NOTE TO READERS This book is adopted as an instructional material by the Department of Education, Culture and Sports to be used for the secondary social studies in Phillippine schools. NOTE TO READER This book is adopted as an instructional material by the Department of Education, Culture and Sports to be used for the secondary social studies in Phillippine schools. PHILIPPINE HISTORY REASSESSED BOOK 1 A Collection of Undiscovered Historical Facts from Prehistoric Time to 1872 DR. ISIDRO ESCARE ABETO I III i a;- - Copyright, 1989 by DR. ISIDRO ESCARE ABETO and -/ \ INTEGRATED PUBLISHING HOUSE First Year of Publication, 1989 Published by INTEGRATED PUBLISHING HOUSE 330 Robinson Road, Pasig, Metro Manila. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Abeto, Isidro Escare Philippine History Reassessed. - Manila: Integrated Publishing House 1989. 2v. Contents: v.1. A collection of undiscovered and unresearched historical facts from pre-historic time to 1872-v.2. Philippine History Reassessed. 1. Philippines-History. 2. Philippines-Biography. I. Title. DS668 959.9 Cover Design and Illustrations by: Mike Lombo Jr. ISBN 971-8637-001 ISBN 971-8637-02-6 IV ;.. ' (/. The NHI Appraisal The NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE, after reading every page of Dr. ABETO'S books - "PHILIPPINE HISTORY REASSESSED" (From Prehistoric Time to 1872), Book I; and "PHILIPPINE REVOLUTIONS REASSESSED" (1872-1902) Book II_in its official letterdated 02 May 1986, states in its last paragraph, thus: g ~ ~NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE 02 May 1986 Dr. Isidro Escare Abeto 12 W Paz Street, Sta. Elena Marikina, Metro Manila Dear Dr. Abeto: All in all, the National Historical Institute, as a cultural agency, considers your two works as important literary contributions, particularly in the enrichment of our folk life. With my best wishes, I am Very truly yours, SERAFIN D. QUIASON Acting Chairman V the Department of Edcation, Culture a rd Sorts. VI 2J~n t t Rtt s.n Q pesen Mbng al~ewhzh i he a1 esl A RL IJ 'S } Dv* * t *i SFA g, < Vilbll~. *. A + #j 0 v~g >S lw~UbUS4A 0 V [ S M i j 4 S r X -,;' tS^^ r^- b t- " ' -.:,, X \ }t t H@ J3~ —g w. 'l"P~l is jj' 'ftl' > e t X - ' e i0 ].rlCWS,S. I,. > IB ('F"e /(' S (sA~L~ WH yi - i:8awW~fiX VIII @g b ]g whriibhr " FtO~ PwA rw t fy $ pSffAkXim7pe~ ev'wef ~e 1~q whPis i" s ~ 1~~ ~ r"wi I " DEDICATION TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH TO the Filipino youth of today and of tomorrow, I humbly dedicate this historical work. But my task is yet far from terminated. God willing, I shall continue my commitment to Destiny, and where I shall have to end, I would, therefore, ask the youth to begin and pursue the task toward the desired end. Others may entertain derogatory attitude on our sincerity and reliability. But, let us not feel allergic to this attitude. Just as we do, let them seek the truth for themselves. Let us forge ahead, subscribing to the philosophy that the search for truth and enlightenment never ends. This is the challenge that the youth must have to meet. THE AUTHOR VIll ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO: FRANCISCO G. TONOGBANUA - (Deceased) poet, writer, and educator in English, who enthusiastically supported and encouraged me to reassess and rewrite early Philippine history. VEDASTO G. SUAREZ - Consultant, Dept. of Education, Culture, and Sports, Tagalog poet and writer in English, who had given me valuable hints in the preparation of this book. EVILO B.JAVIER - (Before his demise) Gov. of the Prov. of Antique, who cordially received me at his Capitol Office upon my arrival at Sn. Jose de Buenavista, capital of the province, in 1977. Upon the Govemor's request, I delivered a lecture on my new historical findings in Panay before the members of the Prov. Board. In the evening, the Governor honored me with a modest dinner at his residence. He had given me valuable help and facilities in my ocular research of the famous historical places in Antique. PEDRO A. GAGELONIA - (Before his demise), historian and college professor,PUP, for his brotherly help and encouragement. NORA B. MASSAHI - (Now, Mrs. Haydar Massahi), former U.P. Baguio Asian Civilization Instructor, for her favorable appraisal and enthusiastic endorsement of this book. ENRIQUEPAOLI - (Now deceased), Spanish poet and UP Professor in Spanish, who corroborated the fact that Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established his Second Settlement at Villa de Arevalo, Prov. of Iloilo, Island of Panay. RAMON A. CORTEZA - A native resident of Villa de Arevalo, who led me and showed to me the Batiano River where Legazpi with his naval fleet entered and established drydocks and slipways thereat for the construction of more galleons to augment his invasion fleet for Manila. Legazpi employed Iloilo carpenters. ANTONINO P. LAZO - Author and Chief Librarian, Manila Central University, for his most enthusiastic endorsement to publish this work. MY CHILDREN (CECILIO AND LUZENDA) - Who assisted me in many ways in the preparation of this book. FELICIANO E. MANIPULA - Research Consultant, former professor of history and political science, Arellano University, Manila; former professor of history and political science, Trinity College of Quezon City, who very enthusiastically endorsed the publication of this book; PROF. SALVACION ARLANTE - Research/Documentation Consultant, University of the Philippines Systems, Dilinan, Quezon City. ENRIQUE T. TANSIPEK - Proprietor of Integrated Publishing House, who willingly undertook the publication of this book for general circulation locally and abroad, especially to the school students of the Philippines. DAMASO VERGA - For his valuable help. LT. GERMAN B. TUZON, LT. COL. WILFREDO LARGA, LT. ABRAHAM RAMAS and IRINEO B. ANGELES, MS. ELLEN AGUIRRE ADONA, MS. TEODORA ALONZO SANTOS AND MS. ROSALINDA C. CRUZ - For their enthusiastic endorsement to publish this historical work; and lastly SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO: The evaluation Committee of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports for its constructive evaluation of this book. THE AUTHOR January 1989 IX FOREWORD By: DR. lANCISCO CG. TONOGBANUA E w r "history" is used in two senses. It may mean either the record of events or the events themselves. The term was originally limited to inquiry and statement; it was only in comparatively modem times that the meaning of the word was extended to include the phenomena that form their subject. The older, narrower meaning includes historiography, methodology, i.lphilosophy of history, and sieties and institutions. In his Potics, Aristotle discounted 8.'" ' D i hist o the ground that it erely recorded facts and did not depict the general truth o constant plot. he distinction is a basic one if the function i~'** ** *' ~l::~happened; but it ignores the degree to which a historian may emphasize in his evidence the features that pe-lit Dr. F. c. Tonogbanua significant generalization and present them in appropriate form. The Greeks gained a sense of tradition from their myths and sagas. The Indians were able t measure their tfaditions against the antiquity of the East and recognize the importance of first-hand inquir. How about us? Have we at least sought a guideline on which our history may be measured? Have our historians thought about building up the Filipino image such that our people may be proud of? Philippine history is replete with inaccuracies. More than 300 years of Spanish incursions md about 50 years of A merican tutelage, without doubt, colo the presentations of many events that urportely happened historically in our country. Historical event~s thus col must be looked into and corrected. We cannot ust let our people swallow them "hook, line and sin ker. X Thisbook,PHILIPPINE HISTORY REASSESSED presents early history via the biographies of Philippine heroes of the past on first inquiry. Indeed heuristic and historically researched, and on current interpretation to build up the Filipino image such that our people may be proud of, without sacrificing, of course, the facts and the truths. The philosophy of the biographies in this book places its design in both rational and natural comprehension of the historical truths that the heroes, indeed were great men and women who placed country above self who looked to God as the omnipotent power that guides the destinies of men and nations. It may be of interest to know that in this book, the author had only his God and his country that made the men and women, truly the heroes that they were, and that anything racial, national, ideological and other influences dictated to us by the Spaniards and injected to us by the Americans have been rejected, and that only the truly Filipino image is being presented. Where historical inaccuracies persisted in some sources, the author made it a point to find out whether or not they have been thus influenced by Spain or America or other continents, and thus, relate the events in such a way that the Philippines is just as superior a country as any other in the world. I earnestly think that this book is distinctly an excellent contribution to Philippine historical literature. I may state here that the names in our history are not new; all historians and students of history have come across them in some way. However, what is amazing and, even surprising, to many are the historical events in which the historical figures were involved. Many events recorded in the book have not been known before by our so-called historians, for, indeed, much of their informations have been culled mainly from foreign sources. This one by Dr. Abeto is quite refreshing, because the author had taken pains to go to original native sources for the informations. Furthermore, he has contributed to the building up of the Filipino image that can be compared favorably with historical figures of foreign lands. This is the important duty of the historian to see to it that the historical figures in our history are figures that we can be proud of and not to be ashamed of, and our people are just as honorable as any others in the world. The first half of the book, say, the first three- fourths of it, contain new revelations. Not only the pre-Spanish heroes but also during the times of Legazpi and up to the times of Spanish Governor Carlos Ma. de la Torre y xi Navancerrada, there are new revelations. Even the story of Fathers Burgos, Gomes and Zamora have new revelations that have not been known heretofore. Of great importance is the presentation of the story of Father Burgos will one reader after another find, especially his writings, a better contribution than those of our historians before the establishment of the New Society. In my honest opinion, this book is a distinct contribution to Philippine historical literature, in fact, a step further than those before Dr. Abeto. XII AUTHOR'S PREVIEW THERE are facts that are true and there are facts that are false. Facts in history that are construed as true, had been proven out of bounds by ocular findings and direct inquiry research. Documentary evidences, which had been generally considered as the most reliable sources of informations, cannot always be held infallible, especially, when the author is alien to places, idiosyncracies, customs and traditions about which he wrote. The history of a given place, should therefore, be written by the one who is indigenous to that place and not by the one who is a stranger to the same. With this perspective in mind, this book PHILIPPINE HISTORY REASSESSED has been fashioned. Philippine history has been found replete with gaps or missing links and confusions. Where documentary evidences were found amiss to fill up the gaps, direct inquiry researches had been exploited for historical informations to bridge the gaps and to solve confusions. Let us search and gather the strands of our history which had been lost due perhaps to neglect, sloth or indifference and tie them to the hanging ends to provide continuity and completeness. Simplicity of language is the relevant characteristic of the historical texts herein, with exception to a few technical terms, to place the history within the grasp of assimilation and common understanding. Hence, literary enrichment had been shied away because without an aid immediate comprehension is not feasible. It has to be stated, therefore, that history needs less of literature, but more of historical truths in a simple, informative language. As stated, confusions obtained among historians. The most evident was that they had been at variance and odds on historical dates, names, places, persons and events. Reassessment and rewriting of history has, therefore, become paramount to rectify our history, while it is unjust to arrogate blame on anyone for the uncertainties and improprieties, because water coming out from a polluted spring cannot be otherwise. Jose Rizal had to correct Antonio Morga's history of the Philippines which he found with many errors of facts. Our present task is to bring out to light the true facts of history hidden somewhere in our midst. It is to be believed that our history is alive and shall remain forever alive amongst our people at places where the historical events had happened. XIII Let us now sample out a few instances of confusions and misunderstandings even among our most renowned historians of today. On the date of the coming of the ten Brunei datus to Panay, the following have been noted: 1. The historical marker along the inter-provincial highway at Malandog, Hamtik, Antique, states that the Brunei datus came to Panay in the year 1200. 2. Josue Suncuya, Casimero Perfecto, Jose F. Castaneda and Dr. Emilio Nabor y Teodosio state in their writings that the ten Brunei datus came to Panay in the year 1212. 3. But it was in the year 1250, according to the famous historian Gregorio F. Zaide. 4. Whereas, no less prestigious historians Teodoro A. Agoncillo, O.A. Alfonso, Eufronio M. Alip, Conrado Benitez, Nicolas Zafra, H. Otley Beyer and Rod Steiger, state that the "coming" happened in the year 1300. 5. The eminent Filipinologist and historian, Prof. Austin Craig, says that in the 14th century the ten Brunei datus landed in Panay where they met Timway Marikudo. 6. However, Fr. Jose A. Burgos says that: "Datu Sumakwel had several contacts with the Spanish conquistadors." This goes to show that when Ferdinand Magellan came to the Philippines in 1521, the second time, Datu Sumakwel was still presiding the Confederation of Madyaas in Panay. Prof. Craig agrees to this and is also corroborated by Pedro A. Monteclaro who assures us in his MARAGTAS that "... the ten datus from Borneo.. lived in our island (Panay) up to the coming of the Spaniards." Now, can anyone say who among these historians tell the correct date on the coming of the ten Brunei datus to Panay? We have managed to answer this intriguing question from circumstantial evidences found in our history itself. Emma Blair and James Robertson, American historians, state that Miguel Lopez de Legazpi transferred his settlement from Cebu to Panay without mentioning the specific place in that big island. Is it not incumbent upon us to find out where? The author in his ocular findings in 1977 found the specific place. Did Marikudo barter or sell to the Brunei datus the Island of Panay? XIV Upon verification, there were evident indications that the so-called "barter" or "sale" was a myth. We have not been informed whether these Negritoes were the indigenous people of our country or more primordial immigrants from other places in the orient. Those who are going to use this book, however are cautioned not take everything as the unqualified truth. Many of the historical events included are new findings based on the author's researches which others may find very different from the accepted historical truth. These events however can be good subjects for discussion and may stimulate curiosity and study among students in our schools. These are among the many instances in our history that need elucidation. What we have done in this book, is just the beginning. This work which is vast and gigantic if seriously dedicated to, can assume the proportion of a lasting project. It shall need a continuous labor and a big outlay of funds. It is, therefore, incumbent upon an organized entity, private or government, to undertake the task. CAUTION TO THE TEACHERS; "Facts about history in books may not all be true and that these which are found in this book are new findings: based on research which may be a subject forldiscussion and may stimulate curiosity and encourage further reading among students. THE AUTHOR xv ROSTER OF CHIEFTAINS AND WARRIORS 1. CHIEFTAIN MAMAGTAL of Buglas (now Negros Island). 2. ALIMONSAY, wife of Chieftain Mamagtal. 3. DATU KAMATEL, ally of Mamagtal. 4. MATNUHAY KALANTIAW, the first Filipino lawgiver. 5. IKONG KABUNSOL, father of Matnuhay Kalantiaw. 6. TADYA BUNGSALAN, Kabungsol's wife, mother of Kalantiaw. 7. KING BALANTAD, head of the Binanua-an tribe of Negritoes in Guiual (now Guimbal), Province of Iloilo. 8. TIMWAY MARIKUDO, king of the Sinugbohan tribe of Negritoes in Talisayan (now San Joaquin), Prov. of Iloilo. 9. MANIWANTIWAN, wife of Marikudo. 10. PULPULAN, Marikudo's father. 11. DATU PUTI, head of the Brunei datus who landed in Panay. 12. DATU SUMAKWEL, head of the Confederation of Madyaas. 13. DATU PAIBURONG, head of the settlement of Irong-irong (now Iloilo). 14. DATU BANGKAYA, head of the settlement of Aklan (now Capiz). 15. DATU BALENSUELA and DATU DUMANGSIL, they established their settlements at places surrounding Taal Lake. 16. DATU PADOHINOG, DATU DUMANGSOL, DATU DUMALUGDOG and DATU LUBAY, are assistants of Datu Sumakwel in the Confederation of Madyaas. 17. DATU ITUM or ITIM and DATU PULA are two younger brothers of Datu Puti. 18. PINANGPANGAN, Datu Puti's wife. 19. KAPINANGAN alias ALAYON, Datu Sumakwel's wife. He had three other wives whose names were unknown. 20. PABULANAN, Datu Paiburong's wife. 21. KATARUNG, Datu Bangkaya's wife. 22. KABILING, Datu Dumangsol's wife. 23. LAKANYE ILOHAY TANAYON, wife of Datu Labawdunggon who killed Sultan Makatunaw. She is Datu Paiburong's daughter. 24. TAKMO BUAYA, a native chieftain of Leyte. XVI 25. RIBONGSAPAW, Datu Padohinog's wife. 26. MALINOG GATMAITAN, ruler of a place near Bulacan. 27. TORAY GATPANDAN, ruler of a place near Batangas. 28. TUDAY GATSALIAN, one of the native rulers in Central Luzon. 29. ALIMBUSAY LIMA-ASAWA, chieftain of Sineloan (now Liloan) in the small island of Panaon, directly facing the southern end of Leyte, where Magellan held his first Christian mass in the Philippines. 30. RAHA SIAGU from Mindanao. With Lima-asawa, he met Magellan at Sineloan. 31. RAHA KOLAMBU, companion of Raha Siagu from Mindanao. He also met Magellan in Sineloan. 32. TANDAY LUPALUPA, popularly known as "Lapulapu", he was the chieftain of Maktan island where he killed Magellan. 33. KATUNA (not "Sikatuna"), ruler of the Island of Bohol. 34. KANDOLE (now "Raha Lakandula"), ruler of Tondo, 35. RAHA MATANDA, one of the chieftains in Manila. 36. ALMONTAY HUMABON, ruler of Sugbu (now Cebu). 37. RAHA SULAYMAN (now Raha "Soliman"), ruler of Intramuros. 38. GATSUNGAY, ruler of a place bordering Manila Bay extending toward Bataan. 39. MAUD GATSUNGAY, ruler of a place near Fort Santiago. 40. AGUSTIN LUMANDANG, head of an uprising against the abuses of the Spaniards. 41. AGUSTIN LEGAZPI, a Muslim converted to Christianity, led a group of Filipinos against the Spanish friars. 42. SULTAN MOHAMMAD DIPATUAN KUDARAT, a Muslim ruler of the Sultanate of Magindanaw, he led his people fighting the Spaniards. Pres. Marcos declared him a "National Hero". 43. MAWALLIL WASIT, a Muslim sultan of Sulu Archipelago. 44. RAHA BONGSU, a contemporary ruler of Sultan Kudarat in Mindanaw. 45. SULTAN SALAH UD-DIN BAKHTIAR, another contemporary of Sultan Kudarat. 46. SULTAN BUISAN, father of Sultan Kudarat. 47. TAMBLOT, a leader of Bohol warriors against the Spaniards collecting unreasonable tributes. XVII 48. ANDRES MALONG, a revolutonar leaer known as the "king" of Pangasin who 49. DIEGO DE SILAN (now known as "Diego Silang"), Iletano leader who defeatd the Spanish forces in Ilocmadia. He was governor of Ilocos Sur when he was assassinated. Honored by the Phil. Govt wit biggest oil vessel nam "M/1 Diego Silang" 50. MARIA JOSEFA GABRELA DE SILAN, was dubbd as Ilcandias Joan of A" She led Filipinos against the Spaniards after Diego Silang's death, her husband 51. APOLINARIODE LA CRUZ, he led his fllowers against the Spaniards to protest abuses comitted by friars. 52. ANCISCO DAGOHOY, he establishe Bohol's independent govermet for 85 ye s, the longest fiht against Spanish soereignty. 53. JOSE APOLONIO BURGOS Y GARCIA, the ore m t Filipino intel lectual bore Dr. Jose Rizal. He d a nartyr to the cause of Filip. inism. 54, MARIANO GOMES DE LOS ANELES, like Fr Burgos, he also died a martr to the cause of Filipinism. 55. LUIS PARANG, peaceful faer turned bandit of Cavite, to protest filocratic abuses. 56. JACINTO ZAMORA Y DEL ROSARIO, he also died a maryr's death to the cause of Filipinism T PHILIPPINE MILITARY ACADEMY Baguio City, Philippines. In the absnce of mlitary training ad diline, our warriors the pa acquitted theelves quite creditablyagainst theirenemies with their onlyweapons of bravery and love of country. XVIII A SYLLABUS OF REASSESSED HISTORICAL FACTS 1. TIHE PHILIPPINES, being formerly a part of the Asiatic Mainland and evidenced by the geological findings of the Philippines' Bureau of Mines, has existed since the Pre-Jurassic Period (about 200,000,000 years). 2. THE ABORIGINES of the Ylayans (now Filipinos) were seven: 1) The Dayaks or Dyaks; 2) the Ibaloys; 3) the Kayans; 4) the Itnegs; 5) the Andamaneses; 6) the Semangs; and 7) the Negroids (Aetas or Negritoes). The first six ethnic groups came from different places of the Orient, while the Negroids came from New Guinea. 3. THE DAYAKS or DYAKS and IBALOYS settled in the southern and northern parts of Aninipay (later Maydia, then Madyaas, now Panay) who became the first aborigines of this island. The black New Guineans, later called Aetas or Negritoes were the major settlers in places now called Panay, Negros (named after the negritoes), Zambales, Nueva Viscaya, etc., when the Spaniards came. They traveled during the existence of the land bridges. The Negritoes were the second aborigines of Panay and the first aborigines of Negros. 4. THE YLAYANS (now Filipinos), more than 500,000 years ago (Pleistocene Epoch) already had their own culture, morals and ways of family and social life. 5. CHIEFTAIN MAMAGTAL in 1372, had his domain in Buglas (now Negros Island). He was gifted with a power of perception. He prophesied the coming of the Brunei settlers to a nearby island, nearly one hundred years before the prophecy came to reality. 6. MATNUHAY KALANTIAW, the first Ylayan lawgiver known to the world ahead of Datu Sumakwel. 7. KALANTIAW ENTOURAGE landed in Panay in 1390, ahead of the ten Brunei datus headed by Datu Puti and Datu Sumakwel. 8. NEGRITO TRIBES. In Panay there were many Negrito tribes. The Sinugbohan tribe of Negritoes of which Timway Marikudo was the XIX head or "hari" as his followers called him, was only one of them. The word "hari" does not exactly mean "king" as in English. In the native sense "hari" means superior, chief, head, or a leader of a group of tribe. A "hari" is otherwise called a "hari-hari". In Guiual (now Guimbal), a town separated by the town of Miagao from San Joaquin, "Hari" Balantad was another "king" of the Binanua-an tribe of Negritoes. Some Negrito tribes still existing today are: Tina Tribe, Himaya Tribe, Aklan Tribe, Imaw-imaw Tribe, Apdo Tribe, Amating Tribe, etc. 9. NEGRITO WARRIORS in Panay Island headed by their haris or chiefs, armed with bows and arrows and bamboo lances, repelled invasions by Asiatics who wanted to expel them from their lands. 10. LANGUAGE USED IN CODES. The Codes of Kalantiaw and later, of Sumakwel, were originally written in the Hiligaynon language, which is the major vehicle of expression of the Western Visayas and parts of Mindanao. 11. DATU ITUM or ITIM and DATU PULA. Datu Puti had two brothers: Datu Itum (in Hiligaynon) or Datu itim (inTagalog), the younger, was called "itum" or "itim" because he was dark-complexioned; and, Datu Pula, so nicknamed, because he became red after gulping down a hungot (coco-shell) of tuba. He was the youngest. 12. LANDING OF BRUNEI DATUS IN PANAY. Timway Marikudo did not barter nor sell the Island of Panay to the Brunei datus. Negritoes allowed them to settle as a gesture of sympathy and hospitality, after the exchange of goodwill and gifts. The new settlers pledged friendship and peace. 14. LABAWDUNGGON KILLS MAKATUNAW. Labawdunggon, husband of a daughter of Datu Paiburong, following the order of his father-in-law, killed Sultan Makatunaw in Brunei to avenge the death of Datu Puti whose liquidation was ordered by the Sultan upon his return to Brunei from Ylaya (now Philippines). 15. DATU SUMAKWEL CONTACTS SPANIARDS. Datu Sumakwel, head of the Confederation of Madyaas had several contacts with the Spanish conquistadors in the early years of the Spanish advent in the XX Philippines. At Malandog, now a barangay of Hamtik, Province of Antique, Sumakwel and his men, repelled invasions of immigrants from Asia. At old age, Sumakwel returned to his birthplace in a Malaysian island until his death. 16. TAKMO BUAYA. He was a native chieftain in one of the islands (most probably, Leyte) along the Pacific coast, who was considered the first Filipino nationalist. He frequently expressed a nationalistic sentiment, thus: "I'll rather have a government short of all its needs to a government of the invaders surrounded with splendors and luxuries." If Pres. Manuel Luis Quezon was not aware of this, then it can be said that he had paralleled, by strange coincidence, Takmo Buaya when in a more refined rhetoric, he said: "I'll prefer a government run like hell by Filipinos to a government run like heaven by Americans." 17. MAGELLAN'S SECOND COMING TO THE PHILIPPINES. On March 16, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan made his second entry in the Philippines. He entered the country, the first time, 9 years back in 1512. Perhaps, still unknown to him, he already saw a part of the Philippines in that year. 18. MAGELLAN, THE FIRST CIRCUMNAVIGATOR. The first circumnavigator of the globe was not Sebastian de El cano who continued the voyage back to Spain after Magellan's death in the Island of Maktan. In the year 1512, sailing through the Strait of Malaca between Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, after crossing the South China Sea, Magellan reached the Calamianes islets, continuing, he reached and stopped at the big Island of Mindoro, at 11 degrees north latitude. Magellan reached the same latitude at the end of Samar on March 16, 1521, on his second entry in the Philippines, thus becoming the first man to have circumnavigated the earth. 19. FIRST CHRISTIAN MASS BY MAGELLAN. On March 31, 1521, the first Christian mass in the Philippines held by Ferdinand Magellan was on the shore of Sineloan (now Liloan) in Panaon Island, close to the southern end of the big Island of Leyte. Magellan met here Alimbusay Lima-asawa, chieftain of the said island, and the two rahas from Mindanaw - Kolambu and Siagu. This exactly fits the historical account of Chronicler Pigafetta who accompanied him in his voyage. Limasawa island was not existing when Magellan came. XXI 20. CONNOTATIONS OF "LIMASAWA". When Magellan came, there was no island named "Limasawa" in the Philippines. The Island of "Limasawa" came to history based upon Pigafetta's account stating that Magellan held his first Christian mass in the island of Limasawa. "The island of Limasawa" has two connotations, viz: an island named "Limasawa", and an island of Limasawa, the chieftain. The latter connotation is correct. The former is non-existent. 21. KATUNA NOT "SIKATUNA". The article ('Si') in the native dialect has been made a permanent prefix to the name KATUNA, thus - SIKATUNA. This is wrong. In the dialect, the article "Si" is used thus: Li Pedro, Si Juan, or Si Katuna. Therefore, the correct name of the Bohol chieftain is KATUNA. 22. TANDAY LUPALUPA NOT "LAPU-LAPU". The true name of the ruler of Maktan Island was Tanday Lupalupa. The Spaniards had the difficulty pronouncing "Lu-Ph-lu-PA" because of the acutely accented vowels"A" and "A". They conveniently reversed it "Lapulapu" as they had the propensity of changing other native names of persons and places for colloquial convenience. 23. THE BOHOL BLOOD COMPACT. The famous blood compact in Bohol was between Chieftain Katuna and Captain Alonso Albuquerque, not between "Sikatuna and Legazpi". Chieftain Katuna did not climb the galleon to have a blood compact with Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Filipino pride and tradition would not permit that. Neither Legazpi went down to the shore to meet the native chieftain. It was risky and Legazpi, being the commander-in-chief of the Spanish fleet, ordered his subalterns to perform the job for him. Besides, it was repulsive to Spanish pride, too. Legazpi formed a commission composed of his captains and soldiers headed by Captain Alonso Albuquerque to meet Chieftain Katuna at the latter's place. Through diplomacy, a blood compact between Katuna and Albuquerque was made for peace, amity and mutual help. Filipino painter Juan Luna made the event more patent and world-famous with his painting wherein he requested T.H. Pardo de Tavera to pose as Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Dr. Jose Rizal to pose as "Sikatuna". XXII 24. LEGAZPI'S SECOND SETTLEMENT. In 1569, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi with his naval fleet left the City of Cebu and established his second settlement at Villa de Arevalo, Province of Iloilo, Island of Panay. After the normalization of the colonial administration of the Spaniards in the Philippines, it was called "La Villa Rica de Arevalo" by Governor General Ronquillo de Pefialosa. From Cebu, Legazpi entered the Batiano River, at that time wide and deep on the southern side of Villa de Arevalo. On the bank of this river, Legazpi put up a drydock and a slipway where construction were made of more galleons to augment his invasion fleet for Manila, employing Ilongo carpenters. Blair and Robertson do not specify Legazpi's landing place in Panay. XXIII CONTENTS Foreword XII Author's Preview XV Roster of Chieftains and Warriors XVIII A Syllabus of Reassessed Historical Facts XXI Table of Contents XXVI CHAPTERS I. PRE-HISTORIC TIME 1 II. YLAYA'S EARLY RACIAL DEVELOPMENT 12 III. MAMAGTAL OF BUGLAS 20 IV. THE FIRST YLAYAN LAWGIVER 24 V. KALANTIAW'S CRIMINAL CODE 30 VI. COMING OF SHRI-VISAYAN MALAYS 36 VII. NEGRITO TRIBES OF PANAY 46 VIII. DATU PUTI RETURNS TO BRUNEI 48 IX. SUMAKWEL TRANSFERS TO MALANDOG 50 X. CONFEDERATION OF MADYAAS 54 XI. SUMAKWEL AND KAPINANGAN 61 XII. DATU SUMAKWEL'S DIPLOMACY 63 XIII. "BINIRAY" AND DATU'S WIVES 66 XIV. TAKMO BUAYA, NATIONALIST 68 XV. FILIPINOS DESTROY CHINESE KINGDOMS 72 XVI. MAGELLAN RE-ENTERS THE PHILIPPINES 75 XVII. LIMA-ASAWA AND MAGELLAN 79 XVIII. MAGELLAN - HUMABON ALLIANCE 85 XIX. THE BATTLE OF MAKTAN 91 XX. LEGAZPI AND THE BLOOD COMPACT 95 XXI. THE SPANISH OCCUPATION BEGINS 101 XXII. RULERS PREFER DEATH TO SUBMISSION 113 XXIII. SPANISH POLICIES AFTER CONQUEST 118 XXIV. FILIPINOS RISE AGAINST TYRANNY 122 XXV. SPANIARDS DISREGARD THEIR KING 124 XXVI. SPANIARDS KILL RULERS'PROGENIES 126 XXVII. SULTAN ALI MUDDIN OF JOLO 129 XXVIII. SULTAN KUDARAT, A MINDANAO HERO 133 XXIV XXIX. MORE TYRANNIES, MORE REBELLIONS 139 XXX. MORE SANGUINARY UPHEAVALS 145 XXXI. ACTS OF FILIPINO NOBILITY 149 XXXII. THE ODDYSEY OF DIEGO SILANG 155 XXXIII. DISCOVERY OF PRIESTS' FOUL PRACTICES 165 XXXIV. THE LONGEST FIGHT FOR REFORM 167 XXXV. A PRECURSOR OF FILIPINO INTELLECTUALS 170 XXXVI. STAUNCH, CHAMPION OF THE OPPRESSED 186 XXXVII. FR. ZAMORA, ACCIDENTAL MARTYR 198 FOOTNOTES 204 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 209 MANUSCRIPTS 211 BASICS 212 PAMPHLETS AND OTHER MATERIALS 217 INDEX 218 XXV COMING OF NEGRITOS FROM NEW GUINEA CHAPTER I PRE-HISTORIC TIME Wide area of a land mass rolling down from the Chinese mainland. - 19N.- - en,, - - As giant glaciers in North and South Poles melt down, waters rise covering low parts of the land mass leaving high parts over water levels. THE ANCIENT PANORAMA A n expanse of land mass running down from the Asiatic Mainland characterized by lowlands, plains, valleys, plateaus, hills, moun tains, rivers, creeks, lakes, volcanic spots and other topographical features extended as far as New Guinea which bordered the South Pacific Ocean. This was the panoramic view west of the big Indonesian Islands of Borneo and Celebes during the Pre-Jurassic Period of about 200,000,000 years ago' which is the age of the Philippine Archipelago, according to the discovery of the geological structures of the earth by the Bureau of Mines of 1 the Philippines in 1963,2 in the Province of Hamtik (now Antique), in the island of Aninipay (later Maydia, then Madyaas, now Panay), among other structures of the Cretaceous Period (135,000,000 years) of the Mesozoic Era, Oligocene Epoch (35,000,000 years) of the Tertiary Period in the Cenozoic Era and the Pleistocene or Glacial Epochs (500,000 to 2,000,000 years) of the Quarternary Period. 4~~~~~~~~W. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 ~~'~ecac~~a~~~tri~~s~r~c/7;r*~~~-~~;lc~~, ~ ~ ~ ~ pi~kdf = - -- -A I^^e^^:^-.'w S- -.- s. - - MAN fbC, OT.,.^^a,, s,, ^^^ ^tfir-. —^ -o^ ^%^8(^~~~~~~- eo m_ Alb F~L~ _~i P"D5~ The landmass before the "Land Bridges" were submerged ran down from the asiatic mainland bordering the South Pacific Ocean. 2 THE PRIMEVAL PEOPLE Within e intening mi of te f Glac Efis (at 500 Oto 2,; yeam), v as e nob s oupsof en h ities - the D or,I lhoie;Ir gs de iags am the inor p lcs of I nesi the a) m e An ie A a Islas fie B Baof eng, ou ist of B tde xegi (n oes tod) ifm rom w Gu ineac n os ot d on 3 domesticated animals, principally elephants, rhinoceros, camels and other domesticated animals3 and settled at the different places of the Ylayan Archipelago when there were no seas yet to cross and the so-called "land bridges" were still afloat before the cataclysmic upheavals. The peoples of the first and second Glacial Epochs, particularly, the Dayaks orDyaks and the Ibalois, migrated to Ylaya (Philippines) via Brunei, passing thru the land bridges to Palawan where many of them remained therein and still many others continued their way to Koron and Busuanga (now separate islets in Philippine map). Thence, they traveled to the southeast reaching Agutaya (also, now an islet) and then to southern Panay. Some of the groups went northward and settled in Mindoro. Other Dayaks and Ibalois went to the northern part of Panay. The present existence of Mt. Ibaloi (now called Mt. Baloi) is a lasting evidence that these primeval people had settled at the place where the mount is situated. The Dayaks or Dyaks and the Ibalois, therefore, were the first aborigines of Panay preceding the Aetas or Negritoes by the thousands of years during the Pleistocene Epoch of the Quarternary Period. Then Come the Negritoes In the third and fourth Glacial Epochs, big groups of peoples of the Negroid race migrated to Panay. From the Island of New Guinea, the black people traveled to Brunei desiring to settle therein. But the Dayaks or Dyaks refused to allow them. Avoiding hostilities, the black people traced the pathways of the people of the first and second Glacial Epochs and reached Palawan. Here again, the descendants of the Dayaks and Ibalois did not want the black people to mingle with them. Then, they continued their journey. Proceeding northward, some reached places which are now the Provinces of Zambales and Nueva Vizcaya on the eastern side and central parts of Luzon. Others reached Panay and Negros islands and settled therein for good. The New Guinean Negritoes became the aborigines of the two islands when the Borneans and Malaysians came in the 13th century. 4 Archipelago's Various Names Ancient geographers like the Egyptian Claudius Ptolomy in the 2nd century following the advent of our Lord Jesus Christ, called the country MANIOLAI; in the 13th century, a Chinese geographer Chao-Ju-Kua, gave it a cognomen of MA-YI; whereas, ancient Japanese and Chinese merchants named our islandic group LIU-SING; earlier European explorers called the archipelago ISLAS DE MANILA; other Europeans called it ISLAS DE PONENTE and ISLAS DE ORIENTE. When Ferdinand Magellan came to the archipelago (the second time) on March 16, 1521, he called the Ylayan group of islands ARCHIPIELAGO DE SAN LAZARO. When the Spanish navigator Ruy Lopez de Villalobos came in 1543, he named the islands FILIPINAS in honor of King Philip II of Spain. When the Americans came in 1898, they called the country PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, a name which has remained until the present. Geographical Identity The Philippine Archipelago, composing 7,107 islands is divided into three sectional groups: 1) Luzon and the small islands surrounding it in the Northern Section; 2) the Visayan Islands in the Central Section; and 3) Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago in the Southern Section. The three islandic groups which now constitute the Philippine Republic has a total area of 1 14,900 square kilometers floating on a portion of the South Pacific basin like a cluster of green emeralds under the blazing sun during the day and has the semblance of dark pearls in the night-gloom under the oriental tropic sky. The archipelagic identity is geographically situated at SW Pacific and SE coast of Asia; and on the west by the vast South Pacific Ocean. The Archipelago, a Holy Land? In the passage of time, historical facts undergo various twists and it is not surprising that occasionally we come across tidbits of informations from 5 unxpected hithert u6nkown sourc s Te law of tt, in the last manysis, will sway after su g divergencies until the re lights su ice out f human eyes to see. So that the m s of chan may yet come upon the to be 1 theenld in thed Sept, 1986, a supplementa magazin of the Bu n dished out to us a startling revelation, thus: Dr. Jose Rizal referred t Pilinas as Lupang Panako. Perhaps, ly a few aught the imlication f what he said, much mo its biblical lusionm Lupang Pangako is Prom d LaJd But there is only oneB Promsed Land that Moses sought in the Exodus which he never found because he died without ever seeing it Unresolved human events are the substance of histry that rpet and in this case, it is ses. Was r. Riz saying that PLIPINAS was the sd Ld of he Old estaent and, therfor, the land where the biblical history of the Old Testa nt happened? Cnsider the land of Pincess Urduja which is Pangasinmn or Pangasinan, the salt-pro ucing prvince of the cont.try Has anyone ever explained that it has odud numeous ith healers that astounded the western mical community with their psyhic healing? The land of Princess Urd is ui land of UR of t Old Testamnt. 6 The area of Pagsanjan, Pila, and Banahaw in the contiguous provinces of Laguna and Quezon are the sacred lands of the true Garden of Eden. This is the area of the biblical paradise - the place where the first man and woman (Adam and Eve) of the Second Earth lived and roamed in paradaisical glory, before Eve was tempted by Lucifer and cohabited with Adam to produce Cain. Pila is Bayang Pinagpala.." According to the writer, devastations wrought by the Japanese onslaught during the Second World War, had left this place unscarred while other places nearby suffered immense destructions." Why? Because this is a sacred land - the Garden of Eden.'" And Almeidda, continues: "The Temple of Solomon, has been foundin the Panay Island. TheArk of Noah is in the Ilocos Region awaiting public discovery. The Pyramid of the Pharaohs is in Pampanga seen when Mt. Arayat, at a certain time in midafternoon, when the sun is at a fixed point in the sky and from the angle of a Pampango town, casts a shadow thereby forming the shape of a perfect pyramid. Sarrat is Nazareth of the Old Testament and not of Jesus which is truly in the Middle East. Sinait is Sinai. Samar is Samaria. Cebu is the Land of the Gentiles which is why the Sto. Ninfo was brought there. The Land of Sodom and Gomorra is in Bicolandia." Philippines, the Lemuria Kingdom? From all indications, this interrogation if entertained declaratively, may yet shutter down our disbelief Let us quote again the writer. "The story of Pilipinas begins with the mythical Land of Lemuria, known also as MU, the Spiritual Civilization of the First Earth that began well over 100,000 years ago. We are the people of the Second Earth began with the creation of Adam and Eve in the Second Biblical Genesis and ended in the Cataclysmic Destruction by fire and water - volcanic eruptions and great flood - about 10,000 years ago4 About this time the Continent of Atlantis 7 which was a colony of the Kingdom of Iemuria also sank in the Atlantic Ocean. Pilipinas is 'Central Lemuria.' If this is held to be true, then the Old Testament and the Philippine History may both stand to be re-written and rectified The writer, Almeidda, further elucidates: "The recorded history of Lenmuria has been lost to us, And where circumstance fails to produce concrete evidence with which to record history and convince the skeptics among men, history becomes a myth, its vision altered by ignorance and replaced by the more accepted academic research. Now let us resurrect the myth and revitalize it to grab the essence of what it tries to tell us. In its time Lemuria ruled the world under one government. The Lemuria colonizers sailed out to found new colonies and introduced in them the scientific, cultural, and spiritual wealth of the Motherland (the Pilipinas referred to by Rizal) - 'Motherland' was the name given to home. The Motherland gave birth to the civilization of Egypt, Babylonia, Chaldea, Phoenicia, the Mayas of Mexico, among others. And these civilizations flourished long after l.emuria sank down in the Pacific (cean. The great civilization of the Motherland was brought to those places by Lemurians who left home seeking the lands to colonize. The Lemurians were a highly spiritual people who, according to the Lemurian scholar - James Churchward, had 'perfect knowledge of life and its origin.' lThey were the first men on earth entrusted with the first religion of man embodied in the spiritual books called the 'Sacred Spiritual Writings of Mu.' The great master of the Piscean Age, the avatar Jesus during his disappearance of 12 years studied the sacred inspired writings of Mu in a Tibetan monastery, where the books were kept secret and hidden away from the public, before Jesus embarked on his role as the physical vehicle of the spirit of the Son of God, the Christ. Jesus' teachings in symbols and parables recreate for us the spiritual wealth contained in the Sacred Inspired Writings of Mu. It will perhaps startle the modern man's imagination to see the Lemurian civilization surpassed civilizations that came after it, our so-called modern civilization included, in grandeur, beauty, scientific advancement, and spiritual wisdom and knovl:edge of the heavenly kingdom." 