, most assuredly. &AAa jiuiv, but yet, but furthermore. }jiv, voy'os, 6, [cf. Lat. mensis], month. roa cL7v'Os, gen. of time, per month, monthly. JLvoet8is, -es, adj., [\tv, e?5os, form], of the form of a crescent, crescent-shaped. V. ii. T3. plVVUGaW, -VtWF, /~elv-Ka, vO-uaa, disclose what is secret, reveal, make known, give information of. II. ii. 20. ji4rtroTr, adv., [\A + roTf], never. drwro, adv., [7u + 7rc6, yet], not yet. III. ii. 24. qp6os, -ov, 6, thigh. ITTie, by elision /sr', by elision and aspiration ju0 S', conj., [ja + re], and not, nor, distinguished from oUV'- as /A4 from oa. ti're - tM7TS, neither - nor; 4J'TC - Te or ail, not only not - but also. 1'tr~lP t]TTp dS, po, mother. I. i. 4. jrplTpd'roXLs, -ews, 2, [)T-7Xp + 7roAts], mother-city, from which a colony had gone out; principal city, chief city, capital. rI1XaavaoiaL, -rio/jiai, Mefl~XrV/c7luas, FuJLXav'frd^-, I/?xLXav17l, devise, contrive, manage, scheme, form desig-ns. PrlXav~l, — s, 3, [/xLXos, machine; device, means. sdcrrap 'eyxp Ka itlXav7', with every means and way = by all possible means. jdCa, see ets. Mi8as, -ov, 6, 6Midas, a mythical king of Phrygia. He caught the satyr Silenus, it was said, by mingling wine with the water of the spring where Silenus came to drink. Midas did the satyr no harm, however, but restored him to his divine fosterchild Bacchus, who in gratitude for the deliverance asked Midas to request some boon. The king foolishly asked that everything he touched might turn to gold. As even his food came under the spell, he was in danger of starvation, and begged the god to take back the gift. Dionysus bade him bathe in the source of the river Pactolus, which gave him deliverance; but the sands of the stream after that were rich with gold. I. ii. 13 - MBpLs8dTrTs 97 Imovapxl( MLe0pLdTTrs, -ou, 6, Aithriddles, [Persian name, =-given to Afithras, gift to the Sn, cf. p. I5], a Persian, friend of Cyrus; after Cyrus's death he went over to the king, in whose interest he attempted to entrap the Greeks. III. iii. I et seq. pLKp6s, -, - -, adj., in comp. /Efiov and iedAaroW, sup. ChdXLO-ros, little, small; of time, short, brief. As subst., PLKpoV, -ov, a little, especially a short distance, a short time. Mtal rLOS, -a, -ov, adj., [MiArosl, of Miltus. As subst., MXiltrLos, -ov, 6, Milesian, an inhabitant of Miletus. MtXripos, -ov, j, Mil/lus, a large and important commercial Greek city, on the west coast of Asia Minor, at the mouth of the Maeander. I. i. 6, 7. MLXTOK0?es, -OV, 6, Miiltocyths, a Thracian officer in the service of Cyrus, who after the battle of Cunaxa went with his troops over to the king. II. ii. 7. Ltp.foLat, -ooyaoui, elefatywAaiL, eytLOad/jLv, [ja/uLos, mimic], imitate, pattern after, represent, mimic. fpLLfLVlcrK(, Mv/IrW,, pf. mid. M^4"Ipai, aor. eiurAUrdp1r, fut. pf. IlEiJt.voaola, aor. p. i'evra80~ v, remind;- mid., remind one's self of a thing, call to miind, remember; mention, suggest; pf. 1duvnrjuai, with force of the pres., I remember; fut. pf. uj/uA^4oo/oau, with force of the fut., I shall have reminded myself, = I shall remember. pc4~co, -Afw, jsenfpteKat, eafifto a, [/f7ros, hatred], ha/e, be an^'ry with. pfLcoSootria, -as, ij, [fLuroo6Jrsi], payment of waes. II. v. 22. FpL0OOOTEi C&, -r, [/ar00o8r7s], pay wages, give wages, ahire. VII. i. 13. p.Lcr0oSoTrls, -OU, 6, L[fiaZ0, ['alw/U], giver of wages, paymaster, employer. I. iii. 9. For0Bos, -ou, 6, wages, pay, hire, compensation. iLLcr0oOopG, -as, }, [,FioOoqpposj, receiving of weages for service, hire, pay, receipt of pay. Lo-0ood6pos, -ov, adj., [ULtcdros, (Pepc], serving foor hire, receiving wzages, mercenary. As subst. in pI, iaOofp6pox, -wv, ot, hireling, soldiers, mercenary troops, mercenaries. t0.r86w, -Wiaw, /AIEIfcOwKa, e'fufOooxa, aor. mid. E'lirwo-laxa' v, aor. iuw'Oc6Oirjv, [tiOALsl, let out for hire; - mid., hire, engag-e for one's self; - pass., be hired, be eInIaed. Pjva, /.vds, nom1 p. pi. va% j, mina, an Attic money value, = Ioo drachmas, = one sixtieth of a talent, - nearly 20o.oo of our money. I. iv. 13. l.VlLEtov,-o, r-, [l, uinvorKc], memorial, monwument. IlI. ii. 13. ILVvl.lI, -71s, 71, memnoy, remembrance. VT. v. 24. pVLOVEvw, -EVfo-, Ev'1V7t/oxvevKa, l[C Ycwv,, mitndflj, call to mind, think of recall. IV. iii. 2. FJVllOVLKOs, -7~, -4y, adj., sup. JV71 -AoviLKwcraros, m[ujwv, mindful}, of good memory, having a good memory. V\[. vi. 38. }viCOLKCKKO, -'fjoO, [tjVO(TiKaKos, revenzfjlj, cherish resentment, bear a grur (e, lay lip against one. II. iv. I. p.6Ls, adv., with dfi/cul/y; only jzst, barely, scarcely, hardly. loXetv, sec PXo(rKKo. poXv-u8s, -Faos, 7, leaden bullet, ballet of lead. Ir. iii 17. p.oXvS8os, -ov, 6, lead. III. iv. 17. tovaopXCa, -as, 3,,uovydpXqs, from Ad4vos, dpXI], ir-le of one, sole covmmand, monarchy, sovereignty. VI. i. 31. FovcaXT 98 veWv(CKos povax,j adv., [IAOvos], solely, only, alone. IV. iv. I8. iPovl, — s,,, [/iedv], stay, abiding, delay, remaining. pgovoduXos, -or, adj., [4r6os, 56Aov], madeifrom a solid trunkJ, made of one loq. V. iv. i. pdvos, -,, -ov, adj., alone, only, sole; neut. acc. 6Yovv often as adv., only, solely, alone. o'ra-vv, -vvos, 6, [foreign word of unknown origin], wooden tower, wooden house. V. iv. 26. Moo'r(rvoLKoL, -Wv,, o [yoa-ur, oIKew], Mossynoeci, tower-dwellers, a people living on the southern coast of the Black Sea, west of Trapezus; named from the tower-like appearance of their wooden houses. V. iv. 2 et seq. F6rXELOS, -ov, adj., [tuordos, calf], of a calf. cKpa t.Oj-XEta, 'veal, IV. v. 3I. oyX,0E, -'W, - toF 6KX07cKa, E'O'bxOn7'a, [ldxos, toil}, toil, work hard, undergo hardship. VI. vi. 31. poxXo6s, -ou, 6, bar of a gate, bolt..u5tow, suck, suck in, suck up. IV. v. 27. Mvptav8os, -or, i, AMyriandus, a commercial city in Syria, on the Glulf of Issus, not far from the Cicilian border. I. iv. 6. fPLptis, daos, 4, [tvpLos], ten thousanzd, myriad. pptLos, -a, -ov, num. adj., ten thousand; usually in pl..vpios, -la, -orv, numberless, countless. Pj-pov, -o, i, ointment, unguent. IV. iv. 13. Muo'a, -as, -, M7, ysia, a province in the northwestern part of Asia Minor. See Map. VII. viii. 7, 8. Mvo-tos, -a, -ov, adj., Mysian. I. ii. 10. Mvro's, -ou, 6, MNysian, an inhabitant of Mysia. See N. to p. 73, 14. Mvcr6s, -ov, o, Aysus, name of a Mysian who rendered the Greek force valuable service in an expedition against the Drill. V. ii. 29 et seq. F.vXs, -oD, 6,, [vw, close], inmost part, corner, recess. IV. i. 7. IZ.pPOS, -a, -0r, adj., foolish, silly, stupid. III. ii. 22. p.opcos, adv., [fuwpos], foolishly, stupidly. VII. vi. 2I. N. vad, adv., [cf. v4, Lat. nae], affirmative, yes, certainly. vads, -o,, [vafo, dwell], lit. dwelling-place of a god, temple. va7rTj,l -iS, i7,,len, ravine, valley. v4aros, -eoy or -ouS, rd, = v&drq. vavapXEw, -4oT, [vaUapXos], be in command of a fleet, command a fleet. vaapxos, -, 6, [-a, &pXWo, commander of a ficet, admiral; with the Lacedaemonians recognized as a military title, while the Athenians called their naval commanders arrpaar-yo(. vatVKXqpos, -ov, 6, [ vaOs, Kcpos, lot], ship-owner, shzp-master, captain. vackov, -ou, r6, [vavs], passagemoney. fire. V. i. 12. vaVnrlqYOtfcos, -or, adj., [ravIr7ryfo, from vaOs, r4tyvvut], useful in ship-building, ft for ship-building. VI. iv. 4. vaOs, sew6s, dat. vr-'n, acc. vrav, -, [cf. Lat. navs], ship, vessel. NactvKrcXc8qls, -ou, 6, zausiclides, an envoy of Thibron. VII. viii. 6. vctvoa(rropos, -or, adj, [vasy, rrepdow, cross], traversed by shzis, navigable. II ii. 3. vaUTLKos, -4, -v7, [vrasl, seafaring, naval, nautical. I. iii. 12. ve.vioirKo, -oS, 6, [dim. of veavlas, youn Zzg an, from v'US], young manz, youth. VEKpOS 99 voVs VEKpds, -o0, 6, dead body, corpse. VE}JSO, ve/FLW, vevYKOa, evELtua, divide, distribute, award, apporttion, assin, regulate; - mid., graze, be at pasture; - pass., be pastured, be fed upon. vcEOapTos, -or, adj., [vEos, 6epw], lately skinned, newly skinned, newly flayed. IV. v. 14. Niov T'reios, r6, ANeon Teichos, a city with fortress and harbor on the Propontis, in Thrace. vEos, -a, -or, adj., comp. vEwrepos, sup. vecTaros, [cf. Lat. novus], new, fresh, young. vefVia, -aros, T6, [rYew, nod], nod, sign. V. viii. 20. vEpa, -as, 73, cord of sinew, string, especially baowstring. veVpov, -o, '-, [cf. Lat. nervus], sinew, cord of a sling, slinj-cord. III. iv. 17. veX'E&, -7-s, 3q, [e0pos, cloud}, cZo1ud, mass of clouds, cloud- mass. I. viii. 8. VEw, ve LvroaiL, vIvevuca, EVEVO'a, [cf. Lat. no], swim. IV. iii. 12. veI, vr7co, pf. p. vevfr/yj.Ca or YcvPFua, heap up, pile up. V. iv. 27. VECKO6p6, -o, 6, [ve6s, [ KopEw, sweepl, literally 'temple-sweeper,' templekeeper. V. iii. 6. Ni&v, -waos, 6, Neon, a Greek from Asine in Laconia, appointed to succeed Chirisophus as general. V. iii. 4 et seq. Vr&pLov, -ov, [vewpos, fromn vas and &pa, care], doceyard, dock. VII. i. 27. veis, -c6, 6, Attic for vads, temple. V. iii. 8. ve(Orwa, adv, [av os], lately, recently. IV. i. 12. v', adv., [cf. vat], affirmative, frequently used in oaths, yes by, certainly by, followed by the acc., as vn Al'a. vtos, -o, -o,, [w>, szwiZn], island, isle. II iv. 22. NIKONSPOS, -OU, 05, Xicander, a Laconian, who slew Dexippus. V. i. 15. N(KCLPXOS, -OV, 05, Nicarchus, an Arcadian captain, who at the massacre of the Greek officers alone escaped. IL V- 33; III- iii- 5 -VZKC'LW) 7747W) PEPEKnKa, Oh K770'a, 114K-41, be conqueror, obtain the victory, congzier, overcome, defeat, _Prevad over; suq5ass, excel, outdo. VLKYJ, -71.5 71, victory. 23 -NiK6FLaXos, -OU, 6, [Abco, rootuaX in jAa/XojAatj, Nicoinachus, a captain from Oetaca, in Thessaly, in command of light infantry. IV. Vi. 20. VOW, -,(rw, VEP477Ka, &477,ya, [woos], jerceive, nolice; contrive, devise; thinks think of. vo50os, — q, -ov, adj., ill(,,rifimate, naeural, born out of wedlock. II. iv. 25 -c-juoxail ",',Ira VOKq, -S, 7,7, [v' ze], pasture, pasturwre pasture land; herd at pasture, herd grazing. vqL(tw, vouCo, YeP4,uura, epo',uiaa, [v4lAos]: r. 1-fold as a custom, observe accordii,- to custom, rTard as customary, - pass., be customary, be according to usage. 2. Consider, believe, suppose, think, intend. v6tLqio,3, -77, -0y, [x,4,uos], according to custom, ciestomagy, lawful. IV- Vi- 15 -v6Los, -ou, 6, [vE'lAco], custom, ustg-e, law; in music, strain, mode. VoaE(JL)) -vrw, vEyotr7jKa, EvoiypTa, [x,4(ros], be sick, be diseased; of public affairs, be in an unsound condition. V11- ii- 32. VOU-0s, -Ou, disease, sickness. VOT09, -OV, south Wind. V- vii- 7 -VO-O[LqVLCL, a s, 77, [veos, IAv], new moon, first qf the month. voi)s, vo for vo'os, v4ou, 05, valid, intellect; act of mind, thoiTht. ev P C'-xEtv, to purposes to intend. NCKCavpos, -ov, O, Nicander, a Laconian, who slew Dexippus. V. i. 15. NCKaPXos, -ov, 0, Nicarchus, an Arcadian captain, who at the massacre of the Greek officers alone escaped. I. v. 33; III. iii. 5. VIKCaOW, -C77)W, veYt KriKa, fVirf Kffa, [vlKIc], be conqueror, obtain the victory, conquer, overcome, defeat, prevail over; surpass, excel, outdo. vicK, -7s,, victory. III. i. 23. NiK6JFaXos, -ov, 6, [vftic, root aX in,daXo,/aL], Nicomachus, a captain from Oetaea, in Thessaly, in command of light infantry. IV. vi. 20. voWo, -ijow, VEvflKa, evdrJaa, [voVs], perceive, notice; contrive, devise; think, think of: vo0os, -tj, -or, adj., illegitimate, natural, born out of wedlock. II. iv. 25 -voii, -js, j, [ve/o,.uaz, grraze], pasture, pascturare, pasturze land; herd at pasture, herd grazing. vopCto, vopiCo, vEvo4lcKa, vokgwcria, [vl/os]: I. I/old as a custom, observe accordinzg to custom, regard as customary - pass., be customary, be according to usage. 2. Consider, believe, suppose, think, ntend. VO6JLLIOS, -77, -ov, [vxoos], according to custom, customary, lawful. IV. vi. 15. v6dpos, -ou, 6, [vEMaw], custom, usage, lau; in music, strain, mode. voCreL), — 'w, vevyosr7cKa, EviywrcTa, [vds(osl, be sick, be diesesed; of public affairs, be in an unsound condition. VII. ii. 32. vo'-os, -ou, di, isease, sickness. VOTOS, -ov, 6, south wind. V. vii. 7. vovpsrVia, -as, 6l, [veos, fSiv], new moon, first of the month. vois, voD for vdos, v6ov, 6, nmind, intellect; act of mind, thought. ev vy tXEiv, topurpose, to intend. VUKTEpEVO) 100 'iuXItvcs Tbv roe 'TrpoOTXELV rivi, to give one's attention to anythzng. VUKTEpE(ri, -evikw, aor. EvruKTepEuva, L[viKrpos, by nightt, pass the nzght; keep watch by night, bivouac. VUKTO3AvCLe, -aKos, 6, [yv4, tv5XAa4], nizht-watch, night-watcher, sentinel. ViiKTop, adv., [v^f], by night, at night. viv, adv. of time, now, at present. 6 vOv Xpo'vos, the present time. rb vvy felvi, for the present. vfv, enclitic, [weakened form of vyvl, now then. Yi vvv, come, then. vrvv, = emphatic vvz, just at this time, just nowu, at this moment. vYu', VUKTrd, j, [cf. Lat. n ox, German nacht], nifght. VVKTOS, at niht, b'y n7Zht. vvicra. during the niht, all night. i a, a vVKtres, midnight. Yrvov, -ou, 76, back. V. iv. 32. CaV0LKX\s, -lovs, 6, XanthiJees, an Achaean, chosen general after the massacre of the Greek officers, and afterwards fined twenty minae for negligence. III. i. 47 et al. EVCa, -as, - 7, [4tvos], guest-friendship, bond of hospitality. See N. to p. 53, I2. VI. vi. 35. 2Fvias, -ov, 6, Xenias, a Greek general from Parrhasia, in Arcadia, who raised a body of soldiers and entered the service of Cyrus. After his troops went over to Clearchus he abandoned the expedition. I. ii. et al. evtco, -lafo or -iw, [esvos], receive as a 'uest, entertain as a guest-friend, entertain. iEVLK6s, -', -dv, adj., [4Svosl, of a guest-friend, of a foreignzer; of foreign soldiers, hired for service, mercenary. 'b vSM6cdV [sc. irpareuiuta], the mercenary force. SvEos, -a, -ov, adj., [1fvos], hospitable. Zebss vios, Zeus, protector of guests. 4vsa, rd, rites of hospitality, gifts of friendship or hospitality. E~v6ooiat, -Wvoptai, [eYos], become a guest-friend, become a guest, be entertained. tvos, -ov, o, guest-friend, guest; stranger, foreigner, hireling, mercenary soldier, mzercenary. See N. to p. 53, 12. WEVO~WY, -VTIOS, 0, [4E5OS, ipdwv, i.e. givingi liht to guest-fiends, jay ofguests], Xenophon, an Athenian, distinguished as a military leader and as a man of letters. See pp. 4I-48. -EPptSl, -ov, 6, Old Persian Ah sh aydrshd, probably from Khshaya,,migAht, and arshau, man,Mazn of Might], Xerxes, a Persian king, son of Darius the Great and Atossa. See pp. Io, II. tEaO'os, -4, -vs, adj., [I\w, scrase], smioothed by scraping, scraped, polished. III. iv. Io. 5trpalvw, -arv, aor. 4cpdva,, [4p(s], make dry, dry. II. ii. 15 iqpo's, -, -ov, adj., dry. IV. v. 33. ti4cos, -Eos or -ous,, swvord, twoedged straight sword as distinguished from the single-edged curved sword, pidXaipa. See p. 31. O6avov, -ov,, [Td, [, scrape], lit. polished wood-work, carved izmage of a god, statue. V. iii. 12. uX^\qI, -7s,, [CTws, scrape], scrapingtool; curved dagger, carried by the Lacedaemonians. gvXC;ot.cLL, -iaooatf, [SAxov], get wood, gather wood. II. iv. I. tXLVOS, -7], -ov, adj., [fvov], of wood, wooden. \xov 101 OLK&Ca iSXov, -ov, r6, wood, stick of wood, log of wood; in pi. often used of trees, timbers, wood-work. f6v, prep., Attic form of ao'v. 0. 6, J, r6, definite article, the: with uav and 5e has often the force of a demonstrative pronoun; with nouns has frequently the force of a possessive pronoun. O 86, and he, but he. 6 LeYv - 6 S', this - that, this one - that one, the one- the other, the former - the latter. Tb giv - rb 5, partly -partly. Kvpos abv Tr aIeA/.y, Cyrus with his brother. With ellipsis, rh Baa-iAE'ws, the affairs of the king. o eKeivoU, his men. ot r&re, the men of that time. els rb poo'Oev, forward. 6peEiM Kos, -ou, 6, [dim. of oeAJs, spit], spit, small spit. VII. viii. I4. p3oXos, -oi, 6, obol, Attic coin, one-sixth of a drachma, - about 34 cents of our money. I. v. 6. 6ySoilKova, indecl. num., eighty. IV. viii. 15. 6ySoo0s, -7, -ov, num., [OKTrc], eighth, the eighth. IV. vi. I. SSE, 36E, rS8e, gen. roMve, ro0-8E, rouOe, [6 + Mt], demonstrative pron., this, this one, the following. d8seio, -6vaw, aor. 6suova, [686s], go, travel, journey, take one's way. VII. viii. 8. bSoLTrop~i, -'fa(w, wolO7rrprcKa, [0oot7rdpos, wayfarer], travel, walk. V. i. 14. OSlTroieo, -4fw, pf. p. w6aoroi7kaLl, aor. act. &worroin7-a, impf. wao7rolovv, [60o7roijs, road-maker], level a road, make a way, repair a road. o68s, -oi, j, way, path, road, highway, track; length of road, jozrney, march, dstance; means, method. 'OSpVrols, -ov, 6, Odrysian; pl. '08pvo'aL, -iv, Odrysae, Odrysians, a powerful tribe in Thrace, dwelling along the Hebrus. VII. ii. 32 et seq. 'OSuocr'ius, -ew, 6, Ulysses, a Homeric hero, son of Laertes, king of Ithaca, husband of Penelope, and father of Telemachus. His part in the expedition against Troy is narrated in the Iliad; his wanderings form the subject of the Odyssey. V. i. 2. SeEv, adv., [o's, -0Ev], whence, thence whence, from whence; sometimes of places and persons, from which, from whom. M0SvIrep, adv., [iO0Ev U- 7rp], the very place from which. oY, see 8s. ot, adv., [locative of b's], whither. oE, pron., see o3. ol, see 0. otSa, ff.o'ouac, pf, part. EIl8s, [2 pf. from root FL8 in EovY], know, understand, recognize, acknowledge. XdPLv ElSevaC, to return thanks. See G. 127, vii.; H. 491. olKaSE, adv., [oicos, -ae], towards home, homeward. OLKEtos, -a, -ov, adj., [oTcos], familiar, domestic; pi. as subst., oiKEtoL, -w o, i, zmembers of one's household, kindred, relatives. otKECIS, adv., [oicFios], familiarly, kindly. VII. v. I6. OLKETTlS, -ou, 6, [ocKdw], domestic, servant; pl. O'K4TaL, often household, family. OiKECW, -orW, K7cKa, yK7(ra, [OKOS], dwell, live; - transitive, occupy, live in, dwell in, ihabit;pass., be inhabited, be situated, lie. rodAts oicovjt^zv, at inhabiled city, as opposed to roiAss epl/jI. otKal~a 102 o'Xfyos OtKtlla, -aros, Tr, [olrew], dwellinghouse. VII. iv. I5. OKI'rO-LS, -ewS, C, [oiKeW], dwellingplace, residence. VII. ii. 38. oLKca, -as, ri, house, dwelling. IV. i. 8. OtK(to, -f-w or -,, cLIa, troa, [otKos], cause to inhabit, colonize, found, settle. oLKo8o0iEW, -7-0W, -w Ko5aitKa,,Ko6~a7x(ra, pf. p. oyKoS6jou77fia, [oiKO6dtuos, house-builder], build a house, build, erect, construct. OIKOOEV, adv., [otKos, -Oev], from home. otKot, adv., [old locative of obKos], at home. ol oYKot, those at home. Tra oYco, things at home, circumstances at home. OLKOV6pO0S, -OV, 6, [oiKos, v^iyw, regulate], house-steward; manager, administrator. I. ix. I9. OtKOS, -ov, 6, house, dwelling, home. II. iv. 8. OLKTIdCp, oilKTep, aor. Ypvrelpa, impf. (xKTiEpov, [otCos, pity], pity, have compassion on, commiserate. otjac, see ot'ojLl. otvos, -ov, 6, [cf. Lat. vinuml, wine. OLVoXOOS, -ov, 6, [oivos, Xew, pour out], wine-pourer, cup-bearer. oltocaL or otjaL, oir5oyoat, aor. p. (as mid.) 47c0bv, impf. u77Yv, suppose, think, believe, hold; often introduced parenthetically, without influence on the construction. otos, -a, -ov, rel. pron. and adj., correlative with 7ro7os, such as, of what sort, of what kind, of what nature, of such kind as. olov, for example, for instance. oTs rt eElyt, I am able, I can. olov re with Et-L supplied or understood, it is posszble. o ov Xa\xrcv6rarov, of the greatest possible dticulty. oto'rircp, old-rep, oTvIrep, just such as, just that which. ots, oils, nom. pl. oTes, 4, sheep. o-rTOS, -ov, 6, arrow. II. i. 6. Oi'Lios, -ov, 6, Oetaean, an inhabitant of Oetaea, a region in the southern part of Thessaly, named from Mount Oeta. IV. vi. 20. OtXOCaLL, oiXiofoal, pf. act. qXOcca, impf. oXd4unv, pres. with the force of the pf., be gone, have gone, be missing; often used with a participle of a verb of motion, as yXETo aCrrl6, he went away, he zoent off; JXeTo srXAWvx, he sailed away. ocovos, -ou, o, bird of prey, bird; as the flight of birds of prey was thought to be prophetic, augury, omen, forewarning, sign. OKEXXo, aor. &,Kexa, impf. &EXcAov, [IKfAw, put to shore], run aground, strand. VII. v. 12. 6KX&6o, -daw, aor. &KcAaoa, impf. &KNaCov, crouch down, bend the knee, crouch. VI. i. Io. OKVEw, -faow, aor. &$Kva, impf. t&KveV, [$KVOS, hesitation], shrink from doing anything, hesitate, be reluctant; fear, be afraid. 6KV-pGs, adv., [OKYvpds, shrinking], reluctantly, hesitatingly. VII. i. 7. sKVOS, -OV, 6, shrinking, sluOgishness, backwardness; fear, shame. IV. iv. I I. oKraKiLrXKXLo, -ai, -a, num., eziht thousand. V iii. 3. 6KTaK6(rLOL, -ai, -a, num., eight hundred. OKTr, indecl. num., eight. oKTrKalteKOt, eighteen. 6~eOpos, -ou, 6, [oxvAut], ruin, destruction, death, loss. I. ii. 26. 6oLyos, -'7, -ov, adj., comp. ^doW'wv and Jetwv, sup. oiA.ryros and xeAdxsros, little; of time, short, brief; pl. 6XiyoL, few, as subst. afew, only afew; ace. sing. neut. oXL'ctavOw 103 o vCvr11 oAiyov often with force of an adv., little. oXLtoa-c'vw, AoAo'6ow, w';afo'Q7Ka, CwiXr0a7a, 2 aor. &AlXov,, slip. III. v. II. o'Lt-npos, -d, -ao, - [Xor6vw], adj., slippery. IV. iii. 6. oXKCis, -d0os,,, [E'Acw, drag], lit. a ship which is towed, tradingvessel, freight-ship. I. iv. 6. 6Xo(Tpoxos, -ov, 6, [EA'Xw, revolve, T~poXds, wheel], rolling stone, round stone, boulder. IV. ii. 3. OXoKaUTiCo, -hO'w, [bAodKavros 6AoKaUcTroS, from \oos, Kaw], bring a burnt offering, burn victims whole in sacrificing. 5\os, -r7, -ov, adj., whole, entire, all. 'OXvuprria, -as, ~, Olympia, a city and valley in Elis, on the river Alpheus, where the famous Olympian games were held every four years in connection with the worship of the Olympian Zeus. V. iii. 7. 'OXkvsLos, -a, -ov, adj., [VOAvvos], of Olynthus, Olyntuian. As subst., 'OXuv0Los, -ou, 6, Olynthian, an inhabitant of Olynthus, chief city of the Chalcidian Peninsula, south of Macedonia. I. ii. 6. 6ia4is,, s, [6,os/, /aa], adj., level, even, smooth. 6JiaXdos, -r', -v, adj., [o6ios, a/ca], level, even, smooth. iv TrO 6o1aAr, on level ground. ocLaXCos, adv., [6oJaAs], in even line, evenly. I. viii. 14. L1IPlpoS, -ov, 6, hostage, surety, security. 6(JLierio, -fa@w, cju\7)Ka,, w*jto'a, [o'uLXos, throng], be in company with, associate with, be intimate with. III. ii. 25. 6bCXX1i, -71s, 7?, mist, fog. IV. ii. 7. 5p, -aro, -TO, [for or-fLa; root o7r in togmua], eye; look, glance. VII. vii. 46. I 48YVVtL or oJLVUO, ooulmai, /4ovSyUoKa, &iuova, swear, swear to a thing, take oath; with -rovs OEoUs, swear by. 61oItos, -a, -ov, adj., [6^ads, common], like, similar, resembling. iv r6boift, on an equal footing. Cf. N. to p. I76, 5. iopoCts, adv., [gAofos], alike, similarly, in a similar way. obLoXoyeo, -cyrw, WvJuoA6y?7Ka, cLUoAo'yrmTa, plupf. p. &ioAoy^77-,, [6 /dAooyos, from 6Ads, A ayw], agree, naree wi/h; confess, acknowledge, concede; agree to, promise. o61oXoyooupEvws, adv., [6/oAooyew], confessedly. II. vi. I. 6LOOi^TprLO, -a, -ov, adj., [6yps, common, l'lrl7pI, of the same mother, having the same mother. III. i. 17. 6o'nTpLos, -a, -ov, adj., [66ds, common, 7ra-r'pl, of the same father, havmnri the same father. III. i. 17. 61icrac, see B6LVVulL. 6L'o-~e, adv,, [b6Cos, common], to one and the same place. 6dof- i/vai, to come to close quarters, to close with the enemy. 61o'rpoTrEtos, -ov, 6, [6^uds, common, rpadreTa, tabel, table-companion. See N. to p. 87, 9. obxoO, adv., [ofds, common], together, at the same place, at once; together with, close at hand, close by. 6p1,aXos, -ou, 6, navel. IV. v. 2. iju.s, adversative conj., [6,uds, common], all the same, nevertheless, yet, still, notwithstanding; frequently with other conjunctions, as dAA' lws, but yet. 5v, see Etlt. bvap, in sing. used only in nom. and acc.; pi. ovEpara -o, -w, d, dream, vision in sleep, nightvision. 