/ Class i /'L,.?// No. i —; Presented by -A. H-. BARTLETT COL LEC-TION ON THE PHILIPPINEL NO: 3.. 9.1 L A -r-I (I i:I A) 4 ~'Z-l '14Y Jr 4. ~zs 3~- /4k THE GOVERNMENT OF TIIE DEiARITMENT OF MINDANAO AND SULU SULU WRITING An Explanation of the IVIA rT - ARABIC( S(C '1 T7' As Employed in Writing the Sulu Language OF T1'E1 SOUTHERN PHILIPPI'NES IT BY (. R. CAMERO)N..lsisbtant to the Departmen t (tovernor, D)eparltment of Mindcanao and Si(u, ftor',erly Superintende6nt o' Schools of the Mor'o Pro vince. ZAMBOANGA 1'. '1. THE SULU PRESS 1917 3 3q 3 PREFACE TI'lls Imnolgraphl is the fruit of thirteen years of assoeiation w\ith the Suilu people and study of their writings. It endeavors to explainl the use of the Arabic letters as they have been ladalpted to wvriting the Sulu speech-an adaptation herein referired to as the Sulu-Atrabic script. It is prepared for students and not ollly hlas a copious index, but paragraphs have been luimbered F facilitate reference, and cross-references are frequently given in tlhe text. Clearness is the primary requisite il a wvork of tilis kind and no apology is made for frequent repetitions. While it is advisable to begin with the first paragraphl landl stludly the Iook in order, the most imlportant information lhas been segregated into tables, and if time presses, a study of thlese will give the main facts necessary for reading purposes; Ibut in order to write the Sulu-Arabic script, the fuller explanation of the text nmust be studied. Various references have necessarily been mnade to Arabic, ill contradistinction to Sulu, usage, and in such cases, Wright's.Arabic GrammLner has been accepted as authoritative. This I)ook is referred to in the text asW "r. r. A Gram".', and referenes are to vo)lume i, unless otherwise indicated. Effort has been mlade to avoid the use of technical words of A.rabic grammar, but when necessary to express a new idea and avoid a cumbersome phrase, such words have been adopted without hesitation. Moreover, in citing Arabic nouns, except in a few examples, case endings have not been given. The sections referring to purely Arabic usage are plainly indicated and may I)e:omitted by the student, if desired. Examples are Sulu words iunless othierwise stated. iv Thie laboI of )Lipublisling tliis wo)r'k will b,1 a1jl)lc'Cilted(! w 111, it is stlated tihat the printiing' lIas 1been d(one I)y MAlro bovs, - lo, a, few mlollthls prior to beginnlini work on this book, lhd(l \ever seenl a printing press; tlat Aralbic tvype, is ud1(l1er aivx' (circulistlances difficult to set up witlh Eng'lliish, and tlhat the AI'allic type here used —like all such type (from oriielltal founlldries —is,not mechanically perfect inor of a uniform heiglht; that Il(absolutely no one lIas been tavailable to assist tlie author 1y c('iticisilgo thll( text and( its arran.gement, or by re1 ding ploo(f or idilel xiig; (a1d tlhat the ground covered is virgin groundl \itll no publica.tions tP guide or furnlisl information. Except as regallrds the, A\ralklibi.ll information has beenl obtained first-lhand froml tle Stllls. The' author had intended to adid to tills work, a Stilti (-raiu1 -mar and a Sulu Dictionary. both in Roman letters based upo l)( tlie system of transliteration an1( writing liereiI estalblishe(1. Altho considerable material has already been giathered,' i i s n1ow doubtful if tlhe two remaining works will ever be (olmpIlete(l. Future works in Sulu for the use of Englishl-slpeaking peole rmlay advantageously be written in Roman1 letters. rTlis course will permit publication in 1any printing establislhrmeit and Nwill satve considerable expense. and endless worry.and 1annoyanc(. This monograph is publisleld by tlhe (Governmlet of tli I)epartnlment of Miidan)ao a1(1l Sulu to wlNicll the aluthor has (lonated his work. One of tlie chief aims of tlie latter is to provide thte Sulu people-an1d others-wiithl a logical system of writing the Sulu language in Roman letters. It is also greatly to be desired tlhat more English-speakiglg people may be encouraged to take upL the study of Sulu and otier languages of the Philippine Islands whicl utse andapted Arabic script. In facilitating such study, it is lhoped) thlat this worlk maIy assist in bringing order and system into the chaos lwhichl now pervades thte spelling of Plhilippine words, especially as regards geographical andl othelr proper Iamnes. A study of tile subtle phonetic (listinctions involved in thle use of the Sulu-Arabic script will give a keener apprehension of tlhe sounds of the Philippine languages an(l will place tlleir pl)holnetics'o a more scientific v aIsis. The:a(tl)otilonl at this tilme of a rational systlml for the spelling of Pllil))ilne words will 1merit the gratitude o{f unborn multitudes Who \will 1mi day occu)ipy these Islands anld who, lundier tlie quickeniing of liberty alld education so (liligently tostTered during recenl t years,,seenm dlestilned to take tlle t political lea(lership of the greatt Malay Ra.ce. For assistance in vtarious vways, acknlowledgment is here mlla(ld to 7/ie Ji.illt;aole; Ht('i; t) 1 er, to I)r. N..1. Saleeby, first siuperintendent of schools of tlih Mloro Provinlce, iand his brother, E'. AM. Saleeby, both tlioo Arabic scholiars; to Tuar Sl heiklh Mitistafla Bin Ahmad(, ssuIerintendelit of 5Morlo schools; to IHadji (Tulamtl r-1rasul, assistant to the pl0ovinlcial goverlnor of Sulu; to Alexander Schue'Ck, formerly tlhe aulthlor's a.~ssistanllt; and last but not least, to lluse'in UtkkluTig, manageLTr f The ^f1dni vS. It(, (. 11. (. Zar,1oan1ga, March, 1917.../ v i TABLE OF CONTENTS ( 'hapte,' 1. ( apte,' 11. (:hap)te,' 11. ( th/ap k,pf ' I.. IV. F. PI age r ttroduction........................................ 1 The Phon tics and Transliteration of Sulu ( 1-9)..................................... General Observations oni thle SullArabic Script (~~ 10-14)........................ 12 Transliteration and Power of Conllsnalnts (~~ 15-63)................................ I1 Writing of Haizah (~~ 64-73)............... Transliteratiol, Power, and Writing, of Vowels and Orthographical Signs (~~ 74-113)...................................... Writing of Consonants (~~ 114-1 31 )......... l)iphthongs (~~ 132-143)...................... 1(O; Numerals, Punctuation,, and Enclitics (~~ 144-151)................................. 115 Foreign influence onl Sull ()rtliography (~~ 152-156)..................... 131 Specimens of Sultu Writing..................... 135 A Phonetic. A Iphabet............................ 147 Index.............................................. 15.2 Chapter VI. ('rhapter VII.. (Chapter I 'II. (Chapte, J]X. Appewi. I. iAppendix 1I. vii Numbered Tables T7'( 1, I. IPaage 'l'he Consonants, Their Transliterations, Names, and Powers, in Arabic d S u lu........................................... 8 It1 TOable II. Ttab' I I. Table I '. Writing and Transliteration of Vowels following Hfamzah and Other (Consonants, and Power of Vowels ill Sulu an d A rabic.............................. Vowel and Orthographical Signs, rTheir ''ransliterations, Names in Arabic, Malay alnd Sulu, and Powers il A rabic and dSulu............................... FormsII of Consonants with Sulu or A rablic Words Illustrating Their 1se.......... (C'olsolnants A rrannged Aeaording to Form, Including Malay Forms ()cc(asioln lly Found iln tSul....................... I)eclen sionl' f Sultl l'ersonal P'noInotnl:s, Slpelledl holnetically................... 44 62 91C) 128 viii ERRATA. I a ie Iilne For R1ead 1. <2.4 19 23 49 to 5)8 60 62 (;2 81 9 16 -,No. 14. No. *3 through Althougl sai Ao ( ). ~ 69], [~ 9(;! dlai-dai' dliba,, - 14..i,. Al tho ( ' ' llotlil ). ~ 70, [~ 70 dai'-dai' di(bal,ah No. 6 23,87 17 Strike out and endsl. witIl. vowel, whiether the latter is foll(ow\ed by ha1, mzaht or not". I a pre fixed particle (,a pre tfixed or 8s I 9.7 No. 11 ti ~r i4 infixedl particle 120) l) g liii(tait i~,,ai ( INTRODUCTION Tlhe Sulu languallge is spokenl l b y labout sevellty-five tlmusan11d Mb1a1illfla(1a1s, am(1l is the (ollllmercial luiWa fri'mcaU a11(l vehi le of writteil tolnghlt for aboutlt seventy-five thlousan i othlts, whose usual sploken deliale't is Samal, Ba.ja, or Yakan. All these live il, the Sulu Ar'lipelago, eastern'l Ilorle,,asilanl, and the southern extremity of tlhe /Zali)oaiga peninsula. Like tlhe otler langutages spoken by \uhanlnalanize( grouips living inl the Philil)pine I1slads, 1alled1 i\Ioros, it hlas borrow~ed its alphabetical systemil flroml the A rabic through the Malay. iJust as tle Tagalo)s, Bisaa i s, 1l I localos, a1dld otherl lingutlal (roup)s of tlhe Nlorth when (lllistialli('l e ladopte(l tlite alphlalb(t (of tlie Spa)niar(ds, so thlese southetrn (roups upon their (.)Vri'o teo Islam l five (entu'ries 1g, ap)l)li(ed thle.\'rli'c llllhabet to their nati(ve tonllgtle. It is not diffi(cult to le(arn to rea(l the Sulul-Arabic c(lialtes, 11o1' to \write them so) tllhat they call be 1lld(lerstool. lBut to write them coilrectlvy rIe(luirles extende(l(l studly. ''le \rlabs wer1 l)roudl of their beautiful andt expressive languattlge and d(eve1loed its li( ceties t) all astonlisliing d(eoree. Tle letters vere aIso high iy sI)e(ialised and adapted to fit the )pec lial'ities of tle la iguatge until they constitute(ld by far the lmost comilplex,.s well as lm.ost,beau~ttiful, system of alphabl)etic writing of wvlichl we have any rec1 )( I. 2 SoInl o(f tle liiceties of \ rabIic witilg ( 'e're Inecessarily lost ill the (ladaptationl to other hlaingages, but fortified ill the lhas nlo cnception, of the compllic(atte rulle s \lwhich( g.over(1 til i choice lanld arrangement of the two hund(red lor le characters which make nu the simpllest A riabic fonts. T11e etffo rt, rel.l(diredl to masters tlis systeml of writing is l(gret, bult it is a p)ions,.stludl, for it is the writillng, of thle.Koran1. Th'I'lle od(lillnary westerlil 1rpean system, called Romal, is vastly easiel to apply, hut canl scarcely gaill a c(m)ilete victory inl the wr\itillg (f tihe la t,(gu spoken by a MUhala1111111danll pe ople since it is considered to he al iligiouis uty to readl tile Koran ill the oriinll..Although al)out tell 1p(cr cent of tlhose using the Suili Iaaiguage arle able to read and write it ill Arabic characters, this is(lone with varying degrees (f accuracy. Few Sulus ar able to give all intelligilble explanation of tli e princil)les lupon wh ich the ir writing is based, an Illa majority of thllell lus tile rall i(c s(i)t witlh extraordl(linaIr inaccuracy and(l (lisregard(l forl th ese priciple.( The task of the lealrner, therefore, ill his etffort to acquire tie written language (i( the Stllus is one of the greatest dlifficullt. As a result, the writings oftlile Sullus 11d (1ftlIe other Muhatllll adal rroups have, witll a v'ry few exceptions, remllailled a closed (ook to investigators. Furtheromore, evell the acquisition of tlhe sp1)ken language is discour'aged by alpplarenlt dlifficulties (of the scriplt, ald(l our government officials h ave usuallSy relied l ll)ol translators 111and inlterpretelrs witlh the consequent liability to misitakes and dIecep)ti(,)n. tIe 1('1, glisll spelling of Su lll1 prope'r a11)8e1(s, botlh gogrl'alphic.,l 1 an1d personal, is ill tlhe very greatest conifusion, 1and tis allso is duil largely y to iglloraInce of tlhe Arl\)ic scrip)t (a111 its correct t r Si slit(nitio I. Tlie (c colio title '' )<attu"' is fre qu In tly written II),itto' or bI)ato". ''Kawas-Kawa,' a 1rrio of Zaiil)oanga, is lilso( writtei, ( au1-( C1an awa, -C, or 'Kaua-Kaua I l I)tl (,If tllt ste ('iscs a1;1 aIllerence t the t n t tlislite raltedl f)orms 1)(t( al( ha<td (t-J,,11< \oldlt l \( )i(l a1i (' confusion I's volu ie, tl leref ore, hlas tle pu11 pos f enabling lear1 1es to read( SullI 81( \write tile language properly, and of fixing sta1id(lard(l for tralisliteration. Witlh a very few minor (lifferelnlees tiie system of writing ler'ei l explained is idlellti(call witlh tliat uis(ed,-y tlie Magindalllau [ AIulaniiada1ns of thle Cotabato valley and tlhe Lana Mlil 1 lha 1adais of the Lake reguion. 1( limastery of SIll writin\ g \ ilel )le (1any one wo 1ias a speaking knowledge of Maginl(8 11 a1(n1d Lanaull to read a1 (1 write tlhese (dialects witlhout dlifficuilty. T1e dialects imentioned are, of course, vwidely lifferent from Sului, Ibut tlhe letters nused are almost idlentical. (C TII I A PT The Phonetics and Transliteration of Sulu ~ 1. I Io reldcial to Rllolall c(l1 aracters a lallguage wllicll is alreadly written ill the cllaracters (f anotllecr alplihaletic systeil, it is (lesiralble tliat the R(omlIan charac(ters a(l(o)pte(l slloul(ld represent the correct pronuncizatiolln of the wor(l aIId at the s1 —ame time Ilake possilble tlle alccuralte relproluctiol of tle word il the foreign characters. ''lit is, tlihe system shotul(l e phonetically accturatel land ailso a strict tiransliteiration. When one (considers, h -owever. that tlie Sulu is not entirely phonetic, as written in the Arablic chlaracters, it is at ois ce alpplaren llt thit 1any tmransliteraltion will fail il one or thle otlher of tlhese t\wo requiremenlts. If we transliterate exactly, tlhen tle Romlnan spellilg will suffer thle sall lphoetic (lefects as tlie Sutil owriginal. If we make tle Rolman spelling lphonetica -lly accutrate, it w\ill fail to indli(cate the econveltional sp)elling in Ar laiic script. g 2. T'lie lack of pholetic a(cculracy il wr\itilng Sulu is duce to two\( circumstances. J1 tlhe first pla.c, Sulu c(ntains certail sounds, b)oth vowel an(l consonantal, wli(ihil are not l)rovidedl for in thle script tadoopted from tle Anlralic lianguage. So far ias tlhe conisonantal soun(ls are concerned, tli 1 hack Ilas been suppliced either by altering tle powver assignied to tle Arablic conIsomnanits as in tlhe case of ghain avid fd (see table I), or by forminig 1new conlsonants as in tlie case of ch(lt, nga(, and nfi. The vowel signs ii Arabic a're three ill umlnber, and as a very general statenment, 4 ~4 1 epresenI)t when unlenlgtleneld i(l ln vig thleir original power, the soullds of u in 'Ifull'", a in ' sofa', nllld i ill "it", and when llengthenled, thell (' c esl)pondlig long soulllds of a i 'rule'', a in "father", ald i i ",m' acelilI'". Spt.ecial vowel signs to represent th e )eculliaIr Sultl vowels have not yet been formed, the u, vowel ser ving ailso to represent thle sollnId of () in ' theory" and an obsc('re f souli. Ite v)wel occa''sionall1y serves for the rare indeterlmilate slnd(l (f t i "'filia;l", wh]ile tlhe i vowel has someti(mes tlhe( power o(f ( i "''et'".. The excess of Sulu vowel 1 st(s v('er the nulnl)er of graphic v(owel sigls availalle( is ther(efore(' a p)ri(cipl cau.ise for t]he phole()tic ial(C(uraWy of Sultl a;,s at p)i'('eeN'llt writte1).. Another cause is (lepe'l(lent upl)) I (dit'(,retly (')trary circunmstance. The Arabic pllhal)et c(oitailis fourteen consonants represenlting soiunds not foundli ill pure Stilu, ad(l wvlhi(l tile greatt majo(rity (f Sulus are lI nalble t1) prolliounce correctly. 1flese (olsonanlltsare tha ha, k/ha, dlh(lt, z^,.;i.1;l,.((t, 1(1, ht, zI(, ',(i, /huii,jfi, and kaf( see table I ). 1ndeed,( nine of tlhese fourteen consonants, ha, kha,.sad, dad t(f, z.,-, ',ai, qh//,,in,. and ialJ, reprelsent sounds, not found in I14n lish, whlich aire among tlie most (lifficult encountered in any Semiitic or A.\ryaI la 11,gua1lge. N evertheless, thlese follurteen consoillanits:ll ()ccasioi1all found ill written St1ulu, eing employed inll Ar.\bic wor(s 1and plhrases which l have retaftined thleir original s)pe, lig. 4. In p11)ironounc(ing suclh words, tlhe grea.t mass of the Sulus, w\I() Ileithl(lr read o(mr write, utter i nstea(l (of the foreign sound, thel Slut s(uld vllichl sei to appro)xiate].T-ereto most closely. 1 (ldeed, if t(he w\(r(ds ill questionl are at all frequently used, they soe(ti1s,loset tlheir tfo(retig spelling and 1 come to be written witlh tlhe, letters replreseltilig tlhe Sulltl prl))llllli(iatio)l of the w\orl. It woull 1e emllilelltly' selsible to give, tle plaill tSulu spelling to ill Arlabic II wor s w lwhicli llave (ecome n1 itegral l) art of tlie Sulu a1 1 Ilage. But tle Arabic words and phrases are i,tr)oducedl tby tlie edlucatel class wli read tli '1e K(' 1, and it is a 1iiark of edu(lticationl to r'etaill thleir original spellinlg 1whel writinlg Sulu. W henl stl(l4 words o1r phnrases are read, thle letters represelitiilig -Iany of tle fourteen nonll-Stili s111ids containled tlhereinl ale givell a pironutllciatioil which varlies witl thle edlucation of the speaker. Ilnee, tlit se sam-e speaker \will frelquently p1ronoun(ce the samen letter i sevl e' ifferelt ways with i a very silhort time.l h1oru exampllP~e, tile prolnuliciatioli of Z(ti (tle Z. o(f the A rabic alpII(a!bet) varies from a clo.se aIpprxiiatio to z ill "zone, to.s in "so", or j in "jest". 1)if (th in "tlthat" ) is p)ronounced like.s is "so", j in "jest", or 7 in "nut; and so 0o. This is the sccol(1l c(atuse f)rl tilte pllloitic illnaccuracy of Sulu as \writtenl iii tlhe \'Arabic scriplt. ~ 5. (areful investigation shows, Ilwever, thlat tle secon(llarV so(unls assigned albove to e(ach of tlle tllhree origilnal vow\els, namIll1, o in "'theory', and obscutre,; inl 'fiallll"; and in " et", alre really vutrients of tlie original vo\wels usted 1b,- somle s)peakers and in somIe localities lbut by 1 no lmeals tilliversally. We shall not, therefore, greeatly, err ill phonetic taccur1(acy of tralllsliteratioli if we assign to each of tlle three vwel sigiis \wllat appelars' to lbe its primary sound in Sulu and wlhat is certainly its ml(ost conlmon sound. lThat is, u in "full", (t ill "ssfa", anl i il "it". IJach of thle three written vrowels hlas a correslpoll(lilg (llong form representedl in tlme transliteration, by a 1ma('crol' writt(elln above the vowel (u, a, i). I (;1 7. (). AS to the fourteen f(oreign collsonalliltal sounds( found il Arabic wo(ds intro)(lll(ce into the Stulul, if our syYstemln of transliteration provi(le(l solely for tlie( phollne(,tic repl)resenllttion of the soull(lx givell to them by a S 'ulu unalfl ainted('(l witll ra\lic(, special Ichaaclters to represenlt these I)ec'liarl 'onsolnnts mirgt be displesed withl, since tli sOunds utteredl y such a speaker would,e ol, tho,,se o('curiilng ili p1'ure Siului. But as the Sullus have no( lunlifori p itironunllciation for these (coIsollalitS, we should e obliged, in tlhe absence of an unvarynig conventional equivalent, to employ several equ(ivalet fo r (n al tllte samle character, varying \\itll its changillng pronunlllciation bIy (ifferentl individuals. Thle obvious absiurdlity nllld (colifsioli of tlis is overcome by assigning an unvaryIll illg equivalelint in thlle Romanll1 tralllsliteration t ) 've('. y Icharac ter e lployet) (l i \ Ar l)ic o0r Sul u. Each( ch(aracteivowel, or (colsonallt-)of tlhe Stlu-\Arabic( scril)t, lhas il t(he I ko()alll) its equivalelit, \wli('lc varies on(ly ill accor(lance with clearNor is tlhe (departlre from pholnetic exactness at all important, sinlce,;Ias bee exp)lailled (abl ov, tle priiariy vowel soun(l is always undlel'dto( )( )(d \vhllen used in p)1ace()f thIe varient. " 1 urthlern )ore, ry ulut, altlio prolntuncinig tlhe fourteen foreign conlsonants i11 vario)1 s w\ys, will inled(liatcly reco(').nize tl(hem whenl given( tl Arabic l ) onu)lllciation, o' even a\tll approxiimationl thereto. It is only necess'ary to bearl ill mindi(l tlhat certain characters of tle(, Arlabi scri pt varyt reguila rly i l pw )el' accol'(11. - 8s th 1'are nsc1d illn Arabic o1' 1ulu words. Tl'hese are t(he conllsolnants haiun and I. Except these tw\) consolnants, none of the fourtecn (colsoilnalts menltionedl ab)ove 8.s e1pl)resentiing ill tlhe Arabic, S I ~(; sou0l(ls foreigil to the Sulut, are' 1)roplrly used iln pi're Suilil words (see ~~ 48 and 5)2). ~ 7. D)ifficulties very simillar to those des'cribed hereill htave 1 een met with in llonillizing thle Malay lalguatge no less tllt II five well estalblishled( systemls being il, use ill the LEnglishl ad(l D)utch East Inldies. Ii 1))04, a c( mniittee, app)Ioiinte(l forl tlat purpose 1L tlhe gover' l('lnt of tlhe ie'teratt(e MIalay States, 1eportedl in favor of certainl rules to 1)( follw\ed wbhen writilig Malayl! in Roman letters. The systemt rTecom11111ded(l is practically a pholnetic one, goaiming to reproduce tlle words\\ as )'pr(nou ied (ly M [aalays ali(l failing to inldic(ate tlie form ill Ar\abic script of tle wordls tem1ploying thle pIeculiarlyl Airabic letters represen('tilng soun(ls not foundi in M1alay. Siince tie t eln ill vitew was to,build up a ) popular system of Rvomla script for IMalavs, tlite commlittee xi;was doubtless justified ill sacrificinlg many thliigs to simplicity. ITlhe prlesenlt system of Roillanizilg Stiltl lias for ole of its aims tllat of furnisllillg Eglllish-speakiilg people witli ail easy mleans of le(arning to read ad11(1 write Sulu in tlhe II tive script. Tbis aim mtakes accir'ac o(f tra iisliterationl a primary leIulisite a1d(fl tie systenia dopted, it is believed, hlas attainle( this enlld anld at thle stIIameI time offend(led ver little against simplicity or p)holletic accuracy. It is confidently loped tluhat, \ithl tinme, thl e system set forth ihere will lbecone a popular one for tile \writing of Sulu iln Roman letters-a (challnge whichl is lesiralble from lmany poilts of vie\w. (See ~ 14.3 for changes recommnnllelle(l for poplular ulse. ) ~ 8. The general prinlciple to Ie followed il selecting l{tRoma colsonants for transliterating t(hose of the Siulul-A ranbic sc(ri>t is, thalt the Sulu-Asrablic consonants which Ilhave 1o0 exact equi\vaIlent inl Englih sh ould Ibe truisliterated I)y graphic i ()difi(ca ~ ] () tions of the phoinetically relateld Eiglisl co()lsonlllnts which they most nearly approximate in pronunciation. If more than one Sulu-Arabic (olnsonalint be confused with the same English consonant, furtlher grapliic modifications of tlhe latter should Ibe emp)loye(l. This will aissure the keeping together, in dictionaries and i ldexes, of those words inl regaril to the prOlnunciaition) of which the Einglish-speaking student may be uncertain, since Ic and k, s and s, t and t, etc., are unlter tllis system arranged together in thet English alplhal)et, without distinctioll, the simple letter without graphic modification bleing, of course, given the precedence whenevertw() words.are otlhelrwise i(lentical. 'I'lius, in an English index, '/cj sloulild prleced((e i(ff, and ta should precede ta. Suppose, for exa1mptle, thlit the stud(lent hears a word which soulldls to lhin lile hk't m'tUmi1, and looks in thle dictioiary,nidler Li. As a imiatter of fact, tle word is not katn n, but icaw,i, people, but lhe finds it in exactly tlhe same place as tho it were sp)elledl as lie hadl supp)os(ed, i.e. kaitua, anld lie loses 1no time inl tlie sear.ch. lBut stl))0ose tlhat were transliterated q in accord1ance witl tlhe practice of some scholar, then [lot finding the wor(l under lk', lhe must continue his sefarch under (, 0or even under ch_ (since( * is;also often incorrectly pronounced like k, and is ti'ansliter-ated ch 1,y some after tlhe analogy (of "lochl"). All thlis useless effort is obviatedl by using k. andl graphic modifications tlhereof for t'ransliterating and thus: c, Ik, ki. In like manner, und(er in thle (lie dictionary or index is found dal, dhal, t1(d d,,<; under h/ is found ha and(1 ha; under s, sin, shin., and.Wl0; undelr tf,, fit, ai(1 ta1(; uider z, z.tai and za(. In this way, liffer(ent letters of the alpbll-bet, tl(he stolit(t 1Ioks under olne lett(tr oll, and(l \witliut trouble finds thle w\or foi, which le s(eeks, witli its colrrect spelling inldicslte(l, evei thlo) he himself I-as heard tlhe wor\\ inlaccurately. ~ 9). 'lieri, is still aotlher s advaltalgge iii the, svysteli (ll opte,(l. T'Ie IhRon man co(nso(Wlnant selected is that representing tle Elnglish sound( which the, A1rabic s01ound 1( ppl)1)oxilites most closely, al(d is thlerefore tlhaIt witlh which thle Arabic ('consonanlit isi most ordi1a filI (' acfllsed 1 inl,l poillinlciati,,.,The Sl,, ( as well s the Amer icval stid(leit of Su'nlu) (ordinrilvy pn[lolullce s z and l aIs. k, as 1, a ls.s. Is d, (t(. IlTis slos\\ tihe tel(denellc of the lalnguage and clearly initinilates that whe thet Arabic wotols (coIta iii4) these c(nsonants have become ('l tl'!v Stltized, thelt wvill 1 lIronoil(tnced withl s;ilille 1ki t.s,,, te. W\ttn tWlt tt itun. (11comes, tIlIe galphic 11o(lifi(ation alillv readlilv b)e (do)lpped( without d(oing violence to Sulmu orthographyi, and tli(e wod1.w/(1/(ls sp.oifit. It is no longer an A rabic word, it las shell'( its foreign clothing andl is Stilu. This transition to lphlioetic s)pellil1g coliuld not te (acco(tlilisthel were we- to tira sliterlate as/ as 1 X as etc., 1as (ho) somie s(hiollars. The transliteraltionls employled inll this work have een selected ill accordanllce with tile above prilncilles which ar I elieved to lbe acceptable frolu thle staioldpoinit not zonly of theory, but of prall(tical colvelnielice as well. To avooid the Ipossibility of digraphs bleing resolved( by tlhe learnerl into their elellents anl so )lpronoui(lnced, (as I-h?(t-I(for lh(f/h, Id(1-/h* fot'r ',11,/r, all digrallphis 9 I 11 "re printed 1iuderlilned(, exceItinlg c -and A Fg/. ( 'h (can oi ()e muistaketi. for c 1is lot 1ls((l inll tn.inslitrlitilng e(cp)t ill tis dig)rp1. Il like iminur, i(f (C;i lot 1)(e m1isleKliflg sinlce tliht )roP(r1 sOld O( F1 i oc (Qilih s o l0V hebfore a vowell and is (eitilel iun1Iproilouncealble before q. The undlerlinied digraphs are Ab, qh, i.h,.sh, 111and th. Dl)otted co()nsoi)anlts used are (1,,1, i/,,.s, Iand(:. Neitlter undl(lelrlinledl (digraph)ls 1 (ldottedl (co)0s1olnaits are Iee(lded for the translite'ration of pu)tie Suln words1(, Iutit only for tl(he t'nl]itt'ltion of A ralbic or1 otlieri V(ca1bl es of for)eig so011((ce Wlhichl still Ir Ia iI, tlheir original spelling. C(11A P'rI to I I General Observations on the Sulu-Arabic Script ~ 10. The lArablic aIlphlalbet as trealted( l y' AIraic glrammllarl'ians consists of 28 letters, all consonanlts, silnce tlhe vowels 1are not conlsidered iy the Ar abs to be part of the a11)l1"ae t. Moreover, h(tmza(h, a '"at(ch of tlie glottis", is really a co'(llsolllllt as will be explained later, lutit it is not so (considIeredl by the A rabs, tlhe a/lifJ being considered Iby them to enlllrace tlie h1amza1h. It is not therefore include(l he-re in tle AralbiC alpllabet althlo included as the first letter of tile colmnbined Sulut-Arabic alpl)albet. The 28 coMlsonants are ere givell in their usual olrler, followed by h(tiazah. and tlle three \vowel signs of tlie Arabic alplhabet, the reader 1einlg referred to thle note at the begillling of Table I for tle l)1onunciation of tlie names of tlie letters. As will be seen in Table 1, tlhe names of Arabic consollants usually Iave a long vowel which, when final, is followed by a /iszah. 'Th' motivs of convenience, tie long —vowel mark and thle,hat,,zall will ordlinarily be omnitted: Arabic Alphabet. 2. ba 5r). 8 ji., dh(tl 12 j 1I1 1: I 0). '*) I 7. Zat 214. 1.1. I ) -. ) us i 18.. 