8 Samuel Meor Confirms Almeidda At this juncture, we have to state that Almeidda's findings have found concurrence in the writings of some famous South American authors, one of them, Samuel Aun Meors a South American exponent of gnostic knowledge from Argentina, who wrote books in Spanish, some of which were translated into English by the author, telling us about the Lemurians and the people of the Continent of Atlantis that those people were gifted with extraordinary knowledge and penetrating visual power. That their sights could penetrate the farthest confines of the limitless spaces overhead and could clearly discern the sacred beings that populated the heavens. They could call down to the earth any of the heavenly beings by the utterances of incantations which they called the Mantrams. Samuel Aun Meor, states (translated fronm Spanish by the author): "We have understood that we are asleep. If the man were awake, he could perceive, touch and feel the great realities of the superior worlds. If the people were awake, they could remember their past lives. If the people were awake, they could see the Earth as it is. But actually and unfortunately, the people do not see the Earth as it is. Whereas, the people of Lemuria, saw the Earth as it was. They knew that the world had seven dimensions in all, and they saw the seven fundamentals; and they also saw the world in a multi-dimensional form. In the fire, they saw the creatures of the fire; in the waters, they saw the aquatic creatures - the Uindines and the Neroids; in the air, they clearly saw the Sylphs; and in the bosom of the Earth, they saw the Gnomes. When they raised their eyes to the infinite space, they could perceive other planetary boxies. T'he planets in space were clearly visible to the elders in distinct forms. They could see the auras of the planets and also, they could see the planetary G(enies. )uring the time of Lemuria, any person could see at least half of the Honstapagnos.6 When the conscience of man remains fettered within the Ego, the senses degenerate. In the Atlantis, the people could only perceive one-third of the tonnage of color. Now, they could scarcely perceive only seven colors of the solar spectrum and only in a few tonnage. The people of Lemuria were different. To them, the mountains had high spiritual life; the rivers, to them were bodies of the goddesses; the whole () body of the Earth, were perceptible to them like a big living organism. They were other type of peoples distinct from us." Visayan's Indigenous Culture More than 500,000 years before the coning of the Spaniards, the Ylayans (Filipinos) already had their own culture, morals and ways of family and social life. The black people from New Guinea, as well as the other ethnic peoples from the East, brought to Panay and the other parts of Ylaya, their indigenous ways of life. The negritoes at first, both males and females were naked, wearing no body apparels. Contacts later with other ethnic groups developed their self-consciousness. Males and females covered their delicate parts with native materials, such as ginit, a fabric-textured part of the coconut 10 tree, petals, leaves, and barks of trees. Coverings which they valued most were the dried skins of the deers, wild cats (singalong) and other animal skins which the natives called banglo. A Negrito chieftain of a tribal group dictated laws which governed the social life of his tribe in a settlement and played at the same time the role of a peacemaker between controverting protagonists. He was highly respect d. I-e imposed heavy punishments, even death, to transgressors of moral alues, and on such crimes as rape of women, concubinage, and adultery, stealing, murder, acts of dishonesty, etc. Killing, however, consummated between protagonists in a fair fight, was not punishable. A survivor is even given a prize and extolled for his valor. Negritoes respected their leaders, parents and elders. They were helpful and sympathetic to their neighbors, especially to those who needed help. They observed their marriage rituals. Their religious beliefs were expressed through reverence for their dead ancestors, and anitoes whose abodes, they believed, were in the trees and caves. When a wife gave birth to a baby, she was taken care of solely by her husband without anyone else attending. A newly born babe was named after a most significant object where the birth took place. 11 CHAPTER II YLAYA'S EARLY RACIAL DEVEL OPMENT The Brown Ylayan Race T ^ he admixture of the aborigines in the four Glacial Epochs brought to the fore the beginning of the racial development of the Ylayan Archipelago. The influx of the later generations from the various sectors of the Eastern Hemisphere into the main stream of the primordial aborigines produced another racial development which ultimately brought out to distinction the brown Ylayan race. Three Distinct Types Emerge7 After the disappearance of the land bridges, waves of the generations that followed came to Ylaya, now crossing the seas. They intermingled with the primordial migratory generations, whence sprang the three distinct types of Ylayans, that by geographical segregations, peopled the three regional groups of the entire Ylayan Archipelago. The regional groups, as they are today, are: Luzon, Bisayas and Mindanaw which include the Sulu Archipelago. It was at this eventuality, when the Western Culture and Civilization made incursions into the life of the Ylayans. Three distinct types of the Ylayan race emerged: 1. The Tagals or Tagalogs. The northern portion comprising the Island of Luzon and small islands near to it were peopled by the Chinese, Mongolians and Japanese who intermingled with the people of pre-historic 12 time out of whom emerged a new population called Tagals or Tagalogs. From them, sub-ethnological Ylayans developed in various places differentiated by divergent dialects spoken and written by each group. A 5 /'A T / C C 0 /V o / AE /r' I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^S Cr=LeSIS 6 EW I p I S mF., AFTER THE FOUR GLACIAL EPOCHS Shaded areas show places from which waves of Asian immigrants, after the Four Glacial Epochs (500,000 to 2,000,000years) when "Land Bridges" were submerged, came to the Philippines long after the Negroids, Dayaks or Dyaks, Ibaloys, Itnegs, Andamaneses, Semangs, and Kayans had already settled. The Bisayans. The central part of Ylaya, composed of the Island of Madyaas (now Panay), Buglas (now Negros), Samal (now Samar), Leyte, Sugbu (now Cebu), Bohol, Romblon, Palawan and the small islands adjacent to them, as a whole, was called the Bisayan Islands, peopled by a new generation which emerged out of the Indonesians and Malaysians who intermingled with native Aetas or Negritoes, described as people of short stature, black skin with short kinky hair. Out of this admixture came a popu 13 lation called Bisayans. Like theTagals orTagalogs, the Bisayans in different places also speak and write various dialects with different variations in tones and pronunciations. The Muslims or Mohammedans. Out of the aborigines from British India and Arabia, a population called Muslims or Mohammedans by their religious faith, peopled the southern section of Ylaya, composed of the Island of Mindanaw (now Mindanao), Sulu Archipelago and the small adjacent islands. The present population is predominantly Muslim or Mohammedan, but many Ylayans from the northern and central sections of the Ylayan Archipelago came and mixed with them. Dialects of the Ylayans.8 The Ylayan Archipelago is composed of 7,107 islands with a total of 87 different dialects. During the centenary celebration of the birth of Dr. Jose Rizal on June 19, 1961, eight of these dialects were chosen as the major ones. These were: 1) Tagalog (now called Filipino); 2) Hiligaynon; 3) Cebuano; 4) Ilocano; 5) Waray-waray or SamarLeyte; 6) Pampango; 7) Pangasinan; and 8) Bicol. They were considered the major dialects because they were spoken and written by the greatest number of the population of the regions. The rest, or 79 other dialects are the minor ones. These minor dialects, excepting a few, had been derived and developed from the major tongues, varying in tones, enunciations, pronunciations and spelling when written. Geographical segregations, idiosyncracies in moods, habits and ways of life had been mainly influential in their variations. The Linguistic Regions The Ilocano dialect is spoken in the Ilocos region and in the nearby provinces of the northern part of Luzon. The Pangasinan dialect is spoken by the people of the Province of Pangasinan and in places near it. The Pampango dialect is the vehicle of expression of the people of the Provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac. The Tagalog dialect, which is now used mainly as the basis of the national language called "Filipino" is the medium of communication and expression of the people of the Tagalog provinces which comprise the central portion of the Island of Luzon. The Bicol dialect is spoken by the 14 Bicolanos in the provinces of Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay, Cantanduanes and Sorsogon. The Waray-waray or Samar-Leyte dialect is the tongue used by the people of the provinces of Samar and Leyte and the small islands near them. The Hiligaynon dialect is the principal tongue in the provinces of Iloilo, and Negros Occidental and is used as their official medium of communication as well as in the provinces of Antique, Akian, Capiz, Romblon, Masbate, Palawan, and in the small islands near them and in the southern part of Mindoro, although the people of these latter provinces speak their own peculiar dialects. The Western Visayan people who have migrated to Mindanao also use Hiligaynon as their medium of expression and communication. The Cebuano dialect is spoken by the population of Cebu, Negros Oriental, northern part of Negros Occidental, Southern Leyte, Bohol, the neighboring small islands and almost in all provinces of Mindanao, although the Mohammedan people use the Muslim language as their own vehicle of expression and communication. The Chabacano Dialect. Among the minor dialects, it is noteworthy to mention the Chabacano dialect. It is an exclusive medium of expression in the two provinces of Ylaya, namely, the province of Cavite and the Province of Zarnboanga in Mindanao. In these two provinces, the Spanish language brought in by the early Spanish colonizers had deeply amalgamated into the linguistic structure of the peoples therein which had entirely polluted their own native tongues. That was how the Chabacano dialect came to exist which by itself is a virtual corruption of the Spanish language. Ylayans' Ways of Living Liveliihood. The means of living in the entire Ylayan Archipelago were similar or identical to each other, although there were some particular variations in the northern, central and southern sections. The Tagalogs devoted principally to farming, fishing, and the raising of domestic animals, and they maintained trading relationship with the Chinese and other peoples from foreign shores. The Visayans engaged in the same activities although some of them became seafarers. The Mohammedans or Muslims, majority of them were adept voyagers and habitues of the seas. They engaged mostly 15 in fishing, gathering pearls and in piracies on the high seas. This modus vivendi was inherited by them from their antecessors who lived in Borneo and in the Indonesian islands. The Mohammedans pursued the nefarious trade of piracy even after the establishment of the Spanish sovereignty in the country. f155 T Dresses men and women wear The Bahag. This was the familiar attire of the males. A piece of cloth was wrapped around the waist and between the upper parts of the legs to hide the sex organs. For the upper portion, the men wore Kangan, a collarless, short-sleeved jacket that reached slightly below the waist. The Kangan usually was of bright colors because of the natives' fondness for glaring colors which perhaps misled Spanish historian Diego Lope de Povedano to say the natives were called pintados because of their brightly-colored apparels. These colors classified the social ranks. Red was for a pangulo or chief and blue and other hues were for those of lower social category. The Women's Dresses. Dresses for women composed of two parts - lower and upper. The lower portion was called Patadiong. This was a loose 16 skirt, still used today by the Visayan women both young and old, mostly, in the interiors of Panay and Negros Occidental. The upper portion was known as Bayu or Kimono which is a loose outer garment with short, wide sleeves. The Spaniards found the patadiong a very graceful dress because in front it was very tightly folded around the waist showing the voluptuous curves of the lower part of the lady's body. This dress was in various colors. The Gold Ornaments. The gold ornaments were used by both men and women either as wristbands, necklaces or earrings. Gold was also inserted between the teeth by men and women. Antonio Morga, in his book, SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS described the Visayan men and women as "very clean and elegant in their persons and dresses, and of goodly mien and grace." Ancient Marriage Customs. Although it was a tolerated custom among our ancient inhabitants to marry within their social rank, intermarriage with other classes of society was also allowed. Thus, a freeman may marry a slave girl. This was acceptable because slavery in Ylaya did not have the same strictures as in the other countries of the world. The European or Spanish concept of slavery cannot be truly applied among the Ylayans. A Spaniard who had stayed in the town (now, a city) of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental, wrote that marriage was carried out in whatever place convenient to the parents who made the decision. The men were continent or self- rcstrained. Fondness for women or the opposite sex was not characteristicallyv evident. Parents had the privilege to arrange marriages. In native jargon, it was called Pamalayi, a Filipino tradition that still persists today. Dowries in gold dust or nuggets were given, customarily, by a would-be benedict to a would-be bride. After all the preliminaries, the woman was escorted to the house of the man where a jubilant celebration with foods and drinks was made. An Agurang, an old respectable man of the community, administers the marriage ceremony, which ended in the joining of the hands of the would-be couple. Other acceptable dowries consisted of Paray or Palay (unhusked rice), pigs, clothings, articles of value, and utensils. Marriage celebrations of today still resemble the marriage celebrations of the past in gaieties nd lavishness of feasts. Drinkers enjoyed tuba and wines to the point of intoxication until the wee morning hours. Early Spanish chroniclers observed that native drinkers never lost their equanimity even when intoxicated. 17 Naming of the Infant. Names of the infants were derived from significant occurrences at the time of their birth. Thus, a baby born amidst lightning was named Maglinti. An old man of the village could also give a name. His eyes covered with cloth, he would walk around making loud utterances. When he got hold at a thing, he would uncover his eyes and named the baby with that thing. The mother of a baby was also allowed to name the baby at her discretion but depending upon the prevailing circumstances at the baby's birth. If the baby was healthy and strong, the name given was Makusog. If a native bird catches the mother's fancy, she would name her child Punay. Ancestors Had No Surnames. Filipino ancestors did not have surnames. A prefix or suffix was added to the name given at birth. Thus, Amay ni Makusog orNanay ni Makusog refer to the father or mother of Makusog, respectively. Even today, a person is identified by his relation, like Si Maria balo ni Jose (Maria, Jose's widow). Females were made different from the males by the suffix "in". Thus "Ilog" for a man, is "Ilogin" for a woman. Sometimes, a female and a male were distinguished from each other by the physical quality of the objects with which they were named, like "Lawa-an" for a woman and "Apitong" for a man. Gods That Natives Worship. The ancient people of the Visayan Islands as well as of the most parts of the country worshipped different gods. Natives, according to Spanish historian Diego Lope de Povedano, gave the following names: Kabunyan - The most highly respected and revered god, He was believed to be the loftiest of all because he lived in the highest confines of the sky. Makinid - He held a power over evil, although himself was also considered an evil. He gave bad harvests and bad weather. It was believed that the Bisayans invoked this god when going to war or on a plundering expedition. Aropayang - the most favorite god of the Filipino ancestors. They invoked him for rains to water their fields and to safeguard them from pests and calamities. The poeple usually gave him offerings of rice and other things of high value. 18 Makbarubak - The god of thunder. People feared him. tI'hey implored him to avoid his wrath. Magwayen - He was said to ferry the dead across the str am from the realm of the living to the realm of the dead. People believed that he caused the first death on earth when he hurled a thunderbolt that killed the first children. Their death was a punishment for killing a shark. The Code of Kalantiaw punished anybody who killed a shark. Fr. Pavon, a Spanish priest, mentioned Magwayen as the god of the sea. Our ancestors carved idols of wood. These were invoked in time of war and need. Idols were secretly kept under the trees or in the houses. They considered some trees as sacred, like the Lunok, Ulongan, a place of worship which they visited every month to hold celebrations which they called Dugok or assemblage. Burial Customs. The Filipino ancestors, even before the days of Takmo Buaya, native chieftain on the Pacific coast of the Island of Leyte, up to the inception of the Spanish Era, used to bury their dead in the caves together with their gold treasures or ornaments, silverwares or brasswares, and warweapons if the dead was a warrior or a chieftain. Burials were accompanied with invocations, implorations, incantations, etc., etc. with so much noise. The grave was watched for three days to prevent the Evil Spirit Makbarubak from hitting it with his thunderbolts. If the evil spirit touched it, the bad stench of the dead would spread out. 1 () CHAPTER III MAMAGTAL OF BUGLAS9 Along the shore of Bo. Ginhalaran, Silay (now a city), Negros Occidental, Mamagtal builds his kingdom. Alimonsay, his wife, hits every enemy in the eye with her arrow in fights againts Chinese invaders. A Powerful Chieftain n the year 1372, early history recorded the advent of Chieftain Maniagtal, a Dayak or Ibaloy progeny, dubbed as a"king" in the native sense, in one of the big islands of the west Visayan region. His domain was at a place called Ginhalaran10 (now a barangay of the City of Silay in the Prov. of Neg. Occidental). With a great pride, Mamagtal boasted about his strong fortress which he considered impregnable like the distant Marapara." lie called his fortress Lungib sang Kahiligoan12 It was rock-walled and coral floored with seven bulwarks and fifteen secret passages through which to escape. -le was strengthened in the defense of his domain with the help of his ally, another brave Ylayan warrior, named Datu Kamatel. Mamagtal was described as a man of respectable personality. His big number of faithful followers loved and respected him. They took his word as their law. Heavy bands of Asiatic invaders, on various occasions, made invasions to subjugate Mamagtal and his cohorts from their domain, but repeatedly, they were frustrated and repulsed. A Bornean Descendant Chieftain Mamagtal was a direct descendant of a family of firm and valiant warriors who had its origin in the interior confines of Bornay (now Borneo) in the year 1300, A.D. Mamagtal and his five brothers settled in several Malaysian islands, and there they showed their impregnability in the preservation of their domains and landholdings from the attacks of people from the Asiatic Continent. Mamagtal had four wives who gave him nine sons, who spread out and settled in the different parts of Ylaya. They became famous warriors and defenders of their possessions against invaders from Asia. Mamagtal's Principal Wife A gifted woman named Alimonsay, was Chieftain Mamagtal's principal wife. She was an expert in the use of the bow and arrow. She never missed her target. As a swimmer and diver, she also had an extraordinary ability. At times, the powerful chieftain, to tease his wife, would throw a pearl as big as his forefinger's tip into the sea. Then, he would ask his wife to dive and retrieve it. Alimonsay would then jump and dive into the sea, and after a few moments she would come to the surface with the pearl and return it to her husband beaming with joy. 21 Alimonsay Hits the Eye There was a time when a horde of invaders came to the domain of Mamagtal. The chieftain and his principal wife Alimonsay and his ally Datu Kamatel together with their faithful followers went all out to defend their territory. Alimonsay, the super arrow-wielder, hit her every target in the eye. This instilled fear in all the rest of the invaders which made them run away in consternation. They escaped away fearful to suffer the same agonies of those of their companions with arrow shafts stuck deep into their eyelids. Mamagtal Foretells Events Chieftain Mamagtal had a special gift of prognosticating future happenings. He foresaw the coming of people from foreign shores to establish permanent homes in the coastal areas of a nearby island. The Negritoes, he foretold, allowed the newcomers to settle as a gesture of hospitality and friendship. This prophecy manifested its veracity nearly a hundred years later when the ten Brunei datus came to Panay headed by Datus Puti and Suimakwel. To Mamagtal, historians attributed the credit of introducing to the Ylayan family life, the use of fire in the preparation of food. Mamagtal Dies at 100 Years At the age of 100 years Chieftain Mamagtal died attended by his four wives and children and by his noble ally Datu Kamatel surrounded by his faithful subjects. They delayed his interment for three days. His corpse was very closely vigiled to prevent, as they believed, the Evil Spirit Makbarubak from hitting it with his thunderbolt. They buried Mamagtal's remains inside a cave of a mountain within the confines of his domain together with his gold treasures, silverwares, brasswares and war-weapons, following the native custom of burial. Time Obliterates His domain After the lapse of more than 6(X) years to the present, time obliterated the seat of Mamagtal's domain. Serafin Sason, barangay captain of Ginhalaran and a native old resident of the place Alfredo Villarias admitted the advent of Chieftain Mamagtal and the existence of his domain, corroborated by a woman centenarian Aquilina Acallar de Navarro and other old native residents of the place. Legendary tales about Mamagtal and his impregnable fortress were handed down to them from generation to generation. Mandaugon Creek which upon a time was wide and deep, was used by Mamagtal as anchorage for his fast sailing vessels called Balantgays. T Ihe shallowed creek still exists today. CHAPTER IV THE FIRST YLAYAN LAWGIVER Kalantiaw's Advent in History T Iloilo. he year 1390 marked the advent of the first Filipino lawgiver in Panay history.)3 A boy,at the age of 10 years, accompanied by his entourage of elders, landed in Guiual, now the town of Guimbal, Province of His name was Matnuhay Kalantiaw. He was otherwise called Lakan KALANTIAW IMPOSES MATNUHAY KALANTIAW PUNISHMENTS Tiaw, Hiligaynon words, which later evolved to Kalantiaw. Lakan means chief; tiaw means to tease or to try. As a lawgiver, Kalantiaw's name assumes a sense of propriety, for he really did put to trial renegades to his laws. His wisdom as ajudge, it was conceded, that he was no less great than the wise lawgivers of ancient Egypt, Greece, India or China. A blue-bloodied progeny of his courageous and brave antecessors, Kalantiaw and his laws were 24 respected by the people and he was likewise loved by them. He came from a Malaysian island. Various Versions in History Various versions about Kalantiaw had been evolved by historians drawn from their own researches. In a brochure published by the National Historical Institute in 1976, the lawgiver's name was mentioned as "Datu Bendahara Kalantiaw, born about 1410 A.D., the only son of Rajah Bendahara Gulah, ruler of Aklan." But Visayan historians, from whose manuscripts, written between the years 1712 and 1820, Fr. Jose Apolonio Burgos y Garcia drew his information which he transcribed into his book, LOS CIDES DE FILIPINAS, showed coincidence and conformity to each other regarding the ancestral origin of Kalantiaw. These historians especially from Panay, state that Ikong Kabungsol, widely known as a valiant warrior in his own right, was Kalantiaw's father. Kabungsol had three wives, one of them was Tadya Bungsalan, Matnuhay Kalantiaw's mother. With his three wives, Kabungsol had nine children. Kalantiaw's brothers became adept seafarers. Visayan historians narrate Kalantiaw was born in 1380. Many roosters criowed to announce it. 25 Roosters Crow on Kalantiaw's Birth The Visayan historians' narrative continued further, that at Kalantiaw's birth, the people observed many roosters crowed to announce the event. It was not, however, recorded what year, month and day and the precise hour he was born. But by circumstantial evidences in history, it was likely that the birth happened in the year 1380. It was stated that he wrote his criminal code in 1433 at the age of 53, deducting this subtrahend from the minuend, the result is 1380. That was Kalantiaw's year of birth! Elders Sent Kalantiaw Away The old people prophesied that the child Matnuhay (Kalantiaw) would have an illustrious life not at the place of his birth, but at another far away place. With a firm belief in the elders' prophecy, the parents decided to send the child away. In the year 1390, while at the age of 10 years, accompanied by a group of elders who brought with them their families and retinues, the entourage rode in balangays (sailing vessels) loaded with provisions calculated to last for six months and sailed away for unknown destination. The elders were instructed by Kalantiaw's parents, not to guide their vessels, but to allow only the forces of nature to carry them away toward the first shore they could reach and there they should stop and land. Guiual, the Place They Reach It took them four months' drifting voyage at the mercy of Nature. The Kalantiaw entourage was cast to the shore of a place called Guiual.14 They then moved their balangays to the mouth of a big river called Tangyaw by the native Negritoes. They sailed inside the river until they reached a junction known as Sipitant5 with a small branch on the east side called Harau |(see sketch on the next page). Near the eastern bank of Haraw River, the Kalantiaw balangays anchored. A group of Negritoes led by their hari (king) named Balantad, welcomed the newcomers who were friendly to them. These Negritoes belonged to the Binanua-an Tribe. 26 B i/A N UA-A W (Seinemenr of lar/ (sinm) /alanra Qand, h/sI ke-e of 'V 9riobs) 7o 1et.,oftcyao Gu 57re-Lr CQONCRErt B/PG. - pacin p A A GULF (Sketch by the author) LANDING SITE OF KALANTIAW ENTOURAGE In the meantime, King Balantad vacated their Binanua-an settlement and moved to the central site of Guiual. Upon inquiry, Balantad informed the Kalantiaw entourage that Guiual is in the southern part of a big island named Maydia (now Panay) which is a part of an archipelago called Ylaya. Balantad, desiring better accommodation for the newcomers, suggested that they better transfer to the aorthem side of the island,in the town of Aklan.;where they would find more people and spacious lands. 27 Group Moves to Ak an Considering King Balantad's suggestion as wise and practical, the Kalantiaw group left chind thei sailing vessels under the cae of King Balantad and moved to Aklan The Negrto chief dered some of his men to help the newcoms c ry their blongingsand to guide tnemon the way. They passed through forests, climbed hills and mountains and erossed creeks and Basan, now a municipality in Aklan, they setled for good The new settlers found many Negritoes inhabiting the place, although they also found a few foreign merchants from countries near Ylaya bartering porcelain and textiles with the natives' powder, gold dusts and nuggets taken from the rivers, salted fish and dried meat of axnimals. V THE KALANTIAW SHRINE Municoiplit of Baran, Akian (Courtesy, Nsaio Historcal Insse) 28 The Kalantiaw Shrine The imperishable significance of Matnuhay Kalantiaw to Philippine history had made it imperative to President Ramon Magsaysay of the Republic of the Philippines to issue Executive Order No. 234 on February 11, 1957 declaring a property under TD No. 8884 in the Municipality of Batan, Province of Aklan, a National Shrine. Likewise, Ferdinand E. Marcos, sixth President of the Philippine Republic, issued Presidential Decree No. 285 on January 24, 1973, declaring places in the Municipality of Batan, Aklan, as sacred, including the Kalantiaw Shrine, prohibiting desecration thereof. 29 CHAPTER V KALANTIAW'S CRIMINAL CODE17 Intermingling of Races EA ventually, the barter trade between the foreign merchants and the people of Maydia, now called Panay, particularly in Akian, increased. People coming from China, Malaysia, Borneo, and other places in the East saw the need of establishing domiciles in the native locality to strengthen theirtrade and tokeep theircontact closerwith the natives. In the process, new intermingling of races developed and the new elements became the component of the sociological structure of Akian and of the other places in Maydia. As population rose in number, the interplay of human values and interests, in the absence of disciplinary factors, to a great extent, corrupted human virtues. As a consequence, social ills intruded, and to mollify their damaging implications to society, regimentation became the urgent need of the day. Criminality a Luxury At the ripe age of 53 years, Kalantiaw's stature as a consultant on human and social problems and disputes became more prominent. The wise counsels, advices, and admonitions of this man were taken by the people as final and conclusive. They sought him and looked up to him as their god. They loved and respected him. Criminality was at the height of luxury. To counteract the bad elements, Kalantiaw mused that he alone, without the support of the people, would be powerless to cope with the rising 30 tide of malfeasance and all sorts of decadent intrusions to social normalcy. Society was sick. For one thing, he had observed long enough, and with deep sorrow, that the good inhabitants had been subjected to the rule of force. Women were raped and abused. Cheating in the barter trade was rampant. Banditry and robbery were widespread in many places. Commuters were frequently victimized by armed bandits on the mountain trails. Almost all sorts of criminal acts had been committed. Unbearable happenings like these, would set any normal conscience in turmoil. Kalantiaw Writes His Code In consultation with his remaining elders and with the support of his people, Matnuhay Kalantiaw, at the age of 53 years in the year 1433, formulated a set of laws which eventually became world-famous and the first written by a Filipino known as the Kalantiaw Criminal Code. This virtually put the Island of Panay in the Philippines on the world map making it known that at least in this country, the Filipinos were made to adhere to the rule of law. Law in Hiligaynon Language Matnuhay Kalantiaw wrote his Criminal Code in the Hiligaynon language which until the present is the official vehicle of expression of the majority of the population of the Western Visayas and parts of Mindanao. The code was titled BAHANDI SANG MGA TULUMANON, meaning a set of rules for compliance. As the title indicates, which is in pure Hiligaynon, it is without doubt that Kalantiaw possessed this language to perfection. It served as an irreversible evidence that Kalantiaw pioneered the introduction of the Hiligaynon language to the Western Visayan people. Hiligaynon writers, however, attribute the origin of this language to Datu Sumakwel who came to Panay later after Kalantiaw. Datu Sumakwel's dialect was called Hiniray-a, spoken by the people of Antique where Sumakwel had the domicile of the Confederation of Madyaas situated and also, in the interior towns of the Province of Iloilo and along the coastal areas bordering the Visayan Gulf and 31 sea. Hiligaynon language, being the official language of the Western Visayan people, Datu Sumakwel also wrote his code of laws in the same language. Criminals Fear Penalties The Kalantiaw Criminal Code imposed severe penalties which were respected and feared by hardened criminals. It gave relief to society and was widely acclaimed by the law-abiding inhabitants. It caused criminals to shy away from their nefarious trades. Later, the code was not only applied to the people of Aklan but to all the people of the entire island of Maydia. The Spanish chroniclers stated that Kalantiaw's code in the original Hiligaynon language was discovered by a Spanish religious missionary who translated it into Spanish. This was the first translation to a foreign language. Other foreign historians as well as the Filipino authors of oriental history had rendered translations in English based on the first Spanish translation. Loss of Hiligaynon Text Historians of today deeply deplore the loss of the original text in the Hiligaynon language of the Kalantiaw Criminal Code. The original copy which was found by the Spanish religious missionary was nowhere to be found. The English version that follows is a direct translation from the Spanish text which had been widely circulated. It is identical to the translations in the books of various authors. THE KALANTIAW CRIMINAL CODE I. OBEY YE: Do not kill; do not steal; Do not hurt the aged person. The offender shall be punished with death. He shall be drowned with heavy stones in the river; if not, he shall be immersed in boiling water. II. OBEY YE: You must pay immediately all your debts to the Pangulo (chief or headman). If the debt is small, at the first offense, the offender shall be punished by immersing his hands three times in boiling water. At the second offense, he shall be beaten to death. 32 III. OBEY YE: No man should possess as wives very young women; or, beyond his capacity to support. At the first offense, the transgressor shall be punished by swimming for three hours; at the second offense, he shall be beaten to death with sharp thorns, or, he shall be lacerated to death with sharp thorns. IV. HEED YE AND OBEY: Do not disturb the silence of the grave; when passing by the caves and the trees held sacred, give due respect, bow down your head. The offender shall be exposed to the ants to be bitten to death; or, he shall be lashed to death with thorns. V. OBEY YE: Parties to a barter deal must comply with what has been agreed upon. At the first offense, the transgressor shall be whipped for one hour; at the second offense, he shall be exposed to the ants. VI. RENDER YE REVERENCE: To places which are held sacred; also, to the trees which are considered of value; the transgressor, shall be ordered to work for one month without pay; if not, a fine shall be imposed on him to pay with honey or gold. VII. PUNISHABLE WITH DEATH: Anyone who would cut down a tree held sacred; anyone who would hit with an arrow an old man or an old woman during night time; an intruder who would enter the house of a Pangulo (chief or headman) without permission; anyone who would kill a shark; or, one who would kill a streaked crocodile. VIII. CONDEMNABLE TO SLAVERY FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME: He who would kidnap the wife or wives of a Pangulo; one who owns a dog that has bitten a Pangulo; anyone who would burn somebody's plantation. IX. A DUTY THAT MUST BE DONE: It must be the duty of every mother to teach her daughter, privately, the latter's duties for womanhood and motherhood. It is prohibited to harm or punish a woman caught in the act of committing adultery. The transgressor shall be killed and his body shall be cut into pieces to be thrown to the crocodiles. X. PUNISHABLE BY LASHING FOR TWO DAYS: Any person who sings while going places at night; anyone who kills a bird called manaul'8 anyone who tears the important papers of a Pangulo; and, anyone who commits disrespectful acts to the remains of a dead person. 33 XI. PUNISHABLE BY SCALDING: Anyone who pretends to be strong and powerful and with much pride mocks at the punishment imposed on him and ignores the same; anyone who puts to death a young boy; one who kidnaps the wife of an old man. XII. PUNISHABLE BY DROWNING: A slave who interferes with the affairs of a Pangulo, proprietor, or master, anyone who gives himself to excessive acts of lust; anyone who destroys an anito or idol. XIII. PUNISHABLE BY ONE-HALF DAY EXPOSURE TO THE ANTS: Anyone who kills a cat during the appearance of a new moon; anyone who steals anything even how insignificant, belonging to a Pangulo. XIV. PUNISHABLE BY SLAVERY FOR LIFE: Parents who refuse marriage of their beautiful daughters to the sons of the Pangulo; or, parents who would hide their daughters in bad faith. XV. PUNISHABLE BY LASHING: Anyone who would eat the meat of a sick or diseased working animal; anyone who would destroy a medicinal plant; anyone who would kill the broods of a manaul; or, whoever kills a white monkey. XVI. PUNISHABLE BY CUTIING OFF THE FINGERS: Anyone who breaks an idol made of wood or clay in a shrine or temple; whoever breaks the knives of priests used for the butchering of pigs; or, anyone who breaks their drinking jars. XVII. PUNISHABLE WITH DEATH: Whoever commits acts of disrespect to cites or places where the idols are kept and where the sacred things of the Pangulos or Diwatas are enshrined. PUNISHABLE BY BURNING: Anyone who throws or disposes wastes at the burial places. XVIII. PUNISHABLE FOR NON-COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE: If he is a Pangulo, he shall be killed by throwing stones at him; or, by crushing his body; if he is an Agurang'9, he shall be thrown into the sea or river to be eaten by the sharks or crocodiles. S11MMARY From the eighteen articles of the Criminal Code of Kalantiaw, it can be gleaned that he had imposed major and minor punishments. The major punishment was death, composed of eight different ways. His minor punishments consisted of ten different procedures. 34 For the major punishment of death, the following ways were imposed on the criminal: 1. Drowning him with heavy stones; 2. Immersing him in boiling water; 3. Beating him with sharp thorns; 4. Lacerating him with sharp thorns; 5. Exposing him to the bites of the ants; 6. Cutting his body into Pieces; 7. Throwing stones at him, or, crushing his body; and lastly, 8. Throwing the criminal alive to the sharks in the sea, or, to the crocodiles in the river. For the minor punishments, the criminal was made to suffer the following: 1. Lashing; 2. Immersing his hands in boiling water; 3. Swimming for three hours; 4. Exposure to the ants for one day; 5. Slavery for a certain period of time; 6. Slavery for life; 7. Beating him for two days; 8. Halfday exposure to the ants; 9. Burning; and, 10. Cutting off his fingers. After Kalantiaw's Death It was not ascertained at what age Kalantiaw died. But it was held certain that it happened when he had already advanced in age, and about half of a century before the coming to Panay of the ten Brunei datus. With his death, the people of Maydia and of all the other places encompassed by his power and influence, had lost the greatest peacemaker and lawgiver of their time. During Kalantiaw's existence, peace and order reigned. Criminal acts, especially robbery and banditry, were minimized and almost eradicated. Kalantiaw ushered in the era of a new society to the people. But after his death, the old social disorder reared up again its ugly head. The rule of force, robbery, banditry, and all sorts of criminal acts, reminiscent of the olden days of lawlessness dominated again the lives of the people. Bloody conflicts among the inhabitants ensued. Various causes were attributed to the general discord. Among the most important were the human will to fight for existence and the ambitious desire of each ruler to expand his dominion and resources of wealth. Chieftains and their groups from the Malaysian region did not see eye to eye with the people from the Indonesian region. 35 CHAPTER VI COMING OF SHRI-VISAYAN MALAYS FIRST GROUP OF SHRI-VISAYANS ounded by Hindu-Malays, the Shri-Visayan Empire rose to power in the years 700 to 1000 A.D. About the end of the 8th century, this empire wielded its sovereignty over Malay Peninsula, parts of Siam (now Thailand), Bandjarmasin, Sukadana, Southern Sarawak and Brunei. The first group of the migratory Shri-Visayans to reach Ylaya (Philippines) came from Brunei and Bandjarmasin. They passed through Borneo, and went to Sulu Archipelago and to some islands of the Visayas. The main purpose of this first group of Shri-Visayans was to trade with the native Ylayans (Filipinos). Later, when a principal Sulu chief married a Bandjarmasin princess, the Sulu Archipelago became a tributary to the Shri-Visayan Empire. Sulu was developed into a commercial center in Southeast Asia. These ShriVisayans introduced their Hinduistic culture and Buddhist religion to the Ylayan natives. TEN DATUS - SECOND GROUP The second and big group of Shri-Visayan Malays to come to Ylaya through Palawan and settled in Panay were the ten datus from Borneo under the leadership of Datus Puti and Sumakwel. The other datus under them, were: Paiburong, Bangkaya, Dumangsol, Dumalugdog, Lubay, Padohinog, Balensuela and Dumangsil. They brought with them their warriors, families, slaves and followers. While the first group of the Shri-Visayans came 36 purposely to trade with the Ylayan natives, this second group came to escape away from the tyranny, abuse of power and lasciviousness of their supreme head - Sultan Makatunaw. Madjapahit Comes Next Ylaya which had been under the power of the Shri-Visayan Empire up to the later part of the 14th century, saw the coming of another sovereign power - the Madjapahit Empire, which was established by Raden Widyaya after a long bloody fight for sovereignty, starting in 1293. This new empire, consolidated under it all of New Guinea, Borneo and Indonesia. The Madjapahit Empire extended its arm to Ylaya, specifically places surrounding Manila Bay in Luzon, Sulu Archipelago and the Lanao Region in Mindanao. Exact Landing Date Unknown The exact landing date of the ten Bornean datus in Panay had not been determined due to confusions in historical records. But taking the cue from the circumstances in history itself, a conclusion may be safely drawn from the fact that they came in the later part of the 14th century or the year 1500, more or less 50 years after the death of Matnuhay Kalantiaw, the first lawgiver of Ylaya (now Philippines). These historical circumstances follow: 1) Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro's explanatory note to his MARAGTAS says: "... the facts I have discovered... on the arrival of the ten datus from Borneo, how they lived and spread out to the different parts of our country... up to the coming of the Spaniards (underlining supplied) who established their sovereignty over... the Philippines." (Translation from Maragtas.) 