6vtlVw u, b ovcw, aor. &vfo(ra, mid. 6vCvapacL, ov1raoy/al, wlevlo-L'aslv, 104 O6OTEpOS benefit, assist, hel/, be of service to. 6voa, -aros, - r, [kindred with Lat. nomen], name; fame, reputation; often in acc. of specification, best translated by name. 6voacrrC, adv., [o3voJdwo, call by name], by name.;vos, -ov,, j, ass. ovos &ypIos, wild ass. See CXM'tls. gos, -eos or -ous 7, [, [o, sour wine, wine-vinegar, vinegar. II. iii. I4. b6ts, -eja, -e, gen. -ios, -eias, -eos, adj., sharp; acid, pungent, sour. V. iv. 29. 8rrT, adv., wherever, at whatever place, in whatever way, whithersoever. irlqvCKa, adv., [rel. 6 + 7rvl'ft, at what time?], whenever. III. v. IS. t67rTLr v, adv., behind, at the rear, on the rear, from behind, from the rear. TrL-Oce y' yveaOai, to get in the rear. ecK ro'irT-OCv, t= Trov Ort'oevE, from behind. cis ro701TtOEv, -= Ets b T6oT7rOEv, backward, toward the rear. os 6ria-Oev, those in the rear. r& t&roBsev, the rear. 6rtrLoo#)iJXaK, — 4fw, 'ricrOouAvdKiiKa, wjrcOo(rpvdiK7Arla,, [OtriaOoep6vxa], guard the rear, command the rear; bring up the rear, form the rear-guard. 6OrirLaovXbaKiC, -as, ri, [orotaeoopAat], command of the rear. IV. vi. 19 7erLcrOo+iAct, -aios, 6, [osriar8ev, cbxac, guard], one who guards the rear; in pl., 7roW-0o4viALaKES, -Wv, o0, rear-guard. owC'co, adv., behind. VI. i. 8. oirCto, pf. &i7rXca, aor. &irX7aa, fut. mid. 67rMnioya, pf. p. &trtoa'ta, aor. worxlaO77v, [Sorxov], make ready; arm, equip; - mid., make one's self ready, arm one's self, put on one's armor. 'rrXrts, -EWS, 72, [6rrAAi], accoutrement, military equipment. II. v. 17. OTrXiTVE6w, -eocsw, 'TrAXTrvrCia, WjrArreuva, [o7rAir7s], serve as a hoplite. V. viii. 5. b6rXlTrs, -ov, 6, [oirrov], heazyarmed foot-soldier, man-at-arms, hopltte; in pi., 6orrwira, -rv, heavy infantry. See pp. 30, 31. 6orXTeIKos, —, -oL, adj., [6orxir-Ts], of heavy-armed soldiers, of hoplites. rb otrXTLICO'v [SC. or-pdrevua], the heavy-armed force, the heavy infantry, the force of hopltes. b6orrXoLaa, -as, 4/, [6s7rAo/dXos, warrior in arms], fighting with heavy arms; use of arms, art of war. II. i. 7. 07rXov, -ov, Td, inplement; in pl., S6rkX, rd, intmplements of war, weapons, arms, including both offensive and defensive weapons, but referring more particularly to the latter; pl. tirxa sometimes by metonymy = b6rAXTat, heavy infizntry; sometimes = Xwpfov,Tv isrAcv, place of arms. bro'Oev, adv., from whatever place, from any place whatever. 0'ot, adv., wheresoever, whithersoever, to whateverplace. wrotos, -a, -ov, adj., [8 + soos], whatever, of whatever sort, what. 0oirr0os, -7r, -ov, adj., [6 + ro'aos], how much soever, however great, as great as; in pl., 06o'ooL, -wv, as many as, how many soever, hoz many. 6ro'rav, [67r4e + Gv], conj., whenever. brror', see 6ro'TCE. O6rOTe conj., [5 + 7rore0, when, at the time when, whenever, at whatever time; since.,yv drore, sometimes. OirO'Tpos, -a, -ov, adj., [l-+ srd'epos], which of two, whichever. Strov 105 'Op6vT'r 87rov, adv., [o + 7rov], where, wherever. grov -Au, except where. OViK Jv 0 rou ov, there was no p/ace where not, _ everywhere. orroUrENp, adv., [lorov +- rEp], just where. IV. viii. 26. O6rT a, -7jow, aor. Wi7rrcora, [o7rrds], bake. V. iv. 29. 6Orrds, -i, -oe, adj., roasted, baked; of brick, burnt, baked. II. iv. 12. oirws, adv. and conj., [rel. gs, a + 7rtS]: I. As adv., as, in such manner as, in whatever way, how. 2. As final conj., that, in ordr that, so that. Opawo, 4botaMO, wcppadKa and Fdpfrpa, 2 aor. E6Soy, impf. ec&6pW, aor. p. &(Opv, see, look, look on; notice, observe, behold; discern, perceive. See O-KO-reW. Opy1, -is, 7, anger, wrath, passion. II. vi. 9. opyCtop.ac, opyitoiYLa, &ppytorpat, impf. Cwpyt.oiv, become alg,-ry, grow angzry, be indignant. opyi(o/Sevos, in a fit of anger. opyvLC, -aV,, [p, ['yw, stretch out], fathom, a measure of length, properly the combined length of the outstretched arms, = about six feet. 6piyco, -bow, aor. &pcEa, stretch out; reach out, hand to, present. VII. iii. 29. 6pLvd6s, -i, -vy, adj, [Lpos], mountainous, of mountains, hilly. 6pELOS, -a, -oy, adj., [bposl, of mountains, mountain- haunting. As subst., 6petos, -ou, o, mountaineer. VII. iv. II, 21. 6p0Los, -a, -or, adj., straight up, uphi/, steep. GpOios xAo'os, company formed in column, column. 7rpbs 6pOtov revar, OpOiov slEvt, to march up-hill. As subst., $pOLov, -ou, To, steep place, heirht. 6p90s, —, -4y, adj., [opvrwu, arise], upright, straight, erect. opOpos, -ou, 6, dawn, daybreak. &a/a bpOpwp, at dawn. op0As, adv., [opOds], rightly, proper/ly, jutly. 6pCwt, optz, 'piKca, ipana, aor. mid. &wpdirdl lv, [opos, limit], separate as a border, bound;- mid., mark 'qff as boundary, set off for one's self as a boundaiy. SpLov, -ov, r6, [dim. of opos, limit], bounadazy, linzi; in p i., a, -wy, i-,, border, frontier. OPKOS, -ov, 6, ot/lah. rwv OEvW OpKOt, oaths sworn before the gods, oaths in the name of the gods. opid6o, -jcrw, SpjsunKa, &Sp/rqa-a, impf,hid. wpJlUcUxv, pf. 5p/jxruLae, plu)pf. mid. Wpf//iflv, [bpUhs1j, set i'i motion; - intr. and mid, make a s/art, hasten on, start forIh, rush forth, Opp.Lo, -4rw, impf. Siptouv, [Opbuos, anchoragej, lie at anchor in a harbor, be moored. Odppl, -?s, c, violent movement, movement; assault, at/tck, invasion, expedition; start; impiulse. jA 6Oppi, with one impulse. 6pAuctw, -iacw, aor. Wpyu.c-a, [opgaos, anchortage], bringr to anchor, moor, anchor;-mid., &opj.tojaL, op/ oaual, 9p/.rouazWp, WpLLtto'/duv, come to anchor, lie at anchor, anchor SPEov, -ov, - ro, J= OpvL, bird. VI. i. 23. opvC9etos, -a, -ov, adj., [Opvris, of birds. Kpea opveL'Oa, fowl. IV. v. 31. dpvL, -tOos, bi,, bd, fowl, especially domestic fowl, hen. IV. v. 25. 'OpodvTas, -a, 6, name of two Persians mentioned in the Anabasis. T. Orontas, a noble, put to death by Cyrus for treason. I. vi. I-L I. 2. Orontas, son-in-law of Artaxerxes, in command of a division of the Persian army. II. iv 8 et seq. 106 o5 Opos, -cos or -ovs, gen. pl. opecv, 7d, mountain. OpO4)os, -P, -o,, [epEow, cover], roof. VII. iv. I6. 6puKTOs, -~, -6v, adj., [opV7-rC], dug out, excavated; artificial, as opposed to a natural channel.,pi'TTr, opv4w, bopopuxa, &pvua, dig; of stone, quarry. 6p4av6s, -4, -' -, adj., [cf. Lat. orbzis], without parents, orphan. VII. ii. 32. dPXitofGI, -*aoaro, &pX77/tat, wpXfoa-rpV, impf. WpXo0 7rY, mid. dep., [opX os a], dance, leap; imitate in dancing. oPXJt2Ls, -eos, 7, [EPXfoact], dance, dancing. PXq-irpTs, -os, -,o, [ [xopXeoua], dancing-girl, dancer. VI. i. 12. 'OPXOpFVLOS -ov, - 6, Orchomenian, inhabitant of Orchomenus, a city in Arcadia, northwest of Mantin6a. II. v. 37; III. ii. 4. s,,, o, rel. pron., who, which, what; often with antecedent supplied, or expressed later in the sentence; frequently with the force of a demonstrative, as niea Ss, and he. Ev,; [sc. Xpovy], during this time, meanwhile. St' o, wherefore. 'TETY Ss, some one. E'arlv oT, some. Ocros, -a, — o, adj., hallowed, holy, sacred; devout, reverent, religious. roos,., -ov, pronominal adj., how great; as great as, as large as, as much as; in pl., how many, as many as; often correlative with TroovTo, rToarovTo; ace. sing. neut. often used adverbially with numbers, about, as 0a0v KicTc o-racuivs, about eight stadia; dat. sing. neut. used with comp. to denote degree, - Lat. a n t o, by how much, the more. S6ro-orep, -rtrep, -oirfp, [oos- + -7ep], even as much, justas much, even so great as, no greater than; in pl., even so many as, just as many as. So-8rep,.p rEp, Ssrep, [os ~+ repl, he indeed who, whoever indeed; just who. o'-nrptov, -ov, TO, pulse, leguminous plants, such as beans and peas. 8grILS, 4rTs, S,TL, gen. oTsvos or OTOU, -VO, c OUrvos or OTOU, dat. TyTwt or 'or, etc., gen. pl. wvrsvwv or o'0Tv, indefinite rel. pron., [Ss + TsI], whoever, whatever, whichever; any one who, a man who, anything which; who, which, what; - as collective, often used in sing. with pi. antecedent, as 7rdvras - SarTis, all who. See G. 86; H. 280. iTo-TIOVV, TIrrao-o, 6rtoiv, indefinite pron., [os + T's + oUv], whoever then, whatever then, any whatever. o6virvovv UtcaOov, any pay whatever, any pay at all. VII. vi. 27. 6or+paCvopXtl, o-qppSaofapt, 2 aor. i wafpou7v, [otppa, smell], catch scent of, smell of. V. viii. 3. '-av, temporal conj., [o-re + av], whenever, at the time when, when; used with subj. 8T = ire. i rE, by elision i'', by elision and aspiration g0', relative adv. and conj., when, as, at the time when; while, whenever. 6St, con]., [originally neut. of Oo-sts, that; often with causal clauses, because, seeing that, since; often used elliptically to strengthen superlatives, as oir rXAero-ous, as many as possible. 8,;r, see Sc8 s. ol, before smooth vowels ovK, before rough vowels and consonants oiX, negative adv., proc]itic, not, used in statements of fact, while /u5 is used rather 0o 107 oziros with expressions of will and contingency -sometimes used as an interrogative, anticipating an affirmative answer, as obVK apa, is it not the case that? o0, see Ss. o0, adv. of place, [loc. of 6s], where; used sometimes with ellipsis of correlative expression, as *dXpt' ou, as far as the region where. ov 893, where, you see. oi, o, e, pi. mpefs, mpwciv, or0>dt, uqfas, reflexive pron. of 3d person (defective, o5, o?, E, and o'sp-L enclitic), of him. See G. 79; H. 261. ovSaclpj, adv., [dat. fer. of ouaGuds, no one], in no way, by no means, nowhere. oiLSca68Ev, adv., [ofu8auas, no one + -8ev], from no quarter, from no place, from no part. oiSajot, adv., [oubadro, no one], to no place. ov8acloO, adv., [ovauds, no one], nowhere. oM8i, conj., [ob + 8f], and not, but not, certainly not; not even, not also, nor yet; not by any means; used often with correlative negatives, as ob - ovSe, not- nor; ob&e - ob5^, not even - nor. oVf; &s, not even thus, not even under these circumstances. oVSELs, obeI&uia, ovs4v, gen. oUiev&Y, o6EuLrtas, obevrJs, adj., [oab -,esS], not one. not even one, none. As subst., ov8eis, no one; ov8Ev, nothing; -ace. neut. sing. often used adverbially, in no respect, by no means, not at all. obvev jtlaXov, none te tm ore. oiSEirOTE, adv., [ovbe + wroj], never. ovSirco, adv., [ovbS' - rcw], not yet, not as yet, not hitherto. OVKErL, adv., [obK + &i], no longer, no firtzher, no mnore. oOKouv, adv., [obc + ov]l, in statements, not therefore, so not, thus not, not then; in questions, anticipating an affirmative answer, not therefore? not then? and so not? OVKOVV, adv., [obK + OaV], in statements, therefore, thus, then, accordingly; in questions, so then? is it not the case that? obv, adv. and conj., post-positive, therefore, accordingly, then; yet, however; be this as it may; at any rate, at all events, certainly, really. otiroTE, adv., [ob + ro-r], never, tnot at any time. oiibrw, adv., [ov + rca], not yet, not as yet, not hitherto. ouiraTrrore, adv., ovb + 7rarcore], never yet at any time, never before at any time, never yet, never before. I iv. I8. oiUpa, -as,, tail; of an army, rear. ovippyos, -ov, 6, [oubpi &yw], rearman, rea —leader, the last man in a column, or an officer in command at the rear. obpavos, -oa, 6, sky, heavens. IV. 11. 2. oil, drdJ, Td, ear. oiT-, adv. and conj., [ov +- Tf], and not, nor; often with correlatives, as oUrT- - ovre, neither - nor; OU're - r, both ot — and, not only not - but also. oroToL adv., [ob +- 7To], certainly not, indeed not, not by any means. VII. vi. II. otros, avrvn, roVro, gen. ToUrou, ravT7-7,,,TOUTU, demonstrative pron., this, pl. these; usually referring to something preceding, but sometimes to what follows; often best translated he, she, it, they. Kal orout, these also, these too. Kal Tro-u or Kal Tavta, that too, and that too. rovro fjiav - rouro 8e, partly -partly. O6 ootr' 108 TraLLSECc oVroTcr, aubr't, rourt, genm Torovt, rauvr7al, rourovU, strengthened form of ofros, this man here, this one here, this here. o0rw, before vowels ourws, adv., [orost], thus,, soin this way, in this manner, o this condition. OUr'o(i, strengthened form of o9yrws, in this very way. ovXCL, adv., = ou, not, no. oEIXWo, 6oL~Ai7ow, wfpeiArjKOa, 2 aor. &fpAxov, impf. p. w(Elsdfrlv, owe, be indebted; would, ought;pass., be owed, be due. &(peov is often used in expressions of wishing, followed by infin., would that, oh that (lit. ought). SiEXos, Td, only in nom. and acc., [o3pdxxw, increase], use, benefit, advantage, profil, good. 640oaX+ 6s, -oi, 6, [root ori in 6ioua, l, eye. 6+XLcrKdoVWo, ofA(p4acw, &(pA7ca, 2 aor. &pXAov, [o&p)e'w], owe, used especially of one condemned to pay a fine, be liable to pay, incur as a penalty. V. viii. i. 'O+pVVLov, -o, T, Opjhrynium, a town in Troas, near Dardanus. VII. viii. 5. OXETds, -Ov, 6, [3XEI], channel, water-channel, ditch. II. iv. '3. oX4w, -'4aw, aor. -&X?7aa, [oXos. carriage], carry, bear; - pass., be carried, ride. e'p' 'Irrou bXeo-O0at, to ride on horseback. x'qt.oa, -aros, Tr, [oX]wl, support, carriage, vehicle. III. ii. 9. -9X0, -'v9, ', [EayO], eminence; of a river, high bank. SXXos, -ou, 6, throng, crowd, mass of men, multitude; particularly undisciplined mass of campfollowers; annoyance, trouble. XAov, rapiXEiv, make trouble, give trouble, be troublesome. 6Xvpds, -a, -dv, adj., [Ex?], caable of being held, strong, secure, tenable. As subst., 6Xvpdv, -ou, r6, stronghold, fortified place. 654i, adv., late. 6i(., -as, ~1, [064], evening. 6+Ciw, -tow, [4l], be ate, come late. IV. v. 5. 6+as, -ews, i, [root or in 6tolcau], appearance, sight, spectacle. 6+\ocLa, see opaco. II. 7rcLYKpaTrLov, -ov, r6, [irayyKpaTs, all-powerful, from iras, KpadTos], pancration, complete contest, allaround-match, a severe exercise common in Greek athletic contests, combining both boxing and wrestling. IV. viii. 27. 'rrcayaXeaios, -ov, adj., [-ras + XaAsrds, d.)jcult], very hard, most dfficult, extremely difcult. V. ii. 20. wrayXaXimrws, adv., [rrayXdAetros], with extreme diffculty, very hardly. 'rayXaXEircs EOeiv, be very anzry, feel bitterly. VII. v. 16. riwr 09~a, -arTO, 6,t [root ira6 in wrdcrXw], sffering, misfortune, wretched plight. VII. vi. 30. Irae0tv, see,rro'Xa. rra8os, -fos or -ous, Id, [root ara0 in irdaxaw], unfortunate experience, treatment; szffering, mishap, disease. TraLavLIo, -iow, aor. earaaveo'a, [Craid, paean], chant the paean; -as the paean was a choral song, addressed to Apollo or Artemis, sung often on entering battle, and in thanksgiving for victory and other blessings, sing the war-song, chant a hymn of victory, sing a choral song-. IratLeCa, -as,, [ratSev6w], training, education, bringing up. IV. vi. I5~ ratLspactr ris 109 rap' iraLSpaLrT'is, -ov, 6, [TwraS, epa'riTsl, one fond of boys, lover of boys. VII. iv. 7. WLratE8O'O, -eurw, irera&eviKa, ierat8ecra, [wals], bring up a ch/id, rear; train, educate. wraLSLICa, -6v, rd, [wras], pl. with force of sing., object of affection, favorite. TrcaSCov, -iou, r6, [dim. of irais], little child, child. IV. vii. 13. iraCLScrKl, -rs, O, [raZs], young girl, maiden. IV. iii. Ii. wrats, 7raids, child. rats, 6, boy, youth, lad; waiter, servant. irrsts, i, girl, maid. IK raiOwv, from childhood.;Tra0C, 7raiow, twiratca, 7trasa, strike, beat, strike af, smite, wound; strike against, dash against. rraLcovLtbo, -ow, aor. sraiwviraa, = ~ raavCio), which see. rarXaL, adv., long ago, long since; formerly, previously. ol wrdcAa iKovreS, those who came up earlier. wraXaios, -d, -do, adj, comp. wraaalTrpos, sup. wraairaTros, ['rdxha], old, ancient. wraXairepor, rather old. rb waAaolv, as adv. acc., formerly. wrakaiw, -airw, aor. 1rdXAauoa, [wraAn], wrestle. IV. viii. 26. rwaxql -7s, -S, [7raAAxw, poise, throw], wrestling. IV. viii. 27. WrXLrv, adv., back, backwards; agazin, once more, anew. iraAXXCKis, -i8OS, 7, [LTrd a4k, youth], concubine, mistress. I. x. 2. raX,6v, -oV, r6, [7rdxxw, poise for throwing], light spear, lance; in the Anabasis generally used of the spear carried by the Persians; see pp. 17, 18 irawArXsi)Os, -fS, adj., [w7as, 7rA0osl], multitudinous, very numerous, countless. III. ii. II. wrr&ToXvs, irayurSdAA-, 7rawuroAu, adj, [7ras + -roAvs], very much, very great, very large, very nuimerous, vast; in pl., very many. Iraipxrdvpos, -ov, adj., [7ras + wrovrpys, wicked], altogether bad, thoroughly knavish. VI. vi. 25. rravovpyla, -as,, [wravop-yos], craft, villany. VII. v. I. wravoiipyos, -or, adj., [7ras, root epy in epydSCoiSa, do], lit. 'ready to do anything,' wicked, knavish, villanous. radvO', riwvT', see Tras. racVTrrra'cir-, before vowels vravrdIraoa'i, adv., [rvra'ra + dat. pl. of was], all in all, altogether, wholly, absolutely, throughout; with a negative, at all. IravrTaXiI, adv., [wras], everywhere, in every part, in all places. II. v. 7. iravTaxov, adv., [was], everywhere, in every instance. IravTEXws, adv., [7ravrsejs, compilete, completely, altogether, wholly. w&vrt, adv., [ras], every way, on every side; everywhere, throughout. IravToSa8rds, -4, -ov, adj., [ras], of every kind, of all kinds, of all sorls. rvroetv, adcv, [was + -0ev], from all sides, on all sides, from all quarters.,ravrotos, -a, -ov, adj., [wras], of all kinds, of all sorts. rdvwrooe, adv., [wras], in all directions, everywhere. VII. ii. 23. r6vTows, adv., [rras], by all means, altogether, at all events, at any rate. -ravu, adv., [wras], very, exceedingly, very much, altogether, quite. ob wrdvv, not at all. r&doIa aL, wro'o/jua, 7rfradlaa, plupf. dwrEwr/4v, [poetic word], acquire, get; pf. wre7ralta, have acquired, = KiKT1lLa, have, possess. Tap', see Mrap. Inap, 110 rcLapaKEXC\OJpLa Iwap&, 7rap' before vowels, prep., with gen., dat., and acc., general meaning, beside. I. With gen., fromn the side of, from. 2. With dat., by the side of, near, by, with, about. ra 7rap' Eloi, affairs with me, my circumstances. 3. With the ace, to the side of, to, alongside of, along, beside, by, past, against, contrary to;of time, during, at. 7raph robs Specovs, contrary to the oaths. irapa ras arovads, in violation of the treaties. In composition rapd (-rap before vowels) has the force of beside, to, by, past; beyond, aside, amiss. wapapaCvw, -,Bjaosat, rapajf E8rqKa, 2 aor. vrapBr$v, [lrapd + 3- aivw], pass beyond, overstep; violate, break. IV. i. I. aropapoBqe&o, -orn04orw, -f3e/8oi0Orca, rape/JoO8oaa, [Trapd + BonO1Eow], come up, give aid, come to the rescue, hasten to give aid. IV. vii. 24. wavpapyyeXXo, -eA, rap-f-yyeAKa, rappyyeiAa, impf. vrapTryyeAAov, [lrapd + ayyeAAwcX], give the order, give orders, give the watchword, give out; command, direct, order, bid, enjoin upon, generally used of orders transmitted or passed along by several persons. tcaTr T& irap7-yyeAjge'Oa, according to the directions given, according to instructions. rclapayyeXcrLs, -ews, ', [rapa-yy-yeAAwj, giving of command, passing of an order from man to man. IV. V. I. wrapayCyvop.ca, — yevwiroual, rapa~yeiyeveiat, 2 aor. 7rapeyevd4urv, [rapd + 7yyYvoJatl, come to, present one's self, be present, be at, arrive at. wIropycot, rapdSw, irapuXa, 2 aor. Trap-iyayov, [rapa + &-ywj, lead by, conduct by; lead along, bring forward, introduce; bring up, bring to the front. wrapaywyTi, -$3s, 67, [rrapayw,, transportation. V. i. I6. lrapaSeLroos, -ou, 6, [Persian word], park, hunting-park, preserve. See N. to p. 55, 12. wrapatStBwpt, -MSoow, rapaaweurcca,,rap8bwaa, 2 aor. 7rapiewv, [rapd -+ 8,8ul], give up, hand over, deliver up; give out, give. wrxapa8paeieZv, see rapacpeXw. rrapaOappvovw, 7rapaOapvyu, [7rapd + Oappiyow], encourage, embolden, cheer on.?rapacOo, -Oeao-oat, [Trapd + 0Gol], run by, outrun, run past, outstrip. IV. vii. 12. irapatetvaL, see TrCapctOlpsLt. rrapaLve&, 7rapaivferw, irapvieta, impf. vrappIvouv, [rapd + aivow], exhort, urge on; recommend, advise. rrapacLTfOJtaL, -atr5c-roaat, rap$'rrJqaL, Trapprr7adu7v, [7rapa + air'w], entreat earnestly, intercede for. VI. vi. 29. rapaKacLXo, -,ai, 'rapaKtrAxflca, raptcdAeaa, impf. 7rapeKdcovv, aor. p. rapEKAX87jv, [Trapd + iaA, w], call to one, call in, invite, summon; exhort, cheer, encourage. rcaLpaKaTaTOKjc, -_77S, i7 JrapaKararL0rpu, deposit], deposit of money or property left in one's care. V. iii. 7. raCLpKELPatt, -cetaoouaL, [7rapd + Keiuatl, lie beside, be placed beside. VII. iii. 22. rrapcaKeXEvoL.ac,, rapcatckeuvcroo at, rapaKecA.evUO'.Uat, 7rapeceAevo uc'd7v, [rapa + - iKeXeolai, mid. of KeAevw, bid], dep., urge, entreat; exhort, encourage; especially with daAKAois, encourage one another by shouting. wacpaLKEXEuoLs 111 'trapacrKflva) WrapOaKdevOlS, -e&s, 77, [mrapasceAeogaUa], urging on, cheering on, exhortation. IV. viii. 28. LrapaKoKouOeJc -ocr, 7rapt7KoAodV07Ka, 7rapjKoXov07',qa, impf. 7raprlKoAovDouv, [rapd + adKoAouv0co], follow near by to one, follow beside, follow close at hand. wrapcXaXpf3avo), — foyuat, 7rapiELA7qa, 2 aor. 7rap,afaov, [rrapdC + aM — a'dvw], take into possession, take along; receive from, receive; of office, succeed to. rwapaXeCorr, rrapaXel.w, 2 pf. 7rapaAtdoi7ra, 2 aor. rapeAarov, [trapd + Ae7rco], leave behind, pass by; leave out, omit. wrapXctXirrio, -iaw, [rapd + MAvrew, vex], trouble, annoy. ol 7rapaxvroivb-es, the troublesome, the refractory. II. v. 29. wrrapaXiow, -Aaw, -, - vKa, rapeAuioa, [7rapd + Avco], loose froom the side, take off, as a rudder from a ship. V. i. II. rrapcaECpow, rcapaqesdw, aor. mid. 7rap.e/7 r apL/d/v, Iap + ai El8w, change], changee; - mid., change about, go by, go past. I. x. IO. 'rrcLpaclXEWo, -/LEAXTCOC, arcpteA'cKa, rap?7/xiea, [7rapd + dfsEx^W], pay no heed to, neglect, disregard; be neglectful. irapacevo, -xervW, irapacxlpsfrJKca, rapel/Azva, [Trapa + g/roW], remain by, remain with; remain faithful, be steadfast. rracpaiqpis8ovov, u, r6, [7rapd, unpbs, thigh], thigh-protector, cuisse, a section of armor for the upper part of the leg, corresponding with the greaves below the knee. I. viii. 6. ~rcapacilrre(-), -red/xct, 2 pf. -v7rroftqa, vrapi7rq~a, [crapa + 7rircw], send by, send along, used especially of sending troops along the line or flanks for support. 'npapcrXCo, -irNevaouas and -irAuvcousAat, raparr/rAeuvca, 7rapTrAxeuva, [7rapd + -rA/cw], sail past, sail by, sail along, coast along. rcapanrX'1<ros, -a, -o, adj., [rrapc + rrAX rcos, near], somewhat like, similar to, resembling, like. 7irapppi, irapappevaouatu, WrapepprWCKa, 2 aor. p. 7rapepp'vv, [trapd + peci, flow by, flow past; run off beside. rcapaCoyyrls, -, 6, [cf. Old Persian athangaina, made of stone modern Persian fa rs a ngj, parasan-,z league, a Persian measure of distance = thirty Greek stadia = about a league = about three geographical miles = about three and a half statute miles. As the parasang, like the German sftnde, probably referred to the time required to traverse a certain distance rather than the distance itself, it may be considered a somewhat variable unit of measurement. The equivalents given above represent the value of the parasang in level country. In mountainous regions the average length of the parasang was probably a good deal less. Cf. N. to P- 55, 2. TrapactKEv[tto, -daw, impf. mid. 7rapefflcEvaolaJiv, pf. mid. 7rapeaiceuao'YaL, plupf. rrapEcKevoadcrfjv, aor. Xrape(o'tEvao'a'jjv/, [irapd + KicevdoC, preparee], get ready, prepare, provide, procure;- mid., prepare one's self, make preparation, make ready; be ready, be prepared. irapar-Kevi, - 7rs, a,,[Trapd + c-lc)r, eyuipnment], preparation, especially preparation for war, armament. I. ii. 4. 'n-apacoKfrraVo, -sacu, aor. 7rape4c-KYtrc-a, [rapd + 'c7nlvaw, from oxvrfYii, pitcl one's lent near, pitch wrapaTaLts 112 IIcptlov camp near, encamp near. III. i. 28. raLpcrTatLs, -ews, 7, [7TrapardTTCr], line of battle, battle array. wrapacrlTTrr, -rdLw, 7rapaErsaXa, irapETaca, pf. p. irapaTre'ray/ai, [irapd -+ T-TrW], draw men up in line, draw up in battle order, draw up in line of battle. iwapCarTCvo, irapaTevW, 7rapareraca, 7rapeirvEa, plupf. p. 7raperETa'7?yv, [7rapd + Tre/I-, stretch], stretch along, stretch out; extend, prolong, draw out. rapacrTlC9t, -9O7rw, rapaTcreuca, iraprO7KaC, impf. 7rapertOfv, 2 aor. mid. irapei8Lov, [Crapa + TL071jUt], place beside; of meals, set before, serve up;- mid., lay one side, lay beside one. pracpaTpIEw~, -spacoitct, 7rapaSE8p&p7ccKa, 2 aor. irapeSpauzov, plupf. zrapeeapauiAjKc, [Lrapa + rpeXw], run by, run past, run along,; run through, run over, run across. wiapaXPilia, adv., [for -rap& Tb xpnpa, to the matter], on the spot, at once, forthwith, straightway. VII. vii. 24. irapeyyvcw, -ijw, Irap7lvybrltca, 7rapv7yybyl7oa, impf. 7rapctpY77vv, [rpapc + e-yyvcdw, from eisyy, near], pass along, as a word of command, message, or watchword; send the word along, pass the word along; pass from hand to hand, pass on; urge, exhort, command, suggest. 