19). L 'tin 25. Q) nun.s i / I in, -(;). ha LOo~ "I14...., 15. da,.idl 1.. * ( a ls.Mj{( 20...ft, 21. 3 kQ _ 9. W'(t.. 28.' '22. 2 r. IhanZIh \'owels: I. (l, nni i _ag 2. f.f tl i h 0 ). lr(tsrah 11. 'lhe stli.tly Sll 1alphabet, that is, the altlia)lbet istedl to express the niativ\e soif(1nds of the Stilt] langtiilge, conHsists of Ihii rual \vith 19 other (consol ltnts andl **) vowel sins (Sl, g iveii below. ~ 12. 1 Ihere, als (sewher'e h]ertin, liii,/,i a11 nd the ()conson1ts11S al(o)pt(1l f'ro tihe A\ lit w\ill, in g'II eneal,,be refeirred(! to I)y t heir' A \l'li(c' Ile11(S, si (ce the Stluh I 11111t'I V'Ii'V fr'oM1 tliese o()Ilv trill the illabilit oft the Siitis to proliolice (ertainl of the \ra )i(c letter-s. IThe pe)tliarl y S ci]il (ilsolsn)11'Its ---/ 1t, 11(Jt, a111d i.l — having 1o no aes ill Ar.\lic, wiill be refen'led to Iby their Aia nes. Ihe A,\Ii' (os011o1111ts./1/1i; a1n( t./; will be so 14.~ 12 referred to Nv11en havinig tl ei( i. AraIbic p)O\werI, but vwhen ha161vin) their Sulu p)Ower, will be called /(t and /m). '1'lhe Stlill aii(s will l)e given to the vwel signls, (XC(pl)t whe refer ( rin"g e(1 ea s)(illj to tlle Arabl)ic lailguuge. ''lis last \'t1l' will al1Ipply to the ortlographical signs, when, i ndeed, the latter h11ave Sul i names. 'SU(f I lphIabet. 1. h1,,,.:Z(h S.,.,l f)/ I 2 \ tliJ '..., * /. 9}. 1I0. t'l ) It;. it /i t f 111.s..i 7. UUU1 / 4. l, -, 12. 0 Ir. J.'J 1. //h, I!). //',1/1 ) 6;. jiit P,{( 20. L 5!/. 7. c I/t Z - 1-1. I. %mo I,,.l.(f/I 2 -. l tu h, US. Th'l c('oisoilats 1111111'1'h d 5'., 7, 1(1d 12. ill the;alove\', aill)hllt. d(1 not exist il Ar.\alic hut were, used( inl tlhe.lad1av I!1ilag e 8(1d l(adopted into Sulu a;long witli the purely A\ ranlic letters. 1.. '1'The (conii(ed alllpll,,iabt, wlich'l is the ole explailled in these paIes, consists of h/,t'.h1i w\itli 31 other consonants and ' vowels, as follows: 1-4 I 15 fl/11f-. I r lic lp h/e(. 1. I(f, I11 '(/I, 'I 12. I (1/1h( 23.. nga 4.d j 1' (fa ) '2. 1:<. 14. 1 '(t Z( i 4 25. 5 kaf - j cj I. 15.r 16;. j I.-> 11. '"0 cr Sil.hi i 26. j kaJ 27. J lawm I _ _ tlle i). 1 7. sad'!n 28. 'ft ri 1iim, 18X. 19. * (ld(1 29.() nL) '1L,s. 1ha t(a ha 9. %,l I/, 20. ) 1(). 2)1. -.*) c 'd(1i, 32.. yqa 11. ) (,(l /(la (/ hatit ) ) 1. \V ()o\\ Is: 11(t to, t I,,; O. ha,,baha' ~ 14. Il tl A \alie Scriptt tle ci ()oSllsollnants lare consiered to Ie lby far the nmost ilmportant part of a word. I(lehd, in Malay 1'(,eglally, (1 usuallyl in A\lrabic, the vowels a.re not written at l. I'lie c s('o )iianllts, Ias in stenogralllphy, are \written first and, in 1(6 ' I ~ 14 S11iii, the vow)els ar\ e thell \v\littell ill their p1roper pla(es ah.ol or0' )e(Iov thlis oultliilte, ns tlio \\we s1l11(I write /Ai\'/, fol -m iliI". 1'I1 1A ialic sc r ij)t is \v r itt ii fo11 i()lIt to lIft, I ll te ( c()IIso II(-ItI of W ' or(l Md iiMi jo iiiel -0 1 \\ ri itte (II ( close l i the aseI ( of (.11i.(Ic - ters \wlhi(ic1 (ldo not )perillit of joining. 1 (xCel)t these six (on — sonllilnts, \ A/.i (1;:> */,,l, 1,.t /i,.11 tlW/ftl, 11 the coilsolulits lh1ave foui (lifferenit formis neeo)rdi(ilrg s theY a(re ulse-l lli connlieete(l, ( (onl'8ieted with Cl 8 h ino wt (' oll015son1nt onl, or \with 8 pr(ocedlillo (onlsolnnilt oilld, or witlh lboth. The six (eollSo-llflts I)bove menlltioned do not (connect with the following consonlanilt i dlll (coIse(lquentlV liN\ (' l)ut t\ wo follils —the form ulsed; alone andl tlhat co(lle(ctedl \withi a I preced(iniig consonantit onily. ("i I 1A PTE It I I I Transliteration and Power of Consonants ~ 1 5. The c(lsoniants ill the a(ccon (panying tal le lare arranlged ac(olr(Iing to their forms. The lon-Aralic consonants, ^ na, C( '(t, aldl ae./e, a'e illserted after relate(l forms in the Alralic ail)phaIlbet. tHamtz'ah,, here pla.ced first, is nlever so placed inl Airlabic, tllI, it is so)mILetillies givenl first place inl Malay. It seems reaso()nable to (d() so since the ha(mzath is the simpl)lest of the co()lsolla lts anld no vowel is uttered( ah)loe, without initial haiazat (see ~ 20). 1 w 3Ird clai'acter, la/(tdfij, is really not a separate conlso)nanlt lbut it is lbm, followved by (dtli the two beinlg writtell togethler. It is insertedl here merely b1ec(ause it is oftel regarde ((le 1y bIoth A:\rIal)s al(l1 Sulus aIs aI distilct ellcharacter. ~ 1. The naies of thel consonants, whether Arabic or Sulu, will, for the sake of co'ventienlce, be regularvly written without ma(cron or li a ztth, e.g. ba for ba', sin for tin, etc. For the lurpose of reference, tlhe inlformation given in tills chapter is concisely set forth ill Table I. But full treatment in tabular form is impossible, anld thle consonanlts whlich require further eluci(lation wvill l)e taken up in detail after some preliminary explanations hlave b1een inade. Table 1 here follows: 17 T A 1B LIE I. The (onsomnalts, Their Transliterations.. AY(,;e.e, (s1,d Jl)';'ers, in A.rabic an1 SIli,. Note: A is pronounced as in "'sofa '; (t as il "'fathler'; i as ill 'inl'; i asi il ''machine"; u as in 'rule"; (i as in ''aisle'; and a(t as ow ill "'ow'" Letter Tranlsliteration Arabic name i'ower in Arabic ( '); nothing htn(zah Sulu nlame (/,ul j(t,~ I j a ja ', ]l tl It Pow-er in Sulu I catch of glottis catcll of glottis ((,lif' prolongs J;tlathl; prolp for hlzahi1 t ta' tha' 1) ill "be(l" t il "tell" th ill "thlin" n, prlon(gs 1,,tatt',ts: all1' i )rop) for h1,,lzIh 1a, 1 in "'eed'' j --- — - --- i —..... — I ~ t iln "tell" _. _ _ I.. _ ii I I th R not in Arabic not in Ailic ' a / in ' new "'! in j iln 'jest'j J ' - i gttteral /. not il -, i ' EI nglish I I t I i t i I ih hi !(La.H (I 1, C ti?(e( I ~. i N>. Ietter, — _- _-~ 1 1...!~ 11. 1 12. 14. - 15. 5 17. lranslite(rltion i\ralic namle 'Power inl Arl; I _ - - —. -- I W'; "I"J,-t I n;niie i1 /,4,- ' ill Scotchl ch huh lie - "llocll "I,(11 I (t ill \Aal ic I not inl Ar )ic(,,1,, 17 i,, ' 1,,1,/1 (I</H1 fi 'then-l; 1;,," /,i 1: _, -,,;i 4:ill ' (ZOlle" j.!, i I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j~; ______ _ __ _ __ _ ________ __' " k i ' ' Ire //' i~!'i1,ir(1'i " I_ i.1 i.....i. j i '"jestt"'; ill nutl;. in so) e;. ] ' ' 1'1 1]77 T III 10)1I j i I je"st. in s i'S " 8 ill S(o ' Iii s,s/II s ill "So'' $.t I, I I -1.hiI. sh in "she'' - F- I i ~ ) -Hil, i 6. s ifl- SO ) Swd I,broad s, not in [ Englislh s ill "'SO I I_ I - — I- I i(tlble I, col ti tct I~ No. Letter ' Tnlslitenitinn 1_. 1 20... 22. '21., ' ',1 23. 2). A t II,~ c _ i I - -- -- - - --.- ---- --— ~ i -i rod l'(( t, not ill Eniglis l — l'lo i (l f, nl t ili: I i elisll i f (' oi isolnt. '. If<,!'( l, {llsotilt,.,...,;,,t i~ l':nglishl,ot ill.\A'Il)i(' llt i,, \'ai (...t.. i" i'",(t, /; 1),( t (l'd; l/(; / t(1 Pl'ower ill Sulu (1 il "(did"; 1, ill " (hed"; bit, i "slitl)way"': 1 in "lt(l t i I t I' 'tl lI ' a i U1,(1!(f i h.(l, t II: (/(I / ill "'1(ad":.sill S(!111"1S htt ~tl:'itI samil as In, I' (/ in "gkn.I' iln "si,"' /I in "kins ''k" /I' in "kionk".1 /I,) I., -(I f - i i (likilng /1. iomt iH I' (I i "si k" 1;' In ' in ' f-I:1S I I1 *1 - I I Al~ I 7:~~A -.. I z~: I~ - I - I I I ei.e ~ ~I.~~ -5 -. -I Ir - -4 - _ - - -C ~ C *.-.- - - 1~ -~ IF I CI _ A, I I -~ -z I I I _ II,_7 1 1 - ~ x i el. 22 M-W ~ 17. The prollunciatio ll of the Sulu-A.\llbic script is treated1 before tile writing of the samlie, silnce a k1lnowledge of the power' of the various consonants, vowels. anmd orthographi(cal signsisW a necessary prerequisite to ulliersttll(nillg tile rules foir writing them. It is not indeed hoped that tlhe reader will be a|ble, with these explanlations, to pro(luce the sounds of the pe(ulia~ A rabic eonsonants; that ability must come as the result of monthlts and years of practice and trainling of thue ear als well as the orgmans of speech, un(ler the guidancee of a competent teacher. 'Thlis ability, tho dlesirable, is not necessary for the student (f Sultlu.. The' Englishl-speaking readler is already familiar with six of tlheste consonants, wh!ich are foreign to thle Sulu — f h 1, jim, dh al, (1 za i, slhin, and(l. fa-a(111 as to tle otlher line, lie can at least 1do as well as thle native Silu whlo }las hlad little instructi0on in thle matter. rTle consonants are Ihere taken up ill tile order il whlich they appear il tile table. Note: *j bai,, Itrf, ' 1,,, a cIll, wi il l not be mentiolne(d il tlhese expllainations, sitlce these lett'ers are transliterated by, and have tlhe same povwer as, thle English letters b, k, m, andl a. But inl Arabic, whenl imme(liatelv followed Iby thle letter _. without any vowel betw(een, takes the sound of N ( Wr. Ar. (Gram., ~ 2 ). > is also, written by the Sultis for n /. ~ 1!) j 23 No. 1. / ha,,.zlh (7'). ~ 18. It(r.ulite(,'ttioU.- Except w\\1le1l initial ill a wlord, it is tl'ansliteratcedl by all apostrophe ('). \When initial in a word it is Inot tranisliteeratel, silce it is initial only before a vowel and 1)no vowel at the beginning of aln English word normally uttered, is without a ha)m rzak. IiThe trtle lnature of this sound( is apparently tiot rec(ognized in thle Philippile dialects except in those whielc (lemploy the A-rabic script. Tle reason seems to be that the Latill alphalet employe(l il the writing of all the northen dialects, co(ltaills Ilo clarlacter to express the sound of hamLzah. In Tagalo, it is (en(eav)ored to) supplly the want by the use of the grave accenlt ( '), but apparently the matter is b)adly confused. Furtlherlmolre, hanlza)R is lnot uan acceilt nor does it indicate the stress u1llp) the lpronunciatiion of a vowel which is ordinarily referlred to w\hen we speak of an ac(cent. Thlis stress may or may not ((.)!accompany t)he htazm)ah. 1For example in the word putti', hite, the (acce'it, suchl as there is, comnes () the t, and( not on the i, which Iltter is followed b)y the h(amz,.dah. 11i sigla', r(aplid, on the other hanll(, thie accent falls o() tile a, which is followed by the haamzth. It therefore seems hlighly desirable to use a distinct and sel"al'nate charltnacter for tile hamo)zah and, following the example of a.ilny elinelnt scholars, tile apostrophe (') is adopted. Te '1'1 n ame of this consonant, hacazah, compression, is from the].\Aralbi, 1and refers to the tension of the vocal chords when hamn0z',th is pronounced. ~ 1'. Power,.-AIltho writtel ais a vowel, hu,)uza^his really;a ((ons)onal t since it (ca. ble produced only in connection with a vo(el. Its soundl is so()nmetimes called the "catch of the glottis" 24 I ~19 -41 }ali!, inl tle initial forl, is ('collloil ill Ellglisl I!lit is Ilot wrlitteil. T'll1e Ill(lil forml is also foulll( ill l)illisil \words, Ieillg tlhel'' k 1ow1l a<s the "catch a }ccelit" as ill inat ', an r; a, /, 'a(ter. It coaisists of tile I ursti gi of tile (air thilr tle closed vocal c(Ilords annd eitheil be)tginis o0! (1(ls ill at c1pIl)lete stoppuage of tlhe )breath accompanll ie(d by (a clictk of the' chor(1d.ls, accotditiig ias the haI b,2ah. tegins o0l endls a vowel soundll. When tli-e ha/lnza- (c()oi(es between two vowels, being then c(alled( nmedial Ihan1(u1 co()I)let stoppage of tile lbreath occurs in the nmiddlle andtl is bIothl prece(ded( and followed Iy tile click of tlie v()ocal l(lor(ls a(l1 tlhe m1o)entalry 1rush1 of tlie lbreath after and bIefore tile )pure soundl of tlhe vowels is autlille. Hatmzalh may therelfole be initial, medlial ori final. There are lno essential (liffierieces in tl e tuse of trh(tzahc in Arabic and Sulu, thlo it is much1 less (listiictly articulated in moderi Arabic thlan il classic Arabic and ill Sulu. Even in Sulu the hamnxzalh seems to 1be weakeninlg anld is frequtently indistinguishable in rapid conove-rsation. ~ 20(. Every so-callel initial vowel normnally uttere(l is really not initial but begins with the_ initial hawmzah. If considerable effort be made, an initial vowel l may e uttere( without tlie closing of the vocal cllor(ls whlich( produces thle ha/,izah. Tlen, with the vocal chords alrealdy separateld, tlme vowel, falint at first, gralually grows stronger until tile full vohleiile of sound is re(achled. Normally uttered, 'ho(wever, the vocal chlordls tare at firlst tightly closed and the lbreath, momentairily cleckeled, bursts forth into thle full vowel sound. ~ 21. The medial -ha.lzah-hamlza(th between two vowelsalsr occurs in English whenl two vowels, comingi in juxtaposition, are separately pronounced. Such for example is tlhe hiatus ~ 24 25 )etwieen the twi o'x of '(oo)perat ti, titly and rapidly IprooInee (i, o)r Ietw\een' t tile tw) o's w \Ie1 we say "so) ol0d. No (loulit the mel(lil Iuse of h.aln(zah1 is thle clearest and most striking. It is the nmost freq(tlUent ill Sulu. Jl-tuaz(lh1 also occurs in the mil(lie o)f a word 1)etweell a vowel and a (onsolnanlt. ExampleslI: t, ' flsP, thinlr tIhira; ta'a, pertsonr; dan'rln, there; dli'ir, t rlhrer; pg ' (,ri/, haret,sting; gin'talg, middle. ~ 22. B1y tlie filnal h.i,hmi,'lha is i;ieant tlhe he,,.Zah wli(chh follows a x(vwel a t tlie end of a w)ordl. In every case itinal han)mzah is followedl by lttai (~~ 67 andl 9!)( ). Finill ham,1zalh does not seeml regularly to o(ceir' in ]English lbut liay be ll('ard( occasionally at tlie lend( of ceiltaill w\v)rds of excla[latio)l (or c(mman-d uttered collo(luially. 1FoIr exa1mple, tile wor(l "w\\loa" (usel to) stop a horse) \vwhe( uttlere( d witli a prolonged o soundi( endling with a quick exp)inrtion {of air ad(l a catch of tlhe vocal (chor(ls, illustrates tlhe use (f tlie final /iaitzah. 23. Filnal ham(z,.'a(l is quite frequlent in Sulu, its careful pro1luliciation being essential to tle (listinguisling of certai1n words othlerwise the same. I)i without hamzakh meatlls '"here; with the hamufz(th, Lc i it lmeans "not". Na meInc1s " alr eady "; wiithl hatu(zath /rt( ', it ilnlieaites tlie beginning of a sentencle. Oftel, the (listincti)on is mna.(de mor'e nmarkedl bl y p-ronounlcing the simple vowel long wlile tlie 1halzated vowel is shortened as in thle first example i ve.'1. ~ 24. Ha(-t zah is an illustration of tlhe great accuracy with lwhich(l tlhel AIrabs represented( tlie sound(s of their language. Altho existing in English, tilis soind lias never been reduced to writing, an(l it may b)e difficult for tle beginniier to detect it at first, but a little trlaining (of thle ear and praetice of the voice will soon 26 ~ 24 ] elnable him to (listinlguis ald tttrl it ls readily as (a.y of the more familiar collsonllnlts. No. 2. \ (ti] (nlmacron o(f,; nothing). ~25. T7'raslite)ratio. \. hell u1sed mlerel ' as a p1'l) 11 u1l which to write a h(l//,Z(/th ndl vowel, it is not transliteratedl. This use of the (dif is most frequent with initial lufmzl, and vowel, but it may, ill certain cnascs, l1) use(l as a po)pl il the' li(l(llc 0r at tlhe end of a word. \\hen utsed after tlhe voxwel hafa,' (,. the Aralb)ic fatihhl) the sound o(f which it prolongs, it is transliteratel 1,.by placig a acron ( ) -ver the (, which, without this tmark, transliterates sim pl- /thafi'as, a silort voel ( bult see ~ 1). ~ 26;. I')r(). -AIlit' ii A\ Ialic l was originally a /wmh,/it/, initial inl a syllable. In1 this ulse, it occulred(l, of course, mor0ief( frequently aIt the beginning o()f a wor(d. Later, the A labs ado()ted (I a special sign for writing tlhe ham,za(h ii all positions, whether ilitial, filal or medial, anl initial (jif lost its,,oper soll(l an(l (an(l to serve'1( merely as a prop, called " chair" bY the Arabs, to whlich when the writing was vowveled, thle initial hatm Izwl annd vowel were written. At the present 'time I)th ini Arabic anl Sult, when 1)lace(l at tlhe beginning of a w\vord, it serves as a prop for any one( of the vowels anIld(l accompanying initial hamz-ah, having no powver of its own, tlho in ixnvoweled writing it mnay indicalte whlere a hdiz.(th slhould l)e written. It is also used as a prop for medial and final hawmzal1 un(ler ('ertain conditions which will be explailed later in the rules for writing the haizali(t (~~ 69-72). ~ 27. A seconid use of alif is to prolong tlhe sound( of the the vowel hata'as (fitthah). WhenI so used it is written as tlhe consonant immediately after the 'vowel. T'le simple hata'a(s ~ 28 ] 27 is te equlivalenlt o a ill 'sofa wlile ha^tn,'tas plus a,!if is tle ( of ''fatlherl'. ~ 28. From thi.s circul.tltallce of loosillg its illdelltity andll;einlg a bsorl)bed inlto h(ttl'a wli ien used as a letter of p)rolonlgati)on al1if is c(la1ssed(l (s a w(eak, lettelr.: E1Xam.iple-,;s, hanizted (diJ: < r p(t, the, l, ini, I.i.s; th nui i'ht?.; t,(t'(x, h1i/h thub i 1; hab(t', 1o/ thiin/. Alfolf )I'f )lolgatioi: (1(htU, 'Ot(/;,(a, bring. No. 4. t, (t). 29) lPo'''. I-Thl\ Aa\ rie( pl'olllllciaition of this letter is somewh(at softer tihall tlit (f the L.lglislh t il "tell' 'and for tliat ireiasoi tleb A.-raic( t/a, to l(; explained later, is conSsidere(l to he mor-e nearly' thie equivalent of the English t. In S 11m, howeverl, fit is pronIounced pr'ec'isely the same as the Englislh t in "tell". Eixaslles: 7'itik, dot;,,(tt(,, )eye; tf'tlb, high tide. N, 5.. ^ t/h (th). ~ (). lPoer. —'l ih A il A.ralic is plro()oucedtl like th. in "thin". The ulledllucated1 Sulus, well ()counteringi tlliis clharacter in Araic( w\ordls, )proloumce it as s in "so". I(lucated Sulus, towever, l (ave (aclquiire(l thle A\rab)ic.sounds withl more or less a ccuracy and (employ thlese soundils iln plronouncing Arabli(c words, even wheI the wor\\ is ques'tion lIas become thoroly Suluized and miglht just:as lpro)perly receive its Sulu pronunciation. These words if ill ((cmmn uset, (,nevertheless, frequently come to be spelled as PIr'011olll(e nd l a tha gives place t(o ^ Sn. Exam)les. A ra;lluic I t l it,i Ml otA Io, ol I /land Tihalf,,lth/, Tt.'s(tay, are usuallly y pri) iloul(lc andtl writtenl Isii an11( tSa'(lait. N(o. 6.. 1l,( (/i). N31. )o'er.I. ]In pr)ollmuncltig tthe or'lilal}' r1 Elgilis l, wve press the front p)art of t}he t(ongleB, a rinst thle lrd I aIlte. l proIlolllC(*ing f, the l1'oi(ld lfliliddle l)li't of the tonglue is pl)(StS( I against tile high t id(dle i part ollf the hl(1 pIite s llt a suiestion o(-f a '1 souldl(l iS (develope)' with thle i. It very hi l resemillies Iiilench fil inll ((i(pif, hut the I/ is io(t so stiogly-1v utteel ais i Spailislh 1 in $1'C, 0's I'l 0i ill 1 E;1glilsh) '01li01o. e English wvord '"news" exeipl)ifies this s(otl(l t thle,beginning (of words. ' uhul Sul itei,'change this letter with:lE/. which latter (1onl)illnationl thi(ev sei to prefer., is Aialay a.1(1d SuII,. Inot AraIbic. Tihe form of tlhe letter ist tthat in vete l hv the IPersians to (express tlhe sound ()of /. Examples: ntit( in. (,ij.t~ (lft(( or,lmIi.ntI, 'orl,1,. No. 7. ji, (j). ~ 32. P'otwer,' a,(l 7W,,(,.llitci't),i,,i.-l11 ancien't A'kalaic, this character seems to hlave been )pronoun(ce(1 like g( in "go". 1n the old( abjad (~ 145)) arrangemient of tlhe Aralbic alp.habet. ji, was the third letter, thus c~rresponding to tlhe (1reck (mninmu. Later, jiml altere(l ill tl(e Anrali spoklen (dialects a1)(1 (acquiredl the pronunciation of! in "yet", j ill "jest", o.i ill "vision0I (French j in jour). Iit Sulu (11( and lmost universally i; the languages wl ichl have adopted the Aralbic( a11)phabet-l'ersia n, Turkish, Afghan, Ma1lay, etc.-jiil is pl1onouncedi(l like j in ~{34 ] 29 "jest". Persian and Afghan have even devised a special character, J,to indicate the sound of the French j. The sound of jim is, indeed, a cornpound one, being the sound of si in "vision" with an initial d, and some scholars, especially the French, transliterate it dj. The latter produces such awkward combinations as hadjdjadj and dja'dja' for hajjaj and ja'ja'. ( Examples: Arabic Jamna'ah, Friday; usually written Jtoma'tt ill Sulu. Sulu bujafig, maiden; jadi, be. No. 8. ha (h). ~ 33. ''owler.-Ha is a deep, faucal aspirate having no counterl part in Enlglis or Sulu, and is sometimes called a "wheeze". Ill its production the pharynx is constricted, and the posterior pillars of the uvula approximated. The ha is the fricative sound which results when air is expelled while the organs are in this position. The place of articulation is nearly that of the 'aiin, and ha may almost be said to be the surd sound corresp)ondlilg to the sonant 'ain. Ha, together with kiha, sad, dad, ta, za, 'ai(t, 1i)hami and kaf, is called 'emphatic" by the Arabs sirlce il its pronunciation, the position of the tongue with relation to the soft palate, produces a peculiar resonance chamber which gives a gutteral sound to the following vowel. Indeed, tihe modification of the vowel sound is, to the majority of Euroi)eans, the most mlarked characteristic of these consonants and their most easily inliitated feature. ~ 34. Tile Sulus give this consonant the same sound as hathe English h in "hat". Indeed, many Sulus ignorantly use ha 30 [ ~ 34 in writing pure Sulu worls in which 1 the soun(I is, of co(urse., a((. Ha is frequently final in Aralbie anlll is tenll (toully (lifficuilt for Sulus to pronounce. Inl suchll cases tlhe latter often give it tle sound of haczah, or d(o not pronolunce it at all. Examples: Arabic hal, codlitil); Ml[hawwt ad, 1 propel' name; hairan, a.stoni.ihe)t; (ah, cotc;.h,coret re usually lprnoulll'ed in Sulu hal, MJhalC11h(,ma het'(, anld S. No. 9. * /cha (kh). ~ 35. Power.-Kha in A\ralic is almost tlie equivalent of c/i in the Scotch '"loh"''. In1 its utterallce, tlhe rear lportion of the tongue is brought close to tlie soft palalte anll tlherelsby is formedl1 the resonance chliamber whictl gutteralizes tlhe follo wing vow\el, as explained in ~ 33. Tie sound of Ji/ is foreign to Sulus and is pronounced by thenr as h in "lhat", or / iI "kink'. Examples: Aral)ic Khiam'h.is, T?'htrtslta, andl Shaikh, a title, are pronounced Handttis lndl ShikO, olr bASti, 1y tle Stiulus. No. 10. cha (Ah). ~ 36. Power.-Cha is the surl correspond(ing to tlhe solnt consonant jim). It lias thle sound of ch in "clthurch'', whichl is really that of sh witli initiail t, just as tliat of tlle, Sult jim — Englisli j-is French j iwith initial d. Tlhe chlaracter ch1(/ is inot found in Arabic but was inventeld 1y tle l'ersians. Tle s0ount is common in Malay and infrequent il Sulu. Sonimetimes ill tlh latter language, the ch of a(loptedl alaly wor(ls is altele(r to s. Examples: bacha', read; kacha', vase; chEai, tax; a;re of Malay origin and are often vrittenl basa', kasa,', and skalcai, in Sulu. 3)S ~ ] 31 No, 11. I dal (d). ~:7. l)Power. Dal is the English d in "did" somewhat less forcibly articulated. Thle Sulus frequently interchange it with lim or ra. In nmany words, dal when written between two vowels, is regularly pronllounced ra (r in "roll"). For example, idu', d(og; ia(tdttq/au(t, goodl; are usually pronounced iru' and marayan. I nI phrases, even final -dal before the initial vowel of a following word, is often p)ronounced(l a, as 'miaqtagad aku, I wait, pro11 OUcled nw agtagaralku. T'le student may sometimes be puzzled whether to use dal r ' ra ill writing a given word ill which the r sound is heard. '1'le rule _is to use dal provi(le(l the d sound is preserved in any form) of the wtordl at any timte. Thus, dal should also be used as the finlal consonant of the stem of bayad, pay, because it is so prolloulncedl when final, altho in tlhe derivative forms in which the 1dal comes b)etween two vowels it is almost invariably pronounced ra. For example: bayadan, paid; bayadown, will be paid; bayadi, iay1! (imp.); slhould always be written in the Sulu-Arabic script \witlh da( and in tlhe transliteration with d, altho usually proIounced( bayaran, bayar'tn, and bayari. Dal should also be writtenll in hadfing, name of tlie Sulu knife, because it is sometimes so plronoun0ce(1, or at least was sonietimnes so pronounced when the written formll of tlhe word(l became fixed, tho at present tlhe almost uni versal pronunciation is barln'ig. This procedure makes the r sound(l of da a varient of pronunciation, not of writing, and tliat is as it s110ou(l dIe. No. 12. A /al ((1,). ~ 38. 7loWer. —rThe Arabic,lhat is the English sonant th in 32 r ~ 38 1 "that". It is foreign to the Sulus who pronounce it variously as if '' jest'', 'n in ''nut'', or s '' so''. Examples: A~rabicl IDh-i 1-Karnain, Hle, of the TJ'w 1-orns (Alexander the Great); 1)ial l-hijj)alh, the twelfth month of the Muhammradan year; idhi'm, pernuissiorn; usually pronounced and sometimies written Jtd/carna)in,(t., Nvd/aJjji', and ij"in, or (rarely) 'isuil. No. 13. ra () ~39. Powier. — The Arabic ra is the English rn in ''roll' ', strongly pronounced. The Sulu ra is less distinctly articulate(I and frequently interchanges with dal (~ 37), or' lami. Example: ra'ayat, or laayat, (commtvon) peop~le. No. 14. 9 zai (zr). ~40. Power.-The Arabic Z~ai is pronounced like z in ''zone''. This soundd(oes not exist in Sulu and zlai is pronounced by the Sulus as j in ''jest'', or ~;in ''so''. Examples: A rabic htamzah, expltainel a-bove 1(~19-24); Ziibaidah, a girl's iinae; usually pr'onomicedl ahija%' aid J~baida. (Juibaira), or Sutbatida (8ubaira). Note: This letter should in strictiiess be called za. It is, called Zai the better to (listinguish it from za (No. 20). No. 15. o Smn (s). ~41._ Powve-.-'In bothi A~rabic au1l Sulu,.bin is ilvtari-ably I1ronounced like s in "'so''-it never has the sound of s in ''is'' No. 16. shin (sh) ~42. Power.-In Arabic, shine is pronounced as A/ in ''she''. This sound does not ordinarily exist in Sulu and the Sulu-s- pro ~ 44 ] 33 nIoullce it as s ill "so". Sometilmes, illdeed, they use shin interclial.g.all y witll sinr to represent the s(undl of s in "so". But somnltimles also this solud(l, \\1lwhen ccurrinlg in Alrabic words, is (corr(ectly pro1)llnuinced. Examples)ls: Arabic ShalCiI, tentlhl month of tlie MuhanmIlla;lll ye(ar; S/(iikch, a title; are Iusually pronounced and written SM'tWal, ta11l Sik, il- Sulu. No,. 17. sad ( (?). ~ 43. Po(er.-'l'le Arabic sound of std is that of a surd, lin-gual, fricative con(son(-llt. it is sonetilmef s described as "broad s", ad1.1( lhias 1no colllunterparl)lt in Enlglish or Sulu. To pronounce sad, the tolngcue is idrawin so(-ew'lliat fllarthl(e' back than in pronouncing tlie (orlilnaly.s, tlle op)enling between tle th ip of the tongue and tlile hial'( p.alate beingl therely blroadened laterally, and at the samel tilme tlle trlact of tlie tonlue in c(lose proximity to the hard Ialate is leilgtlened from(- front to rear. The utterance is forceftll wlIile at its close, tlhe rear portion of the tongue is approximalted( ttlhe soft palate, anlIl tlie chtaracteristic resonance clhiamlI ber is therelby pr)duced which effects somewhat the sound of the following vowel. T'ie Sulus give sad tlle sound of s in. ' 'S. lxatc' 11le: A\rabic w(asla, an ortllograplhical sign, is pro1oU111cel U'(t.tla by tlie Suluis. No. 1 x. do ~'1 ( (}. ~ 4-1. I'oler.