2) LOS CIDES DE FILIPINAS (The Filipino Warriors), states that on board the galleon Trinidad on April 2, 1521, anchored with other galleons at the shore of Liloan Strait (formerly, Sineloan) at the southern tip of Leyte, Alimbusay Lima 37 asawa, chieftain of Liloan, informed Magellan: "Maydia (Panay), the central island, is governed by Datu Sumakwel." It should be noted that the year was 1521. 3) Austin Craig, eminent Filipinologist, college professor and historian, in his book THE FILIPINOS' FIGHTFOR FREEDOM, states thus: "In the 14th century, the ten datus left Borneo and landed in Panay where they met Timway Marikudo." 4) The Code of Kalantiaw, written by Matnuhay Kalantiaw in 1433, was the first set of criminal laws to be known to the world. Whereas, the Code of Sumakwel, had never been known in spite of the allegations made by other historians that it had already existed 100 or 200 years before Kalantiaw. 5) Granting without admitting that the ten Bornean datus came to Maydia in any of the years 1200, 1212, 1250, or 1300, it can be concluded that after 100 to 200 years the coastal areas, or even the interior places of Maydia had been already populated by the migrants from Borneo. But in the year 1390, when Kalantiaw and his entourage arrived at Guiual (now Guimbal), they found not even one of the people from Borneo, except Negritoes headed by Hari (king) Balantad of the Binanuaan Tribe of Negritoes in Guiual. Guimbal is between the towns of San Joaquin and Miagao. It was in San Joaquin where the Borneans landed and temporarily settled. 6) In the year 1372, Chieftain Mamagtal of Buglas (now Negros Island), prophesied on the coming of a group of datus from Borneo to a nearby island. This, undoubtedly, referred to the ten Bornean datus headed by Datus Puti and Sumakwel. A prophesy could not happen after the event prohesied. -:? ~ DRY BED OF HANDONA CREEK - At the bank of this creek, the ten Bornean datus tied their sailing vessels to the trees. The creek's bed is now dry, after nearly 600 years, The author with Barangay Siwaragan membershad this picture taken at the base of the bank of the creek. 38 Datus Puti, Itum and Pula In December, 1977, the author, on his historical ocular research, obtained informations from the people of Palawan that Datu Puti had two brothers - Datu thumn and Datu Pula. Datu Puti, the eldest, was called "Puti" because of his light complexion. The younger one was Datu "Itum" darkskinned, hence he was dubbed Itum or itim. Datu Pula, the youngest, like Datu Puti was also light-complexioned. He became red after gulping down a hungot (coco-container) of tuba, hence, he was nicknamed "Pula". Datu Itum and Pula were then living separately with their wives from their Brother Datu Puti in the City of Brunei. Later, they decided to leave Brunei to find other places where they could live peacefully free from the encroachments of Sultan Makatunaw. The two brothers, after staying for sometime in Jolo, Sulu Archipelago, transferred to Palawan where they found their permanent settlements. Soon, they emerged as men of powers amongst the people therein. Datu Pula had a better fortune to have occupied a big area which became his domain on the northern section of Palawan. It included the big places then called Abu-abu, Pinitian, Labu, Isumba, etc. These places later, during the Spanish Era became big barrios. On the other hand, Datu Itum became the chieftain of another settlement of lesser area on the west coast of Palawan. 39 Datu Puti Also Leaves Inspired by the examples of his brothers, when circumstances in Brunei were no longer tenable, Datu Puti also decided to leave in secrecy with his family and subjects, heading a group of nine other datus, also with their families and subjects, among them, was Datu Sumakwel ranked second in command to him. It was said, that Datu Puti and his entourage, had called on his brothers Datu Itum and Datu Pula in Palawan. The two brothers gave Datu Puti vital informations about the other big islands of the Visayas, Luzon and Mindanao. MOUTH OF HANDONA CREEK Handona Creek empties out to the Gulf of Panayflowing down from Sitio Igburi and other places in the mountains of San Joaquin. It is not a tributary ofSiwaragan River, it is an independent body of water. Puti, Makatunaw's Minister Datu Puti had served Sultan Makatunaw as the latter's Manri or Minister. The sailing vessels of the Malay immigrants under the leadership of Datu Puti landed at the bank of Handona Creek in the Sitio of Binanuaan (now Barangay Siwaragan). Later, they transferred to the Barrio (now Barangay), 40 of Talisayan which is now the Municipality of San Joaquin in the Province of Iloilo. Barangay Siwaragan is more or less 10 kilometers to Sinugbohan (now a Barangay), in the mountainous part of San Joaquin, the former seat of Marikudo's tribe of Negritoes, which was a tabutaboan or a meeting place of the highlanders and the lowlanders to barter their articles and foodstuffs. This little place became known later as the "Kingdom" of Marikudo, in the mountain of San Joaquin. e C OWN CAEc BRIpGE o ^. Cf Sn.ouL. -- LANDING SITE OF THE TEN SHRI-VISAYAN DATUS AT SAN JOAQUIN, PROVINCE OF ILOILO It is held certain that the ten Shri-Visayan datusfromBorneo, landed in Panay, formerly called "Maydia," in the 14th century. The Author, by ocular historical research in 1977 sketched the landing site above. The datusanchored their sailing vessels at the bank of Handona Creek. It is not a tributary or branch of the Siwaragan River. The creek was an independent body of water. It had dried up after the lapse of more than 500 years. 41 Puti Explains Their Plight Datu Puti met Timway Marikudo, King (Hari ) of the Sinugbohan Tribe of Negritoes. The former, in a friendly manner explained to Marikudo their miserable plight from the clutches of Sultan Makatunaw. Explained in tears, Marikudo listened with deep sympathy and compassion. The Negrito leader, knowing that the newcomers had nothing but friendly and peaceful intentions, in a gesture of sympathy and hospitality, allowed them to settle at places along the shore of San Joaquin where they could be accommodated. Amenities and Gifts Datu Puti gathered some precious items from his group of datus and offered them as a gesture of friendliness to Hari Marikudo, listed as follows: 1) A salukot (wide-brimmed hat made of palm materials with a piece of gold cap on its middle top); 2) A washbasin rimmed with gold; and 3) a gold necklace, about one meter long, called manangyad, because from the woman's neck, it touches the hind tips of her feet. Maniwantiwan Loves Necklace Maniwantiwan, Marikudo's wife, fell so much in love with the gold necklace. She picked it up and proudly wore it. Ceremonies with plenty of merriment followed, principally featured with the Negrito War Dance called Sinulog in the Hiligaynon dialect and Ati-atihan in the Tagalog tongue. It brought to the attention of the newcomers that the black people of Panay inherently possessed the art of combat. To show their proverbial hospitality, and in return for the visitors' gifts, the Negritoes supplied the celebration with native foods from the meat of wild animals and fowls, besides seafoods, vegetables, young coconuts and fruits. 42 "Sinulog", "Ati-ati" or "Ati-atihan" After the passing of many years, among the folk-songs of the people of Panay Island, a melody set to the verses of the Sinulog or Ati-ati (Negrito war-dance), was heard especially at the people's civic or religious festivities where the Negrito war-dance was featured. A quatrain of the verses, in the Hiniray-a.21 dialect, we can presently remember, runs thus: "Bisdn lang tamun ati, Maitum it linaje, Binatd tamun doble Timbang tamun diamante." English translation: "Poor Negritoes we're in bond To the black race we belong We're born so doubly strong As hard as the diamond." Connotations of Verses The incursion into the Hiniray-a dialect of the Spanish words linaje, doble and diamante strongly manifests that the Spanish Era was already dawning upon the Philippine Archipelago at this time. And it was at this period of our history that the ten Shri-Visayan datus came to Panay. The first two lines: "Poor'Negritoes we' re in bond / To the black race we belong," show the humbleness of the natives which up to the present is a part of the patent virtues of the Filipinos. While the two verses that follow: "We' re born so doubly strong/As hard as the diamond. "bring to our understanding the hardihood, strength of character, bravery and courage of the Negritoes, which are also the patent characteristics of the Filipino people at present. 43 NEGRITOES DANCE THE "SINULOG" OR "ATI-ATI" Groups of Negritoes representing their tribes come down from the hills and mountains of the Province of Antique December of every year to participate in the Biniray Festival, re-enacting the coming of the Shri-Visayan Malays headed by Datu Sumakwel to Malandog, who anchored their vessels at the bank of B UKBOK River, Barangay Malandog, Hamtik, Antique. Negrito Dance Attracts Tourists Enterprising Visayans in the provinces of Aklan, Iloilo and Antique organized groups of Negrito war-dancers, encouraged by big prizes offered for best performers. It was observed, however, that the black-painted dancers were not the black aborigines, but light-colored brown people, some were even white-skinned foreigners who enthusiastically joined just for the fun of it, their faces, bodies and limbs were painted black which they washed off after the show. These have become famous groups dancing the "Ati-atihan"22 as called in the Tagalog provinces and "Sinuldg"23or "Ati-ati" in the Visayan regions. These dancers who rhythmically jiggled their bodies and legs to the sound of the drums were dressed up with native fibers to give an impression that the same were worn by the aboriginal Negritoes of long ago, although in 44 truth, historians know, that the aborigines wore nothing but simple G-strings. Enterpreneurs have developed it to extreme sophistication, to make a good show to attract people, more particularly, foreign tourists who were lured to it. Marikudo Returns to Sinugbohan After the ceremonies of amenities and hospitality, Hanri Marikudo and his followers returned to Sinugbohan leaving behind their Malay visitors from Borneo. The new settlers knew, as they had been previously informed, that the Negritoes were affected with a skin disease called by the natives Kabuyaw. Fearful of this disease, the newcomers burned the nipa huts left behind by some Negritoes. They then put up their temporary settlement. 45 CHAPTER VII 24 NEGRITO TRIBES OF PANAY Facts About Timway Marikudo imway Marikudo was the only Negrito "king" known to historical writers in Panay, although there were other Negrito "kings" like him. It happened, because he was the first and the only head of a Negrito tribe contacted by the Brunei datus when they landed in San Joaquin. The word "hari" does not exactly mean a king as in English which implies that one is vested with supreme state powers. In the native sense, "hari" means superior, chief, head or leader of a group or tribe. A "hari" is sometimes called a "hari-hanri". For example, a leader of a group of thugs is commonly called a "hari" or king of the group although he is only a head or leader of that group. Many Negrito Tribes in Panay Coming down by generations from their New Guinean aborigines, in the Island of Panay, many Negrito tribes thrived. The tribes were scattered all over Panay in different settlements. Each tribe had a head called "hari" or king. Due to the absence of contacts with these tribal people of Panay, the names of their chiefs, heads, or kings were not made available to historical writers. A few, however, can be mentioned to show the evidence of the existence, since time immemorial, of these tribal Negrito Kings. Besides Marikudo, who was the chief of the Sinugbohan ^Tribe of Negritoes, one was "Hari" Balantad2of the Binanua-an Tribe of Negritoes, who later transferred his settlement to Guiual (now Guimbal). Although the names of their kings were not known, other tribal groups were: Himaya Tribe (in Iloilo Province), 46 Aklan Tribe (in Akian Province), Tina Tribe, Imaw-imaw Tribe, Apdo Tribe, Anini-y Tribe, Amating Tribe, etc. (all in Antique Province). Not one of these Negrito kings including Maricudo was designated as the supreme head of them all in the Island of Panay. Spanish chroniclers learned that Timway Marikudo's father was Pulpulan and his wife was Maniwandwan with whom Marikudo had two sons - a twin. When Marikudo died, his corpse was interred by his family in a cave in the mountain of Madyaas. They Repulse Asiatic Invaders Immigrants and invaders from Asia and other foreign lands made repeated attempts to invade the Negrito settlements. Being expert arrowwielders and brave fighters, the Negritoes successfully repulsed invasions. At times, however, when their enemies were superior in arms and in the number of men, the Negrito chieftains and their warriors tactfully withdrew to the forests and their hideouts in the mountains. From there, they came out every now and then and attacked their enemies by surprise at their temporary settlements along the coastal areas. The Negritoes poisoned the drinking water, the springs, creeks, falls and rivers which their enemies used, killing many of them. With these tactics, the enemies had to abandon places they had occupied. Lands Belong to God The Negritoes believed that no man had the right to dispossess them of their landholdings they inherited from their forefathers which all belonged to God. Although they were illiterate, the Negrito chieftains understood their human rights which they vowed to defend to death. Illiteracy was their frustration in their confrontation with foreign immigrants. 47 CHAPTER VIII DATU PUTI RETURNS TO BRUNEI2 Puti Thinks of Brunei People -D _atu Puti thought of his other people in Brunei who were also urgently desirous of evacuating to other places far from the clutches of Sultan Makatunaw. He decided to return to help them. He left seven datus in San Joaquin including Datu Sumakwel whom he designated to head the six other datus. He instructed Sumakwel to spread out his men to settle in the other places of Maydia. Datu Puti, on his return voyage, was accompanied by Datu Dumangsil and Datu Balensuela. They sailed northward to the southern section of Luzon. On the way, before reaching Batangas, they stopped for a while at a small coastal community, later called San Jose, in the small island of Simara.28 It took them almost one month to reach the shores of Batangas, among which was the shore of Balayan, now a town, a port of call of island traders in praus (small sailboats), before they entered the lake of Taal. Along the shorelines of this lake, Datus Dumangsil and Balensuela established their respective settlements. Datu Puti with his family and subalterns returned to Brunei passing the Island of Mindoro. At Palawan, Datu Puti met with his brothers, Datu Itum or Itim and Datu Pula. Before proceeding back to Brunei, Datu Puti left behind his family under the care of his brothers. When Sultan Makatunaw learned about Datu Puti's return, he ordered his hatchet men to liquidate him. The Brunei settlers in Ylaya (Philippines), Datu Puti's family and brothers in Palawan got later the information about his fate in Brunei. 48 Datu Labawdunggon's Revenge Datu Labawdunggon, husband of Lakanye Ilohay Tanayon, one of the pretty daughters of Datu Paiburong and Dayangdayang Pabulanan in Irongirong (now Iloilo), avenged the death of Datu Puti by killing Sultan Makatunaw with his own hands in aduel. Datu Sumakwel and his followers celebrated with great rejoicings the heroic deed of Datu Labawdunggon, the son-in-law of Datu Paiburong. They hailed him as a hero. Labawdunggon Escapes After killing Sultan Makatunaw, Datu Labawdunggon who was accompanied by six brave men in his mission, surreptitiously left Brunei in their swift-sailing kumpits (keen-keeled praus) to avoid reprisal from Makatunaw's hatchet men. To keep the news about their escape a secret, Labawdunggon and his group hid in a group of rocky islets, called by the Spaniards Siete Pecados (Seven Sins), which name has remained unchanged until the present. These islets, actually, can be seen between the Islands of Guimaras and Negros in the Western Visayas. There, the seven escapees stayed temporarily until the time they felt free to join again their people in Maydia. hall In these seven islets between Negros and Panay islands, Labawdunggon and six brave men hid after killling Sultan Makatunaw in Brunei. 49 CHAPTER IX SUMAKWEL TRANSFERS TO MALANDOG Sumakwel Takes the Helm Fd ollowing the instructions of Datu Puti, Datu Sumakwel ordered Datu Paiburong to stay in Binanua-an, now Barangay Siwaragan, and Datu Bangkaya to proceed to Aklan. From Binanua-an, Datu Paiburong transferred his settlement to a place called Talisayan, which is now the town of San Joaquin, along the southern seacoast of Maydia, now Panay. On the other hand, Datu Bangkaya and his men, accompanied by Negritoes acting as their guides, crossed the mountainous distance from Binanua-an to Aklan. He established his settlement along the bank of the Aklan River. Datu S umakwel, with four other datus - Padohinog, Dumalugdog, Dumangsol, and Lubay with their families and subalterns left Binanua-an. The biniday of barangays29 from the Creek of Handona sailed out to the Gulf of Maydia (now Gulf of Panay), and moved northward until they reached the slim strip of Agodi Peninsula along the seacoast of the town of Hamtik. Sailing along the shoreline of the peninsula, the biniday entered the mouth of Malandog River. Just a little apart from its mouth, the biniday turned right and entered the Bukbok River.30 50 a Ske t ch"Sketch drawn by the Author Five Datus Enter Malandog Five Brunei datus, in their barangays from Handona Creek entered Barrio (now Barangay ) Malandog in the town of Ilamtik, Province of Antique. At its bank on the left and a short distance from its mouth, Datu Sumakwel and his group anchored their vessels and disembarked. They found the place peopled by a few Negritoes. Sumakwel observed that the Negritoes were friendly and the place called Malandog had all the ideal 51 aspects and atmosphere for a settleent. From its sea, rivers and swamps the new settlers could e provided with plenty of aquatic f s, and its lowlands and plains could prduce an abundance of soil-crops. Here, the datus immediately orderd their men to wor. They cleared the place and the surrgounding ars and tilled te fertile soil. Datu Sumakwel established at Malandog (now a brio of t t f the of k) his peranent settlement which became the centr seat of the Confiedration of Madyaas. MALANDOG RIVER A concrete bridge now spans th MalandogRiver ts muth meets the mouth of ukbok River both flowing out to the WVisaanSea. Both ends of the idge connect the inter-provincial highwy between the provinces ofAntique and Iloilo. Testi nies of Antiquen-os The author, accompanied by his son Cecilio, and the members of the ditorial staff of a news-magazine ANIQUE KARON published by the office of the governor of Antique - Miss Mildd Maghai, Pelagio Ausan Jr., and others - visited the landing place of Datu Sumkwel and four other datus in B io Malandog. Rita Dvelos, barangay captain of Malandog indicated 52 the specific landing spot based on the verbal estimonies of the agd native residents Rafael Baca and Anastacia Asuncion, both over 90 years old. Their informations which were handed down from generation to generation were corroborated by another native elder, Silverio Cepe, who seriously doubted the veracity of the landing date of the Brunei datus in Panay in the year 200, as engraved in a concrete marker, a distance away frm the indicated landing place. Cepe i lieved that the landing happened in the 14th century. This historical fat, especially the landing spot in Malandog, confi red the reve lations by Cayo Vicora, a very aged Negrito who was the great, great grandson of Hari Marikudo, and by another aged Visayan, Guillenno Bisayda, native of Malandog, who was also the great, great, grand son of Damt Duman gsol, one of the associates of Dat Sumakwel in the Confederaion of Madyaas. he specific landing site is now a pie e of real property owned by Riardo Villavert of San Jose de Buenavista, capital of Antique. ukbok River Long and Wide xBukk Rivser is loy and winding 80 mesn ters wide at itsbig steeth, about 7 kilometers long reaching the barangay of of Hamttik. At high tide, it is 8 feet deep and at low tide 3 feet deep. Filipino anthropologists visited the landing site in 1972. Viewing the Visayan Sea Tnhey had unearthed some relics m t ithe place but The iabhor (Middle) with Barangay tain RitaDevelos reve la tion tas made (Iret) and a native (right) f Malandog view the wideas Visayan sea from the end of Agodi Peninsula near the of their findings. mouthsof Malandog andBukbokRivers. (Photo, courtesy of Antique Kan, San Jose, Antique.) 53 CHAPTER X CONFEDERATION OF MADYAAS3 Sumakwel Organizes Confederation A lready conceived while he was in Binanua-an, and as the titular head of all the datus left behind by Datu Puti, Datu Sumakwel thought of some kind of system as to how he could exercise his powers given him by Datu Puti over all the other datus under his authority. Along the same line of thinking, one writer, Mildred Maghari of Antique, gave expression to the ideas of Datu Sumakwel when in her article published in a news-magazine Antique Karon, she wrote: "Datu Sumakwel, who, tradition tells, was the wisest datu, knew his responsibilities for the rest of the datus. So, he did the planning to set laws for the settlers of the new - found land. These laws were imposed primarily to change and control the ways of the settlers. These laws claim the spell of a virtuous living-between labour and honor, between honesty and loyalty. The Malandog settlement showed strong evidence that Antique had enough to offer to the five datus. This place deserves the right to be the seat of ideas for it has attempted to restore hope for the broken past. 54 Here, to stabilize the living of the remaining datus, they conferred with each other on the improvement of the land. This contributed to the division of the island into districts, the distribution of seedlings to each district and the assigning of assistants to Sumakwel. This Confederation of Madyaas signified a new identity that we are truly safe to declare that somehow we have lived in accordance with virtues." Change "Maydia" to Madyaas Datu Sumakwel harnessed his mind to the task of organizing the Confederation of Madyaas. The first thing he did was to change the name of the island from "Maydia" to Madyaas, after one of the highest mountain peaks of the island with the same monicker as a connotation of supremacy and of a dominion identity. Governmental Control Datu Sumakwel was greatly delighted to realize that he had the whole island of Madyaas under his governmental control. The three sakops (divisions) were then formally organized: Irong-irong, now Iloilo, under Datu Paiburong; Aklan now Capiz and Aklan, under Datu Bangkaya; and, Hamtik, now Antique, under Datu Sumakwel, as the Chief Datu of the three sakops or divisions. He is the Supreme Ruler of the Confederation of Madyaas. The four other datus: Padohinog, Dumalugdog, Dumangsol and Lubay, were designated by Datu Sumakwel as his associates in the Confederation. Subsequently, Datu Sumakwel formulated a Covenant and a Code of Laws to govern the people all over Madyaas under his supreme leadership. With this organization, Datu Sumakwel is credited for having established in the Philippines, particularly in the Island of Panay in the Western Visayas, one of the earliest, if not the earliest, political governments with controlled and supervisory functions. 55 The Entrance To MalandogAnd Bukbok Rivers Nea the entrance to Maland and Bukk Rivelrs the Author listened to Barangay tanRitaDevelos ana native re sidnt hwDat Su l and his group entered the place fit settlement (Photo, courtesy of Antique K aron, San Jose, An tiq It Bamboo Bridge Crossing Over Buk k Rier B Riverio und this mboo bridget connects Barangay Mlandog $ (reader'si andAgo Pe asula r side). (Photo, courtesy t ue Karon, San ose Ani) 56 32 DATU SUMAKWEL'S SET OF LAWS I. The Covenant: 1. Datu Sumakwel, who is the head of the First Sao or Divsion which is Hamfik, is the Highest Rul of the Islad of Madyaas. His administration composed of four datus, namely: Padohinog, Dunll gsol, Dulmalugdog, and Lubay. Two of them Padohinog and Dumangsla - chosen from the four, composed the Cuncil; and, ithe oter two - Dum;u dog ad Lubay - cted as witnesses to Ite pr ings. Landing Site Marker TIs MARKER, alosde the Antiqueqiloilo inte roviencal hghwi located at a distance awyfom the actual landing site oft dats headed by Da Smak The landing date 1200 AD., was doubed by the Ma lang natives. The date believed certain, although not scific, was between 1450 and1500 In thepicture, left side, s the autho, to his left is Milded Maghari, andfacig them, right side, is the author's son, Cecilia Abto. (Photo, courtey fAntique Karon, San Jose, Antique.) 57 2. Datu Sum wel shall the Highest Auhrty among all the heads ofh ethreek ops r Divsilonsof toheConfe erationofMadyaas which are Hat (now Antique), Irng-irong (now Iloilo), and Aklan (now Capia and Aklan) of the whole Island of Madyaas (now Panay). He has the sole I pwer to punish mld t change an ering datu who heads a division. The laws to be followed by the hree divisions, shall be those promulgated by the Highest Authonrty with the collabration of his four associates 3. he power a authority of being a datu, shall e inherited by the children of the datu including the men who shall be te husbands of their daughters, poor orrich, and although they may come from foreign places. They shall b given the power to ecome the heads of the divisions. But this should be submitted to Datu Sunmawel for him and his aids to deide. Sighting The Landing Place From the o rie, the Authr with Barangay tain Develos view at a short distance the landing place ofthefive Brunei datus. Far left is the Malandog concrete b ige. (Photo, courtesy OfAntque Karon, San Jose, Antique.) 58 I. The Set of Laws: 1. Lazinss shlal be consided a grevous crime The lazy prson who shall not care to plant or on the field shall be arrsted to be sold to the rich as a slave, Then, he shllbe it ined t wok. 2. Tei slve who has re tmed and has bco indusrious, shall be set f ee r rturning tothe n rchi the money paid by the latter. The rd slave shial be mcae to till and cultivte his own field. 3. If and when, the fed slave shall be found to have rturned to his former habit of laziness, he shall be re-rrested, and this time, he shall b segregated from society to be exiled to the deep jungles He hall not be allow to return Bukbok River This iBu k v, s aseen fro the b aboo bridge, (rde r' s ide). A gro e f n gipa in the midd thee ier h th ba w hre the five Brine idatns la. 59 Riverbank Behind The Nipa Grove is is the rverbk behind the grove of nia palms where the Brunei datus ted their sailbots to the trees. T7 author with the group of Maladg natives stand at the edge ofthe bank. (Photo, courtes ofAntiqe Karon, San Jose, A i.) 4. Stealing and reaping the plants of others shall be severely 5. To prmote rapid increase of pulation, it shall be pemissible for a man to possess three wives. After the increase of population shall have been achieved, marriage to more than one woman shall bepeitnted on condition that the man should have the means to suppo. 6. A po mar iedj couple shall not be allowed to bget ore than two children they cannot suppor. Excess of two shall be condemned to death. 7. A man who shall not m y a woman he has caused to ber a child, shall be arestd and f ed to m tarr the woran His refusal will cause him death. His chld with the wman shll also be put to death and buried with his father. 60 Kapinagan's body to a big stone to du her into the sea. TIhis r was parially ob eye. Istead of duping Kapinangan into he a, the men caied her to anothe isle They left her there to herwn fate. Severa years passed. Tie made Datu Sumakwel f rget ut his wife Kapinangan whom he thought was dead. One bight day, Datu Sumakwel, accomanied by his loyal subjects sailed out to explor me places nearby. e hapened to land on one of the islets where Kapinamgn was baished by his men. Sumakwel saw a woman whose name wa2s Alayon. She had simlar features of his wie, Kapinangan. He fell in love with her. ie took her agans hs s wife. hus, the romantic tale ran, poetically told The Landing Site Tefie rei made this pe their lang site. author and a Malan group ofnave nts stand at the bankf tfhe landinggsite. A short distanc m here, ithin a lot now p vatel owned by a rint O n J s de Buenavista, capital o An q, Sua e establsed his Co dation of 62 CHAPTER XII DATU SUMAKWELS DIPLOMACY3 Sumakwel Meets Spaniard C hroniclers told that Datu Sumakwel had several contacts with the Spanish conquistadors. He ably handled them with tactand diplomacy. Instead of beoming aggressie and inimica, the white men bicame friendly with him and his followers. Sumakwel entertained them with feasts and gave them provisions. He was hospitable to them. In this manner, he saved their lands and properties from falling into the hands of the Spanish invaders wibtout losing a p of bl A partial view of Baranga Malandg, arlahik, Atique. The primy school btuldingsfJce the interprovincual concrete roadfrom Antique to thie rov. of Ioilo. (Phot courtesy of Antiue Karoa San. ose, Antique.) 63 With the same diplomatic expe tise, on many occasions, Sumakwel had also avod encounters withotherforeign elements who intended to inva his rito But in e cases whe his dipo y failed, he was also quick to the use of ra agains the stub n enemes. H as ave and fealess when te show of courage and brry we the needs ofthe mo t, but friendly and hospitable when hospitality was demanded. He was a determin e waior who would not ow his head to anyne, especially to the from thei domins. S el and hirs Wrrsfght the r is. Victorious in Conflics Many a time, Datu Sumakwel and his e warriors had shown inLvadng peoples frm Asia and other forein s tr capacity t defend thmselves lrom attcks. ey fought bravely, dying ina the sggle, but they ultimately emerged vittorus in the fights. Unsuccessful in their attempts t subjugat the native defelnder, the frein invader left in disa inmnt 64 Several Wives for Men Dam Sumawel, in his st of s, d the ale inhabitants of Madyas to possss een dse tieh i a-ly their number. For himself, hegot threeotherwivesin to K inangan alias Alayon, his principa wife. He had five ns, o late, likea their ther, also becae brave rulers and waror of the other islands of Ilaya. Datu Sumakwel emerged f a fily o valiant warrors who ruled over one of the Malaysia islands. During his old age, Datu Sumi el left Panay and retuned to his native island in Malaysia to pass the maining days of his life. Honors fr Slumkwel The Hiligay poets, writers and newsp pren of Western Visayas and Mindnao, to honor the memry of Datu Sumalwel t whom they gave dt as the "fithr" of the iligaynon la guageoranized a national liray sciety ce "Sumkwelan" afterl e n of tehe Maaysian ruler mad warior. The principal organizers were lawyers Ramn iL. Muzones and C rado N wh w both f fic Hiligaynon novelists. Muzones and Nra beae politicims. The f er ws elected memb of the City Council of oilo, and the latte became governor of the Province of Iloilo. A yearly election of fficers was held, concurrently atured with literary conests and pograms to choo e hest te, leadng nolist, most outstanding short-sy wt ertc., of the ye wit the objeve of enco aging wters to i prove thei literary craftsmansh. ater Augurio Abeto y Maraon, a brilliat practicing layer who became mayor of the Muni pliity of Binalbagan and late, was elected congressman of the Third Distict of the Province of Negros idental, becae the Su ela nional president. The organiation had its ile in the Cty of Iloilo. It ha its baches in the provinces of West Visayas, indnao, Manila and other cties of the Philipmpnes where the Hligaynon laguage is pken. 65 CHAPTER XIII "BINIRAY" AND DATUS' WIVES Antique Celebrates "Binmky" ' nder the initiative and leadership of Governor Evl Ho B. Javier of the Province of Antique, a yeary festiv to honor and comemorat the coming of the ten Brunei datus to Panay had been celebrated since the year 1974. The festivitieshad been eatured with sports and iterary programs, sky diving exhibitions of the Philippine i Fore, civic parades, at- af dancing exhibitions by various gito bes rm the different mountainous places of Panay, selection of the beautyl queens of Antique with the tite of "Miss Binirayan" of the year, and GOVERNOR EVILIO B. JAVIER finally, the major and principa T author cofers with Gov. Evilio B. Javier attraction of the festivities, the re- o Antique regarding his yar celebration of enactment of the fleet of native th coming of the ten BruneL danusto Panay. sailboats coing from the sea en (Photo, courtesy of Antique Karon Sn Jose, sali~tS C~ng ' - Antique.) tefing the outhofMa Ml dogRir where the "ten Datus" were made wld to se the yealy festivities of to land on the shore fro their Antiqueandpeolef riglands boats. heycilledtdis"Bi drayn. filoked toi San Jose de Buenavista, People of Antique a d the "balik- capitaldfAntiquetowitnesstheyearly bayans" or Antiquefnos coming celebrations every month of Decemhomte fm various parts of the er. 66 Connotation of Roy alty When a wod "Ddagdayg" is addssd to a woman in Indonesia or Mlaysia, it easily denotes that she is a em r of a tiamiy of a high socil class or rank. With the exception of the four dats, the six other dats who joined Datu Puti to Panay, birught with them their wives, each of whom was addressed "Dayangdayang" Th9 e apparent intention of their husbands was to settle peimanently at any place they could land r away from the power and influence of the oppressive Sultan Maatunaw Lecture On Historical Findings Comilmentinug Gov. Javiet's requast, the author delivers a lecture on his new findigs in the histo of Panay bore members of the ProC Board. (Photo, courtesy of Antui e Karon, Sa Jose, Antique.) Wives of the six datts, were: 1. Dayandayang PINANGPANGAN - Datu Puti's wife; 2. Dayangdayang KAPINANGAN later ALAYON Datu Surnmkwel's wife; his three other wives eilongd to a low social class; 3. Dayangdayang P ABULANAN - Datu Paiburong's wife; 4. Dayangdayang KATARUNG - Dau Bangkaya's wife; 5. Dayangdayang RIBONGS AW - Dasu Padohinog's wife; and 6. Dayangdayang KABILING - Dat Dumangsol's wif. 67 CHAPTER XIV TAKMO BUAYA, NATIONALIST37 Stern but Kind here was an Ylayan (Filipino) chieftain named Takmo Buaya, apparently, a Hiligaynon appelation, whose real name was not known. Takmo, a Hiligaynon word, means, to snap, as a crocodile does to its victim, to which this brave native chieftain was likened, against his enemy. He was considered one of the country's most rabid nationalists before the Spanish Era. In the 13th century, he became famous when he was at the age of thirty years that chroniclers drew their attention to him. It was told that he descended from one of the families of valiant warriors from Malaysia. He was gifted with an extraordinary will-power. He possessed a perceptive memory that he could discern with accuracy the events of the future ahead of his time. His physical prowess enabled him to leap over a height of two-arms' length. He was an expert in the use of bladed weapons, among which, was the kampilan, the dagger and the lance. He could also wield a bow and arrow with dexterity. He Repulses Invaders Bordering an ocean, Takmo Buaya and his people lived on the coast of the Island of Leyte, one of the country's big islands along the Pacific Ocean. This was the seat of his domain. Asian as well as Portuguese invaders attacked its coastline, but they were ably repulsed by Takmo Buaya and his brave warriors. A rabid nationalist, he frequently harangued his people, saying: "I'll prefer to die before anyforeigner can govern me," and to this, he added: "I'll rather have a government short of all its needs, to a government of the invaders surrounded with splendor and luxuries." 68 Not long ago, in modem times, the late Manuel Luis Quezon, president of the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines and acknowledged as one of the greatest political leaders of the country, expressed in a more refined rhetoric an almost identical sentiment and thought. He said: "I will prefer a government run like hell by Filipinos to a government run like heaven by Americans." Cure for His wounds In his armed encounters against the foreign invaders, Takmo Buaya never failed to have always a small bottle containing a liquid concoction composed of medicinal chips from native shrubs. When wounded in a fight, he applied this liquid which cured his wounds, leaving his skin almost scarless. Takmo has Three Wives By his three wives, Takmo Buaya had six brave sons who also became rulers in the other places of Ylaya within the Visayan region. They were not, however, as illustrious as their father that chroniclers did not bother to write about them. Comfort to Foreigners Foreigners who vowed and showed peaceful and friendly intentions were permitted by Takmo Buaya to land within his territory only within a limited time. He showed his hospitality and human considerations. He accommodated and helped them, giving provisions, potable water, and whatever were necessary to make their short stay pleasant and comfortable. But, to all these pleasantries, he set out some conditions. The foreigners benefitted should know how to reciprocate in any way they could. If reciprocity is pledged, Takmo Buaya had to see to it that the pledge was complied with. In case of failure, the kind and hospitable ruler would resort to the use of arms to oblige them to comply. 69 Takmo's Idea of Refusal There was one time a commission of white men who proposed to Takmo Buaya to buy his domain with a very handsome offer. In reply, he explained to the white men that his domain was like a lagoon of pure crystalline water. If he would permit the foreigners to dip their feet in this water, the same would be polluted and become dirty. On their insistence, he gladly acceded, but subjected to his counter-proposal. That, they had to spread over with pieces of gold and silver the path leading to his residence starting from where the white men's boats were anchored. The path had the width of both-arms' length. The white men calculated that it would take them many, many years before they could fully comply with the condition offered. They thought that even their own government did not have enough of that treasure. So, they hurriedly left and abandoned the idea of buying the domain of the native chieftain. A Junket of Asiatics One time, a junket of Asiatics dropped anchor at the territory of Takmo Buaya. They presented several bales of silkclothes to the chieftain. In exchange, they asked that they be permitted to live permanently in his territory. Takmo Buaya politely rejected the valuable gift and their desire of domicile. lie counterproposed, that he would allow them to stay permanently, under the condition, that in case anyone of them, man or woman, was apprehended living together with any of his subjects, the culprit would have to die by hanging on a tree. Fearful of this eventuality, the people from Asia sailed away. Death to Criminals Unlike Matnuhay Kalantiaw who wrote his criminal code to govern the social life of his people, Takmo Buaya imposed penalties against crimes by using his judgment and conscience as needed at every instance. His 70 penalty of death was drastic and absolute to acts of stealing and committing murder, whatever the mitigating circumstances may be. Other crimes may be punished as his judgment and conscience may dictate. Takmo Buaya was a man of a few words. What he said was the law. When his subjects needed help, he would willingly help, but he gave more to those who were faithful and loyal to him. They Bury Takmo in a Cave Chroniclers stated that when Takmo Buaya died, his remains together with his war weapons and other valuable belongings were interred in one of the caves of a mountain along the Pacific coast of his domain. The place bore the name of Pagbuaya or Takmo Buaya. 71 CHAPTER XV FILIPINOS DESTROY CHINESE KINGDOMS38 Small Chinese Kingdoms B etween the years 1300 and 1498, or a little less than a century before the Spaniards established their sovereignty in the Philippines, Chinese immigrants from the Asiatic Continent established small kingdoms in the central parts of Luzon. There was a small kingdom named Kaboloan in a place of the same name the area of which extended up to the confluence of a big river where another small kingdom named Ling Chay Eng, which is now Lingayen, was situated. The places adjacent to these kingdoms were occupied by the Mongolians. Adjoining the latter, were areas ruled by the Filipino chieftains. These chieftains were: Malinog Gat Maitan, Toray Gat Pandan and Today Gat Salian. Kings impose Tributes The Chinese kings of Kaboloan and Ling Chay Eng imposed the payment of tributes for all products brought by the Filipinos into their territories. This angered the Filipino rulers. They thought, that the Chinese, being aliens, had no right whatsoever to collect tributes from the people of a country which is not their own. The Filipino chieftains observed that their countrymen had been made to suffer this imposition in the last fifty years from the time these Chinese had established themselves at places they had occupied. 72 Filipino Rulers Unite Realizing their predicament, the Filipino rulers all over Luzon and nearby islands grouped together into a solid union. Their prime objective was to drive away the Chinese from places where they had established their kingdoms. This was the only way, they thought, they could assuage the burden of their countrymen from the imposition of Chinese tributes. Filipinos Fight Chinese Armed with native weapons, the Filipinos fought the Chinese in all places where they were found, principally in the provinces of Pangasinan, Bulacan, all the way up to the Batanes islands. Many Chinese were killed in furious encounters, and the Filipinos in the end succeeded in dislodging the Chinese from their kingdoms and possessions. Gat Pandan Was Most Heroic Toray Gat Pandan was credited to have defeated the Chinese in five separate encounters. He fought the Chinese not only on the land but also on the sea along the coasts of places which are now the Ilocos provinces and Zambales. He was known, after routing the Chinese, to have made much progress in trade. He reigned over his domain in peace and with much luxury and comfort. He lived in a palace luxuriously decorated with tapestries and textiles of silk of high values obtained as war booties from the Chinese. In later years, the Spanish conquistadors were astonished to find his progress when they came to his place. Pandan Creates Towns Following his decisive victories when he dislodged the Chinese from their kingdoms of Kaboloan and Ling Chay Eng (now Lingayen), and also 73 from Laoang (now Laoag) and Vichang (now Vigan) in the Ilocos provinces, Gat Pandan created many towns in the central and southern parts of Luzon. He made a vigorous campaign to unify the Filipino tribes. He established his own territory near an area which is actually the Province of Batangas. He had under his command a big number of faithful followers....p.. PA C I F C 7^1^ ^/^ 7:OCEA -44/ 14 f11%. I V ~~7 IV 40 "). ' 1 -%:- -:-. MAP OF ORIENTAL COUNTRIES Magellan first entered the Philippines in 1512 passing thru the Strait of Malaca, crossed the South China Sea and reached Mindoro at 11 degrees north latitude. He reentered the Philippines on March 16, 1521 by crossing the Pacific Ocean, reached the southern end of Samar at the same 11 degrees north latitude. He was the first man to circumnavigate the globe. TheNegritoescamefromNewGuinea,passedthruBruneiandenteredthePhilippines during the 3rd and 4th Glacial Epochs when Land Bridges were still afloat. 