'rrcpeyyiq, -, -s, [trapeyyvd], command, order. VI. v. I3. ~rapeSoo-av, see irapca8sSwpi. wrapELJLt, 7raper'ooat, impf. vrapiv, [irapd + efscx], be by, be near, be at hand, be present; have come, come, arrive, attend, be ready; 3d pers. sing. often as impers., 7rtCpeEoL, irapE'rat, rappv, it is possible, it is feasible; participle somtimes in acc. abs., rapdv, it being pos sible, since it is (was) possible. Tros 7roAefdotIs nrdpeisQr, the enemy have. iv T7 rapodvs, in the present emergency, at present. r& irapvTra rpa'dycawra or T& rap6vra, the present state of afzfirs. irrapeLL;, impf. -jtEv or -fa, [Irapd ~decfL], go past, pass by, go alonz, pass through, come forward. See wrap\Xaivco, rapeAccro or 'rapeAX, irapeAhAatcca, 7raphAacra, impf. irap'f7avvov, [7rapcd + AaU'Cvw], drive past; march past, drive by, ride along, ride by. racLpEPXojaL, 7rapeXevucofJaat, irapeXiAvOa, 2 aor. 7rapAhOov, [rapd - pgXojIal], come by, go by, pass by, pass through; -of time, pass, elapse; of speakers, come forward. rapixwo, rapgtw or vrapao'rxaw, 7rapdaX7Kita, 2 aor. rapc&o-ov, [rapa + EXw], offer, furnish, afford, supply, present, give, render; give up, deliver;-of passion or fear, arouse, excite, inspire. 7rapexea'Oat *retOopvovs aTrparts6as, to make soldiers obedient. IIap0evlov, -ou, r6, Partheniun, a town in Mysia, in the vicinity of Pergamos. VII. viii. 15, 21. IHIap4vLos, -ov, 6, Parthenius, a river on the western border of Paphlagonia, flowing northward into the Black Sea; now BurtanTschai. V. vi. 9. wrap0evos, -ou, 7/, maid, maiden, virgin. III. ii. 25. cIapLavos, -ou, 6, [Indptov], Parian; in pl., IIapawvoC, -&v, Parians, inhabitants of Parium. VII. iii. I6.,rapcrpCtl, rapcrow, rapeiira, vrapira, [-apa + -t I s], send by, let pass by, permit, allow, yield. IIapLov, -ou, ro, Parium, a city in Mysia, on the south shore of the 7'apVlTnuTI 113 iLIa4XVayovLK6S Propontis, east of Lampsacus. VII. ii. 7 et seq. rap.<-rrTjlx, irapapr'aTrw, lrapcr'rf1ca, wrapfo-r7]aTa, 2 aor. rrap4ErTl]v, [7rapd + fT'rqtj; transitive tenses (see tcrrqliL), place near, put by, station near; intransitive tenses, stand near, stand by; - mid., place near one's self, station near one's self, bring forward. ~rppoSos, -ov, i, [7rapd + 66s], way past, passage, pass, entrance, aipproach. iapOLV(wE, trapowti'jo, wreraplvrpKCa, ewapyvrtraa, [Trdposvos, from nrapd - olvos], play drunken tricks, behave ill at wine. V. viii. 4. trapo(LxoJalt, 'rapoiXyofoxat, -PX7jai, [irapd + o'YojaL], be past. ra srapoX4teyva, the things of the past, te past. II. iv. I. fIIcppoaios, -ou, 6, PZrrhasian, an inhabitant of Parrhasia, a district about Mount Lycaeus, in the southwestern part of Arcadia. I. i. 2. IIapco-aTts, -1ios,, Old Persian, thought to come from p a ru, much, and shiti, land, =- she who has much land, she of the wide lands], daughter of Artaxerxes I., half-sister and wife of Darius Nothus, and mother of Artaxerxes II. and Cyrus. For the character of Parysatis see pp. 21, 24, 25. I. i. 4 et al. rras, 7riia, trae, gen. 7ravrSs, traas, travYTs, neut. pi. irdera, by elision Lvrar', by elision and aspiration 7rd0'; without the article, all, every, as 7ra-a 66ds, every road, every way; with the article, whole, as traFra, 6as, the whole way; 7rdvra rbv Xpdvov, the whole time. As subst., rrav, everything; iravTac all things; 'Ob rrav, the whole. IIacrtv, -wvos, 6, Pasion, a Greek general in the service of Cyrus; some of his men went over to Clearchus, whereupon he abandoned the expedition. I. ii 3 et seq. wr'rXo, trcEiQoat, rdvovxOa, 2 aor. KraQov, experience, be affected, be treated; suffer. e trox'^TXEY, to receive good, to be well treated. KacKCs TrdXa'oev, to suzfer ill, to sufer hurt, to be ill treated. rdraxiv Stlvad, to suffer evils. IdrXELV fiCav, to suffer violence. TaX-Etv Ti or o raOfev Ti, to suZfer any hurt, to suffer some hurt, euphemistic for to die, to be killed. wradWT.o'o', traTrda, rVdTrata, smile, strike, fell. nlaTrtl-yvas, -a, 6, Pategyas, a prominent Persian in the service of Cyrus. I. viii. x. rran'qp, 7rarpds, 6, [cf. Lat. pater, German Vater, Eng. fat er], father. rdrTpLos, -a, -ov, adj., [irarjp], of a father, of fathers, faher's, paternal, ancestral. oQv 4r' iraWrptyf (povpatv.ri, with the spirit of your sires. III. ii. 16. wraTpCs, -Itos, ', [rrarip] fatherland, nativze country, home. wawrpipos, -a, -ov, adj., [iraTrjp], of one's father, ancestral, hereditary, especially of things inherited from one's father, inherited from forefathers. iraCXa, -, -7s, ', [ravw, cease], rest, end, cessation; prevention. V. vii. 32. r'nco, raaoaw, r re, ravKa, fEravo'a, cause to stop, put an end to; mid., cease, pause, stop, rest; give up, finish, end; leave off be done with, be freed from. Hla4Xayovia, -as, 3, Paphlagonia, a province of Asia Minor, south of the Black Sea, east of Bithynia. VI. i. 14. IIa4X\ayovLKds, -h, -od, adj., [na<qAajyova], 'aphlagonian, of UaXhayc&v 114 EKT oEXT irLKoS Paphlagonia. M lIafXayoviulc (sc. XcSpa), = rla(pXayovia, Paphlagonia, VI. i. 15 et seq. llHaXaytv, -dvos, o, Paphlagonian, an inhabitant of Paphlagonia. Cyrus had a troop of Paphlagonian cavalry (birreis lnapAa'ydves) in the battle of Cunaxa. I. vii 5 V viii. 5 V. i. 3. iraios, -eos or -ous, d, [raXvs], thickness. V. iv. I3. Irorxs, -efa, -6, gen. -Ios, -ELfas, -dos, adj., [root wray in r4yv^utL, be solid], thick, large. wrS1, -], s,, [root 7re8, cf. TroUs], fetter. IV. iii. 8. ireSLvos, -4, -do, adj., comp. ~reiv&TEpos, [ireIov], laf, level. IresCov, -ou, 76, [r4Eov, ground, cf. rovs], plain, level country, fiat. retei i e(o,, SE'E, [recds], go on foot, travel by land. retEi, adv., [rercds], on foot, as opposed to being on horseback; on land, by land, as opposed to travel by sea. iregds, -4, -dv, adj., [root rwe, cf. wrovs], on.foot, walking, as opposed to being on horseback. Wrec F bVaULrs, infantry. As subst. in pl., Ireot, -wy, ol, foot-soldiers, infantry. r~ELOapXEXo, -7o'w, [re0OapXos, obedient, from reLcOw, &apX?, obey one in authority, be obedient to. I. ix. 17. -reltw, Trelacw, 7rI7TreKla, etrelra, 2 pf. rer&o0ca, mid. hrLeOoicat, 7retao,.ac, IrErErJTai, 2 aor. E7tLuqpV, aor. p. e7iaerlvOq, prevail upon, win over, persuade; -mid. and pass., be won over, be persuaded, be prevailed upon; obey; believe in, trust to; yield, comply, listen to. rELVwO, rELIawff, 7rErEfvYt7Ka, ieTrehlvjaa, [tresva, hunger], be hungry, szfer hunger, huznger. I. ix 27. Wttpa, -,as, [cf. reLpacw], trial, attempt, experiment. ev 7reipat yevE.Oal, to be well acquainted with. vretpav EXEiv, to have experience. rreLpao, -Tow, aor. repaaa, more often as mid. dep., TreLpciofcat, crEiparo-oLat, irereylpaJu a, eirepaada-.A7v, impf. Evreip#owv, attempt, try, endeavor; test, make proof of, make trial of. WTELETos -, -a, -o, verbal adj., [7relOw], to be obeyed. wirEfrov corlv avur,, he must be obeyed, obedience must be rendered to him. wreXkwto, weAdact, aor. ere'Aao-a, [reXAas, near], approach, come near, draw nizgh. IV. ii. 3. HIrXX1vv6s,-iS, 6,, Pellenian, inhabitant of Pellene, a city in the eastern part of Achaia. V. ii. T5. IIeXoirovvilrtos, -a, -Ov, adj., [rlIeo7rdvrnros], Peloponnesian, of or from the Peloponnesus. As subst., IIXoTrovv'rptos, -ov, 6, Peloponnesian, an inhabitant of the Peloponnesus. IIeXorrdvvsTros, -ou, 7, [rneAoros v-cos, Island of Pelops], Peloponnesus, the peninsula forming the southern part of Greece, said to have taken its name from Pelops, an early king of Elis. I. iv. 2. irT\TEAfo, -dao'- [rEAr7?'], serve as peltast, be a peltast. V. viii. 5. IIEXTaLL, -&v, al, Peltae, a city in the western portion of Phrygia, on the Maeander. See N. to p. 56, 7 I. ii. Io. ireXTi-crTis, -, 6-,, [7rerat], lightshield-man, targeteer,peltast; also as a general term, light-armed troops, I. ii. 9. 7reXiTaC-TLKs, -4, -do, adj., [sreA-raoi-Ts], of a peltast, of targeteers.,b 7rehAraorTiKod (sc. rTparevea), the peltast force, the targeteers. -rr&XTq 115 srEpLf&pXXo wiXXT,, -77S, 7, /iAht shield, of the shape of a crescent, targEet; also, pole, shaft. See Plate II. 5. wnrELrratos -a, 7oV, adj., [7reTrrosj], on the fifth day; of dead, Ar-ay 7rrEiou7rao, they were five days unburied. VI. iv. 9. Eirtinros, -i, -ov, num. adj., [af&re], fift, the fifth. wErr cpo, ire4w, 7rerotp(a, esren(iLa, aor. p. Er0efrt(p8 v, send. w7rivs, -tros, 6, adj, [rvryoatj, poor man, day-laborer, not a beggar, but a man who has to work for a living; sometimes as adj., poor, needy. VII. vii. 28. irevia, -as, ', [revojs], pov-erty, need. VII. vi. 20. rWvocaL, used only in pres. and impf., work for daily bread, be poor, live in povertfy. III. ii. 26. revMaKoodot, -at, -a, num. adj., [re'vre + -ecarov], five hundred. rrEvTe, indecl. num. five. irEvTrEKaCtBEKa, indecl. num., fifteen. 7rEVTriKovTa, indecl. num, fifty. 'rEVT'rKovTrip, -ijpos, 6, l[vrvfKtovraj, pentecoster, leader of fifty men, commandler of a pentecostys. III. iv. 21. 'rrEVTlK'VTOpoS, -Ov, 1, [7reTvr7'Kora, root ~p in iperTLv, oar|, originally used with yvaws, fifty-oared ship, penteconter, freight-ship with fifty oars, twenty-five on a side. rwEvTrKOtrTrs, -UOS, ace. pi. trevr7?KoCTrvS, i, [7reT7cKO al, Ta], nsnibr of fifty, body of fifty men, pentecostys, a division in the Spartan army; see p. 28. fcaTc irevrT7focrOs, by pentecostyes. III. iv. 2. irip, enclitic adv., in Attic prose only in composition, generally making the word to which it is added more emphatic or specific, -just, exactly; altogether, at any rate, however, yet. See ~drEp, Kaircp, 6o"icrp, KaIOdO'Ep, 6croolrEp, co'rwep. i I irepa, adv, across, beyond, further, used of both space and time. ovCert T7rpa, no longer, no further; with gen., re'pa /ueot6O?7rj Tr s lujEpas, beyond mid-day, afterirepactv, Wrepavco, aor. 'rEpadva, [1repaEs, b-ing to an end, carry through, complete, finish, accomphlsh. repatdw, -docw, rrearepawtca, er'epatwaca, [srepav], carry over, bring across; - mid. and pass., go across, pass over. VII. ii. 12 riepav, adv, on the other side, across; often with gen., on the other side of. rb wrepav, the other side, the opposite side. irepdOco, wrepada,,?re7r-paKa, crepdaoa, [nrepav], gro rnght through, go throtgh, cross over, pass over. IV. iii. 21. fIIpYLyacos, -ov, P, Pergarrmos, Per-.gameus, Peryamnztm, a city in Mysia, later capital of the kingdom of Pergamos; now Bergamna. VII. viii. 8, 23. -riepSt, K, - 6, p, parlrZite.. v. 3 -rrepC, prep., with gen, dat., and ace., about, around I. With gen., about, concerning, in regard to, of, respectini., 2. With dat. (rare), about, around. 3. With ace., around, about, in regard to, in relation to, with, over, towards. ol 7repl Kipov, those about Cyrus, those in company with Cyrus, Cyrus and his men. In composition 7rept adds the force of all around, a bout, above, before, very, excerediriy. i7rEptp\4kXX, rpEptax,, 2 aor. 7rEptlEfahov, impf. irEpdefaAov, [{Wepi + g4SXow, throw], throw around, as one's arms, embrace; -mid., shift around, as one's shield for protection; take in, get possession of as plunder. 'repLyiyvoflCt 116 n'epLppew rEpLyCyyvopacL, — yev-7roqar, 2 pf. — yyova, 2 aor. 7repie'yevJYjJv, [7repl + q yyYrojuat], be superior, prevail over, overcome, excel, conquer, followed by gen.; result, issue, come around, followed by infin. rEptLELXo, -owo, [rwrpi + eAewo, roll], wrap around, fold around. IV. v. 36. wrepie.Let, impf. TrepLyfeiv or rEPIL7a, [ei,], go around, go about. irepCEtLi, ireptio-ola, u repjv, [rep pY + EitJ], be around; be superior to, surpass, excel. iTEpX&KcO, r-epdEAXw, impf. irepieiKcov, [repL + AKcIw, drag], drag around, drag about VII. vi. Io. irEpeptpxojiat, -EAe6teooOaz, -eAjAuOa, wrEp^ijxov, [7repl + ppXoucai], go around, pass around. IV. iv. 3. srepXxC, TreptECw or repLaXoaw, WrEptilaXrKa, 2 aor. irepieaXov, [rwept + ftw], surround, encompass. ii. 22. rrEpLiCrLLp., wrepirrrjw, wrepteOrTKa, 7replEa'lrWaa, 2 aor. WrepdTrrnV, wptP + i- foT7/A], transitive tenses (see tao-nirp), station around, place around; intransitive tenses, stand around, stay about. ol 'weptLEorTwes, the bystanders. 'rIEpLKVKX\60 -&S(r, wepLKeKtKxAWFa, [Wrept + KVKX&A, surround], encircle, surround. VI. iii. I I. reptLXaPCL.3vto, wrepijooart, 2 aor. rfpdEtAa$9ov, j-7repi + Aal3vw], put onZ's arrms around, embrace. VII. iv. 10. WirpLLEVW), -Uevy, -U.edvfKa, -EfEvla, [repit + Ayaw], wait, remain; with acc. as obj., wait fr. IIepCvOos, -oy, 6, I nepvOos], Perinthian, an inhabitant of Perinthus. VII. ii. 8. IiptLvos, -ov, ^l, Perinthus, a city in Thrace, on the north shore of the Propontis, west of Byzantium. TrrpLt, adv., [w-ept], round about, around; - with gen., around, about. irrpLoSos, -or, i, [werpf + b5s], circumzference, circuit. -reptLoKEW, -ioatw, [wreptoucos], dwell around, dwell about. V. vi. 16. 'repioKOS, -ov, 6, [-rept + oicos], neighbor; at Sparta, perioecus, provizcial, one of the 7replorIoL, a class of free inhabitants in the towns of Laconia, outside of Sparta itself, who enjoyed civil but not political liberty, being above the Helots and below the Spartans. V. i. 15. WtrpLopC&o, 7reptl4otJat, 7repici6ptma or 7reptLEdpKca, 2 aor. wTepietov, impf. 7reptecpwv, [7repf + opctw], overlook, neglect, pass by, allow. trcpLtraCLos, -ou, 6, [7rept + wraros, path], walking about, walk. II. iv. 15. irwEpti4TrrOL,, -7rT7o-oui, [7rept + rreotoai], fly around, J7y about. VI. i. 23. repLirfryvuvJLL, wrepITw', 7repnre'Tya, impf. 7reppir'fYV`J7iv, l ITf-p + 7riyYvvtt, freeze], be frozen about; of shoes, be firozen on the feet. IV. v. 14. rpePLCwirrwi), -WrecovL.atL, 7repti7re-rWtKa, 2 aor. WTeplireGrov, [fwepi + nT7r-rw], fall about, embrace; fall upon, fall in with. repiptwrXe, -irAuoe'roJ.o a or -rXE vaoipat, r'eptre'7revKic, repidErAevoua, t[wpt -+ trAEe, sail], sail around. 'rEpir OLEw, -7r0t7otw, 7-r epLrrWTro(l7Ka, irepiErroilo'a, aor. mid. wrcpiteroncadYn, [wrep' + wroetw], keep safe, procure;- mid., get for one's self, acquire. V. vi. 17. repL'rrTrwo, eptTr'urc, aor. WrepfTt rv ra, [rwepl+ rriT5o'rw, fold], enfold, enwrap; as a military term, outfank. I. x. 9. irepLppeo, WepIppetoa-o/at, 7repEpptv7lta, impf. p. TrEpteppovtcxv, aor. p. irEpLtarcvp6o 117 ir4xvs (as mid.) repicppfl:,, [repl + p{o, flow], flow around; flow away, slip away from around any one or anything; of fetters, slip off, drop off. rEPLoptcP"raOpdo -, w rep, Trep ra6pwioa, irepieoravpwo'a, plupf. p. 7repLeaTavpcyArqv, [Irep + arravpdw, fence with poles], surround with palisade, surround with stockade. VII. iv. 14. rEptorrEpci, -a, I, pigeon, dove. I. iv. 9. wEpLTTrrEo), -Earw, impf. 6repirreToY, [TrepiTTsd], be more than enozu,; reach beyond, go beyond, outflank. IV. viii. I. ireprTTds, -*, -y, adj., l[7rp}l, over and above, more than7 suficient, superfluous. As subst., 7rEpLTrot, -3v, of, used of soldiers in battle order, those beyond, surplus men, troops beyond the extent of our front. IV. viii. i i. repLvrTTv, -ou, Td, what is not necessary, what is not needed, surplus. wrCpTuyxavW, -reu4oflay, -TerbrLXlca, 2 aor. 7repd'rvuov, [irept + rvyTXav], happen to be about, happen to be near, fall in with. VI. vi. 7. WEPKL(avCs, adv., [7repc^avws, conspicuous], evidently, notably, manifestly. IV. v. 4. reptdpco, 7rEpioioaw, 2 aor. srepniYryKov, [rept + 4 <ppw], carry around, bring around. VII. iii. 24. wreppopos, -ov, adj, [rept + (pgBos], very much frightened, exceedigly terried, in great fear. III. i. 12. IlEpcnrs, -ov, 6, Persian, inhabitant of Persia, for which see p. i et seq. irEpogtw, [nIipo-rs], speak Persian, talk Persian. IV. v. 34. IIpTrLK6s, -., -ov, adj., [rfparis], Persian, of the Persians, of Persia. rb IfepoKNtv opXeo0Oat, to dance the Persian dance. irepo-t-rC, adv, [frepao-'w], in the Persian laz guage. IV. v. Io. weportrvos, -4, -Jv, adj., [ripuvcr, last year], of last year, last year's, of the previous year. rrtoraov, -ov, -r, [7reCTrd.vvvu, spread out], leaf. V. iv. I2. 'rroT.aL, rrTo-o.uat, 2 aor. ETrrTj7]v or ar7ar41v, fly. I. v. 3. irrrpa, -as, j, rock, ledge, mass of rock. EirTpOPOXCa, -as,, ['Trrpos, dcAAw], stone-throwing, stloning. VI. vi. I 5. irTpos, -ov, 6, stone, boulder, as distinguished from 7reTpa, which refers rather to the living rock, or large mass of rock. irequvayctEw s, adv., [7reqvhayauvos, pf. part. of QvAaTrrwj], cauziously. II. iv. 24. wrr, adv., often enclitic, in some waey, somehow. 7r ev -- 7ir e, in one way - but in another respect. rrlyi, -yas, 7, spring, source; of the sources of a stream, usually in pi. irjyvvi, rt', r tcv, r-rn-Xa, 7rnaa, impf.?rnTyvuwv, make fast, make solid; stZjfen, freeze. trjSXatov, -ou, Tr, [7rr778, oarblade], rudder, steering-p-addle; not like the modern rudder, but simply a strong oar with wide blade. There were usually two steering paddles, one on each side of the stern, and worked simultaneously by means of a cross-bar connecting them. V. i. II. nrrqXs, -oi, 6, [cf. Lat. p a us], mud, mire, clay. irXvs, -EfWs, 6, fore-arm; as a measure of length, cubit, = 6 palms (raAaxcrTa'), 24 fingers (iKdcruot,), = about i8 inches by nypins 118 rXi o our measure. The Persian cubit was longer than the Greek, - 201 inches by our measure. IV. vii. T6. fIIypls, -cTos, 6, Pigres, a Carian interpreter in the service of Cyrus. I. ii. I7 et seq. rLeto, rrei-w, aor. e7rieOca, press, crowd, press hard. lrKpOS, -a, -d4, adj., b'/ter. IV. iv. I3~ rrtvWo, rio/sai, XrTrwica, 2 aor. Triov, drink. VI. i. 4. IrLpa&rKlc, pf. Trnrpauca, plupf. e7rErpacKEiv, fut. pf. reirpa-wobai, def., sell. wtlTrrT, TrcooVat, rriTwcat, 2 aor. eirECov, fill, fall down; especially in pf., be fallen. Ilucr(r8s, -ov, 6, Psidian; usually in pi, rliai8a, -Cov, ol, Pisidians, a people in Asia Minor, south of Phrygia. See N. to p. 53, 22. I. i. II; ii. I. 'TLrTEvc, 7rL7revi'W, 7rEirf7 -euKa, Erior'Evaa, [Tor/jTs], trust, put fajit in, believe in, believe, rel, on. CrrTis, -ews, i, [reiOw], trus, trust, h, good-faith, coifence, Jfaithfilness; token of good-faith, ple4?e. rrtcTds, -, -4v, adj., [Treid ], faithful, trusty, devoted; credible, trustworthy. As subst., L0rToI, -cv, ol, the Trusted, a sort of privy-councillors in attendance upon a Persian king. -rLa, -&v, rd, pledges, assurances of good-faith. irrTOT'qs -TOS, -ro,, [t'ruTrS], faithfiuness, good-faith, fidelity. I. viii. 29. rri'VS, -vos, 7, pine, pine-tree. IV. vii. 6. nXayLtos, -a, -ov, [,rxdyos, side], placed sideways, slanting, athwart, aslant, oblique. eis irAayrov, obliquely. As subst, wrkaytov, -ou, rd, flank of an army. irX&aCov, -ou, rd, rectangle, square; of troops, usually hollow square, the troops marching on the outside with the baggage, and noncombatants in the centre; see PP. 35, 36. The Persians often massed their troops in solid squares (rAataiois TrAhxpeos); see p. I9, and I. viii. 9. lrXavctw, -mrns, rEnnAdvrca, eirAdvroa, [rAa'rh, wandering], emislead; -mid. and pass., wander about, wander. rrX&aos, -eos or -ovs, Td, [7rAaTrs], breadth. V. iv. 32. 1'raTTr, TrXdorW, rTrhatca, trXao'a, aor. mid. ErnAaodtl fvor, fo, mould, shape; make up, invent, fabricate. II. vi. 26. rgXaTv's, -fia, -v, gen. -'os, -etas, -Cos, adj, comp. rXaavu'rpos, sup. 7rIarvrTaros, broad, wide. TrXesPLtcos, -a, -or, adj., [IrxAOpov], of the width of a plethron, of the length of a plethron, to the extent of a plethron. 7rXEOpov, -ou, To, plethron, a Greek measure of length, =- 6 of a stadium, = Ioo Attic feet, = 97 feet and 4/5 inch by our measurement. rwXEov, wrXeoros, see wrokXs..irXiKo, TrAc_'t, Trc'reXa, trxAefa, [cf. Lat. plecto], plait, twist, used especially of the manufacture of articles in which rope or twine is used, as slings. III. iii I8, irXeoveKrco, -*oJw, errAeQovKcTrjKa, impf ei7reorovcTouv [TrXOYVfCT7s, greedy fellow, = 6 irAXov r\'Xv], have more; get more, be greedy, claim more than is due; get the advantage, gain the advantage over. WrXvpd&, -a, -s, rib: side; as a military term often sides of a hollow square. rXw&o, rAeSuaoyat or 7rAcvroC1VMaL, irnlrAeua, erAeucra, sail, go by sea, travel by sea. rwX-nyt 119 wroos rXrly~, -f.s, i, ITrAxr]TT, blow, stroke. rwXqos, -eos or -ous, Td, throng, crowd, muliltude; magzitzude, quantity, mass, amount; extent, number. wkX40w, def., chiefly used in pres. part., be fill. wrA1v, adv. and prep., except: I. As prep., with gen., except, save, excepting. 2. As adv, except, except that, only that, only. wXiMprjS, 7rxpes, gen. -eos or -ovs, [root?rXe in 7ril7rAxn/i,, /ll], fitl, complete, full of. ArXoirutco, rA7tOicTOw, irerAxo1qaiaa, dtrnqoaiaora [t7rAno-os], come near, dr;aw near, approach. wrXioLos, -a, -ov, [Treas, near], adj., comp. 7rA7crslairepos, sup. rhrX7 -ritaTaTos, near, neighboring, close to. wrrX rLiov, adv, rixas, nears, near, nigh, hard by. irXMlTTow, A, 2, 2 pf. 77rtn-Xya, 7r'nVa, 2 aor. p. r-irXiyj7v, strike, smite, hit, used especially of a direct blow. 'rXCv0wos, -s, -ov, adj., [rXitOos[, made of brick, of brick, brick. III. iv, II. 7rXAvOos, -ou, I, brick, whether sun-dried or baked by fire. Xrkoltov,,, [or, i, [lTr sailingvessel, ship; merchant vessel, transport, as distinguished from the war-ship. The -rAooov was built less narrow than the warship, and propelled by a sail instead of oars. Cf. pp. 39, 40. irXous, vroi, 6, [for rxdos, from?r^cu], sailing, voyage; time or tide for sailing. rXous err, it is favorable for sailing. i7rWoUCLOS, -a, -ov, adj., comp. r\ovurTi-repos, sup. rAoouv/rwTaros, [rAovoros, wealth], rich, wealthy. wXovrIo, -fco6, - raofiros, F wealth], be rich, be wealthy; become rich. nrXowrC(w, TrXouVr, 7rerAoVriKa, 7trxovriToa, [7rxoiTos, weath 1, make wealthy, make rich. VII. vi. 9. TrvOw, -aros, -ar, [rvrwe], breath, wind. rrvcO, vrreuoiouai, lrervfEuKca, eEuvIura, impf. fTIvoVV, blow, draw breath, breathe. wvtyo, 7rvHco, choke, throttle;pass., be choked, be drowned. V. vii. 25. rroSawrds, -?, -dv, adj., from what country? where born? IV. iv. 17. wroSips, -E, e gen. -os or -ovs, adj., [root yro6 in iro's], reaching to the feet. I. viii. 9. wroStco, -fo'w, pf. p. n-7rd&ro'T ax, [,roos, footl, bind the feet, tie the feet; - pass., have fetters on the feet, have the feet fettered. III. Iv. 35 -w60bv, adv., whence. 'ro0iv, adv., enclitic, from some place or other, from somewhere. iroOiw, -rjaw, e7r6dOrnca, 7roo07ora, [jrdosj], long for, yearn after, desire. VI. iv. 8. rr60os, -or, 6, longing, yearning, fond desire. III. i. 3. woC, adv., enclitic, somewhere or other, somewhere. IrOLieo, 7rooly T, rs7ot-rca, hroi7ira, do, make; form, construct, create; produce, cause, perform, render. See IDIOMS. WroLuTTrEos, -a, -ov, adj., [7roieo], faciun dus, to be done, that must be done e roirOz ov idrlv aubr,, he must do. lroLKiXos, -77, -ov, adj., of many colors, many-colored, variegated; of a human being, tattooed. Irotos, -a, -ov, adj., interrogative, what? what sort of? what kind of? used in both direct and indirect questions. III. i. 14. nro~JJO 120 woXMs rroXe&ico, troAxuqwc, i7reroX4Ltca, c7roAqflacra, impf. broxdouovv, aor. p. 7roeJX'i0Qv, [ rd7roA.os], go to war, make war, make war upon, be at war with, fight. vo-a 1EroXeFQ4On, whatever hostilities passed. iroXejLKios -, -, v, adj., comp. IroAe/LtacTepos, sup. roX\f/hL&cdTaros, lthoAEos], of war, for war; of persons, skilled in war, warlike. As subst., woXqeLKdv, -ov, T', signal for battle, warshout. 'roXEqLK&, -a, T-, military exercises, pursuits of war. ~roX1EiLKcs, adv., comp. iroXeyuuc6STepov, sup. 