-Tills colnslonantal sound is one of the most elusive il Arablic. It is said to be peculliar to that language and the Arabs sonmetimes refer to thlemselves as the "dad-pronouncing )polle"''. It is a sonllant, lingual, fricative consonant, sometimes 34 [ ~44 called "broad d", and has no counterpart in English or Sulu. To pronounce it, the tongue lies close to the gum of the upper incisors, while the air finds an exit on l)oth sides of the back of the tongue against the forward molar teeth, bIetween which alllld the tongue the friction takes place. The fact that tlhis escape of air occurs in about the same place as in pronouncing 1, -has leadl the Malays and Sulus to conlfuse dad and lamn. At the lconclusion of pronunciation, the tongue is lowered and thickene(l plro(lucing a characteristic resonance chamber. I)ifficulty of pronulciation has caused (lad to becomrle greatly slighted 1antl corruptedl in some modern Arabic dialects'. The Sulus give this letter tlhe sound of d in "dill", b in "lsed", w inl "ubway, or 1 in 'lad'. Examples: Arablic dalmar..hi, lname of the.1 vowel, is pronounced darnma; dad111, llname of this letter, is, in repeating the alphabet, frequently pronounced bad, or biwa(i; Ra adan, the ninth month of the Muhlanlma(dan year, is usually pronolunced by the Sulus, and indeed written, Lamalatn. No. 1. ta (t). ~ 45. Power.-rThis is, in Arablic, a sur(, lingual, explosive consonant sonmetinmes (allled "b'road t", lland has no counterpart in English or Sulu, altho it is sai(l to resemblle Englishl t Imore than does Arabic tfa. To pronounce fa, the tongue is moved farther backward th.an for ordinary t, the tip is thickene(l, the point of contact with the hard palate is both lroadlellned and lengthened from front to rear, and the pronunciation is forceful. When the utterance of the consonant is complete the tongue is thickene(l behind, giving the characteristic resonance chamber. The Sulus pronounce ta as common t in "tell'. ~ 47 ] 35 Examples: Arabic Tahir, a proper name; Sultan, a title; are pronoiunced Tahir and Slutan by the Sulus. No.. 20. (z) ~ 46. IPower.- -n Arabic, za is a sonant, lingual, fricative consonant sometimes called "lbroad z '. It has no counterpart in English or Sulu. The point of contact of the tip of the tongue with the hard palate is farther back than in pronouncing zai, and the tip of the tongue itself is thickened, while, the tract of the tongue approximated to the hard palate is broader and longer than in pronouncing zai. When the pronunciation is terminated, the back of the tongue is thickened as in the other emphatic consonants (~33). The Sulus pronounce za as I in "lad ", or s in so Exsanples: Arabic zut/', noon; hafiz, guardian; are usually prono(unlced and written lahlul and hafis by the Sulus. No. 21. 'ai ('). ~ 47. Power.. -The Arabic 'atin is the Hebrew ain, but has no counterpart in English or Sulu. In Arabic, it is a sonant, faucal, fricative consonant formed by a compression of the larynx at the same time that the tongue is crowded back as far as possible and the fauces constricted. It is the throat sound having the deepest possible articulation and is sometimes considered to be the soiiant equivallent of the surtl ha. The back of the tongue and the fauces partially obstruct the passage of the breath. 'Aimh is sometimes coupled with initial hamzah, the two being pronounced together. Indeed, some investigators assert that 'ain is an "exaggerated hamlzaxh". This is not strictly true, however, since tho 'ami and hamzah may sound similarly, they are in reality of distinct origin, the Iutan/zaht. beillg. produced by the oxplosive burst 36 ~ 47 ing of the l)breath thlru the closed voc(al lchords, an(11 tle 'aiu by the partial obstruction of the lbreath by thle eomnpresse(l laryIl.x, the fauces, and the back part of the tongue. 'Ami is easily pronounced without hail.zah, tho it is pronounce(l by the Sutlus as htamzah only. Examples: Aral)ic 'Arab, Arab;,Jtin 'a(, 1'ridal; are p)ronounced Arab and( Jltma'(at l hy the Sulus. No. 22. q haivn (/h); ga (Q). ~ 48. Transliteratio)n.- (; h in is transliterated(l 1h whlen usedI in Arabic words, but by y in Sulu words. When thie A ralbic alphabet was applie(l to the vwriting of Sulu, no lette'r was found to represent the soun(l of g in "go' ', as this sound (1(es not exist in classical Arabic. On tlhe other han(l, the sounll of the.qhain does not exist in Sulu, anl therefore, very naturally, the (haracter ghai'n was called gat, an(l a(ldoptedl to represent tle c(losely related g sound in Sulu. Some Sulus call this letter again. ~ 49. Power. -The Arabic consonant, qghain is a sonanlt, v(elar, fricative consonant having nlo counterpart in English or Sulu. It is produced by forcing tlhe tongue far back against til, soft palate and the uvula, the latter being slightly trilled as the breath is forced out thru the vibr.ting vocal chor(ls. The result is a sound somewhat sinilar to tlhat produced(l by garglilg tlhe throat. Ghain is another.of tlhe "e'plhatic" ( consomants. Ti}~e Sulus cannot give ghain its proper soundl, andl therefore ipronounce it as g in "go" in Arabic words, while in Sulu wordls it is, of course, regularly used to express the latter sound. Example: Arabic ghulam, boy, used by thle Sulus as a pro,per name and pronounced by them Gulam. ~ 53 1 37 No. 2., tga (g). ~ 5). r,'t.,iterLttio.-r he digraph ngy has been selected to t.lrasliterate this sould b)ecatlse simple ng is so frequently givell anotoher soutlnd,,namely, tlhat of ngqq, as in "finger", or "prolongation" in which the nasal ng is followed lby a hard g soull(l. 'lThe ( Us(l I)y somne sc(holars is excellent as being a simple chlaracte(r, tho aIvaillable in few fonts of type. On the other lhandr, lgj is co(mm)only confounded with n1, anld ng, being a oll(lificatiol of the v, is tlhe preferable transliteration according to the principles set forthl elsewhere herein (~~ 8, 9, and 54). ~5 1o.,I,,'e.-lle character inga has the soundl of ng in '"iiig''. Ft occurs in Sulu at the beginnling of words and this, like final /, is Iat first dlifficult for English-speaking people. The fi(ga is MIalay anl Sulu, not Aral.ic. Exalll)les: ngJ(an, ntine; hbafna, fruit; tabang, aid. No,. 24..j fit (f): 'pa (p). ~ 52. 7'r(nlslitCeatior. - 11 Arabic words this consonant is trallsliterated by f an(l in Sulu words by p. As in the case of fhal.in, w\\'he tle Arabic;alplhalbet was adopted the Sulus foundl therein no char-acter to represent thieir p sound, and on thle other 1halld, having ill Sulu no J'soun(l, they naturally employed the Arabic character fit to represenlt thle closely related p soulid. ~ 53. Po'er.-The Arabic soundl of this consonant is that of f in ''fan'. T'le Sulus pronounce Jt as p in "pay", in Sulu wordls and ordlilnarily so in Arabic words as well. But the f sound is c(mnparatively easy to pronounce, and it is heard correctly ulttere(l with increasing frequency in Arabic and English words 38 adopted into Sulu. The Malays employ another character,, for the p sound, and so are not forced to adopt the confusing expedient of employing, for both f and p. It is to be regretted that. has not been adopted into Sulu. Example: Aralbic fasal, section, is pronounced pasal by the Sulus, tho, of course, the initial consonant is the, samrle character il both cases. No. 25. leaf (k). ~ 54. Transliteration.-Sonme scholars transliterate this collsonant by q, a Roman letter not otherwise used in transliterating the Arabic script. This obviates the necessity of forminig a new Roman character, k, but such advantage is more than offset by the difficulty il the use of Arabic or Sulu dictionaries written in Roman letters, when q is employed to represent the kaf sound. Kaf is pronounced by most Sulus, as well as by most English-speaking people, preci'sely'as kaf, and the two letters are confused and interchanged in writing. When, therefore.,the student hears a k sound, he is uncertain whether katf or kaf is intended and is in doubt whether to look under k or q. This uncertainty in the use of the dictionary writtell with Romall characters is avoided by adopting k for kaf, and arranging words containing k and k as tho these two characters were one ald the same letter of the alphabet. All else being equal, k is, of course, given precedence over k (see index for exemplification). This same argument is a powerful one in favor of using the Roman d and modifications thereof for the transliteration of the ~ 57 ] 39 d sounds of the Sulu-Arabic alphabet, dal, dhal, and (lad; k for kaf, kaf and c/ia; s for sin, shin and sad; h for ha and ha; z for z(ti and( za; land so forth (see ~~ 8 and 9). ~ 55. Poller.-Tlis consonant has a thick, clicking k sound liot found in English or Sulu. To produce it, the tongue is drawn far back and the primary interruption takes place between the back of the tongue and the soft palate, while for kaf (English ic) the interruption takes place between the tongue and the hard palate farther forward. The drawing back of the tongue in prolollncing the ikaf also effects the resonance chamber of the following vowel. The Sulus cannot pronounce this consonant and invariably give it the same power as that of kaf. The Malays onlfuse final kaf with hamczah. Example: Arabic Kurani, Korain, is pronounced Kur'aln bv the Sulus. No. 27. J lam (1). ~ 56. Before certain consonants, thie lamn of the Arabic definite article is not pronounced anld is not transliterated (see ~ 9)7, note 3). No. 30 ha (h). ~ 57. 'olwer.- Ha in Arabic is frequently final and in this position it is difficult for an English-speaking person to prolounl(c. A little conscious effort, however, will enable the stu(lent to pronlounce lI at thle end, as well as at the beginning, of a word. In rapid pronlulnciation, final ha is usually slighted, or onmitted entirely by the Sulus, and rarely seems to be final in pure Sulu words, tho h sometimes appears at the end of a sten wlhen certain suffixes are added. 40 1'- r) Examples: bhiat, lijt; h?((Its,.'a,.h; (db, briilg; (laha/, bril^ (imperative); daltbI,,.is brotgh/t. - Note: IlI Arabic, ha( final in all oultline, when siurilllounlted I)y two dots ( ) is used 1 las a gralmmlatical terlllinaltiol', an(l is tlhen prolouI)ce(l like fit,,. Bt, it is wnI)g to use this form in Suluize(l r, Or 1)t11r Stli wvor(ls, \wlichl slhould use a, only, for the t sound. Suchl dolttel form is, tIe'l'theless, often inrrectly preservel in Sulu:as tshe fitnal lettter of wadlopted( Arabic words, andl ill sIuch (.'ses is usutilly pronounced( like, and( transliteriat(ed. The A ra1lic worI\ strah, c(lipter, in Sulu pronouince(I.s'/t /1(l meaning i (',it is an exanlmple of a wror(l often preservinlg ill Sulu. When'l however, wordls (of tlis ending are transliteratedl directtly into English fromi the Arabic, the rule followe(l ill this work is to transliterate withi h, thus indicating the Arabic pr1)rolilciation (and in strictnelss, the spelling, also) of tthe wo\rd when ill pause (XVr. Ar. (Gram. ii, ~ 226 and Rem. a,. ). the Arabic nrames of the vowel signs, (tl,,,thi, faitha,, and 1, 1.,,',,, are examples of the latter rule. No. 1. 'fa ( l; (,; il:acrloi of i; nothi ng). ~ 58. Tr'a.sliteerttion. -Wsta is transliterat(ed /1/ wxvhe givel its proper solndl, that is, except when usedl to form:U (lildphthong after hata'as (fathalh) as amt; to prolong the sound of /ldap/( (dammah); or as a prop for tlhe hi(zabh. When t usedl to form1 a liphthong after haft'a$. (fathlhb), it is transliteratedl i. Wh\len used to prolclug the sound of dapatl (tdam, lah), it is tlrasliterat ~ 60 ] 41 e(1 )y the malcron of ut. Whel ulsed as a prop for the hlamzah, it is not transliterated. The rules for writing the hanizah (~~ 69-72) will entable the stlideilt to determine ill what cases 'rat( shouldl 1)e use(d as a prop for thle hamza(,h. j 5.. Power.- 'Va.(, ablif, andlll y, lhave two distinct secondary Iuses, onle to prolong a vowel sou-nd, Land the other to serve as a plr'op fol the hIanl(,zah.. I (tVan, and y(a have, in addition, their proper soundls whihl a(iJ lias lost (~ 26) anld are, furthermore, used to (exprelss the secolnd \vowel ill thle olly-to pure diphthongs of the Sumli and \Aralic language-s, atu an(l ai. The proper consonantal sounmld of w(au is that of r in "\'we'", andtl is heard when it is followed by a vowel. Tlle diphthong formed by hatat'as (ftthah) 11an follownll'g irtdf, is l rolounced as ow in "how'. When foll\wing thle vowel dlpan ((damlmalh), it lhas no) other effect than that of )lrolongilg thlle slhort sound of this vowel-usually that of t i ''full'' —to tlhat of, in, "rule''. Owing to this loss of idenitity w\hen used as a letter of prolongatioi,,waan, like alif 1an1d!/j, is called a' "weak" letter. W\hen used as prop for tlle htlrzyuh,,r (li as no sound( whatever. Tihe power of ra u is thle samell, in Sulu as in Arabic. Examples:,watl, eight; (lattlf t'wo; ikant, yo6; ta'u, perNo. 2. 5 (t ) // (!/;; mac(ron of i; nothing.) )(0. ''ntnslite i'tiol.-Y at is transliterated!? when it has its PIro"')er so0td, tlhat is, except when used to form a d(iphthong after hatt/t'(. (fat/lbh) as ai; to prolong the sound of the vowel hlab(dtl,' (kars,r(h ); or ais a prop for the ham zah. When used to forml. (liplhtlonlg after hl(tat'ts ((fthahl), it is transliterated i. 42 II ~ 60 Wllen use(l to prolong the sound of ha(tab(a' (,c,(.israh), its trallsliteration appears only ls the macron of i. Whllen use(d as a p)rop for hnamzah, it is not transliterated. The rules for writilg ham (2zah (~~ 69-72) will determine whether alif, 'taf,, or ya should,e used as the prop in each particulair case. ~ 61. Power..-The proper consonantal soundl of!/( is tllat of y in "yet", land is leard when yat is follow-edl by a vowel. The diphthong formedl by hata'as (fitthh) andll t following yaI, is pronounced as (i in "aisle'. Whllen used to prolong the vowel hahaba' (kasrah), it merely lengthens tthe short soundl of tlis vowel from that of i ill "it" (usuaClly) to that of i in "I'machine". This loss of identity whlen used as a letter of prolongation, causes ya, like alij'f an(d irai, to be classed as a "weak'' letter. When used as a prop for the haI,.nzah, it ltis no sound whatsoever. The power of J/a is tlhe saIme in Sulu as in Arabic. Examples: yI(t, thatt; laIyag, stil; bi.skti, hitrri; g i'tfiqg, imiddle; api;, ('oose. No. 3 3. lamal'if (1; la). ~ 62. T'ranlsliteration. —Wh\len thle alif is of prolongation tlhei the transliteration for this consonantal (ligrapl)l is la. Whten the alif is used as a prop for thle ha)zalh, tlhe transliteration is 1. ~ 63. I11Power. — Lautlif is really not a separate character but a combination of lam2 and alif written together, a(ll requires little explanation. Alif may in this combination, as elsewhere, Ibe an alif of prolongation, or a prop for hamza1h, both these uses having already been explained (~~' 26, 27). Examples, alif of prolongation: lagi', rather; padt, pa,1r. Hamzated. lif: la^'ang, lowr title; hIida,', vill(age. CIIA'TER IV Writing of Hamzah. ~ 64. The learnler must know the rules governing the writing of ham.zah I)efore lie can understand the writing of the vowels and certainl clonsonliants. 'The writing of the hamzah should, therefore, be carefullly studied in conjunction with the writing of the vmowels. The vowel signs dtapan (dammah) and hata'as (Jfatlah), are written ab)ove, anid hababa' (kasrah) below, thle consonanlt after which tlhey are prolnounced. In the following tatble, thle lashl to whiclh tile sigis are written represents any (conlsonant (except h1amzat); but when it bears the hamzah, it represents alif, 'Uwa, or, ya, only. Which one of these three to select, is explained in tlhe rules for writing thie hamzah (~~ 69 -72). Alif is used in place of ttle daslh il positions which require liJf invariably. Althlo, in Sulu, initial haamzah is not written, in voweledl Arablic it is regularly written!between the vowel and tlhe alif. Te table shows the Sulu prac'tice. For tlhe purposes of (compl)arisoll, tile writing of tlhe vowels after consonants other thlanl ha:tzah is incltl(led in the table, but it must be borne ill mlind( tlhat this table does not (contalin a complete exposition of tlhe writing of hamzah.. For writing tlie latter without prop and otiler plectliarities, see the rules for writing the hamzah above referred to. For rare variations inl power of vowels in Sulu, see explanation inl text, ~~ 78, 81, 84, and for diphthongs, see ~~ 132-143. 43 WT'riting and T. ran litertion of Powuer of TIA B L F I I o)twes f llow'ing Ham,,tzah,and Other ('on.sonaltits,,rnll [Vowel. itn Sfl(t ani1 Aratbic. I I I I I............. \After initial ha nzah After re 1 il I htit," tth.<e, After other e' o I1sof 11,nts Name of V( )Wel Quality of vo.wel I I. I I Writing lratins1 iteration ITrt nltsA riting I literatioll.tiig - I Writing > - i ii ' -L $ 1. d(pll)O short long Kh(,l t I()tlK \ 0 > \ I _ I inlitia.l 'ie initial It 1' II -,-&.... tt Tra nsliter: tionI It ti I Usual power of vowel in Sulu anl original power in Arabic a iln 'full" // in "rule" I I' i.4 _ I _ i i-i I. ') ha t, 'a. short long s~sx, ~t Is,,, \. initial a, initial (1a I IW K /i.7 %%mw (I 11 It (I inll ' )f i;, f: tl(, r" short initiall i 'l i i i i "it" 3. hbn -- ------ <- e- -_- --- - - - __ --- -------- -- -- -- - Io.% (5 )1 iit i i n cl I ne, I i i " "- u - _.i" LSr 0=10, U$ wo ~ *f, - I q ( ) I 45 h,n,',t (; inotlilng). 5 (.). IThe formP (f I4hf/awIZ ( / ) is that of (i/i, W ithout the filil stl'lok. II,,^,,,1, lit iivl ' a llters its form'l a (nd is usIlally writt(n alo(veo(e of the wveak coisonants, \ IlifJ _ V fII, or LS!/', wichl serves as its iproI. lExalnl)les:,9 /.s;, 'expletive; ) <ti, vto.. \ariollus ex(epj)tionls to the a()bv-e rukle re(ar dih the 1)ositioln o(f ha(i iwZI swill lAe expJlaiilel l>elow. j (U;E. t vel wIii(eli foll o)ws lh<()tfIh is writtelln ith it to the sanie pr),) Iuit t tlt(h he a iit-ih only, when tlhe latter staind(ls 1alone without l)prop.,Ex, aples: 1,,,1,/, hi.:ni W ': f ",',',, /,,.SI"; pa a, /LO) *V;ifn. fitLcd. ~ 6;7. If io v(owe( fo 1 (lo s xI,,t, h t/, it must always il Sulu 1 1e followed by J(ttli ( _) to d1 IIote tthe absence of a vow^el sound as inll ex-am)Iples i vel i Il (5. Ja,uzah alnd preceding vowel cannot be written to the s1)1ame consoniant, hamwfah ill such cases requiring its separate propl except, (f course, in tlhose special cases when written witlhoit prop (~ 72, n.). Examples: Dahl> 1)t', a title; \., batat, A 1ili; puti', whiite. 46 4' ~ 68 ~ (8. As explained labove, tile thlree w1eak ('Oll.olllnts, \ (liJ. want, d LS y!/, aal(ld tles only, saei tlse oly, a' v s l)rops for hL)lzah. These three consoanllts a're (closely relatted in po\wer and use, to the vowels, hatatas, dap(a, anll /idl,tai', rlesp)ectively. and whe1n a weak letter is ejnlploye(d be1causec of its relationshlli to the vowel, the weak letter is said to "' conforn' " to tlle vwel. In(deedl, as ill be explaine(l later, the forms of the vowe\\l sigihs seem to le derived from tlhe 'elatedltl c(ollSoll.lts (~~ 9), 82, 85). In Sulu w\len t.5 ya is used as prop for the Iti:zal, it is;alays \writtenl without the two sulbscript (lots; but in other cases til t\wo (lots are almost invariablly ail(ledl. In A rabic, iowever, tle use of the two dots with final y/,t is optional in all cases, whtatever the function of yia, tho exCVept \'11hen finall, the two (lots are usually emplloyed (Wr. A.r, (Train. p. 4, foot-note). \ tihf -IIand fi'au (to not chlange forml because of Iillng use s polps for 1haizah. The principal (lifficultv il writilng( halt,,lth is that of ldetermining whichl of tlhe three prol)ps, if a, to use in any par)tiCular c.ase. Tle followinlg rule(s ar1e (lesigneil to llmake tlis j)oillt clear as regards Sulu lpractice. Solle )peculialities of.\rablic are als notedl Iut for full explalnations, seel an Arlabic g'rallallr'. lJi/l.fi j; ii/'/l 't'/ H',1ah. ~ 69. I;:. When h zuh/.tha is initial, it is omittedl in Sulu, the a'ccoml)layilng \vowel be ilig \writtth'l (irecl'tly to,liJj. 1I voweled Arablic, howevelr, the hItn.zah is alw\ys writtenl betweeni the ac(on(TImITyinig vowel anlld the tlj ~ 61.) ] 4 i Exaniples: Arabic S. \ (.w/,(ti, black ( lom. case); O / 3. \ uikht,,,, a ister (,norn.,ase); \ 'i'', if. (fillH.(fJ,11c; " \ k'(b, to Opcu' Note 1. T'he h.olauh f v.also l e om(itted ill Sulli, \Vl,' iel(1lial if, wiheln expresse(d, it woul d be written to (lif as prop I)and( followed by hatac'a.q.,Nx'lnples,: jj \ or O 1\,,,h,,ic, c,: J $ 01o ^ Note 2. When, inl voweled A ril c, initial hatlizah is followed by faithail or olammabl, lotl t^ zah ail vowVel sign e11 wlitten above the alif. \\ien initial hma zahi is fllow'edl 1> kaf.rah, )>othl are written l)e(lo (lij. I II all tilse (ease.s the haf tzah is writtein )etween the voV(el sign land tlhe alf. For ('examples:, se(e al)ov(. Note 1. In vowl( (al Aaibic, thi initial hritz1ahl, as statd(1, is always wr'ittenl excep(t wlheni (lilllb lle under certalil colditionls. To indica-lte thlat suclh /hit //.h is sh)jt('ct to elision, it r., is not writtqen, i w(elo.l I ei jig written oliretly t( t/aijp npllIes a d, Plll t1! hi ), t'ha.; f \. aname ( imm (.,.I se); thel first voel of thie s.ei wonds bleing sonietinrls elided as i, thle Ara lbic se(.tencet Nt \e. kda N i(thei he a'idh prolony. ote i. t textlifer is twe hia-,/h wsuall ',,ti'l in eitfe 4<S 48 ~ 69( Aralbic or wqul, w'I(,tltl,(h is emp l ed '(i to express h/m,,i,^ followed l) long fttlh(th (~ 75), h iuiw b I einig tiheii impliedI inl thie maddah (~ 102). Exampllles Alrabij( \ '14(fna,,.!11/rm, (io0i. CIseC); Sulu 9 \, fi!, act, slf{/. u 70. HiL LI I. \\Weln hlwZ,1ih occurls Ibetweell t\.wo vowls,. its prop must conform to tlhe followilg vowel except whenl the latter is hutfa'aa.. \\heit tle following vowel is hap,(tt', t,(he pr)op mlust conlformn to the pr'ledin'r vowel. The following examplllI)es slow all possiblle arrlageenllts (f short vowels w\\ich'll ma',be sepamrated Iby hta;.zah: * > o, in connec&tion with hat.lzth. W''I1u; tilc first vo(),l is sl'lrt *ad te seol g, t h:,h is sal rit te o - (~ 0l2). jExampl. es': ~, -,6. bff-t.e~:; ~!. ('i,",', f',.' h, 'an,, ' ka,.. /iiling. Whein, hon weertio tiee first voowe is (i.cludittg dlitbongs) andl t hee sesoI( is slhrt, t leh, hfm:'Az. is ssualllv w rit - fo to Rwtil t prop to tile lleft i tili. \ tf t)rllltgtifti ~ 1!} J 49 (or, use(l as final e'lvIilenit of dlipltIionlg, whic'hll c(oltiInues to bear pattai). But if such' letter of prolongation or fill-al elelmenlit of diplithIongr be.S the, haut,:,ah is usually in Stlu written ac(ord(ling to R111ue 11. - - o - l'xalples: ka'i, (qet! (im p); _ tan (t ', kept o o 0 0 (in, lace); lbut p / iji,, c'hosen (e'f. Wr. Ar. ('ram. ~ 17, 1).). Note 2. As will be observ'e(d, there seems to be repu)2,nance' to writing (difJ s pr)'op of hIinuz'fi inl tlie middlel of:a wor(, llij leilg so usedl onily xwlei tlhe htfl,,:,t is l)tlh pre(1ce(lded and1 followed by /llta '1.s. Note:,. \W len tl)i prefixed Sulu p)elr)ositiolls 9 ' t,; h-, ii-,, t, on; andl the particle 1, hi-, prefixed to l-amens of persons, are joined to wvords hlaving initial /h(,nzt~h, tlhe spelling is tiot alteredl, tlhe a lif IbeinLg let;as tlh propl) of thel originally initial hm,:, ahr w inwida(lh. // O / // IxaIII)pl ( S: 9 /f'(. p( 'tfl u(t', ft thf ' (tcl(ce(:, \ AhJa'- lfich dl, O' /O M/I. ^SIOl(i(/; t \jli hIh'/Hlafl,1,Ihml( (proper name); co o<, /c, paJ t,4' t,,,,.ho( ' '. Note 4. ()tler prefixes of tile lanruaoe, 1mo1vever, verbal, noilluinal and(1 adljectival, are not wvrittenl as set fortll in,. 0, but thleir final consonanlits should coalesce withl the co)nso(nan:ita.l outliine of' tie wor(l to wlhicil tlhey are prefixed. 50 [ ~ 6) The initial ham(zah of such vorid, if )preserve1(, thenl becomes mredial and(1 conforms to the ordinary rules for vwriting nedial ha(mzah. The only difficulty whllich arises inl applyitng these prefixes, is in (letermininig when the ho)azah should be preserved and when dropped,l ill joining the prefix to stems having initial hamtzah-stemns which in the Romanl script begin w'itli vowels. t~he rule is, all prefixes endlinong il ^/ a, _ a, i, or. g, preserve the following initial ham(zah. After all other prefixes, the h('wzah is dropped. The prefix b hi- ( verlal ) is entirely (listinct iln use from the prefix g hli- used witl proper naimes, which latter also preserves initial hafz1t.ah which is wvritten as explaine(l ill -412 n1. 2. -i- is really an infix inlsertedl il a wordl inimeliately b)efore the first vowel, thus; ig, tan, l; li i1,/,tflq, haig been, Iplaeed: j \ 'lutldl, ct; yI\ iy',tiid, hat,'iyg been ct. In thle Sulu-Arabic script its character as an infix is always aj)parent, since it is always l'prece(le il a word, either by ha/izah o(r other consonlant of tile stemn. But with stems having initial hamzh( (vowel stems in R(omamIl script), it appears in the Romanii script to be( a l)refix a(nd is therefore included in the subjoinied list of prefixes. Being therefofe inserted after an initial (ha,:mzah, the latter is always preserved, but L.5 ya( is (levelo)e(d before a follo\wilg U, or _ a, while tile -i- is absorbed( il a following _ i to form ' i; or this infix may, in the Sulu-,/ a 69]J 51.\ral)ic. script, be c(o'lsidcredl to l)e - -i/l-..ll(1 d -i)/- a1(; also illfixes inserted ilnledlialtely Ibefore the first vowel, idlll these Zalso, ill hamtzal stems, (,appear ill lRomill;an sclip)t to be pretfixes. -m- and -iLproduce no further ch'langes wvhatsoe.ver il tlhe stem. Prefixes (endino llel.!/, when coming before initial haI(nirl, silllplv (icause( tlie latter to he diropped without change. When, co,('(f,ies befolre k '- or q- stellls, thle '- or (q- is (Iro)i)(led. 'lhe ])refix A may le verb)al or may indlicate Ml a.djective ai(nd, as stated, l)reserves tlhe hai(zah; thle prefi tx s, a iw-,,t, IMl-, all(d 4 pam,-, are al)plied( only to stems lhaving initia;l p-, -, r, -, lich letters are then. (rIoppedl; tlle )prefixes;^. - ^,-, a a-, 11(1 ad peanr-, are alp)pliedl only to ste('lls legining itll r-, S-, and; t-, inl \\li ('. cases.s-, an;1l' t- are regularly dropped, and) (I- flrequently so;;,mi)- is an111 old form prleservedl in only \ fe stemsll; \ t.a-, _ fal-,1l t-, a-re used only witil nouns a s ausd aos 11 aouIns. ,2 I ~ (6)9 Note; 5). Belo)w is givell a list ()f the priincipal sip)le Sulu prefixes (excep)tinlg the three explainedl ill 11. 3), with illtustrationls showing how\ they shouldl 1be om)ilbilIetl \'ith stem-s of variUils 1killnds. Steiiis ha1}villn initizal ha:u.:zah are gi veni whenlever sl suchl stemls are usedl witl tlie prefix ill (luestioii. It is not feasible to give translations o(f the prefixes, or the co'nlbillatiols of l)refix lani sttem, since this w oll(l inv(olve the intricacies o)f gra11111a11 aId( \\woultl extelndl b1eyo()1-( the pur'view of this wo\rk. Besides tihe simplle prefixes here givenl, 4a tmultitlllude of others niva be formued l)y ( comp)oulding these, thel Ilatterl (comIil)pounds w itll 9 pflt- to flor1m I /ttk (l'"tI-' hl lI- ( tverball ) co(pllp)otds witlh 9 /I) -, r((t-, anld / _ /,t/-, to foll /Iiijt-. hi kta-,:llldl ' h i l ai( If-; 90 -— is- ils ilseted inl l,,-,, nuit-, -^ ma;t-, 3 pa-, tI",/-,9 /fti/-, (etc., to formt i i' -, _ r i/-, ^^ "'i/""t-, J^ I'i.l-. j9 pI';l'/.J-I Y.j ICs // I-, etC. But compoItunle(l })r(fixets nltiel not Ibe inl('ltI(e(l ill tilt p)reenllt list since7, as lonlg as their final letter is tullallteredl, tilh(e maniler of joining to tlie follow\ilng w\\or is likewise unaltered'. As to the compound prefixes thl(selves, sil(Te none legins or ends withl hba,,tzal,, tlie proble)ll of medial hIatnR:1ul within suchl (conlpoundls, (loes not present itself. Note 6. It should Ibe I(ted tlhat tle- f) orms gi vetl below\ Tre written as thley are i)roperly pr)llI)ltll('e(l. But hlefe, as eIsewhere, Iiuil:'h ( miedial, or final) mtay be slutrred in ralpiid I 53 pronulciation (~ 19). Also, the prefixes may even be found writtell as illdlepen(lenlt words, but this is incorrect since they are true ilnseparallbe plrts of the word, )both in meaning and ill prolulclliatiolA. A-part from another stem, they have lo significanctl(e. I'refi x Ste n I cealljing Ii it ttUl, o, JS follow 46 Combined form *$It hi 'ltu( ^Ab h i'agat /' *0 7 * hi 'ini, *A\ - ) %a^ JC \ /^P~ d,(I i (trinlk lit (illfix) l tt(tl, cut follo,'w r tgadl, \ * - ( (infix) ) } c'oul, t hi nanq, 'tUtti, o10 cut o ----- * )L) 9) 0 A 1-. iyagad hinaig imrl atud itl/tl, itfng, ('count imituing ka'Iutud Ia k 1 ttd, cut 0 -, \ agtad, follow ka'atgad 54 [ ~ 69, Prefix, Stenm Meanilng Collnl)illed formlii * )..