74 CHAPTER XVI MAGELLAN RE-ENTERS THE PHILIPPINES I Li ~ 2 MINDORO ISLAND SAMAR ISLAND In 1512, Magelllan reached this island, at On March 16, 1521 Magellan reached the 11 degrees north latitude. end of Samar, at 11 degees north latitude. At Two Equal Latitudes M W ragellan's fleet had just left Isla de Rota, sailing on a west southwest course for a week, passing numerous small, forested islands. To avoid the same undesirable incident in Guam, which Magellan named Isla de Ladrones, where, against his will, he had to order his weak and sickly men to shoot and kill some natives called Chamorros who climbed up the ship and stole the things they saw, Magellan continued sailing without stopping at anyone of the islands. No sooner than expected, he sighted a cape at 1 1 degrees north latitutde which proved to be the extremity of a large island, on March 16, 1521. Later, it was known as the Island of Samar. This marked, in effect, Magellan's re-entry into the Philippines, having entered it already on his previous voyage in the year 1512, or, nine years back, when he secretly reached the same 11 degrees north latitude from the Strait of Malaca be 75 tween Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, passing the South China Sea and the Calamianes islands and, ultimately, reaching the Island of Mindoro in the Philippines - the same archipelago which he had re-entered this time. With this feat, Magellan was the first man to have circumnavigated the earth, and not Sebastian de Elcano who sailed back to Spain after Magellan's death in the Island of Maktan. Saint Lazarus Archipelago The following morning, March 17, 1521, it was Sunday, the feast of Saint Lazarus, the Magellan fleet dropped anchor at the islet of Humunu, now Homonhon, south of Zamal (now Samar). Magellan named this islet and all the adjacent islands he saw, Archipielago de San Lazaro. He ordered to set Concrete Bridge Now Spans Liloan Strait A steel concrete bridge now spans the narrow but deep Sineloan, nowLiloan Strait, where, on March 31,1521, Ferdinand Magellan's fleet anchored. Magellan with his sickly captains and crew went down the shore to rest. The new bridge is 297.4 meters long. It connects the southern tip of Leyte to Panaon Island for the continuation of the Maharlika Highway, formerly, Philippine-Japan Friendship Highway. 76 up tents on the shore of this islet for his sick men to rest. They killed a pig for them to feast on. After one week, on March 25, 1521, Magellan resumed his voyage. He reached the southern end of the big island of Leyte. Approaching a place called Sineloan, now Liloan, a town (with a population of 15,500 at present), in the small Island of Panaon, Magellan ordered his fleet to drop anchor. It was at the time when the natives were busy catching along the shore plenty of cuttlefish. First Mass by Magellan Historians tell us that the first Christian mass held by Magellan in the Philippines was in the small island of Limasawa, a distance away to the southeast from the southern end of Leyte. The Spanish chroniclers, particularly, Pigafetta, who was in the voyage with Magellan, indicated the location of Limasawa as directly facing the tip of Leyte. The underlined phrase (small island of Limasawa) bears two connotations: 1) a small island named Limasawa; and, 2) a small island belonging to, or under the rulership of, Limasawa. Magellan called the islet Masawa or Masaba erroneously, but, unmistakably referring to the name of the native chieftain of the islet called Alimbusay Lima-asawa. At this time, two rajas from Mindanao were, incidentally, at hand and they also had the chance of meeting Magellan. They were Raja Kolambu and Raja Siagu. This happened later in the day of March 31, 1521. At present, if we look at the map of Leyte, we will see that there is no other islet close to the southern tip of Leyte save the islet of Panaon. On its shore directly facing the said tip, Magellan and his men landed. It is certain, that the chroniclers, or, Pigafetta himself, had meant the second connotation of the phrase, that is, a small island belonging to, or under the rulership ofLimasawa, or Lima-asawa, according to the chroniclers. The location of the small island in question perfectly fits the account of Chronicler Pigafetta, that, directly facing the southern end of the Island of Leyte, in a small island, the first mass in the Philippines was held by Magellan officiated by his Chaplain Fr. Valderrama in the presence of the natives headed by their Chieftain Alimbusay Limasawa, and presently witnessed by the two rajas who came 77 from Mindanao. Magellan planted a wooden cross thereon. The Chieftain of Panaon was nicknamed "Lima-asawa" in the Hiligaynon dialect, for possessing five wives. First Mass By Magellan Magellan and his crew land at Sineloan (now Liloan) beach, Panaon island and hold the first Christian mass in the Philippines attended by the natives. 78 CHAPTER XVII LIMA-ASAWA AND MAGEL40 LAN Magellan Talks to Lima-asawa Ferdinand Magellan has a friendly meeting and talk with the native ruler Alimbusay Lima-asawa, later known as "Limasawa," who was assisted by a Chamorro, an able interpreter. "It gives me a great pleasure to meet the people of this far country," Magellan, in a friendly gesture, said to Limasawa. "May I also have the pleasure to know what motives and intentions brought you to our shores?" Limasawa courteously asked Magellan. Then, with some pride, Magellan explained to the native chieftain: "By order of the most powerful and invincible King of the Castilles and Enmperor of the Indies whose empire almost covers the whole earth, we have come from a far-away place for the purpose of spreading Christianity and to Christianize the inhabitants of these lands, convincing them that the Christian religion is the greatest and the most perfect in the universe." And, to this, Magellan quickly added: "As a consequence, this voyage which has been very hard and long, has caused many of my officers and crews to become sick. Would you please, accommodate us on this shore where my men would rest?" 79 Limasawa, answered: "You have come from there?" (Limasawa pointed to the heaven.) The admiral objected: No, 'but from a place far from here.' Lima-asawa surmises: 'Your king and great lord perhaps, lives in heaven?" Retorted Magellan: No he is a man just like ourselves, but he has a very great power and with countless subjects." Limasawa, shaking his head in expression of doubt, sternly looked at Magellan and answered: "Our great Lord is thatone (pointing to the sun above), the Creator of all the lives on this earth. Without Him, nothing can exist. To Him, all of us owe allegiance and obedience and we give to him our sufferings and reverence. He is the greatest of all in the firmament. Nobody can doubt His power, because He is greater than your king and your lord of the land from where you came. As to your request, I am offering to you all the shores of this island where your men can rest and recover from sea-sickness."2 Limasawa's Hospitality After the conversation, Limasawa ordered his men to climb the coconut trees and pull down the young fruits. The natives, with their bolos, opened the nuts and Limasawa offered them to Magellan and his crew. This was the natives' traditional pattern of hospitlaity to the foreign visitors. Hungry and thirsty as the beleaguered voyagers were, they hurriedly ate the flabby white meat and drunk the sweet refreshing water of the young nuts. Very much satisfied by this act, Magellan reciprocated Limasawa with gifts of textiles, buttons, small pieces of galvanized iron roofings and nails. 80 Magellan and Limasawa exchange gifts. Limasawa Gives More Gifts Limasawa ordered his men to carry with them all the things given by Magellan and bade him goodbye. In the afternoon of the following day, the native chieftain and his subjects returned, giving the Spanish visitors more gifts which they very eagerly received with boundless joy: cocks, hens, young coconuts, pumpkins, hogs, venison, and various kinds of native fruits. Spanish Foods and Drinks In the evening, Magellan invited Limasawa and his principal followers to his galleon, the Trinidad, where the former offered them a sumptuous Spanish dinner and European drinks. Exceedingly delighted, the Filipinos tasted, for the first time, the Spanish foods and wines which they enjoyed very much to their satisfaction. With frankness, they told the Spaniards that the Spanish wines were far superior to the native fermented drinks extracted from coconut trees and nipa palms. 81 Hidden Wolf Reveals Itself Amidst feasts, intoxications and pleasantries, Magellan suddenly turned into a wolf by taking advantage of the occasion to express to him his real intentions. He told Limasawa that it was his desire to take his domain. The native chieftain, at first evaded to answer Magellan's intoxicated mutterings. In a diplomatic manner, he, however, told Magellan that regarding properties, he had no sole power and disposition, but he was under the authority of another ruler in a nearby island that his superior would have to be consulted first.i This superior ruler, he said, was Katuna 41. At the revelation of Magellan's mentality, Limasawa felt very much displeased, cautiously taking care of not showing his irked feelings outwardly. He changed his mind and considered Magellan not his friend. After intoxications had given way to sobriety, Limasawa faced Magellan and told him bluntly, that he and his subjects would prefer to die to defend their ownership rights over their landholdings and properties. Magellan Threatens with Guns Jolted by Limasawa's irksome remarks, Magellan, as if joking, ordered a few of his artillery-men to load some of their cannons and fired them. Then, facing Limasawa and his men, Magellan said: "With these arms and other weapons of war, we have come to conquer your lands and to subject your people to Christianism." Limasawa Turns Inimical Limasawa and his principal followers abruptly stood up and prepared to leave the galleon. Limasawa became more blunt and terse to Magellan saying that if that was his intention, he and his people were ready to die to keep their properties, and emphasized, that God was on their side. 82 Magellan Pacifies Limasawa Anticipating the worse to follow, Magellan, quick to his wits, pacified Limasawa and his principal men. He insisted on them not to leave. He offered them more Spanish foods and wines which the natives had already liked so much. Complimenting these, Magellan explained that they had not come for war but for peace and good understanding. This calmed down Limasawa and his men. The natives passed the night on board the galleon peacefully. Vital Informations Given The following morning, Magellan learned from Limasawa that this country of Ylaya was composed of many islands with many inhabitants. That, in general, there were more than ten principal rulers. That each domain under the rule of each native chieftain was well provided with foods and that they also had various kinds of weapons brought in by the ships from other countries. Maydia, Maydanaw and Maynilad Answering Magellan's queries, Limasawa further informed him, that the whole Ylaya Archipelago, was under the control of the principal rulers whose seats of sovereignty were at their domains or islands. These domains were: 1. Maydia (then Madyaas, now Panay) in the central section; 2. Maydanaw (now Mindanao) in the south; and 3. Maynilad (now Luzon) in the north. Besides these three, there was another important island called Subu (now Cebu) which was the center of trade with the other countries of the world. Limasawa emphasized that this important island was governed by Tanday Lupalupar and other rulers. That Maydia, the central island was governed by Datu Sumakwel43 while the biggest island in the north was governed by three principal rulers: Kandole, (now Lakandula), Raja Sulayman (now Rajah Soliman), and Raja Matanda. That the interior of this 83 island was divided into four sections headed by the principal rulers: Gat Maitan, Gat Pandan and Gat Salian. Limasawa further informed Magellan that the distance between the big island in the north (Luzon) and his small island of Panaon was about two hundred leagues. Since Magellan did not show any interest in knowing about Maydanaw (Mindanao), Limasawa did not elucidate. All the three principal islands together with the small ones within their jurisdictions, grouped together into one archipelago, was called Ylaya (Philippines, today). Limasawa Warns Magellan Limasawa was hailed by the Spanish chroniclers for his diplomatic dealings with the Spaniards. He was also known for his bravery as a warrior and as an expert in the use of the native weapons. While trying to be good to the Spaniards, he warned Magellan and his Spanish soldiers that the native warriors were also brave and would be ready at anytime to defend to death their freedom and independence against foreign incursions, more especially if the strangers' intention was to grab their properties and domains by force or treachery. Limasawa added, that the natives could not be scared by the Spanish cannons, guns, and modern weapons. 84 CHAPTER XVIII MAGELLAN-HUMABON ALLIANCE "LUPALUPA", the Real Name I n the previous chapTanday Lupalupa. The former name has become famous in history the world over. His fame stemmed from the fact that he was supposed to be "the first Filipino to have repulsed a for- Tanday Lupalupa eign invasion in the Philippines." In the previous chapters, we have already mentioned the names of native chieftains who had repeatedly repulsed foreign invasions or incursions into our country. So, in this regard, the fact stands that "Lapulapu" was not the first. The name Tanday Lupalupa, is a Visayan-Hiligaynon phrase. Meaning, an overlapping piece of land. While "Lapulapu" is meaningless. It was presumed that the Spaniards coined the change to facilitate convenience of pronunciation, in the same manner that they had the propensity of changing other indigenous names and places in the Philippines. 85 Magellan Arrives at Cebu45 On April 7, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan's naval fleet arrived at Subu, now Cebu. Upon landing, Magellan planted a wooden cross. Not long afterward, the Cebuans built a concrete octagonal chapel encircling the spot where the cross was planted. Cebu Chieftain Almontay Humabon whom his followers called their "king", welcomed Magellan and his officers in a friendly manner. Then, Magellan ordered the natives baptized led by their "king" and his wife into the Christian religion. Following the baptismal rites, Magellan presented an image of the Infant Jesus to Humabon's wife. Magellan Landing At Cebu On April 7,1521, Ferdinand Magellan with his navalfleet arrived at Cebu. He was met by Almontay Humabon, chieftain of Cebu. Lupalupa Suspects Bad Intentions On the other hand, the chieftain of the Island of Maktan opposite the City of Cebu, observed with suspicion the arrival of the Spaniards. Learning about the unsympathetic attitude of the natives of Maktan and of their chief 86 tain, Magellan and his principal men developed an inimical feeling against them. The small island of Maktan was variously called "Bantayan" or "Matan" which was later changed to Maktan by the Spaniards. Humabon and Tanday Lupalupa were not friendly to each other. Magellan Plants a Cross Upon landing at Cebu, Magellan planted a wooden cross near the waterfront. Not long after, the Cebuans built an octagonal chapel surrounding the spot where the cross stood. The City Hall of Cebu, at present, standsfar left side. Enmity Between Two Rulers Rulers Humabon and Lupalupa, although both of them belonged to the same brown race, came from two different ethnological groups or anr.cestries. Humabon was of a Malaysian lineage, and Lupalupa was a progeny of a family of warriors from another geographical place, not specifically mentioned, who migrated to the Philippines before the coming of the Spaniards. To satisfy his grudge against the ruler of Maktan, Magellan took advantage of the existing indifference between Humabon and Lupalupa. Magellan realized the valuable help that Humabon could give him. He, then, 87 Santo Nino Church During the Spanish regime, the Spanish religious missionaries in Cebu, built a concrete church, tfollowing the Spanish architectural pattern, which they named Iglesia de Santo Niho (Santo Niin Church). enthusiastically offered a friendly alliance with the ruler of Cebu. The majority of the principal men under Htumabon, however, showed reluctance to accept the offer. But knowing the superiority of the war-weapons of the Spaniards, Hlumaboxn and his group cast aside their reluctance and ac-;?: cepted the offer of alliance. Among the - conditions that were agreed upon, was to TANDAY I,UPALUPA i The brave chieftain of the Island ofMaktan i, i r who did not see eye to eye with Almontay Ilumabon of Cebu. lie suspected the bad intentions of the Spaniards. 88 allow Magellan's soldiers to disem-. - bark and to put up a provisional for-..-. tification on the shoreline of Cebu. - ' Then, Magellan and Humabon formed a committee of emissaries ' composed of five Spaniards headed by an officer, and lumaabon, also, / i appointed five of his principal sub- - jects whom they sent to Ilupalupa to dematnd for his unconditional surrender. Lupalupa Refuses to Surrender Tanday Lupalupa received the Magellan-Humabon emissary AMONTAY IIUMABON with ill-will and disdain. Replying The chieftain or "king' of Cebu. lie wa. to the demand of surrender, the friendly to the Spaniards and helped Magellan Maktan leader, said: in the invasion of Maktan against Tanda) Lupalupa. "I will prefer to be eaten by the croc(,odiles and let anlything happen to mvr island and folltowerrs than to submit to the authority of the foreigners. So long as our arrows and lanctes are sharp-pointed and our kamplilans keenly bladed, we shall/ defend to death what God had given us which we have inherited from our forefathers!" They Prepare for Invasion The report of the joint emissary angered Magellan and Iumabon. They immediately prepared theirmen for the invasion of Maktan. Magellan's officers calculated that Ruler Lupalupa had about one thousand men and women living with him in the island. The aquatic terrain between Maktan and Cebu provided natural impediments that would nmake landing on the shore of Maktan very difficult for Magellan's fighting men. The water was shallow I and its ground floor was loamy and muddy extending to a wide area. The invaders' paddle-boats had to stop far from the shoreline, and it was necessary for the invaders to wade through the soft loam and waist-deep water to reach the shore where they could fight Lupalupa's warriors. They Intend to Scare the Natives The Spaniards made a gross mistake in their beliefs that with the thundering noises of their cannons they could frighten and scare away Lupalupa and his warriors. These people were already familiar with the Spanish weapons because most of them came from British India where such weapons were in common use. They also knew that the Spanish ships were made of wood and these were not invulnerable to their lances, pick-axes, bolos and arrows. The fighting strength of Lupalupa was more numerous to the Spanish officers' calculation for the native warriors outnumbered the invaders by the ratio of five to one. Magellan is Forewarned Magellan was forewarned by Humabon's men a few days before the invasion that Lupalupa had numerous followers and that they were seasoned and valiant fighters. But taking this with a shrug of his shoulders, Magellan, with the usual Castillian pride, told Humabon that his help with his men would not even be necessary because the Spaniards alone would be more than enough to deal Lupalupa and his warriors a fatal blow. Magellan was overly confident that he would defeat the native defenders. He wanted to show Humabon the legendary bravery of the Spaniards especially their dexterity in the use of their swords in the hand-to-hand combats. 90 CHAPTER XIX THE BATTLE OF MAKTA4 N Nagellan Invades Maktan I t was about ten o'clock in themorning of the 27th of April. 1521, when the galleon inidad, under the command of Admiral Ferdinand Magellan, lifted anchor from Cebu, with a platoon of soldiers and officers, bound for Maktanl Nearly five hundred Cebuan warriors headed by Almontay Humabon riding in their own sailboats closely traled the Spanish galleon. Sooner than expected, th T n dad dropd chor at about one THE BEACH OF MAKTAN ISLAND hundred full arms' length from the shoreline of Maktan. Itcould not move closer because the ater as shallow. Magellan and his soldiers left their 91 ship and rode on their small boats which they paddled up to a few meters from the beach. The water was more shallow and the white soldiers jumped from their boats and waded through the deep soft mud. Lupalupa's Three Formations Lupalupa's warriors met the enemy in three formations who also waded through the mud and water. The first formation was composed of young men who shouted at the Spaniards making much noise. Flanking this on two sides, were matured men armed with kampilans, lances, and bows and arrows. Within a striking distance, Magellan ordered his soldiers to fire their harquebuses which caused the center line of young men to retreat. But they gathered back immediately and joined the two flanks on both sides which charged the invaders in full fury. Magellan's Death Comes A hand-to-hand fight ensued between the combatants. One of Lupalupa's warriors succeeded in inflicting a gushing wound on Magellan's right arm with his kampilan. And another warrior pierced Magellan's right leg with an arrow. Then the brave Admiral staggered backward. More men rushed on him and they removed the metal helmet from his head. Another kampilan, this time by Lupalupa, was whipped on his head, wounding it severely which bled profusely. Losing strength due to loss of blood, the Spanish indomitable hero dropped his sword slowly sinking to his legs. Lupalupa's men quickly held him in their arms not allowing him to fall into the water and the mud. It was impossible for his men to save him. Accompanied by Lupalupa, the native warriors carried Magellan's body to the shore. Perhaps, the greatest and the bravest navigator, not only of his time but of all time, and the forerunner in the introduction of the Spanish sovereignty in the Philippines, Magellan heroically breathed his last in the strong arms of the warriors of Tanday Lupalupa. 92 I 1 f 1 1 l 1 f3 ~~ ~D = crS, i lj ^~ ' ^ v lil *~~~~~~_r 93 Magellan's Head, a Trophy Lupalupa's warriors cut off Magellan's head and carried it inland which they showed to their people as their "rich trophy". Magellan's soldiers retreated while shooting back to the islanders. When the reinforcement of the Spanish troops from the other galleons arrived, Lupalupa and his men had already returned to the mainland. Humabon and his warriors did not participate in the fight. They just stood by, following the wishes of Magellan, eagerly expecting to see the Spaniards' expertise and dexterity in the use of their swords in the hand-to-hand combat. How sorrowful and downhearted they were! The Spanish soldiers had lost their great admiral, leaving him behind without retrieving his headless body lying on the shore of Maktan! The honor and distinction, to be the first Filipino to have repulsed "an European aggression" would certainly go to Tanday Lupalupa, now widely known as "Lapulapu". But many, many years before him, there were already a number of Filipinos who had repulsed foreign, especially Asiatic, invasions, like King Mamagtal, Takmo Buaya, Datu Sumakwel, Tribal kings Marikudo and 1; Balantad in Western Visayas; and Gat Pandan, Gat Salian, Gat Maitan, etc, etc. in luzon. G S G M e ^i Lupalupa Returns Home At old age, Tanday Lupalupa, returned to one of the Malaysian islands where he was born and nothing more was heard about him until his death. Chroniclers during his time stated that he had six children who, in their matured years, also became important personages in the other parts of the Ylaya Archipelago. A Historical Marker The Philippine Government placed this historical marker in Maktan, with inscription, thus: 'LAPULAPU'. Here, on April 27, 1521, Lapulapu and his men repulsed the Spanish invasion killing their leader, Ferdinand Magellan. ThusLapulapu became the first Filipino to have repulsed European aggression. 94 CHAPTER XX LEGAZPI AND THE BLOOD COMPACT Katuna of Bohol A nother valiant Filipino warrior and ruler was Katuna, called by a few as "Katunay" but he was most popularly known as Katuna by his people during his time. His domain was in one of the islands of Ylaya which was later known as the Island of Bohol in the central section of the archipelago. Many foreign invaders came to his island, particularly, from the Asiatic mainland, to attack him and his warriors. But they ably repulsed the foreign incursionists. News About "Big Birds" It was bruited about, and the news was relayed to Katuna by his followers, that on the shores of the other islands the white men landed riding on "big birds". That the white men wore uniforms of plates, eating white stones and spouting flames through their mouths. That the "big birds" they rode on carried objects which vomited fire and projectiles. Further, when a projectile hits a man, he would just drop dead, his body completely destroyed. 95 Katuna Unalarmed by Talks Ruler Katuna, undaunted, simply ignored the big talks about the white men. He told his followers that they had nothing to fear, because they also had weapons with which to defend their rights to their properties which God had given them. That nobody had the right to dispossess them of their properties by force. They would resist the white men to the last man but if their coming was for a friendly purpose, then, in the same manner, they would find tile natives friendly and even hospitable to them. Fourth Expedition Arrives When the fourth Spanish expedition arrived at Cebu on the 13th of February, 1565, under the comlmand of Admiral and Captain General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, this admiral sent his men to inform Katuna that he wanted to talk to him. The native ruler replied: "I do not need anyone of them. If there is anything they want, they should know where to find me. I am not a subject of any of these invaders." Katuna Meets Officials A month later, Admiral Legazpi sent a commission composed of his ship captains and soldiers under the leadership of Captain Alonso Albuquerque to meet with Ruler Katuna. Katuna received the visiting Spaniards very coldly. The Spanish officials informed Katuna, through the latter's interpreter, that they came from a country far-away ordered by a very powerful king of the Castilles, and explaining further that it was their important purpose to give the natives a true religion which was of Christ. To this, Katuna replied with much pride, that they did not respect any religion except their own. They adored no other God except a very great Being whose abode was in the firmament. He owned all the things that exist on earth. The light of the Being 96 shone on all alike without exception.47 Regarding the king and lord of the Castilles, Katuna did not believe that he was the greatest and the supreme being of all. He could not give the same light and life to all alike. To this, the Spaniards replied that their monarch was powerful in his own land. Well, Katuna said, he by himself, is also powerful in his own kingdom. Legazpi Offers Friendship After learning all about the attitude of Ruler Katuna, Admiral Legazpi, through his next commission, offered friendship and help to the natives against foreign invasion, Katuna gladly accepted the proposal, on condition, that the Spaniards must not make any attempt at acquiring their lands and properties. That their offer must have to be shown in actual deeds and not merely in words. Realities only could make the natives believe the Spaniards' sincerity. Katuna Rejects Proposal Captain Alonso Albuquerque, head of the Spanish commission, then proposed to Ruler Katuna that they would write down the pact of friendship and help offered. But this, again, Katuna rejected. He reasoned out that he did not know how t o read nor write the Spanish language, and besides, pieces of paper would soon be torn or lost. In lieu thereof, Katuna proposed, that in most solemn matters of the same nature, if the good captain would agree, each protagonist must cut a small wound in his arm and therefrom extract each other's blood and mix it in the cup of a native wine for Captain Albuquerque and the cup of Spanish wine for Ruler Katuna to drink. With this procedure, they could solemnly seal their pact of friendship and help. 97 Blood Compact Katuna - Albuquerque Native Chieftain Kcauna mixes blood with Captain Alonzo Albuquerque in a blood compact. Blood Compact Agreed In compliance, Captain Albuquerque ordered his soldiers to give him a cup of Spanish wine and, Ruler Katuna in turn asked his subjects to give him a jug of fermented sap of a palm tree. Then, the captain and the native ruler, at the same time, wounded their respective arm. The Spaniard mixed his blood with his wine and the Filipino mixed his blood also with his fermented liquor. Then, they exchanged cups. Captain Albuquerque drunk the Filipino's fermented liquor, and, Ruler Katuna, drunk the Spanish wine. After this ceremony, the two protagonists embraced each other tightly, both exclaiming: "As long as the sun and the moon exist in the firmament, the Spaniards and the Filipinos shall never be divided nor shall they become enemies against each other!" 98 Circumstances Break Pledge Thus, that most solemn pact of friendship and alliance was consummat cl and sealed with blood. Unfortunately, however, later developments in the relationship between the Spaniards and the F ili;in0os showed signs that the pact was only gx xl as a gesture but not in nmeaning and substance. Both sides. compelled perhaps by unavoidable circums;tances, that for practical purposes Captain Alonzo Albiquerque marries Chieftain Katuna's daughter. each of them had to adhere to, failed to comply with their blood-pledge. Katuna, notwithstanding, holding out with his astuteness and diplomacy, was credited for the fact that the Spaniards had respected for sometime the lives and properties of the people in his own territory. Albuquerque Weds Kaluna's Daughter Katuna's beautiful daughter, later became the wife of Captain Alonso Albuquerque, the leader of the Legazpi commission and the protagonist in the blood compact with Ruler Katuna. Captain Albuquerque and his native wife had five children - three sons and two daughters - who, in the years that followed, made up a group of important families in the domain of Chieftain Katuna. 99 Katuna Repulses Invasions Early chroniclers credited Katuna for having repulsed five successive invasions by the Chinese and the Mongolians. These events occurred before the coming of the Spanish conquistadors under Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Most of the groups of these Chinese and Mongolians, however, were able to establish settlements and small kingdoms in the Central parts of Luzon after their attempts to gain footholds in some sections of the Visayan Islands from which they were driven away by the brave Visayan warriors. Katuna and "Sikatuna" Regarding the remaining years of the life of this great Filipino ruler and warrior, the chroniclers had noted nothing more of importance. Some of the old writings, especially the Spanish religious missionaries, spelled the name of Katuna with a prefix of an article "Si" thus making him known as "Sikatuna", as we have explained earlier in this book. In the Visayan and Tagalog languages, in mentioning the name of a person, the article "Si" is placed before the name, as in Si Pedro, or Si Juan. Si Katuna was later joined as Sikatuna.,;,, B y!~,~11,~ THE BLOOD COMPACT Hi^/lJ _.. i I ~r Th MARKER,TAGBILARAN, BOIIOL The painting above the government marker shows the "Legaspi-Sikatuna" blood compact, perhaps, by Fili4^^^ra ~pino painterJuan Luna, in which Dr. Jose Rizal posed as" Sikatuna" and T. tI. Pardo de Tavera posed as "Miguel Lopez de Legaspi". The blood compact was done between Ruler Katuna and Captain Albuquerque (not "Sikatuna and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi"). 100 CHAPTER XXI THE SPANISH OCCUPATION BEGINS4 Admiral Miguel Lopez de Legazpi takes Cebu by assault. Legazpi's First Settlement n the meanwhile, putting aside his concern of the native chieftain of Bohol, Admiral Miguel Lopez de Legazpi concentrated his attention to the establishment of his first settlement in Cebu. It is important to mention that in his voyage arriving at Cebu on February 13, 1565, he was accompanied by Andres de Urdaneta, an able young soldier-priest who, with 101 Sebastian Elcano, joined previously the expedition of Garcia Jofre de Loaisa on July 24, 1525. Legazpi's settlement in Cehbu existed only for a short time due to various reasons. He found out that food from this place was not sufficiently obtainable. Besides, the Portuguese navigators frequented and attacked the settlement, and the natives themselves harassed the Spaniards in reprisal when Legazpi took the City of Cebu by assault. Legazpi then explored other places in the Visayas, particularly, Panay, Negros and Leyte. Reaching as far as the town of Cabalian, Leyte, Legazpi returned to Cebu on April 27, 1565 and decided to transfer to another place. Legazpi Transfers to Panay49 Miguel lopezde Legazpi transferred to Panay toestablish his second settlement therein. It was in the year 1569. He made this decision after his captains he ordered to explore other places reported to him that Panay had plenty of aquatic and agricultural food supply, especially, rice. Definitely, the transfer took place at Villa de Arevalo, now a district of the City of Iloilo, in the Island of Panay. Arevalo, 12 years later, became known to the world as Villa de Arevalo, after it was founded in 1581 by the Spanish Governor General of the Philippines, Ronquillo de Penialosa, who named it La Villa Rica de Arevalo which was very fertile and the inhabitants were rich and friendly. Legazpi, coming from Cebu, first entered Arevalo through the Batiano River on the southern side of the town which flows out to the Strait of Guimaras. On the northern side of Arevalo is the Iloilo River which winds its way into the interior towns of the Province of Iloilo. Legazpi thought that in case of any foreign attack, he could use this river as his venue for escape. He found the natives not only friendly to the Spaniards, but many of them were progressive farmers, fishermen, traders and some were engaged in the home industries. 'Tihe Batiano River, through which Legazpi entered Villa de Arevalo, was at that time deep and navigable. Foreign vessels anchored at its banks. The place became the center of trade between the Spaniards and the natives on one hand and the Chinese and other foreign merchants on the other. 102 The Concrete Pillar Atop this pillar is the bronze replica of the gold crown found at Barangay Sta. Cruz, Villa de Arevalo Scepter and Crown According to Fr. James Mansfield, parish priest of Villa de Arevalo, a gold crown and a scepter of precious metal were found near the Batiano River within a piece of land at Barangay Sta. Cruz, Arevalo, where also, a black wooden cross was unearthed. The piece of land is now a private property of Ramon A. Corteza and his wife, all native residents of Villa de Arevalo. The gold crown, according to the couple and the very old native residents Luciana D. Animas and octogenarian Pilar Canos, was sent by tihe Spanish authorities of Villa de Arevalo to the King of Spain, Charles V. A replica in bronze of the gold crown now caps a concrete pillar at the center of the public plaza of Villa de Arevalo. It has not yet been established as to how the gold crown got buried in Arevalo. Some people conjectured that the Dutch 103 religious missionaries brought the religious artifacts to Arevalo. If this is to be entertained as true, it was said that due to the frequent Moro raids from Mindanao, the Dutch buried the treasure to avoid seizure by the Muslims. It is illogical to believe, they alleged, that the Spaniards owned the gold crown. Why should the Spanish authorities of Arevalo send it to the king of Spain as a gift? Besides the religious artifacts, the native residents also found some Dutch coins. This can be regarded as true because historical records show that in the 16th century or, precisely, in 1614, ten Dutch warships entered Arevalo and attacked the Spanish settlement. The Spaniards with their forces fled to the interior towns of Iloilo. A Spanish reinforcement from Cebu camne, but it was too late. Previous to this, in 1609, under Admiral Wittert and also, in 1616, under Admiral Spielbergen, and later in 1617, the Hollanders made their armed incursions. In their latest venture, however, they had to leave in haste when they suffered devastating losses from the Spanish forces with the help of the brave Ilongo warriors. The Bronze Plaque The author, in 1977, stands in front of the bronze plaque at the base of the concrete pillar at the center of the public plaza of Villa de Arevalo. The plaque states the cirscumstances how the gold crown was found. 104 Cross Has Miraculous Powers The black wooden cross now stands inside a small chapel built at the initiative and expense of the residents of the place, now called Santa Cruz. Hundreds of years ever since, the cross has become the object of veneration by the people therein and from towns far and near. Thousands of religious devotees said that the cross possessed miraculous powers. SANTA CRUZ CHAPEL In a small chapel in Barangay Sta. Cruz (formerly, Corona, when the gold crown wasfound), the unearthed black wooden cross, 15 Ft. high, was placed. The cross bears alphabetical inscriptions, horizontally and vertically. Fr.Manuel Mondejar of Arevalo, deciphered the meaning of the alphabets, thus: Vertical: V -ade R -etro S -atanas - Go back Satan. N -on S i-dis M -ihi V -ana - Do not urge me to do vain things. I -pse V e-nenum B -ibas - You yourself the poison drink. Horizontal: C -ruz S -acra S -it M -ihi L -uk- 0 cross so sacred be my light. N -on D -raco S -it M -ihi D -uk- Let not the dragon be my guide. 105 Legazpi Plans Colonization At Villa de Arevalo, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi started his plans for the colonization of the Philippines. He sent out expeditions and religious missionaries to the interiors ofPanay. In the interior and seacoast towns of Panay, churches, convents and cemeteries were built under the supervision of the Spanish government administrators and religious missionaries. In the town of Janiuay, Iloilo, a concrete cemetery which still stands today, is reputed to be the finest in the country. Also, a concrete church in the town of Miagao, Iloilo, and another one in Binondo, Manila, had regaled foreigners with the beauty of their 16th century architecture. The religious missionaries had also penetrated the towns in the Province of Antique, like Hamtik and Bugasong and had established therein imperishable landmarks of their power and influence. Legazpi Builds More Galleons In conjunction with his colonization plan, Legazpi hired Iloilo expert shipbuilders to construct galleons to augment his naval fleet for invasion purposes.i He ordered the building of shipyards and slipways in Arevalo 50iThese Legapi orders constructionl of more galleons. 106 shipyards later built ocean-going vessels. Miguel de Loarca reported that when he came the frigate Visaya was being built in Arevalo. In 1588, the British privateer, Sir Thomas Cavendish, captured and sank the Spanish galleon Sta. Ana off southern California, crossed the Pacific Ocean, came to the Philippines and attacked the shipyard in Arevalo where the galleon Santiago was under construction. The importance of Arevalo as a shipbuilding center was already known to the British a in the 16th century. That was their first in- ' trusion in the Philippines. / Iloilo's Affluence Attracts Aliens51 S K- _ After three years, from 1569 to 1572, the seat of governmental supervision in Panay was transferred by the Spaniards from Arevalo to the seacoast town of Ogtong (now Oton). The administrative set-up was called the "Alcaldia de Panay" with jurisdiction over Panay itself, Romblon, Tablas, Sibuyan and Western Negros. Later, the "Alcaldia" was changed to Provincia de Oton and in 1688 to Provincia de Iloilo. After the foundation of Arevalo as La Villa Rica de Arevalo in 1581, the Spanish government was moved from there to what is now Iloilo City proper. A substantial evidence of the progressive life of Iloilo came from Joaquin Martinez de Zuniega who wrote that the natives of Iloilo traded with aliens in wax, coconut oil, tar, cocoa, and woven cloth. The women were expert weavers producing fine fabric from abaca fibers, which the natives called nipis. From abaca fibers, Ilonga weavers also manufactured fine mosquito nets sold in Manila and in New Spain (Mexico). They also MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI An imposing monument to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, colonizer of the Philippines (1565-1571)for Spain, and the first Spanish Captain and Governor General of the country, otherwise called the Adelantado, now stands on Bonifacio Drive, Metro Manila. 107 manufactured cotton fabrics called lompotes which were no less than the imported clothes in softness, finesse and durability. Miguel de Loarca substantiated this by saying that Iloilo was exceedingly fertile, producing plenty of rice, swine, fouls, wax and honey. Legazpi's Expedition to Luzon Under the commands of Marshall Martin de Goiti and Legazpi's grandson Juan de Salcedo, whom he designated with a rank of captain, Legazpi sent his first expedition to Luzon. It was composed of 1 10 Spanish soldiers and 600 Visayan volunteers from Panay. When the expedition reached Maynilad (now Manila), Goiti and Salcedo contacted the native rulers of the city. After a friendly understanding with Rulers Raha Matanda and Raha Kandole (now Lakandula), a blood compact was made between Goiti and the two rulers. This native ceremony was done at a place near Maynilad, against the will and vehement protests of the other Filipino rulers Raha Sulayman (now Rajah Soliman), and Maud Gat Sungay. There were conditions in the pact to which the latter rulers did not agree. Points of disagreement: (1) Filipinos had to submit to the imposition of vassalage; (2) Filipinos had to pay tributes to the conquistadors. Raha Sulayman was the ruler of Maynilad while Maud Gat Sungay was the chieftain of a settlement near a place what is now called Fort Santiago. Rulers Refuse Persuasion Raha Kandole and Raha Matanda did their best to persuade Rulers Sulayman and Maud Gat Sungay to comply with the conditions of the pact. The former warned the latter that their vehement refusal would oblige Marshall de Goiti to use force to conquer Manila. That the Marshall had to obey the command of Admiral and Captain General Miguel Lopez de 108 Legazpi. Kandole and Matanda emphasized to the two recalcitrant rulers that with the coming of Legazpi to Manila, no more pact of alliance or friendship would be entertained by the Spaniards. But Sulayman and Gat Sungay flatly refused their persuasion. Native Rulers Fight Goiti Marshall Martin de Goiti set the deadline to Rulers Sulayman and Maud Gat Sungay to submit to the terms and conditions as prescribed in the pact. But the two brave Filipino rulers remained adamant and repulsive. Goiti, therefore, had no alternative but to comply with the order of his SUBDUED RULERS FRIENDLY TO SPANIARDS. Among the principal native rulers who were cowed down to submission were Rahas Matanda and Lakandula. They became Spanish collaborators considered as traitors to Filipino cause. 