'roAfjEutc6Kraa, [roAEJiiLKos], like an enemy, hostile. TroXefclK3s fXiv, to be like enemies, to be on terms of hostility. IrOX4JLioS, -a, -ov, adj., [fr4kEAos], war; of an enemy, hostile. As subst., 'rroXiLos, -ov, 6, enemy; often in pl., ol 7roAX ioi, the enemy. 'troX4eLa, -wv, rd, matters of war, military science. ' 7roxe(iao (sc. 'yj or Xc6pa), the enemry's country. wroXEIos, -oU, 6, war, warfare. iroXfto, [roAds], poetic word, colonize a region by building a city. VI. vi. 4. wloXoppKci, -'ccw, aor. EiroAipicna-oa, impf. i7roiXdpcouv, [rdvts, [r pcos, enclosure, from e'ipyw, hem in], hem in a city, besiege, blockade, beleaguer. ir6XsL, -EC,?, city, town; state. rodXKrap, -a.o S, -a, [roAxf[], city, town. wroXtTrlS, -, 6, [rd6Ais], citizen, freeman. V. iii. 9. IroXX4KLs, adv., [iroxbs], many times, repeatedly, frequently. n-roXXarX&arLos,,-a,-or, adj., [roAbs], many times as many, many times more, many times larger, manifold more; sometimes followed by the gen. of the comparative degree, many times more than. 7roXXaX-, adv., [roAxs], many times, often. VII. iii. I2. wrroXXaxou, adv., in many places, in many cases. IV. i. 28. wroXvuvOpowr-os, -ov, [LroAvs + &vOparos], populous, full of people. II. iv. 13. wroXvapXta, -as, '7, [\roAs, apXJ\, government of many, multiplicity of command. VI. i. i8. IIoXuKpdiTls, -ov, 6, [TroAd, Kpados], Polycrates, an Athenian captain, who rendered valuable service to the Ten Thousand during the Retreat. IV. v. 24. IloXuvtKos, -OU, 6, [roAvs, vtK7], Polynicus, a Spartan officer, who acted as agent for Thibron in engaging the remnants of the Ten Thousand. VII. vi. i. wroXmrpayqLoveow, *roAorpa-yyovPoJ-, [roXAvrpdy/ccv, busy-body, from 7roAvs, 1rpaTrw], busy one's self; meddle in state affairs, intrigue. V. i. I5. rroXvs, roAAx, 7roAX, gen. roAAov, roAAjs, iroAAoi, adj., comp. 7rAheiov or rAe'wv, sup. rAXeioros, much; in pl., many, numerous. As subst., roXXoC, -&v, of, many; with the article, of 7roxxof, the majority, the most. iroX, rd, often with partitive gen., much; with the article, thegreater part, the mass, the bulk; often used in acc. roAd with adverbial force, much, very, far, a long distance. roAbs p6gdos, great fear. roAhs Xpovos, a long time. rTT 7roXA, for a long distance. e7ri b TroAu, for the most part. 7roAAo)u Ucc, be far from, lack much of. CK 7ro\Aoi, from a great distance, far. fK 7rAXovos, from a greater distance, sooner. 7roAAa KayaOd, many good things. IoXvorTpcTos 121 iroi IIoXVorpCLTos, -OV, 6, [T'OrXS, frpazrds], Polystratus, an Athenian, father of Lycius. III. iii. 20. iroXvreX^ls, -es, gen. -ous, adj., [iroXus, eiXos], very expensive, very costly. I. v. 8.,rojarr-, -is, j, [t7reTrw], escort; procession, parade, especially solemn procession in honor of some god. V.v.5.,roveo, 7rovrnaw, 7rcrdovr ca, e7rvrla, impf. e&rvovv, pf. p. rerdnvr,]ar, aor. mid. '7r ona'n77 av, [7rvos,] toil, labor, work hard; gain by toil, gain by labor; szsfer under labor, undergo hardshiip, endure suffering. Irovjp6Os, -a, -d, adj, [rove], toilsome; in bad plight, bad, useless, worthless; base, villanous, wicked. irovipcos, adv., [7rovnpds], laboriously, with difculty. III. iv. 19. wrovos, -Ov, 6, [cf. rrevouml], work, especially hard work, labor, toil; distress, trouble, s;ffering.. ol dIeTepoL ro'voz, the fruits of our labor, VII. vi. 9. wrovTos, -ou, 6, sea, sea-basin, as distinguished from 0d&az-ra, which refers to the sea rather as a body of water. IIOVTOs EigeLvos, Euxine Sea, Black Sea. See EiiELVOS. IIOdvTos,-ov, 6, Pontus, a province of Asia Minor, south of the Black Sea, east of Paphlagonia. See Map. V. vi. r5. wopdea, -as, [r, [rope6voAat], journey, march; route, course, way. ropEVTFOS, -a, -ov, adj., [7ropdvoat], = e u n du s, necessary to proceed, to be crossed, to be traversed. 6prl (&rT1y) Trcpeurea, mountains must be crossed. 7ropeico, -evcOw, aor. eTropevcoa, [7rdpos], cause to go; - mid., lropEVO(tfLt, 7ropevc-rofa, 7r-7r7pev uiai, aor. p. (as mid.) eropevOrv, go, walk, proceed, march; -go across, fgo over, traverse, march through. sropOeo, -c-W, [cf. irepOw, sack], destroy, ravage, lay waste, plunder. 7 XdPa?ropOovf!4evl, the laying waste of the country..rropCwt, 7ropi&, 7reurpuKa, iWr6fpa, aor. p. eropirr07nv, [I7rpos], bring about, furnish, provide, supply, procure; - mid., provide for one's self, furnish one's self with, procure, get. rdpos,-o, - 6, ford, passage, way; means, re.ource. rd6ppw, adv., Attic form of 7rpdrw, [rpo'], far, far off far away, farfrom; often followed by gen. wropfvpovs, -&, -ovv, for iropfvpeos, -a, -ov, [ropopipa, purplefish], purple; not like our purple, but dark-red, crimson. rio-os, -, -ov, adj, ho great, how much, hozw large; in pl., how many. 'rroract6s, -ov, 6, river, stream. rroTr, adv., enclitic, at some time or other, at any time, ever, once.!7roe Twor, whither possibly, to what possible point. o'rTepos, -a, -ov, adj, which of two; acc. neut. 7irTrpov, 7rrrepa, often used to introduce double indirect questions, usually with corresponding 3. T'rfpoY -, whether - or. wOepotos, adv., [wrprepos], in which one of two ways. 7roTTpLov -, 6-, [Twiv], drinking, cup, uine-cup. VI. i. 4. iroov, -o, r-, [7rivw], something to drink, ri, k, draught. rTOTOs, -OU, 6, [rivw], drinkingdrhikizg-bozut, carousal. wro, adv.. interrogative, where? woV, adv., enclitic, somewhere, anywhere, often to qualify an ex srovs 122 rrpop3XXo pression, any way, possibly, perhaps, I suppose. irovs, iro0os, 6, [cf. Lat. pes, pedis], foot; as a measure the Atticfoot = 1.64 + Eng. inches. irp&ypta, -aros,,, [rparTrw], deed, act; thing, matter, affizr; especially in pl., wrpadycara, affairs, circumstances, business; in a bad sense, troublesome business, troubles, annoyances. 7& 7rapdvra 7rpdy/uaTa, the present state of affairs. rpaYSytd Ti ETtYv, something is the matter. &vEv lrpaypcirwv, without dCficulty. wrpctyj.aTE-c ojiaLtI, yrpa-yuaTeUV-cfS, 7re7rpayJdurevtfaL, eTrpayJLtaTevOcaf[L7v, [rpatyMLa], busy one's self with, exert one's self over, try to accomplish. VII. vi. 35. urpavijs, -es, gen. -ovs, adj., headlong, steep, forward. As subst., irpatves, -OvS, r0, steep slope. irarT& Tv rpavois, down-hill. els rb irpavls, do0ewnward. irpatLs, -ews, ', [7rpdrTw], doing, action, transaction; enterprise, undertaking. rpaos, -ov, or rpams, -eta, -u, adj., tame, mild, gentle. I. iv. 9. irp6rrco, rpdwo, p re'ipdaa, firpara, achieve, bring about, pemform, effect; manage, negotiate, transact; exact, require; Jfre, succeed. IrpTTreiv TrIV T1, to exact something from some one. eu 7rpUTTeI, to do well, be successful. KfCa s lrparTTEW, to fare badly. KoiKov TrpdrTTEi, to fare worse, be worse off. irpoas, adv., [7rpaos], mildly, gentyv. 7rpdwos Ayewv ri, to speak lightly of anything. I. v. 14. irpfirnL, impf. &trpere, impers., [frperTc, be becoming], it is proper, it is fitting, it is suitable, it is becom ing. irpeospCeC, -as, i, i[rpeorBje], embassy. VII. iii. 2I. rpE(opEuo3, wrpeafeo'sw, rerpeaIflevKa, [rrpOvus], act as envoy; be ambassador, act as ambassador. irp'crpus, -ews, comp. irpet3vTrSpos, sup. irpcf63urCaos, adj., old. As subst, since old men were sent as ambassadors, envoy, ambassador. rnpeo-acr1qs, -ou, 6, old man. VI. iii. IO. -rrpiacritL, from 2 aor. 'rpltal; see (veopa.L. wrplv, adv. and conj., before, sooner; before that; sooner than, ere, until. -~rp6, prep. with gen., before, in f-ont of; - of time, before; in behalf of, for. rrpb bMtv, in your behalf, on your account. irpodWyo, rpodwc, urpoxa, 2 aor. rpo^yeayov, [7rp6 + &^y], lead forward, lead o; go forward, proceed, advance. irpoaLtpEo, -4fao, TrpopprKa, 2 aor. 7rpoeAov, 2 aor. mid. 7rpoesAXoFlv, [rrpo + alpe/w, choose], bring forward; - mid., choose before, prefer, selecf. VI. vi. I9. urpoaLLr-OavoIaLLL, 7rpoairto'loyozat, zrpo jnl-wat, 2 aor. irpopyrOOrv, [7rpo + alhOdvocat, perceive], perceive beforehand, discover in advance. I. i. 7 rpoavaXicKL-Kc, 7rpoavPdAccrw, wrpoavXo4Ka, [frpS + avaaXitKw, spentd], use ip beforehand, spend previously. rrpoacroTpe-rroFalL, 7rpoaTroTrp/'oai, 7rpoa7rorTFpaluya, rpoa7rerpeOdgjAlv, 2 aor. 7rpoa7rETpa7rriurv, [rpd + &ard + Trpct7ro, turn back beforehand, previously turn back. VI. v. 31. wrpop3actv, zrpofiocoyai, rpoBftSica, 2 aor. zrpopv"7v, [Trpd + 3 alvw], step forward, go on, advance, proceed; of night, wear fast away. -rpop&3kXXo, rrpoSiaAw, 7rpog3IAroa, 2 aor. 7rpovfSaAov, 2 aor. mid. tpopaTrov 123 'rpo'(rT'tri rpoov,3axd4iJv, [zrpS + dAAcw], throw before, lay before; mid., throw before one's self, brin/, forward, propoase. 7rpoa3dAAEaOal ra 'orAa, to present arms. irp6o13rov, -ov, 'd, [rpoaravw], lit. that which walks forward, generally in pl.; cattle; in Attic usually sheep. irpopoXij, -7s,?, [irpoa3dAJw], putting forward, especially of a weapon for defence. Ta 6Spara els rpojfoAhv KaicaOva, to bring the spears to rest. VI. v. 25. irpo3ovAuXew, -ev, f r, 7rpo3eF3ovAEevia, [Trpd + 8ovuAefo], delibe ate for, plan on behaf of. III. i. 37. irpdyovos, -ov, o, [7rpo + 'yiyvola4], forefather, ancestor. wrpoSCScowp, 7rpo8aow, 7rpoeiawKca, ~rpobawKa, plupf. -rpobSeSfacw, [7rpd + t 18wyxt], give zp, surrender; betray, prove traitor to, abandon, play false, desert. rpoSoTrls, -ov, 6, [|rposliuwa], betrayer, traitor. II. v. 27. irpoSpo^, -ots,, [Irp4, root Bpo/ in bp6oos], running forward. IV. vii. 1o. W~rpoejL, impf. 7rpo.eiW or Vrpoja, [Irpd + ETWi], pres. used as fut. of 7rpoEpxoaiL, go forward, go on, advance, proceed; go in advance, go in advance of, precede. irpoearov, see rpoXEyco. roXavc rp oAXav (b, rpoe rposAXiAaKca, 7rpo'acaaa, [irpg + e- avvw, drivel, drive forward; intr. or with obj. understood, march forward, ride forward, go in advance. irpoepyatojsa.,?rpoepydco-uaio. pf. p. lrpoe'pyacrjial, [lirp6 + epya7Ofart, work], work beforehand. rrpoetpyaatyvn r ao4a, glory won before. VI. i. 21. 7rpoEpxoF[aL, 7rpoEAevtaof/ai, 7rpoeAiAvOa, 2 aor. 7rpoMAQov, go forward, go on, come forward, advance, proceed wpoepa, fut., pf. 7rpoEtp7Ka, 2 aor. 7rpoestrov, [,rpz + - pwi, say beforehand. rpofXwo, wrpo~'w, 2 aor. wrpoerXov, [irp6 + ex-, jave before; have the start of, have the advantage of. III. ii. I9. 1rrpo~riyEofat, -royfolat, 7rpo^J7y9yai, 7rpo7?ly7lodL7vr, [irpo - 'yToiuat, lead], lead forward, take the lead, lead the way. ''rpOlyopEo, -~-yopjGw, hrpo7ryspzrKa, rpo7'yR6prqa, trpo7r'yopos, advocate], speak for others, speak in behalf of others. V.. 7. rpo9ew, 7rpo0evaojiat, [rpdS + VOw, run], run forward, run forth. V. viii. 13. rirpoOviFop.JLL, -z(roluai, 7rporeOvrflfa., 7rpov0Q00rlOv, [7rpSdvuosl, be ready, be eager, be zealouss; desire earnestly, promote eagerly. Tb TrpoOvUjusTOca, the eaver desire. 'npoOevu.a,-as, ', [7rpoOvtos], readiness, zeal, earnestness, willingness, enthusiasm. ~rpod8uLos, -ov, adj., comp. wrpoOusorepos, sup. rpoOvot6aTros, lTrp - + OvUfos, spi]rit, ready, willing, eager, zealous, enthusiastic. rpo0iFtoAs, adv., comp. 7rpoOvu6 -~rpov, sup. rrpoOvivrara, 17rpSOvuUo], eas] ril, wdilingly, eagerly, earnestly, zith enthusiasm. 'n-pot'jFt, 7rpofcrw, ppoEiKa, rpoiica, 2 aor. mid. 7rpoei7fvl, [7rp6 + IYrUl, send before, send forward; - mid., let go, give up, surrender commit, entrust; desert, abandon. rrpo'crlLTjLL, 7rpoOT7'row, 7rpof'orrTca, 7rpoco-reTaa, plupf. zrpoeEi'rcEv, 2 aor. zrpodo'-rr', [zrpJ + 'l-TIrr7], transitive tenses (see toaTr~L}), set before, place before; intransitive tenses, be before, be over, be in command of, preside; often followed by gen. rpoKaXEo 124 7rporrtvw irpOKttXKa, 7rpoaXo'-,, rppoKceKhA7Ka, [Tp6 + KiA, caJ fo, ca or call out. VII. vii. 2. irpOKaXVirro, -t0w, I aor. 7rpocKcdAuva, [rpd + caA6rTTTw, cover], cover over, cover up. III. iv. 8. wpOKicaraie(O, -0EVa'olyat, [arpO + Karda + 0Ew], run down before, hasten down before. VI. iii. io. wpoKactracKC or r"poKaTCiKaiL, -Kca&oJw, KiEKaoKa, rpoKarTKavc-a, [arpd + cKara Kcdw], burn down before, burn down along the advance. I. vi. 2. IrpoKaTaaXCLLPvw, Trpo'caTaAx*o.at, rpoKaTrefrXqa, 2 aor. 7rpotcareAtaov, pf.. p. apocKaTereh u/.ai,, aor. p. 7rpOKTar7')epOrv, [ 7rpd + tcaTr + AaBdvwj t, take beforehand, seize in advance, take possession of in advance, preoccupy. Trpo6KELCLJL, -Kfaou.al, lie before, lie in front, jut forth. VI. iv. 3. IrpOKLV8VVE'uo, -e6o'rw, [7rpd + urtvuvebw}, incur danger for any one, run risk, brave danger for. VII. iii. 31 IIpoKXqis,.ous, 6, Procles, a descendant of Damaratus; he was the first to bring to the Greeks the news of Cyrus's death. II. i. 3; ii.. -wpOKptvcO, TrpoKLptv, 7rpOKeKplKa, 7rpovfKpiva, aor. p. 7pouKpi07v, [7rp6 + KptIvI1, choose before others, choose by preference, prefer. VI. i. 26. TrpoXiyf, 7rpoXd6w or irpoepw, pf. 7rpoeipqca, 2 aor. 7rpoerrov, [ rpo + AXyw]o, state publicly, proclaim, declare; order, bid. wrpoIax5wv, -chvos, 6, [7rpd, root pax in,duXoflai], rampart, bulwark, battlement. VII. viii. 3. 7rpoEr(lrCS8LOv, -ou, Td, [7rpo + uerwTrrov, forehead], frontlet, head-piece, a protection for the forehead of horses. Cf. p. 32. I. viii. 7. irpojvdOc.LaL, -yvfa-otjuat, impf. 7rpovFtLV6,fqV, [irpd +,vdogjat, solicitl, endeavor to obtain, solicit. VII. iii. j8. irpovo&o, -ia-W, 7rpovevdpica, 2rpouvdoJaa, impf. mid. rrpouvoo6,urv, [7rpd + yode], think beforehand; provide for, take thought of. lrp6voLa, -as, Ij, [Rrpdoos, from 7rpd +- vdos, vous], forethought, foresight. VII. vii. 52. irpovopj, -S, -s,, foraging, foraging expedition, foray. V. i. 7. irrpotevEo, 7ApporevIrww, wpoz4rV7na, 7rpoOSv vrca, [irpdtevos], act as an agent, act as consul; -in a bad sense, idvl vov 7rpotevewY rwVI, to put danger upon one. VI. v. 14. wpotvos, -ov, 6, [rpd + e- os], consul, consular agent, patron, term applied to a Greek having an appointment from another state or city than his own, charged with aiding any of the citizens of that state who might visit his own city, and in general with advancing the interests of the state he represented in any way. IIpdo'vos, -ou, 6, Proxenus, a Boeotian in the service of Cyrus. See p. 41, and II. vi. I6-20. Irpoopaw, irpoodo4oai, 7rpoedpdKa or lrpoecpacKa, 2 aor. irpoe7^ov, [7rpd + 6pdw], look before one, see beforehand, foresee. n'ponrep.aco, arpoirtzw, 'rpo7r'ro/ycpa, arpop refJr a, aor. p. 7rpob7re' q~Olv, [7rp +- 7reitrco], send forward, send on, send before, send forth; escort, conduct, attend. ~rrpolrito, lrporiofatL, lrporr7rwIKa, irpovmrov, impf. irpourivov, [arpd + rLivw, drink], drink before, drink first; since there was a Greek custom in drinking one's health to drink first one's self, then pass the cup to the person pledged, drink to one's health. wrpoirovEi 125 irpoOriXC wpowrovlo, TrpoTrovraw, TporerdvnrKa, 7rpov7rov'oaa, [7rpo + 7rovew, labor], work for, abor for, toil in behalf of. III. i. 37. irpos, prep., with gen., dat., and acc., and adv.:I. With gen., in front of, in sigdht of, before, in accordance with; in oaths and with passive verb, by. 2. With dat., on the border of face to face with, near by, at, beside; besides; in addition to. 3. With acc., tozoards, to, before, at, near, against, with; for, in relation to, in comparison with. As adv., besides. III. ii. 2. 7rpbs rov Tpoirov, in accordance with his character. vpbs rb apy6ptov, in comparison with the money. 7rpbs ravTa, to this, often = in reply. rrpbs TroTO 7ri^rErv, to send for that purpose. irpoacrLoy, 7rpoad'w, 7rpooTrXa, 2 aor. 7rpoa^yyayov, [irpos + 6hyw], bring to, introduce, apply; move forward, lead forward, go forward, advance. irpoa(rOLTE, 7rpooaurrT ac, 7rpoCr'f'Ka, 7rporrjzt7ria't, 'impf. rpoo-frrovv, f[rpos + aldew, ask], ask besides, ask in addition, demand further, ask more. irpooavwirrov, [irpos + avd + Eiiov], 2 aor., proclaim besides, announce further. rrpor3paXXho, -,Sx, rpor-jSE'3Aca, 2 aor. 7rpoaeaAXov, [7rpos + /3dAA&], hurl against; in the Anab. only intrans., make an attack upon, attack, charge, charge upon, make an assault upon. rpoorpaTS3s, -5, -or, adj., [trpooa-Ra'w, proceed], accessible. IV. iii. 12. zrpoorpoAXi, -is, 9, [7rpofBac\xw], attack, assault. Irpoory'yvojaL, rrporyevaou.atL, rpoayyeyevlu/.at, 2 aor. 7rpooe'yevO6/v, [rpos +?yfyvoouai], come to, attach one's sef' to another, especially an ally. Trpoo'-8avCtEo(JaL, -eraoouLa, aor. mid. nrpoareSavreia'div, [nrpos + SavefCcw, loan], borrow int addition, borrow besides. VII. v. 5. irpoo-e8, impers., [-rpos- + a^], there is need in addition, there is further need; followed by gen. wrporSeiotoca, -&ehaovy.at, -8e 8 ieau, aor. p. 7rporebeij07sv, [nrpbs + do/xai, need], need in addition, ask in addition, strive for. IrpocrS8olp.L, rpooatr&r, nrpoaUSweca, 7rpoatdcwKa, impf. 7rpoae838ovv, [trpos + 6ifw/cJ], give besides, give in addition. I. iv. I9. wpocr8oKato, -8o0Kcw, aor. -eBo&nrca, impf. srpoae~8oKwv, [7rpos, root 8oc in eF8Ocrfl/EvOS, waiting], expect, look for, wait for. ~rrpore8SpaJ.o v, see 'rpocarpixw. Wrpor'eL.L, 7rpotr7eW or rnpo-o'a, part. 7rpooS%,v, [irpos + el/i], pres. used as fut. of prpoo'epXXoItat, go towards, come forward, come near, approach, advance. rporEXavvw, 7rpooeAaciaw or 7rpoo'eAw, nrpoo'cEAxaKa, 7rpooa'XcAaa, impf. nrpoa-fAauvov, [Irpos + eXauouv], drive towards; - intrans., or with obj. understood, march towards, come up, ride towards, ride forward, advance. rpocrEpxoLaL, -eXeva'oxat, -exfAuvOa, 2 aor. irpocriAOov, [7rp6s + epXof.altj, go toward, come to, go forward, advance, approach, come up. of 7rpooreAhOoves abrq, those who had gone over to him. 7rpooEiUXopatL, -e[ofarct, nrpoae&vy7Jqat, 7rpovevtudYllur, [trpos + evXosuat, pray], offer prayers to, pray to. VI. iii. 21. lrpooECXo(, nrpoa-eOw, nrpoo'a'X-Ka, 2 aor. nrpoa-odxov, impf. nrpoao'Xov, [i7Tps + Exw], hold to, apply, direct. irpoaxewlv rbv voUv, irpoo-r^K 126 wpoo-arnr turn one's mind, direct one's attention to, pay attention to, give heed to. IrpOcrO'K,,poo%0,, 7ppooijtK, [7ppOS + iw]], have arrived, have come to, be near at hand; belong to, be related to. As impers., -rpoo'iKEb, it belongs to, it concerns, it beseems, it is fitting. irpodBr0v, adv., [7rpbs + -0ev], used of both place and time, before, in front of; previously, formerly, before that, until. 6 prpo6-ev A6yos, the foregoing narrative, the preceding narrative. rb irpooaev, as ace. used adverbially, before, formerly, previously. els rb Tp6oOev, toward the front, forward. 7rpboOev - rptv, sooner than, before. 7rpoOjOe ii, sooner than. rpoor0ai, -8Ev'ooyai, impf. Trpoa'JOeov, [irpos + 05W], run towards, run to, run up. Trpoo-rqILL, wrpoof'oo, 7TpooeTfkC, -AKca, impf. 7rporbtv, impf. mid. 7rpoLe/AYW, [7rpos + l7rfi], send towards, let come to, permit to approach to; - mid., let come to one, receive, admit; suffer, allow. 7rpoo'7Lut els rairo, admit to the same place, receive to the same standing. rrpocrKaXico, -KaXcarw, call to one, invite, summon. wrpoorKlaoLPaL, -Ksrrouarl, -KEKTC77Aal, TrpoOEKcrTaoIyv, [rpOs + Krdoall], gain besides, get besides, gain in addition. V. vi. 15. irpo(TKUVoW, -K&vvfarw, rpo(TKeKUVIFcIa, TrpoatEKbvr'a, [rrpos + KvvEw, kiss], make obeisance, fall down and worship, worship, bow down to, adore; do homage to, prostrate one's self before. frpoCrXap4pdvo, -AiAoual, -ElA7?Apa, 2 aor. 7rpodXcAaov, [irpos + Aartiavco], take to, take besides, take in addition, receive in ad dition; take part in, take hold, in order to help. WrpoorJEVW, -/5evW, 7rpOOrAetdiv'lKa, rpociseeva, impf. 7rpocrEAsvov, [7rpbs + tv iw], await. VI. vi. I. rpoo'rpyvut, -5l(4w, aor. arpooe'iOla, [rpOs -+ idyvvf.t, mix], mingle with, unite with, join, come up. IV. ii. I6.,rrpdo'o8os, -ou, J, [7rpos + O66s], access, approach; solemn procession to a temple in honor of some deity; income, revenue. Trpoor6olvu|u, -opJovual, wrpotropuoKa, 7rpooco6/AOOa, [trpds + tvvUL, swear], swear besides, swear in addition. II. ii. 8. Trpocroj'oXoy&o, -I(srw, -w/OtOAdyr/Ka, -wpAoxdy?7aa, impf. 7rpoo-wcoxAyovv, [irpos + duoAoyiw], acknowledge further; give in, surrender. VII. iv. 24. wrpocrrepovtw, -,raw, [arpSs + riEporvw, from 7repovsn, pin], fasten to by a pin, pin to. VII. iii. 21. n-rpocrTr(TrTc, -jreroU/uai, -Tr-r7wTcKa, 2 aor. irpoaorEasov, [ipos + TrrTTrc], fall towards, fill upon; rush to. VII. i. 21. wrpoTOroLEoo, -o, - rpoDrre7rotiwa, 'rpoa'eTroo'Wa, [7rpbs + 7rodco], attach to; - mid., take to one's self, pretend, claim; make out, feign, simulate; with fut. infin., make as if one would do something. irpoo7roXp1.4o, -,4rw, [Irpds + -roXeAe5w], war with, wage war against. I. vi. 6. rpoo'rTa'vco, -evbOw, [1rpoo'rr77s], be a leader of; make provision that, provide that. V. vi. 21. rpoorrcTrco,, -iw, [?rpooTrcr7s], preside over, take charge of. IV. viii. 25. wrpoorrTdS -O, -ou,, [7rpo'(rT7Ui], leder, chief, protector, patron. VII. vii. 31. Trpor -Ta, 'por, a, wrpocrTiTTO, -)Ca, TpoaTeraXa, irpooa-raa, aor. p. nrpoa-EradX07v, [7rpds + -TIdTTw, arrantel, assign to, enajoi upon, command, order. rrpoo-rEX^c, -TEAXe', 7rpoITTereAEcKa, r'pocrr-eTeXa, [n-pds + TreAW, finish, speznd], pay besides, spend in addition. VII. vi. 30. 7rpocrTEpv8LOV, -, -o, [dim. of?rpo6Tepvos, from rpob + Irrepvov, breast], breast-piece, breastplate, used on horses. I. viii. 7. wpotrriOlJ fL, -07caw, 7rpoOa-ersKca, nrpoOddlfca, 2 aor. mid. 7rpoaeOdA7v, [irpos + TiO7tf1, put], put to, add; - mid., give assent, agree, concur in an opinion. I. vi. 1o. irpoo'rpiXw, -8pacyotFuas, -e6pc4jaica, 2 aor. nrpoaiSpacqov, [lrpos + TrpeX], run to, run up to. irpoarepw, 7rpooo(Tw, 7rpoG-evvoXa, 2 aor. npooiV -yucov, t[rpOS + peipw], bring to, apply;-mid., conduct one's self, carry one's self, behave one's self: wrporoxopiex), -trw, impf. IrpotaEXc5povv, [irpos + Xwpiw, move], approach, go over to, surrender, submit. V. iv. 30. srpdocropos, [7rpos, Xcpa], adj., nezighboring. V. iii. 9. wpoo-o, adv., comp. 7rpoarwrepo, sup. 7rpoo'-rd,-rf, forwards, onward; farther, fir from; sometimes with gen. els rb -rpoa-w, in advance. Uivat rov 7rpdoaO, go forward, advance. ou 7rpocrw, not far off. 7rp6baw iTV w-r)-yv, far from the sources. trpdoaTOO nroT-atuo, further into the river. wporTCiTrrw, 7rpordaw, 7rporbTaxa, pf. p. 7rpoTrTa'Y1ya, [7-rp0 -- 7a7 -Tow], put in the front rank, station in the front. V. ii. 13. wrporEX4a, -r'cA EcW, 'rpoIeTErAeKca, 7rpobveIe-as, [7rpo + TreXew, spend], pay beforehand, expend beforehand. VII. vii. 25. 127 Wrpq, I i irpoaTepoatos, — or, adj., [rprTepos], preceding. rT 7rporepaiq (sc. {rdepa,), on the preceding day, the day before. II. i. 3 IpoTcpos, -a, -o, adj., [conmp. of nrpb], prior, former, sooner, preceding, previous, before. nrpOrepov, nb nrprvepov, as ace. used adverbially, the previous time, before, sooner, previously. wrpoTriOw, —.4'hao'w, 7rporet-ot7jxa, 7rpoVbrtf-ila, fut. mid. 7rpo1yTi — cro/u sometimes with force of pass., aor. pass. rrpourizu7Yrlv, [nrpo + r'itaw, honor], honor before, honor above, prefer in honor, prefer. T7pOTp4XO, -Bpa/Lyouyat, paoRespcay- Ka, 2 aor. nrpoBpabyov, impf.,rpot-rpeXov, [rpo + tP-Xp c], run before, run ahead, run forward. wrpocaCvow, nrpocparv, 7rporEaq5a-ya, 2 aor. p. 7rpoU(Qdv7Y, [nrp + ~pafcao, shozw], show before;- mid., appear before, appear in front, become visible; come in sight. irpo4ao-tCoja L, nrpoxa-sovuait, aor. rrpouqa(,a'Jurqv, [-rpoao-trs], assign as a pretext, u-ge as excuse. III. i. 25. rrpoa(rts, -EWs, i, [trpb, ep[lo], pretext, excuse, lea, l pretence. rpocfvXat, -acos, 6, [vrpo + (dPAa4], advance guard, sentinel; pl. prpobvAaiecs - 7rpo(pvAaiai, outposts, pickets. 'rpoxOpEco, -XWph7oca, 7rpOKIfpXPKCa, nrpovXc6pn-a, impf. 7rpoubXcpovv [nrpb + XwpEcw], go forward, come forward, advance; succeed, prosper. As impers., irpoXwpet, it tgoes well, it is convenient, it is of advantage. irpip.va, -a7s, 3, [frpvuvYbs, hindmost], sterni, poop, of a ship. V. viii. 20. wrpq or wrpot, adv., comp. xrpxa-repov, sup. 7rpwai-ara, [nrpo], early, very early in the day, at morn, as opposed to Ode, late. Irpp1pa 128 irwXoMo irpupa, -as, [, ['rpt], ship's-head, prow, bow. V. viii. 20. 