^.- 7 o -- 0)> a'^ ' *1 >^ 0, o } '\ / ma-,;* m * )o /'f O 'P \o * ^B * 9.*~~ '"".. ^ ituig, tt laI, agad, mull'U1i, tu biq, abtttl, (agad, o / 'I/,i~./ 0 0 ) ( 11tI ' o ). * - foli ',, \ o > * 2o* / * t -.0 - O! y fi ka' itunyg m agad 'I, ag' ag(dt mag' in.,,m mfamala 'aj(' nmanm'til (ti pJtlI s. balanja ', bi'7nttl, $C1'1ri, ~ 69 1 Cobie55 forn Combined form Prefi x St,1 ii Menlling o -— 3 imang- ~ LSr.,,,. 7, wi ta/at ll, daga tf, datiau, II jit', ijji', kbu bt, kita ',. ( bU'S, abut, rob sea good complain mfock pinch scratch look embrace go back go away finish reach WA S A -,*^,7. i,4 J' ^,* ^B/ e. manakau mnainagat mnandayaat?angoflg(it,.;aniigadtu t ~,.ngijj i' mtuangaiul nmangita' maigqtlgul ';,*t'tl it' I.i I minag na 'ubw na 'abut I. ~ ol C'onbined formn Pref ix Stem Meati i ilg O0.\ )) o / /n~,o// 0 &** 0 / ~.. '.*> """- jsC r - n min- \ go awat!! (n.tl., finish fJ;,lol 11r /'rtl Sw)ap halm 'j,' bintdl,.sit kd i, 0 / o o ~ 7 — o /0/ > /JG qe <^3~ ~'I Uf cX?lag'a Uvt natn'ayigd 'fl,(Uh,ilt n(t'n(ay(Uj, n anqa tU '~~a Sgqijji ' f(tCkafl l, dagat, gY)I)!leat I ~ It (t'/, MI'll I cotMp/lain 'fItntock ~.);, I I'refi x 57 Stelli! JS / )), 5 -o. f p1"- a \ * k,,b, t, kattld, ki t,', (fttlgitld, a ( 'fn l, leallinlg (Combined fornm siratch vja natguil * t;fol\ pa agadl o )(o'l0II(t pJ J('itilig 0 0, 'aOtl p ag'igitft l' * -p if-., / J;)lllt' \,sKj }).?gLl. vil/o/,' ra.j pag'itlgad 0 >* -" ' 'oo' t\ pagj, 'itr't.g spe;.l j, a. t; (da'la j * re';nt pa;n' kazi * ^o r^nid,, Ss^.^~h yoy'^ ^ ^ t dl fft ffl, it, figI bhdtinj, ', lsi,,t,' I (L ' .,., ' wit,, % 0 a Stemn da o IIbe (((bil (f % otJ M ea 1)1 ng (Comb1ined foli'in A ~, * /ilm c k /) ff (J IJ / lbio k /an gla'yi,1 6)a IIoI7-' ----g Jiun((Lt'l lot P 1- pa —i c n'i- -c1)(1 n g IIf'o 11((1 too t L:0) Nt y thi'iutI f/t " I Iq' I w - w a nl I P'refix St,,l,, Combiltnedl formlll ))...e..t0S./ t I, ( ij, \ 4.I, 0/il i 0\ -nr^ 0 } 9 Z-i t, I7 1 Ru11 IxII. When ha al4I (u1'S i S(lu betwee I vowe, 1o) /Il,.h, ''its tft ^ tht ' ) v ws o o - o o,! is taga-,; t\,u /, r,.'lt t 'ad, tt \faga, " l 'aLuna.d c O. I X. en s, t n f oin > t ple(( o, I;; > )-~ 's, o Ln \ itt,,,-, (o1nt ' \ nmituw) L,'.t '\ vowel' 11)l.1 consolat, itX ropi ust confomto the v)oelt, /, o~ > o o -f. f.i.':. fJ; * 0...: *. / ~. * f-.. I ~72 Note. iWhen h/tfllZ/lh is final ot followep(l hby short vowel (or tantwina) only, after al/if, war, 1!///, Isedl as letts tte f pro — longation, or after r/alfi or ya usedl as comnponelts of (liplitlongs (~ 132), it is written to thie left of suiclh letter of )'rolongati)on witout pir(p. Exalplesl A ratl)i' cjI,. P,t ',,,hme: \ rii t,;. /(lAnL1Wft (Inim. case). 1. 0 0 Sulu \ f /11/1( nt' i t di' t; drp o', or,.. y7/loo/sr' y ttk'., ke,; e t$' ) dai-dali' (~ 1 0),.hlomi-fl/: t' i, ge! ( inil,. ). ~ 73. Hisl,'Izah in Sulmt may occur as initil Ibefore anIy v{owel. long or short; as filll after lany vowel, long or short; an(l as nedial, betweeln amiy two vowels, whether long or slort. But it is not often foundl in Sulu between two lonlg vwels, or (\even between a long vowel and a shlort vowel. For furthtr iirformnation as to the writing of hIRmtzah in Arabi —whicli involves many exceptions and irregularities-the student mIust consult an Arabic grammar. Note. In writing hamzah between vowels in Sult wliei one or both are long, select the prop accor(ling to, Rule 11 when the first is short; when thle first is long or a dliphthong, write the hamzah without prop to the left off the weak letter of the first vowel, except.that wlhen suc(l w\eak letter is ', follow Rule II. o, *..;-.,.j *-~ (1IIAI~rpE1 i V Transliteration, Power, and Writing, of Vowels and Orthographical Signs. ~ 74. 'liTlen are, thire clahisses )f auxiliary silgns used il writir the Sltll-Arabic scri)t — diaritical, vowel, and orthographical. BH (diacl'itical signiis a' uilder'lstood the (lots use(, eitler sinigly, o0' i) groIlup)s of tVwo() o thllre(' ( ), by wlhichl variouls c'(IOlsIaUts, othelt'rwise the s1(', a1re (istignguisle(I from each other (r 114 1d Tltable V). T''l( vowel an(d orthograplhical signs will be tl'elated(l hlere', while tlhe dialriti(cal signs will be explain(ed ilj d ( 1 I. ihe vowel. signs are'I teI sigIs thll-0 ill 1number,9 by v whlic tlhe v'(els of the scrip)t are indicatte(l. 'he 11( ( l0so1)Uants of a w()r( arle ritten first an1( the vowels adde(-(later. In Sulu a11d 1Malay, tlhe vowel signs are known~ by the ter r meaning strokel{. p)o' ))int. 'le )orthographical sigls, r 1T H, i m ile i numbellllr. Tlhey are w'iittent al ove tilo e ( col.ssolalits (Owith the exceptionl of the, tlijrd and tie last), a1l1(l serve to (leterniille more accurately tihe s)pellillng and plronullcIiaition of.a woird, or to abbireviate the writtenl wo\v(d in some pa-iticular.. Notte. In some languages, strokes am(l othe'r marks, -as well as ( ts, ar( us1se az s (liaeritie.al signs. E xample: Tu.1kis;, soundled ias g (palattal ) in "give. 61 T A B1 E III. Vot'el aild Orthograph icdt Sigylns, Thie'' T',sliteriPtinf.. a, flm)es iI A ralic, Malaqy -,tl(,Sd>d1 i, (a1.l 'tire'.r i 1,, rtbui',td,1 ^S(1(. Transli- Arabic Malay Sulu No. Sign teration iname l'Power in Ara)ic | name I lnle Power in Sulu ______I__________________ ____________I____________________________ _- ----- - - - I- --- ---------- %w llthleor i owure in Sul | t, ill "filil ',t ill _ |it It dili7dajiatn ah 'tllf(U / b eory'" dia: dtl'teor Ol)C I Frenlch jene i! I ' _ I.a. i I ota..... at/ ' t (dtn 'sofaa; a i - 1an fiatl 1 "hat"; c in "lot'" e dti'af s ha. " tfiinal" Iin Fi renchl iilet ''f __in_: } k /sra., i in "it"' i il "bird" d ibut.a Ihabab,- i in 'it"'; ' in "net" 4 da.al, i dh.a l,t,.'ae baris diltt'r b1,,is same as Arabic; not 4. ( lT dam.)iMl ah plus final * * -- ~ i dihada(t(ptltn 0l((t It used in Sulu words! '; J;tl,/th, (i??l'a brti.s dab'i b,{"ri. same as Arabic; not '5 '. a- f at/ia/iah plus final n. t S -- j. tftunu':in1 ~!,It'( tas ihtta',s ' used in Siulu words I! i i,;! -1 4^ T;1tble III, continuedB~ I A - I ~~~~II ii... I o. 6. I I Sign 0 I s. I 9. I i i i i i i i i I i II -I i i i i Tralsli-l Arabic tQ1'altioVI via 1n1) | k! srahb. Ko.82 1 1 -I idda' h I ftt t i( It. i (1. (erpenllOt~lilng j,.:,e/, dicular) space; I. -u'd-.^~l,1, l'owver ill Alrabic kr.stth plus filnal n Ieiiotes abstll'-c of makes consonant { l+),ttl,~1 1hal()mah plus long Jfth (-h: mnarks letter of prolongation plus hatm()zi, Malhay Sulu (I i i)U tl 1( 1)m bah l(UltI pitf(fIl Arali I na11 11 use,lt, (',. b,~r ~i.s, i (t,.'~,': 1,,,r'is ~lib~ot ', 1,., tbh.l ' 1llll1t' USt'. d I _ _ — _ _ _ --- —-- Po)wer in SuluI same as Arabic: not used1 i l Sulu words dlenotes albsenlce of mlakes conso()n Ilt doub l)e 1(.). 11. I %=W I kow i Arabic lname used( A rabic' name used A rabic I A rabic I,name used i -- -- I Arabic name used ha.tzal plus long h (tta'it, long fi;t.ttlt same as Arabic; nlot used in Sulu words -1 denotes elision; initial vI; initial at; initial i Arabic name used i,; (f; '. name used I I \ 1 | i 1 2. r varies same as Arabic; not Iused in. Sulu words I repeats preceding I word, syllable, or i syllables nlot ill.A nral)ic not inl Aralic a ugka (tnqk(L i 64 [ ~ - ~ 75. T''l soulll of a simple vowmel sign uIlnl'ccomlnpalliedl Ib a letter of prololngation is termel ' 'short' ', wlhile that of a vowel sign followed by; lettelr (,f lprpI'ologatio)t is t(erTI1el "lon1('g". As 1a mattter o(f factowe, locv l, 'the naimes of the vowels ill Sul-ainl also in A ralbic, as they aie(, ordiiarilv wiritten el(ling i I (f//-'fer to t}he signs a(ld tnot to the soun111s(. Iln these pages, Ixevertleless, tIle Elglisl usagei't'( is fo(llo\wed, l. n tile t ermlls "long {(l,(ltpI ''slo)lt l((()pat)1, t., t' may refer e(itll(er to tie sigh r t t l (d. ~ 7;. The letters of lprolongaptio, l nar( t ile. wea(k c (olsola ts \,lid:;,,r;,,, L5,1.,. Iftl,.'t.s ',!lwt{li 1fol ed by l(if belinig Io vOwel 0!' o'rthogral)phical sign, wvliatsoever. is long. Il/J(I/,and hIittbf' follo.ved 1wi /'ttt a(a(1 2y<], resl)ectively, bearing tile p1(0 tti ( ), a(* llonlg. As letter of prolo(ngation a1dll zIts co',solalilt, '/yl ill tll:llways 'rec('('ives t'() (dots b1elow. No te. III.rabic, irit a and tta also, Nwvhe i use i as letters of,'prolongation, Ibear nojaz.wR(a/t (,p(tai) (Wr. Ar. (;ilam., ~ 1(). Further, in A\rabic, letters that 1re assimlilatedl to a followinig letter', whichlil receives iln consequeince tlhe tatlid( (~ 99), altllo tlhey are rletainel ill writing, 1ol not receive tlhe j(zkau(lh (patai) (Wr. Ar. (rami., ~ 9, Rem. b. ). For the use,of the two (lots withl!(t in \ral)ic, see ~ 13(0. 'I'tales If aIndl I1 I give a Ibrief sy1ipl)sis (of the nmatters whichi are considlered1 ill tle text in greater d(ltail. In rable 111, Malay names are given when such exist, since Malay t:erms atre frequently used in Sulu. Vowels in the variMous 1non-Englishl terms used, are ipronounIced as indlicated in note at hIealU of ''blel 1, while tile dlas to which most of tile signs iare \written, represents some consonant. For "long" vowels ill Stlu, see Table II. ~ 78] 6F No. 1. I(lt)((an (l). ~ 77. T'aini.literation. -. ---D, pan (danmtah) is tranlsliterated by It exC(e)t wheill Il.lenthel lIe y t t((( te latter case it is transliterated(l by (. ~ 78. Ioe. TW.- A rabic name of this vowel, (daIlmah, - strictilon, 'efers to the puckering up of the lips inl pronouncing it. 'T'l Malay andl Sutlu Ilnames refer to the )positionl of the vowel when wNritten, bothI ddiadalpan anld dapan nuaninig in front. At the pres(lIt, time, however, it is written ab)ove the consonant ill tlhe slle relhative p)(Sition as hatat'.s. ),apa(, (dt,n,,,ah), inl A raiic originally (XWr. A. Gram., ~~ 4, 5) and( allmost always ill Sulu, is )ronounced (as tU in "full". llhis is its ilo.st universal an(l p)ersistent soundl inH Suilt, tho it sometinells varies toward o il "' theory", or toward an ohscure / sound formed by placinig thle lips and teethl allmst as in pronouncing "blut", while the tongue is thickened at thle samen time that tlhe central p)ortion is approximaite(l more closely to the hlar(1 palate. 'lhis so0dl(l atpproximalItes the Glerma1n '0(W1(,t o (o or oe) in koenig, or thle French el. il jene, an(1 may be iepresented in Eiglish by a dotted t ( ( ). For example, 0 \., ha,nbt,,k onle, is a wor(l il,which tle soud( of o in "ttheory" is frequently,given to the second and third Vowels (ha(nbo 'ok): but the soun(d of a( il "full" for these two vowels is a univetrsally und(erstood prollunciati6n. In somen lo(alities bukunt, tnot so, has for its secondl(l vowel tlhe obscullre u sound( mellntione(l above ( b/kn, ), but it is more usual to promnounce both u s as in "full '. When len(gthenled by tlhe addition of wtrtit, dtapan is usually pronoulnced as (' iI 'rule". Sometinlc.s long (tbQap)(tl has thle soulnd of o il "lo'', o(r that of prolonged( oblscure vt. It should be added, however, thalt tblere:ire very few words whichl retain the o sound, or obscure it sound, thruout the Sulu territory. * )2.. Exampnles of or(lillary soud1 o.f danr,,: ^J, bhulk, hir: o c^ o o o o ). ~, blntu n, (lt 1; ^ $ bad, mon lain; SU,;E' (/(, SA'~(l,. Note. As set forth in Table 1 1II, Arabic vowel signs hlave varialnt proiunclliations whlichl will not be dwelt upoll here. For furtller information regarding such lmatters, tle student must (conlsult an:\rabic grlammlar. ~ 79.. The forn of,t/ dapan is that of a miniature?(L1. )ri-innallv inl thle Araxbic script.- tihe short vowels were ~ ~ not written and it \as on.ly iti tlie case( of vowels lengthilenee bIv wa,(, dlij; or l, that aiyt si gn of the vow\els appeared in writing. W\hen, therefore, it was (lesiredl to write tle short vowels also, tlthe Arabs quite logically, usedl to representt them, miniature formi, of tihe letters eiltloyedI in the reprresentati(on of tlie corlesl'(oing lohng vowe(ls. Not wislhing, or(over, to alter tlhe (con)so)lattal otutli I to wh\ich( tley were acctustonme(d, they also very lorgically wrote tfihe nelw signs labove or0 below, tlhe old outline. D(tpan is written albov-e tlie conlsoant after which it is pronounce(l. 0E > > 0 Examples: \ duhut, extremity; li tltng, aid; * J Lz,\ nutk, bay (of sea). I81 67 'I1.\rabic, dar mati, l. ( l(apn) after initial htm)z.:ah is, together w\itl I(w)rahllli, wrlittenl to atlij as its prop, h:-lut inl these c(ases eks,-:,ah is regula11rlyv olmitt(e(l il wrI-itilng Sulu ( 69(, n. *). Examples: j \ 1atlk. braill; a, \ ra(, tia. Lonlg /( dIlu alfter hi(m,.al-h, initial or medial, or after any onthler (os)lant, is ox pre:.ssed by adding ai waat lbearing patni wlhicll sign ia e of prolongation alwlys bIlars in Sful, tho n t in Arabic ( Wr. Ar. (4ram., ~ 10). O > ~. > O > Eixxa.nples: \, head; b\ h.ant, nt i; ft, three. No). 2t hita's (a). 80. Tm,1 ulitce'ation.- Ha\t, i.S (jfithali) is tran'w sliterated by) ex(e^pt. when lI'ngthened Ilby alj f. In tl ic latter 'ase1 it is tranisliterated by, t. Note..I(II added( ill writing the fjt1dli fb1tiiiifl in Arabic does not lengthen the vowel (~ ')91 and Wr. Ar. ( iram., 8, Reni. a). ^ > case). 8 1. /Iwr. ---The Alrabic nlllame of thllis vowel, fJt (hai, ()p)iinl/, refers to the open position (f the llmouth wlile prollouncing it. Ile 1.Malay1 and Sul names, however, refer to the position of the vowel wN-hen written, b )othl) i' ata. andl hila's Ill meaning abo vre. lIattLt afs (j th iah) originalv ill Arlabic, andt almost universally in Sulu is pronllouled as a iln '.sofa. \\heni lengthlened by the Itddhitioll of (dlifJ it has tlhe soundl of a ill "''father. Unlike d(apai 68 ~81] a111ld lhaba(', h,atta'ats lias nlo prloouced varialt in Sulu. Sometimles, however, the vowel ill tlle ve(irball prefixes u mg-, nagt-, alI(1 Id j'./q-, 1111(I ill thll. posessive prefixes tJag-, adl(l tq(ga-, has: an"I illdefiliite sot1(l (lifficult to clliar'acterize. Thle two coonsonants run ilnto eac(ll otIl(er without tlhe formation of any (listilltive vowel sound, which therefore resembles tle "indeterminate' vowel of Malay. Indeed, tlhe utterance of tlhe vowel ill questiont is plrol)l)Y (dull( to Malay influelnce, thie vowel /ltt,(t's (d(i'atta.) il Malay leinig used- tllo rar'elv writteni —to rel)resenit tlhe indeterminate vowel of the language, wi(ch resembles a in"''final'', Or U in ('ut ', 1or inllnovel, and whichll inll Malay, is usually trailsliterated (C.. O " Examples: zh, catch f tle g1otti.': f, / o -, -o O,t o0 oh tha1t; >0\ i Iffpagdagatfl, r'u iaqg;:.\JJ; n(fqdaqa(t rat: O0 e " \ mnfa(gdagan, 'run. 'I'l first hta(t.'ts ill tle last tlirtve examples is oftenl givell tlhe indlettlermillate soundl. ~ 82. Writintg.-Tlie form of h a ta'as is tlhat of, a milliature \ alif written in a slanting position. It is written tabove the consonantLafter which it is pronounced, in thle saime relative position as dapan. Examples: \ anaik, offrin; ~. pa, yet;.. l(way, ~ 83] 69 seek; j \0 ta' anak, hat ving offsl)ring. In Arabic, slhortfatIahl (hat('as) after initial havmzah is, to(etller with tile hlatizah, written to the alif as a prop, but inl these cases hacr.mzah is regularly onlitted in Sultl writilg (~ 69, anll notes). /, E1xamples: ' \ atawa, or; (ya \., (10 not. olong hata'as after initial hacmzah (including hamtzah in the middle of a word after a consonant bearing patai), is not expressed as might be supposed by the addition of atlif, but by tlle use of tile ',maddah (~ 102), the ha',mzah in suclh eases not beilng written separately but implied in thle Ia1(it'l.h. Examples: 'Arabi(c \ atlhi, final;,\' htlr'a,. Sulu agi\ (gi, say;,t, sfence; ig'yg(, actingy,.ayiisg. Tlong ha(ta 'as after.any consonant except ham.zah is expresse(l in tlhe regular wa y byadding an alj wllich, unlike tlie walc;d1(l ya of p)rololgation in Sulu, does not b)car tlle patai, being withlout ilarklll of-any kind. T'lis true in Arabic as well (~ 76). " ' " ' * ' /O ~ pCxanple)le-as':;\, Ilaad, paslalm;, Isl; N o. 3. halaba' (i). ~ 83. raslite (cration.-Hababa' (kaccsrah) is transliterated b)y i except when lenlgthened 1b' ya. In tle latter case, it is \.. v 70 6 ) ~ 801 transliterated by i". ~ 84. i-'ower.-The Arabic name of thsvowel, cag'rah-, fravtavre, probably refers to the interrupted voctal plassag formied ill p)ronouncing it in distinction fromi thel open, free patssa-ge formned/( in the pronunciation of damm~a~h andl fatlal. The Mahiay and Sulu namies, however, refer to the position of the vowel wheti written. Both diba'wah and habalbat mean 1)elo(I. 1l(t1)aba' (kasrah) in Arabic originally, and almost always, Inl Suli, is. pronounced as i in ''it". 'Somietimes, however, its souind in Sului varies toward e ii ''net''. Rarely, the obscuire it sonin(l explain ed under dapan will be found represented by hababa' (~ '78). a Examples: 0 patilc, (sliave) I, is Soflc~itifles pr1onounced patch. (e in "'net'), but the former pronunciation is pr'e0 ferred;..i~ higad, edge, is som-etim-es pronouncedI hergad; (et. When lengthened by the addition of ya, liababa' i's regularly pronounced as i in ''machine". Sometimes, nevertheless, the variant pronunciations are given to the lengthenedI vowvel, which. is then pronounced as a in ''fare"; or very ra-rely, as long obscure it. Examples of ordinary sound of habha ba': 1 hpayb I, 00 to be ~'old; p) diki, think~; ipuv sla ve. ~85. Writing.-The formn of hlaaba' is that of thie first stroke of ya (LS, ).It is wvritten directly below the consoiiaiit after which it is pronounlcedl. 87 ] 71 xII' axIInlples (lil/hi, f/ie; j\ bIilik, room;., pat / ' in, r ih ithelr. In Arabli(c, kat.stah (hababa' ) after initial hamztah is, together witlh thle/ h/nzaih, vwritten to the a(tlif as a prop, but in these cases hauwmdih is regularly onmitted( in writing Sulu (~ 69). Exanpll:les: 5\ ilC<,, I/ol; iltlq, egy. Long hi(,btbata' aifter hamnzah, initial or omedial, or after any tlher consonant, is expressed by adding a ya bearing a pata'i, which sign ya( of p)rolongation always bears in Sult, tlho not il A l'lai(' (i 76, 1., and Wr.- Ar. Gram., ~ 10). o )o,o o }'''xailI: ) J\ /imI!lv,; A; lirma, ha.d;.m, 1. /-. No. 4. da.tm:a(1 ta fiti;t (, n). 8(;. 'I(,rla.slite,(atio;n.-I)(t l)lt(./,l taotwin is transliterated auna finall inll a vor(. ~S 7. Por'. /.-T-he Arabic name of tllis orthographical sign, tanninl, is froli tlhe root ntn, thle IlUame of the letter n a, and it lmean( s tusingq t. The teanit is frequently called in English " nuiiation, a tiranslation of tanf1/in. The tanw lin was devised to facilit'ate tle NIwritilg of thle ctase endings in Arabic wor(ls wlhich very frequently consist of final "A preceded by one of the thrie vo( wNels. I)(ammliat/h tanivt il ad(lds It to (otherwise) final damit,1(t1 and illicates the nominative case. The first part of the sign,, represents tlhe sound of a, as usual, while tlhe reduplication 11(1ds tlc soutl of 1. ()bviously, it is used only in Arabic words. '72 I ~ 8s.~ 88. W[Ifitig(.-TIie formn of _ d.cmowrah tal'ir. is thllt of a doubled ldan1,tah. It is therefore written ill tlhe. sanle r'elative position as,da.nwmah and is always final in the wor(l. Example: Arabic j t9 M/aim'tmdini, Jl1h(ni tlad (nom. case). No. 5. fa jthah tanm7tli ai (an ). ~ 89. 7'ia 1i'fter tfio).-'flthllh tsfr'i t is trlsliterated( ((I final in a word. ~ 90. Power'. —H(ltlth ta'itint al(Ids I to (otherwis(e) filal flthah and indicates the accusative case. The first part of tliesigi,, represents tlhe vo\,el soun(l whllile tlhe rlduptliction adds:tlhe~ sound of n. It is used only in A rabic w((ords. ~ 91. Writiug.-''The fornl of fatlith i tnr in is tlhat of a doubled fathahl. It is therefore written ii tlhe samie relative position asfathah and is always final inl the wor(l. Whenl t fjtth(/ is doubled, alif is usually adde.d, but this additioi (does iiot, hovwever, lengthen the pronunlciatioil of fitftmihh (Wr. Ar. (rain., ~, Rem. a). Example: Aralic \ Jl Muha, inadta ( lot -at ), Jllhlnmad (ace. case). No. 6. kasrah tanwlin, (in). ~ 92. Transliteration.- hkasra/l tln.rin is transliterated inl fiaml in the word. ~97 ] 73 ~ 933, Pot'e'. -Kasrah tan'win adds n to (otherwise) final kasrah and indicates the genitive case. Thle first part of the sign,, represents the sound of the vowel while the reduplication adds the sound of n. It is used only in Arabic w\ords. 94. IWritig.-The form of kas'ra1t tan11 in is tlat of a dolIlled kas a(th. It is written ill the same relative positio)n as kas-,rah an(l is always final in the word. Exalnple: Arabic j - Mat'i(~,l diwi(i,, 11uhalwinad ( (ge'l. O case). No. 7. p at(t (n)othllilg). ~ 95-. 'ranl sliteration. -— Pata i (jaiah,a ) is not transliterate.(l Its use is d(lepenldelit ul)l tlhe peculiarities of the Sulu-Arabic script ad(I it has no correspoinding sigon in the Roman script. ~ 96. PolW. —'Ihe l: ordinlary Arabic ilame of this orthographical sign, j(tzmah. (mpu ) tatio)/, refers to its force ill abruptly "cuttillg of'f t}he soitn|d of tlhe con(solnant. That is, the consonantall s,)11(Iu is niot ccntitlhed over ilnt() a following vo\el. Aii othcr Arabic Ilillne,.slcn, rest and tlIhe Malay and Sul names, mati, a;11(1 plm)aait both of tile laitterl meaiiing dlea(. hlave the same refer(n'11. I r simipj)le laigua'g, l)ati markls the a)bsei(e o:)f a vowel al(l indicates th.at the c(Iso:nlit \ to which it is wrIitten is Iot followed by a vowel. 9. 9 Iriq.- Thc formi of _ )atait is sai(d to b)e that of t he "mo iancient A1rabic 11Iuni1ral formi of zero, for wllich a silmlle ( * ) has 74 ~'7 ] sin(ce been substituted in its numeral use. It is also found writtenl. Patai (jazrna) is written above tlhe (olsonlalnt ill tll salme relative position as d(lcan an id hata'a.s. In general, it nlust 1)e wvritten to hanmzah l and everyT other consolantal character formling the outline of a word, wlhen such collnsonlants are not followed( by a vowel. *) c" o )o 0 Exaimples S: bId,,,loun,,taii,;.. bi/a', like; Jic,L ao " Ibfitgstd, fish corral; > lan(d, hiigh sea. Note 1. There is, in Sulu, )one exception to tlie geleral rule that patai must be written to evetry consonllant 1not followed by a vowel. Under no circumstllces is latai written directly to alif. Alij as iwe h1ave seen, hlas tw(o uses, onlle as a prop for the hanmzah and tile otlher, to prolong hata 'a.l. III the first use, it always bears tle hatzzah and patai, or ha (t,czah and vowel. VWhen hamt.zah written to alif is followed 1,y a: vowel, the hamzah may be omitted in vriting (~ 69, n. 1). When, however, tlhe hatza1h written to alif is followe(d by patai, the ha,,mzah can never be omitted in tlhe writig. Usually. lif of prolongation bears 1no orthographical sigi w lltsoever (~ 76), but for alif bearing 1maLddah, see ~~ 101-3. 0 -Examples:,. abat, carabao; \ da, bri/),j. Note 2. There are, il Arali(, add(itional exce.ptions to tlie rule for tile use of p ataLi (jaza))ht). 'The exception 11en1 -tioned above as applicable only to aliJ of prolonlgation in Sulu, is in Arabic usually extei((led t(o trait a(ndI /. All three weak consonants, therefore, wheln use(l as lettelrs of pr olongal - tion in Arabic, generally bear no jazmahn aiid al(le withlout orthographical sign, tllo some scribes \write jazRnah in suchl c(as(1S (Wr. Ar. Gram., ~ 10). Examples: Arabic < j kilclmat, price (1,ll., (case);; ~99] 75 icala, he said; iS i/tkitn1,1, rest (nomn. case). Note 3. Another exception to tile rule for the use of jazmahi applies only to the Arabic. Letters that are assimilated in p)ronuiciation to a following letter, which letter rec(tive s in consequence tile tashldit, or mark of doubling (~ 99), Iare retained in writing but are not marked with jazmah (Wr. 1r. Gralm., ~ 9, Rein. b). Tlie case involving this exception which will be encountered nost frequently by the student of Sulu, will be that of J\ al, the, the Arabic definite article, whichl is prefixed to the word wihi'ch it precedes. When tlie first letter of suclh following word is a solar letter (~ 131), theln the lam, of the article is not pronoullced, but the following letter-that is, the initial of the following word-is doubledl i, prolnlulciation and marked with tle tashdid (~ 99). III thlose catses where lam is iot pronolunced, it receives no lmarlk of any kild..xamInpl)es, i( )laproilotluceed: Arabic \\ al-k(Iamt', the m)oo (noi. ('ase);, \ al-kicitaitt, the bookc (non. case). ~ I.a,ti I!ot pronoullced: Aa,{ ic J \ a.s-.sh(mo.mw, the snt (nomi. case); as_ \ -samat(, the, chapt'r ( no,. caso ). No.. S s. abt' (varies).; 9<S. r7'(llsltitera.tionl. —Siabttc' (taslhdid oli -lr iddah ) is transliit'l';it(te 1 'y (lollling tlie consollant over iill it is written. 