109 superior. He attacked Maynilad (now Manila), and reduced Sulayman's settlement to ashes. The Filipino rulers Sulayman and Gat Sungay, due to the inferiority of their arms against the Spaniards, were forced to retreat and abandon Maynilad. Convinced that he had subdued the natives from their settlements, Goiti left Maynilad with his ships and returned to Panay to report to Legazpi. He made Legazpi believe that Maynilad was now open to him for occupancy without any opposition from the recalcitrant rulers led by Rahas Sulayman and Maud Gat Sungay and other inimical rulers. Filipino Collaborators When Manila fell into the hands of the Spanish invaders aided by the Visayans from Panay under the command of Marshall Martin de Goiti and Captain Juan de Salcedo, grandson of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, some Filipino rulers they had subdued eventually became their subjects and collaborated with them. Among the principal ones were: Raha Malong Matanda, whose settlement was on the other side of the Pasig River extending up to the boundary of a place called Tandog (now Tondo) and Raha Kandole (now Lakandula), ruler of Tondo. Sulayman Reconstructs Maynilad In the meanwhile, during the absence of Goiti from Maynilad, Rahas Sulayman and Gat Sungay returned to their settlements and reconstructed them. They captured and imprisoned Rahas Kandole and Matanda for being traitors to the Filipino cause. The two brave Filipino rulers installed in their reconstructed fortifications locally manufactured cannons under the direction of the Portuguese residents of the city. They built trenches to defend their settlements from shelling and bombardment. Rulers Sulayman and Gat Sungay ordered their men to surround their forts with wooden and bamboo palisades and to cover the bases with earth and stones. Their warriors kept on manufacturing more bladed weapons. The two rulers asked for the help of Rulers Gat Pandan and Gat Maitan whose settlements were near the Province of Batangan (now Batangas) and Bulakan. They had their major reinforcements stationed at Hlagonoy, Bulakan. I10 0 ~~~~C> c) a UNFRIENDLY RULERS RECONSTRUCT THEIR SETTLEMENT Marshall Martin de Goiti and Captain Juan de Salcedo destroyed the Settlement of Rahas Sulayman and Maud Gat Sungay. But after the spaniards had left the native rulers reconstructed it with more improvements. 111 MAIN GATE F FRT SANTIAGO Orlgin41ay thi s iS the se Of die old >rt o Raha Suayian an Maid atSungay. Fort Sntiag is reulli n sinne derng ri hMe governr r h Ofn ao da Vera (i584 1590) andozara Pez rez Dasistariz a (1590-1593.) Ihe Irt zi na fied er (er Sathago Vra FORT BORDERS PASIG RIVER fort Sa tago bordeng the Prasgai River as i qpers Oea4r 112 CHAPTER XXII RULERS PREFER DEATH TO SUBMISSION52 Iegazpi Invades Maynilad de Giti left Maynilad (now Manila) to return to Panay. A Ilxeet composod f 27 naval ships, most of which werc built at Villa de Arevalo by the longo buoatbluildcrs; with 280 Spanish soldiers aisi 200 Vi isay l uC ters under the (n e m nd of Adsral an C a ptain GC 1ra Mig Li ipez rde Lgazpi dr pped ahor iay. In t was Jul 2, 1571. a on tshe report on Goiri,;gzpi lieved that Ie uld icupy ratlive rs. HiHe tfuhrtte ieved tlt the M ild' rlers had lransfrrd their settlemeni to other plies far from the city Mafilla Battle Begings Migel Lopae z de ga Zi deLr SP ordered hBis sol~ diers to lower dowlarn the small bo:ats froml their aia uesto r a dthe V' ayan nol ferL th I OP fllwd latesr byr the Spish ldier Noticng DI L tie settlenmers of Ragis Sulayman and Maud Gat invadel Miayniad (now Sungay. Md a)ini a 113 Natives Ready to Strike Rulers Sulayman and Maud Gat Sungay closely watched their enemy movements inside their fortifications. Reaching the shore, the Visayan volunteers jumped out from the small boats. The two rulers ordered their artillerists to fire their cannons and at the same time sent out their hordes of warriors to meet the invaders. They rained arrows and lances against them, causing the Visayans to return to their boats and rowed back hurriedly to the galleons. It was impossible for them to stay on the shore. Due to inexperience, however, the native artillerists made only a negligible damage to the enemy. Legaspi orders ships to close In The fierce native resistance Legazpi saw, belied Goiti's report. He changed his strategy. He ordered his galleons to move closer to the shore. When the native settlements were already within a striking distance, the galleon gunners bombarded the settlements without let-up. The native defenders became helpless. Their forts and palisades were cracked down to pieces leaving them open for hundreds of harquebusiers and Visayan volunteers to rush into their settlements. Following the advices of Goiti and Salcedo, Legazpi ordered for the capture of Rahas Sulayman and Gat Sungay alive. The two rulers, however, seeing the futility of resistance, withdrew their combined forces from the fight and abandoned their settlements. The two were not captured. But before leaving, they hastily burned their settlements. Invaders Rush Into Settlements As they entered the abandoned settlements, the enemy soldiers extinguished the flames and cleared the places of debris. The Spaniards then put up their temporary tents. When Legazpi entered the settlement of Raha Sulayman, he found Rahas Lakandula and Matanda imprisoned in a padlocked room. He released them. In the meanwhile, the retreating rulers and their fighters marched toward Tondo where they joined the other native rulers and their warriors. 114 Filipinos Unite to Retaliate On June 3, 1571, the Filipino rulers united all their forces in Tondo. Subsequently, Sulayman, Malinog Gat Maitan, Toray Gat Pandan, Gat Salian and the other native chieftains gathered altogether eighty barotos (native canoes) manned by 300 warriors. They were armed with bows and arrows, lances, bolos and hatchets. Their intention was to attack the galleons, climb aboard and behead every enemy. A Visayan Informs Legazpi A Visayan by the name of Kalatagan got informations from the trusted men of Rahas Lakandula and Matanda that the inimical native rulers were making battle preparations against the Spaniards. He immediately reported this to Legazpi. The latter reacted and ordered all his men not to leave their galleons but to keep themselves always on the alert for any eventuality. 300 Filipino Warriors at Sea On that most fateful 3rd day of June, 1571, the weather was good and the houses and all objects along the coastline of the bay of Manila were clearly visible. Eighty barotos moved out to the bay in three compact formations with 300 warriors. The Filipinos shouted cursing the Spaniards at the same time brandishing in the air their native weapons in defiance. Raha Sulayman led the formations holding overhead his talibong (a special kind of bolo used for fighting), as he thundered his command to paddle the boats faster. Legazpi ordered his soldiers and artillerists to hit only the rowers of the boats. When the Filipino warriors were within a striking distance, the Spaniards fired their harquebuses followed by the thundering bursts of cannonades. Six native boats were hit and sank and 35 warriors of the first column were killed. Their blood colored the water surrounding them. 1 15 I lt:' H5 ---- =, _\e Ls S 7XT'^ e- Natives die fighting LegaspiL Native Chieftains and warriors fight Legaspi's naval fleet. Armed with bolos, lances and other native weapons, Filipinosfall almost to the last man against Spanish cannons and harquebuses. Boats Keep on Advancing Some wounded warriors not instantly killed fell into the water due to loss of blood. They submerged to the bottom of the sea, reddening its surface. Infuriated by the first loss, Sulayman shouted harder at the top of his voice ordering his warriors to keep on advancing and to paddle their boats much faster. The brave leader saw his chieftains fell one by one to the water under the rain of whizzing cannon balls and bullets from the enemy. Suddenly, acannon ball hit Sulayman in the breast. He fell to the water and perished underneath. Not one of the remaining warriors could save him. All chieftains were wiped out, save a few remaining warriors. Legazpi was happy he had won the fight, but deep in his heart he greatly admired the courage and bravery of the Filipinos in a one-sided battle. He ordered to save the few warriors that were alive, nursing their wounds. One of them was Sulayman's brother and two were his nephews. 116 A Complete Victory for Legaspi The valiant and dauntless Raha Sulayman knew no retreat. He understood it was a one-sided fight against the invaders. He and his men weathered an unsurmountable challenge. They decided to die for the sake of freedom. They were against foreign domination. They were against vassalage and feudalism. They did not want to pay tributes to the foreign incursionists. They willingly died for a just cause. Legazpi's possession of Manila and the surrounding areas of the southern Tagalog region, by right of conquest, was then unchallenged and unmolested. The heroic struggles of the Filipino rulers and their warriors had terminated. Jubilations of Victory Admiral and Captain General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, Marshall Martin de Goiti, Captain Juan de Salcedo, Fr. Andres de Urdaneta, with the Spanish soldiers, in unison shouted at the top of their voices: "VIVA ESPANA! VIVA ESPANA!" They won the battle and Legazpi took possession of all the native settlements. Upon landing, Legazpi ordered Fr. Urdaneta to place a wooden cross in the ruined settlement of Raha Sulayman and to hold a thanksgiving mass. He started building the walled city of Manila, which is now called Intramuros. 1 17 CHAPTER XXIII SPANISH POLICIES AFTER 53 CONQUESTX The Brave Raha Sulayman hen one of the Spanish expeditions returned to Spain, on their way WA/ they were attacked by a big group of ships of unknown origin near the coast of Amboina, south of the Philippines. Some of the attacking ships were captured by the Spaniards. In one of the captured ships the Spaniards found the young son of the Emperor Luntay Sulayman and his wife Empress Ysrnera, royal descendants of the former kingdom of Maynilad. That young man came out to i be known later as Raha Sulayman who established his settlement in Mavnilad. Ruler Maud Gat Sungay Maud Gat Sungay was 38 years old when he was killed in the battle of Manila against Legazpi's forces. Like Raha Sulayman and the other Filipino warriors, he was fearless and indomitable. He was the son of one of the brothers of Raha Lakandula, and a RAHA SULAYMAN Raha Sulayman (nowRajah Soliman) with Raha Maud Gat Sungay stubbornly refused to agree to Goiti's pact accepted by Rahas Matanda and Kandole (now Lakandula). 118 Malaysian by origin. His settlement which included the present Fort Santiago, extended from the other side of the Bay of Manila up to the confines of the place called Batanes (now Bataan). Gat Sungay was the type of a ruler who could not be swayed either by diplomacy or intimidation. He exemplified the general characteristics of the brave Filipino chieftains. The common expression among them was that they would prefer death rather than to submit to the power of any foreign invader. Raha Matanda, Diplomatic Early chroniclers noted that Raha Malong Matanda was the type of a ruler who had the habit of dealing with foreign peoples with diplomacy. lie was not warlike. He sought the permanence of a peaceful life. His tenet which guided him was that a war with invaders was won not only by the use of arms but also by using peaceful means and ideas. To convince, he cited some examples: 1) By non-cooperation; 2) By not giving them provisions and food supplies; and, 3) By not providing them with any helper or laborer. This method, which is peaceful, is in effect, radical. He assured the Filipino rulers like him, that the Spaniards or foreigners would be finally persuaded, at their own behest, to leave the country. At first, Raha Matanda's counsel appeared good and acceptable. But later, the rulers changed their minds. They decided that the use of arms to drive the incursionists away was the most practical and much easier than any other means. 1J 19 King Sympathetic to Filipinos The King of Spain, otherwise called the King of the Castilles and Emperor of the Indies, issued sets of policies and instructions to the Spanish conquistadors and the colonial administrators of the Philippines to be most humanitarian and sympathetic to the Filipinos. That, in any business transaction, in any official actuation, or, in any manner affecting the Filipinos, the Spaniards should always observe strict honesty and rectitude. That anything taken by the soldiers or officials from the natives should be paid and recompensated accordingly. Compliance with King's Mandate During the first five or six years of the Spanish administration in the Philippines, the local Spanish administrators followed and obeyed to the letter the policies and instructions of their king. The relationship between the Spaniards and the Filipinos was marked with cordiality and harmony. In exchange for the products and other things the Spaniards got from the Filipinos, the former gave them buttons, small mirrors, textiles, and many other items of value which were highly appreciated by the latter. The Iberians Fool Filipinos But in later years, the Spaniards from New Spain (New Mexico) and the Iberian Peninsulacame. Their treatment of the Filipinos was diametrically opposite and contradictory to the policies ordered by the King of Spain. In the business transactions, the Spaniards from Mexico and the Peninsulars always fooled the Filipinos. Discords arose. Complaints aired by the natives were ignored by thle Spanish authorities, more especially when the complaints were directed against the abusive encomenderos.54 The Filipinos residing within their encomiendas were ordered to pay tributes to them. In most cases, these charges were so exorbitant. The poor natives who could not afford to pay, were forced to pay at the points of their bayonets. 120 Another Cause of Discord Among the important causes of the natives' antagonism toward the Spaniards, was the vigorous campaign waged by the Spanish religious missionaries to shatter down the old religious beliefs of the Filipinos. The Filipinos inherited these religious beliefs from their ancestors many centuries ago. They believed in the anitos which were supposed to be the spirits of their dead kins or forebears. They also worshipped the sun and other heavenly bodies, the trees, caves and other places of Nature, even the birds, wild animals, crocodiles and fishes like sharks which they believed were sacred and representing the holy spirits. But over and above these deities, the natives believed in the existence of one superior God whom they variously called their Bathala, Panginoon, Maykapal, Diwa or Laon. These beliefs became so deeprooted in their very existence that to dislodge the same would wipe out the existence itself. Thus, the good Monarch of Spain, did his best through his orders, instructions and decrees to understand and appease the natives in order to harmonize their relationship with the local Spanish authorities, especially, the encomenderos. But, unfortunately, the local Spanish officials remained deaf and disobedient to the good wishes of their King. The Spanish-Filipino relationship continued to worsen. The Spaniards in the country became virtual opportunists with no other purpose than to become rich overnight by exploiting the Filipinos. These were the social conditions in the Philippines after the Spaniards had established their permanent occupation of Manila and of the other important places of the country in the year 1571 under the rule of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. 12 1 CHAPTER XXIV FILIPINOS RISE AGAINST TYRANNY Vassalage and Tributes U T nder the administration of Captain and Governor General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the Spaniards succeeded in placing under their power and control most of the populated centers of the Philippines. Consequently, they subjected the Filipinos to vassalage and collected excessive tributes. The Filipinos counteracted by working for the abolition of the same. They aired their grievances in the Spanish tribunals manifesting that these impositions were unbearable. Those who were ignored and failed to obtain justice were obliged to place the law in their own hands. Lumandang Fights Authorities A brave native named Agustin Lumandang, a Bornean who settled in Manila and was given a Christian baptism by a Spanish priest, took the cudgel for his countrymen against the injustices of the Spaniards. Under his leadership, lhe gathered hundreds of followers. In the suburb of Tondo, he launched a battlecry: "Down with the conquistadors! May the Filipinos live!" Then, he and his followers attacked the provisional chapel of Tondo. A priest missionary and some Spanish officials of the government were killed. They Capture Lumandang and Followers The Spanish troops arrived and the rebellion was immediately stopped. Agustin Lumandang and his principal followers were captured and con122 demned to death by hanging while the rest of Lumandang's men were committed to forced labor as oarsmen in the galleons. Lumandang Refuses Last Sacraments When Lumandang was about to be hanged, he was offered by a Spanish priest to take the last sacraments. He refused it, telling the priest that he would prefer to take it under another religion whose acts were kind and humanitarian. He condemned the Spanish religion which, he said, was cruel and ungodly. He further said, repeating what the old rulers used to say, that God alone was the owner of all the lands on earth. The Spanish conquistadors had no right to dispossess them of the same. Neither had they the right to impose vassalage5,6 and to collect tributes.7 Then, at that moment, by himself, Ihe placed the cord around his neck to show to the Spaniards that he preferred to die than to live as a subject of the godless tyrants. Lenient Governors After Legazpi After the death of Captain and Governor General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi on August 20, 1572, the captain and governor generals who followed introduced a lenient governmental policy by trying their best to harmonize the relationship between the Spaniards and the Filipinos. One of them was Captain and Governor General Ronquillo de Pefialosa who assumed office on June 1, 1580 replacing Governor and Captain General Francisco de Sande. Governor Pefialosa severely censured the hostile acts of the government officials and of the religious missionaries. According to him, no reforms could be achieved with acts of cruelty. Unfortunately, the orders he issued to stop the abuses, were ignored by the government officials under him and by the religious missionaries. The power and authority of the Church was over and above the Government. The ecclesiastical power and authority was at high command and supreme. Cruel punishments imposed by the Church were followed and obeyed. The Filipinos continued to suffer the penalties of death and forced labor for life. 123 CHAPTER XXV SPANIARDS DISREGARD THEIR KING Filipinos Lose Their Patience Tim he encomenderos continued to collect excessive tributes. The religious missionaries made intrusions into the secret family affairs of the Filipinos. Movements of the natives were strictly observed and restricted. Informations about the obtaining causes of unrest which resulted in the sporadic uprisings of the Filipinos against the Spanish government reached the King of Spain. The King immediately issued royal orders and decrees designed to curb and stop the abuses of the authorities of the Church and of the government in the Philippines. But these royal orders and decrees of the King of Spain were unheeded, disregarded and disobeyed. The hatred of the Filipinos against the Spanish authorities was reaching the saturation point. The Spaniards, mainly, the Church authorities, attributed back to the Filipinos the blame for ignorance and failure to understand what civilization was. It was futile for the Filipinos to complain. Some Spaniards, Sympathetic Although the actuations of the majority of the Spaniards were very highly undesirable to the Filipinos, there were a few of them who showed humanitarian sympathy. These few, among the officials of the Government and of the Church, did their utmost to comply with the royal decrees and orders of the King. The grateful Filipinos, in return, befriended with them. These benevolent Spaniards, however, were looked upon as traitors and enemies by the majority who corrupted and exploited the Filipinos. This majority, thru 124 manipulations and intrigues, succeeded in having the minority deported to places outside the Philippines. This made the Filipino leaders feel apprehensive and they took more vigor to professionalize their crusade for reforms. Frequent armed encounters occurred. Each crusader that fell was replaced by another. The King Bans Cruelty and Death The King of Spain issued royal orders to the Philippine Government and the Church Hierarchy banning the penalties of death and all forms of cruelty against the Filipinos. The King wanted to replace these penalties, in extreme cases, with life imprisonment. In this manner, the King said, the culprits could be given the chance to reform and to return to the fold of the law. But the local Spanish authorities, as usual, disobeyed these orders of the King. They reasoned out that the bad grasses must have to be uprooted.59 125 CHAPTER XXVI SPANIARDS KILL RULERS' PROGENIES~ Governor, Weak Administrator or six years, from 1584 to 1590, Dr. Santiago de Vera was the Captain F and Governor General of the Philippines. It was said that he was a man of notable intellectual qualities and civic virtues, however, he lacked the strength of character to impose his will. He was a dismal failure to carry out his ideas and policies in his administration of the affairs of the government. De Vera Forms a Committee Upon assuming his office, Captain and Governor General De Vera created a committee under the direct charge of his office. This committee was composed of the principal officials of the different religious organizations. Its purpose was to find ways and means to suppress the rebellious activities of the various native groups who fought for reforms. The centers of the reformists' activities were in Luzon and in the Visayan region. Reformists Kill Spaniards The conquistadors who had now become encomenderos, committed various kinds of injustices. On top of this, were the abuses of the missionary priests in the towns. Hordes of discontented Filipinos led by reform crusaders made hideouts in the mountains. Every now and then, they would come out 126 of their lairs and killed the Spanish officials of the Government and also the missionary priests. With these activities the Spanish population of the country depleted. To curb the abuses of the encomenderos and of the religious missionaries, Governor De Vera issued orders to execute the royal mandates and decrees of the King of Spain to treat the Filipinos with leniency and to respect their human rights. But De Vera, like his predecessors, was disobeyed and unlistened to by his subordinates, more especially, by the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Governor's Committee Takes Action The committee, however, under the direct charge of the Governor, decided, with reluctance, to send out a troop of Spanish soldiers. De Vera's order was to penetrate the mountain lairs of the reform crusaders and to kill them without mercy, including their women and children. Against his will and his own order and against the wishes of the King, he had to accede to the cruel intentions of the officials of the troop he was sending out against the Filipino reformers. MNost of the leaders of the reform movement, were progenies (r descendants of the old and former native rulers and warriors. Spaniards Watch Old Rulers Known old Filipino rulers and warriors were placed under strict surveillance by the Spanish authorities. On the other hand, the young descendants of these old rulers and warriors united together in order to acquire strength to meet the Spanish forces in armed encounters. Many of the young descendants died in the encounters defending their common cause. A Christianized Muslim Leader In 1588, among the rabid Filipino reformists was a Christianized Muslim named Agustin Legazpi. Under his leadership, he was able to gather a sizeable group of valuable men in Tondo. They attacked a small Spanish garrison of this place killing a missionary priest and some Spaniards. A group 127 of Spanish soldiers arrived on time killing some of the Filipinos and captured their leader Agustin Legazpi. The Spanish soldiers hanged him in a tree in Tondo. Some Churchmen are Kind Not all the members of the religious missionary were heartless and ungodly. There were a few of them of good souls and conscience. One of them was a high official of the ecclesiastical order who interceded on behalf of the protesting reformists, especially, the descendants of the old Filipino rulers and warriors. The intervention of this ecclesiastical dignitary succeeded in repealing the punitive policy of the Spanish government and of the Church hierarchy against the Filipino reformists. According to the high Church official, whose name was not mentioned, the policy of both the government and the church had the color of, and similarity to, what King Herod of ancient times did to the children of Israel or of the Holy Land. 128 CHAPTER XXVII SULTAN ALI MUDDIN OF JOLO' Sultan Ali Muddin Governor General Offers Treaty jO~v n January 18, 1737, Spanish Governor General Fernando Valdes Tamon, offered a treaty of peace, trade and mutual protection to Ali Muddin, sultan of Jolo, which the latter willingly accepted. Frequent and continuous harassments, pillage and piracy perpetrated by the Muslims against Christian Filipinos, had prompted Governor Valdes Tamon to offer the treaty as a move of diplomacy and a gesture of amity. But in spite of this mutual agreement, the recalcitrant followers of Ali Muddin continued their depradatory raids on the Christian population of the country, particularly, in the Visayas and Mindanao. Gov. Gen. Fernando Valdez Tamon. 129 King Philip Approves Treaty Sometime in 1744 Sultan Ali Muddin received Fr. Francisco Sazi, S. J. and Major Sergeant Tomas de Arrevillaga as religious missionaries from Gov. Gen. Gaspar de la Torre who replaced Gov. Valdes Tamon in July 1739. The emissaries presented a letter from King Philip V of Spain informing Sultan Ali Muddin that the Treaty entered into by the latter with Governor Valdes Tamon was ratified by the Royal Cedula dated June 9, 1742. In addition to the terms of the treaty, the King of Spain offered arm protection to the Sultan's territory in case of extraneous attack. Greatly elated, Sultan Ali Muddin sailed to Zamboanga Fort to which he fetched the Jesuit missionaries to preach Catholicism to his people. On September 21, 1745, Gov. Gen. Gaspar de la Torre died and Bishop Juan de Arrechederra of Nueva Segovia, replaced the deceased governor as Acting Governor General of the Philippines. The people of Jolo resented Ali Muddin's acceptance of the Christian religion and their hostilities forced the Spanish missionaries to return back to the Fort of Zamboanga. A few days later, Sultan Ali Muddin with his family had to flee also to Zamboanga following an unsuccessfiul attempt at his life. Sultan Ali Muddin, with 70 of his loyal followers left for Manila to seek Government help to restore him back to power. Royal Welcome for the Sultan A royal welcome for Sultan Ali Muddin was prepared by Acting Governor General Juan de Arrechederra. Upon entering Manila, the Sultan was accompanied by the Captain of the Guards, all houses were decorated, the streets were lined by 2,000 foot soldiers and patrolled by 800 cavalrymen. Big guns were fired in his honor. The whole city of Manila was in a festive mood and the populace stepped out from their homes to witness the grandiose arrival of the Sultan of Jolo. During his stay, banquets were tendered in his honor, he was personally visited and greeted by the religious and government officials and he returned their visits. The Spanish officialdom lavished him with gifts. 130 Ali Muddin Accepts Catholicism On December 1, 1749, Sultan Ali Muddin willingly embraced the Catholic faith, after four months of orientation in the Christian religion. He gave up his concubines, shaved off his beard and recited the rosary every day. Then he wrote a letter to the Archbishop of Manila manifesting his desire to be baptized. A board of 15 prelates gave him a test which he successfully passed. He was baptized with a name of "Ferdinand" by Dominican Father Enrique Martin on April 25, 1750. Acting Governor General Arrechederra acted as his godfather. The baptism was followed by four days of feasting. On July 20, 1750, however, Acting Gov. Gen. Arrechederra turned over his office to Francisco Jose Obando when the latter was appointed new Governor General of the Philippines on November 12, 1750. Gov. Obando Fulfills Treaty To fulfill the terms of the Treaty between the Spanish Government and the Sultan of Jolo, Gov. Gen. Obando prepared a fleet to take Ali Muddin back to Jolo and to reinstate him to the sultanate throne which had been taken over by his brother, Prince Asim. On July 22, 1751, Ali Muddin arrived in Zamboanga, but earlier, on June 26, 1751, a Philippine-Spanish naval fleet arrived in Jolo demanding from Prince Asim that the sultanate throne be restored back to Ali. At the same timtne, the fleet commander, also demanded the release of the Christian captives. But when Asim and the fleet commander met at Zamboanga, not even one Christian captive was released. The truth of the matter surfaced out that Prince Asim and his brother Ali Muddin were actually not inimical to each other, but instead, they connived together purposely to deceive the Manila Government and the King of Spain. This fact came to the knowledge of the Spanish authorities and Ali Muddin was immediately arrested and imprisoned in Fort Santiago on June 15, 1752. 131 Governor Obando Retaliates In October 1751, Governor General Obando, infuriated, issued an order to all Filipino citizens to wage war against the Moros, granting them the enjoyment of the spoils that they could obtain. However, as a move for appeasement, Ali Muddin offered his own daughter, Fatima, in exchange for the 50 Christian captives. With a pledge that within a year's time, the captives had to be released. Governor Obando accepted the offer. In the meantime, Ali Muddin was able to get permission from the Archbishop of Manila to marry his former concubine Rita Calderon. They were married on April 27, 1755. He also obtained the lifting of the ecclesiastical censure which allowed him to hear mass again. On his wedding day, Gov. General Obando ordered his release from prison provided him with a monthly pension to enable him to maintain a standard of life in keeping with his royal status. 132 CHAPTER XXVIII SULTAN KUDARAT, A MINDANAO HERO Nine Years After Legazpi ine years after the coming of the Spanish colonizer and Captain General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi to the Philippines, precisely, in the year 1580, Sultan Mohammad Dipatuan Kudarat was born. This great Muslim leader ruled over his Sultanate of \, Maguindanao (now Mindanao) in a span of 52 years (1619-1671). His career as a ruler was considered one s of the most colorful in Philippine history. He was married to one of / A the daughters of Sultan Mawallil Wasit of the Sulu Archipelago, who ruled over his sultanate during the SULTAN MOHAMMAD early part of the 17th century. Sultan DIPATUAN KUDARAT Kudarat was the contemporary of both Raha Bongsu and the latter's son Sultan Salah Ud-Din Bakhtiar. Sultan Kudarat died at the ripe age of 91 years. 133 Mindanao's Most Powerful Ruler Sultan Kudarat's domain was situated in the mainland of Mindanao covering what are now known as the three Cotabato provinces, the provinces of Bukidnon and the two Lanaos. Sultan Kudarat had also some ties with the Sulu Sultanate, he being the son-in-law of Sultan Mawallil Wasit. His prestige and influence was not only confined within his own domain. lHe was also widely known and respected in the ancient Sulu Sultanate as far as Sabah. He was mainly influential in creating a pervading consciousness of the Islam religion among the Muslim inhabitants of the different sultanates reaching as far as the Moluccas. Sultan Kudarat was also titled Nasir Uddin and in the 1650's he was recognized as the most powerful Muslim ruler in the Philip — pines. Kudarat Rules After Father's Death When Sultan Kudarat's father, Sultan Buisan, died in 1602, he ascended to the power as Ruler of the Maguindanao Sultanate. During the reign of his father, Mindanao experienced the first attavck of the Spaniards. Sultan Kudarat himself had armed encounters with the Spanish conquistadors who wanted to wrest from him the possession of his sultanate. tie successfully repulsed them. Kudarat's Bloodiest Battle In the early part of the year 1637, Hurtado de Corcuera, Captain and Governor General of the Philippines, led personally the combined SpanishIndio2 forces and attacked the Muslim citadel at Lamitan near Lake Lanao. Sultan Kudarat with 2,000 native warriors met the enemy in what was considered as the bloodiest and one of the biggest battles of his career. The Muslim leader and his warriors including women and children, fought with 134 great vigor and bravery, many of them heroically dying in the struggle. Kudarat sustained a bullet wound in one arm, fought his way through the Spanish lines and escaped. His wife, clasping her baby at her breast, also ran through the Spanish lines, jumped over a cliff and eluded capture. Kudarat Rallies Other Leaders Sultan Kudarat rallied the other Muslim leaders to maintain their hold on the Islam Faith and to defend their respective enclaves62 from foreign incursions. When some of the Maranao chieftainss3 collaborated with the Spaniards in the construction of a walled fort in the midst of the Muslim settlements, he convened them at a place and lectured to them emphasizing that they should realize the serious consequences of their collaboration with the Spaniards. Sultan Sways His Countrymen Culled from the Jesuits' records, it was known that Sultan Kudarat, in his lectures to his countrymen, had the power to penetrate their innermost feelings. He said: "What have you done? Do you realize what subjection would reduce you to? A toilsome slavery under the Spaniards! Turn your eyes to the subject nations and look at the misery to which such glorious nations had been reduced. Look at the Tagalogs and the Visayans! Do you think that the Spaniards would consider you of better stuff? Have you not seen how the Spaniards have trampled them under their feet? Do you not see how they are obliged to work at the oars and at the factories everyday with all their might and rigors? Can you tolerate anyone with a little Spanish blood to beat you up and grasp thefruits of your labor? A Hlow yourselves today and tomorrow you will be at the oars. I, at least, will be a pilot, the biggest favor they will allow in a ship. Do not let their sweet words deceive you. Their promisesfacilitate their deceits, which, little by little, will enable them to control everything. Reflect on how they dishonored even the minor promises they made to the heads of other nations until they had become masters of them all. See now what is being done to these heads and how they are being led by a rod!" 135 Collaborators Heed Sultan's Advice Muslims who had been won before by the Spaniards who were already considered as their die-hard collaborators, heeded the admonitions of Sultan Kudarat. The Maranaos stopped and refused to continue helping the Spaniards in the construction of their fortifications. Later, they even took up arms, fought the Spaniards and burned their forts. Kudarat Leads Sallies in Visayas Sultan Kudarat did not only confine himself to the defense of his domain in Mindanao. He also led sallies against the Spaniards in their established positions in the Visayan Islands. Kudarat was not only a valiant warrior; he was also an astute diplomat. Ile entered into treaties with the Spaniards and the Dutch but later, the diplomatic agreements were broken. Sultan Kudarat always maintained and upheld his principle to keep the independence of the Muslim territories. HIle abhored foreign molestation and incursion into the Muslim Faith. Handsome Prize for Kudarat's Head The Spaniards' offered a big prize for Sultan Kudarat's head. In order that they could succeed in their planned conquest of Mindanao, they had to eliminate the brave Sultan at any cost. Ultimately, the Spaniards, seeing the futility of their efforts in Mindanao, had to withdraw their forces from the southern region of the Philippines in order to reinforce their garrisons in Luzon which were threatened by the invasion of Kok Sin Ga, the Chinese conqueror of Formosa. This eventuality left Sultan Kudarat in peace and his rule was unmolested from the years 1665 to 1671 when death came to him. 136 tonors for Sultan in the daratf by riohal her~rs of the P hi lip l C MMM RAIY I STA M PS It tlor k all t rtoee hundred years to lpass bef ore due rcognimmemoration and hoor werei given tisito s this very greeat n, anrd mst valiant Mur slim leader - Sultan Mlohamlmad DiLpatuan Kudarat. 1o6 honor, i glorify and rememb him, amg r President eFerdinand E. Mar co e of the Republac of the e Philippines, declard him a national hero o re ashrired e tpin te Hall Bof Famet sidte b side With the other grei a grt a- SnL ARAT tional heroes of the Philip- C0MEr lMORAiLE STArlMaPS pines for all genreratioras to emulate. Commemorative Presidenta Ferdinanld Marco)s ordered the is uarnce of te ortive svns by the setartrpps %ibrith fthft ofela a i stamps with the pcture of Burc of ts honr SUltaRn Kdar. Irn Sultattn Kuda ert.h re ts e hi g piclhe st ok orvers ftr tated printed by President Mvarc s Saoles 4 he Vamps. which were presented at a Malacraaing ceremony to the descendants of the nrational hero. The preseltation coincided with tihc first day of the year 1395 of the Muslrm calendar. Sixteen million pieces of the stamps in 15-centavo deaominations were rintedf r isuancea by the B uraau o st. raned su venlr copes werw presented to nrig Faisal of Saudi &Arabia, Prim Minier Ali Bll htto of Pakistan, President Soeharto of Indonesia, Presidenlt Anwar Sadat of Egypt, and Minister T1an lAbdul Rasaak of Mealaysia. One ofii the oilt a t ers owned by the Philippine Govetrnmentt w1as named I'/T SULTAN KUDARAT. These were not only the tokenr, of hon rrfor Sultan Kuldarat, One ofte ghest h orders and decorations of the Republic of the Philippanes was the creation of a new prov137 ince, one of the three provinces of the original Cotabato, and, a municipality named after him. In addition to these, a monument to the national hero now stands in the financial center of Makati, Metro Manila. 138 CHAPTER XXIX MORE TYRANNIES, MORE REBELLIONS Tobacco, Alcoholic Drinks A fter the first century of the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, the Filipinos engaged in trade and commerce. The principal products they traded on were tobacco and alcoholic drinks. These two products were the main sources of their livelihood. The tobacco leaves they sold were properly cured or processed, and the alcoholic drinks were well fermented. Introduction Definitely Unknown Conjectures were made as to the date when tobacco and the fermented drinks were introduced into the Philippines, but there was no record available to definitely determine it. It was, however, known that when the Spanish conquistadors came, the natives were already using a certain kind of plant similar to tobacco. The people of the Visayan Islands called the plant liponglipong. The people, also, were already addicted to the use of the fermented drinks from the saps of the native palms such as coconut, nipa and buri. Some chroniclers stated that these vices were introduced into the country by immigrants from India and the Moluccas islands. Others said that the Chinese were the first to bring them to the Philippines several centuries before the advent of the Castilles. 139 Spaniards Collect Excessive Tributes The Spaniards, engaged in the same abusive practices ever since, collected excessive tributes and taxes from tobacco and fermented drinks sold by Filipinos. As usual, frequent quarrels and bloody incidents between the Spanish collectors of tributes and taxes and the Filipino traders and merchants occurred. Conquistadors Get More Lands The Spanish conquistadors continued their campaign to acquire more lands from the Filipinos. They either subjugated them by force from their landholdings or subjected the landowners to vassalage and the excessive payment of tributes. By necessity, the Spaniards did this for their survival and to satisfy their ambition for the acquisition of wealth. On the other hand, the Filipinos had to learn the arts of warfare from their encounters with the conquistadors. In due time, by resorting to force, their only means to counteract the Spaniards, they succeeded in dealing their tormentors disastrous blows. From Modification to Monopoly Due to the frequent bloody encounters between the government collectors of tributes and taxes and the native traders, the government authorities modified their oppressive policies. But later, they even made it worse. They changed their policies from modification to a scheme of monopoly. The government monopolized the tobacco and liquor trades. This propelled the Filipinos to continue fighting with more vigor and vehemence against their tyrant oppressors. 