'rpopEivs -4os, 6, [7trpjpa], prowoffcer, commander at the prow, look-out. V. viii. 20. JrrpwTiVrEo, -Eo0W, [srpwrosj, be first, stand first, hold the first place. II. vi. 26. srpo3ros, -7, -ov, adj., [sup. from 7rp6], first, the first, foremost; often best rendered as if an adv.; acc. sing. neut. 7rpbrov, Tb 7rpCTov, used adverbially, at first, in the first place, first. irTraCw, 7rraiLw, tr7roTaica, e7rCatEa, cause to fill; fall over, stumble against, dash against. IV. ii. 3. Wrr pvvLL, 2 aor. e'rrapov, sneeze. III. ii. 9. 'TrripU, TrrEpvyos, s, [TrrEpo', wing}, wingo; of armor, corselet-flap, corselet-skirt, the lower part of the coat of mail, made of leather or felt, with plates of metal sewed on and hanging loose. nruyt1, -s, -', [rt6, cf. Lat. pugnus], fist; boxing. IV. viii. 27. IvOayo6pas, -ou, 6, Pythagoras, a Spartan admiral. See N. to p. 64, I0. I. iv. 2. KruKvds, -, -6v, adj., close, close together, near together, compact, dense; neut. pl. ace. 7rvva used adverbially, frequently. WrvKTrs, -ou, 6, [1rTU6, boxer, pugilist. V. viii. 23. HIXac, -, a, k-Y rAl, Pylae, a fortress or passage on the east side of the Euphrates, south of Corsote. See N. to p. 69, 7. IIvXaL KtXLKCas, Cilician Gater. See N. to p. 58, 15. 'iXcr6L Trs KtLXLKLCs Kal Tfjs EupCas, Syrian Gates. See N. to p. 64, 23. rrvk,, -~,s, -', gate; in pl., IuXka, -av, at, gates; entrance, pass, mountain-pass. irovOc&vojal, 7rebrofia, 7relruva/at, 2 aor. IrvuOduLYv, learn by hearsay or by inquiry, find out, ascertain, hear; make inquiry, inquire of, ask, inquire. rrS6, adv., with the fist. V. viii. 16. srip, 7rvpps, T, fire; in pl. -irvpc, -&v, rd, fires, watch-fires, firesignals. wripactls, -itos, ', pyramid. See N. to p. I40, 3I. III. iv. 9. HIIpa[!os,.ou, 6, Pyramus, a river rising in Cataonia, and flowing through Cilicia into the Mediterranean; now Dschehan. I. iv. I. wrvpyojiaXEw, -4fawo, [IrvpyojtaXos, towerfighter], storm a tozer, make an assault on a tower. VII. viii. 13. 'ipyos, -ou, 6, tower. VII. viii. 13 -7ruvp6TTo, -41w, [7rvUpe-ds, fever, from 7rip], be feverish, have a fever, fall ill of a fever. VI. iv. iI. WrptLOS, 1, -O7, adj., [rvpos], wheaten, made of wheat. IV. v. 31~ rvpos, -ov, 6, often in pl. 7rvpol, -6Cv, wheat. IIuppCas, -ou, 6, Pyrrhias, a Greek officer from Arcadia. VI. v. II. 'ruppCxvl, -u7s, 3, Pyrrhic, a dance in which the dancers went through with a mock battle, keeping time to music. VI. i. I2. wvpcrEVW rvpii, rvpe bpw, rertpevua, rrtpaoevsaa, [truvps, torch], kindle; give signals by means of torches, give signals by means of beaconfires. VII. viii. I5. Wrr, adv., enclitic, used only with negative expressions, yet, up to this time, hitherto. Cf. ornw, ov6ifT, oueirolrczrOe, etc. wokieio, -r}cw, aor. e7roiAcra, impf. tr&Souv, sell. (0r\Xos 129 raXLtymKisj Tr&Xos, -ov, 6, colt, young horse. IV. v. 24. IIcXos,-oU, 6,,Polus, successor to Anaxibius in the command of the Lacedaemonian fleet. VII. ii. 5. ircp.a, -a-os, TO, [7rivw, drink], drink, draught. IV. v. 27. r'wrorE, adv., [r6c + sroTrl, ever yet. riss, adv., interrogative, how? in what manner? in what way? rcSs, adv., enclitic, in some way, in any way, in some manner, at all, somehow. eirws, if somehow. P. pLSLOS, -a, -or, adj., comp. pawv, por, sup. pa'ros, easy. pQSCws, adv., sup. p&T-ra, [4aSos], easily, readily. cs pio-ra, as easily as possible. 'PaOlvts, -ou, 6, Rhathines, an officer under the command of the Persian satrap Pharnabazus. VI. v. 7. pai.BEpoo, -)aw, [kpfOvos, indolent], be idle, live iz zidleness, live a life of ease. II. vi. 6. psievi-I, -as,?7, [pS0uvosy, indolentj, taking things easy, life of ease, recreation. II. vi. 5. aoawvl -s, -,, [tpa-os], love of ease, laziness, rest. tah paro —Cvnr, for the sake of resting. V. viii. I6. pew, AeEouo at or pvuai-oati, eppcqra, 2 aor. p. ippU6v, flow. pi-^Tpa, -as, 9, [cf. Epc?, verbal agreement, bargain, covenant. VI. vi. 28. p'yos, -eos or -OUs, i-, cold. V. viii. 2. prTrow, impf. ippirrovrv, used only in pres. and impf., = piwrTa, which see. p7wr Atow, ppiq,, p, pp ia, throw, cast, hurl; throw down, throw away, throw off. ACs, pLvs, nom. pi. PvYs, 71, nose. VII. iv. 3. TP68;os, -a, -or, adj., ['PdSos, Rhodes], Rhodian, of Rhodes. As subst., 'PdSlos, -ov, 6, Rhodian, inhabitant of the island Rhodes. See Map. The Rhodians were noted as slingers. po44w, -o,/cuai, ippd(pqrra, szuck down, glp down. IV. v. 32. pv(iOdos, -ou, 6, measured motion, rhythm, time. ev vuOI, in time, keepiwngg time. pvDa, -ar-os, TO, [epibw, draw], that which is drazon, as the string of a bow. IK rdTov pblaTos, fronm the distance of a bow-shot. III. iii. 15. pO}ql -r, -7, [c, pc6vvu, be strongl, strength, forc, especially military force III. iii. r4. 'Powrripas, -ov, 6, Rhoparas, satrap of Babylonia, by some identified with Gobryas. VII. viii. 25. 2. oo.yapls, -ews, w, battle-axe, halberd, a weapon used by the Scythians and other ancient peoples. craaKov, -o, -o, [dim. of odtKos, sack], smaZll bag pouch, made of leather, and tied about the hoofs of horses to prevent them from sinking down into deep snow. IV. v. 36. SiaXPVuSTrl-ar -o, -o,, Salmydessus a region along the Black Sea, from Cape Thynias to the Bosporus, in which there was a town of the same name, now Midiah. VII. v. 12. t-aXrWm-KTis, -ou, 6, [aaArtw], trzmpeter. o-aXwLyg 130 cTiJcqrLOV acryaXWLy, aA;rIcyyos,, trumpet, straight, as distinguished from the curved horn, KEpas. See p. 32, and Plate IV. 9. acArr'ow, -6i, aor. e&oaA'nrya, sound the trumpet, give signal by trumpet, blow the trumpet. ZS.6Los -, -, -o, adj., [Lz1Aos], fiom Samos, of Samos, Samian. Samos was an island in the Aegean Sea, west of Asia Minor. See Map. I. vii. 5. 1a6oXacs, -ou or -a, 6, Samolas, an Achaian officer in the army of Cyrus. V. vi. 14. Vi. v. II. XSpSELs, -ewv, al, Sardis or Sardes, an ancient city of Lydia, residence of the Lydian kings. After the overthrow of Croesus by Cyrus the Great, Sardis passed into the hands of the Persians, and became the chief city of a satrapy. See N. to p. 54, i6. I. ii. 2 et seq. crClTrprreiw), -ebw, - aa [rpdxrs], be satrap, rule as satrap. oracTparrrs, -ov, 6, [Old Persian kh sh atrapdvan kingdom-protecing], satrap, governor, viceroy, a Persian officer in charge of a province. See p. 4. i,&rupos, -ou, 6, satyr, a sportive deity, possessing both human and animal characteristics. The satyr mentioned in I. ii. 13, was Silenus, who was said to have brought up and instructed the wine-god Bacchus. He was described as "a jovial old man, with a bald head and pug nose, fat and round as the wine-bag which he usually carried with him," and almost always in a state of intoxication. oaci4T4s, es, gen. -cos or -os, adj., [cf. Lat. sapio], clear, plain, distinct, manifest, evident. III. i. I0. 1I cwaCos, adv., ([rapis], clearly, plain1y, distinctly, well; manifestly, certainly, without doubt. r'eauToo, -ijs, -ou, [re for ar, aburs], reflexive pron., of thyself, of yourself. 7 creaurov SvapAs, your own power. G. 80; H. 266. SEXtVOOs, -oevros, 6, [o-AXvo, parsley], SelInus, name of two small streams mentioned in the Anabasis, one near Scillus in Elis, the other near Ephesus in Ionia, flowing by the famous temple of Artemis. V. iii. 8. Xe'0rss, -ov, 6, Seuthes, a Thracian prince, who had been driven out of his ancestral domains, and employed the Ten Thousand to assist him in recovering them. V. i. 15 et seq. XlXvpupCa, -as, ', Selymbria, a city in Thrace, on the north shore of the Propontis, now Silivria. VII. ii. 28; v. 15. oaJaCvC, cr-fav&w, orcacruayKa, eo-qvYa, [E$Aa, signl, sZtow by a sign, indicate, make knozn, point out, declare, announce; give a sign, give a signal to do anything; give the signal of attack, for retreat, to charge, and the like; often with orarv'ynTc4s as subject expressed or understood. o-jtLEZOV, -ov, rT, [?tbAja, sign], sign, mark, track, trace; signal, standard, ensign. airb rov awroc ao-tetou, at the same signal, at the same moment. o-lo-(TrLVos, -7, -ov, adj., [ao-rrajov], made of sesame, of sesame. IV. iv. 13. crioaa0ov, -on, rT, sesame, oil-plant, sesame-plant, sesamne-seed. The sesame is an herbaceous plant, cultivated for its seed, which is sometimes used for food, but is most valued for an oil extracted from it resembling oliveoil. OL y r' 131 o3KESd vv;jt ly'&tow, -doac, [frCysl, t/ry o silence, bid keep silent, silence. VI. i. 32. o-riy&o, aQyiro-oati, oea'f'y7Ka, [tTc-4], be silent, keep still, keep silent. V. vi. 27. art-y, -js,,, silence; dat. 0rys. often with adverbial force, silently. r-iyXos, -ou, 6, [cf. Heb. sh/eke/], siglos, a measure of value current in the East both as a weight and as a silver coin. The Persian stglos = -- of a daric, =- 72 Attic obols, = about 25 cents in our money. I. v. 6. o'rLS8pela, -as, ', [Lat37pebU, di iron ore], working in iron, ironworking. V. v. I. ot-S8pous, -, — ov, for orLSipeos, -a, -ov, adj., [oi8Sppos, iron], of iron, made of iron, iron. V. iv. I3 -XLKVWVLOS, -, - -ov, adj., [ZrIKc6v, Sicyon], of Sicyon, Siryonmian. As subst., XLKUWVLiOS, -ou, 6, Sicyonian, an inhabitant of Sicyon, an ancient city on the northern coast of the Peloponnesus, northwest of Corinth. III. iv. 47 -SXdvo's, -o,, 6, name of two Greeks mentioned in the Anabasis: I. SildZns, a shrewd and unprincipled soothsayer from Ambracia in Epirus. I. vii. i8 et al. 2. Sildnits, a young trumpeter from Macistus, who gave the alarm on the occasion of a night attack by the Thracians. VII. iv. I6. r'Cvo.tat, orlv'^iaoJuac, dep., [poetic word], hurt, harm, do harm, do mischief. III. iv. I6. XLtvCorrErs, -ows, 6, [:wrJ, Sinopean, an inhabitant of Sin6pe. XLtvlo7rr, -ts,?j, SinpZe, a prosperous commercial Greek city on the southern shore of the Black Sea, about half way between Trapezus and Heraclea; originally a colony from Miletus. VI. i. 5.ELOs, -w, 6, [I)oric form of 6OEs], 06ES, god. The dual was often used by the Lacedaemonians in oaths, as val rT1 0-1I6, Tr& ac3w, by the tvazn grods, by the tzvin gods, referring to Castor and Pollux, who were much worshipped at Sparta. oria'y~yos, -oy, adj., [-riros, &yco, bring], grain-carrying. I. vii. 15 -2.tLa&XKs, -ou, 6 i. Sitalcas, king of the Adrysians, in Thrace, at the time of Darius the Great. 2. Sitalcas, a patriotic song in honor of king Sitalcas. VI. i. 6. crLEvrTOS, -%, -dr, adj., [(rtrevw, feed], fIed zp, fitteened. V. iv. 32. crirTqp(rLov, -ou, T6, [o(rTos], provisions, victuals; especially of soldiers, provision-money, money given them to purchase provisions with. O-ITrov, -ou, T6, (dim. of o-'ios], often in p.1,,grain, bread; provisions, victuals, supplies. oiTOS, -Ou, 6, pl. aira, -wv, Trd, grain, especially wheat; flour, bread; in pl. often provisions, victuals, supplies. -,-rov jfAXiwvs, millet-bread, millet-cake. ZLTTrLK1q, -77, i, Sittace, a city situated on the right bank of the Tigris, a short distance north of modern Bagdad. II. iv. 13. (rnwwrwo-, (rr71w n,OJtal, ecn-T67rf77Ka, Ceriw67rro-a, impf. e-icrrowv, [laowzr, silence], be silent, keep silence, remainu silent. orKcESVVVuJ cTKreSdawo or rc-eiw, pf. mid. Eic-Ke6'aart, aor. mid. TK~EXOS 132 EKvUeVOl arCKeTaa4rdt1v, scatter, disperse. III. v. 2. GrKEXos, -eos or -OVS, Td, leg, from the hip downwards. CrKEiraor-La, -aros To, O [cKETraw, cover, covering, tent-cover. I. v. IO. o'KE'ITros, -a, -OY, verbal adj., [tcrrn-rotal], to be considered. oK(lrqEov (sc. d(rf), it is necessary to consider, one must consider. rKe rrop a, 'Kie4ocUa, 4rKE/a/aL, eacKedJair/v, (cf. aKKOTrew), look about, look carefully, spy; look to, view, examine, consider; think on, provide. OKEt^, -S, ', - equipment, t attire, apparel, dress. IV. vi. 27. OCKEVOS, -fOS or -ous, TO, vessel, implement, utensil, in pl., especially of an army, baggage, luggage, = Lat. impedinenta. o'KEvUOcOpO, -a-w', [aKVvo6pOdpol, carry baggage, be a baggagecarrier. oKicvoodpos, -ov, adj., [f-KEvos, pipwJ], carrying baggage, baggagecarrying. As subst., rKeUvoqb6pos, -ov,, baggage-carrier, porter. T& acevoqpopa (sc. tcrvr-j), baggageanimals, baggage - train of an army. crKtvaO, -f7awy, EaIrKf7/Ka, Kcrfczra-a, [laKrwY], be Zi a tent, dwell in a tent, encamp; halt for encampment, stop, be quartered; have one's meals in a tent, banquet, feast. orKnvij, -3s, i^, tent; pl. aKr)vai, sometimes = camp. oKJVO6O, -&r'oW, [atK7v,5], pitch a tent, pitch tents, encamp; settle, take up one's abode. o-Kvwopc, -aros, -aT, [O r[airvo, tent; in pl. often quarters, encampment. OK'riTTOs, -oV, 6, [(TKwrrT, dart], thunderbolt III. i. i. orKiqrr7To os, -ov, 6, [taKnrrpov, staff, EXw], stft-bearer, sceptrebearer, marshal, usher, title of a high Persian officer, who waited upon the king. SKLXXovS, -ovv'os, 6, Scillus, a city in Elis, near Olympia, where Xenophon resided for some years. See p. 42. V. iii. 7, 8. r'KXp6ds, -a, -ov, adj., hard, rough. ev ao-wc7rlp, in a rogh5 place. IV. viii. 26. oKiXpc5s, adv., [o-iKA7p6s], rou0hly, in a hard lot, with severe toil. III. ii. 26. crKoXotf, -oros, 6, stake, pale, palisade. V. ii. 5. ocKo7rEo, impf. e'c-O'irovv, used in pres. and impf. act. and mid., other tenses supplied by Cr-ce7rolAat, look at, behold, contemplate; look to, consider, examine, inquire, look out for, heed. The general word for seeing is 6pda, used both of the sight and of the mind; while o-re'rrouas and sa-corew imply watchfulness, look at or look for as a watchman; Oedopai implies interest or diversion, view, witness, as a spectacle; and 3Aae7rw means look, used simply of the process of vision. 'rKOrds, -o, 6, watchman, spy, scout. rKopoSov, -ov, TO, often in pl., garlic. VII. i. 37. (KOTCatos, -a, -or, adj., [croTdos], dark, in the dark, used often with the subject of a verb, having the force of an adverb. (rKoTos, -eos or -ovs, rd, or CrKOTOS, -ov,,, dark, darkness, gloom. 'yiyvrat aoCros, it becomes dark. SXKvOvoC, -cD, ol, Scythinians, a tribe living in the northwestern part of Armenia, east of the Macrones. IV. vii. 8S. TrKvXEuWO KVKU~XEi, -6fceW, [aTKAorv, spoil], strip, despoil a slain enemy of his arms. VI. i. 6. (TKVTCUXOV, -ou, TO, club, cudgel. VII. iv. 15. OKSUTlvo, -7, -or, adj., [oazvos, leather], leathern, imade of leather, of leather. V. iv. 13. o'pqvos, -eos or -ovs, To, bee-hive, swarm of bees. IV. viii. 20. X2.CKpqs, -rTOS, 6, Smticres, a Greek general from Arcadia, killed in a plundering foray. VI. iii. 4, 5. 2XdkoL, -Wv, of, Soei, a city in Cilicia, situated on the coast near the mouth of the Pyramus. See N. to p. 59, 9. I. ii. 24. ros, aA, aorv, pronominal adj., [a-S], thine, thy, your. Tra ad, your affairs. VII. vii. 44. Xoiro'a, -ov,,d, [Persian s h u s h/a in, lily], Susa, 'City of lilies,' chief city of the province Susiana (biblical Elam, cf. Dan. viii. 2), winter residence of the Persian king, and a capital of the empire; now ruins of Sus or Shush. II. iv. 25. III. v. 15. XocaCvewros, -ou, 6, Sophaenetus, a general from Stymphalus in Arcadia; he was the author of a history of the ' Retreat,' which is now lost. I. i. I et seq. or-ova, -as, -a, [0-os,], [iosdom; cleverness, skill. See N. to p. 55, 23. I. ii. 8. aoo03s, —, -ov, adj., wise, clever, accomplished, skilled, witty. I. V. 2. o'rwavltto, -, [-orOds], lack, be in want of. rraWVLos, -a, -ov, adj., [o-7rdrs], scarce, rare, scanty. rraViL, -W, es, scarcity, rareness, scantiness, want. Xiwpr- 7t, -rs,, Sparta, capital of Laconia and chief city of the Peloponnesus, also called Lacedaemon, situated on the western 133 o-rTaSov bank of the Eurotas, in a valley enclosed by the heights of the Taygetus range. II. vi. 4. 2rraprTlfT-rs, -ou, 6, [ZIrdprn |, Spartan, a citizen of Sparta. Cf. lrepCoLKos. orTrPiprov, To, cord, rope. IV. vii. I5. Cr'irco, aTrdoiaw, EgfraKca, groraaa, pf. p. Eaoraatiai, aor. mid. EaraadcrJTv, draw, used especially of drawing a sword. r'irdCp, p IrEpW, r o-rapa, orrap repa, sow, scatter, throw about. cririvo, arefow, sa0iretKca, 6(-reI0O a, aor. mid. e'oreiac'jrvj, pour, make a drink-offering, pour a libation; - mid, pour libations with one another; and since this was the custom in treaties and agreements, make a treaty, make peace, agree to a truce. rirsESc, Oie'acW, EareLVKa, E7orevoaa, hasten, hurry, make haste, press on. Sr0pLiaT fls, -ou, 6, [probably = Spendadates, = 'Given to the Holy One '], Spithriddtes, an officer under Pharnabazus, satrap of Bithynia. VI. v. 7. cnrroXds, -dios, ', leather jacket, biffr-erkin, worn as a means of defence. crwov8i, -isS, j, [oarv&ow], drinkoffering, libation; pi. arovsci, -kv, treaty, truce, solemnized with drink-offerings. orrrovua)d, aCrovoda-oyal, ea-rot6aKa,?azrovaa'a, [acrova/], make haste; be busy, work hard. II. iii. 12. crirovSatoXoyiojait, -laofAai, [avrov8azoAXyos, speaking seriously], speak seriously, talk on serious subjects. I. ix. 28. rorovjS^, -us, ', [a7rfiAw,, haste, hurry, speed. airouvOi, in haste. rTdStov, -o, r-, pl. Trd8ta and ardasos, [root a-ra in 'at-rrr7], stadium, stade, frlong; as a ora8tods 134 measure of distance, = 6oo Greek feet, = 6o6 English feet; since this was the length of the most famous foot-race course (that at Olympia), race-course. orTaJfo's, -o, 6, [root eoa in aoT?7,u], stopping-place, station; day's journey, stage. See N. to p. 55, 2. rracratoLt, ratl, ard -l, eraKca, &o-arfcaaa, [r —drLs], rebel, revolt, raise a revolt; form a party, form a faction; be at odds, quarrel, be seditious. orraCts, -eoW, 7, [root arra in itr-n71], standing still; party, faction; seditious party, discord, dissension. VI. 1. 29. orTrvp6s, -ov, 6, stake, pale, palisade. rarCLapC cta, -aros, r6, [(Cavpw6jW, stockade, palisade. o-Tap, vreeaTros, r6, [root Yc-a in Yfa1nUL], fit, talloW. V. iv. 28. ro"dYiy -?7s, '7,,['rgyu, cover, Lat. tego], cover, roof; roofed place, room; house, dwelling. r-TCyvos, -h, -o', adj., [for areyavos, from -r-Eyw4], covered, roofed. VII. iv. 12. oa'Ti3o, crzei'w, aor. i'aer~Ea, tread, stamp on, tread under foot; of a road, frequent. I. ix. r3. oTeX\Xo, oTe&Ai, e-rTaXca, &'-reltAa, pf. p. '4-raXMai, set, set in order; array, equip, make ready, despatch, send; - mid., start, set out, set forth, proceed. rTev6s, -A, -4, adj., comp. -Er-vcTepoS, sup. cTTcFtvraTos, narrow, strait. As subst., rd rrva&, the narrow places, the narrows. rTrEVcXopL(a, -as, 7], crr-v-ds, xpos], narrow place, narrow passage. I. v. 7. orTipyoYW, c, p ', 2 pf. ror0Pya, aor. (-rspTa, love, be fond of, show affection for. II. vi. 23. (rTp.a, -pfas, T- otpo Ca, a tTrTepnr-a; mid, and pass., crTrpoJfJ, (CTep* -osat, ecr-Tf-/prfa; aor. p. dTepfiO0sv; deprive of, rob of, followed by gen. crTipvov, -OU, TO, breast. c-rippws, adv., [Creppds, firm], firmly, resolutely. III. i. 22. (rT'i4avOS, -OU, 6, [aC-rc,, put round], crown, garland, wreath, chaplet, whether as a prize for victory in athletic contests, as a mark of honor for distinguished services, or as a festal ornament. The prize crowns were mostly of leaves. orTer<avvo'), c(re(favc&ac-, eaTcrepdzvKoa, pf.. terrcpdvwoaa, aor. mid. &-TTepavwcaT-lurv, [Tr&pavos], crown, wreathe; - mid., crown one's self, put on a wreath. or-T4X1, — Os, 7, [root cr-a in Y'l&rl ], slab, pillar, column; boundarypost. -riTLPs, -dgos, ', [(rre[,co, bed of straw, bed of rushes. VI. i. 4. orTCPOs, -ou, 6, [rreiS,3o, trodden way, track, path; track of feet, footstep. cTC'it, 0 rriwo, aor. &r*rTa, pf. p. ^crly/ai, prick; tattoo. V. iv. 32. TcrT'4os, -cos or -ovs, rd, [rsetfco], compact body of men, crowd, throng, mass of men. \rXryylys, -43os, 7, flesh-scraper, flesh-comb; metal-comb. CTroXh, -is, i, [-TcAAxW], garment, robe; in pl., dress, clothes. orTdXos, -ov, 6, [TT-xeAAw], equipment, especially for war; armament, army, expedition; march, journey, voyage. rTo-6 a, -aros, rd, mouth; of a sea, outlet; of a house, entrance; of an army, front, van. rTpcTaE -as, -a, [c'rpae&0w], campaign, expedition. III. i. 9. (rppaTEUJLa, -aros, i-, [a —paTre0 ], army, host, armament; division of an army, force. aTrpawEV 135 ru-yKCLTKaicK TrrpaTrvow, orrpare6aw, hrrpTrevmca, ea&rpcievo'a, aor. mid. iarTparvuCt;fJUv, [o-fparos], serve in war, take the /fld; lead an army, march, make an expedition, take up arms. rrparT-'rly, &, -o, 'rpars yrc a, CE-rpawr-'yrl ca, [morpar7ysl, be general, serve as general; command, lead, direct, manage. arparT-yerv oTrparlt-y'av, to undertake a command. o'TparT'yCa, -as, O, [oTpaToyys], offce of general, command; generalship. o-rpartlyLQw, -dorc, [desiderative of arpar77yijw], desire to become a general, wish to be a general. VII. i. 33. TrpacTyds'o, -oV, 6, [OrrparJs, &yo], leader of an army, general, commander. 0rTpaTL&, -as, j, army, host. wrTpaTLo71jTrS, -ov, 6, [o-rpars4], soldier, used especially of the common soldier or private. TXpawOKXfS, -oUS, 6, Stratocles, leader of the Cretan archers. IV. ii. 28. oTrpcLTOXrSE6t, a-rpaTroresfetaw, i-7TpaToTre8ev a, eaTparoreasevcra, aor. mid. ea'rpaT7oreoevcvOuA/ijV, [crpa7TOre8ov], usually in the mid., make an encampment, encamp, bivouac, take up a position. o7paCT7ror Sov, -ov, r6, [-Tpar6S + Tr-8ov, field], encampment, camp; army in camp. oTpards, -o, o, [o-'pcmvvvql, spread], army in camp; army, host. -TrpEirros, -oa, 6, [o-rppw,]], neckchain, necklace, collar of twisted or linked metal. Grpi'o, aTrp 6tcV, a'rpotpa, ( orpefa, pf. p. eorTpaycuai, 2 aor. p. ea-rpd<pVm, tZiir about, turn; of a rope, twist, plait; of an army, wheel about. riTpouxos, -ou, 6 or h/, Sparrow; sometimes = 6 gusyas crpousOs, ostrich. I. v. 2. orTwp(f aTodSErL0os, -ov, 6, [Lorpya a + 8Eoaudsl, clothes-bag, bed-sack, a leather or linen bag in which bed-clothes were tied up. V. iv. 13 --rTyvds, -4, -4,, adj, [asvyeo, hate], hateful, repulsive, sullen. Tb aruyvbv astros, his sullen face, his repulsive fice. TlUrvjF4dX, os, -a, -or, adj., [:rcuptaAos], Stymphalian, f Stymphalus. As subst., rTupL4dXtos, -OV, 6, Slymophalian, inhabitant of Stymphalus, a city in the Peloponnesus, in the northern part of Arcadia. r-, ao-a, pi. bYEs, bysciv, personal pron. of the second person, thou, you,. 