99 ',cr. -Tlie Arabic names of tlis )ortllog raplhical sign, 76 I [ ~99 taslidid and.shiddah, both (conle from the same root andl( meanl "strengthening", the reference being to the power of the sigui in doubling the consonant over which it is place(l. Shilddah is the African name for the sign, tho tashtdid is more generally used in Eastern Arabic anlld Malay. The Sulu nalme, sabttt' seenis to come from the A rabic sabtll, rest or ASbbbath (our Saturlay), and to refer to the pause necessary for the doulbled( pronunciation of the consonant bearing it; or it nmay bhe a corrulption of shkaddiu (another form of shiddah) somnetim es used in Malaay. Sabta' doubles the sound of tile consonant over which it is written; that is, this consonant is pronounced doutble without the intervention of any vowel sound. To be so doubled, a cllonsoant must be bothl preceded and followed by a vowel sounl(. I n English, altho a consonant be written doubled, the coimbination is usually slighted or pronounce(l singly, and( it mnay 1be difficult for beginners to pronounce double consonants distinctly. It is (lone by pausing momentarily when the first consonant has been uttered up to the point of greatest Qbstruction of tlhe vocal passage, and then uttering tlhe consonant again exactly as tho it were initial. Such words as "unnoticed'' an(d " accord" are examnples in English of (doul)le (consonants proliou(nce(l witi sonie dlistinctness. But the closest approach in Englissh to the sound of the double consonant in A rabie an(l Sulu is obtainelI wvhelt the same cornsonant is pronoutinced( at the end of one wor(l and tat the beginning of the next, as in the pl)srass " go(od day.g "big gut'", "'small lake" etc., pronounced rapidly but distinctlv. Examples:, tam(mat, end (~ 57); ~ bn,,,l, correct; \ patta', pictutre; Hajji', Hadji..j. jj ~99 ] 77 Sacbtt' mayl double any consonant in Sulu except hamztah (Inld alf, tho iin Arabic, even hailllate c-lif is so loubled (Wr. Ar. (rain., ~11, Rem. c). Il case 8sbtit' 1be written to jinm or c/ha, l)othl representing compounld sounds, the initial dc or t resp)(c(tively, aire tile only sound(s dotubledl, the final elemenlt bleing llponouncedl,buit,onice (~~ 32 and 3(). The same is true of ila (~ 31) tho thie latter occurs rarely with sabt'. Medial hamzahhimzatlh between two dvowels-is always doubled in pronunciatioll. lhat is, it is a conbinationll f final and initial halwmzah,:iid cannot readlily 1be pronouncel otherwlise, tho in Sulu it is written the same 1as iitial or final ha1mzah,,eaflc of which is simple (~ 19)..llif,bearing the mad(ldal is equivalent to alif used as a prop for initial ha,:zah1 an1d hata'(.S, plus a-lif of prolongation, but the wnIitiingof tiw\o alif's si(le by side is never permitted in Sulu. Note 1. l'iati may bear tlhe sabtt' and then the latter of tlhe two wc(tt's so expressed is a consonant. If tlhe vowel preceding the wt'an bearilg tlhe sabtite' be ((pan^, then the first wtail prolongs tlhe dapant), wliile tlhe second is the consonant wt. Examlple: _ Hluwa, a Sulu male name. After h1ata'a(s, the first 'lwa is a vowel, bleing thle final compon( it of thie dipllthlong a(, wlile the second is the consonant w,. o ' E'xample: JtSh(l,'tal, tentlh month of tlhe Muhanlmadatn vear (Suluized form, without case ending). Afterl haltlba, w'at bearing saltId' dloes not occur. Note 2. Tlie use of sabtt,' with ya is analogous. If the vowel preceding the ya bearing s(abt,' is hahbaba', tlen the first y'J is ya of prolongation and tlhe second is the consonant y. Exalmple: Arabic t;. badaiwriyi/,, ldesert-dw eller or Be ot inl (nom. case). 78S [- ~ 99 Whlell tile precedilln vowel is h/Itt, /s,'then tlell ti first is a vowel, beilg the filal (comnponllelit of thle (liplitholng,,i while the secondtl!/(t is thl1e consollalt. /. ExaYimples: A;\ablie \ JI ibl,.J(b ( tlil. (s(). ',Sul. l. Iai/'a, a St11t1 felmale nam.After (bp(u!i," 1yitli gI( leai' l dos not (c(C "Ir. N ote 3:. I)iss yllabicc stei,)s w\itl tlie first syllable, sihot a short vowel followed. it a siin(1(e (collsolll it -hav e ils Sulee a teiideliciy to ((obllll such single cl onlsona() t. hl( Ie latter is then pronotuneed both final in the first syllalble, a1lfd inlitial O ~o.... All the aC o (lre from the (a io )n wuich 1ngug tle ('1sol ant', he' foll ol, i single s, indeed,. cl., it is sonetiomies i(i Sum. in the A rabic lanis uagt e are n iHt ll ( t ) t(Ji Ili lf i/, loi. heginmimuig witlh tlhe letter ^,,. The form of tlhe sign,, is tlie initial letter of this root with the superimposed (lots oniitted. It is written.above the onlsonant in the same relattive position as hlttai's and (h(un. A following dapan, or hlata'(s, or eithier of .~ 102 I 79 tilese vow,\e1 signs d(lollled to forl thle tatn,,win, is writtel dlirectly al ove the ttllh(tid ais fo)llows:. Wlen followed by hiabbaa,r 1the comresponiding form of the taftwiC4, however, the t(t.aiddi l is writ-tell albove, and the hlabaha' or Icasrah tanwiu 1be,1(\\v, tlhe( c(ionsonalnt, a1s fol lows: No.. m(adOdali (a; a(; nothing). ~ 101. 'Irtn rslit(ra tiona.-W — le Imhaddah written to alif as the fiist c(llalcter( ill a -word sigiifies ha(,z.ah alnd long hata'as, it is.~T t tralislit(erate( tl a witlout, the Ihat)Oilah expressed, since tlhe latter is ilmplied ll i iitial vowels ill Eno'lisl (~ 18). \VIWen the tinddatl Ilas tlhe sl.ame po)()wr elsewhere in a word, th)ai.tzth is tlranlsliterate(d as istu:.l atlld, witlh tlhe maddahlI, b)ec(mes 'at. When used wvith a weak co()isona111t of )pr)ol>()lgatiol, it is superfluous and 1nmerely I;iake.s for add(1(edt 1 accura 11.cy. Sincel, il.Ar\alic, the consonants of Ipr(longattion are w\itlhout orthoglraphical sign (~ 141 ), tle mtaddah l)latce(d allb ve them shlows thait n)otling has b)eenl o1 itted. 1,02. Po'er. -The Arabic llm(e of tllis orthographical sign ii,,t(adl,1,, Ic'.Jllt'nh ii. /, refers to tlhe factt tllat its propelr power is Ititt:zalt and h]t a 1ta, adll(1 tlhe s(ecol(l Is letter of prolongation, would co(nimie il j xtapl)osition, omi,llif 1 earing the int,1(1Dth is sublstitltec(l theirefoi'.;.. I.xamIlples: A,I )ic \ Ada/ni, Idm (. (noni. case ); 80 [ ~ 102 \ Sl Jamiadf l-A11chir (Suluized form, without case e(iding, see ~ 154), sixth nmonth of the AMItulama(lan year. a.Suhi: \ ayT, sa, do. Note I. In Arabic, an a(tli witl haizah at thle beginlihng of a syllable followed by fiJthah and another alif witlh hamzah bearing jaztab, is also expressed by alif with maddah (Wr. Ar. Gram., ~ 23). Example: \ aIanrnat, folr \^,\ \ a'mana, 'we believed. Note 2. The maddabh may also 1e) applied in Aralbic to any weak letter of prolongation whven suchli weak letter is followed by limazah, I)earing a simple vowel or tanwvi. TIl, hamzah is tlhen, as ordinarily aifter letters of prolongation, written without prop (Wr. Ar. Gramn., ~ 22 and ~ 23, Rein. c). Examples: Arabic t sa( ', he illt ted; ast i', he is (was) illtre~ating: sii'((, 1e has1t b1Cee illtreated. Note 3. Maddah. is also use(l in Arabic over abbrevilations to mark tlhemn as sucel, and in some otlher cases. E.xample: Aralbic 4> ' lhh, for \ ^ j,'rahimahia 1 -l(thi, May God have 'mercy on him! But in general, and excepting tlhe ease of long hata'as after hamnzah, tlhere are very few cases in whiichl the use of omaddah is really obligatory, ~ 103. Writing.-The form of vatddtlah is prolbably tlie stretched-out word ~, for the root m madd. It is placed( above tle weak letter to which it is written in much thle same relative ~ 106 81 81 l,)sitioil as danm,,hn. or fitthali. No. 10. l)epe' ('lricula; fi.htlha ((). ~ 1(0-4. l)on v)r an(d Tr'a'sllcite'toa. -- The mrl)i name of tis I~ 4 llv) ave] Arzlaic(, n-a!l(, of thl is orthographical sign is silnplyfithah. It is equiva4l(llt to ftlhah followed byv alif written in the colisoiialltal outtline andl is trailsliterate(i by long Jfthtah (a). Its use.1ll)se froln the( fac(t thlat ill the careless Nrabic writing of ancient times, long a was f requently wrNitten defectively with fathah only. 'I'The consonantal outline thus becanle fixed and later, when greateIr preeision in writing became desirable, the fatthah was chlangedl ilto al smlall perpendicular alif, thus representing the sound ac'c Irat(ey without (changilg tlhe outline. Perpendicular fathah is Used(l only in Arabic wvords (WV. Ar. Gram., ~ 6, Rem. a). Example: Arabic j \ al-l1a,,f, (the God) (tod (noml. case). ~ 105. 1 1riting. —'Th forlll of pl)erpend(iculllr fathah is ieriely tllat of \ (tli' wittel a/)bve the consonalltal outline, usulally inl Illiiature. A s has t(een oblserved above (~ 82), hat( 't. is ill fori an abl)reviate(:d atlif In this specialized use, howe(ver, (it' still retains quite its noriginal form and is written (irI(ectly ab-)ove the (co()sonanlIt which is followed by the long sounl(1 of fit.t,,a,, tih latter no(t being written in tills case. N, II 1-,XapIIble:.:>m. \ (-lr-Ir.'o1ahnuuit, the 'neres ijli (nlomll.ca.se). No. 11. I,,a..4alth (spacel('; 1;; i). ~ I ()(. T'I'a,.sliteriation, a(ln I'otw-e. --- Iatltah is use(d( only in;A r;\ic w\ords "a11(d \ill (be 1 rarely founl 1by the student of Suilu ex 82 [ ~ 10 cept with tlhe Aralic definite article in a few proper names ami stereotyped prlases. In general, it may be stated that waslhib merely denotes tile elision of an initial vowel socindl. When occurring wlitkhin a senfence after a wordd ending in a vowel, 8wa.sallh lias no sound and( is not transliterated except that a space is left between the final vowel of the first word,.and tlhe first conso,nant of the'second. Manly scholars transliterate thlis variety of a'(Tsl(ah by a apostrophe ('). Such practice is not adopted hlt'er because the apostrophe is used to translitelrate the hamzah. If the o - wtrsalth is borne by the alif of the Arabic definite artiele \,l. the, the lam of this proclitic article, being joined to the follo(willn \word1, Imay be considered as the first consolnl:t of the latter. It is always so considered and pronounced when tile consonant following the lamn, is of tlle (lass delnonminated ''"luna.r' (~ 131). If the consonant followiing the lam, be of tlie (lass knownl.a '"solar", then the lam of thle definite article is not,'ronounce( I (~ 97, n. 3), and tlhe consonant following the law is the first one uttered after tie rwaslabh. Extamples: Arabic > \ ) \\ a(l, 1-1citahi, ))co-le (!/ /te book1 (Jew and( (hristian's):' \ katlti 1-hI-akki,. the sayinq, is, trlthl/ (used at t(hlad of letters);;k. \,l C 'Abda r-iuashlidi, slar'e of th,e guide X4bdurrashiid, Artabic imale 1anme). This use of t'aslal with the Arabic definite article is tlie principal one which will lbe encountered by the student of Sulu. " 1,oc J Th'lose, however, who deire to be able to read the waslah in all.\ rabic words, phlrases and sentences —ften unvoweled-occur'ring ill Sulu, sllhould study the following notes. Note 1. In order correctly to connect in pronunciationl the waslah of the Arabic definite article, it is not necessary. il the ca(se of voweled Arabic, for the reader to know what letters are 'solar" and what "lunar", since the lamn of the (lefinite article always.,bears the jazmnah (patai) if prolnounce(d, while if tlle lam be eliminated in pronunciation, it bears no sign whatsoever and thle following consonant receives tile tashd'id (~ 97, n. 3). The tashdid should appeal' even ill ullvowele(l writing. If the word to which the Arabiec definite article is joine(d I)egins with hamzah (initial vow1e inl Rloniai script) tlhe tlam of the article joins with the initil lhallzate( alif, or (aJlw' Jwith maddah, and becomnes lamalif. Examiples: Suluizle Arabic nouns without case endings, \ ^ Sali.h i d-dtli, Satihutddli. Nrabic male name; o -0 -.o, \ _j, ' 1)u Ih I-b'.i(a dh,. eleveuth month of the Muham1I'mad a1i veair;.Rabi',u 1-au-u wal, third monthl of tlhe MubI lmhalnad(l eal;, ab' Ra.l', 1-akhir, fourth nl:)ltlh of the Mullhallnmadan year. Note 2. W] When oc(curring at the beg'irnning of a wor)d (t the begqi', iug o' a sen,,tence, ulaslah recovers tlhe pronunctiation (f the )vowel which would be elided in other positions, and is transliterated and prolnounced accordingly. Tlls is really thel only c(ase ill whic}h,wataslah itself is pronouncled, since in 1ll other (8cases, the vowel sound heard is thlat of the preceding vowel. It is more correct in these teases to write tlhe vowel itself to alif without htamzlah (~ 6)), 11. 3, and Wr. Ar. (ramll., I ~ 10 ~ 15, Reml. a). So it may be said that in what is colsidered to be the most correctly written forlm of voweled A\ralic, W(1asifth tlas 11( sound. Examples: A rab)ic.. \ il \r a-l(t.U' tt III, r/W I,/,,.* - * o; O o (noIlm.c ) \ or ca^se \ ~ m,^Inn f!l '/ -(11o1. c(ase); J;\ or 9 \ tktft, kill! (ilill);. \).\ ib Sn,.son (nom. case ). Note 3. When occurring it) a sete.nce (a-tjer a ivword endling in a( consotnant l ear(ing jazM)tah (pa tai), the consorinait eit her takes its original vowel if it had one; or it assumes tlhe original vowel the elision of which is in(licated by the,,'.slabh: 0r it adopts ka.srahi, the lightest of the vopwels. Whn i1 the Arabic writing is voweled, tlhere \will of cours be bI n-1 difficulty in pronouncing it, as tlie proper vowel will be \written to the consonant in question —\which, but for the circulmstance of being followed by.tca.lah would (except ill the case of ta'witin) be written with jaz,,abh. But ii (.cas tle A rabic be not voweled, general working rules for the pronunciation,of 11(i.(la. whe in preceded by a colisonamit l)(beari1g j ha/lh ii\ othler situations, are given })el(ow. Note 4. Before wala(.tth, dummalt (,lpan) is assut.med ~,f after the plouns of the 2nd( pe rs. lut. is.. \ ttf,, o ) o(f the 3(d p)ers. plu. muse. / hum; aifter tlhe proimimil siffixes of tlle slamne pronoun.s, -kw'i alnde -hu re(spectively; tland after tle verbal terminzation the 2nd pers. pilu. mlasc. perfec -tuin,, silIce all these word\l()ls Origiia lly A 1(7,, S5 el (led in d(<lm nthl ( d/(,()n) a)l1l revive tllis vowel before va.,' - l/,h (W\Vr. Atr. (Gral., ~ 20i, (,). he,,}'o)n, y/on pm-,t.. Note 5. Before iv.slah,, f.lfhl, ah ( l/t,( '(is)i is lssumlle(d -ft1' tlIe (, >Iessitioii hi iir? On,, Nie. tIli(. ef.(M1l/ih is tihat of tlie (definlite article btut if tlhe ttr,,1f,(ih e(- tli.t or an;y o(ther word, kt,,t (hatbt,' ) is a.ssu1ed(l sinlce th( i final )tiln of tlhe I)'e Ipositionl lmay tllke Oitlher fthl.h. or kruwh ( Wr. A r.( rlrai., ~ 0. 41). lXIIlall)les: Aral}i J>)\ A,^ r'i"" 'r,,flij, j'fro t/le LO.D o / Ih(,(,,; 4A \ 'ni.i Iw, ldt i, J. o f;o it is.so;;. Note 6. Before rct,.slhl, l:a,.r',lh (hal(baci,' ) is assuileldl after all othicr consonants nornmally bearing jf.na,,h (pa t('i). 'TIheseh comnsoinanuts adop)t k& (r/i in )phlce of jt^inh. 7t(/tli Ibefor(e itl.sli (c.annilot take written klcasahh, l)ut tl(e latt(er is Iun(lerstood(l ill s1(1 Cases (Wr. Ar. (ral., ~ 2(. d). ie a #.- -- 1Exaplel: \pral iA c r \ a Jlhanuniiia(vtoi'; iii2-hl)l, 1lbt,,t,,d the /-',',,he (,enon. c'as(,). 1)7.. II ' I'f. ')I rn of w,.4lfh is that of a mini!i-;IAturIe, ^ the litter heini the initial letter of.s*/fth(;.s/7<11d, 1)011o. (Ias(), aniiother' namie of tis ortlhographic.al siln. [,Vt.lah is always writt:en a.bove a(diJ ill thl( salle relative( position 4as /h,^,,,./.h. No'. 1'2. ' (. a (valries). 1- ~ 1 I08. Tra7 (l itera, tI, n.-,A /ik(( is tra n1sliterated bv re pea'1tilln tilt'e pr[,e(lillg stelli ill ae(oerdllance withl rules given 1)e1low. TIhe 1,(epetetd( 811( ( I 1,,igia11 w ord. ( I |parl t (f word(, are in th e tra t sI i teration (lillarilyv p spatavte( ly a IIplHenw. Ioweverl in writitg wodIs o(f a siinl( sy lIlable repieate(d bv (l(/l(f tlhe( lIphl(' is toftei C ' stt -j)t( oft a,; o,, s, ', i tte ld. j 10t. 'I,,,C (lt ind i s lt/,I. itih.e ita i(, s of thlis sig', s (( /k'((. fiqlre (ntulieyri(al sil o,(l), is flr tlhe M'alay, al1d is not iused as 11an O(tl,( raphlui (ic sinl i, Ar,8lbic, tlho thl sign itself, r. is tlit Aralbic niiumeral ( 144). It is written aIfter-to the left o)fthe outline of the word to b repe ated(, without iiit(\tervening spac(. (oot, I)lt \witlhout red(lutliea titiools, 5e,1'etitiosls opt les wicli c1a1; l)e recognized.s afihxed(. intifixed, o0 sufli xeedl, a11(1 withoult syllablle, orlinarily (cal 'le( rc(ltplicatiols." ' 11e latter Iod(liicatioin takes pl'ace in Sulu in the infle(tion (of verbs a(ll1 i the fornatiot of ucertain lotls and adjectives, r 11(1 iio ust always be w\\itteii out. ~111 ] 87 0)0 0 EKxa1ll)lle o( initial red(llplicati(ol of stem: cs-;, Y/ titidt(l(/?, 'is.tan, (ling. l/cfor Ih, U1 f b jk' l -1.(I '(. ~ 1 1 (). RIIILE I. Whenll a sillille ste of onl or two syllabl'es is follo)we(1 1)y a(,igh.q, the steim is rep)(et((d en(ltir ( wit o(ut (chal]ge. If the stellin 1e( of t hr(ee syllables, the last two syllables alone nmav I,( repeate(le ol the repletitionll 1may inlll(le a11 tlhree syll1able( pla(tiCe alo 1(e0 will e, ahlet t le stu(leitt()?o t( l | (eo(, ( tpl,(tk, ((, rrectlv \wheI usedol witlh a thllree-s'llable stelm. o ) C ) Ixal)Ies ()1()ne syllale.(1, b tub-tub, up to; T thblI,,1, or' 1)1)hl, Jfir, ft(tth('. \V(O syllall(s r I, j Ini (1 lif(til uk, 1i)l:,,,, Ili.e syllwables, r( /ljb(,/(,-h,,(/(,,,, / oi I1, $;... R 111. HUnE II. Iftie stemi b1egins witlh hm/ ult I/( iniitial \ i wel in jIJl isll ) (11(d (ellds w\ith a- vowel, whether the latter is 1fll\ wehd) 1dhY h /i ()1i ol nOt, ha itI,(t/, thlo) )1'011011c(td l)etweeni tihe olginiiall steim and re]( i)etitioll, is not written ill the trlansliterlati.1, 1wcill,. (c.m.sidr-,'(, (111 initial hlt,,n.:'th (~ 1S). Kxain)l(: rJ\ - \. (\<,.llf;r,,,\,,\ frtfi-iuf., I <Ss I ~ 112 ~ 112. 1L,: 1ll. \liel a stein laviniig a plreflixed p)article' is foll)owed by anl/i l, thell simple stein orIl, wtitlolt the ptarticle is or(liiiarily repeate(: lIut \x'llen phonetic c'lllages hx\(ave (('oc 'ed dulle to thle prexinig (of tlie particle, til(he Flk!Jll',,soI uld t le lse(d. -/ Elxaim ples: ~, I IY1-n iy.' I o1r.I" I /II J. (lif/fl, I(I(I I f-/ ~,, r;9\> jllfl,({fgfl l) - { ll, Fdt! tE {t/}fA: i L i )( t{ I} { 'tla/t, confide in. But.Sakq, (t. t/t-Ict (tfor,tllqkc l'-k I t. -h'i t. Anl initial reduplication is also omitted ill repetitiol. o -/)o - Example: r 'Jhd l,,fii/1l(lujtltl-lfl.fi( l., fln,,tt. ~ 113. RMULE 1\..Iq/t ilay als(o e used ill the middle l' a wor(l before a. sulffixe(d particle, ad the rlepetitio of thle stein, thlenl follows previous rules. If the suffixed pa),:rticle Iwegins with a1 vowel, and tlhe stell) en1(ds ill a (consonanlit, stuch(l fial coiso'()all)it of tile stem is writtell againl aftter th(e taliku/. beitll joinled to tle suffix. Writing the vowel of the.suffix witlh,l(f is so) avoidel l. ns this would indicate pronl-nitiationl with haUttZ.l/a. ''lh repet it-iiI of such consoniant, however, (toes not affect tlle proltllitciatil.on Exallples:. I.I, ip1 I hl ff I,liiq O / O,,/ a 0 > —^ * iS r wS. Iacpl f, ' r, e.feltl i/e., But if a lhaRizahl coiies bIefore ilitil vowel of suffix, or t1he suffix begins with a C onsoallilt. the repetiti tion f tih fillal consonant of the stent is no lolnger ntecesstary. td sII I suffi I heo-ills with consomant, 1111,11dai-~ill /fil dh ii, 1wi/ -it lhv so. ThFle ht 1)rol) )v b )delgns to th e -stfilm I ho for th IpIr&'s(li~t Iplrlos,(' this is iun11tc mter-d( 57) VI Writirg of Consonants. ~ I1-4. e1, Sllil-A \r;Ii(' s'Cilpt is wIitte, I,most,asil \vitli, eI(,lcil. I ' still) 1)e11, held( v\eItically>. A illt pen P wiieli sIade- I e'asil is Il 4t st it;i i ('. \'V' pri 'tty, tli ( ar4'. i 'i IiIg i, a 1 I d(o1e With a IamlI1,u or1 ed((( 1" p" lelpared1 i,, the saime' "a! as; ( pcll IITI. I1' lsl o.5 I)" (the A'amIiA s1ipl t bc 4)11(o ol its gr;(IIll ( otItlil is 11,(I i, 14mo)st MIII irl II I I: iI eomnit ies.;(r;ait ntt(i - tit, i. s (\ot(,t( to iXi.lllsll, i. No rm'('! (l ifftl'(le('lce } ls c '\('1lo,-,.d I!etwo. II script 1~( Iri,It. 'II1, l)ri,(I ('}I',Ir(t (r is 'ic!l Ioidele(1d I11)po) the wriitteI, jIIst as S)-e le( s(eiI)t tv])e iII tI 4 oilwii al I hi bet is a eo( I veIItiohi liz((l written ( licalr<eler. Tile r!iV i\'cs,all ftollis If t tii-A '.ti', ' eoSllo(lll iIts a ill tlhesei s. 1(ill l) tblo ol e l otltize(l I) thie stud (lelt. A little eo(4 Ii,p)lariso xi will rieduc 1i ( man 1N,I,)pa(ttl0 (di (veisel sia l)e(1P (1 clail(tctels to;I ('11111111 type,. tle (,llected( ftor'lls o \\li which v.a, ' siil-liar.l!. T1I 1Io(Ie orII () '1(l' of the le Itters of the aphaI )et11, is, in, grealt i IIeastiire, (l depe(ldenit 1upo) thel shIape of tlheste letters. wIIichl, (clssiiied aod(liilg to f)rm1,i,, IlattIl lill fa ll iIit(o ol4 p)IIs. Th i me1eI( ers1 )f or e(ah I group are (disti I(u'ishIe(l from( e(.1ch otiher Iv (lots, writtell allo\ve 1' below1( 1, k Iowli\\ Il (lis i( liti(;l signs () 74 ). Th e iiuiIIber o(lf 1groups) is i seveltee l, sl showl a\\l 1i illutlst'ate(l in Tlabl V. o()1llowvi Ig ti Ie latte i Ta Ibl.e, thie wr iti II of t IIe ( c s o lani. Its w\ill I e ta(i 1kel lup) 'y %rou1ps;l, ilnd;attelitioll illvitedI to certalill p)eculialrities. 90 '.A I; 1..; I \'. /',;r /s,' (uj (i, siw. il f,,/tl,, u1,i, l,,,, i,' 11,1 '/. III,.s l/ r.l,'i,,!ri 7,,,, I.'l. Note: A 1),llkII inll aly of tlht e' ltlllls hliealted ll forlnl, s-!lNws tlilt a silptcialize li t'lrn is lackilng' 1,(e of tile f)orms givell ill tlhe lprce(((lillg oltlnllll Inill utilized. 'T'le exallllle il SIlt'l enses shtows tlhe latter form. For the writing of ht:,t. sec Ta'l' II. A\ralie oiulls are without ease endings. I - a I I \itl pr)ecoeling a-nd following (cols80 lullants \\ith, precedlia ot t -'onso },1anll0t o1l!\ i'll' Exa pIl)le F'oI' 111 1K a X(I11 Ie I \Vith follo}wilng llsoll;ilt ionl.. I ',,: Fi)-,Fi lll I lC(t )1 I(ette(l 14)11 Il al'ialde 1,)1f 0 i ", ^ I i ^,. s I ^ I ft * - I..!.,'rl. o (1,/.i No. 1. I, 0 } s.,lt1,,.stoiIl ' 0 titil: Ij,tllt -/ 1 (7..- 0 to I A - I - o -, \ 0 0 I o a I 6>>w 1 et I / ' t"t!l't ' o tha /)it).:'ih[) 0 - t,( 0 - 4..11(1(11 th. ba' iIt/ b-" I I I Tr I I I 711,4 1~~I 1 k) co tin c ld AL...,, a? --..II.. I i I Witl pr)eceding ald following conso)lants Example ri 1lo — i i '_ __! t^,.,, i -- o - - - f((-it? JA With preceding consonanlt onlyv ^;N I Fo-..:i ' 11) \Vith followillng c sIo n1ant1 1 (on)1-l _ Im E" X~~~iIIll)1 JIP11 M (/I/elf1 wdti.shI I ilHi I' 0-- - - - * 0 @0 iklhi 1, ti., i.i (lb i/d - I — - - I:Nm lb ~Im x ai iP' lorill d1a adh i0i S[. i. 8. 10. 11. 12. IiH*ift t'i I-I'/ -I '; 0 - tt i " i h C>, *, f11 C x I i I 7'tble II '. cowd i#,u'd - With preceding and followinig consol)nnlts Fo14J lIIIpt S [#cO ia da' O / j]HU^. LL I — ^,7-1 — I Aitlh prec (ding:Fo(Exsoanll only - - o, ~ /'0 O O /,'"'1 i.a - O O l 6 __. __ I With following consonlant o(nly 0 0- - O,. shl/kt,' -. (A r * jr - - - -- latl i -^Cl() — -,71(. 1 i. t t l><kn s3-, ".s/,^^,, U'nconnl3ected F'oExampl)e - F~sz I'll n Ii No. ~uo. 00 ) I I i.. _!,,. -'t-.)~ __. lfe t z;Dt 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.! I,.4 B (It o 19.:11. **> L1W I I -- ~ t": * i.-. )4 ) 1 ~ 114 ajJ 'J; ~;.~1~3 aJ I GV3 0-6 1 F.0-,L.I I i~ *:: K'a\ I l -u fa IZ I I - i ~ j - 0 0 o ~S o. ao i*'t~ ~114 1 95 '0' a',Q 1 X,~ 0 C.1 0,: i — a e. ~ 0 I - 7 -I _:_ I \-A _. e.....1. - I -\' ' 0 ~ 'm - A- 1 1 )6 [ I 115 115. FIor tir, puirposes of tlis (lisculsiol, conlsonallllts coiIlectedl with the following conlsonlant olv, wvill be refelT-e, to as "'ilitial"; tlose c(,llonected wditli bI,,th preceding IandIl following ('olsoItIants as '"niedial tlhose (conlnecte(( withl prlnce(lig (colsonant only, as "final while tllose( connlected(l witlh 1itler the )lrectdiillg nor following co(nso)nan11 ts, w\ill 1,C terliled simply "u'co(nnected." It will 1)e olbser'edl tlhat groups tn1111111bere 1. 1.1 and 17 are vxery similar t(o grou)p 2, and i!ndeedl (e'liiina;tin, 'diacritical signs) identical in ititial ald(I medial forms. h11(r(e are tlherefore fifteen Ia)sic forms, 4 of which(., _ N \, ('conect with p)recedillg liIt not withl followin' ' )g Uo ltsoaats, a1d( 11 of whichll, connect witl b(t I preceding and t'ollowinlg coIIsonalits. OM/sMW/O/.s* 'I'rawyd Am-dlug to F().m Jnchid!)(. 1,a 1 'o I.1s ( (.:. 1(tU(/('l i i i j i(liI'i/ ti 1iiiC2i, i i i/iilinq i iJii/ ii, i i'. i ' O( ( (l), FM fn d in ni ff. No. 1 Sulti-Arahlic oso (i)ISna\ts.iMala!v c()onsonant [s..,.........................................I 2 > > tissl _ 2.s lSI 4. 3 1, s (lesol(tt d/ sound.. _, p.5,'J I I ~ 116] 97 F7"able, J/(. (1O1IcJlud I No. 6. l1 m I _.......... r w I 41 vonsom itts a11 "r Lor Malay ()onIsonaIlllt.................... S. 9. 10. 11. 12. I L. o J in ^~j"" A 'S fi,3.............. I. 4 L I II ' o. is Sn.. _I.. 13. 14. 15. LO)..... (i )...) I m 16. 17. G(rollp I. ~ 11 6). \ lhas ollew pecllli;lrity in writing, nlamely that of Po)l-,illation wAith a pr ece lilg ) to form,n) (,I~ d tj t6', 9S [~ 117 (,,;I r;IS 1 117. '1,e (lots tised (liacritically wit this grou) s 1ould strPitlv be \writtell directly 1above the poilnt ii the ilitital Iand 11l(edial forms, but the (ldots are soimetielis wi'ittell;i ittle after (to thle left of) the point. 1The1 two (dots soietilies.o lmlbivie illto a short stiroke, an1lld the three( d(ots, whIenll wV1ittell hasltilv, be(com1e 1 shIot stlroke hl.8\avillr ( (lot 1l(ove or h lleth, s the case 11av l)e. Ths L_,... This als) true of the (lots,0 u - II,.1(. In I IIala, ( v iII its unconnec(( te( and (ina l forlms, is writte ll ~J' ~ ~ 8fl(.l T. Ij iis not eOlt.Sill,' ill piillt, silwee the I"Stein iiI tins Iorill is that of thle (deejp Q hf tvpe, Iot the shallohw l 0 tvIe. li)ut this slight distilcstill is Ilot sI) clearly a1 paei'lint. iln \vriting, (ad Confusion with tha is hlond tfo riesilt. T11 SnIi l)'('tice of witilg tli( dIots l( elov ill all cases, iT1ref(.erable. ~ 1 1(8. Ini this T,1OU), tile -medial formll d(-oes niot legill and eid( on the sa111(e hioizontal aillt (see also these colsonll1ants iln T'l'ale I \ ). Notice tile letters il the lHo alnal scrili atlpllabet: //7 /j /./,! Vz.1 It will be seen tl(at each letter of the fontt 'blTgils a1(l ends precisely on tlhe snamic level so tlat any letter. of the fonit mayn. he fitted before or1 after lanv ot(thlr letter. tBut ill llost fonts,; ~ 118ll 9)9 of A irabic letlterls tl!e nl(e(il forlls of the. group) of letters, egin on a ) level hI ighr t tlaI tlhat on which they end, thus 5 1kajt/1ti. * ' / in, wlli whl is On tile lhighler level and ( on tlhe odilmll'y Iwe'I level. Tlis peculiaslity causes 1to b trlitlle in \w'iting, tt is vry v.xatious in prin'ting since it nece(ssitates a sp)ecial set of types 1)upon w ic 1 all fornis of consoilants which iimav pI'eced'e,''ill a singlet outline, mliedial forlms of wTo()upl) co ('I)1s)aits, maustI 1> e placed Iigie' thi o'dinarily upoI tilhe type Ibases. The fo T'lils e(ffec(t(ed( are (50 in) liuml)er, l)eiilg the initialh and1 ledlia.I fomI'ns of all thi (collsonan'ts if thle alphabet (except _\ ) j 9ad thlus nll(ec(ssitatingthll maTnifacturle and use of at least 50) tpl) foIIrms Vwhich would be supertfil)us we\(' it io0t folr the j)ecu(liIarity of three letters of this one,1'o)1I). If thllrec 1' inol letters of tlis gr-oup are joined in an toutlbe, the filst multst 1,be raised still hliglher on its -)ase. S(omne modern fonts, especialIv those (desilgned by western scholars, alter tthe-, lledial and fillal olms. of the 0g p so s to bring the belginilng an(ld elldini)g upoi tle samll(e h()izo0ntal level. ".- 0 - )the' fotlt- ( emplov a cinnecting liines, A as Arabic ^( or f l b _ho o l/ ' (I jnithjl.h,,'.,, (11011. (11ase); Ol'Sulllti >I fo)l SI li.chat ki, tak c. Orolfps./,, (tad,;. 100 I'I~ 11 1 9. In distinguishiing. the finall formls of c and frolI.11flnI. when hurriedly writtnl, wote tlat the pe il writillg and l usuatlly Illlkes t he tlpwardl stroke al(nd tllell lifts from the paper and illakes the final stroke idlepeendlently. In making final.ad I, ho weve('. t hec point of the (0consoanlt is retrace(d, almniost tlhe entire letter being imade( with:I single curving downlward stroke.,;Soletimes, tllhe point is olitted( altoge'ther. The reader of Sulu mnanuscripts will frequtently find filnl. or 0 eoontle' te(I witlI l)rece(ling letters of gr oups 4 andl 5. Tllis entirely irregular prac.tice is imost comlmon with lor e xaniples o(f conlected( with foll wing lettver. see SpeciIIlens of Sul81 Writing, in Appendix 1. Grmtp 6. * 120. Note that tlhese Ietters require three upwnrd points. besides tIhe connecting strokes, tlins.j\.. k 'a.tiia',,S/)oui.4. G'rot].i 7i (tp S. ~ 121. In writing i k ^ and I. whethler conllectedtl or unconnected, start is made frons the left and the loop is lmade toward the right and upwards. The (lot or upright stlroke is then added a-nd lastly, the long horizonltal final stroke in the (ase of unconnec(ted or final k. or. ille pens is therefore usually lift 1231 1101 ed1 ill m ak i I tlhese co -sol Mlts, ill the mliddle of an outline. It sllhoul(d he llote(l that group 7 letters have an upwardl strokel forlilng a p)oilt to the left, \wlile group 8 letters have\ tot. In tlhe c(ase (f the lattert, the plortiol to tle left of the up)-,igllt merely si res to (olll(ect witlh the following letter. x ls:; i; t1 ~ 1 )22. 