140 Magat Salamat Leads a Society In 1585, the Pampangos took up arms against the Spaniards for the abuses committed by them in their encomiendas. This uprising, however, was immediately suppressed by the Spanish military forces and their leaders were executed. Magat Salamat, son of Raha Lakandula, together with the other native rulers, also formed a secret society with the intention of regaining Lakandula's former kingdom and the freedom that the old man had lost. This society existed for more than a year without the knowledge of the Spanish authorities. After the society had gathered enough strength and was preparing to start an uprising, an Indio, a Filipino pro-Spanish collaborator, betrayed the society to the Spanish government resulting in the arrest and eventual execution of its leaders including Magat Salamat. Uprisings in Cagayan Province In the years 1589, 1596, 1601, 1622, 1625, 1628, and 1639, the province of Cagayan became the hotbed of uprisings of the Filipinos against the Spaniards. The main causes were the tyrannical practices of the Spanish collectors of the payments of tributes anrid taxes from the Filipinos. The uprisings were quelled after the Spanish military forces succeeded in putting to death some of their leaders. In 1601, the Igorots rose in arms against the ecclesiastical authorities when they were forced to be subjected to the Christian religion and to forget their ancestral beliefs. The Igorots killed an Agustinian priest, a Spanish Captain by the name of Aranda, and several Filipino Indios who collaborated with the Spaniards. The Igorot uprising was suppressed due to inferiority of arms against theiroppressors. Cruelties perpetrated by the Spaniards against the Gaddangs, caused the latter to take up arms against their cruel masters, in the year 1622. The Spanish military forces suppressed the uprising and through the mediation of the priests of the Order of St. Dominic. 141 Tamblot's Defiance in Bohol Tamblot of Bohol, in 1622, vigorously worked for reforms. He assailed the excessive collection of tributes and the abuses of the Spanish priests. Tamblot, under his leadership, had gathered about 1,500 followers in the province. Definitely informed about this movement, the governor of the province of Cebu ordered Juan de Alcarazo, alcalde mayor of the City of Cebu to stop the defiant movement. Alcarazo assembled 50 Spaniards and 1,500 Filipino-Indios armed with Spanish weapons and attacked Tamblot and his followers. Spanish priest Murillo Velarde, in his account, stated that on New Year's day, 1622, Alcarazo and his soldiers marched to the mountains through rugged hills, deep ravines and marshes where the mud was knee-deep and at times reaching their waists for five consecutive days. On the fifth day, the Filipino-Indios killed one native warrior. When the Spaniards subjected the Tamblot warriors under a heavy musket barrage, the latter retreated to the bamboo thickets. A heavy rain fell. Thinking that due to the rain, the Spanish muskets became unusable, Tamblot and his men fought back the Spanishlndio troops. But the latter rained bullets without let-up which caused the native warriors to retreat to the mountains. A few of them who were left behind surrendered to their enemy. Tamblot reassembled his men and entrenched themselves atop a rugged hill. They closed the pathway toward it with thorns and brambles and planted sharp stakes on it. They also placed many crossbows in the branches of the trees to kill enemies ascending the hill. At the top of this, they gathered big stones to hurl against them. End of Tamblot's Resistance After a lull of six months, Juan de Alcarazo, with 40 Spanish soldiers and many Indio collaborators, returned to Bohol to dislodge the Tamblot fighters from their hideout. The Spanish forces met hardships and difficulties ascending the rugged hill. They sacrificed the lives of the Indio collaborators whom Alcarazo sent ahead of the Spanish soldiers. Ultimately, however, with their superiorfiring power from behind, the Spaniards succeeded getting to the top of the hill where they shot and killed many native combatants including Tamblot. The rest of his followers fled, thus ending the Tamblot resistance. 142 The Leyte Uprising of 1622 Following the Tamblot uprising in Bohol, another uprising broke out in Leyte, under the leadership of Bancao, ruler of the Island of Limasawa. Bancao incited the natives of Carigara, Leyte, to take up arms against the Spanish tyrannies. This leader, during his younger days, was awarded a royal decree of gratitude by King Philip II of Spatin for his hospitable services to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and to the other Spaniards who came to the Philippines. But in later years, the Spaniards committed many abuses and he became bitterly inimical against them. Fr. Melchor de Vera, noticing the antagonistic movements of Bancao, reported him to the Spanish military authorities in Cebu. Captain Alcarazo was again ordered to handle the case. He prepared an armada of 40 vessels manned with Spanish soldiers and many Indio collaborators. At first, Alcarazo offered friendship and peace to Bancao, but the latter vehemently refused the offer. Then Alcarazo attacked Bancao and his warriors. They bravely retaliated causing loss of lives on the enemy, but due to superiority in arms and fighting men, the Spaniards overwhelmed Bancao thus ending his fight against Spanish abuses and tyrannies. Caraga Chieftain Fights Back In the year 1630, an unnamed native chieftain of Caraga, Mindanao, was manhandled by Spanish Captain Juan Bautista, commander of the Fort of Caraga. lie was designated commander by Governor General Juan Niflo de Tabora. To avenge the beating and degradation he received from the Spanish commander, the chieftain rallied his followers and killed Captain Bautista and 20 of his Spanish soldiers together with four Recollect missionaries. The Spaniards who showed cowardice against the Caraga fighters, emboldened the latter to fight the Spaniards with ferocity. Following Captain Bautista' s debacle, a help was dispatched to Caraga from Cebu under Captain Chaves which was later reinforced with more soldiers under Martin Larrios. 143 The Caraga warriors fought furiously, hut the superior forces of the Spaniards, ultimately, defeliated them. Thus ending the insuliedl chieftain's rebellion. A Woman, Apple of Discord The oppressive policies of the Spaniards aggravated by acts of cruelty of Marcos Zapata, alcalde mayor of Cagayan, caused the natives of the place to take up arms joined in by the other Filipinos from several nearby villages. The apple of discord was one of the principal wom)en of Cagayan who was maltreated by the alcalde mayor inflicting on her some physical injuries. At ten o'clock in the morning of March 6, 1639, a big horde of niative warriors entered the sentry-F)st, killed the sentinel and all the other Spaniards who gave resistance. Thence, the native force went to the fort, broke down its gates and attacked the Spanish soldiers therein. Five soldiers who were unable to escape remained. They were burned inside when the fort was set on fire. The native fighters held the fort for sometime, but later, it was retaken upon the arrival of the Spanish reinforcements. 144 CHAPTER XXX MORE SANGUINARY UPHEAVALS Compulsory Labor in Cavite _B etween the years 1649 and 1650 compulsory enlistment of laborers to work in the construction of ships at the Cavite shipyard caused the revolt of the Visayans against the Spaniards. The subversive movement started in the village of Palapag, Leyte which made Governor General Diego Fajardo of the Philippines apprehensive. Ile feared the movements might spread throughout the whole Visayan region up to Mindanao. Cause of Subversive Movements When the alcalde mayor of Palapag, Leyte, begun gathering laborers to be sent to Cavite, the people of the villages immediately assembled at the house of Sumuroy. They organized themselves into three groups under the leadership of Juan Ponce, Pedro Coamug and Sumuroy. The leaders called upon the people of Catubig, Pambohon, Catarman and Homan to join. Soon after, the fever of defiance spread out to Sorsogon and the Cam: ines provinces and to the northern part of Mindanao. As a countermeasure, the alcalde mayor of Palapag, Leyte, gathered all the boats and men available. In the meanwhile, the natives entrenched themselves on an impregnable hill which they called "The table of Palapag". At this place, they built deep trenches and strong stockades, with many sharp stakes, noose-traps and suspended boulders to be hurled down upon their enemies. 145 Governor Calls a War Council The seriousness of the situation forced Governor General Diego Fajardo to call a council of war and assigned Andres Lopez Asaldegui as commander of the expedition composed of the Spanish soldiers and the Indio troops from Manila and Pampanga on board the 13 oared vessels and two champans. The expedition was reinforced by four Caracoas loaded with Spaniards and 44 Lutaos under the leadership of Francisco Ugbo from Zamboanga. The overall commanders of the Zamboanga forces were Admiral Juan de Ullos and Captain Juan Muifoz. The force of Rojas was further strengthened by Captain Francisco Sandoval and his soldiers from Cebu and Juan Fernandez de Leon who brought more men from Sulu and Caraga and from other provinces. These forces were assembled in Catbalogan, Samar. Rojas divided them into three divisions. Two were under the commands of Sandoval and De Leon and the third was under him. Sandoval to Reduce Palapag Captain Gines de Rojas, expedition commander, ordered Capt. Francisco Sandoval to go to his encomienda at Catubig and from there, he had to proceed to Palapag and reduce the village. Captain De Leon was ordered to go with his force through Tubig, Sulat, Borongan, and other villages. But first he had to pass at Cuigan to get as many Indios as possible. Captain Gines de Rojas had chosen for himself the villages of Catarman and Babor which were the areas of his encomienda. The Battle of Palapag Fr. Diaz, a friar, narrated the battle between the Spanish forces and the native warriors, thus: "Don GinesdeRojasentrusted to Captain Silvestre deRodas the command of the Lutao soldiers with their commanderDon Francisco Macambo. For himself, Don Gines, he took the battalion of soldiers which attacked in 146 front. The vanguard and rearguard were placed under the commands of Captains Sandoval and Juan Fernandez de Leon. Assault being planned in that manner, Don Gines engaged the native warriors to the sounds of the drums and trumpets. Ile and his soldiers climbed the Palapag till with great difficulty and danger. The native combatants would have been able to do great damage to our men by cutting the rattans with which they tied big stones to the trunks of the trees, had it not been for the Divine Providence that directed these missiles to places where they did no damage to our soldiers. Our men went up the hill with obstinacy and the natives went out to meet them with so great valor that it seemed rather a desperation on our part. The damage inflicted upon them by our harquebuses did not seem to cool them down for they tried to throw themselves with more fury on our spears and swords in their anxiety to die while at the same time killing others. The fight lastedfor many hours. The natives who were already tired and wounded were being replaced with fresh ones. Don Gines, seeing that the fury of the native warriors was invincible,for they were fighting more like lions than men, retreated with his men who were so tired and many of them had been wounded. The natives also retired, satisfied at the resistance they had heroically shown." Friar Continues His Narration The friar, on the Spaniards' side, continued his narrative of the encounters: "Very different was the success of the brave Silvestre de Rodas with his Lutao soldiers under the charge of Don Francisco Ugbo and Don Francisco Macambo who, on July 2, 1650 made the assault at the most difficult point. They ordered their soldiers to climb the hill, one by one, without arms. Their effort was blocked by a very heavy rain which lasted during a great part of the night. But unminding the obstacle, Silvestre de Rodas and his men were able to penetrate the native encampment at the top of the hill taking the natives by surprise. Confused, a panic of terror caught them and unprepared tofight, they had toflee in haste and abandoned their hideout. Don Gines, on the other hand, ascended the Palapag Hill on the other side, and ordered his soldiers to burn the natives' quarters." 147 Thus ends the Spanish priest's narration. The Leyte-Samar Filipinos lost their fight against the tyrannical policies of the Spanish government in the Philippines. Andres Malong of Pangasinan Like the other Filipino fighters against the Spaniards to stop their abuses in the country, Andres Malong of Binalatongan, Pangasinan, rose to leadership. He led his people to fight the Spaniards. After gathering thousands of followers, Malong proclaimed himself "King" of Pangasinan and vested his principal leaders with official titles. He dispatched Pedro Gumapos, whom he designated as "Count", to the Ilocos and Cagayan regions with 3,0(00) Filipino warriors to dislodge the Spaniards from those places. To Pampanga, he sent other officials with 6,000 fighters. Some of his principal men were able to score successes in their campaigns. This inspired Malong to organize more forces. One was under the command of Jacinto Macasiag of Binalatongan with 4,0(X)00 followers. Hle was ordered by his "King" to proceed to Cagayan to induce the people there to join the fight against the Spaniards with all his forces out of Binalatongan, but a bad luck fell upon him. At that time, the Spanish Generals Ugalde and Esteybar had joined forces and attacked Binalatongan. Andres Malong called for succor from his men in Pampanga, but for unknown reasons, the latter did not come to save him from the precarious situation. Being helpless to face a much superior force, Malong ordered the burning of his entrenchment in Binalatongan, and later, he was captured by the Spaniards thru the treachery of his own men. This ended the "Malong Kingdom" in Pangasinan. 148 CHAPTER XXXI ACTS OF FILIPINO NOBILITY Filipinos Loyal to Spain W y T ithin a span of 191 years, from the death of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi on August 20, 1572 to the signing of the Peace Treaty between Spain and Great Britain on February 10, 1763, the Spanish sovereignty over the Philippines had been subjected to armed disturbances by other foreign powers interested in the acquisition of the Philippines. The Filipinos, to show their sincere allegiance and loyalty to the Spanish Crown, willingly cooperated with the Spaniards, dying in the battlefields side by side with thlem to defend Spain's sovereignty and their native land from falling into other alien hands. In almost all armed encounters against the foreign enemy, the major portion of the Spanish forces were Filipinos and only in a minor ratio were the Spaniards.. This shows the fact that the foreign enemy - had to fight first the Filipinos before they could fight the Spaniards. Let us review some major incidents in our history in which the Filipinos had shown acts of nobility to the Crown of Spain. % t... Limahong Dreams of an Empire:.. Limahong, a Chinese pirate, dreamed of taking possession of the Philippines to LIMAHONG make it his own empire. Outlawed by the 14c9 Emperor of China for his piratical activities, on November 29, 1574, he loaded 62 war vessels with 2,000 sailors, 2,000 soldiers, 1,500 women, and many artisans, and set sail to realize his invasion objective. Limahong first landed in the Province of Ilocos Sur to obtain provisions. He looted the people and set a village on fire. He left immediately southward before Captain Juan de Salcedo could come to fight him. In Manila, Limahong, through his lieutenant named Sioco, had an armed encounter with the Spanish-Filipino force under the command of Marshall Goiti who was killed in the fight. Captain Juan de Salcedo arrived on time with a big force of reinforcement, the majority of which were Filipinos. After several successive big battles, Limahong lost a big chunk of his men. He was forced to leave Manila and sailed back northward. He entered the Agno River in Pangasinan. Here, he established the capital of his kingdom. For several months, he stayed here in peace and undisturbed. But later, Captain Juan de Salcedo arrived and drove him off for goodc leaving behind many of his men who covered up his escape. To avoid capture and slaughter, these Sangleys ran to the mountains. Years later, a new race developed in Pangasinan called Chinese-Igorotte mestizos. Sangleys' Governor Revolts The Governor of the Sangleys named Bautistillo led 10,000 Chinese against the Spanish Government. The Chinese killed several Spaniards and burned their houses outside the Walled City (now Intramuros). Don Luis de las Marinas led a small contingent of Spanish soldiers against the Sangleys killing many of them. But Don Luis was outnumbered and he had to ask for reinforcement. Gen. Juan de Arcega gave him the combined Spanish-Filipino force he needed. Bautistillo retreated leading the pursuers to a swamp. Bogged in the deep mud in the swamp, the Chinese turned back their attack on the Spanish-Filipino soldiers killing almost all of them save four who were able to escape. The Spanish Governor ordered a force of 400 Spanish, Filipino and Japanese soldiers to launch a counter-offensive against Bautistillo's horde. They killed more than 1,500 Sangleys and burned all their food stocks. The Chinese left San Francisco del Monte and marched toward the town of 150 Dilao and assembled in a chapel. While here, SargentoMayor Gallinatowith a force composed of 150 Spaniards and Filipinos and 500 Japanese fighters attacked the Chinese killing 500 of them in the chapel. The Chinese launched a counter-attack with 1,400 men, but 1,000 Filipinos from Pampanga came to fight them. More than 1,000 of the Chinese were killed. They set the Parian, a Chinese community inside the Walled City, on fire. Remnants of the Chinese marched toward San Pablo, Laguna, only to be overtaken by 1,000 Filipinos and 500 Spaniards under the command of Don Luis de Velasco. Almost all of the Sangleys were slaughtered. The survivors, about 500 of them, were ordered by the Spanish Governor to return to the Walled City. But still, many of them reassembled at San Pablo, Laguna. Captain De Velasco attacked them with a small Spanish force, but overpowered by the Chinese, De Velasco himself was killed in the fight. In retaliation, Sargento Mayor Ascoeta with 2()00 Filipinos from Pampanga, 220 Spaniards, 4(00 Japanese, 200 Muslims and 500 other men of mixed nationalities liquidated all the Chinese. In Batangas, 2,500 Chinese were killed by Ascoeta's forces, when they were about to leave the country by boats. Filipinos Fight the Dutch Spain and Holland fought for supremacy in the Far East during the 16th and 17th centuries. When Portugal acquired the Moluccas markets, Spain banined the Dutch traders from these markets, causing the latter to retaliate. The Dutch worked to cripple the galleon trade between the Philippines and Mexico. Naval battles between the Spaniards and the Dutch ensued in which the former mostly used in the fights Filipino seamen and warriors. Eleven Dutch Naval Ships Came In June 1647, eleven Dutch naval ships came under Admiral Martin Gertzen. They anchored off Mariveles. The following morning, they attacked the Port of Cavite. With many Filipino soldiers, the Spaniards fought 151 back the Dutch for eight hours. They crippled and did much damage to the Dutch naval vessels and killed many of their soldiers including Admiral Gertzen. The Dutch vessels sailed back to Mariveles and repaired their damages. On June 22, The Dutch fleet went to Abucay with 130 men and attacked the Spanish garrison with 150 Filipino soldiers and 5 Spaniards to defend it. The attackers were repulsed. Next, the Dutch attacked the town of Samal but were also repulsed by the Filipino defenders. Alcalde Wants to Surrender On the following day, the Dutch with 400 soldiers and two pieces of artilleries came back to attack Samal. Although they were not able to destroy the church, the alcalde mayor of the town, after consultation with the priests, wanted to surrender to the Dutch. The Filipino defenders refused and wanted to continue the fight. But in spite of the Filipinos' refusal, the alcalde raised the peace-flag. When the Dutchmen were about to enter the church, the Filipinos, 240 strong, fought them. Due to the inferiority in the number of fighting men and lack of arms, 2(00) Filipinos were killed and the rest were taken prisoners by the Dutch. When a smaller Dutch force camne again to attack Samal the second time, the Filipino defenders under Alexo Aguas successfully drove away the Dutch. Four days later, 6(00) Filipinos under Gen. Juan de Chaves, attacked the Dutch with 250 soldiers. This contingent was trapped by the Filipinos while retreating back to their ships. A few escaped. British Invasion of Manila In 1762, England wanted to wrest the Philippines from Spain and for this purpose, the British government set out 13 war vessels under the command of Admiral Samuel Cornish and General William Draper. When Spanish Archbishop Antonio Rojo, who was then the acting captain and gov 152 ernor general of the Philippines, learned about the intentions of the Englishmen, he called the council of war to a meeting. The Spaniards immediately prepared for the defense of Manila. British Demands < X Surrender ) In the evening of > September 22, 1762, Gen- eral Draper landed 5,000 > soldiers aot Malate. Admi- ral Cornish sent a note to Spanish soldiers to meet the BRSTS INVASION Gonvadernors. The FilipRjo demandinfenders fought the enemy until October 3, 1762, boths sides suffering heavy thlosses. The Englishmen subjected to artillery bombardment the walls of Intramuros opening a big hole through it. About 400 British soldiers entered though Governor Rojo had4 already ordered all the Spaisthrough the hole and massacred both Spaniards and Filipinos and raped the to wometrn intoside the Walled City. Due to this development, since the SpanishFilp no defenders could no longer hold their ground the Spaish authorities Manila on time to mneet the/ Brdeided to surrender. However, Simon de Anda refused to surrender. e escaped tt Bacolor, Pampanga and proclaimed himself the new Governorhe sent out 800 arrnx-dFilipinos and 200 S pani sh soldiers to meet the BRISTISH INVASION invaders. The Filipino defenders fought the enemy until Olctober 31, J1762, both sides suffering heavy losses. The Englishmen subjected to artillery bombardment the walls of Intramuros opening a big hole through it. About 400 British soldiers entered through the hole and massacred both Spaniards and Filipinos and raped the women inside the Walled City. Due to this development, since the SpanishFilipino defenders could no longer hoid their ground, the Spanish authorities decided to surrender. However, Simon de Anda, refused to surrender. Hie escaped to Bacolor; Pampanga and proclaimed himself the new Governor 153 General. He was able to enlist the help of Bustos who had Filipino troops from Cagayan under his command. Although Bustos could not stop the British drive as the enemy kept on pursuing him, Anda with the help of Bustos placed the Provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga under his control. Ultimately, however, the British considered it futile to run after Bustos whom they could not capture. The British troops returned to Manila. In the meanwhile, news on armistice between Spain and Great Britain reached Manila on July 23, 1763. The British invasion forces, under superior orders, started to withdraw from the Philippines, thus ending their occupation of Manila. 154 CHAPTER XXXII THE ODYSSEY OF DIEGO SILN67 SILANG DIEGO DE SILAN (Now Known As Diego Silang) A Leader's Rise to Prominence _I n the year 1763, a revolutionary leader named Diego de Silan but later known as Diego Silang, rose to prominence. He was bitterly against the imposition of the burdensome tributes and many other oppressive policies of the Spaniards. Under his leadership, he was able to gather many followers, and, in successive encounters against the Spanish forces, he always emerged victorious. His advent came at the time when Spain was busily 155 engaged in a galleon trade with Acapulco, Mexico. The Spanish galleons had become victims of frequent piracies on the high seas by the Englishmen, resulting in the heavy loss of gold and merchandise to the Spanish traders. To recover these huge losses, the Filipinos were made to suffer by the Spanish government in the Philippines by imposing excessive tributes and taxes to them beyond their capacity to pay. Besides getting tenancy shares from the farmers' harvests, the Spaniards demanded that the Filipinos should give in addition to the payment of tributes and taxes, pigs, chickens and many other foodstuffs they needed. These were the main causes that made Diego Silang decide to take up arms against the Spaniards. Diego Silang's Early Years Diego Silang was born on December 10, 1730, in Pangasinan to Ilocano parents. When he was a boy, he served as a servant to a Spanish priest in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. When the priest sent him to Zambales on an errand, the boat he rode on was capsized by a strong typhoon and he was driven by the turbulent sea to the shore of Zambales. The aetas captured him and they made him their slave, for many years. A Spanish missionary found him who bought him from the aetas. He was brought to the town of Bolinao at the northernmost end of the Province of Pangasinan. There, he grew up to manhood. Diego Meets Gabriela Later, Diego was employed by the Spanish authorities as a messenger carrying messages between Vigan and Manila. Nicolas Carinfo, uncle of Maria Josefa Gabriela, was actively engaged in the campaign against the tyrannical policies of the Spanish rulers. Carinio talked to the town people to unite and rise in revolt against the Spanish government. Carinio was arrested and imprisoned when his rebellious activities were brought to the attention of the Spanish authorities. Then Gabriela began inquiring how she could release 156 her uncle from jail. Someone told her about Diego de Silan. Being a mail carrier, he was known to be very close to the alcalde mayor of Vigan. Diego promised Gabriela that he would do his best, suggesting that with gold, perhaps they might be able to buy her uncle's freedom. Gabriela, being a rich woman, having inherited the wealth of her late husband by first marriage, gave Diego a bag of gold. The alcalde mayor of Vigan immediately ordered the release of Nicolas Carino after receiving the bag of gold from Diego. After that, Diego became a frequent visitor of Gabriela. Together they were frequently seen around, Gabriela showing him the fishpond and the wide tracts of land she inherited from her late husband. They fell in love with each other and eventually they were married before the end of the year 1757. Nicolas Carinio found in Gabriela's second husband the type of a revolutionary leader he was dreaming of. The couple lived together for six years without begetting a child. Diego's Leadership Begins Diego de Silan thought of going to Manila after it was surrendered to the British in October 1762 by Archbishop Manuel Antonio Rojo who was then the acting captain and governor general of the Philippines. While on the way, he was accosted by the Spanish soldiers. They told him that they would return him to Vigan to report to the alcalde mayor. In Vigan, the alcalde informed Diego that his very close friend, Juan de la Cruz Palaris, had just occupied Binalatongan in Pangasinan after subduing the Spanish forces from there. Since Diego was the one responsible for that uprising, the alcalde put him in jail. Diego's arrest aroused the anger of his people. Under the leadership of Nicolas Carino and his niece, Gabriela, their followers rescued Diego and made him their leader. Following his escape, his followers held the alcalde their captive. Diego, however, ordered for the release of the alcalde together with the other Spaniards and that, they should only be driven out of Vigan. 157 War Against the Spaniards Feeling that the power was now in his hands, Diego established his revolutionary government. He harangued his followers that they would wage a war against the Spaniards inside and outside the whole Ilocano provinces. The alcalde mayor sought help from the bishop of Nueva Segovia. Since they could not get any help from Manila, the bishop sought the help of the FilipinoIndios. Diego and Gabriela at War The moves taken by the alcalde and the bishop came to the knowledge of Diego Silang. He saw that the advantage was on his side knowing that he could easily overwhelm the Filipino-Indios and capture all their arms to augment the stock of his weapons for bigger encounters. Diego and Gabriela led their followers to meet their enemy. Husband and wife emerged victorious, capturing all the firearms carried by the Filipino-Indios who were collaborators and loyal to the Spaniards. The couple returned triumphantly to Vigan. Diego Silang Becomes Governor Diego Silang became the governor and his wife became the first lady of the Province of Ilocos Sur. After their first armed debacle, the Spaniards used their force stationed at the garrison of Cabugao to fight Diego Silang. The valiant Filipino revolutionary leader with his forces again defeated the combined Spanish and Filipino-Indio fighters. And, one after another, Diego Silang, with many Spanish arms already in the hands of his men, captured many towns in the next province of Ilocos Norte, eventually placing under his control the major Ilocano provinces. 158 Silang's Fame as Warrior Diego Silang's fame as a victorious warrior spread out far and wide until the English commanders in Manila heard much about him. General Draper of the British army proposed to Silang to offer substantial help in arms and munitions and even soldiers in his fight against the Spaniards. General Draper wanted to appoint him captain and governor general to fight the forces of Simon de Anda who succeeded Archbishop Rojo as captain and governor general of the Philippines. The message of General Draper to Diego Silang was handcarried by the English soldiers which in turn they entrusted to Pedro Becbec, a close confidant of Silang. On May 6, 1763, Diego Silang replied General Draper's message agreeing to his proposals. Diego ordered his confidant Pedro Becbec to handcarry his reply to General Draper in Manila. Becbec Turns a Traitor Pedro Becbec, instead of going to deliver Diego's message to General Draper, turned traitor to the new governor of Ilocos Sur. He went to the office of the Spaniards in Ilocos Norte, at a place which remained uncaptured by the revolutionary governor. Becbec revealed the secret agreements between Silang and the Englishmen. The Spanish command promised Pedro Becbec a handsome prize and they ordered their expert gunwielder by the name of Miguel Vicos to go with Becbec to Ilocos Sur with instruction to assassinate Diego Silang. Death of Diego Silang Pedro Becbec entered the office of Governor Diego Silang with the gunwielder behind him. Governor Silang was exceedingly happy upon seeing his close confidant Pedro Becbec, expecting that he would deliver the good news to him from General Draper. Pedro falsely told the governor that he had delivered his message and that General Draper was ready to comply 159 with the promises he made. In the meanwhile, Governor Silang stepped back to call his wife, Gabriela, feeling highly elated that she might be very happy also to hear the news from Pedro. At this instant, Pedro Becbec whispered to Miguel Vicos to do his job. The gunwielder stepped out from behind Becbec and shot the governor hitting him in the back of his head. Diego f Silang dropped to the floor with 1Ad plenty of blood gushing out of his head. Gabriela screamed crying at the same time embracing her hus- band for the last moment. Diego gasped his last breath whispering A o to his wife to continue the fight against the Spaniards. Diego Si- a t n fe lang, whose real name was Diego r V i'oiag de Silan, according to the Spanish historical record, died a hero and martyr to the cause of freedom in T behalf of his country and people. MARIA JOSEFA Gabriela Continues the Fight GABRIELA DE SILAN Dubbed as the "Joan of Dubbed the "Joan of Arc" of segeDubbed as the "Joan of h uHocandia, she continued the fight Arc" of Ilocandia, Maria Josefa against the Spaniards after the Gabriela Silang was one of the deathofher husband, DiegoSilang. heroines of the Philippines who valiantly used the bladed weapon against the Spaniards. Gabriela was born on March 19, 1731, at Pidigan, Abra. She was adopted by Fr. Tomas Millan, a friar. In the convent, she was taught how to read and write and how to take care of the home. There, she grew up to womanhood and for her future stability, the friar arranged her marriage to a rich old man from ilocos Sur. Gabriela was at the age of 20 years in 1751 when she married the old man. After a marriage life of 160 about three years, her old husband died, leaving her without a child. She, then, became an heir to a big real estate left behind by her late husband. She returned to the town of her birth, but in 1757, she went back to Vigan to live with her uncle, Nicolas Carinfo, until she was married again to her second husband, Diego de Silan, now known as Diego Silang. Gabriela Reassembles Their Forces Maria Josefa Gabriela, with the help of her uncle, Nicolas Carinio, reassembled their forces. Due to the death of Diego Silang, their followers' morale had considerably weakened. But Gabriela, true to the wishes of her husband, rallied them back and restored their morale to continue the fight against the Spaniards. About two hundred of the remaining warriors followed Gabriela. Spanish Sovereignty Restored In the meanwhile, Manila was already abandoned by the Englishmen when the War in Europe ended. In June, 1763 Captain and Governor General Simon de Anda was restored to his power in Manila. The Spaniards in the provinces, also, had been restored to their former positions and organizations in the government. Gabriela Stabs Becbec At this time, the Spaniards in Vigan were jubilantly holding a parade in honor of Pedro Becbec hailed by them as the "hero" of Ilocos Sur for having been mainly instrumental in the death of Diego Silang. Without the Spaniards' knowledge, however, Gabriela, on horseback, entered the town and drove directly toward the carriage ridden by Pedro Becbec and the alcalde mayor, with the former standing and the latter seated therein. Gabriela 161 stabbed Becbec with a bolo her husband used in his fights against the Spaniards. Consternation and commotion of the Spaniards and the people ensued. Pedro Becbec, seriously wounded, died in the carriage, thus, Gabriela avenged the death of her husband from the treachery of his confidant. Then, Gabriela fled away from the town followed by her horse-riding followers. Gabriela's Headquarters at Pidigan At Pidigan, Gabriela's hometown in Abra, she and her followers established their headquarters and from there, they attacked the Spanish garrisons and their patrols. Pretty soon, Gabriela became the talk of the people everywhere and their faith in her leadership was again enlivened in the same degree that they had their firm faith in the leadership of her late husband, Diego Silang. On September 10, 1763, Gabriela, after knowing that a big force of Spanish soldiers and Filipino-Indios was being prepared against her under the command of Don Manuel de Arsa, instead of waiting for her enemy to attack first, she started the fight. Gabriela's Disastrous Defeat The Spanish forces were superior in arms and in men, and out of Gabriela's two hundred fighters, only 80 of them remained to continue the fight. Seeing their eventual defeat, Nicolas Carinio advised his niece to withdrew for fear of total annihilation. Gabriela, following the advice, withdraw her warriors from the fight. They fled away as fast as they could intending to return to Pidigan. But Don Manuel de Arsa did not give them the chance to escape. He quickly ordered his soldiers to follow and chase Gabriela and her fighters and to kill each and everyone of them until they were totally wiped out. The soldiers of Don Manuel de Arsa caught up with the remnants of Gabriela's force who were already exhausted and tired including 162 their woman-leader and her uncle. They lost their fighting stmina and they were surrounded. Gabriela, still riding on horseback, wanted to rush out through the Spanish line but the enemy soldiers shot don her h rse. She fell off but got up, regained herposture and fought using her husband's bolo. She hacked to death two Spaniards. Spaniards Hang Th MAll Gabriela, already so tire nd exhausted, continued to fight to the last fiber of her strength. Iltimately, however, she was captured. They tied her ha ads behind her back and brought her mmediately to Vigan itogther with her untle and L their surviving warrors While they wer on the way, the Spaniards hanged Nicola Carino on a tree. And one by one, they also ha nged Gabriela 'sremain ing followgers wit enessed by the townfolks on the way to instill fear in anyone who would darte rise in ar s against the Spanish government. In Vigan the gallant wife of Diego Silang was sentyenced to die by hanging. The go and kindhearted friar, Fr mas Millanr who adopted Manra Josefa Gabriela when she was aehild, interceded forher freedom. But Father, Millan's efforts yielded negative results. Herprotegee had already sacrificed marny human lives, and Gabriela had to pay M/T DIEGO SILANG the crime shei had cormmitted withl her ownn j Psn a nc M lii ke her late husband, Maria Josefa nt rc nets t lrifel de diedaheoineandar Diego Sil ang, the biggest crude oilf Gabrela de Silang rlied a heroine and mr- t vessel of the Phiipine governnt tyr to the sacred clauiLse of her countxy and named in honor of the locano hero people. and masrtyr. Government Honors Diego Silang The biggest flag-carrying vessel, the first crude oil tanker bought by the Philippine Government, was launched by President Ferdinand E. Marcos of the Republic of the Philippines. This oil tanker, an 89,717 - ton vessel, was named M/T Diego Silang by the President, at a simple ceremony in Limay, Bataan, site of the government's oil refinery, to honor and remember the memory and deeds of the great Ilocano hero and martyr, Diego Silang, whose real name was Diego de Silan. The ship 253 meters or one-fourth of a kilometer long, is four times the size of the American liner President Wilson. It is 15 storeys high from the top of the funnel to the bottom of the hull, and when fully loaded, it has a displacement of 15-1/2 meters. It has a speed of 16.2 knots per hour and its power plant can provide lighting for an ordinary city like Baguio. Manufactured in Keulong, Taipei, it has a crew of 12 officers and 35 men under Captain Orlando A. Alfabeto. 164 CHAPTER XXXIII DISCOVERY OF PRIESTS' FOUL PRACTICES "Hermano Pule" of Tayabas A lay brother, Apolinario de la Cruz, popularly known as "Hermano Pule", was employed as a helper in one of the Roman Catholic convents in Manila. He came from a humble family. During the years of his employment in the church, he learned the various secrets used by the priests to fool the church devotees of their money. He openly divulged these secrets announcing publicly the priests' foul practices. De la Cruz did not want his countrymen to be fooled by the white men, particularly those who pretended to be the ministers of God on earth. Because of his denunciations, De la Cruz became the object of persecution by the Spanish religious and military authorities. He was forced to seek refuge in the mountains near the town of Apalit in the Province of Pampanga. The people who listened to him, became his followers and they hailed him as their champion and leader. He pursued his crusade with vehemence against the Spanish priests and religious missionaries and in due time, he was able to gather a sizable number of crusaders under his leadership. He aroused the antagonistic feelings of thousands of his countrymen against the false ministers of God. The Spanish military authorities felt very apprehensive of De la Cruz's activities and they planned for his capture. De la Cruz Eventually Falls.ne day, De la Cruz and thousands of his followers held a meeting in a town. A group of Spanish soldiers guided by a few Filipino-Indios, upon being informed about the meeting, marched quickly into the town. De la Cruz 165 was forewarned by his faithful men about the coming of the Spanish contingent and this gave him time to prepare for the expected encounter. Upon arrival of the Spaniards, the fight ensued. Several Spanish soldiers were killed and the rest of them retreated hurriedly returning to their garrison. Then, with more men and more arms, the Spanish military prepared for another encounter. Their principal objective was to capture Apolinario de la Cruz alive. But this gallant Filipino leader was so elusive that he continued his work against the bad Spanish religious elements for many more years. But, eventually, De la Cruz fell into the hands of his pursuers. He was captured through the betrayal of his own family, who, became so weary and tired of his incessant crusades. The brave Filipino leader was made to undergo painful tortures before the Spaniards put him to death. Another Historical Account In the year 1840, Apolinario de la Cruz organized a brotherhood society, religious in character, of Filipinos with Saint Joseph as its patron saint. It was called the Cofradia de San Jose (Saint Joseph's Fraternity). It won many adherents not only in Tayabas (now Quezon province), but also in the provinces of Laguna and Batangas. Suspecting the fraternity with subversive intentions, the Spanish government prohibited it from holding meetings and arrested its leaders. The governor of Tayabas ordered De la Cruz to disband the society. De la Cruz refused. Then, the government troop led by the governor attacked De la Cruz and his followers. The government troop was defeated and repulsed. The governor himself was killed in the fight together with the annihilation of a chunk of his troop. Pretty soon, soldiers from Manila were sent to reinforce the provincial troop. The government forces encountered De la Cruz, the leader, who was captured and killed. Had it not been for the foul practices of the priests to fool the church adherents, De la Cruz could have been a law-abiding citizen. It was his ambition to become a monk, and to achieve it, he went to Manila to study theology in college. He was a native of the town of Lukban in the Province of Tayabas. 