'rUyy~vEtcat -as,, [rvyyEsvls], relationship, kinshij. VII. iii. 39. crvyyevls, -4s, adj., [Iyb6 + ye/vos], of the same kin, of the same family, akin to. As subst., crvyyev-s, -ovs, 6, kinssman; especially common in pl., ovUyyvyfes, -&v, kinsfolk, relatives, kin. nu'yyyvop.aL, a-vyyu7f-4oao/ja, 2 pf. oavye-yova, 2 aor. aoveyevd4jxrlv, [r6v + yiyvoapal], be with, associate with, come together, have intercourse with; become acquainted with, meet; followed by dat. orvyK&OiOljat, [vov + ca07duatj, sit together, be seated together. V. vii. 2[. cr'lyKa\iEo, o'vysaAacw or rvyKcaAX, atrsytcKEc fca, cruvvieaArc a, [arvv + KaAewe, call], call together, call to council, conivenie, conlvoke. cruyKCajrrw, -4w, (Tve'lcaasa, [a-vv Icd4yo.rw, bend], bend together, especially bend the knee-joint. V. viii. IO. ru-yKfrTaK&w or o-uyKaCTLaKaCo, -Kaavro, -KEhauKa, a7vya7Teicavasa, U'yKQTraQc rpi4C 136 ruljlmjavLvov [arv + Kard +- Kdw] burn down together, burn down at the same time. III. ii. 27. o'vyKcaTracrpeW, -*w, aor. mid. crav/iyKarecri-pedaldJv, j[rvv + Kara' + ITrpe(pw], reduce together;mid., help to reduce, aid in subduing. II. i. 14. trvyKaTEpygo(jLaL, ucryKarepap a'odcrolat, a(vyyKarTeip'ya/aA, -KaTrfpyata'dFtrv, [oUd + Kar.d +?py4'oaslJ, heAp in accomplishing, help to accoimplish, help in gaining. VII. vii. 25. v'iyKEiLJaL, -KerTO/lal, [aurv + Ke/Aas], lie together; often used as pass. of rUvvrfiOfyi, be placed together, be agreed on. ra a-SvceVIfeva, the terms of agreement. O'JUYK\iWX, -KAjrWo, [a-rv + oAqiw], shut together. OrvyKOJtCW<, c-vy7KOIltCO, rvy7ICEK/licKa, auvvefc4tlaa, pf. mid. (ruovyeo/ixcraam, [vu'v + Kojtficw], bring together, get together, collect; - mid., collect for one's self. VI. vi. 37. rU-yKVTrrTo), (rvyrtudwo, u-ryKCKvua, UvrPeicuva, [arvv + iUc'rTw, b7oz], stoop together; draw together, bend together. o'yXbpieo, -Xwp4-pw, 'vyKEXcprcKa, GrvvexCp7-a-a, [a-vv + Xfwpec, move], meet; make way, give way, yield, concede, defer to. V. ii. 9. tVELOs, -a, -or, adj., [vITs, swine], of swine. Xp-qa dveiov, hog'slard, lard-oil. IV. iv. 13. SvivvemLs, -Los, 6, Syennesis, name common to several kings of Cilicia, of whom one is mentioned several times in the Anabasis. See N. to p. 56, I9. rOKOV, -O, -o 6, fig. VI. iv. 6. rvXXaj4,3cdv(w, -Aposas, r vveLArfxpa, 2 aor. acvveXaf3ov [6v + XaIA0dvw], take together, bring together; lay hold of ee, seize, grasp, take. arvkXXey, orvAA wco, a-vvuleoxa, avvrAefa, pf. p. aUvvdEyyatm, 2 aor. p. (as mid.), a-vvurex- v, 2 aor. mid. a-vre'xd vL7la, [a-v + Ayw, gather], bring together, get together, collect, gather; call together, convene; - mid. and 2 aor. p., come together, assemble. rvXXoy~/, -7s,, v, [ovAAyw], gathering, levying, levy. I. i. 6. ar%'Xoyos, -ou, 6, [uAAvh -yw], assembly, concourse, meeting. cvuJpaCvso, avLufiO/lasai, av//ifferKa, 2 aor. a-vvr&v, [a-rV + 4 atavwj, come together; often of events, cone about, happen. Tr& (avuSdvrTa, events, what happened. III. i. 13. crvpj\XXoA, au1j3aA6c, au13rvfj3'rAKca, 2 aor. ovv^vaxov, [aC - fBdaxxw, throw], throw together, dash together, collect; - mid., bring together, contribute; bring forward, present; agree upon, conclude. riup3oo, -raoojlas, impf. CvvPeB3wv, [lau' + fodw, shout], call out to together, shout together to. VI. iii. 6. r-VFJ.po0rli9, -rw, - Vtl7, v SloB07Ka, impf. avve8o-0ouvv, [a0v + 4BoO4'W, assist], assist together; bring aid in a body, join in assisting. ruvp.oX1, -i, j,, [crvf dAA\w], coming together; encounter, engagement. VI. v. 32. crvuJpovXE6~u, -BovuAEo-w, — feodAVeutca, a-vvre3oUAEeva, mid. uvuAfovuAXuo/at, -evsroftoa, aor. vrvveovAaevd7av, impf. uvvfEavouXvv6ti, u [vv +- + ouheow], deliberate with, advise, give advice, counsel; - mid., consult, consult with, ask advice. rvp.povXi, -ioS, i, [av' + SouvAx, deliberation], advice, counsel, consultation. V. vi. 4. crW oXoos, -ov, 6, [BovAi], advise;r counsellor. I. vi. 5. vy.cwvOBa&vw, avup/aOQ0;oasi, 2 aor. Crvvudcaeov, [crvv + pavrOdvw], learn cruuL)xax\o 137 tcrt with; become used to. cavjfaOvyrt, to one accustomed to anything. IV. v. 27. arufL.aXcw, -?r7w, aor. avvutadxaxa, [C^Tv6uaxos], form alliance wioh, fight on the side of. V. iv. 30. rvJiPaXta, -as, 7, [cruuLaxos], co?plete alliance offensive and defensive, alliance. Xru IXao CLal, -,aaXov/.tat, -/euazaXy at, uvvte'LaXE~o'jv,7t, [atV + uyaoxo/aj, fight along with, be an ally, help, succor. crvu'aXos, -o, adj., [o-v', root iaX in,dXoaalj, fighting along zit/h, allied with, in alliance with. As subst., crvujicaos, -ov, a, ly, auxiliary. (rv'11LaXa, -wv, rd, resources, means of aid. oriVL-tyVVILL, av/Luifw, sruyotxoXa, aUvvj.tEa, [e-v & -+ l'yruvvi, mitigle},e mingle together; - intr., come together, meet with,join, unite with; come to blows, engge. crup.rapaorKeua:,o, -daro, [a(t' + 7rapao-Kevuados, assist in gclting ready, help to get ready. cTfJ.lrapiXO) -4, - av, rurape&rX1 Ka, 2 aor. atrvUfTrape'oX ov, [ar'v + trapd + exw], assist in causing, help in procuring. trvniiras, -da, -av, adj., a lj. ( + 7rav], all together, all at once, entire, all in a body, the whole tog&ether, in all. cruvi.Trwer ', Urf, as'o7rjw T, rvuL.rtroafca, uvvterjeia, [a, 'v + TrrtyOrw, send with, send together with. avupartir~r, -7reaovata, atutrfrrcKnca, 2 aor. ovetreyTov, [afv + rimrlw ], filt together, collazse; grapple with, close Uit'h in close combat. oruvro8Sic, -ro-w or -ti, [TV ' - + r-roSioC, fetter], ft/rc- the feet together, hinder the feet, entangle the feet. IV. iv. i. o'vptroXeqi w, avut7roXE'/fafW, orvu7rE7roh/fs7Ka, aurve7roAt'A7cra, impf. a'vToXfjLootvv, [a-v + 4 oxalwX], make war together with, join in war, assist in rwar. O-Ul.ropeofLaIL, -lropEva6'o.aa, crvore7rdpezviLat, impf. rvvewropeuvto0Jv, [cr 4- TiropeUo/uC], journey toeher, make the journey together, march together, proceed together. crvuproroCapxos, -ov, 6, [autrdqlrov, &pXw], symposiarch, toast-master, magzisler bibendi. VI. i. 30. oru'rrpdriTTo, autvLrpadw, auntreirrpaXcx, avuv7rpata, impf. avVt'rpaTrov, [<rvv +- rpdaTroT], work together with, cob/erate with, help in britning about. arv[j-rrpticpfls, -ewt, ol, [cru'v + rpeoBees, pl. of rpofBvus], fellowambassadors. oi aoupgrpeafEts Ty 'EEarolyUty, the ambassadors associated witlh Hecatonymus. V. v. 24. ovrujrpoOu i Leopal, - 'o,'zat, impf. vutpoavf0Oovytov, aor. arutrrpo'bfJirorv, [-av + P4J + 4o oaLatj, have <equal desire with, join zealously in promoting, share in the desire that. crvuLp", vot, uvorw, ruvevoxa, 2 aor. aUmverytcov, pf. p. auv'ev/vErYiac, [olTy + q- pop], bring together, gather, collect; 3d sing. often used as impers., o-UvjEpet, be of advantage, be of use, be expedient, be profitable. tCFj.4~LL, -(p4-W, impf. (used with force of 2 aor.) ouvPolvq, [avv + Fu1L ], assent to, arknowledge, admiLt. rvi.4opos, -ov, adj], [Faugqwpw], expedient, advantageous. VII. vii. 21. or6v, often ZUv in Attic, prep. with dat., with, together with, along?oith; with the help of. -it/h the aid of. Mtvwov Kal oa avv aufri, Alcnon and his soldiers, (rw rots 0Seos, zwih the aid of /h gods. OuvnLyeCp( 138 cruavLaLpCavwo In composition ao-v becomes av-x- before f3, u/, 7r, %>, ~; cuybefore y, K, ^ X; ovA- before A; -vp- before p; usually av7- before ao, but uv- before a followed by a consonant, and before g. atv in composition has the force of with, along with, together, at the same time; completely, utterly. oruvc.yeLCpo, -ayepw, aor. trvv7YeFpa, [,fav - a'yEflpw, rozesel, gather together, assemble. I. v. 9. aruv&yCo, aurvd'w, a-vv3Xa, 2 aor. avv~?yaoyov, impf. aUvvyov, [icvvi + &iy?], bring together, draw together; get together, collect; of an assembly, convene, convoke, assem ble. OruvaSLK(E', -'0C, [fvY + ablew], join with another in zwrong-doing, join Zwith another in injuzlry. II. vi. 27. cruvaOpotc(, avvaOpo/a'w, a-vsYfpoKa, ao-vs poIaa, [clr + aopop/w, collect], gather together, assemble. cvuvaLVIw, o-vvatyiE'w, (vvs7veKa, avvsveuaa, [fcvv + atviw, praisel, join in praising; tagree to, conzsent, pr mise, -7rant at once. VII. vii. 31. o-uvaLpOo, -atp'fdw, 2 aor. avusEAov, [ff-b + alpECo, grasp], grasp together, grasp. III. i. 38. ovVaKioXOe'w, -0w-c, o'v7nKcohoV0?rKta, avvrloKovho '1ifa, impf. cruv-/oAovOovVs [\TbY + a-iotov u64], followi along with, follow closely, follow closely upo, acconfpany. o-UVaoKOvc, -aRato'ro otat, a vatsKoct, av-acovuTa, impf. avvKcouov, [avp + aioubw], hear at the sanme time. iAAXt41jAcs vUaKO'E tV, to hear one anloter. V. iv. 3r. wuviXCtw, aor. cvuvAlta, aor. p. avvasAian8vr, [vvsU+ a/A, collect], britg together, g t/her tgcctfher, colled. VII. iii. 48. uvoidAX'rrrT, -aAAahw, as uvAAaXa, i I avvr^AAaa, 2 aor. p. (as mid.) -vv7AAaxcy7v, [vcV + aAAcdTrw, change], reconcile; - mid. and 2 aor. p., become reconciled with, ma/ke terms with, come to terms with.. i i. I. ovvavaCatvo, -,3froAata, Tavvaxa3e-?rcKa, 2 aor. avva-vas]v, [CbV + ava!aivw], go up with, go up together, go up together with. ovvavacLrpaow, -Trpadw, aor. avvavezrpaca, [a-vv + dvaarpdrrw, from ava and arpdawC], join in exacting payment. VII. vii. 14. oruvtavLCTrrT.L -avaTriaow, -aYAr-T?7Ka, fvvavcr7rT-a, 2 aor. avvavEarVrv, t[lvI + diVrfTXjU1, from dYva and iTrTnr7 U], transitive tenses (see o-Tfl 3L), raise together; -intransitive tenses, rise at the same time, rise up together or with. VII. iii. 35, o-uvavovrac, vwyarvsrow, aT-vvrvr7Ka, avvvrrTCFa, impf. aiVVVTWV, [a-6y + aTrdwt, meet], meet. oruv&aretp, impf. ~vvaarpelv or -7a, [a{Tv + &rEt/tL, from d7ro and fla], go Sf together, deftart, go away toqether with, go away with. II. ii. I. crvvarroXapJ3ivco, avvaaroA4iooau, [ajv 4 a7rrokaup3a'vw, receive from], receive together, receive at the same time. VII. vii. 40. -uvdUTncO, UVar^ \a, [a6v + avrrW, fasten], join toget/her; engage in battle with. I. v. I6. rovv&pXo, -dpg, - uvap pxa, v v-vpra, [abv + pxcXW], command jointly with, be associated with in command. VI. i. 32. 04uvSELnY oS, -ou, o, [-br, V a'sv - rov], companipon at table, tablecompatiosn. ruv6stcapaCvw, -taBf3aoyai, a-uvlSa3e'77c.a, 2 aor a-v^ieLJrlY, [oiv + saia^rwcoj, of through together, cross over together. VII. i. 4. aouv8ycpa&rro 139 nruviSoiuit rVVSLcvrprrTTW, -Wpaico, -rErrpaXa, avvo'Sierpaa, [t(rao + 8Oairp&(TTr], accomplish together; - mid., ne. gotiate at the same time, assist in negotiating. IV. viii. 24. rUVSOKEt, impf. ffvvESdKL, [aUv, oKclw], impers., seem good also, please also; followed by dat. VI. v. 9. crivv&o, adj., [rrTv + Sdo], two and two, two together, in pairs, two by two. VI. iii. 2. oiveLJLL, 'UvvEa'ou.atI, avuv^, [ab0v + eiuil, be with, associate with. crwvreL, impf. avv?7eLV or auvva, oavy + etu], go together, come together; meet in battle. ov eEtrEpXo po LL, avvereiaoAev ofsat, uvvreOfeAvAuOa, 2 aor. cavveta7A0ov, [a'v4 + E t'cr;pXoiuai, go in together. IV. v. 1o. rUVELowrT rriO, -7reaoolual, -7Tr 7rWCKa, 2 aor. OvvEraTrtrEov, [avs + EtalrzrTro], fall in together, fall in with; rush in together, rush in along witzh. "rVEKP3aivW, -8?a7ofjFai, OvveK$3B]KtE7a, [av. + 6efaifvw, go forth], go out together. IV. iii. 22. rUvvEKPLPtaw, -/3a/3daw, or -Sz3&, [fv'v + eK$liadiCc, carry out], help in lifting out, help in bringing ot. I. v. 7. ruvVEKKcdTrW, -d4f6w, impf. urvnfn'KO07rOY, [bst + EKKi rrOw, cut out], cut out together with, help in cuttingout. IV. viii. 8. oruvEKriLVo, -TWio/aL, 2 aor. a-ve$rtovr, [avY + KcKrivw], drink up together with, drain off together with. VII. iii. 32. rrVVfKwropCAco, -WopIc?, aor. arvvreeTr{ptia, [abvY s+ ec7nroplw], help in furnishing, assist in procuring. V. viii. 25. Ervv4EpXOULctL, a'vvre4EAvooua., [ bvv + $e4pXoftau], go out ltogether with, come out with, especially in order to attack. VII, viii. i,. arvveraWveo, -Cow, impf. a-vvvrltjovv, [abv + eraiew, praise], approve together, approve. VII. iii. 36. orvvern'eoXopaL, -ebooiaim, rEvveTreUyuai, avverrevrua.v, [av. + eTrebXOAat, from Cir, egXoyat]], make a vow also. III. ii. 9. cruvveLrLXo.iaL -cjo.oya4, aUvvE7rLfE,agA7fjai), arvve7reyEAh07V, [arvy + 7tnjukoeAoat], ljoin in taking care of, havejoint charge of. VI. i. 22. crvvETinrLr'frrVSw, afvvfuteirio'Eaw, aor. auovverrea7reuaa, [abLV + E7ria-revsw, from eri', a7rfevw], help in forcing forward, help in pushing forward. I. v. 8. (TfvE7rLptPo, -4w, uvveT(r'pifa, [bsvv + i'rtrptSfw, from inri, rpifSw], destroy utterly. V. viii. 20. a(VrrofLaL, urvPe'/oma, 2 aor. ovueCarrJxv, impf. auvvw-nrduvTv, [abv + E'wrouaa], follow with, follow along with, follow closely, semain constant to. crvveIr6ovUjLL, vverro1Aovalm, [avs + 7irOPvvlj, from eiri, ofieuvvsi], swear also at the same time, swear besides at the same time. VII. vi. I9. rvep-yds, -dv, adj., [avv, root epy in epyov], working together, helping in work. As subst., crvvepyds, -ov, 6, helper in work, help-mate, accomplice, co-worker, coadjutor. I. ix. 20. o'vvpXOp.CL, -eAvEcocatc, uvveXAAvuOa, 2 aor. ovv^AOov, [Crva + ep-Xo/ai], coame together, assemble, meet together. orvvwpe'rofLaL, ovvzne1opac, impf. arvvepe7nrrjFz'v, 2 aor. arvvErrearnjur.v, [rov + Cepflfropia, from efr + 'nroam], dep, follow together, follow together with any one. ouvvX.o, rvvf^w, 2 aor. crvvf'xov, [ar'v + few], /eep together, hold together. VII. ii 8. orvviSojuaL, arvvfaOaooua, uvvaofrOv, [aUvv + fi8ola&], rejoice together, CrvOEcLOjtaL 140 Epdi.odros rejoice with any one, sympathize with, congratulate. rTuvveop.laL, -Oe 0o/Aa0, uvvweOeaduaya, ffvveOeaoA'UvI, [6vy + Edouat], view together with, examine together. VI. iv. 15. o-rvftp.a, -aros, rJ, [ovyrieytat, agree], sign agreed upon, wa2tc/word, passed along the line before battle; agreement, covenant, compact. ruvOvt pcow, -08payw, impf. v~ve8pwcv, [tovv + 7OpdW4], hunt together, join in the chase. V. iii. Io. UVCrtL{,) an'vvC-4w, oUfn'icKa, oVnihKca, impf. O-vviv, 3d sing. avviet, la6v +?txu, send], send together; understand. aUVVCrTTtL, u'cSrTTiCTW, uaoTVdcrr'a, ouvv-erlrTa, 2 aor. avunT^rv, impf. rvvi'rT?1v, fut. p. vzrTTaO4 -0o0Mat, aor. p. caveCrdcOqv, [-'vv + o-T7rjxt], transitive tenses (see t'rTi'qpJ), cause to stand together, set together; bring together as friends, introduce; - intransitive tenses, stand together; come together, assemble, form in battleorder. trvvoSos, -ou, i, [arV + bW6s], coming together, meeting, assetbly; encounter. -vvotSa, pf. with pres. sense, fut. auvelo,uat, plupf. ov vpSeI or uvv'P7rl, [eTV + ola], be cognizant of, be conscious of, share in knozledge of. cuvoXoXitO, orvvoAoxv4o,,ci, inlpf. avvwAud\vCov, [<aru + xoAoAXw, cry aloud ], raise a loud cry together, shriek together. IV. iii. I9 ouvoyLokoy&o, -4cro, aor. TvuwpoAobycraa, impf. rvvW/oAoXdyovv, [rvv -+ b/uoXoyow, agree], agree with, agree to, concede; agree upon, agree to do, promise. cruvop&o, uvofao/Acu, 2 aor. o-uvetaov, impf. auvvscpoWv, [<ru + opad], see together, see at the same time; see in one view, see at a glance. nrvvovuCa, -as, `, [a-vTeiIt, from avv,,t({], being together, social intercourse, intercourse, conference. II. v. 6. rVroav srdw, ovuvrw, rTraxa, auvvraca, pf. p. auvrETalrr Aat, aor. p. rOvvrETaXO7v, [abv + dTaTT&], put in order together, draw up, piut in array, draw up in line of battle; -mid., draw up in line, form in line or in battle order. aruvvsTacdeos, auvvrerayevoss, in battle array. rvvrijrtps, CavuOija'w, srvveetKa, uvveOnKa, 2 aor. mid..uveweOyOv, [ablv + Tle-r, ]J, put together;mid., agree on, arrange with, conclude; make an agreement, make a compact. Ocr-roJos, -ov, adj., comnp. auvvTof;Tepos, sup. avuvrou6raTros, [auvreFvaw, cut short], short, brief. II. vi. 22. cruvTpciTrEtOS, -ov, 6, [cvY, Tpac'rrea, iable], table-companion. See N. to p. 87, 9 I. ix. 3. oruvpx^, aO'vSpaooviLua, 2 aor. auvvepaluosv, \<v6 + rp/Xwl, run with; run together, assemble. VrrTptPot, (uTrpiY7p, v'UrTFTpIqa, a'vv&rpia, pf. p. auvvrerpsLat, [af{v + 4rpSwce, rub], rub together; shatter, shiver, crushr. uvreTrptfLft VOL amKeAX Kal IrvEupas, with legs and ribs broken. IV. vii. 4. ouwrvyXL4vw, auvTfretolAf, 2 aor. oauveruXov, L[ab' + ruvyXadv]i fill in wzith, meet with; happen to, happen. ruvto(XEIw, -fjaco, [au'V + c cpe0ew, benefit], join in aiding, be of use. III. ii. 27. XUvpaKortos, -ou, 6, Syracusan, native of Syracuse, a large Greek city on the east coast of Sicily. EvpCa 141 '4rS8pa XvpCa, -as, j, Syria, a province of Asia, between Phoenicia and the Euphrates, north of Arabia. See Map. XSvptos, -a, -ov, adj., [2vpla], Syrian. See rvXMaL. I. iv. 5. Lvipos, -ou, 6, a Syrian, native of Syria. I. iv. 9. crvpp4o, aTvppevoTO/Aat, rrvvepptwKma, 2 aor. p. crvveppurv, impf. rvvfppeov, [0ry +- 4 Cw, p low], /fo, ow together, run toogether into one stream; of men, stream together. rOs, uavs, 6, i, [Lat. sus], swine, hog. vrurKvctwo, -daw, pf. mid. uvveOcKe6afLaL, aor. mid. aurvccevaadfr/v, [vrv + OKfCevU w, prepare], put baggage together, pack up; mid., pack up one's own baggage, pack up, make ready to starl by packing up. O'KrVTKlVO, -ou, 6, [a0-, 6KrflV^, tenl], tent-companion, messmate, comrade. OcruoroL, ourow'0, vcruoo'ra, varaKa, aurvviraaa, imrpf. auvveCrrrwv, |,uv + oradw, draw], draw together, especially draw together by stitching, sew together. I. v. Io. ruo7reLpaCo, -daw, pf. mid. and p. auvveorerlpatra [a'urdpa, toil], roll up together; - pass., of soldiers, be formed in close order. cuvea'reipaufEos, inz close array, in dense array.. viii. 21. vruvrrov8atw, -do'oai, [atJv + Or'rov8daw, make haste], make haste together, join in zealous exertion. II. iii. I. vru<rpaorEoLcaLt, o'vTrrpa7rerroyatx, impf. auvve-rparevoL'r1-, [bruv Crrparevw], take he fieled toAether, serve toether, join in an expedition. cruarpanyos. -ou, 6, [atrv + arrpoar7,-yds], fellow general, colleague in command. II. vi. 28. <rtvr-apaTL4Trs -, 6-o, 6, [civ + Tpc tsdwr-7s], fellmu-soldier, comrade. I. ii. 26. orucrTpcTrowreSEfojctL, -evOooyat, impf. arvveorparo7reSoEvudYV, [aIrY + crpaTroreE otl x}, encamp togetter. II. iv. 9. aoucrpe' W, -w, -w, 2 pf. urvv&rpoea, crvvErEpeoa, 2 aor. p. auVVro-rpdqnrv, [avv + orpetpw, turn], twist together; of soldiers, form in a compact body, collect themselves, rally. vuarpaOvTres, in a body. I. x. 6. crvXvds, -, -vr, adj., much, great, large; of time, long; - with pl. nouns, many; - acc. sing. neut. as noun, referring to space, La considerable distance, some distance. ao-ayLc~Lolckt, o-avyidafoyat, aor. {tof-atazo'slv, [a()dyQovO, offer up a victim, slay a victim for sacrifice, sacrzfice. crd&ytov, -ov, -r, [off a', slay], victim, offering, slain for sacrifice. o-4<apoEL8s, -is, adj., [(arpaipa, ball, eifos, shape], ball-like, globular, spherical. As subst., or'atpoeLt8is, a rounded end. V. iv. 12. crAXXow, a(qaAco, EbaaAica, 2 aor. p. o(fpdar7v, [cf. Lat. fa llo], cause to fll; - pass., fail, be foiled, be baffled, be undone. VII. vii. 42. Cr&riTTw,, afbdw, slay, slaughter, especially slazghter victims for sacrifice by cutting the throat. cr+ets, crpvi, aCSiao, crqas, see oi. orEv8ovdo,, -arou, impf. daEq5Svsouwv, [oarbfvavr], sling, use a sling, throw from a sling. r)vevSov1l, — rs, 6, sling; by metonymy, slitn-shot, slizg-stone. C(rcv8ovrTiqns, -, o, [Q0roaorVdw], sliznger. o-+68pa, adv., [ofroSpps,], exceedingliy, very, very much, violently, with vehemence. OrdOSpos 142 TrXavLrov eo4o8p6s, -d-dv, adj., vehement, excessive, severe, pressing. I. x. I8. crXECa, -as, 7j, raft, float, in the East often made of inflated skins fastened together. crSo6v, adv., [(XEdv, XlCx], close, near, hard by; nearly, pretty nearly, almost, all but. r-XEtv, see gXo. o-XErXos, -a, -oV, adj., [cf. 'Xwc], able to hold out, unflinching; unsparing, merciless, wretched. VII. vi. 30. (rXfCLa, -aTOS, TJr, [EXw, XEizY], form, shape, figure. I. x. Io. oX(Ctw, Uxo, Vxo, pf. p. E'aXr'uat, aor. p. Ex'o'0rv, [cf. Lat. scindo], split, cleave; divide, separate. orxoxyat, w, ixo'dXo w, EXAaxca, eo-XoAac-a, [aXoA#], be at leisure, have leisure. crXOXOtos, -a, -or, adj, [xox^1], with leisure, at one's leisure, leisurely, slow. IV. i. 13. crXoXaC(s, adv., comp. -oXoairepov, sup. aXoXatraraa, [aXoAasos], in a leisurely manner, slowly. orXOX, -ij, 7j, leisure, spare time. o-XoXj, adv., [dat. of rXoA-J1, at one's leisure, slowly, deliberately. vtw, (ac6-w, a(TWcvKa, E&rwara, pf. p. aooaauax, aor. p. eoarc^v, save, preserve; keep, keep safe, hold, retain; rescue, recover, deliver. ZcKpcTrs, -eos or -ouv, 6, name of two Greeks mentioned in the Anabasis:i. Socrates, the celebrated philosopher, teacher of Xenophon, Plato, and other eminent Athenians; born 469 B.c.; met his death under judicial sentence in 399 B.C. See Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 2. Socrates, an Achaean general in the service of Cyrus, who perished with other Greek officers in the snare set by Tissaphernes. o-'jca, -aros, rd, body; person; life. ac/,uara avspcv, persons, men. ar'os, -a, -ov, contracted to orns, aws, aw-v, pl. arws, adj., safe and sound, alive and well, sound, safe. CGo-Ls, -Los, 6, Sosis, a Syracusan general in the service of Cyrus. Cf. p. 29. I. ii. 9. OC'oTjp, -jpoS, 6, [oo6(]wl, savior, rescuer, deliverer, preserver. <r(TpiCa, -as, 7, r[o-WTpl, safety, deliverance, preservation, safe return. SXwr'pi8cis, -ou, 6, Soteridas, a Greek soldier, from Sicyon, impudent to Xenophon. III. iv. 47, 49. r-r4T^pLos, -ov, adj., lwroT7pl, saving, delizering, salutary. awC-r7ptov I, means of deliverance. As subst., pi. o-wefipa -, -w, d, than-offerings for safety or deliverance. oa-o4povE(, a(roqpoviasow, oEoaC'opdvrKa, aow90povr7aa, aor. p eawopovlaorfv, loca(ppov, of sound mind J, be sen. sible, be reasonable, be prudent, be wise, be discreet; - pass.. come to one's senses. orw+pov;Co, pf. o-',a'oppdvtfa, aor. ca'wqpdvioa, [ cro/pwv, of sound mind], bring to reason, maike prudent, bring to one's senses, chasten, correct. co-+poo-Tvn, — Ss, 7, [rc6fpwx, of sound mind], soundness of nmind, prudence, discretion, good-sense, zeisdom; self-control. I. ix. 3. T. r', e= by elision. ToyCaedi, = TOL ayaOa. TaXCavTov, -ou, r6, [connected with TAdWc, bear], balance, talent, an r&XXa 143 'r Attic money value, 6o minae, = 6,oo0 drachmae, = 36,ooo obols, = about $I,167 in our money. r&XXa, =. Xr dX.a. TatLfcEw, -ev6w, ['ra/as, dispenserl, be treasurer, dispense, regulate; - mid., control the limits, regulate the boundaries. II. v. I8. Tacs, -c$, 6, Tamos, lieutenantgovernor of Ionia under Tissaphernes; afterward in the service of Cyrus. See N. to p. 58, 23. Trvavrta, = TL CvavcrCa. Tratapxos,-ov, 6, [rdtlss, KpXw], commander of a corps, leader of a division, taxiarch. TcLLS, -EWs, {, [grar'oW], arrangement, order, order of march; battleorder, line, file, rank and file; body, company, division, corips; post, position in the line or ranks. T&oXOL, -wV, o-, Taochi, a tribe dwelling on the northern border of Armenia, but in the time of Xenophon not subject to the authority of Persia. IV. iv. I8 et al. rTarELvos, -7, -o', adj., humbled, submissive. II. v. 13. TratrLvoow, rarewiraow, rCrat7Efr iwKa, Erareivwora, [rrervmrls, humble, abase, humiliate. VI. iii. I8. Tairts, -taos, rj, rug, carpet. TapacTTo rpd, rapd, erdpaXa, a dpaea, pf. p. erdpaytai, aor. p. rapd'X^Ov, stir, stir up, trouble; agiate, disturb, disquiet; throw into disorder, throw into confusion. TapaC os, -,, 6, disorder, coznfsion. I. viii. 2. TaptXEvw, -ev'w, pf. p. TrrapiteXuLat, [rdpiXos, preserved meat], preserve by salting. V. iv. 28. TaproC, -zv, ol, or Tapo(rs, -ov, 6, Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, situated in the midst of a fertile plain, and built on both sides of the river Cydnus; once famous for its commercial activity, but more widely known as the birthplace of the Apostle Paul; now Tersus. rT&rrwT rTdw, TrraXa, fTraa, pf. p. srefTayai, aor. p. 