1 e1( writ i ),g (of,1,tZah l i (as already a be en tlreated ( '(Ihapter I\ ). Th11e othr (o.isonant.s ol this group o)ffer Io liffi(tulty, Ibtlt care mulst I e taklte to 1smke the loop of thle Tei.al formils angular, so as to ditiigulishi them(1 fo)m1 tihe meediil forms) o grou)tpl) 1. (. 0,)/'. ~ IExallpl)les: Lt. ' ljtt.S. ftildc/l:; a t(fl)l', Wft'i. But somle scribies distigluislhl tlhese letters mierely by uaikiing the t101) larger tiim t.l se of group 1 0. ( h'tt) t I 0. 1 23:. \\'heln uIII'lllectel 01' fillal. is distilguislhed fromt l v tilhe deptlhl tlte tilial stroket as well as bv the diacritical signs. I nleed(, in Africa. wvhe thelse consonanlts arte used( ill tlhe tinal form, thev usua lly beam' 10 d(ia(criticall siglns a1nd are d(istin guishedl solely by their fial stroke (Wr. Ar. ( Iraml., ~ 1, heRn. 1b), anll t1 ayt tle fact t tihe lonlg axis (of the loo) of final 2j is vertic'al, while thlat of the loop of filial. is-or should Ibe —inl the dlirec'tioil o f writilng. Bt tlite (lots arlte nleve'\ ollitted( ill S11ihii. 1)2 [ 124 (;i'roll 1 /. 1 24. The 'ss(ential )'pat ts of "K i I\ al pI11 ).,I ets (leriv(ed fromll tlhe Pllhoen(iiciall r(, a vertical strok(e andl(l a seconda(lr stroke mell'ttinll til( first obli(uely. IIl tl' ordlillar!y filal yl,1 Ilicot(l'ct((d forms oft. aIs us(ed ill Silii, tile ohli(uje strokei is h)st;n11d these fot'ls t lle ii.i l to ) (0i)lu.si011 W\ith the co(res)onlding formus of%. To av\oid S*lch colifusioll the filHl;Il 11(l llWMo)i(tlet(l forims of ill Nhiilih tl, Ol)Hli(lilC strOk(e dloes t0ot 'pIpea, 1t'.a tll\;wvs (listilngishled 1h a inillni.1t11 S, *ittl1n;Ibov(v. 1, thl,( iiitial ai (I Iied(li;li f()riIs., Ih)owev(ctr, the obIli(ite stroke always all(pears a d1(I the, ininaltti' letter' is lot t.sed(1 i,, Sulu. IIn1 MalaV howeI I vetr, the O 1qeitie st( )ke is frequenitl reII taiinthd in) 10th final anl unconnIliecte(i rotis, the tis miniatute letter.1weing not thei( necessary iln,11y (case,( th1 still sometimes used. Exaniples aIlay _, //'1,. fI "'','Il':,, ( /m/^, ' h ro.t'ftr. Tl( Ma!lavy iracti(ce is soil) tililes followed( il Sulu. The Malav letter q/, corresp(ondin1 to SuI <II, is toIIed froIII,= l>y- tle (8I(litiol (tof o)e or t hIt'ee (dots, thus,,. This forml somittill'es even r'etainis thie mliniatutre s (of tll, as mI,s.5. * 'ult w,'iters flreu(lentlvy (et )lo(y tie(,, witl one (lot, itl place of the r'egula'. ( rorp 1- ' tion of I tIe (IlicoilIete(d foin is d(l)el(11 al( 1d ml'o- er tlhla tele orrTest)oi(lilg i), r iop n of, ), J. I For l lt, i sece It 11., 12(. S.t^^'X's I nIK'( )s sli'lIt \'v\P1iatiolls. 'llhe ul -()olUie t(Ml forIl is wviittelln:i1(; the initial forill,. and: tlhe inedil(ll so-mietilmes the 101p is hot c(losed, andll the lmedlial form is mIlerely ' '0 I ho)ok, as ill 'k x II OIII.f c; a1id the finl formCi is w'ittell, or ~' f t t 127. 7 in its illneon etli ed and( l ill il fornls, is odistinlgulisle d 1Iy its d(leelp stio'ke. Iit its ilitial 1anl medial formls, it is ideticl I ( Iexept f) tthe (lot) \with the coriresponlding forms of group 2; lut care muist )e taken to make ti tihe iual and (det(achedl forils witlh deep stio)kt,. (i/pl, 195. ~ 12S. also) suffers sev'\eral valiiationls. Ini its utllicollected form it is ttell. D',.1, ad, all! ill its mediall forllil,,, 104 ~ 128 ol' ^.i l 'rl filalll anl ltilco ill(ected forms lmal, in A\ rlbi e words. 1)e writttelit to dots alove, 1(1, nd len i, a. stIate of G.rol'p 16'. ~ 129 In wririting. tile loo1) s1touldl ill strictIless, le nm1(dc itrn th le diectimn of J "itif), 1 lnd not nt riglit anlgles tIhereto as, in, thl, easew of the lledial for (,rl of group 10 letters a11d t(he ti1al fornit of,. FillI 4A or lar'( soliltinltes irre::illarly eon-.nectedl witll a p:rce(liVng ). (rotp 1'7. ~ 1 30. I n Sulut, L is writt(nl witliout Iots whe n uised as a prop for the ha'zUIi (~ Il8). In otelr p)ositiois, thl( dots are always used. Il Aral)ic,. lowever, tle (ldots tiiaxv also be ollitted w ienl is fiilal i:n::n1 outline withl whalltever powel) r. ~ 1.31. 1or (e e'tatii l) i'pose')se o' Aral)ici granliniar, the consolltiants of tlhe A\rali.c allpalhct:are divided inlto two class(s (denomiriated solair le!tters alld luiaur le tters as follo.ws' LSnla: 'i jr, 'riie first glropi or letters is c;lele sol.l la )lIIaeI tly From t ie :l- 1] 105 fact t'll~at the ((il vor happen('1s to Ibegill w~ith~ oflle ofte. i,;himsa.., i. (111oni. case), Ti'e sec'nll group is cal]le(I lu a. Ies e1 t e ( o,) w111od (1.tl,'lll, Wt1o)) (11~)on0. ase.), begi,'is with,one of t-his,roup (W r. Ar. (X'an., ~ 14 (a) ' ('l.,,). 'lis (,ivision is ilp)l'tatllt olly in Arabic, wheroem ce'rtaill etlphonici cha(lnges are (letermilel,by it. All thlat }a studen( t o(f Sulu sh(ild he exp)ect(ted( to rei(nei(be('1 of the sublject lias already been,et forth under IIs1.lahI (~ 1 )(). C I I AP-rEfl" N "I f Diphthongs. ~ 132. As a nmatter of fact, tlic putle diplitlIoing, als we undellltrstandi tle ternl ill Englishl-two vowel soundl s )pro(nounced as <a single syllable witlhout intervenini g co(lsisoiant-'exists ill tile Sulu languagea and is expres'sel d Ib the Sult-A'rahic scr'ipt iii only /0 - two cases. I'llese air: (i, 0r 1 (i:. ai(d ((Ui, 1or c - __tlra; iln wliich tle first element is hat/a', t. (eitlier lonlg o' short) and( the second element, one of tlie weak (~ 5) letters wanl or ya-(lif lias no p'rper' sound. The weak letter is tlhel no longer a (consonant, but i.expresses its related (~ (i8) vowel sound, u o(r i. Any two vowels of the Stulti-A ralbic sclript wvlen, placed in juxtaposition a1nd1 joine(l ill prolunciation,.exctepti1g' when arrangedl as in tlhe, two dliphtliongs eI1ntionl(l, ogeneiatet lbetween them a, wvetak colnsollalnt, anli ilsttead of tw\\ vow\els unite(l il one syllable, wVe hav\e t\wo syllil lles sepalriatedl b1v a weak consonant. ~ 133. A c ref extamlination of \ x vowel combii naltions is necessary in order to undelrstand c(ertain p(culiarities ill thIe ulse of the Sulu-Aralic sclript. The possible grotpings of tile three vowels in pairs of (lifferent vowels, areh as follows: 106 ~ 134]:107 Com nb Iilltioll Examnple 1. d. ((,,)l 2). dapanc Ia- h.tafa, 0., bui l ad, to.St),n. ttwi,?iQi ied(ia tely. -,h ab,,' cl, -i 4i. it, ta 1 ( (.. hift b bh ' 0 c / - *((,'(' t <(f-i(.\ 0o a,C,. - I(tba oa' a-i o - (tlu?(), there i-s. dain, firo,. bijtag ti/C, placed. I] lta 'as i-a', F_, - tilap-tici,, e-very';l. 13 4. It will Ie) Aratlic s(cript a1re observed tliat thle peculiarities of thle Sulusuch that two vowels can not b)e written together witlhout an inte]rvening consonant, in form, at least. It \will also l)e o(l)erved that: in pronouncing the combination (t, 1anld i, the vocatl organs in gli(ling from one to the other, take.c position ais for )pronouncing tlhe weak consonant. wata, and( thllat thlis consonant is in fact pronounced, being likewise writ-' ten in the Sulu-Arablic scril)t, tho not in tlhe Roman. Thesx cornlbilnations wo)uld be cmore exactly written in English, tuw d( I i. xl pl-s:. Ealic, ight; ', kat'(waltiCah, L.).,,, ('ifhit//: ' j - 5 itH(.~e 'cre:; t. ' kapit t t 'an, sevent//. Note. Soiletinmes the Sulu vowel combination i(tuwi) weakens il pronunciation from that of li in the Enlglishl word "suite" ((of rooms), to that of oi in "boil", and( thus 108 I~ 1 4 bec'lles a Itur'e (lil)lltll)log, as ill the Suti wL'ord ' I W/v. afhu'ttt"i, /'0oo(, solmetinmes )pr(ouncel!d allmost altoi.' But tilis prollnllciatiolnl of iyhivthfi is 15s rare as thel( sound of (i((un (~ 5) and need Inot 1)e furtlei'cl (lonsided'(l. ~ I 35. 1he comnbiinations i, nn(l iat ar n.logous, tlhe wak ('OllSOIlflt O'ftl(lletrted(l ere hbeing L//. iaTese vowel (oinl)bin'itionis miglt more logically I1, written,, i//, /-tl,1//,,ml!, il(ldeel. the L / is, lecessrily expressed (I in, tlIe Stuli-Arlbic scrip)t. ~ 136. l' e v eXvl c(),tibiintions alraely ('0con sidered,,t,., m, if anrd ti, are recognized by English phlnolo)gists as c()tainlling a weak conisonant and for that reason a11 (clatssed (I,y Web\(ster azs impure " diphthongs. But the case of (ti/ alnd i is (lifftrenlt. 'These last (together with oi) are classed as "pure" dliplltll(hongs blecause thle anatomy all re lati(on of tle vocal organs producing these vowel soun(ds is such that in tile glide from one to tlhe othler, neither 'w nor?/ is p)roltuced. But as tle Sulu-Arabic:crilpt does inot permit of two vowels being writtenl togetlher without interveninig conisonlant, recourse is had t( a weak co )-.son(Unt for expressing the fillnal rowevl of ti(e (liphlthol(lg, tal(d (nlH is written, wlhile a i is written. ~ 137. '1'o render more convincing tlie statemnents made i n-? dler tlis heading, the student need only to 1nmake tlhe followilng.experiments. Let him pronounce the combinations vta and 't'i, slowly and distinctly, but without a br.eak ill thle utterance,I trying to pronounce pure vowel sounds. 'hen let him pronounce., also slowly and distinctly, the (cmllbinations iel and1 1:9(3] 10,ilWti collSciously pronoullcillg the w, a(nd hle will fild that ^ta. all(d ici have exactly the same sbunds s 'Iwa and 'u.wi. It is impossible to utter it. aind '^i without pronouncing w/ between eachll pair of vowels. Let hlim perform the same experimlent witli i't al(l it atl(d lie \\ill fiiid it impossible to pronounce these comI)inlations with)out gelnerating a y b)etweenl each pair of vowels. The Sulu-Ar.rbic systeml recognizes these facts and writes the aIbove four co!bll)i ations, not as diplthlongs, but as vowels sepaJ> > rateed by a weak consonant, i. e., u-at-= a, wa; u-i = ttwi; i-I, J=?yt; anld '-(a= it. ~ 138. But if the salme experiment be tried with the comI)inations ai and art (and owti), it will 1be found that deliberate pronunciation genlerates no wreak consonant between the vowels. ()n thle coltrary, if )one pronounce oa. weak consonant betweell tile two vowels-a ((, jry i, (Ia/wu7, (tyja (ot/i, oyi)-he has uttered }a collmbination of soundls entirely (lifferent from tlhe diphthongs,ti and tan (or oi). ~ l 9. Owing to tlhe fact tlhat two \vowels ('can not I)e written ill iml diate seqluenlce in the Sulu-Arabic script and the consequent necessity of employing weak letters in these diplitlioongs, and owing also to tlhe fact tlat the and oft ile diphthongs, ill thle perlnutittions of tlie Arabic, root, frequently become real consonanlts, some authlorities lhave deemed it advisable, espeo, cially as regards Arabic, to transliterate as au', and <as Iya, notwithtalldinlg the fact tlhat tlle colosoilaints w anhd y can tiot 1e pronollnced 'final in a, syllable, andl ignlrillng tlhe purely 110 [~ 13:, vowel chllaclter of ' L.t d 'll(l 1ydt ill thlese (onllillaltiolls. Th invariable transliteration of. anld ( Iy,, all(l./ ylmly, illle(el, liave certain advantages as regards the A rabic. III tllht lalnguage. tlie.root consists of consonaints, while the iiflections ire effected inl large part by tlhe insertion, omlission, shortening, lengtllenilg, or other nmodification, of the vowels. Note the follo\wing A raIic verbal inflections (rsWr. At. (n lu., Tables xiv and xvi) Root, n - d - w, c(ll (illustrates mutations of i' - I). Perf., act., - sdual, 3d., masc. \ Imperf., ind., > o sing., 1 st., coI,. _ \ IPerf., atct., - /, Root, r - d - y, Ie pleised Perf., act., Perf., act., sing., 2nd., iasc. L^ ) Inmperf., inld., e sing., 2nd., feml. y naldaw(, the// twi ') o(t i'e ( c ( l/(e,. andlu, I calledl ( r.ll,,/,ill i.dll ). nadauta (nadawta), yo l har e c(allul.,ith (illustrates mutations of I - i). radiyut, he hais beert pleasde(l with. radita, yon, have becu pleatse(d Irit/h. tardain a ( tardayna), yo,,were ( (,ir, will be) p1leased ritlh. Not( also the following substantive inflections ( Wr. Ar. (GraImIm., ~ 304, Renl. ): Root, th - w - r, I/dll (illustrates mutations of /r - i/ ). *2 O - Sing., lonI. cas(e. Plur., 1o0m1. case. -" -thauri a (thawrani),,bull. ^, thiwar l, l., c etiel. j " thiwaratu'u, balls, collectively. ~ 141 111 Root, ' - y - n, eye (illustrates mutationls of y - i). ~ -' Sinlg., iim. ease. _ 'iintn ('rynln), eye. P'luro., mnon. case. ^ 'nyunun, eyes, collectively. ~ 140. So possibly by tralnsliterating the diphthongs by aw;a11l (ty, tile root of the word is made more prominent and thte genius of the laliguage is more a(ccurately conserved. But anl ( dlisappear entirely iil tralsliterating the long vowels, at anlll( i. No olle ]las proposed, to transliteralte by an,, or 1by iy; it w\ould be too absurd. So it is impossible to;lvoi(l solme inol(nosisteincy if we attempt to conserve wtv and y ill trallsliteration thruout all tlhe permutations of the Arabic root. It is also true that the consonants w and y entirely dlisappear in the (liplthongs (t atn td ai-they then represent,orVel1.u, lot c('oonacr ts. In transliterating Stlu, at any rate, o \valid relason for violating English phonetics can be alleged. Consistency would seem rather to (lemalnd that, and. should be trani sliteralitedl as consonants-? and(l y-when they are co)nso(nants, anld as vo(wels —( andl i-wllhei they are vowels. 141. The exclusive vowel character of _ and in these two dliphltionlgs is recognlizedl ev\ell bIy the Aralic grammarians. and (5 in these comblinJations, must, il voweled Arabic, Ibetr the jaz.itR th-except, of co(urse, when such letters bear the ILI 112 [~ 141 stabtv' (~ 99 ns. I and 2), thlo wllel u.se(l as letters of prolong-ation they b)ear no sign unless it 1)e the mt,,ddai (~ 102, nl. 2). Whlen used as props for the harmth, these two letters naturally )ear the htazlJ'(h an(l whein used as true consollanlts, tlhey are(' followed ly some vowel (~~ 59, (1 ). and t bearing jazu(7/t are tlerefore used( inl A rabic ex.(sively/b inl the to pure diphthowpgs imlet' dicts(.s)ion, il(ndicating Iy tllis (listinctive treatntlet that tlie special vowel character of it',i aid y/ i (liphthlongs is recognized. It lias tlherefore been considered advisalble to ad1 -hlere to tlhe practice of whlat seem to 1)e tlie best authorities on the transliteration of botht Arablic ad Malay, as well as the practice of E,;wglishl plionologists, (Hfd write a i and (tat in tralsliterating tlhe (diptlhongs in these pages. Examples: Arabic lau, if; k Iafi, how ' ~' 142. As we hlave seen, tlhen, if eitlher of the pure dil)hthongs, (Hi or1' (t, wllhn final, bec('omes placed blefore any vow()el witlhout interveniing hlizil(/h, tlhe final or s of thiese conbihiati6iis regains its consonantal power. i + a = ay/a (i4; + i. = ( 1/; (, + ' = (1; a(I + a( = Ua il, U T, aflt + i = (t'i,; It( + I = (itit. But tlhere is no fixed rule for the use of iav.zaht before sulut infletional enllings (suffixes) whiclh I)egin witlh vowels suchl as -a, -i, -ami, -?UP, etc. SometiUmes, thierefore, hawi2Zahl appears lI)etween a finael diphlitlong and suffix, sonwtimes not. 'The mule should probably be to con ~ 143 ] 113 vert the,wat (vowel) or ya, ( vowel ) 1of the diphlthong, or,wa, or:a( of prolongatiol, inlto a consonant, except when the stelml *,1n1.: iHn a, ha,l,hal. hBut the imlperative suffixes, a an1d i, seem to bIein~ withl a han-zahh, while sometimes a hami izah, not apparent il the simple, stein, develops before a suffix having an initial VOwrl. This ham)zah, lilke h in analogous cases (~ 57), may often 1e anll origilnal final hamzah of thle stem, which ham,,zah has Ibeen lost except in this mledial position falvorablle for its prolnunciation th. Ins othe insertion of the halt(zah may be a mere v\agary of pronuncia1tion. Before ht(amzah, a final diphltlong in the stem (~ 109) remains, of course, unaltered. Forl writing Ih,,amnzah after dliphtllhogs, see ~ 7), n. 1. ixam1111ples: 's daymn good: dajan'a( repair! O -/~ O /,?(imnp.: )P' j..i,,.o;.,,, ' ')' ill t,e,,et: t,.:',, rol); ~,, "ld " f/a,,taia bbcd, '() '/t,", We(r; O,.o / (ic l,/ / 9i,, clot hcs,: tfj /;uk " '', to r lf; s(k'a'i) ', 'rent!: Ifmo I.).,/",i, t( ( il, t tle:.(tl th( c tn, te.fi'i, thre' t o. b, ]ottse; ]c<,t).11ttl, ~'i1t(.e' t,-, lh~'ee; ~ tltt, i, l~'t'ee O9- O 00 (before celtain ltli ImelasIurres of time, ~ 14G), e; t,' le; t. tttatan, kept. ~ 143. As already indicated, the sounds ta,, lti, in, u and ia, -),. ) ) / }are written il thle Sthll-Arllabic script, and )^ ^ A - 114 1-~ 14) transliterated '1 '/, 1/ W;,??p,nd i(/. TIlli strict translite iation \will Ie dhllere(l to ill this work as beinig lioret, hclpful to tlhe tii(lent. Buit inasiluellc -s tlhe writilln o)f lthe w 1-l a in such coiinl)illatiols d1o(s not ill the least t affe c t plic oilliiciatioll, no good purpose wO(uld( seem to be serve by retailninig tlhes;e t1,(Lnecessa1ry consoilnants iln pop ular systemt of writing Sult u i R1oman le tters-n(1 morel0', ill(ldeed(, tihll would ble seved by writing initial h-am)z/h inl the RIllmanl tralnsliteration. It is therefore reconm1menlltded that for popular use, and(l especially in all 111ames, persounal and( geographlic.al, tlhe albove (co bil inations be transliterated /m, ui, di, and!<i. without intervellinp \\weak conls-ollant. C, II A r t, j \ N I I I Numerals, Punctuation, and Enclitics. 1 44. 1le.\Araic numerical synb)ols we\re adopted from India. Sille we (obtaiIlne( tlelll via tle Arabs, hIowever, we call them 'Aral)ic", instea(l of giving them tleir true designation, 'I d(ian". But the Europeanls considerably modified the synm1ols obttaiilced from th-e Arabs, as will ibe apparent from a conmparison of the A rabic aind European forms: Arabic: r V Y A Europeanl: I '2 3 4 5 6 7 9 t 'IThe Arabic lnumerals are comnpounded exactly the same as,11' own, the riglht-to-left order of Arabic writing never having Ibee ap lplied to tle lnumerals adopted from India. Examples: \ \Y 19J; r. 1 2406. ~ 145. 'Te iArals, lhowever, sometimes use the letters of tlie alplalbet as Iumerical symbols. When so used, the letters are not arranged in tle usual order, but follow an ancient order corresponllding to that of the old Hebrew and Aramaic alphabets als well as the anlcient Greek alphabet as far as g (Gr. pi), a1nd thle numerical values correspond to that order. The consoiants withl numerical values indicated are here given in that nll('ienlt order, known as the abjad, from the first four consolnalts (Wr. Ar. G(ram., ~ 32): 115 1 6 [ ~ 145 No (. Letter Value iIi No. Letter Value No. Letter V\iluh 1. - 11). Li _ 1 1 11. S - 10 -- 20 19. 3 -- 10o -- 200 2. 20. O. I- 3 12. C5 3 4. -; 14. - 30 -.o - 50 21. - 3() 22. -- 400 23. - 500 6. ) 9 - 15. -- 17.. -- 9 18.._ - 60 -- 70 24. 25. t - 600 - 700 - 800 S. -- 80 - 90) 27. A - - 900 L -- 1000 28. Note. Letters used as nutitlerals are joi lc(i as iil ordillary writing with thlie greater conipon)elnt letter on the righlt, an I the lesser on the left. Su.ch groups are usually distinguislhed from the sur'rounding words ly a. stroke placed over them. Examples: _.J. (1000 + o00 + 10 + 7) 1917; (600 + 80 + 6) 6t86;. 500. ~' 146. The Sulu numerica.l words alnd combiinations thereof ar e noteuworthy, in thlat tley preserve re'rtain e(lenients whiich ~ 146] 117.have elsewherle ellti'rely (lisal)pearled from thle language. Except )ossibly as a forgotten anll(d unreclogized component of certail words, the iliiueriical comlillnations alone preserve in Sulu the use of ai,i, whlich ii cognllnte ilanguages so commonly represent the copulative "'be" also iity, nim, wllich in many other Philil)pine languages nllite ad(jective with substantive. We are now cotncerned, hIowever\0, only witi h tlhe writing of the luinerical words, aid app l ll hlereto a niumber of examples as illustrations: le'imenie t m t'i Nu onwerl ical Wfords. 4~,'* is t, (^., a> tll(, o > 0 1 tt) ~.. \ upat,, a _:3 lima, *. 1\ u10 T 1. 1, t — l 7 I-d-, C 0,. e %, i I.i lakcstt, 10,000. 8. to han g-, )9._ t 1....Xi lIfI it,. 1... - f hai a,. ^, Mauti t <,..l.m ~ ', 10. o,q l4 ag-, plus. 100. 1000. 1, t' I./ o. a E o — 0 Lort lkattha'an, 20. k.,'ttlt/, 11,?o. l ei'.apu u i, 40. k~ai'n~ u, /0 Ten. 7p ll-,. oC * ^- - CL) * -. -- - ic a' n U i.I l Ua n., o. kc(,tallW((it tl, 80. Ia'(.s!i/(tni(ta, 90. 118 1~ 146 Examples slowing the use of numerical words withl tlhe o()rliillry substanttives: t ta'", person; b igi, seed(; -A.. hI//1l'...- 0L> ' (lomestic animal; 0 dg i 1 ladin-g, knife; ^^~ ''* Ah5 b(b(tb 'i, II )II()I/Uf I. 0 -, '- - 0,' isa'ng kata'Zu, 't-, 71,7011M. /k (l fit, 11 6.: kJ " hbang J >, duwt,t O O > t o -; * ' taig t -,- 0 -4% IA 1L \ tPat tca ta'" ang ko I, 1. f - itf 3. t Ita'(, 2. (, i I I (b ti 3. sigam/ S> \ ow A.. I - t-.- ' ' && hagl,,,i'.00, sbcl!/" ()0. J. limal-Ig 4 oC " 1-' C, - c 0 I7.00 1.1 a, a o-' % 1 5..0 a l h af-qa t)i (U' a jaf' a f(/; k iq i II/. * "/ O~ >\^,f kautha'an; kauha'a^ ttag'( i.(:l/ -d -I " ' a-g Ej f9 ~L>, - 0 / -- hancggatifs hanggatts tfaghanigplt' tag' i:an(g halnggaft(.s tagka ha '(tan (). " ^l,, 120. divillal-Ifl Yatio... 00.(). 146] 119 o J- / e r/ o o > ) _o; r tuii gat:. hayip, 300. -La& i \ upat ngagatts O 400. O I' c o e wc l limang gatus " 500. t w\ Ulnu 1,l n zgagcatus lkdaldilfg, 600. pt0 ^tu'llng galus " 700. o -/ o >. c -...;.., z tC VsityaL,lgag(ttl.s " 900. 0 '/'/ 0. - t) hang ibln ibg " 1,000. No Fo ti p upwo,. ".y.e fm e it h' with'~b. t I lgatls tagEk awal'u, ta 5,b WIJ. tagdtuwang " 1,282. o oo e o ^ / o r ^JiO i-Jlc- L_ 9 \ 2t< nqa',unq '' 4?000. o ^ A w g' iga'lbulg " O,000.. w, 4w. 3b ' pu' J,000. X, 000. Note. From this point upward, the nunierical words iay be formed either with Aihn, thou,.sand, or lahks'\e', te tltouts,,nd. 120 a lSj sala.^sa' / Examples showing numnerical words with the measures of time: a) >\ adl.w, [~ 14t; mint 'i. ba.. 1 0(000. 20,000). up to teln, as used. -"I 0 I.1~,,//;, btthts,,onth; a tahfln, 0./0 -h O/ o -/0. _ /, o /- o // t o -/o / o,,, o ~o / o / o 91^ \ e4 limai,.. 0,O 0 o o **)?..w ~ ( i )l,, tl il/h f. Oo / - / t7/<?/, 1. J \ 0 " 4/. AY A /;, t t ^\y o 'o - o / " ) \-.) \.,I^^l'^~ pitif f1' i ((14(tvl,, 7. 'Il'(td/tt tI'i ",s.!. h tiglgp i " ha ngpul' ganqadla, 10. 10. 6. Above ten, thissuffix is ordinarily used only with ntume(ri-cali combinations whiclh end( il oUne of the minumierical words froln isa to hafingpq', inclusiVe. Note.,9 jitut ad (" (,(/it, are often wr'itte(l with final vowel long. WIhen -i is then suffixe(, the vowel is shortened as in thle case of, t,, t'wi, thbree. My hlka-, an I d /-, are often written as separate wo)rds. ~ 1481 121 ~ 147. r'lTe Ariabic has, properly speaking, no punctuation marks corresponding to such marks used in our grammatical and rhletorical pulictuation, such as capital letter, period, comma, interrogation point, daslh, etc. Many reliable Arabic grammars do not even mentioll the subject of punctuation. Each ayah, or verse of the Koran, is followed by a small circle, 0, and this is practically the olily mnark of pulctuation appearing in lithograipled editions of thel sacreld )ook. Modern Arabic printing is, llowever, gradually introducing the marks of punctuation in vogue in Europeanl languages. Tile period, parenthesis, bracket, bnrace, tanld asterisk, as well as distintive type, are now commlolily use(d by thle periodical pless employing the Arabic script. The samiie 1marks have been utilized in the little Sulu which ihas beonll prilited andl tlhe tendencly is to introduce still otllers.,,Examplep (per'iod), (,,, [] --, *. - *-, *_ s.j) i 'l pa(/lq/isd '(/f, ti ibanl tucga'. at half past tt'wo o 'clock.;/) o/ )> o/ O/ *\ 9 (24, 30, and 55 point type, made LK ) i n Beirut, Syria.) C ' o / I 9 o./ to 'f * I ~ 148. Somnetimes the better educated Sulus use a (lot ('), or groups of dots (-.:), wlIere we would employ a period. But in tlle language as ordinarily written by Sulus whlo have not come llndler Aimerica 11 influence, no punctuation lmarks wharltsoever 122 [~ 148 are used. Instead, recourse is had to certain words to indicate the beginning and ending of sentellnces, or of entire (comnluni(cations. A letter usually begins,! sbahul(R,,, 1 wolrd of Mallay origin whicll has little meaning except to indicate tlhe l)eginnllilg of a letter and which may soleitimes be translate(d wher' eas. The o.,..., usual complete phrase is a^. v\ a ba)ia,') sirit,, wtihereas this letter. The letter or other document ends in..L -,, tmnm?,t, for Arabic j ta'lilvatui, end (no. caste). Soletines, O;\ ivtih's, for Alal)iC flhi/Uflc (noii. ( ilse), a ls meaning e?(i, takes the place of.,. (~ 57,.). Te full exPressio)1 when used, is,*. ^ for \ - < 0., O, - 0 k/alaim, or \,^\ for \ ^\ tiht ha'l( I-camlhn, both phrases mieaning, ent(l of the coplosition. Aifter thlis (omt( the place and date. But in the body of any Sulu Nwriting, tlhe only signs8 of punctuation which ordinaril' appear are certailn w(\ords su(ch as \a,Ia', vwhich idicates the l:eginnling of a new se(lt(enc(e (or sul)ject. It is equivalent, tlerefore, to a paragraph sign, or full stop and initial capital letter. Na' is a much used word. Wllei two Sulus meet they say na(', well? Sometimes it inleans yes, or is a no]ncommital expletive. I1 tie use given albove,, as a mark ~ 148] 123') o 0 c o.- C Of puncltluation, it is ulltranslatable. L)) (. W> a T..hhlli dai dnlu.'ul, uf-ter thatt; or simply _ mahuli, after, next; is another plhrase used in Sulu to indicate that one subject is finislied a(n another begun. Often indeed, it immediately precedles the taWf2iat and so indicates the end of a letter. \.9 O / Jfisal (or 3~, pasal, in its Sulu form), an Arabic word meaning section, (o;' division7, is often written at the beginning of a paragraph ( o c'hapter. Aralic ^ hbat, gate, sometimes serves,O / tlle sanle purpolse, espec:ially in religious writings. A;. 'alaIat (~ 57, 1. ), another Aralic wordl meaning sig, is frequently wrlitten before tlie superscription on a letter or envelope, anl tlienl met as (ddr('ess. ~ 149. TIlere are il Sulu certain words (not suffixes) whichl are attachell in writi ng to tle wor(l which they follow, bIeing tlhen sligllted i);cc('etuation-..words wlieh resemble the ellclitics ill (i reek 2gra1111iar. In (case the outline of such prece(ling vwori (lsl(s i \ or, tlhe enclitie is, of course, writtell (lose just as tll) it were p)art of the word(. When] by the tlddition of a1I clchitic(, 1a (ols(olnaFllt is c(aused to follow itself witholut interlvenling vowel, tle.sbtf ' sliould be u1sed, as J srt'ic'k/c, ms,q hat;. s(atwault.rni,(t, his citp. These enclitics werle i (ilependenl t words whicll, thlru frequent use, have lost their individuality-are w6orn out, so to say. Suclh are -ta', 124 [~ 149 an interrogative particle; ) -ka, anothler interrogfative particle; -sa, wlich gives adverbial force; -b((, wli('l1 ives eisphasis, and sometimes indl(icates wol(lnder; and tl possessive (ilstrumental) forms of the personall pronouns (Table V 1). Tl11 above-mentioned words are inlvariably enll(itics aii(1 sho(ul(d always ble attachle(l to the outlines of the preceding words. \;.,, and,.are also found written. -tab:;; -,"A~h/; and -bal, (~ 57). * 0 Examples: l5'~^ smles A -<,,~ lll li t l/ln'((al. Is, t'ha.1.J tfl/k'(i o, *tjrl that r(m' u; lc ta 'abu,(l""(.l.k!; ' ~1. ', -' r itatf'ab loolk!;.'rat'w, ey letter; " stiratnmt, yor le tter'.'