166 CHAPTER XXXIV He~~~~r 1 Do tr^ Tr THE LONGEST FIGHT FOR 69 REFORM The Hero of Bohol ecognized by the people of the Province of Bohol as their hero, Francisco Dagohoy earnestly worked for the reduction of taxes and the curtailment of the abusive practices of the Spanish government and the ecclesiastical authorities. In the year 1744, when aJesuitcuraterefused holy burial to his dead brother, who | E in life, devoted his services to | the Spanish church, he took it as a cause to start a revolution against the Spaniards which he had long desired. Bohol Independence Proclaimed FRANCISCO DAGOHOY Francisco Dagohoy, extremely fed up with the abuses and malpractices of the Spanish government and ecclesiastical missionaries gathered many followers from his province-mates in Bohol and started a revolutionary fight against the Spanish authorities. After scoring successive victories against the Spanish forces in many armed encounters, Dagohoy proclaimed 167 the independence of the Province of Bohol from the Spanish government. He established his own government under his administration. During Dagohoy' s reign in Bohol, the Spaniards did their best to pacify him, either by force or diplomacy, but all their efforts failed. At Long Last Dagohoy Falls Ultimately, however, by continuous armed assaults, Francisco Dagohoy was captured by the Spanish forces and in their hands, he met his cruel death. But his principal leaders valiantly carried on the fight. Dagohoy's death did not cause them any demoralization but instead, they even became stronger and fought with more vehemence. Their determination was to avenge their leaders's death by forcing their enemy to pay a high price for it. In the year 1827, Governor General Mariano Ricafort sent to Bohol a government troop consisting of 1,100 men under the command of Jose Lazaro Cairo, alcalde mayor of Cebu. Cairo divided his troop into two divisions - one under him with headquarters at Batuanan and the other division under the leadership of Pedro Cabinlit, a Filipino-Indio, with headquarters at Agboran. Bohol Warriors Refuse Surrender To avoid the waste of lives, at first the Spanish forces offered the Dagohoy warriors a peaceful negotiation for surrender. But the stubborn Boholanos refused to negotiate peacefully. The Spaniards then launched an attack. They subjected the Bohol defenders to heavy artillery bombardments at their positions at Agboran, Catagdaan, Bongbong, Canangay, Camoro and Ganvan. Stubborn defenders were forced to abandon their entrenched positions, one after the other, but at the same time, striking back the hardest they could at their chasing foes. At this time, the Dagohoy fighters engaged the Spaniards in a guerilla fashion of warfare. They raided the Spanish garrisons and made ambuscades against their patrols. In April, 1828, Ricafort relieved Cairo of the command and sent Captain Manuel Sanz to take his place with orders to continue the campaign against the Dagohoy warriors. Cairo 168 returned to Cebu. The Boholanos made their last stand at Boasa, where the Spaniards pounded hard on them with their artilleries. In two attempts made by the Spaniards to dislodge the native fighters, the former failed. They were repulsed. Later, they returned and continued the heavy bombardment. Remnants of Dagohoy's revolutionary force, losing strength and resistance, finally surrendered. This was the end of the Dagohoy independent government in Bohol and of his resistance lasting for 85 years, the longest in Philippine history. 169 CHAPTER XXXV A PRECURSOR OF FILIPINO INTELLECTUALS70 The Most Talented Before Rizal A very talented Filipino who, by some aspects was no less in intellectual brilliance than Dr. Jose Rizal, was Fr. Jose Apolonio Burgos y Garcia. When the title of "Doctor of Canon Law" was conferred on him, Father Ceferino Garcia, a professor of the University of Santo Tomas, said of him: "Perhaps, it would take another son of the same intellectual qualities as the one upon whom we confer with Canon Law'." In the presence of Archbishop Gregorio Martinez of Manila and some government dignitaries, the new Captain and Gover- A nor General Carlos de la Torre y Na- Fr. JOSE APOLONIO BURGOS Y vancerrada (1869-1871), said: GARCIA (1837-1872) t"I have the high honor to meet the great Filipino, Dr. Burgos, perhaps, the greatest of his race." 170 The governor greeted Father Burgos upon his arrival in Manila to assvme his position as the highest Spanish official of the Philippines, tightly clasping Fr. Burgos' hand. Birth of Jose Burgos Jr. On 9 February 1837, Jose Burgos Jr. was born to Jose Burgos Sr. and Florencia Garcia. He was baptized with a complete name of Jose Apolonio Burgos y Garcia. His father was a Spaniard who served with a rank of lieutenant in the Spanish militia. His mother, Dofia Florencia, was a popular Ilocano beauty of Vigan, ilocos Sur. She was a refined educated woman. The boy Jose learned the Spanish alphabet on the lap of his mother. He absorbed with great ease all that her mother could teach him. This exceptional aptitude surprised his parents. They decided that their son should pursue the career of law, expecting that someday he would become a brilliant lawyer. Still a Child, Father Dies Unexpectedly, however, while Jose was still a small child, his father died. His mother was left alone to take care of him. But this handicap did not cause much hindrance, because Dofia Florencia, a resourceful woman, had managed to overcome the family difficulties. Jose was able to finish his primary education in his home province. His mother sent him later to Manila to continue his studies and to take up law as his life career. Priesthood Instead of Law When Jose was already in Manila, he changed his mind. By serious self-deliberations, he was led to decide that he could be of better service to his countrymen if he had to take up theology instead of law. By becoming a priest, he could serve both his people and God. So, he firmed up his mind to choose church ministry as a life career. 171 Student Jose is Unexcelled Don Antonio Aille, a lieutenant in the artillery of the Spanish army, who was Jose's uncle, took care of his college education. Being the son of a Spaniard, he was admitted free of charge in the famous college of San Juan de Letran. He took up Latin, Philosophy, Theology, Rhetoric, the Art of Eulogy and Defense under Fr. Mariano Garcia. His instructor was a notable Dominican educator. Father Garcia discovered in his pupil the intellectual qualities of a genius. Jose was made director in academic studies and also in physical education. He possessed three brilliant aptitudes: mastery of Spanish language, speaking eloquence, and an ardent eagerness to learn. He was imbued with an innate feeling and sentiment of nationalism. On occasions when his Spanish college-mates insulted the Filipino students, he readily stood to the defense of the latter. Jose's Academic Excellence After he finished his college studies, Jose Burgos Jr. enrolled at the Dominican Pontifical University of Santo Tomas. This was a recognized educational institution in the Philippines for the refinement of education. Being the oldest university of the Philippines, it was established on April 28, 1611, 90 years after the second coming of Ferdinand Magellan to the Philippines. It had become the cradle of learning of many Filipino intellectuals and martyrs. Here, Jose Burgos obtained the culminating accomplishments of his academic studies. The university archives showed Jose's academic degrees with honors exceptionally high, to wit: 1. Bachelor of Philosophy, with highest ratings, 11 Feb. 1855; 2. Bachelor of Theology, with honors, 21 January 1859; 3. Licentiate in Philosophy, with highest ratings, 27 Feb. 1860(; 172 4. Licnti in Theology, with ho, 21 Feb. 1862: 5. Licentiate in Canon Law, with onor, 27 Oct 1868; 6. D r of Cnon Law, Excellent 6 Aril 1871. Disappointment to Jose's Mother When Doia aForenciale arned t Jose Burgos' excellet academic achievements, excedngly happy was she. She shed ters of joy She elieved all long that her am and aso of he lat husbad a out their son had at long last en realize Buthow disappoint was sh when in Manil Jose told her iat he had emb priesth as his i fe c r ter of he ould of tter service to his people. Ther, was an urgent TH~~E PRESEM U YERSI[TY OF SANT O TOMAS This is th ode w iversiyn t?hi e e t d do 28 f6Zl ose ~e a~ this m er s w by convincing her tat as a iscause to fight for, he said If neessa, he could even sacriice his life for it. DofaForencia had to give way to the advent of reaities. She and herrelatives prayed to G that her son be given the bst of luck, health an d capailities to perfr his religious duties 173 High Positions for a Filipino Jose Burgos' exceptional talents had nullified the downgrading attributes of an "Indio" as he was usually called, being a Filipino, by his Spanish college- mates and by Spaniards outside of school. He was appointed to high positions in the Catholic church and in the university. He was given professorial jobs and designated a master of ceremonies of the university. He ably demonstrated that his intellectual abilities and proficiency were superior to his Spanish peers. On 17 December 1864, he was ordained a fullfledged minister and he started his dedication to the clergy. In addition to the positions given to him, he was also appointed examiner of curates and confessors, magistrate and chief of the Cathedral and fiscal of the ecclesiastical court. He gained the distinction of being the only Filipino to have occupied these highly honored positions during his lifetime. Paciano Rizal, Burgos' Secretary At the Cathedral office of Fr. Jose Burgos, Don Paciano Rizal, elder brother of Dr. Jose Rizal, served Fr. Burgos as his secretary. Jose Rizal, the young Calamben-o student at the Ateneo de Manila, used to visit his brother, Don Paciano, at the latter's office. Here, the young Rizal had the occasion of reading all the literary works of Fr. Burgos. On each volume, he wrote his remarks, signed by him, praising the works of the distinguished Filipino priest. Two Great Sons of Destiny Perhaps, designed by Fate and Destiny, two great sons of the Philippines had to offer their talents and lives on the Altar of Freedom in behalf of their people and country. Fr. Jose Apolonio Burgos y Garcia, for the spiritual liberation of the Filipinos, and, Dr. Jose Rizal, for the political emancipation of his country. 174 Fr. Burgos Sees Religious Ills Fr. Burgos could have enjoyed more blessings in the higher chambers of the ecclesiastical profession, had it not been for his intellectual gifts which enabled him to see with open eyes the existing ills in the confines of his religious missions. These ills, as he had found them, had been greatly detrimental to his people. He felt that it was his urgent duty as a Filipino, to serve and save his people from the disastrous consequences of the maladies he had seen. Among these, was the malevolent practices of the friars, of the religious orders, of the high officials of the Catholic Church in the Philippines, and of the Pontifical authorities of the Vatican in Rome. Using his trenchant pen, impeccable Spanish language, he wrote books exposing the evils of the religious practices. Fr. Burgos bitterly criticized them. He offered constructive remedies to curb the pernicious maladies, which were, however, ignored by the authorities concerned. Governor Rafael Izquierdo who succeeded Don Carlos Ma. de la Torre y Navancerrada, condemned Fr. Burgos' books and writings as seditious. Burgos Writes Many Books Fr. Burgos had written no less than 44 volumes in manuscripts. These were the books read by Rizal, and in his own handwriting made laudatory comments about them. Until the end of the Spanish Era in the Philippines, it was doubted if there had been any other Filipino who had written more than Fr. Burgos. In all his writings, he defended the cause of his countrymen and also of the Oriental peoples and races. It has been observed that there are segments of the Philippine citizenry, particularly, for their religious leanings and affiliations, have maintained derogatory attitudes towards Fr. Burgos' authorship of his books and writings. They tried to prove, one way or another, that Fr. Burgos did not have the material time to produce such numerous volumes taking into account the fact that he had but a few years' time before his martyrdom. But this is a mere conjecture or opinion, hence, it cannot be taken at its face value. This is disproved by the fact that there are 175 prolific writers and undoubtedly, Fr. Burgos is one of them, who, under normal circumstances, can produce voluminous literary works. On the case of the historical novel LA LOBA NEGRA (The Black She-Wolf), religious zealots claim that Fr. Burgos could not have authored such expose pf the religious brutalities during his time. But we ask, if Fr. Burgos was not the author of that historical novel, who then was the author? This question has remained unanswered in history: The books in manuscripts by Fr. Burgos consisting of 44 volumes are listed below: 1. Humana vitae 2. Mare magnum 3. La conchologia de Filipinas 4. La historia de la religion romana de Filipinas 5. Estado de Filipinas antes de la Ilegada de los espafioles 6. La sacro-profana filipina 7. Nol Basio y tia Nila 8. Estudios de la vida del filipino pre-historco 9. Qu/es el fraile? 10. Los misterios de la carrera sacerdotal 11. Qu6 es la biblia y como el vulgo debe de interpretarlo? 12. Misterios conventuales 13. Creencias y constumbres de los filipinos 14. Estudios sobre la arqueol6gia de Manila a la llegada de los espanioles 15. Como debe de administrarse los santos sacrificios? 16. Los cides de Filipinas 17. Cuentos y leyendas filipinas 18. Estragos baniados de sangre de la religi6n romana 19. Misterios de la santificacidn 20 Reglamentos sobre la administracion confesionaria 21. La lucha de la religion contra la ciencia 22. Como se forman las religiones? 23. Es verdad los milagros? 24. Los misterios de la santa inquisicion de Filipinas 176 25. Estudios sobre la pesca de Filipinas 26. Los reyes filipinos 27. La soblevaci6n de Novales 28. Puede la religidn mejorar al hombre? 29. Hechos virtuosos de San Jose y de la Virgen Mana 30. Remedios que este pats necesita 31. Calamidades p6blicas de Filipinas 32. Vendra el fin del mundo? 33. El cultivo de la inteligencia de este pais 34. El capitan Diego de Salcedo y el mariscal De Goiti 35. Presagios y vaticinios 36. Sermones pronunciados 37. Estelas de sangre 38. La loba negra 39. Rituales edolatricas 40. Reformas que debe de practicarse 41. Crimines de la antigua Manila 42. Estado comparativo de los rituales idolatricos 43. Los conflictos de la religion y el estado 44. Coleccion de las cartas entre el autor y su excelencia el capitan y gobernador general de Filipinas Don Carlos Ma. de la Torre y Navancerrada Gov. De la Torre Receives the Books Through Fr. Jacinto Zamora, Fr. Burgos sent the first 20 volumes of his manuscripts to Dn. Carlos Ma. de la Torre y Navancerrada, who, at the time was the captain and governor general of the Philippines. In an official letter in the letterhead of his office, dated 3 June 1869, Gov. De la Torre, replying to Fr. Burgos, acknowledged receipt of the manuscripts. The governor's letter in Spanish, translated into English, follows: 177 71 OFFICE OF THE CAPTAIN GENERAL 3 June 1869 To DR. JOSE A. BURGOS Present. My distinguished and appreciated Doctor: Several days have passed that I wanted to write you to acknowedge the receipt of your first 20 works, all of them in duplicate and written in sealed papers of the State which were brought to me by your good companion Fr. Jacinto Zamora and without feeling any pride nor giving you gratuitous praises, I can assure you that these are monumental works by their own merits, especially those that bear the titles: LA LOBA NEGRA, ES VERDAD LOS MILAGROS? and, VENDRA EL FIN DEL MUNDO? All and each one of them shows not a little learning, but a complete knowledge of the subject and the only thing that makes me sad and in the bottom of my heart is that actually these kinds of literary works cannot be printed in these islands due to the unjust and offensive censures of the friars who have extended their jurisdiction over almost all the printing presses in this country. But I assure you that God granting me life and health, these shall be printed in the Peninsula, and if not, in other parts of the world where there are good printing presses. Precisely, works of this nature, are the ones needed by this country, not about the saints and miracles which encourage fanaticism and give opportunity for the religious empire to become rooted in this country, which as a result has brought retrogression to a country. I repeat to you, my dear friend, that as long as I am alive, and even if I have to shoulder the cost of printing your works, these will see the light of the day. I have given orders to the Archive Keeper of the Real 178 Audiencia to giveyouforyour use all the linen paperand sealedpaper thatyou may need so thatyou could prepare the copies of each ofyour works and to provide two copies that each one of them is necessarily certified. One copy is to remain in the Archives of the RealAudiencia in its general library of manuscripts and the other for my own use. That these copies shall be for the use of all the officials of the Civil Government and the prominent residents of the City. I have also given orders to theArchive Keeper of the RealAudiencia that he shouldprovide all the means to help you in the search of references and documents related to your works which are in the Archives of the Real Audiencia. Attached herewith, I am sending you a letter of recommendation for the Archive Keeper of the General Archives of the Indias in Seville and the other for the Archive Keeper of Mexico so that they will give all the kinds of facilities in the search of documents and printed works related to your own works and also those that they are still preparing. I am also sending you a letter for the commercial librarian to give you access of works related to the Orient which is addressed to Monsieur Baudin y Compania de Paris with whom I had the pleasure to get acquainted personally in Madrid before I came to this beautiful country. I am also sending you herewith three recommendations for the Consulates of France, England and Holland in this City which I do not doubt must have works that may be useful to you in the preparation of your works. Regarding the cost of the sealed paper of the State that you may use, do not bother. All these will be charged against my account. (Sgd.) CARLOS Ma. DE LA TORRE Y NAVANCERRADA. 179 Challenge to Burgos' Authorship In his foreword to PRIEST AND NATIONALIST, a book on Fr. Jose A. Burgos, authored by Fr. John N. Schumaker, S.J., printed in 1972 by the Ateneo University Press in Quezon City, Fr. Horacio de la Costa, S.J., states and we quote: "Having been asked to write aforeword to the present work ("Priest and Nationalist"), I can do no better than to resume certain reflections made in a speech which I gave to the Padre Gomes General Assembly of the Knights of Columbus. I said then, and! think it can still be said, that we do not know very much about Fr. Jose Burgos. Compared with what we know about Rizal, or Bonifacio, or almost anyone also of our national heroes. The reliable information we have about Father Burgos is small indeed. Most of it, infact, is contained within the compass of this book. The operative word, of course, is "reliable". Did Burgos,for instance, writeLaLobaNegra? Was he really the author of the various manuscripts in private hands that are claimed to be his authentic writings? It seems now fairly certain that neither is his work." Fr. Horacio de la Costa does not offer any convincing proof to support his doubt. So, in history, let it remain a doubt. Anyway, he confesses and admits that he does "not know very much about Fr. Jose Burgos." This is the reason of his doubt. Fatal to Church Authorities The views and ideas of Fr. Burgos were fatal and derogatory to the life of opulence and luxury of the religious authorities which they enjoyed at the expense of the Filipinos. These religious dignitaries, therefore, wanted to stop him. The only way to achieve this was to put the author out of existence. 180 They then concocted ways and means to put Fr. Burgos on the spot together with Fathers Mariano Gomes de los Angeles and Jacinto Zamora y del Rosario. Reforms Were Fr. Burgos' Wish Fr. Jose Apolonio Burgos y Garcia did not only criticize, but he wanted to introduce reforms in the religious organization precisely, the Roman Catholic Church, in the Philippines. According to him, his countrymen could best be served, religiously, if the parishes were placed in the hands of the Filipinos. His personal findings revealed the inefficiency of the Peninsulars who mishandled the administration of the parishes. The deficiency was mainly attributed to the Spanish ministers' ignorance of the different Filipino dialects and of the latter's customs and idiosyncracies. But the Archbishop of Manila viewed with malicious intentions the good and honest ideas of Fr. Burgos. His scheme was condemned as inimical to the interests of the Spanish priests and the high ecclesiastical authorities. Fr. Burgos, Governor's Mentor King Charles V was then the reigning monarch of Spain. He was known as a most democratic and liberal king. Don Carlos Ma. de la Torre y Navancerrada, when he assumed office as captain and governor general of the Philippines, adopted the same liberal and democratic policies in the country. Gov. De la Torre was a most ardent admirer of Fr. Burgos. He frequently sought the advices of the Filipino priest in his administration of the Philippine government. Fr. Burgos had virtually become the Governor's mentor throughout his tenure of office. This was looked upon by the Archbishop of Manila, Gregorio Meliton Martinez, with much apprehension. Gov. De la Torre, therefore, exercised policies which had the tendency to correct the existing evils in the Church. This triggered the hatred and enmity of the Spanish ministers and ecclesiastical authorities. 181 Gov. De la Torre Replaced Captain and Governor General Carlos Ma. de la Torre y Navancerrada's administration ended in 1871. The new captain and governor general took over in the person of Rafael Izquierdo y Gutierrez. The unlucky days of Fr. Burgos began. The monarchical and despotic government of Spain was restored after Queen Isabel won the civil war against King Charles V. Likewise, Gov. Izquierdo introduced the same monarchical and despotic rule in the Philippines. Arrest Made on Suspicion An armed encounter between the Filipinos and the Spanish soldiers occurred in Cavite on 20 January 1872. The news about the bloody happening reached Manila. On that same fatal day, Gov. Izquierdo ordered for the mass arrest of persons suspected to have been involved or responsible for the causes of the occurrence. Among the many Filipinos arrested were Fathers Jose Burgos, 30, Jacinto Zamora, 35, and Mariano Gomes, 85. These three Filipino priests were falsely accused of sedition. Sentenced to Die by the Garrote On February 15, 1872, a special military court tried Fathers Burgos, Gomes and Zamora at Fort Santiago. Several officials of the infantry unit were appointed to defend them. This was barely 24 hours before the trial, and, naturally, they did not have sufficient time to prepare for the defense of the three suspected priests. The military tribunal, in hastened argumentations which lasted only for eight hours, "found" the three Filipino priests "guilty" of the crime imputed against them. They were sentenced to die by the garrote. The other indicted Filipinos were sentenced to be exiled, imprisoned and at hard labor. 182 Throngs Flock to See Execution On 17 February 1872, early in the morning, many Filipinos from the provinces of Bulacan, Pampanga, Cavite and Laguna flocked to the Bagumbayan field, now Luneta or Rizal Park. They were to see for the last time their most beloved priests, Fathers Burgos, Gomes and Zamora, and to witness their execution. A man by the name of Francisco Zaldua, who for "certain considerations" served at the trial as a witness for the prosecution against the three Filipino priests, was also sentenced to die by the garrote. Fr. Burgos Forgives Executioner After the execution of Fathers Gomes and Zamora, the turn for Fr. Burgos came. The executioner knelt before him and said: "Father,forgive me, because I'm going to kill you. I do not wish to do it." To which, Father Burgos calmly answered: "My son, I forgive you. Comply with your duty." Then, the executioner said a prayer, and, in a minute, Fr. Burgos expired. A French Gives His Account A French author, Edmund Plauchut, wrote a story about this tragedy titled "Revue des deux mondes." A Spanish translation of this story by the editorial staff of La Solidaridad, a bimonthly tabloid edited by Filipinos in Madrid, Spain, appeared in one of its issues in 1877, under the title of "La algarada cavitefa de 1872." the pertinent portion of which, translated into English follows: 183 "The suppression of the secular clergy was then enforced and a protest against it by the Filipino parishioners was sent to Spain. After it was sent, the Archbishop of Manila took repressive measures against the Filipino clergymen. He called up to his palace the cathedral curate of Manila, Fr. Jose Burgos. With traitorous designs, he ordered the latter together with his friends to sign a blank paper, explaining that the same would express their loyalty and allegiance to Spain. after showing reluctance and vacillation, Fr. Burgos acceded to the wishes of the Archbishop and even proceeded to get more signatures which totalled to 300. Later, this signed paper turned out to be a manifesto of "qualified traitors, revolutionaries and filibusters!" Fr. Burgos Gets All Blame Don Simon de Anda y Salazar, who in the past served as captain and governor general of the Philippines, had been systematically persecuted, calumnied and was later thrown into prison. Exercising policies sympathetic and friendly to the Filipinos, he became the enemy of the Church aud the friars. Suffering much humiliation, the good governor became sick aid consequently, he died at the San Juan de Dios hospital in Cavite, surrounded by the Filipinos who loved him so much. When his remains were transferred to the Church of San Francisco, the inhabitants, all garbed in black, flocked en masse to the place where the ceremonies were to be held. Secret passwords directed them there. When the rites for the dead was about to begin, a young Filipino clergyman ascended the steps of the catafalque. He placed on it a long ribbon with the following inscription: "THE SECULAR CLERGY OF THE PHILIPPINES TO DON SIMON DE ANDA Y SALAZAR." This was followed by a wreath of flowers placed by a group of gobernadorcillos who came in representation of their towns to pay their last respects 184 to the persecuted Governor. These acts bitterly angered the friars. They made an inquiry to find out who was the author of the idea. Nobody dared to give the information. The friars themselves indicated that it was no other than Fr. Jose Burgos. Punitive Measures Imposed Governor General Izquierdo imposed punitive measures against the Filipinos and Spaniards alike who were suspected to have aligned themselves with the reformist and separatist movements. He ordered the immediate dismissal of the natives and mestizos from their positions in the government. He also demanded the resignation of the Peninsulars who showed inclinations to favor the radical movements. 185 CHAPTER XXXVI STAUNCH CHAMPION OF THE rOPPRESSED72 First Bible Translator staunch champion of the oppressed elements of his people and a born leader of no mean ability, was Mariano Gomes de los Angeles, who had won for himself an unperishable memento in his country's history. He was a native of the district of Santa Cruz, Manila, born on August 2, 1799 to a rich couple, Alejandro Francisco Gomez and Martina Custodio. He changed his surname from "Gomez" to Gomes de los Angeles to make it different from the name of a Spanish friar in Cavite and of a priest in Cabugao, Laguna, who were also named Mariano Gomez. Another reason was the fact that being a Tagal- 4 ista, or an expert in the Tagalog language, he purposely changed the letter z at the end of his surname to" s" because the former letter is not used in the Tagalog alphabet. *' Fr. Jose Burgos said, that Fr. Mariano FR. MARIANO GOMES DE Gomes de los Angeles was the first Filipino LOS ANGELES 186 to have translated into Tagalog the Holy Bible. Father Gomes' parents owned several buildings in the different districts of Manila from which they collected a sizable amount of monthly rentals. His Educational Background His boyhood dream was to become a lawyer in order to be able to work for reforms and to defend the rights of the victims of injustices andoppression. Buthis ardentdesire was foiled when, following the wishes of his father, he turned his mind to the career of priesthood, by A which, according to his elders, he could better serve his country and PARISH CHURCH OF BACOOR, CAVITE people. Pursuing his college works diligently, after his primary education, he soon finished his study of Canon Law and excelled in both Theology and Philosophy. He obtained his degree of Bachelor of Philosophy when he was only 15 years. In college, he was known as a talented student. He won the admiration of his equally talented college-mates for his eloquence. In discussions, he revealed an incisive mind. Within four years - 1820 to 1824, he passed through various ordinations. He held his first mass in the Santa Cruz parish church on 28 May 1824. When the curateship of Ermita, Manila, became vacant, he topped the qualifying examination given to fill up the position. He was not, however, given the post because he fell short of the age requirement. Curate Proprietor of Bacoor On June 2, 1824, he was assigned as curate proprietor of Bacoor, Cavite, succeeding a Spanish friar Cecilio Bosta. This happened after the 187 death of his father. His mother, a younger brother and three sisters joined to live with him in Bacoor where he spent 47 years of his life until his martyrdom on February 17, 1872. Gomes Shows Nationalism With an innate sentiment of nationalism, he did not remain aloof when he learned about the move to incorporate four barrios of Bacoor to the adjacent hacienda of the friars. He fought for the status quo and won the fight. If the friars' move succeeded, the Filipino tenants of the four barrios would have been obliged to pay rentals to the religious corporation which wanted to put up their own church therein. But in return, his victory secretly aroused the hatred and enmity of the Spaniards against him. Gomes Settles Court Cases On land cases in the courts involving the tenants and the landowners, Fr. Gomes dedicated parts of his time to settle amicably the conflicts between them. He cordially invited the landowners and the tenants to his convent and counselled them to desist from continuing their court litigations. He made them understand about the long delays which usually happened in the settlement of their cases in the courts and the enormous expenses to be incurred in pursuing their ends. Being very much loved and respected by the poor and the rich alike, he always succeeded in convincing the protagonists. Added to this, following his advice, the big landowners agreed to share their tenants with small portions of their lands for them to till and to live on. Gomes Builds Barrio Roads Father Gomes also earned an accolade as a road-builder. He saw the poor conditions of the roads in Bacoor. For the benefit of the townspeople and realizing that good roads could promote progress in the community, he deli 188 vered sermons during masses emphasizing the urgent need for the improvement of the same. He joined the town authorities in the road projects with himself personally working under the burning heat of the sun. Under his supervision, the old roads were repaired and new ones were opened, including a circumferential road connecting nine barrios outside the town and the three inside it. Governor Juan Salcedo of Cavite, feeling very highly proud of Fr. Gomes, enthusiastically lauded his accomplishments before a gathering of gobernadorcillos. He offered a substantial cash reward to anyone who could imitate the good example of Fr. Gomes. Fr. Gomes Organizes a Bank Father Gomes also had a good knowledge of banking, agriculture and industry. He knew that the farmers could not improve or expand their farm production due to lack of funds. The same was true to the salt industry. These were the main sources of livelihood of the people of Cavite. Being a rich man, out of his own funds, he set up a bank in Bacoor. Father Gomes organized his bank, virtually not for the purpose of making money from loans, like the practices of the banks of today. It was a bank with a heart and a conscience for the needy. It loaned money to the borrowers without requiring collaterals and without charging any interest on the money loaned. It was a humanitarian bank. Can any of our wealthy people of today put up a bank like Fr. Gomes' bank? Who among those pretending to be patriotic and nationalistic telling us at the top of their voices that they love their country and people, could follow Fr. Gomes' humanitarian example? With his personal encouragement and money loaned to the farmers and saltmakers of Cavite, they were able to make tremendous improvements in their farm and salt industries. The Cavite entrepreneurs had quickly fattened their income. Yet, not one of them had ever failed to pay back their loans taking into account the fact that the good priest had projected to the borrowers his good faith, trust and confidence. 189 Intervenor Between Tenants and Friars Father Gomes also assumed the role of an intermediary between the friars and the native tenants in their tenancy cases. More than 3,000 native tenants in Cavite and the surrounding areas of the Tagalog region, for three years, had been continuously involved in bitter quarrels resulting in bloodshed. Father Gomes placed himself in-between to pacify and to bring out peaceful solutions to their problems. He brought peace and tranquility to the life of the people in Cavite and the surrounding areas. A Peaceful Farmer Turns Bandit Luis Parang, an erstwhile peaceful farmer of Cavite, was a victim of the abuses of the friars. The abuses, which weighed much beyond his forebearance, Luis Parang became a renegade and lived a hunted life in the hills and mountains of Cavite. He gathered and led a big number of followers. Parang became a most feared bandit in the countrysides and the mere mention of his name was enough to scare his white enemies. Desirous to understand the case of Luis Parang, Fr. Gomes delved into the fundamental causes why this former tiller of the soil had to resort to banditry. The benevolent priest found out that the Cavite bandit had been a victim of the gross injustices of the friars. Then Gomes sought an audience with the Captain and Governor General at Malacafiang. He won the sympathy of the Governor and the latter promised to give Luis Parang and his followers an amnesty. So, Fr. Gomes happily wrote a letter to Luis Parang, imploring that he should give up the life of a bandit and return to the fold of the law. Upon receipt, the bandit laughed off the priest's letter. He belittled the minister of God. This obliged Fr. Gomes to go to the hills and met Parang personally at his hideout. Convinced with the promise of amnesty, Luis Parang, together with his cohorts, accompanied by Fr. Gomes went to Malacafiang and surrendered to the Governor. The bandit and his followers returned to their abandoned homes and farms again to become law-abiding citizens. 190 The Malacaniang Agreement The so-called Tratado de Malacaniang (Malacaniang Agreement) was signed by Luis Parang and the Governor General. The agreement did not only grant amnesty, but it also included the following: 1. No rentals should be increased by the religious corporations; and 2. The farmers' inability to pay rentals should not be made the basis for ousting them from their farms. Archbishop Rewards Gomes To show his appreciation for what Fr. Gomes had done for his flock in Cavite, the Archbishop of Manila rewarded the Bacoor priest with a promotion as Synodal Examiner of the Archdiocese of Manila. This is a high position in the Church seldom given to any Filipino priest. Father Gomes also championed the cause of liberalization and supported the movement that called for the secularization of the parishes. It had been the usual practice that the Spaniards always had the privilege in the choice of the positions in the Church. The best that a Filipino priest could obtain was the position of a coadjutor or assistant-helper to another priest, usually a Spaniard. Gomes Becomes Vicar Forane When Fray Lazaro Salustiano, parish priest of the Port of Cavite and concurrently Vicar Forane of the Province of Cavite, died, Fr. Gomes was made to assume the post as the new Vicar Forane. He took the oath of allegiance to Queen Isabela II who by this time, had reached the age of maturity and had ascended to the Spanish throne. It was believed that the 191 appointment of Fr. Gomes as Vicar Forane in an acting capacity, was through the recommendation of Fr. Pedro Pelaez, then the Cathedral secretary, who rose to become an influential figure in the Manila Archdiocese. Three years later, on Sept. 23, 1846, Fr. Gomes took his oath of office as permanent Vicar Forane in the parish of Kawit or Cavite Viejo, before Presbyter Domingo Dayrit, the oldest priest in the province. Feeling that he lacked the capability to carry on the task of Vicar Forane, out of delicadeza, Fr. Gomes wrote a letter to Fr. Pelaez asking that he be relieved of his position at the first opportunity for someone to take over who could fully qualify. But no action was taken on his request for relief. He then continued to perform his duties as Vicar Forane. From the many communications he sent to the Manila Archbishop in a period of 28 years, it was seen that Fr. Gomes had served his office as Vicar Forane satisfactorily and well. The Royal Decree of 1849 A royal decree in 1849 was issued assigning seven parishes in Cavite to the Recollect and Dominican orders which for many years had been administered by the Filipino clergy. Fr. Gomes steadfastly held his Bacoor parish and did not give it up. Instead, he led a movement for the revocation of the royal decree. In 1851, Fr. Gomes sent out a circular letter to the Filipino priests and coadjutors at places such as Indan-, Silang, Maragondon, Santa Cruz de Malabon, San Francisco de Malabon, iosario, Salinas, San Roque, Naic, and Puerto de Cavite in Cavite Province; Santo Tomas, Calaca, Nasugb'. Lian, and Rosario in Batangas province; Cabuyao, Calauan, Binang, and Tunasan in Laguna province; Boac in Marinduque; and the suburbs of Intramuros, Quiapo, Ermita, and Santa Cruz in Manila. Father Gomes stated in his circular-letter, that to feel contented with the mere publication in the newspaper about the injustice caused by the royal decree isolating the seven parishes from the Filipino clergy, would be tantamount to a small child crying for help when hurt. He enjoined his countrymen to unite together into a concerted action and movement for the revocation of the royal decree in question. They should understand that the royal government in Spain had no other intention less than being benevolent. 192 Gomes Raises Funds for Campaign Under his leadership, Fr. Gomes was able to raise contributions amounting to P2,209.00 with which they would pay the services of an influential figure in Madrid for the revocation of the royal decree. To further strengthen the movement, with his own funds he founded his own newspaper under the name of La Verdad which became influential and served as the mouthpiece of their crusade. Every Filipino, priest or layman sympathetic with the movement of the Filipino clergy, wrote and published articles in Fr. Gomes' newspaper, attacking the abuses of the friars in the country, or, giving opinions and suggestions to improve the local conditions for the good of the Filipino people. Fr. Gomes, in his writings, urged the holding of the competitive examinations to select those qualified for filling up vacant positions in the parishes. In this manner, Filipinos and Spaniards alike could be given a fair and equal chance to participate. Likewise, Fr. Gomes called attention to the non-compliance of the ecclesiastical law regarding appointments to the positions. He expressed apprehension that unless the same was followed, time shall come when the young and gifted Filipino priests would lose their interests to aspire for higher positions in the parishes. Move to Stop Newspaper Fr. Gomes' newspaper continued to champion the cause of liberalism and democracy. Being inimical to the personal interests of the Spanish friars and Government authorities, the latter moved with vehemence to stop its publication. They also desired that the editor and publisher of the La Verdad should be discredited, and if possible, silenced. 193 They Raise More funds for Campaign The campaign for ecclesiastical reforms being waged in Spain reached the Philippines. The acting Archbishop of Manila, Fr. Pedro Pablo Pelaez, who learned about the movement of the Filipino clergy for reforms under the leadership of Fr. Mariano Gomes, volunteered to help. Prominent Filipino lawyers offered financial assistance, namely, Jose Tuason and Juan Lecaros. They succeeded in sending to Madrid an amount of P20,000 for the campaign. Fr. Burgos Takes Over The campaign for the secularization of parishes in the Philippines ended in Madrid when a group of young Filipino clergymen headed by Fr. Jose Burgos took over. They transferred the campaign to Manila. Fr. Burgos, however, only remained as the head of the same until his appointment as the parish priest of the Cathedral of Manila. The role of leadership was again returned to Fr. Gomes. Reactionaries Get Support The appointment of Rafael Izquierdo y Gutierrez as the new captain and governor general of the Philippines to replace Don Carlos Ma. de la Torre y Navancerrada in 1871, boosted the morale of the reactionaries or those who are against the secularization movement. Invigorated to no limit by the strongest pillar and the highest authority of the country, the reactionary elements started gathering evidences and framing up ingenious schemes to put on the spot Fr. Gomes including Fathers Burgos and Zamora and all other Filipinos identified with the religious reformist movement. Soldiers Arrest Fr. Gomes The most splendid opportunity for his prosecutors came at the occurrence of the Cavite mutiny on January 20, 1872. He was charged together with Fathers Jose A. Burgos and Jacinto Zamora for plotting against 194 the Spanish Government in the Philippines and the Spanish Crown. When Fr. Gomes was arrested in Bacoor by the Spanish soldiers on January 21, the day following the mutiny, Gov. Izquierdo reported immediately to Spain, stating that: "Loyalists who wanted to arrest the parish priest of Bacoor found an abandoned vessel loaded with arms, including carbines and revolvers." When the people of Bacoor got the news about the arrest, more or less 1,000 of them armed with bolos ran to the convent to prevent the arrest of Fr. Gomes or to rescue him from his enemies. They surrounded the arresting Spanish soldiers. But when Fr. Gomes saw his people who really had the intention of shedding blood for his sake, at the top of his voice, he admonished them, from the carriage he rode on, saying: "I will return very soon." Assured that he was coming back immediately, His faithful parishioners withdrew and allowed the venerable old man to go with his captors. But since that day, Fr. Gomes did not return. Supposedly implicated in the Cavite mutiny, Fr. Gomes together with Frs. Burgos and Zamora were condemned to die by strangulation or the garrote after a deceptive trial by a military tribunal. Regidor Tells About Gomes' Ordeal Antonio Ma. Regidor, a co-accused who was exiled to Guam, told about the last 24 hours of the life of Fr. Gomes. He said: "Early in the morning of the day, February 16, 1872, before the execution, Gomes, Zamora and Zaldua were brought by carriage from Fort Santiago to the Engineer's quarters in Bagumbayan (now Luneta, later Rizal Park) just outside Intramuros. Asked if he wanted anything, the venerable priest said he wanted to make his last testament wherein (according to the Spanish historian Jose Montero y Vidal) he willed that his earthly possessions worth P200,000 be given to his natural son, who was also a priest, whom he had begotten before he became a priest. When MajorBoscasa asked if he had any particular cleric he wanted to confess to, Gomes replied: Anybody you want- to me, any priest is sufficient, and the more he is my enemy, the better so that he can see how clear is my conscience. A recollect Fray Juan Gomez y Ortega, secretary of the Provincial Order, heard his confession." 