'frd X7qv, arrange, put in order; draw up, form into ranks, form, array, post, marshal; appoint, direct, bid, enjoin. TaOpos, -ov, 6, [cf. Lat. taurus], bull. II. ii. 9. TcTnl, adv., [dat. of oiros, properly sc. 6boy], on this side, on this spot, here; in this point, herein; in this way, thuss; there. Tr&os, -ou, 6, [cf. Odarrw, bury], funeral; grave, tomb, burial-place. I. vi. Ir. Trdpos, -ov, -, [cf. Odtrew, bury], ditch, trench. TrXXa, adv., [raXbsl, quickly, presently, forthwith; perhaps, may be. TCLaXCs, adv., [raXbVs], quickly, swiftly, rapidly. II. ii. I2. TiXOS, -eos or -ovu, r, [aXbs], swiftness, speed, fleetness. a&rb Vroiov raXovs, t wit hat speed. II. v. 7. VrXiV, adv., comp. Oaaoov, sup. rCdXirra, [raXdsl, swiftly, rapidly, speedily, quickly; soon. ori aX-icrTa, COs TdXitr-a, as quickly as possible, as soon as possible. Ee-rtMaY vdXrfYa, so soon as, as soon as. Caxvs, -eza, -v, gen. -'os, -efa, -Tos, comp. G0oaawv, sup. raXIOros, quick, rapid, swift, speedy. T-, by elision T, by elision and aspiration 0', conj., post-positive and cnclitic, and. re - re, both - and. re - KCa, and, not only - but also. ovre - re, both not - and, not only not - but even. r40pvrrirov 144 Trfptwrrov, -ov, r6, [rfTTapfS, 7r7ros], four-horse chariot, team with four abreast. III. ii. 24. TrEvo), Trev T&, Taa, eTEva, [cf. Lat. tendo], stretch, strain; aim at, exert one's self, hurry on, hasten, rush. IV. iii. 21. TrEXC;t, -Li, TrereiXta, r7eXLC'a, pf. p. T~7ETeXi LatL, [rECXos], build a wall; fence with a wall, wall, fortify. VII. ii. 36. TEtXOS, -eos or -ous, Tr, wall, townwall; by metonymy, walled town, fortified town, fortress. TrEKJaiCpolatL, reEKJapovtzai, aor. EKrEi7tlp7pa71V, [rTKcap, s-ign], judge from signs, form a judgment, infer. IV. ii. 4. TEiKUipLOV, -OV, T7, [TeK/ACfdpolCa], sure sign, proof, evidence. IJKVOV-o, -O,, [root Teic in TrKTW, bring forth], child, offspring. TiEvaiUos -a, — ov, adj., [TCAeurT], last, uttermost, hindmost, rearmost. reXEVuTCO, TfAeurT-wC, TrEEAcE6-rJca, reAe6tr7'aoa, [rEAeVEu], complete, finish, bring to an end; end life, die;-part. TeAeurVT, often with the force of an adv., at last, finally. rEXEV~r, -4s, -7,, [rexAo], end, completion, termination; end of life, death. TeXe'O, TreAaCW, TrT7AeKa, &TE~(rTa, [rteAos], bring to an end, finish; fulfil an obligation, pay. TIXos, -eos or -ous, r6, fulfilment, completion, issue, close, termination, conclusion; supreme authority, office; one in office or authoritO, magistrate, used especially of the Spartan ephors. reNXos XE^iv, to come to an end, terminate. TrAos in acc. with the force of an adv., finally, at last, at length. ri.aXos, -cos or -ous, Td, [root 7eC in TIvw], slice of salt fish, slice of meat. V. iv. 28. TIlvo3, 7feUic, rTrU77fCa, 2 aor. -ialorv or eJELxov, cut, wound; of surgeons, use the knife, V. viii. i8. eivayos, -cos or -ovs, 7r, shallow water, shoal, lagoon. VII. v. 12. repep3t8Lvos, -7, -ov, adj., [repe-,s80os, turpentine-tree], of the turpentine-tree. Xpla TFpefivOrvov, turpentine-oil, terebnthoil. IV. iv. 13. TiTapTos, -m -or, num. adj., [TC'rapes], fourth, the fourth. eTrpaKCoXrXLot, -at, -a, num. adj., [TE-paKs + xtALol], four thousand. TrEpaKorLoL, -at, -a, num. adj., [frerapes], four hundred. TrEpaOHpLWa, -as, 2, [reTrapes, so?pa, division], fourfold share, four times as much. Terpawrrovs, -j, -ouv, contracted from TrEpaTrX4os, -a, -or, [rerTapes], fourfold, quadruple. rTTctpa&Kov7a, indecl. num., forty. TETTapes or Tircoapes, -a, num. four. TevOpavCa, -as, ~, Teuthrania, a region in Asia Minor, in the southwestern part of Mysia, containing a city of the same name. II. i. 3. VII. viii. I8. TEUXOS, -Cos or -ovs, —, [rSeXo, make], tool, implement; vessel, pot, jar. TEXVag(O, -acaw, [rE1Xv], use art, practice cunning, deal subtly. VII. vi. I6. reXVr,) -75s, 7, [root T7K in r-Kcw], art, skill, device, craft. See nqxavii. T~rXvLKs, adv., [TrXVKdS, artful], artfully, skilfully. VI. i. 5. rios, adv., so long, meanwhile; up to this time, until now, hitherto. rews Mdiv, for a time, for some time. rTf, adv., [dat. fem. of 6], here. Tr IfY - Tj V6, on the one side - T8e 145 TfpCppatos on the other, on the one hand - on the other. TfiSe, see 8SE. TI^KW, 7T4W, reiT7ra, fTa, mell, dissolve; of snow, thaw. IV. v. I5. TXfE3o'cas, -ov or -a, Teleboas, a river in Armenia, flowing into the Euphrates from the east. IV. iv. 3. TqlL^vTqs, -ov, 6, [Tfiuvos], Temnian, native of Temnos, a town in Asia Minor, near the river IHermus. IV. iv. 15. T^pEpov, adv., [i7ifepa], to-day. 7ri/epov tfJ pa, this day, the present day. TlWLKaCarct, adv., at that time, then, just then. T4pqls, -Eos or -ovs, 6, Teres, founder of the Odrysian power, father of Sitalcas. VII. ii. 22; v. I. ToidpC, -as, a, tidra, a Persian headdress. See N. to p. 112, I2. II. v. 23. 'FtLCpoEL8'S, -s, adj, [Trdpa, deos], shaped like a tiara, like a tiara. TLpaplYoC, -wv, ot, Tibareni, a tribe dwelling in Pontus, along the Black Sea, west of the Mossynoeci. V. v. 2. TCypiqs, -7Ts, 6,,[Old Persian tigra, arrow], Tigris, lit. ' Arrow-stream,' one of the two great rivers of Mesopotamia, formed by the junction of two streams in Armenia, and pursuing a southeasterly course till it unites with the Euphrates, ninety miles above the Persian Gulf, into which the united stream flows. In antiquity the Tigris pursued an independent course to the sea. TCiOLL, 6tOW, I4OEaa, Oeca, 4flfa, 2 aor. mid. g4yodrv, set, put, place; set up, institute; - mid., place one's own, place for one's self. 0Oe'Oai T g7rAa, to rest arms, I I II i halt under arms, end of spear and of shield resting on the ground; to ground arms, each man placing his spear and shield on the ground in front of him; to take up a position, draw up in order of battle. Ttdo-vCwv, -wvos, 6, Timasion, a native of Dardanus in Troas, chosen as general in place of Clearchus after the massacre of the Greek officers. III. i. 47 et seq. rlj&iAw, rzyl1fwc, TE/r7ICka, eTL/Caoa, plupf. p. &rer4ti1*nv, [Trti], pay honor to, treat with honor, honor, revere; value, prize. tif, -S}, j, [-iU, pay honor], esteem, honor; worth, value, price. TiLiqcrCwos,-ou, 6, Timesitheus, a native of Trapezus, who acted as interpreter for the Greeks in negotiating with the Mossynoeci. V. iv. 2, 3, 4. rtfpioS, -a, -ov, adj., [r1iu], full of honor, honorable, precious. I. ii. 27. Tipjopi4, TZrlwpOrw, T~Tsr c6pKca, impf. rtlOswpoUJ'Jeiv, Tr lJcp(ra, aor. p. 1rToWP*5vqv, [TIxwp4s, avenger], avenge, punish; - mid., take vengeance on, revenge one's self, seek vengeance, punish. TtLFLwpe7rOat 7rltp Trios, to exact vengeance on behalf of any one. rFipcpCa, -as, ~I, [rTiwp6s, avengerl, punishment, vengeance. II. vi. 14. TLpCpatos, -ov, 6, Tiribazus, satrap of western Armenia, and favorite of Artaxerxes II. He made an agreement with the Greeks, but proved treacherous, wherefore they fell upon his camp. He was later transferred to a satrapy in Asia Minor, where he conducted important negotiations with the Lacedaemonians, TIS 146 ToroarSe but was caught in a conspiracy and put to death. TIS, T1, gen. rvbs, indefinite pron., enclitic, used both as subst. and as adj.:- As subst., any one, some one; neut. anything, something. As adj., any, some, a certain, a; often with a peculiar restrictive force, = a sort of, a kind of. oi depv Twes, some few. eTs ris, any single one. iaacr s TIg, each individual. Ef ris, if any one, whenever any one. 7rdos S rs, about how great? Troiords ris, some such one, about such a person. ob8ev rT, nothing at all, in ace. not at all, not in the least axe6dv Ti, very nearly, almost. TCs, i', gen. rivos, interrogative pron., who? what? which? ri in acc. often = why? TIrcrcc4ppvqrs, -ovs, 6, Tissaphernes, at the time of the Up-march the most prominent of the Persian satraps, and one of the four captains-general of the Persian empire. His satrapy originally consisted of Caria and Ionia, but after Cyrus's death the province of Cyrus was added to it. In his negotiations with the Greek States, as well as with the Ten Thousand, Tissaphernes showed himself a master of diplomacy, but as unscrupulous as he was crafty. He fell a victim to the vengeance of Parysatis. See pp. 20-26, and Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, article TISSAPHERNES. TLnpitXcK)o, Trpc6cW, TErpWPKa, erpwoCa, plupf. p. Eerp4,uq7v, wound. T'XijAav, -ov, gen. -ovos, adj., [rCAdc, endure], wretched, miserable. III. i. 29. 7To, adv., post-positive and enclitic, [ethical dat. of Tr, = 0r6], in truth, doubtless, surely, verily, certainly, in fact. rotLyapoOv [ro + - '- yp + oZv], inferential conj., so for example, therefore of course. Trovvv, adv., [zro + yt], therefore, accordingly; further, moreover; so then, now, well then. TLotodrSE rotdoe, roov8e, dem. adj., [roo7s + 4e], such as, such as this, especially with reference to what follows.,rodae, as follows. ToLoUTos, Toiavcr, rTOiOvr or T'OOVTro, dem. adj., [-roos], such, such a one, such as, of such sort, of such kind, especially with reference to what precedes; often intensive, so great, so large, so bad. Tooavra eb~re, roiara efAee, thus he spoke, he spoke thus. Toixos, -ov, 6, wall of a house or similar structure. VII. viii. 14. ToXAFao), TroAxo6w, TreArfJfca, 4dArohAlra, ['rLT6ft, courage], have the courage to, have the hardihood to, venture, dare; undertake. ToXj(BCS8s, -ov, 6, Tolmides, a Greek herald, from Elis. II. ii. 20 et al. rTofuvFa, -aros, Td, [roet5E ], arrow, bow-shot. nTOteuo, -evhCW, TereuiKa, erdTevUa, aor. p. rT04e6fnri, [rdToe], shoot with the bow, shoot arrows; - pass., be shot with an arrow, be hit with an arrow. rTogtu[, -s, ', [= 5 rTo0K7 re'XVn], archery, bowmanshsip. I. ix. 5. rO6ov, -ov, Td, bow. See pp. 17, 32. ro0TrT7s, -ov, 6, [r6 ov], bowman, archer. dronos, -ov, 6, place, region, district. 'rooo'rSe, ToroSje, rocre'vYe, [r&Tos, so much, + 8e], dem. adj., so much, so great; pl., so many, so few. TroO'Tros 147 TpnrX&crtos roaorTos, T, oo'at"r, TooTEr- or rocravrov, [roaos, so gr/at/], so grea, so vast, mc so uC, very, so /rge, referring especially to what precedes; of tinme, so long; pl., so many. rocQoovrc ELe or roaoOVr' eli, thius much he said, he said only this. rTrE, adv., then, at that time. o0 rTor, the men of t at tine. TroT, at tliZes, vtow and the n. TOTE ivEp - Tore &e, at ao tume -a at other. VI. i. 9. TouoXtlcrrov, - = rTO CdxtlcrTov. rToaitraXtv, = ITO' 1raX\Iv. roivYop~a, d,- TO 6volpa. robrtecr8ev, -= ro 6irLo-@V. Tpd.y7 a, -aro, T, - fr, [cfi rp-, eat], dessert for the table, swzeet-meat, delicacy, used especially of dried sweet fruits. TpUXXeLs, -ewe, at, T7-alles, an important city in Lydia. I. iv. 8. TpmavsX, -wv, a, Traipsaoe, a people dwelling in the eastern part of Thrace. VII. ii. 32. rparrEta, -'I, 7 [probably shortened from TETParEcaS, fourfooted], tabe. TpavretoivrTtos, -OV, 0, [Tpa7re(ovs], Trafezuntian, a native of Trapezus. Tpairegovs, -ovvros, Trapezus, now Trebizond, an important commercial Greek city on the southeastern coast of the Euxine, originally a colony from Sinope. Under the Romans it was the capital of a large province. In the Middle Ages (1204-1461) it became the capital of the socalled empire of Trebizond, and is now one of the most flourishing commercial cities in the Turkish Empire, with a population of about 50,ooo. 'rpatJia, -Tros, TO, [cf. ritrp(rKww], uoun1d. Trp7Xq\os, -ou, O, neck, throat. i I TpaXuXs, -c.a, -6, gen. -fS, -Eoas, -l-os, roan's, /iar k. r rpaxs-a {,/c. XC)pa), fi/i ro/ ngo t/outy. Trps, Tpla, genl. st-pwv, tcf Lat. i re sj, num., tiree. TpEn'i, rpEdfr, reTrpoa, ErpeIia, pf. p. repa^czau, 2 aor. p. p. iTvrsrv, i aor. mid. ei-peae'yvv, 2 aor. mid. 'erpaar-to, a,rt, direct, drive back, turn to fJii4, rout; - mid., ture aside, ta s to iightz; turn to, resort t, avee recourse to; drive b ck, pudt z Tp4Wfs, Vplsw, r-lrpola4, repEae, flit. mid. Ope.Oaat, pf. p. reOpaaar, 2 aor. p-. Cp&7v, coEuris'^ rear, b-rtzgr ip, szSfport, maintaiz;*- mid., maintaeein cue's self, subsist. Tp^Xw, 6pacJqo(?jia, SepaZ/fl7Ka, 2 aor. f'BpaaovY, r7un. TpEr aor. Erpears, def., flee away fr-os f/ear; be afraid of, lefet-on, srz-inkj f-om. I. ix. 6. TptKovTat, indecl. num., thirty. TpLaKcovTOpoS, -si, adij., thirty-oared. As subst., rptLaKdvTopos, -ov,, (sc. ras y, triacontor, thirty-oared shi/, with fifteen rowers on each side.?ptf 6l-KOT t -R, -, ge. -we, num., thre-e hunndred. rTpiLP, p -J, ^ {plpj3W rui], pratice. V. vi. 15. rpitpljs, -o r, ' (sc. ivas ), trireme, a war-ship with three banks of oars on1 each side, galley. See P. 39 -TrptLptTrs, -, 6, i, -rp(ipns], oarsman on a trireme, marine in service on a trireme. VI. vi. 7. TpC7rTjXvus, -u, gen. -eos, adj., [rpe7s + 7rXus, cubitl, three cubils in lentgrth, three cubits long. See n-jXvs. IV. ii. 28. TpLrXwCrLos, -a, -or, adj., threefold, three times as large. VII. iv. 21. TrpLrwXepos 148 rp-rrXO0poS, -oy, adj., [rpe7s, rAfOpov]. three plethra wide, i. e. alout 303 feet. V. vi. 9. tptwovs, -nro0os, b, [rpe7s, 7robs], tripaod; three-leggedtable. VII. iii. 21. rpis, adv., thrice, three times. rpLraTcrjevos, -), -ov, adj., [rpfiS aitevvos, ^l-adi, thrice grad, thrice ileased, very wllig. TpLCro-Kcta Ka, indecl. num., [rpe7s nal tcaj], thirteen. TpLcrii)tcOL, -at, -a, num. adj., [rpis 4+ Upwpoi], thirty thousand, thrice ten thousand. TrpL-XtXLoL, -a:, -a. num. adj., [rp's + Xh^Alo], tree thousand. rptvraios, -a, -or, adj., [Trpros], on the third day. V. iii. 2. Tp.ros, —, -o,, num. adj., [rperg], third. TrpfrT (SC. 'ipa,), an the third day. iErl TrC Tpfrp,, at the third sigm7na. rb T pTo as adverbial ace., the third time. TrpCa, adv., [TpeS], i^ tLree diviions. VI. ii. 16. Tptxiy, adv, [rpeis], in three dZvisi5ns. IV. viii. 15. rpixtvos, -,, -or, adj., [efpt, Tpixds, hair], of hair, made of hair. IV. 3,. viii. 3. rptiotvwOos, -o, adj., [rpeos, XO'J41, measurinng three quarts, of threequart measure. VII. iii. 23. rpo6raLv,-ov, r-0, [TpIrwo], ftrophy, memorial of victry. See p. 38. sporrq, -j, -~, [rp&rf,, turning, flight, rout. Trp&OrS, -ou,, [Trper], way, manwer, fashion, miethod; way of life, habit, disosition, character. Tfoe Tb Tpoirol, in the following manner. Eix acrbs rporoo, at all eve ts, no matter how. rpo04, -is, ),, [TntE4o, /PypPrt, sustenance; means of subsistence, nourishment. rpoX&c, -oic, ' [rfpXS,,wheel], lit. run like a wheel; run quickly, rush fwward. VII. iii. 46. Tpuiraws, rpv-7ffa' i 7rp0Rr7Ca, eTp=r-qua, pf. p. rerpUrs-qpat, [Trprra. hale], bo e a hole, bore. 'r &ra rErpUWrvfvos, with his ears pierced. III. i. 31. Tpits, -d3os, c, Troas, the Troad, a region in the northwestern part of Asia Minor, named from the city Troia. See Map. TrpUKTos, -7, -Od, adj, [rpcyw, eat], edible, eatable, used especially of fruits fit to be eaten raw, as dessert. V. iii. 12. Trpbords, -dV, adj., a [rrpfo'K-w, weind], liable to be wounded, vulnerable. III. i. 23. TUyX^ayG, Tru tOuaaI, 7rfTrXn7ca, 2 aor. [TuXov, hit, usually followed by gen.; mieet with, reach, gain,,et, obtain, acquire, usually with gen.; — intr. usually with supplementary part., happen to be, happen, the part. containing the principal idea, as rap&rv rTy6 avef, he happened to be present'; TryXavov A h'yev, I was just saying. Tvrpcaeaov, -ov, Tr, Tyridumn, a city in the southeastern part of Phrygia. See N. to p. 57, 2. I. ii. 14. ~upos, -ov, o, cheese. II. iv. 28. v6pcrts, -sos, dat. -es, ace. -tv, pi. rupftIs, gen. -wvr, dat. -cin, [cf. Iat. r ris], tower. TrXl, ( -us, Tj, [rtryXavrw], chance, ftune, goodfor tune, luck. Tvru v, [neuter of TrvXc6, from -T ryXd^]j, perhaps, perchance. VI. i. 20. Y. -idpirwo, 00ptri, r$plKa, S pitla, [fSipAs], outrage, insult, afront, abuse, maltreat; be insolent, be abusive. vpsl,6fj4vEov adroOv6 - 149 6VrpavaTcTlvo OKEWv, to die of ill-treatment, to die of abuse. ZppLs, -ewis, -, arrogance, insolence, abusiveness; despiteful treatment, outrage. ti'PpLroS, -/, -ov, adj., comp. vuprtrrTepos, sup. vpPLptrdrarTs, [\ibplis, insolent, outrageous. iJyLavWo, -avs, aor. -yidva, [Virys, healthy], be healthy, be vigorous. o vy7afvovrYes, those iit good health. IV. v. I8. &/ypoTd s, -ros,,, lyp's, moist], moisture, suppleness, pliancy. V. viii. 15. OSpoo4opic, -oaw, [bupo~pposl, carry water. IV. v. 9. 6fpoodpos, -ov, 6 and 4/, [$u3wp, 'pepw], water-carrier. IV. v. IO. 8iScop, barros, T, water. '8vwp i oUpavov, rain. ViSo0s, -ov, 6, [vUi]J, son's son, grandson. V. vi. 37. vUOis, -oV, 6, son. AXq, -, -,, [cf. Lat. silva], wood, forest; brushwood, underbrush, undergrowth, shrubbery. 6pelts, see r-v. V^ETEpos, -a, -ov, poss. pron., [bvues], your, yours. or', 4', see v-ro. vrowyo, br/IT, vr7, rxa, 2 aor. n7r^yayov, impf. mid. b'rnyiujtv, [iro + 7&-y], comle ont slooly, press on slowly; - mid., lead slowly on, draw on by art or deceit for one's own advantage; suggest, throw out a thing so as to lead a person on. ViralOpLos -ov, adj., [bird, alOpia, open air], in the open air, under the open sky. lralTrLos, -ov, adj., [VOrd, al-ta, charge], under accusation, called to account. Wrairidv fcrri yo[ ~t irpbs TrS vrdhws, there is ground of censure against me on the part of the state, the state has some ground of accusation against mte. VwTrcKoVto, 7waKovrojucal, aor. v'rrKocuJa, inipf. b6r-itcouov, [b-7r + adKouw], give attcntion to, hearken, listen; obey. irwravTr&i, Wirav-rCo'af-a, aor. brvTrlera, go to meet; go against. IV. iii. 34. vrraviTLctw, -adaw, [67rd +- OvriPgCwl, come to meet, step forth to meet. VI. v. 27.?wrapXos, -ov, 6, [biZ, pxow], subordinale ofjicer, lieutenant; lieutenant-gaovernor, viceroy. 'Tnrcipx, bira, rdp;, pXa, br^p ipa, impf. brwipXov, [tbro + dpXx ], begin; be on hand, be present, be, exist; be favorable to, favor. Ei TiVwv bOrapxdv-wv, from the means at hand, Vra'rClTrLrC s, -ro',, [braoiriw, carry a shield, from biro, dartis], shield-bearer, armor-bearer. IV. ii. 20. v7reiLK, Wbreiw, aor. bzre^ta, [bro + e?/cw, yield], yield, give way, submit. VII. vii. 31. rr'n'eLtp, bire'oryia, impf. virn^, [7ird + elfi], be under, lie underneath. III. iv. 7. vtrefXcvvw, WirxAa'aw or 7reAw, aor. brixAara, [61ro + AavoCvw], ride up so as to meet any one. I. viii. 15. isurep, [cf. Lat. s up e r], prep., with gen. and acc.:i. With gen., over, above, beyond; on behalf of, in the name o, forforor the sake of, instead of. 2. With acc., over, beyond, above, exceeding..rrvepdXXofcaL, birepaAovata, [lbrtp + 'AAojat, leap], leap over, spring over. VII. iv. 17. inc'pavavrTC^v, 7repavarevx, aor. irepaveTreva, [drrp + dvarcevw, stretch up], stretch up over. VII. iv. 9. v;rEppaCvo) 150 -irso8i 1rEppacLvwo, wrepporouai, 2 aor. vTrepesrlv, [virep + 3aovwJ, step over, pass over; rmountt, scale. {lreppf3XXco, v7replaAhw, v7rsp,8eFSrta, 2 aor. v7rEp3ahxov, [u7rEp + BdxAwl, pass over, cross over, cross. rb vTrep/3XaAov Troa osrparetcz-rTos, the part of the army passing over the heights.,7reppooX^, -is,, [vrwepBdAxw] crossing over, passitg over, passage; pass. irwep8efLos, -ov, adj., [trlp + &e6tos, right], above on the right, lying above, lying over, higher. Xwplov l;repseptov, higher ground. trwepeXow, v7repdeo, vbrepPxn7cKa, 2 aor. v7reptaoov, [6rtp + -Xo], be above, project, jut forth. IhrepOev, adv., [ire'p + -0ev], from above, above, overhead. I. iv. 4. trWepKaelJ.atL, v7repetcKaOdIv, [properly pf. and plupf. p. of KaOe'(ouac], sit over, sit upon; sit over and watch, keep an eye on. rrfEpoppLOS, -or, also -os, -a, -ov, [Itrp + 5pos, boundary], lying across the borders, foreign. 1 Vnrepopta (sc. Xcpa), foreign country, from Xenophon's standpoint, lands outside of Attica. VII. i. 27. v(repvllkos, -or, adj., [b7irp + 6vnAros, high], very high, exceedingly high. III. v. 7. trrEpXO[Ml. L, 6'neAFhto'oLa, 7nreXfAvua, 2 aor. uriAXOov, [57r6 + EPXoual], go under, steal over; advance slowly. V. ii. 30. VtriEoW 0 w, f rw, vVaX77cKa, 2 aor. viriexov, [67ro + EXw], hold under; submit to, undergo. u7rxetv 6iK-jv, undergo a trial. VnrcKOos, -ov, adj., [v7ragoiw, obey], obedient, subject. As subst., v7riKOOs, -ou, 6, vassal, subject, dependent. Unr'pEr~TI, ir7ipeTrcW, viroperica, irrnlpeT-ora, [lu7rqpirrsY, do service, serve, help, minister to; supply, furnish, provide. Virpe'nTls, -OU,, [rUb + eperTls, rower], properly under-rower, but generally attendant, assistant, servant, helper. v1rcr)XvEoAcLL, oa7roo'xar'oca., eirrextuam, 2 aor. 7revxb/oAJv, [collateral form of 7reiXcoj, take upon one's self, undertake to do, promise, engage to do. ~0rvos, -ov, 6, sleep. III. i. I. Vwro, prep., by elision -7r', by elision and aspiration vq', [cf. Lat. sub], used with gen., dat., and ace., ztnder:s. With gen., from under, from beneath, beneath, under; by reason of, through, with;with passive voice, by. 2. With dat., under, at the foot of, under the power of. 3. With ace., expressing motion, under. In composition Viro (u7r-, 6v#-) under; also like Lat. su b, underhand, secretly, slightly; expressing also subordination, subjection. tiroSEs, -4s, adj., comp. viroSee'repos, [buro, Seotuai], used only in the comparative degree, somewhat deficient, inferior. I. ix. 5 -VTiroScKVVfLL, viroeilto, aor. vifeita, [uiro + &elrvis], show secretly, show slightly, give indications of, bid fair to be. V. vii. I2. 6iroSCxoJaL, -diojuat, vro8iseeyluat, sre~sEdf7qV, f[u7r + ~ GXokal], receive beneath; receive hospitably, receive, welcome. WiroSio, -84arow, pf. p. and mid. v7rob58e/a,a aor. mid. 56-recrd3ayv, [uro' + 8Co, bind], fasten under, bind under, especially fasten under one's feet, put shoes on. iros6Eslc'vot, with their shoes on. IV. v. 14. 151 'YpKdVLOS send secretly, send as a sly, send under false pretences. II. iv. iWrdSqlJa, -aros, ro', [UTroe&w], sandal, shoe. IV. v. 14. VrTOtVyLOv, -oV, r', [UOr', (Uydc, yoke], yoke-animal, beast of burden. ivoKoaTrapa(Cvi, b'roKara$fSairo/aL, 2 aor. V7rOKarE('r7v, [bIrd + Kcara-,aivw, go down], descend stealthily; go down a little, descend a little. VII. iv. II. voroXalpc ivco, b'roAh ouat,, itr'xApa, 2 aor. uirex.aBov, ['ird -- Aauadvco], take under one's care, receive; take utp and answer, answer, reply, retort. F(eTabV vTroAaIcStdveiv, to interrupt. vi'TroXErO, UbroxeAF4, v7roAJAorra, 2 aor. U`r'Ar7rov, 2 aor. mid. vireXAL7r4unP, aor. p. vTr'EAEif)rlv, [bir +- Aeb'rw, leave], leave behind;-pass. and mid., be left behind, fall behind, Zag behind, remain behind. UwroXo'ayos, -ov, 6, [b r + AXoxaydsl, under-captain, lieutenant, underofficer. f-wok\u, -Ad'co, aor. b6r4eaFia, v7ro + Atw], loosen beneath, loosen below; - mid., loosen one's sandals, take off one's shoes. IV. v. 13.,rrojaMXakKCgotjct, [Uird +,aAacadCo/atL, from MaAalKds, soft], gradually grow cowardly, become cowardly by degrees. II. i. 14. 1lroJ.EVW, v7ro0u.evW, vWro/eLevrPnKa, VirEieiva, impf. vbrEUtPVO, [Ubrd + AIvwo], remain behind, half, stop; make a stand, stand one's ground; wait fo,; await. lbTropfvrpa, -aros, 7d, [vrd, uiuirv'aKicw, remind], reminder, mention. I. vi. 3. vrrO'ire 'Tos, -ov, adj., [burd + rejuMrsods, from reY7ruc], secretly sent, sent covertly, as a spy or scout. III. iii. 4. Vlrrrqlrbo, viroTer l, vro reirowtipqa, UvreTreM+a, [trod + irefitrw, send ], 22. viroiwfvw, birortiofat, l7roirwKrWa, 2 aor. bvrcrinov, [biro + irivw, drink], drink somewhat, take a little. b7roreritocos, rather tipsy. VII. iii. 29. virorTeUi, -f Ucw, aor. vtrdrrreuoaa, impf. bvrcSrreuov, [ti'rorTos, suspected ], be suspicious; suspect, mistrust, apprehend. VTrOTrrpaTTyeyio, -trpaT7-yoao, impf. vTrsamrpaTa'youv, [u'roa'rpdaT-ryos], serve as lieutenant-general, serve as lieutenant under. V. vi. 36. iwrocrTp.rTTyos, -ou, 6, [bUTr + -rpar77yos], lieutenant-general. III. i. 32 rrosrrpi' w p, biroaTrpEw, virrrrrpo(pa, 2 aor. p. virearTpdqr7v, [b7r6 + OrTprpw, trn], turn, secretly; turn skilfully, turn about, turn short about; evade a question or an issue. irrovpyds, -ov, adj., [for biroEpyos, vTr, tpyovp, rendering service, promoting, conducive to. V. viii. I5 imnroacCvo, vbrofavc, [biro + paivcw, show], shew a little, just show; daZwnz, appear. uE/dpa vervawe, day was breaking. WiiroC)s8opuLa, vTropEia'oouat, [uirO -t' (pei8w, spare], spare a little, spare rather. IV. i. 8. UroXECptos, -ov, adj., [u7r6 + XEIp]l under any one's hand, under control, subject, in the power of. O7roxos, -ov, adj., [u'rxow, be subject], subject. II. v. 7. b7iroxowpw, U7Troxwpi.o', UTroKcfX&ptKa, vrerxwprfaa, [wLro + Xwp'w, mozvel, move back, retreat, withdraw; yield, make way/. v6ro4iat, -as, i, [v(popdw], suspicion, jelalousy,, mistrust. 'YPKiVLos, -OU, 6, ['rTpKcvoi, Hyrcdn/iJ, Ityrcaman, native of Hyr Zs 152 4'apva3patos cania, a province of the Persian empire, southeast of the Caspian Sea. VII. viii. 15. Zs, 6s, 6, ~, swine, hog. V. ii. 3 -VTrEpatOS, -Ca, -ov, adj., [UCrfpos], following, next. 7 utoTepata (sc. lduepa), the next day, the following day. taT-repe(o, -iaw, v'rfepr7Ka, vzrrepr4a, [ST-eposI, be behind, come late; followed by gen., be too late for, come too late for. I. vii. I2. 6rrEppCtCo, vaorTepiZ, aor. v&rr'pra, [oxCTfpos], come afjer, come later, come too late. VI. i. I8. ic(TEpos, -a, -oo, adj. in comp. degree, sup. v'oraros, [cf. Lat. s u pe r io r], too late, too late for; later, coming after, behind, following' next, following. Ace. neut. Ucrrepov as adv., later, afterward, subsequently, after. U4~EhiEvws, adv., [vUpEqtIvos, pf. p. of Vfqs u,], less violently, submissively, softly. VII. vii. x6. Vi4-lyepoicLL, v(Px)'07Orala, 6vt 'yflat, impf. vifPyo6p1rv, lb-r + {?yo/ai7], go just before, lead the way, advance slowly. 1;b>CPL, vbq'njow, vxpesKa, V(ipKa, [iwro + 2'77Li], let down; yield zp, give up, surrender; - mid., yield, submit, give in. VuC4crTTp, v'ro-r6ja-ow, x'f Pkrx7)Ka, v7rer-Trmoa, 2 aor. n;reaCr-q7v, [uiro + iGrI'JL], transitive tenses (see Y-rT?