.iti/iy his letter. There is another class.of words wlhic(h may or nmay not be joilled to tlie preceding wor(l, ac(.(or(ling, aplparently, to tl(he lini of the writer. ''l(hese imay be designated( "'-optional enclitics". Suc(l arle > da, sometimeszil an emphatic and( sometimes atn tintranslatt-,able expletive; 1) WI, ali(a'e(d/#, or -aIi expletive;. pt, yet; > n'i, of (preeedes pr(P(er mamues). " 1491 125 Examnples: O\ \ \q),ik.0d'or am,, da, (proInounIe, > -. 4 ', 1,,i 'a, atready past; "(.r o. \ or mn j \ awnpa 01 (i pa, //e', is still (.ome); or.... ory~;-.sil/Ti bit,,j,,, or pisil ^i Yt'ab(jUr', 7tb'ujtr's j)encil. Note 1. 1n Sulu niaiuscripts, the reader will frequently fill( slhort wor(dsf of all kindsL conlnected in writing.. But this S is du mer to elyesslet s. Thus, for s baI.q,,/ /O,, O I/a,, ifJol:; or iig mangya, the(plural); etc. Note '2: The Irelader will also sometimles find a directly contrary fault, i. e., the division of the consonantal outline of a word into syllables, or division at thle end of a line. I11 correct printing alnd in carefully written manuscript, divisioi into syllialles lever oc((cur, a(d division a.t the end of a line.almost ieverel. Even iln case the outline of a wold is brokeln by re'.lsoll of co)ltUlinilg certain of the letters \, 2, j, which do 1not connect witll the followilg letter, tlhe latter is written so close as to obviate all danger of mistaking tlhe intervenlilg space for a wordl space.. But il careless writiing, Ib)tli killds ) f (livisi neio etined above aire freely made. The last consollant in the preceding syllable or on tle upper line, then lias tlhe finall (or isolated) fornm while. the first consonant of the following syllabl or1 of tlle lower line, has the iiitial ((or isolalted) form (~ 115). 12(t [~ 149, o c 0 / o -_ c - -,- o 0 Examples: L L~r L\ 4 > )\ c 0 c, 0 -0. \, \s r X ^ j;\ 8, C\rei / O ' c o ~ -- o O - ( bamn m~ga ban f-sy ^11fM di hak(i-p?-.)Jft,'W(l, Sn(f, ag'( d tf, (.d ca')mti, iftAq dt 'al('a'tk: i-b(an siig ta(gg.a-lint sing )ari'l-t'; 0 ye of Isl1amiS e 'rce here' if the Rflif.l )Archipelago, obey ft/ fid ly the orde' s a, t ) r,'lohibition. of the govern'men ft. In the above, tile divisions in the Sulu-A.rabic script-indicate(l il the transliteration bIy ia hyphell-of: the words hang-sa, h(tka-p'f'-Ilnt' an (first hypl en), i-ba), tagg( -h'?tn and. putiril-t,, are errors. For further examples of bIotl) faults. see Specilnens f Sulu Writing il Appendix I. ~ 150. The spelling of Sulu personall pronouns is il great confusion and in orderto set fortlh tieir plo(metic orth(ography as we1ll as to list in their proper setiting:all tile (nclitic forms of tthe same, Tablel VI is ilserte(d on pages 128 ald. 129. rThe forms in the column lleaded "''Enclitic foiris", llmust alt(11a/ys l)( joined to the (outline of the preceding word. hl'ese forms express possession, or whlen used \\ith passive verbs, tlie derive(l mleaning of agency. Tice forms givell in tle column hleaded( "Isolated forms'", are to ble written seplarately as independent words-with verbs, as objects of prepositilns otilher tlin ka(t, etc. The fornls in parentheses in tile column lea(led "'With preposition lcan'", are never used but are inserteld mnerely as probablet older formns-some are still heard in remote localities ---whichl show the origin by contractions of the long vowels (~ 153). Forms compounded with kan indicate, in general, tlhe dattive or accusative tase. 'The origin of tlhe ha)ni(zah which has deve ~ 151 1.27 )lped at the end of some of the el(clitic and 1caCn forms, is rathelr puzzling. It probably. developed first in the k1" flol,;is tlle result of an effort to bring out the long vowel clearly by contrast, being later applied to tile enclitic form. 11f. Final vowels of all formls of personal prolioullS are sometimes written long by the Sulus, excepting only in tlise forllls wlich end( with h,-a):,a. IFurltlerlmoe,, n, whl'erever 0' appearing in al)e IV ias co()mnlolllv written 01' - >I, _ -.. yolur (plu.) knife; ya ^ banrr atu 01',, or lwf tanlia, for,,, ba' flit(ant, (1 ' headlmel (~ 31). C'onsel)uctly, tie followving forslll. are ordinarily foUld il Sulu writing: ()rdinary form. p \ [aku o; P )\Lk for for 0, btihi illfl Iitan II, (r p c S ** )0.)ywA for for f)or for h'lionetic form. \ akt 5 -/c, - ) jn?(, /,.-a i,, ta 'o - (t. 'l U I *%Ot 128 ~ 151 I -— l I Z, I.". I ~ C. I. "I I\:3 14.0, 14.1 — Z-l X' IZrl%.. W-0 'wtte (including persons addressed ) Jf kit. t kcatt', ( ( I f, t-I 6, n- I ( ) (ce (including everyone) S.~ 3 kitctai lCat t i inu -natut 'fn t-' a. katct ' UI W.?yoUl (plural), _ /e (klaniu-() cka t)imu -nit S ckat Ia.-' 0) — ll ( cka'n, ila: ) they sila 17. i-a Iil(a ckanik 1301 I~ 1lI *- -tanilut for -tahI/ YV( 1 *t '(ill. i/t f or, 0), for -ih u. cc t okI lt But orotwit1lsthaeil /, ilis. islr prsaed ti the -7fil! ~?. l)lholletic'ally so far as possilble(, tese( pron(ouns s]o0II(1. for' t]e(b.sake of onsistenc y he( wr1ittenl aRs abl ove in Ta 1'ble VI1. -(",Ir[AwPR1I;1 I X Foreign Influence on Sulu Orthography.; 152. Sull lias beenl enliched 1)y a copious influx of wordls firoml malilly foreignl laniglages including Arabic, Persian, Hin(dustafli I)utlc, t English, lPortuguese, Spaiiishl, Malay, Bislayal, Il 'Tagalo. 1y far the gretltel part of the non-Phlippine w\\,lds ill Sulu are fromn the Malay-by this being meiat iodern' M.alay, iot those anllcient roots ('ommo1l) to all Malayal languages. In1 fact, Sidlu as it is s)(poken1 to-d(ly, is alrmost anj equal mixture,f I!isayan a11({1 Ilodcrll Malay, -the Bisayan being without ldoubt the ba.se upon whic ai lar111e Malay vocablulary was graftedl. This lBis;ayal stock vwas a soutlhern dialect very closely related to that of ('ebu. It furnisled the illflectiols, prmlolins, 1lnumeri(cal wv'ords, wo)rds ii(icating tlie parts of the boxdy, in(lige1o1us trees, Sanimals, fislics Ian(l sieafaring terms. The (modern) Mailay elemelt, which came, in with lslan, hlas furnishedl the terms referrilg to dalys of tlhe wetek, monthls of the year, religious, govern11mental, a:d lmanly ablstracl t te'rms, social titles, co(p0lliImelts, terms rtl orating t itig tod ag'iculture, aidl inl general those new wVords r([quir'e(l by,a people developing along cyomIterlcial and agricultural lines. Most of the words from non-PIhilip)pine lang alges, ohay ome tl u thra lhe Malay. 131 132 [~ 15 -~ 153. Malay olrt llograplly, mollreover, is peculillr ill tlhat th lt vowel sigiis are almost nlever wr1ittein, th!e wveak consonants beingl quite freely used to indicate thle short vowel soulnIs, especially when the latter are accenlted. lMan y Malay words, now la integral part of the Sulu langualge, hlave retalilled this pecu(lilarity of spelling, tlio (pronoulnce(l as tlle Malays prolloul(ce tllem, i.e., withl sliort vowels, notwitllstanldirng tlhe fact thlat thlese( vowe(ls 1.,^ _.,,/,are writteln long. Sucll words are.l: \\ tlloan, Mr.; /- ').. raja, kingq,i which arc prolloulnced.) t',an anl( oj,,. ()ther anomalies of Malay spelling whtichll unfortunlately-, sometimes appear in Sulu are: tle writing of fital sl(ort at or i iS tl(:) long, aS i)lff, st<hO(, p)onoemtldl((k d: and1 a "/ / t,'(i, smei, pronotiCed(l. wdi; the writing of final for final hamz;rah, ',!, ps \ i,, l, prollouicetlle(d.\ il ()o, / ir,'', ~ 37); thle writinlg of iniitial g^ h iii place of inlitia.l ha,:,tih l'errors shotuld )he carefully aI\'oided by. tlh learner. It slould be remarked( in passing that true long vowels (~ 75) rarely occur in Sulu-ordinarily only in case of contractions and inl adopte(l foreign words. Such are: tag, C(all, for, ta.'a(,;.o 0. v ^tr, Se(h'l for ^ lh; i, bty, for illi; to./ ~154 ] 133 0 / a // O./ \ boai, ho use, for btl(fi: from ASabic, r\l\ imam, leader; 0 -.~0 0 j- cal, leqal abas: from En glish, iskl$, school. ~ 154. Aost of the non-Arabic words introduced into the Sutlu either directly or thru the Malay, lhave been recast into a1 form which harmonizes with tlhe phonetics of the Sulu language. English "'Christianl" las become Kiristi/(Ian; Spanish 'iediats,.stock:inqs, i 1ecolmes ^ rijas; Sana skrit s/iTqhlra, speedily, b)ecomes \j, sigqla'. But in the case of adopted Arabii words, as it is not necessary to recast the word in a new alphalbetic system, the retention of the original spelling is not infreqjuent evein tho this spelling is, to the Sulus, 4 - utnpronot ncea ble. Arabic,~ Salih, a proper name, retains ir.n.a/l,'t. le proper ita|it't iS It):'O l.n1.,(._ \,n;t.Bt rules of Arabic gelranng a i.it I)es followed. As,,~ JfaTa'nt8-.sh(aralan is pronouned \ sara,; etc. But wlhen written l} tili' I(lss Iducated, tlese words are frequently spelled pholletic'.l- (~ ). The Ara(bic a,,,rise enldinligs- -?/, -?/n, -avni, -f(, e-t.-are, of course, omitted in the case of sirngle woMds tadopted into) Sulu, thlio ini the (lase of an entire phrase, the riules o)f.Akirabic, gramalrIM,1 mu1ist be followed. As j_ h ucham 131 [f 154,@ v V >; 9 > o, z ~S~, i.d,1 not L ilnI; 1 ^ \, Jft ha, -f1(Iadn ialiu it -lul (-' Iot pitploi.iC(t )nce, MIa/,am,,u( i.' the;lpost l of (Got(.. is freqt eillly ( a, d IpropIerly) (() vrIi ted i. t o d/ o ~/ 0.... as1 foi AJ f//lUf, tr i ui (i.I 11.). 155. Suliu is, ill(teed l, niill' cl)oser' to Analtic:. o'tliograll)11 -i('ali, tlhati is AMalay. This is (de to t(wo( r(eason.is. First, tlhe;I(loption of thie Arab ic scI'ip)t orI wrIvitinig SilII is Im) ore r'ecIen t aid therell las been less tilne foi( inte'11al (ldevelopmenIIt an1ld1 t-voltioil. In the secondl pla(ce, wri'itilg 1:1Is (not be('Ci, ill the-' p)ast. a po()I)la~!' 'CCOnmplishmenlelt. Th'l'e t l i hl tis l I'ct'('i'tly 1('ell ('coniiiIdl to thit select body of nelln termll(el,pand(1iti,$, or pundits, 'whlo a1lso re.ad tlhe Koran. lThe thllerefore h}a( collstatltllv lbefore tllhelll tl( c',)rreet Arab)ic forms of the w\\o(rls inl clluestiol aildl qulite Iaturlally used tliese form( s il wi'iting. 15;. Sp)ellino reflor ill Sulu consequenl lltl l,y meets witl 11luc1I the saIlie dlifficulties tlhalt tl-)his sa1lie l0movemelietllt encolleuintel ilI English. We write ' )ll"plthisica(' and plroIlloulnIe 'tizikall ' but retaini thie po)lelroutis spellihi eg l)(eule: ostf ulst)ml:1 aid (eca luse it 0 / w\as Xso sl)Olle'( ill (rleek. T'he Sulu wlrites A %t/il and( i)rootuis S/1', 1t, refuses to iChiLe Ilong-estallblislhedI c('stom( ad1ll,, the spellin,,g tlhe Koran. Siplilificatio,, f the AI nIic spelling must Ibe tlhe restult, Ievertheles., if tel present tr(,lln artmonl thlie Stlusl tow\lr(l l)Op)ularizatilon of writing lpersists. 'The lIUasses, who are not so famili.r withi tlhe Koran, will ltatinrallv sp'ell tlie word as it is pronounced. XiPENDIX f Specimens of Sulu Writing. 'Ile corr(ect lprilnciples to he followed ill writing the Sulll-.\Alraic script have 1,((be s(et fortl ill thle precedinrg pages, ill s8 fiar as these prinlil)les lay he (letermllilned froml tlhe present clioti( state of Sulu prIwactice. 1-i ordler that the studenlt nmay:see jlust wllhat is Ill(ealt Ibv ("llca)tic"l ill thlis connlection, tll'ee etc'liing-s of Sullt writilng are lprinte(d on the followilng pages. 'I'he11e;11e a:ddedll the sa11We w\ords pl)illte(l iii tlie Sulu-Aralbic cil'ilt ill accord with tte plrinllciples explaitiled in tlhese pages. toogetherll witlh a tranlsliteration a;1ld a tralslationl. In order to f:acilit-ate study, tlhe lines of tlhe etclhilngs }have beenl numibered, and the sawe Ilullt)bers lrepeate(ld in tle' propel' place ill thet priited Sulu-Ar!ah\ie scrip)t, 1iand iii the tralslitelLtions. le tranlslitenrted(l Sulu is ill a'cc'ordt witli tihe spelling reconmmended for p)oj)ulanr use (~ 1.)9). Words which are{ superfluous il the translationl are placed ill ).llretlheses ( ), while words inserted( to cornmpltel the sen1se, l are placedl il b)rackets [ J. 1i view\ of tle ilterliileal tll Ithletod(l ollo\wed(, the tranlslaltiolls lare ess(R(Slarfll wor(l-for-wordl:l1d1 Ilmay snoud)(l st'range. But nlote(s explain the 1o:)1e obscure lassages., ald it is lnot ( lto(ltedt that tlie literal t ranslalxltions i ive.a mre accurate ide of) tle gei,,l1is (f to e la 1_g11age, ( a than wvoul(l a Imlore literary vrld(Le'riirol. 135 136 Specimen of Sulu Writing, No. 1. f,'tch'ig of Or'igi'inatl. -/e -.l. - ~ o.. JrO -f e a ver C S l d * n 5- -re t U _ i Jc - /; __ ^, _..~ 1; left lwhilch houl sbdilen No. 1 irely sp erfu * os letters a,\ih fas and -," l te t' b i it Sffulu st so^ ^ p red.T, a s e erros are many. Da from is spelled word were da'in; -madi is spelled nacdi' in~ line 3, and madi in lines 5 and 7; in line 5, di' and di are confused, the one to the left, which should be di', having the entirely superfluous letters /a, hata' as, and alif; (etc. It will help the student to bear in mind that Sulu is still so preponderantly a spoken langtuage 137 with no wid(ely-reoad literary works to serve as models for style and spelling. The Korall night serve this I)Ull)ose, but its translation into thle vernacular is forbi(ddenll as impious. Without -a i'ecognlized stan(lard, therefore, the ordiinary scribe employs any familiar comb)inationts of letters which approximnately represent thle spoken sounds. To spell EnglishI "'"i with the letters ai (aisle), 'ie (lie), -y (buy), i gh (high), etc., vwould be analogouls. (Co'rect 1'ituinta/ and Translitera'tion from Right to Left. 0 > o. J, o o'- 0 / o: c., 5 t> \ J. &.- v - (/ 'itul' ia w11aA i Al fudaM i ak l iad tar-l- S fr\ 6t_., - " " tkaia it I li )i tl,1 g nhis ill 'itul' 9. 0o -o -, >:K^ l!<tt 'idl an. lukal I a,-: ia!Bap o I 0 - 0 LS 0., o ) oul) IU j o0o, > - I & U1m11n1na i'a,.lllI tNwaIN ik gfis '';'0 31 *^ ^\4 r a.j* 0 f I) utalah ajabbU. nak gfiutamud 0 - 0 ~ \ 0- \," 0'' ~ icullI naki gui aniauls umiatk o o Jp o o* r \J kiial.. umIiak basag. 'aduk aIa(v uak giutl babas kukak miad ial8s 'il)ll' ugtmil namaitnaaltakt nali id1am uak g 11nnubgap ~0ra 0 ' u tlv ta hli'iit palala aN '*.uk 81) tagni.taIlll a l 'I. IIiniak iki ( 138 7''ransli fe t( tion a nd Tra i7) 1 i Sl 0. 1 )Sura t dalin ka-n Mai(iul Amlii haBai I ti b 2 )(dulatlliiII,,t Lretter froml Foreman Anli at-llouse W\lite wll-iarlrive kanil [tbaja iaaLna1u1 Dakull.lI M.C,gpal)bati aku 11; )kafliu ill 5lbs"linld to Ubbaja at-lanau,Large. Advise I to-you, must inig ikau iad(li paBali iPuti' pali 4-)sif, kudat( gasal, (tle) you comne to-Elouse White regardilg (of-)tl hore rse ro1)l(ul kaIimlu. Sulbi iklu iing tunianlpal 5 )ina(i kaku' sllbabl tlrotn-von. Must yVoI (ttic) 1e-) present cohiiig to-le ebca ts(. hafig ka'u Avlia' dli na., di' akiII katanaIIIIn II) Iinaig lli: if you not-yet liere l lretady, Inot I willing to-retIurn [it; su bai (lain La'1agilianlimmu. KiInsiml )ll)paglfif111 tlhat] ImIUS1-1)e from colsultat ion - our. 'o-mlilmOlow ICo lpOIII Ikalinu adi ibanl siig kimawa' lukutl <S)infgal vyou coining with (of-)tlhe olm-wlio-took [tlieel orse] witlhott kllowlbaya1 ku Nat" l' ] i ra tu'm akt kaitim. raln l lna t lrdge desire-ri. Trust muitch I in-vou. Fillis. a For tlie spelling 'Anui", iln place of ' "A tuwi1 i ' se s(.. 148. bWVlite House, namne of plac'e. CLa rge lake, na;ime of piaee. dNa, here ulltranslatahble expletive, written as ecl(litic. [. e., 'Suchl result mnu.st (ome aboutt thru consultaitioll with vu.'' fl. e. '"You come here to-morrow in cotmpany with the maii who took tlhe horse witllhoutt iy kltowled(le olr c(n)sellt'. gNa'. untrans.l:ttable; indicates begi ling otf senltlce. Su1lt letterl writing is mllodlele( upt)o tlie c()orrl()spon(lilg M.alay art. lis system (it votes tlie first seitenlce to giving tl11 anami o, thl writer, h1is e'si(delC(, the naimtie of the a(ldres-es. iand lis residence. Then cllies the lody of tie t lettelr ustiallky inltroduce(d )y the wordsnls Wtf,/lJlp(hati ft,ktt Ical'tm t, I (tfdvie c yf/, or, I infiorm y.1ou.. Aftler tlle infolrnation-wl- ictl is tlthe re(al p)ut 'pose of the letter-is give-n, comies somei( formial expr-ession ol gl'e('ting. In the present, instatce, suchl exlression is "'(har'.p tl'ud,1.a, -ai',imut, F hl.e e tire confidcruce 'il you. Last o — ll, after the tan.mmat, should conic tit(- dlate, which is liern omitted. I " Specimen of Sulu Writing No. 2. btc~hia~y ofr' ". iJivl. 000 0 -d o ofo..0 IV.# 40.00100 j,* 000 " I 0 41u '1 1 '9o e 3 0. 1 -, Pratt O., yL 6*.4 0~ If pi; o / _ ' Ja~ 4*0 4 6I 140 C orrect iPr inti;,u. '.... '/o, / o J,- /o J o.,,. o ~,,, o,. C. o, o, 0- o-,< - c - 0.W 9 o L o.- -, ', o * 0 / o C./ C 0 / O O o, 0,/0 -.-... L(-4 0 - 0 0^ 0 0' / - 0^ - oY 0 ~ L0 cr L:YA 0 Cc e^0 O oO ^ 0~ 6 Ci, E~ -tL ~ ~0 o - 0 ~ - t- c. O - o O _C \)(11 0 0 o '0 - ^ 0 * ^ \ ~ " Transliteration and Translatio,....... l)bafig aimui makasa'gi, li' makabat...........if there-be touching, [that is] not oilhibital ing haran bata'u 2)hadath-I the unlawful [things] to-a-person [who is] unclean-n I >.- o 'o p y./^ o -,3J I;al." Ampnl )le. BIut tatinia, leauling-of-it. 141 I ata'u wa i ayir sWihbalayfif. i;,-7 I.ikyf 9.gl)afling, to-person without ablutions- [ae]: to-pray), iIlag(3)tawap, ibani dunma sifng Kur'a,an ibani to-go-around-the-Ka'ha hn,bah and to-carry (of-)the Kloran, and umaIIgi(1 si( g gikaja (nniac 4)ibanl bia' da hayan, ifng to-touih (pf)tlic p)agef-i, r and like K(to-)tl I the I)Utuni; iban sing>* / Iii 'inn ig tampat 5)k )iabuta^n, ooveriAg-of-it, aln (of-the) hverever the pfiee faviptg-bei-oc lil a' ihi siin'ig i.ii-nna' ifig ki-usuratan a cupied.-ly-it anid.,(of-the) -.`vherevei tre [placcrj written-up fp - tl plag( 0)iapalan, bi)ia' tudTang-undaFig. atawa dai in V-Tke-9f stlctyin, like 1imiers: - -.otherg da inlhqiyan — ban ll aus 7)k.aittan inp yan7r)k'it'an [(liffe f tJ foni- * thenT1 \lVnd [i'pl)e uiited be Ig-held ^the Kur ' 1v t n'kisuc;ui at l Tiagiang1 F akaifi iiban' lian1d4fgoh 811- w '**-?O C*".^^ ' IAr (' gn'* 1^,Koran^;waidtten. a- -on ^ -othe* and n f,4*'n S)di'abn ibn 4~g di'inmala $g sabgija ibafi Atapsirm.in ty iandt (pf-t'he) wberever[is] t tJikenVf- With;.cornmnenty. - Ialt,1aiylve, ) a^ ata l gur' n yan 111i lit ^ e.er, if g eat[e/L bt 'h Kor^h K thereithkn lin4ua~raug^/;b ugtafaix4Q biah; cot36win-eutaiv, tloldii J]} ula1awfu: "V bs ol4tel A4tlt. like' lbay1ytg l agtuka pdiban k4hii, Ails(1aa ^sabt, 11. to-t - te.openuing, tl[Jtc1v[is] peN'tted 'Al, al. <utu ill1Wttsi ifig 1.'bata''4 hai ptman yau 4 [it iq,,i fOrfotwly tl? tMcilflie ' ^, ii an,to, hletthe-J not t a l titig ( lr 1 i)Ut m x......... I(-lp rented frw e ()1(........, t '^, ' 's *"', it. ' ^* -, " " ^ f. "' t: t., ts iendb lot sentenoe I Previdtus page ofh oold iai4w(~~I-el takcut4 -w j)(pt tre~trse4) eg i tIs- ^ ritte] h- ontl) 'oe hi lred bNo rmng(,4^en wl thicwMtllis et e"b i Uvs ta eif. U;;1t blie.*,,init)elji~grin^e to Meaca: t, r. ^ r i to Qtpl tuui teR' Ia) ^AmAtranyslatyle expletive. ^;, ere give.Oietinite3cnse. kl'e6essive pro isf also express -ine I luetransII bltI)fe expme. e Ma is siv ii6f plu rak eI.*-e,, - 6The'I4s n, ^ levt W n ivel n c o b Cno ney, Iy,,l)e t ched ) *d hleld l t n e n a AN. - * 'I I~ve; *Xll q i T; *-'' a* ''' IlFR* ** kbo v *; "l, /ike^^. / efi t at 0^ ^ li1e1. s 1- <t P e of 4he if$e sen ng dtn1 it is, perfcetl] 9uthlat *hildren, thouncleane, should FtM)h $1.'revente(l from 11holding thle Koran for purposes of studly". 142 Specimen of Sulu Writing, No. 3. EI'techli',~g '!f OChriinal. 9 .f /# </ ' / / #/// ' I/'/' IfU ^^bA 0414AA)! ^ 9 ftftf llr Cu II 0 clc el "I&:'I, \\10 Note. Specilmel No. 3, like the otlher specimens reproduced in this appendix, is takeln from the daily life of the Sulu people. It is a letter sent by a powerful Datu to tlhe Governor, and is naturally more formal than specimen No. 1. The Datu calls himself the son of the Governor,whiclh is a diplolmatic way of recognizing the superior rank of the addressee. Often in Sulu letters, the name of the writer is coupled witl many expressions of good will, while lofty, flattering terms are devoted to the person addressed. The writer has "a white heart without spot, limpid without turbidity"; the letter is "a mark of confidence, a sign of affection without any dislike"; and it goes to "the august presence of X — sitting in comfort in his mansion", thio the latter be a lut. The last line is not roweled, but consists of stereotyped expressions, and for one conversant with Sulu letter writing, is not difficult to decipher. 144 (Correct f P1rintittng. - C9 < ) ) - -' C-.^^ o ^ ^ —^ c )A G V n, C I0 C 6 a,. - -0 >, " 4 I o L! C O p ( I I;, to Oita )(4,) g. J I —, A O ' I~~ a F{ -/C C Q -, -~' f) 1* 3V 7zov I —, -- A o.~. - 1i.. I....~~c (-c ye1;'G,, C ---- 0 C ~ ~ 69C;Cl'.~ C -o 7;.9 w 3,,. *~ ~J'~~ /i~ j, t~~. ~ \1-e *1a.f ~ o C~lr7 c. 7 ~;kj~ Ifli t ~/c, 4-.-.-~. >I- 0 1.- 0 -. I, a Y ) -- 9.1, (\N 1-1,0 I toc xt I \ S 2'" ~I C )J~ * So \ o O,1 _ 145 'I'ra slitera(tionl air, f1 1ranslt tion. I)Bal3 ila' ini surat dain hla'allaakmu iflg Padukka Datu' This letter from son-your the Honorable Datu M\lull nmlmad l)abliyaLtu 1l-Kall)i (ldlnatuing rnadi pa'ania'(2)ku, MIull.hammlad Dlah iyatu 1- Ialbi wil-arrive coming to-father-my, ilg (u Liinur lLaSug, Kurnir Istibar, iban sing manghudku, the (Governor at-Sulu, Coronel Steever, and(of-the) younger-brother-ny, blliClali. AIahu(3)li, mafigayu' aku partulufig kainu, amui Charley. Next, ask I aid of-you, being i)ikitulu filgankic ifig hal sing Mirkanl 4)mag'idal-idal request-for-assistance-my the lmatter of-the Americans target-shooting dli lialauni lula'ku; hipalangkud karna' timbak lcere inside town-my; is-requested-to-forbid-by-lme because [tiey]shoot l)abli kallui 5)wai bidda' minisan hadap pabai sing at-bottols of-trees witlhout difference even in-front to-houses of-the ta'u, amupaka b)ala' afig llatlda(.fiayup ifig inahada(6)p sing i)eol)le, same-also possibly if even animals were in-front of-the I)ulu sinalpaingilla yai.g,\Anipa mata'ud tu'udh hlayup, barrels of-guns-their those. Also [there were] many very cattle, iata 'ui ta'u, karna ' balaum kaba yan. 7)Mlabut, man11 peol)le, I)ecause [this lhappened] insi(le village. Further, lim ugaia' a sinng agtink-tim-balknlila karna' ing feared-al.ready I of-the shooting-of-theln because being 11nasa sing (GLbl)lnur siblil, paglawa:g-]awag(8)1ku sifig sapi'ku, time of-the (;overnor civil, u pon-inspection-bhy-mll of-the cows-my, dltla iai ifg inianlatai, kiugdanl siflg punglu'nila.i two were killed, laving-been-struck by-thle bullets-their. Natk ailafigkmi,' (Cliali, ikau datku(9)iiian tainiafighudku, inig Therefore, ( larley, you tlhen lrother-my, are Ilartapklu imnak'ilgat lagp.lahati liaGu()lbn1ur, aula. manall baflg' Ilope-nLy to-know-llow to-inform to-(lovelrnor, especially to-aid k!aku '.' ia;iliuli l())salan1 dlu'a dlakuluana akukaimu"m iban ha'to-1me. Next peace invoke then I upon-you and uponall)a'lkI, ifig (liibnur1, Klurnir Istibar. Intia'u l-kalam." father-lm, tle (Governor, ('oronel Steever. End of-the-colmposition. aBal-hua, untranslatal)le; indicates beginning of letter. blli, luntrlanslatallle lrefix; indicates proper name. 'I. e., '11 reqluest for assistance"'. de. c., 'I request that it be forbidden''. '. e., ''indiscriminately''. fl)n. lltransla.tlable (expletive, written as enclitic. 146 l1.'e., "I request that this be forbiddel Ibecatlse, they shoot indiscriminately at the tree trunks, even in front of l)eoples' houtses. and would probably co thle same, even if:ninall s were il front of those guns of theirs." hi. e., "very many. 'Na, untiranslatable expletive. Ji. e., "I had already been frightened by thllir slhooting bec(laulse during the time of the Civil Governor, whenll I inspected i v cattle, I found two deal, killed bv the soldiers' I,ullets". kSNt, luntranslatable; indicates begilling of sentence. I1. e., "I hope you fill meains to persuade the Governor to aidl mc". '". (., "1 s(ed,reetin;, to vou". "Arabic phrase (sec. 14S). Note. For the student who hais comlplelte(I this wo\ k andI is desirous of more practice in readliig Sulhi, trit mluch('1 rilited material is available. With the exceptioli of variouls circ.llars antd laws, the following is a:1 comlplete list of Sulti ltpillic'ations in the Sulu-Ar abic clharac.lters:,Sbt,1 Reader for the Iubli.c Sicho)/,s of tihe M1,,,, I/',,o,,tlr', by D)r. N. M. Saleeby, pub)lishe(l Iy the (o()\'verIlrt of thle M(oro Province, Zanmboang., -'. 1I. 1.(105. 'The Sl, tNews (Ing Kabaim' bit (tift'ai St! ), a1 111otlyi l newspaper in Englisl and' Sulut publislie(l at Zanloanga, P..,.hy the (Governnmelt of tlhe Mor ) Provit\'ie. edited by Charles R. ()Cameron. lahtu LR=ija Mludai Mandi, and Sheikh Mustafa Ahmlad. this was ilhlishedltl o 1! during 1911. ^u't.'at Hcablr SigfA AS/, a imiitlily IIewsaper jl)tlliSlj4 1 in Sulu oily, by tllie Stilti PIress, Zmboatga, 1.. and edited by tRev. R. '1. McCutchet(lel aindt Atluka Sampafig, has; )(een pullislIe ( since J.Ily, 1 19). APPENlDIX II 1 A Phonetic Alphabet. Several 'years ago, while actillg as (census assistant, tlhe;ltllho pr)epared the follwiig lPhlone)tic Alphabet for use in the( taking of t thel, proposedl Philippilne Census of 1915. It was not intelldedl to disturb the spelling of namnes whlen such spelling Iad1 aI lrea(ly Ibeent determlilnel I)y custom, order, or constfant use. ilut ce(l-nus etlI lleMIerator's muist reduce to writing many names of P,,rs s, plac(Is a ll,( ge(,gla phical featutles, the orthography of \\ li(l is Inot yet fixe(l. The l(ack of ian alphlabet wlichl wouldt express each distinct so01,nl ()f tlhe Ph'ilippine languages b'y nmeans of a separate charcleter of unvarying )power, 11s led to much confusion. The presenlt Ilethol — if stiuch it an 1,be called —is a1 mixture of Spanish, /; '/. /.s S)paiishi 1/ (/l/). (or a true idouble I, like ll-l (1-l) in "ismlll /ak,1 " (I I,)) i, as It ' or f; Iyj, as m/j, or 7./l or niqgy;,, as,/ o1'rl; t ' /l;,, I /; /1, )s ' Y', as / or i za ths or S8; arnd lia-tzahl1 is not writteli at fall..1 I the idleal alphahet, there should 1)e;I se)pa1rate (.t 'lll';lacterl' or co)lll)inatioll of (chara ' te rs-preferably the formiuer- to express each sounld of tle ltlaguage; and the )ow(er assiglned to. st(ch chlarl;'acte r digraphl, m,?tst never' vary. 147 148 Phonetic.Alphabet. The examples ill quotation marks are Englislh, wlile tlhos in italics are Sulu and translations unless otherwise indlica'tel. B indicates Bisayan,; 1'r, Tirurai; ib, Ibana,,g. bil "bed"'; bab, be(case. fn in "senor'"; dtna, 1world. ch ill "church"';chucha/k, /-ey.. fig asngin "sing";haingifi, lilt. d ill "did"; datthl, xt.,em/itj. o ill "thlloryl"; aklo (B), /. e ill "'met"; batba/e(B).l'o)niman. p in "pet"'; sapa, s.tea'. f in "fit"; fio (Tr), f/ood. r inl "roll"; b(tri.',,owcl/. g ill "go"'; tftgad, twait. s il "so'"; ltsa, felinfl. h in 'hat"; b,,hat, lift. sh iin "she"'; sh/kur, thpick. i i it"; picil, think. t il "tell"; titik, (do(t. j in'"jest"; 'lc(tjaf,palm-leCf ha(f. u in "full"; buhuk', htir'. k in "kink"; bkans, not. v in "van"; vidaa (b), )Uo)/. 1 inl "la( '; pula, IC. w in "we"; walt, eiqht. m in "man"; kctami, w(e. y ill "yet"; yai,, that. (') hanzah ill "go over"; di'in,,,here; di', not.. 're Diphthongs: ai in "aisle"; 1abhai, pa..