(g), place under, station secretly; - intr. tenses, undertake, promise; lie concealed, be in concealment; support an attack, resist, withstand; stand up, volunteer. id4opdco, b7rdToa/at, [brro + opcow, cf. Lat. su-sp i c o r], eye stealthily, view zith s.spicion, suspect. II. iv. lo. u4,1X6s, -4, -ov, adj., [vtkosj, high, elevated; neut. pl. ub7xad as adv., hghz up, hizh. As subst., vinXo'v, -ov, rd, height. O4xos, -eos or -ous, To, height, elevation.,. 4ayEtv, see (-crtCo. aLSpos, -c, -do, adj., [cf. dcow, qfalvw], brighf, beaming, cheery. II. vi. 11. +Caiv, (pavc', repay va, 2 aor. p. foidvr7v, show, cause to appear, bring to light, reveal, shine; -mid. and pass., shozw one's self, come to light, be seen; appear, seem; often used with a part., and best translated by an adv., as e7ropcxwv epdvr,, he was evidently swearing falsely. *4Xa\yt, pda'ayyos, 'j, line of battle, order of battle, battle-array, heavyinfantry in battle-order, hoplites in battle-order. See pp. 36, 37. cPakivos, -ou, 6, Phalinus, a Greek, native of Zacynthus, in the service of Tissaphernes. II. i. 7-23. cawvepos, -d, -ov, adj., [root (av in fdtivw], visible, manifest, evident; open, clear; used often with forms of elvat and a part., and best translated by an adv., as rLoU3vAEtWoV v coL Co >aepos 'o-ri, he is evidently plotting against me. davep5s, adv., [avwepds], openly, manifestly. I. ix. I9. nap&Tpca, -as, 5, quiver. appILLKov, -ov, T', drug, remedy, medicine. VI. iv. II. 4cap.aLKoTroorCa, -as, 47, [cdpuarcov, wriva], drinking of medicine, taking of medicine; drugging, taking of poison. IV. viii. 21. 4capvdacpaos, -ov, o, Pharnabazus, a Persian satrap of Phrygia Minor, along the Hellespont, 4aarLvoL and of Bithynia; prominent for many years by reason of negotiations with the Greek states, particularly Sparta; and brought into relation several times with the Ten Thousand. V. vi. 24 et seq. 4ao-drvoC, -cv, of, name of two peoples mentioned in the Anabasis:I. Phiasidti, a tribe in Armenia along the banks of Phasis I. 2. Phasidni, a tribe in Colchis, east of the Black Sea, through whose territory Phasis 2 flowed.,cr'Ls, -Saos or -(o, 6, name of two streams mentioned in the Anabasis:r. Phasis, a river in Armenia, the lower part of whose course was called the Araxes, flowing into the Caspian Sea; now Pasinsoo. IV. vi. 4. 2. Phasis, a river in Colchis, flowing westward and emptying into the Black Sea; in ancient times considered the boundary of Asia; now lion. V. vi. 36. a>O-KO, impf. qacrcov, [inceptive form of prqLf]l, say, afrrm, assert; allege, pretend. >cpaLos, -r,, -or, adj., slight, trifing, mean, paltry. epco>, of0rw, evknvoxa, I aor. gveycK, 2 aor. OvepKov, [cf. Lat. fe r o], bear, bring, carry, ofer, present, produce; endure; of a road, lead; - pass., be borne, be carried; be borne on, be thrown, be hurled, be dasheed; - mid., bring for one's self, carry for one's self c>evyw, O(peito/xua or ~uvto^at, 2 pf. -rEoevya, 2 aor. uvyov, [cf. Lat. fugio], flee, take to zight, runJ away; be an exile, 153 4LX\KW S i I i i i I I be banished, be in exile. of 4eEuyoVres, the exiles. #tri, p7r'ow, entprKa, eisroy, impf. gcnv' sa, sayj, firm, assert; state, declare, say yes. ob qcn7US, denty; say... n. ot; usually best translated by expressing the negative force with the following infin. 406&vo, ptOca-ow or <qpr5r-ojai, E>0atca, e00oaca, 2 aor. E4pqr9v, be beforehand with, outstrip, anticipate, be before; come first, arrive first, come before; get the start of; overtake, surprise; often used with a part., as yh f>0dvawo- cr &Kpa KaraAa,3vrses-, lest they get the start of us in taking possession of the heights, lest they seize the hetghts before we do. #QEyyolsaL, oecAytocaAL, tE/AEypaC, kp0eyCU&/7lv, utter a sound, utter a voice, cry out, shout, raise a shout; of instruments, sound; of eagles, scream. *04eCpw, f>0ep, ep0apKra, 0Etpa, destroy, ruin, spoil; of land, lay vwaste, devastate. IV. vii. 20. #Ooveo, -*7rw, [f0ovos, ill-will], bear a grudge, bear ill-2will; be envious, be jealots. t\Xt -7, ~', cup, bozwl; especially shallow cup, broad bowl, for pouring libations. ()LhEW, pIA'7(TW, 7rcfSAirk-Ka, eif'Aroa, pf. i)p. 7rtpiLA-xq, [c/iAos], love. See &yar'do, iepcd. ILX7OroS, -ou, 6, Philesius, a Greek from Achaea, chosen as general to succeed Menon after the massacre of the Greek officers. III. i. 47, et al. 4LhCa, -as, 7, [f(Aios], friendship, affectionate regard, fondness. 4iXLKos, -,, -oa, adj., [1~Aos], of a jriend, indicalitng friendliness, fi'/endly. ieXLKdS, adv., [0rAcKos], in a friendly way, amicably. 4CXLS ] C,'Xtos, -a, -toy, adj., [fAosI, friend/y, amicable. 4,xiia (sc. xcWpa), friendly country. 4~irrawos, -ov, adj., sup. ixsArvodrarvus, [liAov + 7r7rosj, fond oJ horses, horse-lovingl. ix..5 +LXo0'ropos, -ov, adj., sup. ptnho0rp6 -rTaros, [fitxos + 6'ipa, hzunt), fond of hunting, fond of the chase. I. ix. 6. +4XOKuEp8e',W, -1700, [|AOeo p3'S, greedy qf ~gain], be greedy of gain, seek gain. I. ix. 16. 4LXOKiV8'VVOS, -ov, adj., sup. s0AoKvSVuvoraTos, [PAxCoi + itvYUYOS], fond of danger, venturesome. 4>tXoa0ilOs, -is, adj., comp. rtAo-,iaOCTrr pos, sup. (phAo/AaOea'oTas, [pihos, root taO in JavOdvwJ], fond of learning, eager for knowledge. I. ix. 5. 4)LXovEtKia, -as, i-, [~rtXveLos, from pfhos + Yewos, strife], eager rivalry, emulation. IV. viii. 27. LXktOEvos, -ov, o, [0PAos, eVos], Philoxenus, a brave soldier from Pellene, in Achaia. V. ii. 15. 4LXoWrdXoXos, -or, adj, [\p)Aos + 7rFoAEtos, war-loving, fond of war. 4)Cos, —, -or, adj., comp. (pfArTpoos, sup. (pa0'raTros, beloved, dear; friendly. As subst., 4)LXos, -ov, 6, friend. c\Xdoro4)os, -ou, 6, [OfXAos, root (ro0 in -oOfa], philosopher. II. i. 13. cB+XoorpaT'r lT'rs, -ou, 6, friend of soldiers, soldiers' friend. 4+XorTiLiEoLaL,- ToCuat,?rertqAoTrqluzaIt, aor. p. (as mid.), eiiAorC7irUt1 v, [ix6,rtfos, fond of honor], be fond of honor; be ambitions, be jealous. I. iv. 7. +LX\OpovEo LCLL, -1~7opati, aor. mid. ~tAioQppovn77TiAl7v, [OlAd pxw v, kinfdlyl, treat kindly, treat rzet/h kindness, show favor to, show good-will to; greet affectionately, embrace. 154 4)oVtKorWrTS IXLiarLos, -,o, 6, [iLrovs], Phliasion, a native of Phlius, a city in a district of the same name in the Peloponnesus, south of Sicyonia. VII. viii. 1. qAhvoUpeo,- -eaw, [(FpXUapos, nonsense, talk nmisense, play the fool. 4XroJpia, -as', i, [pAb6apos, nonsense), silly talk, nonsense, idle talk, foolery. I. iii. i8. )op3epds, -d, -^, adj., comp. ioBpepTrpao, sup. 0o[3ep'TaTOss, [4Ld)os], fear-ilspiring, frightful, to be dreaded, formidable, to be feared, dreadful; afraid. 0 oSepol uav p1, they were afraid that. )op~3o, 0o03co, 7rFcpdoha, ipbrelSa a, impf. mid. f(iqoovyiv, aor. p. eipoB7iOv, [pd3Bos], inspire fear in, frightem, alarm, terrify, scare;mid. and pass., be alarmed, be terrified be afraid of, be afsaid, fear. o$0s, -ou, 6, fear, terror, dread; alarm, panic;- pl. (fpdbo sometimes means of inspiring fear, threats, as IV. i. 23. 4OLtvfKOS -fi, -ovy, adj., [for po,vYtsos, -a, -ov, from @ovtl), purple-red, purple, crimson, a color prepared from a kind of shell-fish. It was extensively manufactured and sold as an article of commerce by the Phoenicians, whence the name. I. ii. i6. 4OLVr l, -s, -tS, Phoenicia, a region in the western part of Syria, along the coast north of Palestine. The Phoenicians were early famous for their skill in the arts, and as navigators. From their alphabet that of the Greeks was derived. I. iv. 5; Vii. [2. 4(OLVLKLOTTS, -ou, 6, \BOLYIvODSi, purple-wearer, wearer of the royal purple. See N. to p. 58, 13. I. ii. 20. 4OtivL 155 +vX&\Trw 4ovtL, -zios, 6-, Phoenician, a native of Phoenicia. I. iv. 6. +ot^t, -IKO, 6,,date-palm, pa/ln; date. oivos (oviL'wov, panlm-wine, date-wine. oX6q, -7, -7,, Pholoe, a range of mountains in the Peloponnesus, between Arcadia and Elis. V. iii. I0. *ope"W, -haw, 7rcE4dps7Ka, ef'pp77oa, impf. epdpovv, [frequentative of qepw,], bear constantly, carry continually, wear. o6pcs, ov, 6, [plpw], tribute, tax. V. v. 7. *oprtov, -ov, TJ, [dim. of 4ppros, from n ppw], load, burden. *p4wo, Ppao'a, 7re'(pata, 4popaaa, tell, declare, make known by speaking, mention, state; bid, direct, enjoin. 'pacrias, -ou, 6, Phrasias, an officer in the Greek army, from Athens. VI. v. 1. peap, ppfdros, Tr, we/l, cistern, reservoir. IV. v. 25. *pov'io, pIpoveo)w), irEppdvrKa, e(p6p&vraC, impf. efpovouvv, [root ppev in ipphv, mind], think, understand, perceive, come to the knowledge of; judge, hold the opinion. d-ya qpoveiv, be highminded, be elated. podvlIca, -aros, rS, [ppovew], thought, purpose, spirit; high spirit, resolution, confidence. p6dvtLsos, -n, -ov, adj., [root fppev in cppjv, mind], thoughtfud, senszibe, prudentf; wise, sagacious, discreet, judicious. *poVTLWSo, -x, Tre(pp)vlTrca, e(pbvvria-a, [(povris, care], be careful, take thought of, be thoughtfud, be anxious; take care, devise, contrive. 4po+ papXos, -ov, 6, [(ppovpa, gore/ison, pXw1], commander of a garrison, commacndant of a fortress. I. i. 6. *povpio), ppovpo-rw, aor. etpotpa-a, [Cpovpds], keep watch; watch, guard. qfpovpovOuevos, under guard. 4*poVpLov-, r-o, [dim. of ppovpds], zoatch-post, garrisoned fort, garrison. I. iv. I5. *povp6s, -o, 6, 17rp4, 6pdwj, watchmtain, guard, garrsn-so di-soer. VII.. 2i.. *4ptyavov, -ou, rd, [ppu'yw, parch], dry stick;-mostly in pl., *pOyava, -wv, dry sticks, brush-wood, fire-wood. IV. iii. II. *pvy(a, -as, -a, Phrygia, name of two regions in Asia Minor: - I. Phrygia the Great, Greater Phryya, sometimes called @pvyia I? MeydAr7, a province in the central part of Asia Minor, east of Lydia and west of Cappadocia. 2. Phrygia the Less, Lesser Phrygia, a small district In the northwestern part of Asia Minor, south of the Propontis. V. vi. 24. CpuVVCrK0S, -ou, 6, Phryniscus, a Greek from Achaea, who served as general during the latter part of the Down-march. VII. ii. I et seq. 1pp6r, ppuyds, 6, Phrygian, inhabitant of Phrygia. I. ii. 13. fvryds, upvydos, 6, [~peuyw], figitive; especially exile, one banished for political reasons. *Uyi|, -is,,, [~pEuyw],,fight; banishment, exile. <VAaK^, -s, -S,, [pfixaa, a watching, guarding, watch, guard: watchpost, post, station; garrison; watch of the night, night-watch, for which see p. 35.,pvAaKc&s #puvAdyrreIv, to watch and ward. cikXat, vw'Aaicos, 6, watchman, sentinzel, gard; pl. qvnAates, -wv, body-guard, g-uard (collectively). fjvX.TTsrw, -dcw, 7rE)puAaxa, ep vAaa, pf. 1. 7rE(apuAaypt.ai, aor. p. COny co I (c QociA) 156 4XAu3es xdxOr7y, [vatfl], keep watch, keep guard, especially at night, guard, watch, defentd, watch for; - mid., be on one's guard, beware of, take care; guard against, be on one's guard against. crads, — 5ocw, aor. p. p)5vaoi^jv, [pvraa, bellows], blow, blow up, distend, injlate. III. v. 9. 4'vrrKos, -ov, 6, Physcus, a stream in Assyria, flowing into the Tigris from the east near Apis. II. iv. 25. uvreisTw, vrevbaw, 7rerSbTEVKa, 0&,revaua, aor. p. evzUTE6OiYv, [qvrT'v, plant], plant, set out, especially trees. V. iii. I2. bo, qfdaow, 7refvfca, e(ufcra, 2 aor. tqpv, produce, bring forth;pf. and 2 aor., be by nature, be. I. iv. 1o. ocKaCls, -'tos, 7, [BCKaia, Phocaea], Phocaean woman. See N. to p. 87, 21. I.x. 2. 4wvfi, -is, 7, sound, voice, speech; of a dialect, accent. *is, CWTO6s,.T, li(tht, light of day. p&s yeZvero, it became light, day dawned. X. xa(pow, Xamptp(r, fKCXdpI7Ka, 2 aor. p. Xadpr/v, rejoice, be lad, be joyful; imp. Xape, common form of greeting, hail, welcome; farewell, good-bye; - part. Xafipwv sometimes with another verb, = with impunity, safely. av XatipEv, to say goad-bye, to let go, to allow to pass, to let pass. XakXSato, -wv, ol: I. Chaldaeans, a powerful people dwelling about the mouth of the Euphrates. See pp. 5, 6. 2. Chaldaeans, a tribe of brave and warlike people, mentioned by Xenophon as dwelling in Ar menia, and identified by him with the Chalybes; thought by some to have been descendants of the Chaldaeans of the plain. IV. iii. 4. V.v..7. aXewraivw -avwc, eXax7r7va, aor. p. ExaAeTrdvOAlv, [XaA7ros], be severe, be grievous; of persons, be violent, be sorely angry, be enraged with or on account of; - pass., be provoked at. XcaXerds, -47, -ov, adj., hard to bear, dicult, painful; troublesome, irksome; dangerous; of ground, rough, rugged; of living things and men, hard to deal with, savage, harsh, stern, severe. xaXeir5s, adv., [XaxErods], hardly, with dzjficulty; of persons, angrily, severely, grievously, bitterly. XaAEwWs XELVt, to be ill-disposed, to be angry. xaXAerws ipeiwv, to be deeply troubled. XXa\vo6w, -&oow, aor. eXaAvowaa, [Xawvods, bridle], put on a bridle, bridle. III. iv. 35. XaXK6s, -ov, 6, bronze, an alloy of copper and tin used by the ancients for weapons and implements. I. viii. 8. XCLaKOVs, —, -oiv, [for XdAhKos, -a, -ov, from XaAKos], of bronze, brazen. XaXKWtoa, -aros, -O, [XaAKJCO, from XaAc6s], utensil of bronze or copper, bronze vessel. IV. i. 8. X4Xos, -ov, 6, Chalus, a river in Syria; see N. to p. 66, 8. I. iv. 9. XdXvpes, -wv, of, Chalybes, Chalybians, a people in Asia Minor, north of Armenia and on the borders of the Taochi. A branch of this people, living near the shore of the Black Sea, gained a livelihood by the mining and working of iron. IV. iv. 18 et seq. XapaSpa 157 Xt.v XaP&pa, -as., [XapdTrrw, furrow], gully, ravine, gorge. Xap&dKoFoa, -aTos, r6, [XapaKo'w, stake of], a place palisaded; stockade, paling. V. ii. 26. XapCELS, XapfearGa, XapiEv, gen. Xapfvros, adj., [Xdpts], gracefitl, beautiful; clever, smart. III. v. 12. XcaPCtoLac, Xapa(ojaL or Xaptouu!at, KeXdpurpaat, dXapLt/?G/nV, gratify, favor, oblize; indulge. XGPLS, Xdpros,?7, [root Xap in Xalpaw], grace, loveliness; favor, kindness; thanks, gratitude. Xdplv EXlev, to feel grateful, to have a feeling of gratitude. X4apiv a7ro&Ldvai, to return a favor. XapL&vSrq, -Ons, -4, Charmande, a city on the right bank of the Euphrates, in the Arabian Desert. See N. to p. 70, 6.. I.v. 10. Xapjizvos, -ov, 6, Charminus, a Laconian, sent by Thimbron as envoy to the Ten Thousand. VII. vi. I et seq. XCI.t&v, -Zvos, 6, stortm, stormy weather, winter, cold. XECp, Xetpos, dat. pl. XEpg, 7, hand. els XECipas ipXcaOa( Tzvi, to come into the power of any one. XecLpLirocos, -ou, 6, Chirisophus, a Lacedaemonian general, who, according to the directions of the Spartan government, joined Cyrus with 700 troops. After the massacre of the Greek officers he became prominent in directing the Down-march, and died at Calpe Haven, in Hithynia. Cf. N. to p. 64, To. XELpoWrnX7ls, -es, adj., [XEfp, wrr?0os], f/iling the hand, as lazre as can be held in the hand. III. iii. 17. XELpoIroCtlros, -or, adj, [XEp + 7ror,-6s, from rotdwc], made by hand; artficial, as opposed to natural. IV. iii. 5. XELPow, -6arw, [Xelpl, handle, master; subdue, bring into subjection. XeCpWv, -ov, gen. -ovos, comp. of KaK6s, which see. Xwppoviqros, -ou, 7, [[Xppos, land, + vo0ros, island], lit. 'land-island,' peninsula. Xcppdvs!o-os, -ov, 71, Chersonesus, a peninsula on the Thracian side of the Hellespont; see Map. See ' Axepou-crLs. X iXj, -js, 7j, hoof; especially cloven hoof; hence, from the similarity in shape, sea-bank, breakwater, formed of stones laid at the base of a sea-wall. VII. i. 17. XIv, Xryds, 6, 71, goose. I. ix. 26. Xeis, adv., yesterday. VI. iv. I8. X)(tLO, -at, -a, thousand. XiXds, -oi, 6, grass, especially green grass, fodder. rlpbs Xto's, dry grass, hay. Xh\ow, -corw, J&ixds], /feed wzth grass, feed on grass. VII. ii. 21. XilcaLpa, -as, 4, she-goat. III. ii. 12. Xtos, -a, -ov, adj., [Xos], Chian. As subst., Xtos, -ov, 5, Chian, an inhabitant of the island of Chios, which lies in the Aegean Sea, near the coast of Asia Minor; now Scio. See Map. IV. i. 28; vi. 20. XLTrv, -WvoS, 6, under-garment, tunic, frock, a garment usually of wool, and worn next to the person. It was made of one piece of cloth, reaching to the knees and drawn together at the girdle, having short sleeves or merely arm-holes. XWLTWVCo-KOS, -ou, 6, [dim. of Xrivl, short under-garment, short frock. V. iv. 13. Xtwv, -vOS, 7, snaw. Xatvs 158 X~pos XXaciLs, -i8os, i, mantle, cloak. VII. iv. 4. XOtVLg, -LKos, -, choenix, an Attic dry measure, = - of a medimnus, = I.094 liters, = about I quart by our measure.. v. 6. Xo(PELOS, -a, -or, adj., [xo7pos], of swine. Kpea Xoipeia, swzne's flesh, pork. 1V. v. 31. Xoipos, -ou, 6, i, young pig, pZig VII viii. 5. Xopev6o,-e6, KeXdpevKa, XO'Opeuvcra, [Xopos], dance a choral dance, dance. Xopos, -oe, o, dance, choral dance, band of dancers. V. iv. 12. X6pToS, -OV, 6, grass, fodder, forage, herbage. KOPeOS XPprTos, dry grass, hay. Xpa#o LC, XPGoplt-a, KeXp7r7at, XpTrdtp'n1nv, impf. eXp^6irv, use, make use of, employ; experience, enj'oy, find: deal with, treat. Xpia'Oat aubrt Ws (piAq, to treat him as a friend. f Kupos iroAetiL, EXpiro, which Cyrus found hostile. XP4I, XpiEt, impf. 4Xpev, impers., [Xpaw], it is necessary, it is needful; often best translated with a personal subject, must. XP 't, XPrw, [IXPa, need], need, want, lack; desire, want, long for, ask for. Xpqlja, -arTO, Td, [XpdoJuaL], lit. ' that which is used,' thing, matter, affair; in pi. Xp{4ara, things, goods, possessions, wealth, money, efects, booty. XpqilaTiLrTLKOS, -i, -do, adj., [XpnJaT7riar's, from Xp7?rLaTi&ouat, make money], rmoney-making. olswvbs XPr77LaTtcrtKid s, an omen portending gain. VI. i. 23. XpTlCrLtoos, -7, -or, adj., [Xpio/atl], useful, of use, of value, serviceable, valuable. XptcLa -aros, To, [Xpfcc], ointment, unguent. IV. iv. 13. Xpo, pW, KXp pIwa, eXpioua, rub, anoint; - mid., anoint one's self IV. iv. 12. Xp6Vos, -ov, 6, time. iroeAAo Xpdvou, for a long while. Xpvr'ov, -ov, Td, [xpvuds], worked gold, especially coined gold, money. Xpodo-rroXLs, -eow, 4, [xpvads, iroAts], Gold-town, Chrysopolis, a city in Chalcedonia, opposite Byzantium, once used by the Persians as a depository of treasure, hence the name; now Scutari. VI. iii. I6; vi. 38. Xpv-6s, -ov, 6, gold. III. i. I9. Xpvrovs, -7, -ov, [for XpUV-eos, -a, -ov, from Xpuvos], golden, of gold, gold; gilded. Xpv'coxarvos, -ov, adj., \Xpvuad + XaXivos, bridle], with gold-studded bridle. I. ii. 27. Xdpa, -as, 1, place, spot; position, post rank, condition; land, country, regionz. ev dvasparoosv Xwp elvai, to be in the condition of slaves. ev ovi etUa4 XCp Elvat, to be of no account. X'oAPio, Xwpfjcaw, KcE coplJa, eX)cp7??ra, impf. cXwpovv, [Xc6pal, move, advance, proceed, go, march; of weapons, penetrate; of a measure, contain, hold. Xoopit)w, XwptcS, aor. eX&6p0aa, pf. p. KceXpir1.atL, [Xwpis], put apart, set apart, separate, detach; pass., be different, differ. XOpCov, -ou, rT, [dim. of Xc6pa], space; place, spot, district, fortified place, stronghold. XopCs, [Xwpaj, adv, and prep.:I. As adv., apart, separately, alone. 2. As prep., apart from. XapOS, -oV, 6, space, place; open place, ground, field; country, country-place, estate. Iipos 1 P. TPapos, ov, 6,,Psarus, an important river in Cilicia, rising in Cappadocia, passing through a break in the Taurus range, and entering the Mediterranean Sea southeast of Tarsus. I. iv. I. idyow, ~e'Tw, aor. beia, blame, censure. VII. vii. 43 +tEXLov, -ov, r6, mostly in pi., bAta, bracelet, armlet. Cf. N. to p 70, 2. 4veuSeveSpa, -as, 5j, [root 4EVu in evOuis, irevpa, ambushl, feigned ambush, false ambush. V. ii. 28 qrEUS8i, -eI, gen. -eos or -ous, adj., of men, lying, false; of things, antrue, false. As subst., +vSes, -eos or ovs, To, pi. evu5o, lie, untruth. e+USou, eEvraw, 4evi'a, aor. mid. eC4Ev0o0X4S,, pf. p. 4.,eva-lat, aor. p. sEE~u0Onv, cheat by dies, cheat, beguile, deceive, disappoint; - pass., be deceived, be mistaken, be cheated, be disappointed; - mid., prove false, with ace. prove false to. il#T4>C(ro, 4/y(puI, *eA7'1Ka, Ei?7tplra, [Lq'pos], count, reckon, originally with pebbles; -mid., +rn+Ctop.at, -'LOu/aS, &4niqnyasw, Ec4agpsaouflv, give one's vote, originally with a pebble; vote, carry by vote, resolve by vote, determine. 4t4f+ os, -ov, b, JIoLo, rub], pebble; hence, as pebbles were often made use of in voting, ballot, vote, resolve, decree. In voting white pebbles were counted in the affirmative, black pebbles in the negative. itXos, -4, -dv, adj., bare; of land, bare of trees, bare; of the head, unprotected by a helmet; of soldiers, with light armor, lightarmed. 59 flirs +jtXo'O, 4iAxco-w, impf.?lRAovrv)7, pf. p iAwotzaa, \ItAo's1, lay bare, strip bare, strip, clear; - pass., be free irom, be clear. +o&0(E, 0o(f>7aco, b(pfp7Ka, eiAppo7rca, [iu6<posJ, give Jorth a sound, make a noise, sound. IV. iii. 29. +I64os, -ov, 6, noise, sound. IV. ii. 4. 'X4I, -s-, 7, [1VXw0, breathe], breath; ltfe, spirit, soul. XuEYuv ras ~UXaY ailuivovas, we have more courage. +ivXOs, -cos or -ovs, Tr, [LvXw, blow], cold, in pl. iPXEa or vXWi, frosts cold weather. Q2. &, 0, interjection used with the voc., usually best left untranslated. B, see Eild. 4, see 8s. SSe, adv., [86e], thus, so, as follows, in the fo/llozing manner. n5i], -js, 4, a[det8w, siZg], sony, ode. IV. iii. 27. 0o, &ow, & 'wi, er wtC,, ush, thmrust shove; - mid., thrust from one's self, force one's way. OLtro-6s, -oV, 6, lO[iCw, push], pushinog, jostling, strugz ing. V. ii. 17. &wjoLELos, -a, -ov, adj., [Ao's, raw, +4- f3os, from BoOs], of untanned ox-hide, of raw ox-hide. fjI6s, -, -do, raw; of character, unfeeling, cruel, savage. oV.s,-ov, 6, shoulder. &VEiOCLL, &vvoovtat, e'ivf7lat, 2 aor. TrpsidzAEv, buy, purchase. IVmLOS, -a, -ov, adj., [&vos, price], for sale, to be bought. As subst. in pl., VLCa, -onv, rd, articles for sale, goos, oswares. n'2,rLs, vlriroso,, Opis, a city in Assyria, situated on the Phys pcpa 160 4iXLXOS cus river near its junction with the Tigris. II. iv. 25. SPCL, -as, r, time, season, season of the year; tile of the day; fit time, proper time, the time. cpatos, -a, -ov, adj., [tbpa]. seasonable, timely; ripe, in the prime; of men, in the bloom of youth. As subst., in pl., wpaUa, -ow, -a, rie fruits, frfruits, produce. cs, proclitic, [Ls], adv., conj., and prep.: - I. As adv., as, how, so as: after comparatives, than, than if, as OaTrov i 65s -ts &v &Efo, quicker than one would have thought; with superlatives, as possible, to the utmost, as Ws 7rA.e0-TOL, as many as possible, W s TdXiCra, as soon as possible; with prep., as if, WYs cis jtXqv, as if to battle; with part., on the ground that, in vew of, for the purpose of, apparently, as ws KpaTrv, on the ground that he was victorious; with inf., as if, as as cvarabvaeOat, as if to rest; with numerals, about, nearly, approximately, as ws XAitot, about a thousand. 2. As conj., (i) temporal, as, when, after; (2) declarative, -= -t, that; (3) causal, since, because; (4) consecutive, so that, so as, that; (5) final, in orrder that, that, so that. 3. As prep., with acc., up to, to, as far as, against. Ws, adv., [os], = o'TWS, thus, so, in this way. o-auiTss, adv., [W's + arcWs, thus], just so, in like manner, likewise. (cTrrep, [6s + riep], just as, even as, like as, as; just as if, as if, as though. ai-rFp e6pv, as though it were possible. o'-,r, [(ws + Te], conj., primarily and so, used with the indic. and with the infin.:I. With the indic, introducing a statement as fact, so that. 2. With the infin., introducing a statement of consequence, so as, so that. OTELXi, -eS, -, [obrdw, wound], wound, scar. I. ix. 6. TiCs, WTriaos, i, [oVs, 7r's, ear], bustard, named from its long ear-feathers. &*Xe\6, see 6eChko.,<eXECIo, -*ffwr,,cfA\qlrca, pxA'xara, impf. (pe\xouv, [6feAos, benefit], help, aid, assist, be of use, benefit, be of service to. 4Xijjios, -ov, adj., [o(peAos, benefitl, beneficial, of benefit, of use; expedient, serviceable. University Press: John Wilson & Son, Cambridge. 'Reviewed by Preserv-,, in 199 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DATE DUE SEP 1 4 198 i~~~^ ^ ~~ ir -. ~ ----,,, 141. - '^S- 'IN^,,. 1 -,,- Jul* ^ 129S?' 14q8 3Jt_ ari * jIrl - x. I JA 1 ~ _, c i it - - zt2 SEp1 I 1991 UNIVERS[FY OF MICHi&GAN 905I'f!till lllllJ0ll 3 9015 00508 0927 DO NOT REMOVE OR MUTILATE CARD