(s. au as ow ill "lhow": tak~au, rob. oi in "'boil '; (,koi (1B), I (tUf. Impure Diplithongos ( or y generated between vowels): ua ('tt(t) ill "guano"; buad, to.s(n. ui (1twi) il "suite"; tui, innnedia(ttel1/. ia (Jiya) ill "Indian"; tiap-tiap, every. iu (i/yt) as ew in ",''ew' '; biutang, place(l. Note 1. Variouts (liplithlongs coilmpoui(nded of e and11! are also found. Other slight vatriations of thlese vow(l so-ti(lds 149 occur frequently, but irregularly, in the Philippine languages but such soundls maly usually be reduced to the ordinary vowels, a,, e, o anld. Long vowels also occur, as a in "father''; a illn atae; i in "machile"; o in "no'; and u in "rule". These may be written a, e, i, o, u, respectively, but it will not often be found necessary to indicate them. Note 2. IIamzah is the (Jreek "smooth breathinlg" and the Danish "catch accentt". t is the click of the glottis at the beginning of all words b)eginning with a vowel, and inl the Phllilippine languages, occurs at the end and in the middle of words as well. It is not written in the Roman alphabet at the beginning of words, but in the middle and at the end of words it is denoted in this alplabet 1,y an apostrophe ('). For further explanation, see ~ ~ 18-24. Note 3. Both f and r, when occurring in native Philippine languages, seeni to Ibe pure labials, not labio-den'tals as in English. That is, tlhey are produced by friction between the two lips, not between the upper teeth and the lower lip. Note 4. (*, q, x, and:, are not used in this alphabet. The foregoing alplabet provides a chlaracter for every ordlinary sound of tlhe Philippine languages. It has b}een suggest(ed that the kound of Frenchl.j in jour. (z in "'azure'") should be:assigned to the lettelr j in tlhe Ihilipp)ines. The author lias l\eVer lleard this so.iuld( ill l'lilippine lanlguagess but rather the soiund of j i;n English "jest " (d plus 1 '' French j), and believes that the latter sounl should be tlhat:assigned to j i lla Philippine alphabet (~ 32). Tl1e M1,l'os prnounce i i, "jest" \vry plalinly, Iut tlhe salme w\olds, wlhenl (o)(c(tri1g in thi Northl, are usually po0lo')ucel i as d. Thus Sulu cti j((, lephanlt,l and j, ka civ becomle (Iadly a,tnI iadja in 1aga1( lilothlr proof thait the Philippillne j 1has an initial (1 s1ound. It las be(en firtlther suggeste(l tha.t thle Phlilil))il-e ortho8graphy should inot lrecognlize many diplhthongs. ''le authlor be 150 lieves that the pure diphthorigs, aut, ati and oi, appear with great frequency in the Philippine alanguages, but that, being pure (liphthongs, they should be- written with vowels and not with consonants, i. e., au, at, and oi-not aw, ay, and oy. WVand y aire primarily consonants-. When emiployed to express the second~ eIlement in the pure diphthongs, th~ey are of necessity pronounced ts, their corresponding vowels, u, and -i. There would seem to be M) good reason for thus usinig conson)ants as vowels, in a phonetic all14ilabet, especially when 'a, and i are already employed to ex-.. press the same vowel sounds. By so doing, one incurs the very fault-more than one sound expressed by the same characterwhich Iit is the purpose of a phonetic alphabet to avoid. In order to illistrate the necessity for the adoption andl Use of a phonetic alphabet, the following namres of barrios ar-e taken ailmost at randomn fromi the, 1903 Philippine Census Reports. T[he various possible pronunciations which might be applied to these names as spelled in the Censas IReports, are indlicated by means of the Phonetic Alphabet. Note. Notice that in the Phonetic Alphabet,, ng is pr'otiounced as in ''wqrow''; ftg as Uf/ in 'Singer";ngg as rqg ii ''finger''. If 'vg be followed by e 01' i, then the g of this combination mayl take the sound of h. Accordingly, if nyq in Philippine names be not marked as pronouncedl in accor(lance with some established rules, it may always be pronounced in any one of the three ways first indicated, as. P ~arangavii, pron out)ced ASarcrfgani; Sindungwnv, pronoun CC(d SindanJ, AS('. ga-&tranga, pronouncedl Sa n"`gga-San 9gga: oCca.sionally, it may have five variations, as in "P1ange'', belowl. 'Without, the adoption of rules prescribing the writing of the various posnsible,Gounds of ngy, how is the re~ader to divine which one- of the 18 different vari('nts giveni, is the propei' . pronunciation of "Htingatungan"'? If the latter had by chance been spelled "'Hingitungihan" —by no means aln impossible combination —the nunlber of possible pronullciations would be one hundred. lPangilhan. -I I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10'. PafigUitan Iafigi'an Pafiggilhan Painggi' an Pafighihan Pafighi' an Pangihan Pangi 'an Panhihan Panhi'an Pafige Ianigge Pange Pafighe I Panhe.1Ilanlflpa-cal. I 1. 2. 3. 4. r I'Pang(. I I 1. 2. e). 4. r;). 1. 2. 3. 4. h iligatunlganll. -{ zllI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Hanipan Hanipa'an Anipan Anipa'an Hifigatuingan Hifigatuniggan Hingatungan Hifiggatunfgan Hifiggatufiggai Hifiggatungan Hingatungan Hingatufiggan Hingatungan Ingatufigan Ifigatunggan Ifigatungan Infggatufigan Ifiggatunggan Ifiggatungan I ngatufigan I ngatunggan I lgatungan ( tilinagaanil. f (ilimagan Gimaaga,'al Hiiagan Hiniaga' an lThe ablove list niight ig be ext lnde,(ld idlefillitely and denmonstlrates a stalte of aiffairs whicll sh11oildl not lbe permitted to coltinuel. A plhoeti( alphabet s-lould 1be at once adopted for use by tlhe aldinistrators ainl Iin)1mapmakers of the Philippin's, (bspc(bially ili thiose southclern prvinles \wllerle hundreds of new geogl'ralphical 1tames are b:)eing redu('ce( l to writing every year. . INDEX Note: Ar abic r noam eral. iallicate s,ecttions; Rom)( num1erals, tables; "n. ", 'iote; "Ap.", App}endix. Tlble I begiis o, page 18; table II, on page 4J; table III, on page 62; table II', onf page 91; table V, on page 96; table VI, on page 128; Appendix I, on page 13,5; Appendix 1!, on page 1'7. The most important referencc is given first, the others follow. ig in the order of the text. A vowel, see hata'as. -a, imp. suffix, 142. A\ bbreviations, marked by maddah, 102 n. 3.;lhjad, 145; jim in, 32; tlsed as numerals, 145 and n. Accent, does not accompalny hamzah, 18. Agency, expressed by possessive forms of personal pronouns, 150. 'lin ('), a lunar letter, 131; power, 47, 3, 4, 6, I; transliteration, I, IV; writing, 122, IV, V.,1/ (Arab. def. art. ), la"in of, assimilated, 10() and n. 1, 97 n. 3; wasla(t witl, 10()(;. 'llam'at, indicates a(ldress of letter, 148. AlIlif, Classed as ' weak'' letter, 28, 59. "Conforms" to hata' as, (8. Lunar letter, 131. Power, Prolongs hata 'as, 26-28, 5;, [I; iln lmifialif, 63; iI l)pe'pendllicular f;tth.qh, 104; in fathabh ta(wiinr 91), () n.;withnicmatddah, 99, 1(1 -102. Prop for ham(lzah, 25, 26, 59, II, 65, 68, 69 adl(I ns. 1, 2, and 3, 70 n. 2, 85, 97 I. 1, 99, 102 i. 1; in lamcaii, 63. Transliteration 25, I, I, I \V; in lamalif, 62. Writing, 116, 11 I,, V; unconnected witl following lonisonanilt, 14, 115; doubled by tastihdi(d inl Arabic, 99; expressed by,t.((,ddath. 102 n. 1; in la/malif, 116; 106 n. 1; in perpeldicular fatha(/, 105; repuglnance to use of, 70 n. 2; without pafti, 82, 76, 97 as. I and 2. Alpllabet, Arabic, 1(); ancient, called abjad, 145 and n. 'lhonetic, Ap. II. 152 I- 5 lr'abic nItta er'alst' i'nicate sections; RonmaL nntmerals, tables. Alphabet, (.cOntinued. Sulu, 11-12. Sulu-Arabic, 13, I, IV, V;, or(rder of consonants in, 15; nallles of conI so lnal nts in, (16; power(1', writing, a(nd traInsliteration of ('consonlW1ts in, see( inivi(duall nam-es. *I.qfkau, namle, 109; rules for u(se, 110-113; transliterationl, 1 08, 1 I..\A)potrop:)l'e, transliterlates hap(t,za(h, 18; used 1b sofmeC to transliterate Wt.h,l, 1()6. A\ rabic language, alphlabet, I 0; tbjad( order, 1 45, 146; a,,(ika ilot il, 109; c(ase endings il 87, 87, 90, 9)3, 154; definite article il, 97 II. 3:, 106 and n. 1; dipl)l,,thongs in, 139 -141; hawt,,alh in, n )69 n. 3; j4zrI(ah in, 76 n., 97 1s. 2 and 3;,Addah in, 102 ns. 1, '2 a 1( 3; perpendicular fa(/ttth in, 104; numerals inll, 144 -; llunctuatioll in, 147; roots il, 138 9, 140); ta I /! in, 86-94; w.(thlaS iI, I(0)( nls. 1-6; vords flo-01m, in Sulu, 152-1.54..Ar1ticledef., in A raic, 1 see ',tr AssinlilateId lett(erns i'll A ic. 76 ni., 97 ni. 3, 106 n. 1. Asterisk, mark of p)unctuatioii, 1 47..yah,, p1)unctuation of, 147.!ha (1)), a lunar letter, 131; 1 steims aftter prefixes, 70 ns. 4,6; power, 17 n., 1; trlansliteration, 17 n., 1, I\; writing, 117, IV, V. -ba, enclitic, 149. Bah acwa, begins epistle, 148. Blisayan language, base of Sulu, 152. Brace, mark of punctuation, 147. Bracket, mark of punctuation, 147. (1/, to transliterate kiha, 8, 9. ('che(ch), name, 12; order in alphabet, 15; power 6, 1, 99; transliteration, 9, 1. IV; writing, 117, 118. Compounded prefixes, 70 n. 5. Consonants, Arabic, (abjad order, 145 and n.; assimilated, written without jazmalh, 76 n., 97 i. 3, 106 n. 1; doulbledl Nvith ia,shdid(sabt,' ),99 and ns. 1 a(nd 2;emphatic, 33, 35, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 49, 54;redundancy of, in Sulu, 3; list of, 10; more important than vowels, 14; waad(lah with, 102 ns. 1, 2 and 3; of prolongation, written without jazah (pa)((ti), 76 n., 97 n. 2. Sulu,list of, 12; number of, 11. Sultu-Arabic', names, 10, 12, I and 1., 16; new, 2; or'(ter in alphlabet, 15; 'initial" "nmeedial" "final' 115; power, writing anl transliteration, see individtual names. Da, optional enclitic, 149. Dad (,d), a solar letter, 131; i)ower 44, 3, 4 (6, 6, trans 154 Arabic nu'')neral s indicate sections; Roman?( n?(meral'is, t(blces. )(Id (d), COntiluedl. I, IV, 8, 9, 54; writing, 121, IV, V. I)il (1), a solar letter, 131; d stems after prefixes, 70ns. 4, 6; power, 37, I; transliteration,,I, I, 8, 37, 4; writing, 119, 14, IV, V. Il)atnrah, name, 78; see "datat ''. Itamn,mah ttanli,n, 11 I,86-88; with sabt ', 100; witlh vwatsh, 106 n. 6. 1))(tapn (datma,1Lth, '1 vowel), Name, 78, III. Power, 78, 2, 5, 59, II, II; waslah, pr'ono(unceci as, 1(06 n. 4; w't( "coneforlms' to, 68. Transliteration, 77, 58, 1I, III. W \riting, 79, II; form, 79, (8s; lengtlened, 58, 59 (, 7!), 79; short in MAalay, written long, 153; with hanizahbl, 79, I I; with sab1t,/', 10(). )lhal (dl), a sol1ar letter, 13 1; power, 38, 3, 4, 6, 17, 1; transliteration, I, I\ V 8, 9, 54; writing, 119, 14, IV, V, 115. I )iacritieal signs, 74, 114;' imperfectly wr'ittenl, 117: omitted with.srin, used as sign of.tabtt, 100(; o-Ilittedl with y't, 68, 130. /)i'atas, nalme, 81; see "'hltt,'( as l)ibcawa^, 11na1l, 84: set '"hab(ba '' ". I)igraphl,.lused in tranislitel'at ing, 9). Dihadtapan, I111, ]e, 78; see( "(Ldp)(t ". Diplhtlholgs, 132-143, 58-( 1 Ap. 11; with sabtt', )-) 99 s. 1I and( 2. I)ivision of con soInaltal outlinI of words, 149 n. 2. Dots, under consonants ill transliteration], 9; see "d(li(critical signs". I)Doubled conisonats, see sab(tf '. )lutch language, wor(ds from, in SuLlu, 152. Dt di'ata, Isee " fdttl( tsea?((thhn[tti,'". D)ara dibab(h(t( (f/ i, see ' l(1( /al/ If(fra diiadapan, see `dm mi mh E vowel soun(1, 2, 5, I1, I84 see ", hababa' ". pill)hattic eConsona(nts, 3, 35, 43-47, 49, 54. En1clitics, 149,; )persoiaIl p)ir(nouns as, 1501, 151, \VI. English language, cos()o Isi )nts of, selected for tralnsliter:atio( l, 81, 9i; ldip)hthonl' gs intt 132; spelli)n re for iln, 150: words fromll. il Suill, 152., 15 tr3.,Example s of 8ulu writing. A p. 1. I.Exp)eriments ill V\owel.\'(1 combinations, 137, 138. a (f), 1namel, 12; a lunar letter, 131; power, 53, 2, 8, 6, 1, 17, 52; tr5anslite(ation, 52, I, I: \ writilg, 1 '22, 12O:, IV. V. Albic eals ilcte sec5tios; RonL mecls, tbles. Irabic ion.erals iunicate sect'iots; Roman nuiverals, tables. l;tthah, ame, S1; see "hata'(t. It'(d^hah, pe.rpendicular, powIer a1l(d tralnsliteration, 104, 111; writing, 105. lt;lhhal t (anwi, 1 II, 89-91; vowel not lenlgthlelled y alif;, 8( n., )91; with sabtar', 1()0; with lasbl(,h., 106 n. 6. (; (g), see '(thainl ". (;hAiin (gh), nallme, 12; a solIrI lettlr, i, 1; prefixes eldlillg inl, preserve havi,2.1ath, 7(0) s. 4, (; y steins after uga, 70) Is. 4, (); power, 4!-), 2, 3, (;, 1, 48; transliteration, 48, (9, 1, IV; writing,f 122, I[, V. I( ee(k languallm'1gel, affects Elnglish (ortllogrlf)lly, 15(; enclitics ill, 14'9; ' 'smootl lreatltlilng'' ill, Ap. I1. 1t, prel)ositio(), l)efore h(,1z,(tlh 70 n. 8. //II (/ ), a lntar letter, 131; p1"' ', 57, 1; with t\wo (lots,.57 n.; 1used for initial thiz(alhi in M,alay, 153; tl'ansliteration, 1, IV,, 9, 54 w1'iting,, 128, 1) V, V. \ IHat (h1), a lunar le tter', 131; po w r ), 8 )4, 8, 4, (, 1; translitei'atiou,, 8, 8 9. 54; writing, 1 18, I \V, 'V. bab 1,a' ( /ats^,. i/ vOwel), 'Power,, 84, 2, 5, 1, II, III; long, folrmed byll t) tw 's, 70(). 4; fiats1h plro-,luncted;is, lO; nis. 3, 5, and (;.Il, '"confornms' to, 68. T'ransliteration, 83, 60, II, III. Writing, 85, Il; form, 68, 85; when lengthened, 6), 61, 76, 85; short final il Malay, written long, 153',; witli hanmzah, 85, II; with sabtt', 100. lhtamZ(tiah, Name, 18. )rder in alphabet, 15. Power, 19-24, Ap. II; reap-. pears before suffixes, 142; is consonant, 10, 19; 1 -fore Sulu suffixes, 142; double, 99; difficult to detect, 24; distinct from '(ai,. 47; occurs in Danish, 19; in English, 19, 21, 22; in what colmbinations in Sulu, 73; omitted after certain prefixes,70 ns. 4, (; waslab is variety of, 106; weakening in Arabic and Sulu, 19, 70 11. (6. T'l.ansliteration, 18, II, 106. Writing, I n general 11, (4-7, 122. F!orm, (5 2(; IFollowe(d by patai, 6;7, 97. Initial, after prefixes, 7( 1n. 6. Not written in English, 24. Prop for, definition, 2(i; only alif; wan, and ya used as, 68, 25, 26, 58, 59, 60), 61, 65; separat e necessary, 67; without, (;7, 6;4, 70 ns. I and 7, 72 t.; after cmddahl 15.);.Irabic narmerals indicate sctoionl.; Ro;,man numcratls, t ble.l:. I I la nzah,Writing, Prop for, ct'd. 102 n. 2. R-'ule for writing final, 72; after long vowel or diphthong, 70 n. 1, 72 n., 142; initial, of suffix, 113; expressed by kcaf il\ Malay, 153. I ule for writing initial, 69; (dropped after certa- in prefixes, 70 ns. 4, 6;exi)ressed by ha, il Malay, 153; expresswed by v,'nddah, 69 n. 4 82, 1()1, 102; not lwritten in Sulu,;9 n. 2, 79, 82, 85; not written in Arabic, 69 i. 3, 106 n. 2. Rule for writing nedial, 70; after prefixed prelpositions, 7() n. '3; te-'-rr — hal, nomilna 11nd a(ljectival prefi/ es, 70 ns. 4, (;; betwe in long vowels or log]o()wel aid diplidphtlh) T, 7) n. 1,7 3 1. 1; pressed 1Iy ^,atlda(,, 1()1; not writtell il Sulu, 69 n. 1, 97 I1. 1. Itllt 'a.s (fath cla, (a v(owel), Na.me, 81, Ill. IPower, 81, 2, 2, 11, Ill;;('t.,alah pronounced.as, 106); II.; alf 'co nfors "tto, (i68. Iransliteration, 80, 25, II, tll. riting, 82, 11; formn, 82, 68; when lengthened, 27, 7-; lengthened by mnaddalb, 82, 102 ald I. 1; slhol't, \written long in Malay, 15:; I I I I with hanmzah, 82, I I; witli sa(bta, 100; prefixes eI(1 -ing in, preserve, h/a',.z'nl, 70 ns. 4, (;. Hi-, prefixed particle, bIefo. ha'mzah, 7() n. 3. /i-, verl).al prefix, 70 ns. 4-6;. Ilin(:ustani hl1guaget, w(or'(ds from, il Stlu, 152. Hyphen, i repeated(l word'Is, 10 )8. I vowel, see '1altl' ". -i, imp. suffix, 142. -i-, verbal infix, 70 ns. 4-6;. -'i;;-, verl)al infix, 70 ns. 4, 6. India, Aral)ic numerals takeil frlom, 144. Infixes, not parlt of ste,lll, 109: not repeateld by t1n qi. 1 12; writing of, 70 1s. 41-;. -iy/-, infix, see "-'"I pa' Nl, '.\ I',, (?), a lutlnar letter, T:,1: )power(, 32, 17, I. A ). 1 (loubled, )9'); t.ranisliteraot(n, 32, 1, I V; writin'g. 118, ItV, \V. Ka-. verbal prefix, 70 1s. 4-6. -ka. enclitic, 149. \a'f (k), a luInar letteri, 131; k/ stemns after at/, 70 1)s. -1. (6;. power, 17., I; tra Isliteration, 1 7 n., 8,, 1, 54, IV: writing, 124, IV, V. A^ ] '(/k), a lunar letter, 131; )we(3r, 55, 3, 4 6, 1; transliteration, 54, 8, 1, IV; writing 122, 12t, I\, \: used for final harwnzatb in Malay, 153. I IK~t, Ielsition'II ISO, NJ1* 157.lrabic uimnera'ls idlictale secti)l.s:; Ro'man ntUmerials, tables. ICAtra, alame, 84; see' '"hbab" '. Malay language, (ancgka adopted Kasrah tanin, 1, 92-94; with from, 109; consonants pe-.sabht(',: 100; witlh ia.fla, culihar to Malay, V; ga and 106 n. 6 / kf in, 124; na, ch(a and Aha (ki), a lunar letter, '1 - iga, adopted from, 12; Sulu - - ortllograplhy c(oser to tllat power, 35, 3, 4, 6, 1/ trans- o r literation,, 8, 9,,/4f Arab, IV; 15t; peculiarwriting, 118,,v. ities of orthography, 153; an, sl 1 iR-tomanized, 7; vowels, in-,t (1), a, solar letter, 131; determinate in, 81; wvords power,1; Po' r' inl Ai'abic from, in Sulu, 76, 152; def. art. 97 n. 3 106 foreign words in Sulu comii. 1; tr itsliteration I, I; ing thru Malay, 152, 154. tr(nslief. ration iM Atr,; latin, M(t-,verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6. (6',1; avritiwgi' ManJ-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4-6. /\T, VA 116; writi,9ng ].ai-,verblal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6. /n Arabic (lel. art., 9 ' name., 96; 50 'pati". 3, 106. 1. ii (i), a lumar letter, 131; /"t"iialif (1; 1a), power, 6, 1; power, 17 n., I; translitera/ tralislitel'ation, 6;2, 1, IV: tioin, 17., J I, IV; riting, / writing, 116, 106 n. 1, I\. 126, IV, V.!, etters of prolongatiol, se(e alif, Jin-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6. 'wa, a,(I?/(,a..ar letters,; 1. I.' a, optional enclitic, 149.,La lettes 131 10. 1. I!_dh. ' Arta ( nam e, 12; order in Nae 102. alphabet, 15; power 31, I; owe, a t. 1 transliteration,, TAIV; writlPower and writing, 1(0}2 ad171 ns. 103 ii o tiN; tl ing, 117, IV, V; form, 31 ns. 103 11, III- h.'**~..:haWhn o '. ~,' * oused for, 31, 151 olitted Nwithl, ()9 1. 4, 82; A' indicates be foin nin, f.nuse oI)ligatorry in few cases,ng 102 n.:3; with abbrevia- teice, 148. tions, 102 In.; with letters \tt!-, verbal prefix, indeterof p)rologatiOn follo ed inmate sound of vowel, 81; 1)y Lhatlzah, 10(2 nl. 2. h azthl after, 70 ns. 4, 6. Transliter'ation, 101, II, III. a,,n-, verbal prefix,70 ns. 4, 6. 1./-, verbal p1refi x, 70 ns. 4, 6. A a.-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6. /,-, el) o aNadjetial p- gAt -, verbal )prefi x, 7)0 ns. 4, 6. fix, 70 lls. 4-6. A!'(,, ligature in numerals, 14(6..I,/t-, verl)al prefix, ind(ter- a'. (h), name, 12; order in. 'iuinate sound of vowel, 81; atlphablet, 15; prefixes endhtn.Wzah aifte(, 7() is. 4, 6. ing in, 70 ns. 4, (;; po)wer, 158 Arabic nanerals indlicate section.s; 1Ronan anln tlme'rals, ttl s1c. _.,.,...I \Nq (i(g), continued. 51, I; transliteration,(50, 9), I; writing, 122, IV, \, 117. X.i, optional enclitic, 149. Numerals, Arabic, taken from India, 144; (dtlad used as, 145 anlld l.; Sulu na1mes, fronl Bisayan, 152..\'fat (n), a soklar letter, 1.31; power(, 17 1., I; tllanslitenlation, 17 n., 1; writing, 127. IV, V; iyi for, 31, 151. N unnation (ta'nl'in ), 87. ( vowel sound,, 5; se " 'tpan'. )rithographical sigi. 8;-1 1:3; definition, 74; list of, 11I: names of, 12. I1I: see angq1c, danonali ta'uli iui,' falhah tatun rii, (trui. l vt tair'li /, i,) fathah perpel)nd(licular, mtdlda/h, s)a/tdi,.Sltf, tr,,slnh. ( }thography, folreign, altcre,11 ill Sulu, 4, 9); foreign influence on Sulu, 153, 15;: of geographical na'iIes, A p. 11; Ireform of, il Stl111, 9, 15G.(; P', (p), alme, 12: /P stems laf'ter prefixes, 70 ()s. 4, (6; NIo ear, 53, 1; t.rallliterationl, 52, I, I\'; writing. 122, 123:, IV, \V.!a, optional encllitic, 1-1). Pa-, prefixed prtposition, ifore hamzah, 70 n. 8. 'a-, verbal prefix, 7( ns. 4-6. /(,-, xverlbal prefix, 7} n-s. 4-(;; indeterminate sounId of vowel, 81. Pai^-, verblal prefix, 70 ns. 4-(;. Pltu-, vetIral prefix, 70 iis. 4, i. Panditas, 155. PaI q-, g verb)al prefix, 70 s. 4. C;. Parenthesis, mark of punctu1l - tion, 147. I',s tl1, indicattes d(ivisions of c(-,I11position,.148. Patai (jaz(, h,.'wk ), i11ma'ie. 96, III; plower, f96; trallsliteration, 95, J Il1; writing, 97 and 1 s.; (not written] with ulif of prlololng.tion, 7(, 82, 97 us. 1 and 2; not w'ritteI with assiIlilate ( letters in Arabic, 7(i n.,!7 n. 3; not written withl '(,m, and (ya of prolon)gatioln ill Arabic. 7(; 1., 79, 85. 97 n. 2. 141; written witli,',tr 111(1 /at, of diphthongs, 141 written wNitlh t'(ait al(!ndl ( of prolongStion. 79, 82, 85. l'rliod(. marlk o, IlInc.tuatiol. 147. l'Persian Il1ngguage, letter ch(fa ininvelnte(l for,:(3; lett(er th(i 6._ invel(te(l fotr, 3 1; wor (1s from,. in Sulu, 152. Ilhonetic( Ajllpta)et, A\'). I 1. IPhonetics of Sulu language, I -0: of do)pte(I foreign words, 9, 154; (of 1)(-,'rsonl }p)oiounIs, 151. 'ortuguiese lantgua:ge,, wo r( ids from', in Sultu, 152. ](Prefi xes, exc(.lul(d(ed to det ermine ste iI. 109; how written -15, Airabic nicf'i'erals indt(-icate sectios: 1Roai 'ter'' U - lnmeras t s, fables. IPrefixes, continued. IRepetitions, excluded to deterbefore hamzahi, h70 is. 3, 4, mine stem, 109; angkac ii6; list of, 70 ns. 3-(6; not dicates, 109-113. repeated I)y anglka, 112. lRomanized Sulu, difficulties of, I-'ei'positions,h A,-aildpa-,writinlg 1; principles to be followedl of before hat,,zah,, 70 n. 3; ill, 7, 8, 9,, 50, 54; changes kan, with personal pro- for popular use, 143; pholouns, 150(), V; /i, option- e(tic alphabet, Ap. II.;l] enclitic, 149. -Set, enclitic, 149. IP'rinting, of Jim. group 118: ofl bt ( tshdil, shidh), (ligraplls, 9; of works in Stu- N lu-Arabic chtaracters, Ap.. I. lln, 9. P'rolongation, letters of, ower, 9, II; required witli ler o, consonants following assi(diJ; w.,I( i/a. i "1,J, l1, '. * * Ia tMilated letter, 7C6., 97 n.:, I;,,o0)uns, personal, enlitic ' ' ' ro iis of, VI 14()-1 5-1 f 106 n. 1; with dlissylabic 13isayalr oligill t 49; i, 1. Bisayan origin, 152. 99 nL 3; with encliIl 'oiunciatioi,, bIasis of tirat s- 19;wth 'wau, 9 n. I literaltiol,,, 9,; of Arabic w lt, 99., 'l'ra-,sli teratilo, 98. 111. consonailnts,:, 4, 6, 8, 9liti; of d(olilled colsollants Writin, 100, III. of fil v s i e l ts (s), a solar letter 1I1: plower', Of i11)1 \fi)lfe1 I,41 s i I )Ij1 1(11 I 1 pro)ouis, 151; of 1- 43, 3, 4, 6, I; transliteraEnglisl) terms,, s tion, 1, 8, 9, 54, IV; writE'pl'l ish liie' f ing, 1211s, 6; se(IV V 'p..ow(e'1,d - terames of vw es-.V, IT. consonants alId vowels. S('ript, Sulu-Arabic, 10-14, 1; s of., e i, 2(; auxiliary signs used in, 74, see lham;'ah, alif, a',,,, il. exampliles of, Ap. 1; tl)iecatiolns, prilted ill1 l)est writtel, 114; \pe 1,? ISmeth(od of treatmenlt, 17 lPuIctuation, signs of, 147, 148. phooetic inaccuracy of, 3-C; Q, used ill transliteratinl/g, 8,' se( S('l:isonantS, 'ortio(. ' ' graphical siglns 'vow-.). els'. l/i, ), a sol1a letterl, I 1: >power, ha(bT.d, e (o T- 1// S i\l\ shiddah, name, 99; I Ik I w lI-1 I, ',1 (- ( —1 ~ I 7; tiiransliteratiol I, IV; writing, I1N) 14, 1 ', \V, 11.,. lou(lnplic:>tion, oxclndecl tco le I Ii see "s(abtu' ".. Shiddah l (shtaddld,), see sab tt '. S/ih, (sh/), a solar InIamel., 99(): letter, 1 3'1; 4, (,17, 1; 1. IV, 8,9,!\; I t erruine stem, 109); not Ipett.e(lt Iy (I(hIk(. t 1 12. 1e-_ ~,owr 4 1-2, '; 10o Alrabic neouerals indicate sections; Ronarn ntu merals, tatbles.,S/.in', continued. 54;writing, 120,117,IV,V. Sigll in Sulu-Arabic script, see dliacritical signs", orthlogralphiical signs ', vowels". S1in (s), a solar letter, 131; s stenis after prefixes, () n. 4, 6; powver, 41, 1; trallsliteration 1, 54, IV; writing, 120, IV, V.,Solar letters,, 1,9l 7 n. 3, 1() and( n. 1.,onll-ids, see names of consonants and vowels. Space, used to transliterate,(tslah, 1 ()6. Sultu-Arabic script; see "script. Sul u-Arabic. Syllables, words of one o(r llore,. with ang(cwt, 110; words of) two, witlh sabtlt', 99 i. 3. ' (t), ( a solar letter, 131; / ste(is after prefixes, 70 us. 4, (; ))ower,29, I; translit eratio(), I, 8, )9, 54, IV writing, IV, V, 117. T' (t), a solar letter, 181; l)owe,, 45,, 4, 6, 1; tlra:sliteration, 1, 8, 9, 54, \IV writing, 121, IV, V. -t,. enelitie, 149. 7'1t-, ~,noinal i)efiex, 7 s. 4, (;. Slpanish language, wo\xrdsf frloml, 1T/l-, loniai 1) pref in Sulu, 152. 6i; indetermina Spelling, see "ortllograply". vowel, 81. Stem, (lefinlition, 109; atn.f(ka re- 'a-,!/( -,ioininal pirefi peats, 110-113; itha reap- 7'T'h (t), a solar pears at end of, 57; hlamzah-, - powAer, 30(, reappears at end of, 142; tsl prefixes modify, 70 n. 4, 1 r iti 1 ~ -I; wliti;ig, 1I 6; sabta' in dissylabic,,;99, wrig ' 1! 3 lagatl lanllgu'age, Suffixes, anygka before, llX; ha i; wr-ls f152 Mreappearis l)efore, )57; ha-,, 57;,,, ~ I1ilft, indica'ites ^'th reappelars befor(e, 148.,uulan (jazwah), name. 9(; see posit pati. /'. 'iae, '(; Sni language, alpliabet of, I1, (idn'it. tihabt 12, 1; Arablic wvords ill, 4, ' ta,, t i. 9, 12, 154; foreign w\ordsll (dah) ii, 152: orthograplyi, c(lose i to Arabic(, 155: Bisayan, s,,base of, 152: /haw,,za/h weak- ra '1'1Isliteratioln, 1-' ening in, 19); orthogirphlic socnalits oiitt Irefonrm in., i 156;; phone- seec undler nall tics of, 1-9!, A p. I; wlit-! iants, vowels, ing. A p..I,,rapi icil sig' ix, 70 ns. 4, ite s1ound of ix, 70ns. 4,(. letter,:1 1: 4, (, I 17: I, 8, 9), 54. 17, IV\, \r. e /ld (/,.comfinfil f,il /c'fs 11,1 11C, 99 '), 54; (condA i inI, 148: as o f (('tlsoatild {,rtllo,4. 1 (1 Arabic scet' RIO)k(Oll t,,(tbles —. T'lrkish language, diacritical signs in, 74. \( vo el, see '",da,/, ()' -,/,-, infix, 7()0 s. 4, 6;. I nderline, use(d to illdicate digraphs, 9. \o )wels, Names of, 10, 12, 78, 8S, 84. IPower. 1, 78, 81, 84; ex essive number of sounids in Sul, 3; long, rare in Sul l, 153; 'long' " and short' lefine(l, 75); mo,-dified by (emphatic (1conso0ants, 33; il Sulu., 5; related to tlij, '1,an10. land y, 6(8; "vowel' stemns, 70) n. 4; see " dapan'", hIaba'ba "hata'a.s". 'I'ransliteration, I I I, 25. 58, 60, 77, 80, 83. Writing, 79, 82, 85, 74, 14, [I, IlII; expressed in diphthongs by '(auv,, and yja, 139-141; final, il personal pronouns, 151; possible groupings of, 133; long, 27, 59, 61, 76; long in personal pronouns, 150, VI; not written in Arabic, 14; in Malay,.14,153;signs, 1I, III; derived from re-; lated consonants, 68. I (..4ah, power, 106 ns. 1-6, IIl; transliteration, 106, II:I; writing, 107. j \la', (w), Classed as "weak " letter, 59, 61. "Conforms" to daplean, 68. Lunar letter, 31." Power, 59, 1I, 68, 76, 78; with.ab )tt', 99 ) 1; in (liphthlongs, 132-142. Transliteration, 58, 1,11, I V; in d(liplithongs, 132-143. \\riting, 129, 11, IV, V; unconnected, 14, 115; witlh,ia(1dah, 102 n. 2; without.jaz'a(-h (patai) in Arabic, 76 n., 79, 97 n. 2, 141. Weak letters, see,iif ', 'att ald a.(t Writing,Sulu, specimens, Ap. 1.,). p, e l I la (y), (lassed as 'weak" letter, 61, 59. "'Conforms" to hababa, 68. Liunar letter, 131. Power, 71, 59, II, 68, 76, 84; after infix -i-, 70 ns. 4, 6; in diphthongs, 132-142; with sabtu', 99 n. 2. Transliteration, 60, I, II, 1V; in diphthongs, 132-143. Writing, 117, 115, II, IV V; omits two dots, 68, 76 n., 130; with maddah, 102 n. 2; without jaznmah (pata i) in Arabic, 76 n., 79, 85, 97 n. 2, 141. 7jar (z), a solar letter, 131; power, 46, 3, 4, 6, I; transliteration, I, 8, 9, 54, IV; writing, 121, IV, V. i (z), a solar letter, 131; name, 40 n.; power, 40, 3, 4, 6, I, 17; transliteration, I, 8, 54, IV; writing, 11 )9, 14, ITV, V, 115.