195 Gomes' Death by Strangulation At about 7 o'clock in the morning of the following day, February 17, 1872, the prisoners Burgos, Gomes, Zamora and Zaldua, walked from their quarters to a small mound about 200 meters towards Ermita, where a wooden platform some ten meters square had been built. Four stout posts with a small seat in front and iron collars that could tighten from a large screw behind, had been prepared. This was the garrote used in strangulating condemned persons. Zaldua came first, followed by Zamora, then Gomes, and lastly, Burgos. Each prisoner was guarded by four soldiers and a corporal armed with rifle and bayonet, led by an officer with a drawn sword. Two friars, a Recollect and an Agustinian, followed Gomes closely. Gomes Dies with Calm Conscience Regidor further wrote: "Gomes marched tranquilly, unperturbed and withoutfear. His placid countenance reflected on the exterior the serenity of his conscience. He greeted one another at the side, those who -moved their hats or those who knelt down as he passed by." When it was his turn to ascend the platform, after Zaldua and Zamora had been executed, he said: "We are going there where not a leaf moves without the will of God." What is There to Forgive? With firm steps, Fr. Gomes mounted the stairs, then paused at the first step upon beholding Major Manuel Boscasa, trial judge advocate who prosecuted them, saying: "Godforgive you, as we areforgiving you." Somebody in the crowd shouted: "Forgive them, Father,for they know not what they do." Gomes turned around to the group of friars who had followed him up to the platform, and replied: "If you have done nothing against me, what is there to forgive?"' 196 Gomes' Last Moment Fr. Gomes then quietly sat down on the small seat. As the executioner faastened the iron collar around his neck, he exclaimed: "Lord, unto Thy hands, I commend my spirit!" A quick turn of the screw and it was all over. Thus,i Fr. Mariano Gomes de los Angeles, at the age of 72 years, 14 months and 15 days, died a martyr to the cause of his country and the profession he loved. As a member of the Revolutionary Junta in Europe wrote in 1900: "You cannot die because, having taught your countrymen to live with dignity, without ever profaning the sincerity of your ideals andfeelings with a lie, you showed men how to meet death with an unfeigned serenity, deserving the title of 'IMMORTAL'!" 197 CHAPTER XXXVII FR. ZAMORA, ACCIDENTAL MARTYR" He joins Secularization Work A zealous nationalist and reformist, Fr. Jacinto Zamora y del Rosario joined the Comite Reformador (Reformist Committee). As a mem ber of this committee, Father Zamora showed his true person as a man of valor and courage, uprightness, liberal- mindedness, and as a true and sincere fighter against abuses and oppression. The reformist committee worked for the secularization of the parishes in the whole country and for the emancipa- tion of the Filipino priests from the oppressive policies of the friars. Son of a Rich Couple Fr. Jacinto Zamora was born to a rich couple, Venancio Zamora and Hi- FR. JACINTO ZAMORA lanria del Rosanrio of Pandacan, Manila, on August 14,1835. He took his primary education in Pandacan and obtained the degree of Bachelor of Arts from the Colegio Real de San Juan de Letran. Later, he transferred to the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas to pursue the career of priesthood. 198 A Courageous Student Leader A leader, by his own right, Fr. Zamora, who became involved in student politics, on January 24, 1860, led a student demonstration seeking the immediate removal of a newly-named mayor. Authorities of the University of SantolTomas reported the matter to the Vicar General74and prompt action was taken against the ten student leaders including Fr. Jose Burgos and another student named Juan Dulag. Zamora was punished with a confinement in his quarters for two months. Zamora Becomes a Scholar Like Burgos and Gomes, Zamora was also a bright student who became a scholar. On March 6, 1858, he obtained his degree in Canon Law and Theology from the University of Santo Tomas, more than sufficient to meet the minimum requirements for an ecclesiastical career. However, he did not stop here, instead, he continued his college works in order to obtain the Doctorate in Canon Law. In the subjects of Logics and Physics, Zamora was the classmate of Jose A. Burgos. Frequently, they were seen together discussing the important issues of their day. Zamora Ordained a Priest Two years later, Zamora was ordained a priest and he took the parish work seriously. His first assignment was as an assistant parochial priest in Marikina, Rizal. He became a full-fledged parish priest of Pasig, Rizal, when he was transferred there. Later, he moved to Lipa, Batangas. On November 26, 1864, Zamora was again transferred to the parish of Pandacan, where he lodged with Fr. Burgos who was already very active working for reform. While he was still in Pasig, he had already taken the competitive examination for an important portion in the Manila Cathedral. This rigid examination which was participated in by both Spaniards and Filipinos, only a few were able to pass. Zamora obtained a rating second to the highest. He was named 199 to the Curacy No. 1 of the Cathedral chapter. Highly esteemed by the' Archbishop of Manila, both Zamora and Burgos were assigned the jobs as examiners of the new Spanish and Filipino priests. Hundreds took this examination. Zamora Reveals Firm Character The movements of the reformist committee of which Gomes, Burgos and Zamora were the staunchest and most active members, were being watched very closely by the Spaniards. At this time circumstances ensued which paused as a challenge to the firmness of Zamora's character. Filipino priests with 17 years of academic experience and preparation, could aspire only to the position of a coadjutor or assistant to the friar, but never to become a head of a parochial district. Eyed questionably also by Zamora was the friar's practice of stationing young Spaniards who had just arrived from Spain, to serve as sacristans to the friars by which, they were already allowed as qualified to take the examination for parish priest after only six months of service. Zamora, who was one of the examiners, steadfastly refused to allow these Spanish sacristans to take the examination in spite of the threats from the friars. Zamora, Firm and Dauntless Another occasion came when again he had to show the Spaniards that he was firm and dauntless. During his tenure of office in the Manila Cathedral, there was a Spanish lieutenant or captain who asked him to bless the corpse of his fellow Spanish officer who committed a suicide so that his remains could be interred in a holy ground. Notwithstanding all the supplications and intimidations of the arrogant Spanish officer, Zamora refused. He had to adhere to the policy of the Roman Catholic Church and also to his own policy that he had to treat both Filipinos and Spaniards alike. 200 Then, Another Challenge Came There was another instance that Zamora's character was challenged. It happened during the town fiesta of Pandacan in which only the friars had the privilege to sing in the High Mass. Zamora, accompanied by two other Filipino priests, audaciously, sang in the High Mass without the permission of the three Franciscan priests. Zamora was forced to do this, because the three Spanish priests who were supposed and expected to celebrate the High Mass were delayed listening and enjoying the beautiful operatic piece played by the well-known Pandacan brass band under the baton of Intong Palumbarit outside the Church. Fr. Zamora did not want the flock to feel disgusted waiting for the three Spanish priests. Although the offended triumvirate did not question Zamora's audacity, he was strongly criticized for his act. Spaniards Take Reprisals The religious as well as the government authorities felt so much fed up with Fr. Zamora's boldness. They had been scheming, plotting and waiting for a most propitious time or opportunity to launch their reprisal. And the much awaited chance had come. Fr. Zamora found enjoyment or pastime in the game of cards with his fellow Filipino priests. His favorite games were commonly called manilla, panguingue, and also the tertulla, and during fiesta, the cockfighting. His house on Fraternidad street in Pandacan had always been the scene of his favorite pastime. One day, Fr. Zamora received an invitation from Fr. Pedro Duran, parish priest of San Anton, in the district of Sampaloc, Manila, to play a game of cards with a big group of individuals in a Sampaloc convent. The invitation was worded, thus: "Grand reunion. Come withoutfail. Ourfriends will be there and will be well provided with BALAS (bullets) and POLVORA (powder). The affair was scheduled to take place on the day of the fiesta of San Anton, the patron saint of the town. Zamora accepted the invitation and prepared to attend. 201 What a Strange Coincidence Perhaps, by the stroke of Fate, on the same date of the fiesta, the disgusted Filipino workers in the arsenal of Cavite, mutinied against their commander, because they were angered when the tributes were deducted from their salaries in spite of the fact that they were already exempted from the payment of the same. On top of this, their companions were downgraded, neglected and deported to the island of Balabac and their jobs were given to inexperienced newcomers who were recommended by the friars. The mutiny spread out like wil dfire which reached the Port of San Felipe, in the Province of Cavite, where the Filipino soldiers responded in sympathy with the mutineers. Spanish Reprisal Now Comes Fr. Zamora, already eyed by the Spanish authorities for his bold and radical acts against the abusive friars and being one of the recognized champions of the reformist movement, became a much wanted man by the Spanish military authorities. His enemies, especially the friars, found the incident a most propitious opportunity to complicate him including the other known reformers as instigators of the mutiny in Cavite. A warrant of arrest was issued for a man named Fr. "Jose" Zamora, who was said to be a real activist and "an energetic foe of the authorities." When the warrant of arrest was presented to Fr. Jacinto Zamora at his house on Fraternidad street, he vehemently objected explaining that he was not "Jose" but Jacinto. Explicitly, the warrant of arrest was not intended for Fr. Jacinto Zamora, but for "Fr. Jose Zamora." But the Spaniards changed the name "Jose" to Jacinto in the warrant and forced the mistaken Fr. Zamora to accept it and arrested him. 202 The Aggravating Circumstances The civil authorities, later, searched Fr. Zamora's house. They found on his desk the invitation sent to him previously to join a game of cards. Mention therein of the words balas (bullets) and polvora (powder) intended to mean that the invited players were well provided with money (balas) and there would be high stakes (polvora) in the game of monte, were taken as evidences of their intention to start their rebellion on that fateful day against the Spanish government. Conspiracy and Mutiny Fr. Zamora, with Frs. Burgos and Gomes, were consequently accused for conspiracy and mutiny with the prime objective of causing the separation of the Philippines from Spain and to proclaim it as an "independent republic." The Spanish council of war, or, the military tribunal, conducted a mock trial at Fort Santiago on February 15, 1872. The whole proceedings of the trial were featured with fabricated evidences and false testimonies drawn out from witnesses under duress and cruel torture. Fr. Zamora was not allowed to defend himself nor to refute the accusation against him. One of the witnesses falsely stated that Fr. Zamora served as a messenger of Fr. Burgos in the delivery of the latter's manifestoes, and furthermore, that he caused the publication of the Manifesto a la nacio4 espafioia in June 1864. The military tribunal sentenced Fr. Zamora to die by the garrote, together with his comembers Frs. Burgos and Gomes of the reformist committee in Bagumbayan field (now Luneta, later, Rizal Park), on the early morning of February 17, 1872. 203 FOOTNOTES 'Maragtas Kang Antique (History of Antique), San Jose de Buenavista, Antique 189th year SouvenirProgram (Antique: ImnprentaLaDefensa, 1976), p.1. 2Philippines (Rep.) Bureau of Mines, Geological Map (Manila: The Bureau, 1963), p.2. 3Philippine (Commonwealth) Bureau of Mines, Geological Findings: a Report (Manila: The Bureau, 1943), p.4. 4The length of time "10,000 years ago", is considered too short and may not be correct. The land mass where Pilipinas was situated, submerged within the Pleistocene or Glacial Ephoch-500,000 to 2,000,000 years of the Quarternary Period, - according to the Geological Time Chart, due to volcanic eruption and the melting of the gigantic glaciers in the North and South Poles of the earth. It appears certain now, the Kingdom of Limuria is precisely the Ylayan Archipelago (now Philippine Archipelago) which together with the Continent of Atlantis were submerged by the Catalysmic Upheavals, and the Great Flood of the Old Testament may yet be this same catalysmic event. Auggusta de Almeida, PANORAMA, Bulletin Today Sept. 4, 1986, Manila, Phils. p.7. 5Samuel Aun Meor, La Felicidad Mediante La Meditacion Superior (Happiness Through Superior Meditation), (Argentina, South America: n.D.), p.9. 6Burgos, p. 12. 7Jose Rizal national Centennial Commission Report (Manila: The Commission, 1959-61), p. 14. 'Modesto P. Saonoy, Binalbagan Centuries Ago (Bacolod City: Diamond Press, 1972); and Jose Soncuya, La Historia Pre-Hispana de Filipinas (Manila, 1910), p. 16. 9Burgos, p.20. '~Ginhalaran - The name is a Hiligaynon word, meaning the place is a sacrificial legacy, or dedicated to something which was not explained. Philippine Geography, n.d., p.20. "Marapara - It is a mountain peak, a looking distance from Ginhalaran on the northern part of Negros Island, a part of the Malaspina mountain range. Ibid. 204 2Lungib Sang Kabiligoan - A Hiligaynon-Tagalog phrase, meaning a cave of frustration. Burgos, p.20. 3Burgos, p.24. 14Guiual - The Spaniards changed this name to Guimbal, now a town in the Southern seacoast of Iloilo province, Ibid. "SSipitan - Now a barangay of Guimbal, near it is a Binanua-an, a settlement of Hari Balantad and his tribe of negritoes. Burgos, p.26. '6Aklan - It is now a separate province, formerly, it was a part of the Province of Capiz. Burgos, p.27. 17Burgos, p.30. '8Manaul - A Philippine bird resembling an eagle. Burgos p.33. 19Agurang - An old respected man. Burgos, p.34. 20Jose Felix Medrano, La Lucha De Los Antiguos Filipinos Para Su Vida Y Existencia (Iloilo City: F. Ordas, 1807), p.36. 21Hiniray-a - Language of Datu Sumakwel in the Province of Antique which the people of Iloilo also speak in the interior and Southern towns of their province. Matnuhay Kalantiaw, introduced the Hiligaynon language to the Panayans which became the major language of the west Visayan region. Kalantiaw's Criminal Code is titled "Bahandi Sang Mga Tulumanon", originally written in perfect Hiligaynon. /AUTHOR/ 22Ati-atihan - The rootword in Hiligaynon is Ati-ati, a suffix "han" was added by Tagalogs to make it "Ati-atihan". It has become a Tagalized Hiligaynon. /AUTHOR/ 23Sinulog - A Hiligaynon word. The rootword is "Sulog" meaning a fighting cock. "Sinulog", a progressive noun, means a cock in a fighting stance, from which, the negrito war dance had been evolved. /AUTHOR/ 24Negrito Tribes of Panay - Interview by the author during his tour of historical places in the Visayas in December, 1977. 25Sinugbohan - A Hiligaynon word, meaning a place where to go. Example: Masugbo ako sa Talisay. (I'll go to Talisay.) /AUTHOR/ 26Balantad - A street in Guimbal was named after this negrito head of a tribe to honor him. /AUTHOR/ 27Burgos, p.48. 28Interview with Ermino F. Famodulan, Islet of Simara, Romblon. 205 29Biniday of Barangays - A fleet of fast sailing vessels. Burgos, p.50. 30Bukbok River - A separate river. Its mouth nearly meets the mouth of Malandog River, both emptying to the Visayan Sea. Ibid. 31Burgos, p.54. 32Datu Sumakwel's Set of Laws - Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro Maragtas, Miag-ao, Iloilo. He wrote it in Hiligaynon copied from an old manuscript. Historians translated it into Spanish and English. Burgos, p.57. 33Due to this law, a new race of mulattoes emerged in the mountains of Panay. Exiled brown people married negrito women. San Jose de Buenavista, Antique Souvenir Program, p.59. 34Delfin Gumban, Flores de Invierno (Manila, 1935), p.61. 35Burgos, p.63. 36Biniray - Tagalogs changed this word to "Binirayan", which has become a Hiligaynon-Tagalized word. San Jose de Buenavista, Antique Souvenir Program, p.66. 37Francisco A. de Baltazar, Los Primeros Cides De Filipinas (Manila, 1912), p.68. 38Uldarico S. Baclagon, Philippine Campaigns (Quezon City: Graphic House, 1952), p.72. 39Charles Mckew Parr, So Noble A Captain (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1952), p.75. 40Burgos, p.79. 4'Katuna - This is the true name of the Bohol chieftain who became famous by the cognomen of"Sikatuna". Filipinos use the article Si when they call a man Si Juan or Si Pedro. Burgos, p.82. 42Tanday Lupalupa - This is the real name of the chieftain of Maktan who became famous by the name of Lapu-lapu. The Spaniards had the difficulty pronouncing the accutely vowels "ia". For convenience, they pronounced it "Lapulapu". Burgos, p. 85. 43It should be noted that in the year 1521, the second coming of Magellan to the Philippines, Sumakwel was still the head of the Confederation of Madyaas in Panay. If he came in the years 1200, 1250 or 1300; as alleged by Filipino historians, was it possible for Sumakwel to exist for over 200 years. Burgos, p.83. 206 4Fermin Sta. Cruz, Los Primitivos Establecimientos De Los Presbiteros Filipinos (Bohol, 1767), p.95. 4SBurgos, p.85. 4Burgos, p.92. 47The natives recognized the Sun as their God. Burgos, p.97. 48Pedro M. Endera, Los Primitivos Y Sus Esfuerzos Para Su Existencia (Iloilo, 1767); Burgos, p.102. 49Blair and Robertson, in their history state that from Cebu, Legaspi transferred his settlement to Panay, but no specific mention of the place was made. p.103. 5~Demy P. Sonza, Iloilo, Land of Riches and Glory, Kaadlawan Sang Iloilo (Iloilo, 1977), p. 107. 5"Ibid. 52Baltazar, p. 113. 53Baclagon, p.l 19. '4Pedro F. Lagumbay, La Lucha Por La Existencia De Los Primitivos Pobladores De Filipinas (Manila, 1820), p.1 19. 55Baltazar, p.124. 56Id., p.126. 57Burgos, p. 128. 58Ungson, p. 131. 59Burgos, p. 131. 6Cesar Adib Majul, The New Philippines (Manila: National Media Production Center, 1977), p.135. 61Spanish-Indio - A troop composed of a few Spanish soldiers and many Filipino volunteers. The Spaniards called the Filipino collaborators "Indios". Burgos, p. 136. 62Enclaves - Minor cultural groups within a large group. Burgos, p.137. 63Maranao - A distinct type of Muslims, mostly in the Lanao provinces. Ibid. 4Id.,p. 141. 65Baclagon, p.141. 66Id., p.147. 67Burgos, p. 151. 207 6Baclagon, p.151. 69Burgos,p. 157. 70Sol H. Gwekoh, Secular Martyrs of Filipinism (Manila: National Book Store, 1972),p.172. 71Carta Entre El Padre Burgos y El Gobemador Carlos Ma. De La Torre y Navancerrada (Audiencia Real de Manila,1869), p. 172. 72Carlos Quirino, Father Gomes, the Immortal, Sunday Times Magazine, July 30,1972, p.188. 73Gwekoh, p.200. 74Vicar General - One acting as an Administrative Deputy to a Bishop or to the General Superior of a religious order, Burgos, p.201. 208 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY RESEARCHES BY DIRECT INQUIRY, PERSONAL TESTIMONIES AND OCULAR FINDINGS AT VARIOUS PLACES, NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 1977 Abeto, Cecilio E. - who took pictures of historical places visited by the author. Acallar de Navarro, Aquilina - a centenarian of Ginhalaran, Silay City (Negros Occidental), who gave a testimony on Mamagtal's settlement at her native place. Ausan Jr., Pelagio - editor of a tabloid ANTIQUE KARON, office of Gov. Evilio Javier, San Jose, Antique, who took pictures of the Bukbok River where on its bank Datu Sumakwel and his group landed. Bacar, Rafael and Asuncion, Anastacia - centenarians of Barangay Malandog, San Jose, Antique, who gave testimonies on the organization of the Confederation of Madyaas by Datu Sumakwel. Bisayda, Guillermo - an aged resident and native of Malandog, who is a great, great grandson of Datu Dumangsol, associate of Datu Sumakwel in the Confederation of Madyaas. He also indicated the landing spot of the Bornean datus at the bank of Burbok River. Canos, Pilar - an octogenarian native resident of Villa de Arevalo, Iloilo City, who gave a testimony on the establishment of the second settlement, at her native place of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Cepe, Silverio - an old native resident of Malandog, who corroborated the testimonies given by the other native elders of the place regarding the settlement of Datu Sumakwel and his group at their place. 209 Corteza, Ramon A. - a native resident of Villa de Arevalo, who accompanied the author to Batiano River, Villa de Arevalo, where Legaspi's fleet entered and anchored. At the bank of that river, Legaspi ordered Ilongo carpenters to build a slipway and more galleons to augment his naval force for the invasion of Manila. Famodulan, Ermino F. - native of the Island of Simara, Romblon, who gave a testimony that Datu Puti and his group stopped for a while at San Jose, Simara, before proceeding northward to Batangas. Develos, Rita - barangay captain of Malandog, who gave a testimony on the coming of Datu Sumakwel and his group to her native place. Javier, Gov. Evilio - provincial governor of Antique, who gave a testimony on the existence of the Negrito tribes in his province. Maghari, Mildred - editorial staff member of Antique Karon, San Jose, Antique, who gave a testimony on Datu Sumakwel and his Confederation of Madyaas at Malandog. Sanchez, et al, Ricardo - native residents of Puerto Princesa, Palawan, who gave testimonies on Datu Puti, Datu Pula and Datu Itim. Sardona, Marcelino; and Fenis, Marcelino - barangay council members of Siwaragan, San Joaquin, Iloilo Province, who indicated to the author the Handona (not Andona) Creek where the ten Brunei datus anchored and tied their sailboats to the trees along the bank of the creek. They also informed the author that Sinugbohan, Marikudo's settlement, is more or less 10 kilometers from Siwaragan, San Joaquin. Siason, Serafmi - barangay captain of Ginhalaran, Silay City, who gave a testimony on the settlement of Chieftain Mamagtal at his native place. Talledo, Gorgonio - municipal secretary of Guimbal, Iloilo Province, who gave a testimony on the landing site of Matnuhay Kalantiaw and his 210 entourage at Barangay Binanua-an, Guiual (now Guimbal). The residents of Guimbal pointed to the author the Balantad Street in Guimbal, named in honor of the Negrito King Balantad. Villarias, Alfredo - an octogenarian native resident ofGinhalaran, Silay City, who gave a testimony on Mamagtal's settlement at his native place. Villavert, Ricardo - a resident of Barangay Malandog, Hamtik, Antique, who now owns the piece of property where Datu Sumakwel established his Confederation of Madyaas. Zaldarriaga, Zoilo - an old native resident of Siwaragan, San Joaquin, who corroborated the testimonies given on the exact location of Handona Creek. MANUSCRIPTS Baltazar, Francisco A. de. "Los Primeros Cides de Filipinas". 1712. Burgos y Garcia, Jose Apolonio. "Los Cides de Filipinas". Manila: Audiencia Real de Manila, 1869. "Cartas entre el Padre Burgos y Gobernador Carlos Ma. de la Torre y Navancerrada, Audiencia Real de Manila". 1869. Endera, Pedro M. "Los Primitivos y sus Esfuerzos Para su Existencia". 1767. Gensole, Godofredo M. "Los Tres Primeros Tribus de Filipinas y Sus Esfuerzos Para Su Existencia, Sus Reyes y Principales". 1818. Lagumbay, Pedro F. "La Lucha Por la Existencia de los Primitivos Pobladores de Filipinas". 1820. 211 Medrano, Jose Felix. "La Lucha de los Antiguos Filipinos Para Su Vida y Existencia". 1807. Monteclaro, Pedro Alcantara. "Maragtas". Nabor y Teodosio, Emilio. "Tagubilin". Iloilo City, 1909. Pigaffeta, Antonio. "Primo Viaggio Intorno al Mundo". 1525. Povedano, Diego Lope. "La Isla de Negros y las Costumbres de los Visayos y Negritos"; and "Las Antiguas Leyendas y Cuentos de los Indios de Esta Isla de Buglas". Translated into English by James Robertson, 1578. Sta Cruz, Fermin. "Los Primitivos Establecimientos de los Presbiteros Filipinos". 1767. Sancuya, Josue. "La Historia Pre-Hispana de Filipinas." Manila, 1910. BOOKS Agoncillo, Teodoro A. and Alfonso, Oscar M. HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE. Manila: Inang Wika Pub., 1958. Alip, Eufronio M. and others. THE PHILIPPINES OF YESTERYEARS: THE DAWN OF HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES. Limited edition. Manila: E. M. Alip, 1964. Alvarez y Tejero, Luis Prudencio. De las Islas Filipinas. Valencia: Imprenta de Cabreizo, 1842. Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino, Recopilacion de documentos histdricos, cientificos, literarios y politicos, y estudios bibliograficos por W. E. Retana. 5 vols. Madrid: Lib. General de V. Suarez, 1895-1905. 212 Azcarraga y Palmera, Manuel. La Reforma del Municipio Indigeno en Filipinas. Madrid: Imp. de J. Noguera, 1871. Baclagon, Uldarico S. PHILIPPINE CAMPAIGNS Quezon City: Graphic House, 1952. Benitez, Conrado C. PHILIPPINE HISTORY IN STORIES. Boston, Mass.: New York, Ginn & Co., 1929. Berriz, Miguel Rodriguez. DICCIONARIO DE LA ADMINISTRACION DE FILIPINAS. Primera ed. 15 vols. in 8. Manila: Estab. Tipo-Lit. de M. Perez (Hijo) 1887. Beyer, H. Otley and De Veyra, Jaime C. PHILIPPINE SAGA, A PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO SINCE TIME BEGAN. Manila: Capitol Pub. House, Inc., 1952. Blair Emma and A. Robertson James, eds. THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493-1898. 54 volumes. Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1903-1909. Bouring, Sir John. A VISIT TO THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. London: Smith, Elder and Company, 1859. Brougham, Henry. AN INQUIRY INTO THE COLONIAL POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN POWERS. 2 vols. Edinburgh: E. Balfour, Manners and Miller, and Archibald Constable, 1803. Colleccion de Autos Acordados de la Real Audiencia Chancilleria de Filipinas y de las soberanas y superiores desposiciones que afectan al ramo de la Justicia o conviene tengan presentes los jueces que reunen a la vez el caracter de gobernadores de provincia. Tomos 1-5 Manila: Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier, 1861-1866. Comyn, Tomas de. STATE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Translated from Spanish, with notes and an introduction by William Walton, Esq. London: T and J. Allen, 1821. 213 Craig, Austin. THE FILIPINOS'FIGHT FOR FREEDOM. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company, Inc., 1933. Craig, Austin and Benitez, Conrado, eds. PHILIPPINE PROGRESS PRIOR TO 1898. Manila: Philippine Education Company, 1818. Enriquez, Maria Salud del Rosario and Ramos, Eligio. HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES. Manila: Philippine Book Co., 1969. De la Gironieri, Paul P. TWENTY YEARS IN THE PHILIPPINES. Translated from French. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1854. Gwekoh, Sol H. SECULAR MARTYRS OF FILIPINISM. Manila: National Book Store, 1972. Herreo, Miguel Blanco. POLITICA DE ESPANA EN ULTRAMAR. Madrid: Esl. Tip. Sucesores de Rivandeneyr", 1888. Jagor, Feodor, REISEN IN DEN PHILIPPINEN. Berlin: Weidmannsche Lannoy, Joseph. LES PHILIPPINES BRUXELLES: Imprimmerie de Delevinge at Cablewaert, 1849. Mac Micking, Robert. RECOLLECTIONS OF MANILA AND THE PHILIPPINES DURING 1848, 1849 and 1850. London: Richard Bentley, 1851. Mallat, J. LES PHILIPPINES: HISTOIRE, GEOGRAPHIE, MOEURS, AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRIE ET COMMERCE DE COLONIES ESPAGNOLES DANS 1' OCEANIE. 2 vols. in 1 Paris: Arthur Bectrand, Editor, 1846. de Mas, Sinibaldo. INFORME SOBRE ESTADO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS EN 1842. 3 vols. Madrid, 1843. 214 Meor, Samuel Aun. LA FELICIDAD MEDIANTE LA MEDITACION SUPERIOR (HAPPINESS THROUGH SUPERIOR MEDITATION). Manila: Distributed in the Philippines by Peter's Mystical Book Center, (1977) Montero y Vidal, Jose. EL ARCHIPIELAGO FILIPINO Y LAS ISLAS MARIANAS, CAROLINAS Y PALAOS; SU HISTORIA, GEOGRAFIA, Y ESTADISTICA. Madrid: Imprenta y Fundicion de Manuel Tello, 1886. Moreno, Rafael. MANUAL DE CABEZA DE BARANGAY. Manila: Imprenta Amigos del Pais 1874. Morga, Antonio de. THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, MOLUCCAS, SIAM, CAMBODIA, JAPAN AND CHINA AT THE CLOSE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. Trans. from Spanish, by Henry E. J. Stanley. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1868. Morga, Antonio de. SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS, annotated by Dr. Jose Rizal. London: Libreria de Garier Hermanos, 1890. THE NEW LAWS OF THE INDIES, FOR THE GOOD TREATMENT AND PRESERVATION OF THE INDIANS, PROMULGATED BY THE EMPEROR CHARLES THE FIFTH, 1542-1543. London: Chiswiek Press MDCCCL-XXXXIII. Parr, Charles Mckew. SO NOBLE A CAPTAIN. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1953. Piddington, Henry. REMARKS ON THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, AND ON THEIR CAPITAL MANILA, 1819 to 1822. Calcutta: Baptist Missions Press, 1828. Ranke, Leopold. THE OTTOMAN AND THE SPANISH EMPIRE, IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES. LONDON: Whitmaker and Company, 1843. 215 RECOPILACION DE LEYES DE LOS REINOS DE LAS INDIAS, Mandado imprimir y publicar por la majestad catolica del rey Don Carlos I. 3ed. 4 vols. Madrid: A Ortega, 1774. RECOPILACION DE LEYES DE LOS REINOS DE LAS INDIAS, Mandado imprimir y publicar por la majestad catolica del rey Don Carlos I. 5th ed. 4 vols. Madrid: Boiz, 1841. Recur, Carlos. FILIPINAS: ESTUDIOS ADMINISTRATIVOS Y COMERCIALES. Madrid: Imprenta de Ramon Moreno y Ricardo Rojas, 1879. Retana y Gamboa, Wenceslao Emilio. ARCHIVO DEL BIBLIOFILO FILIPINO; RECOPILACION DE DOCUMENTOS HISTORICOS, CIENTIFICOS, LITERARIOS Y POLITICOS, Y ESTUDIOS BIBLIOGRAFICOS. Madrid: Impr. de la Viuda de M. Minuesa de los Ribs, 1895-1905. 5 volu'mines. Robertson, James A. SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF, AND IDEAS OF LAW AMONG, EARLY PHILIPPINE PEOPLES. New York: Macmillan Company, 1971. Sanciano y Goson, Gregorio. EL PROGRESO DE FILIPINAS, ESTUDIOS ECONOMICOS, ADMINISTRATIVOS, Y POLITICOS. PARTE ECONOMICA. Madrid: Imprenta de la Vda. de J. M. Preg, 1881. Scheidnagel, Manuel. LAS COLONIALES. ESPANOLES DE ASIA: LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS. Madrid: Imp. de los Seniores Pacheco y Pinto, 1880. Spence, Hartzell. MARCOS OF THE PHILIPPINES. New York: World Pub. Co., 1969. 216 Tonogbanua, Francisco G. A SURVERY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE. Enlarged edition. Manila, 1977. Ungson, Lourdes C. LOOKING BACK AND AHEAD. Quezon City: Taurus Pub., 1975. Zaide, Gregorio F. PHILIPPINE HISTORY FOR HIGH SCHOOLS. Revised edition. Manila: Modem Book Co., 1952. PAMPHLETS AND OTHER MATERIALS Castaiieda, Jose F GENERAL INFORMATION FOR CIVIL SERVICE REVIEWERS. Manila: Majul, CesarAdib. THE NEW PHILIPPINES. Manila: National Media Production Center, MARAGTAS KANG ANTIQUE, 189th Year. San Jose; Antique: Office of the Governor, Iloilo City: La Defensa Press, 1976. Perfecto, Casimero F. ANG ILONG-ILONG. Iloilo City: La Panayana Almanac, 1926. Philippine Bureau of Mines. Geological Map. Series of 1963. Manila: Bureau of Mines, 1963. Quirino, Carlos. FATHER GOMES, THE IMMORTAL. Sunday Times Magazine. 1972. July, 30. pp. Sa-Onoy, Modesto P. BINALBAGAN CENTURIES AGO. Bacolod City: Diamond Press, 1972. Sonza, Demy P. ILOILO, LAND OF RICHES AND GLORY. Kaadlawan sang Iloilo. 217 INDEX -AAbeto, Augurio y Maranon, 67 Acallar de Navarro, Aquilina, 23 Adam, 7 Aetas, 4, 13 Agno river, 148 Agodi Peninsula, 52-53 Aguas, Alexo, 150 Agurang, 17 Agutaya (island), 4 Aille, Antonio, 169 Aklan, 30 Aklan tribe, 48 Aklan tribe of Negritoes, 47 Alayon, 62, 64 Albuquerque, Alonso, 98-100 Alcaldia de Panay, 106 Alcarazo, Juan de, 139-141 Alcoholic drinks, 137 Ali Muddin (See Mudin, Ali, Sultan of Jolo) Alimonsay, 21 Almeidda, Auggusta de, 66 Almeidda, 8-9 Amating tribe, 48 Amenities and gifts, 43 Ancestors no surnames, 18 Anda, Salazar Simon de, 152, 159, 182 Andamaneses, 3 Animas, Luciana D., 104 Aninipay (See Panay) Anini-y tribe, 48 Anini-y tribe of Negritoes, 47 Anitos, 118 Antique (province), 2, 105 Apdo tribe, 48 Apdo tribe of Negritoes, 47 Arayat, Mt., 7 Argentina, S. A., 9 Ark of Noah, 7 Armistice, 152 Aropayang, 18 Arrechederra, Juan, 128-129 Arrevillaga, Tomas de, 128 Arsa, Manuel de, 1660 Asaldegui, Andres Lopez, 143 Asim, Prince, 129 Asuncion, Anastasia, 53 Ati-Atihan, 43-45 Atlantic Ocean, 8 Ausan, Pelagio, 52 -BBabylonia, 9 Bacar, Rafael, 53 Bahag, 16 Bahandi sang mga Tulumanon, 31 Balangays, 26 Balantad, King, 27-28, 96 Balensuela, Datu, 48, 50 218 Balo ni Jose, si Maria, 18 Baloi, Mt., 4 Banahaw, Mt., 7 Bancao, Ruler of the Island of Limasaw^i, 140 Bandjarmasin, 36-37 Bangkaya, Datu, 50, 57 Banglo, 11 Bantayan, 89 Barangay Siwaragan, 42, 52 Barotos, 113 Batangan (See Batangas province) Batangas (province), 76 Batiano river, 103 Battle of Maktan, 94-96 Battle of Palapag, 144 Bautista, Juan, 141 Bautistillo, 148 Bayang Pinagpala, 7 Bayu, 17 Becbec,Pedro, 157, 159 Bicol dialect, 14 Bicolandia, 7 Binalbagan City, 17 Biniray, 66, 68 Bisayan Island, 13 Bisayans, 13-14 Bisayas, 12 Bisayda, Guillermo, 53, 55 Binanua-an tribe, 26 Binanua-an tribe of Negritoes, 27 The Black She-Wolf (See La Loba Negra) Blood compact, 97-102 Bohol, 13, 97, 165 Boholanos, 166 Bornay (See Borneo) Bornean datus, 38 Bornean descendant, 21 Borneo, 1 Bosta, Cecilio, 185 British invasion, 151-152 Buglas, 13 Buglas, Mamagtal of, 20 Buisan, Sultan, 132 Bukbok River, 53, 55, 58-59 Bulletin Today, 6 Bungsalan, Tadya, 255 Burgos y Garcia Jose Apolonio, 25, 168-183, 191 Burialcustoms, 19, 22 Bustos, 152 Busuanga (island), 4 -CCabinlit, Pedro, 166 Cain, 7 Cairo, Jose Lazaro, 166 Calderon, Rita, 130 Canlos, Pilar, 104 Caracoas, 144 Caraga warriors, 141 Cariio, Nicolas, 154-155, 160-161 Castilles, 117 Cataclysmic destruction, Catholicism, 129 Cavindish, Thomas, 106 7 219 Cebu, 85 Cebuano dialect, 15 Celebes Island, 1 Cenozoic Era, 2 Central Lemuria, 8 Cepe, Silverio, 55 Chabacano dialect, 15 Chaldea, 8 Chamorro, 81 Chamorros, 75-77 Charles V, King, 179 Chao-Yu-Kua, 5 Chaves, Juan de, 150 Chieftain of Caraga, Mindanao, 141 China, 30 Chinese-Igorotte mestizos, 148 Chinese kingdom, 74 Churchword, James, 8 Los Cides de Filipinas, 25 Coamug, 143 Collaborators, 134 Colonization, 105 Comite Reformador, 195, 197 Commonwealth Government of the Philippines, 69 Confradia de San Jose, 164 Continent of Atlantis, 7 Conquistadors, 138 Conquistadors, Spanish, 63 Corcuera, Hurtado de, 132 Cornish, Sarnel, 151 Council of War, 143 Covenant, 59 Cretaceous period, 2 Criminality a luxury, 30 Crown, scepter and crown, 103 Cultural Center of the Philippines, 6 -DDagohoy, Francisco, 165-166 Datu Balensuela (See Balensuela, Datu) Datu Bangkaya (See Bangkaya, Datu) Datu Bendahara Kalantiaw (See Kalantiaw, Bendahara, Datu) Datu Dumalugdog (See Dumalugdog, Datu) Datu Dumangsil (See Dumangsil, Datu) Datu Dumangsol (See Dumangsol, Datu) Datu Itum (See Itum, patu) Datu Kamatel (See Kamatel, Datu) Datu Lubay (See Lubay, Datu) Datu Labawdunggon (See Labawdunggon, Datu) Datu Padohinog (See Padohinog, Datu) Datu Paiburong (See Paiburong, Datu) Datu Pula (See Pula, Datu) Datu Puti (See Puti, Datu) Datu Sumakwel (See Sumakwel, Datu) 220 Datus, wives of, 69 Dayaks, 3-4, 20 Dayangdayang, 69 Dayangdayang Pabulanan, 50,69 De la Cruz, Apolinario, 163-164 Decrees, 122 DelCano, Sebastian, 78 Develos, Rita, 52, 55 Dialects, 14-15 Dowry, 17 Draper, William, 151, 156 Dress, 166 Dugok, 19 Dumalugdog, Datu, 57, 59 Dumangsil, Datu, 50 Dumangsol, Datu, 55, 57, 59 Duran Pedro, 198 Dutch naval ships, 149 Dutch wars, attacks on the Philippines, 149-150 Dyaks (See Dayaks) -EEden, Garden of, 7 Egypt, 8 Elcano, Sebastian, 102 Emissaries, Committee of, 91 Encomenderos, 118-119, 122 Encomiendas, 118, 144 Eve, 7 Executive order no. 234, 29 -FFajardo, Diego, 143 Fatima, 130 Festivities, 68 Filipinas, 5 Filipino, 14 loyalty to Spain, 147 rulers, 125 Filipino-Indios, 156 Filipinos' Fight for Freedom, 38 First Earth, 7 Folk-songs, 4 Fort Santiago, 107-110 -GGaddangs, 139 Galleon trade, 153 Gat Maitan, Malinog, 72, 74, 85 GatPandan,Toray, 72, 74-75, 85, 96 Gat Salian, Today, 72, 74, 85, 96, 109 Genies, 9 Gentiles, land of the, 7 Gentzer, Martin, 149 Ginhalaran, 20-21, 23 Glacial Epochs,Four, 3, 12-13 Gnomes, 9 Gods, 18 Goddesses, 9 221 Goiti,Martinde, 106, 108, 115, 120 Gomes de los Angeles, Mariano 180, 184-194 Gomorras, 7 Guam, 75 Guiual, 26 Gulah, Rajah Bendahara, 25 Gumapos, Pedro, 146 Guronggurong, 6 -HHamtik, 59-60 Handonacreek, 38-39, 41 Haraw, 26 Haraw River, 27 Heavenly Kingdom, 8 Hermano Pule (See De la Cruz, Apolinario) Hiligaynon dialect, 14 Hiligaynon language, 31 Himaya tribe, 48 Himaya tribe of Negritoes, 46 Hindu-Malays, 36 Hinduistic culture, 36 Hiniray-a dialect, 31 Holy land, 5 Honstapagnos, 9 Humabon, Almontay, 8-89 -IIbalois, 3-4 Igorots, 139 Ikong Kabungsol, 25 Ilocandia, 160 Ilocano, 14 Ilocos Region, 7 Imaw-imaw tribe, 48 Imaw-imaw tribe of Negritoes, 48 Indio, 171 Intramuros, 115, 148, 152 Irong-irong (See Iloilo) Islam religion, 132 Islas de Manila (See Mannila, Islas de) Islas de Ponente (See Ponente, Islas de) Islas de Oriente (See Oriente, Islas de) Itnegs, 3 Itum, Datu, 41 Izquierdo, Rafael Gutierrez, 180, 192.JJavier, Evilio, 68 -KKaboloan, 74-75 Kabunyan, 18 Kabuyaw, 46 Kalantiaw, Bendahara, Datu, 25 Kalantiaw, Code of, 19 Kalantiaw - history, 25 Kalantiaw - landing site, 27 222 Kalantiaw criminal code, 30-34 Kalantiaw entourage, 27-28 Kalantiaw shrine, 28-29 Kalatagan, 113 Kamatel,Datu, 10, 21-22 Kampilan, 70 Kandole (See Lakandula) Kangan, 16 Kapinangan, 63-64 Katuna, 83, 97-101 (Seealso Katunay) Katunay, 97 Kayans, 3 King Balantad (See Balantad, King) Kok Sin Ga, 134 Kolambu, Raja. 79 Koron (island), 4 Kudarat, Mohammad Dipatuan, 131-135 Kumpits, 51 -LLa Algarada Cavitefia de 1872, 181 Labawdunggon, Datu, 50 Laborers, 143 Ladrones, Isla de, 77 Lakan Tiaw, 24 Lakandula, Raha, 85, 13, 116 Land bridges, 4 Land cases, 186 Laoag (See Laoang) Laoang, 76 Lapulapu, 87, 96 Laws, Setof, 61 Lazarus, Saint, 78 Legazpi, Agustin, 125 Legazpi, Miguel Lopez de, 97-98, 100, 107-108, 111-112, 115, 119, 121,131,147 Legazpi expedition, 106 Legazpi settlement, 102-103 Lemuria Kingdom, 7-8 Lemurian, 6 Leyte, 13 Leyte-Samar Filipinos, 145 Lima-asawa, Alimbusay (See Limasawa) Limahong, 147 Limasawa, 79, 81-85 Ling Chay Eng, 74-75 Lingayen (See Ling Chay Eng) Liponglipong, 137 Liu-Sing, 5 Loarca, Miguel de, 105 La Loba Negra, 173 Lompotes, 106 Lubay,Datu, 57, 59 Lumandang, Agustin, 120-121 Lungib sang Kabiligoan, 20 Lunok, 19 Lupalupa, 87-96 Lupang Pangako, 6 Luzon, 85 -MMacasaig, Jacinto, 146 Madyaas, 13. 57 (See also Panay) 223 Madjapahit Empire, 38 Madyaas, Confederation of, 54-56, 60 Magat Salamat, 138 Magellan, Ferdinand, 81, 95 Maghari, Mildred, 54 Maglinti, 18 Magsaysay, Ramon, 29 Magwayen, 19 Makatunaw, Sultan, 37, 41, 50, 69 Makbarubak, 19, 22 Makinid, 18 Maktan invasion, 91-93 Maktan island, 8, 94 Makusog, 18 Malacaniang agreement (See Trato de Malacaiaang) Malandog, 52, 56, 65 Malinog Gat Maitan (See Gat Maitan, Malinog) Malong, Andres, 146 Malong Kingdom, 146 Mamagtal, 20-22 Mamagtal - wife, 21 Manila, Islas de, 5 Manifesto a la nacion Espaniola, 200 Maniolai, 5 Mantrams, 9 Maniwantiwan, 43, 48 Mansfield, James, 103 Maragtas, 38 Maranaos, 134 Marapara, 20 Marcos, Ferdinand E., 29 Marianas, Islas de las, 148 Marikudo, Timway, 43, 45-46, 55, 96 Marriage, 17 Matanda, Raja, 85, 117 Maud Gat Sungay, 116 Mawallil Wasit, Sultan (See Wasit, Mawallil, Sultan) Ma-yi, 5 Maydanaw (See Mindanao) Maydia, 27, 38-39, 55 (See also Panay) Maynilad, 109 (See also Luzon and Manila) Meor, Samuel, 9 Millan, Tomas, Fr., 161 Mindanao, 85, 131-132 Mindanaw, Island of, 14 Mindoro, Island of, 50 Mohammedans, 15-16 Moluccas markets, 149 Monteclaro, Pedro Alcantara, 38 Morga, Antonio, 17 Mudin, Ali, Sultan of Jolo, 127 -130 Mufioz, Juan, 144 Muslims (See Mohammedans) Muzones, Ramon L., 65, 67 -NNames, 18 NasirUddin (See Kudarat, Muhammad Dipatuan) National Historical Institute, 28 224 Nazareth, 7 Negrito dance, 45 Negritoes, 3-4, 11, 13 Negroids (See Negritoes) Negros Occidental, Province of, 17 Negroids, 9 Nino, Santo, 7 Nipis, 106 Norada, Conrado, 67 -0O Obando, Francisco Jose, 129-130 Ogtong (See Oton) Old Testament, 6 Oligocene Epoch, 2 Oriente, Islas de, 5 Oton, 106.pPadohinog, Datu, 57, 59 Pagbuaya (See Takmo Buaya) Pagsanjan, 7 Paiburong, Datu, 50, 52 Palanca for literature, 6 Palapag, Table of, 143 Palaris, Juan de la Cruz, 155 Palawan, 13 Palumbarit, Intong, 198 Pamalayi, 17 Pampanga (province), 7 Pampango dialect, 14 Pampangos, 138 Panaon, 79 Panay, 2 (See alsoMadyaas negrito tribes) 47 Pangasinan (province), 66 Pangulo, 16 Panorama, 6 Parang, Luis, 188 Paray or Palay, 17 Parian, 149 Patadiong, 16-17 Pelaez, Pedro, 189, 191 Penialosa, Ronquillo de 103, 121 Pharaohs, 7 Philip V, King of Spain, 128 Philippine Archipelago, 5 Philippine citizenry, 173 Philippine history, 8 Philippine Islands, 5 Pidigan, Abra, 160 Pigaffeta, 79 Pila, Town of, 7 Pilipinas, 6 Pintados, 16 Piscean age, 8 Plauchut, Edmund, 181 Pleistocene Epoch, 2, 4 Ponce, Juan, 143 Ponente, Islas de, 5 Povedano, Diego Lope de, 16, 18 Power and authority, 60 Presidential Decree no. 285, 29 Primeval people, 3 Prince Asim (See Asim, Prince) Princess Urduja (See Urduja, Princess) 225 Promised land, 6 Prophecy, 22 Ptolomy, Claudius, 55 Pula, Datu, 41 Pulpulan, 48 Puti, Datu, 22, 37, 41, 43, 50, 52 Pyramid of the Pharaohs, 7 -QQuezon, Manuel Luis, 71 Quezon (province), 7, 164 Races, 30 Raden Widyaya, 37-38 Raha Kandole (See Lakandula, Raha) RahaLakandula (See Lakandula, Raha) Raha Malong Matanda (See Matanda, Raja) Raha Sulayman (See Soliman, Rajah) Raja Kolambu (See Kolambu, Raja) Raja Siagu (See Siagu, Raja) Reformist Committee (See Comite Reformador) Reformists, 124-125 Regidor, Antonio Ma., 193 Regions, Linguistic, 14 Religious missionary, 126 Religious organizations, reforms, 179 Revue des deux mondes, 181 Rizal, Jose, 172 Rizal, Paciano, 172 Rojas, Gines de, 144 Rojo, Manuel Antonio, 151, 155 Romblon, 13 Rota, Islade, 75, 77 Royal decree of 1849, 190 Royal orders, 122 Rule of law, 31 -SSacred Spiritual Writings of MU, 8 Saint Joseph's Fraternity (See Cofradia de San Jose) Saint Lazarus (See Lazarus, Saint) Salcedo, Juan de, 108, 111, 115, 148, 187 Salustiano, Fray Lazaro, 189 Samal (See Samar) Samar, 7, 13 Samaria, 7 San Jose de Buenavista, 53 San Lazaro, Archipielago de, 5, 78 Sandoval, Francisco, 144 Sangleys, 148 Santo Niiio church, 90 Sanz, Manuel, 166 Sarrat, 7 Sarawak, Southern, 36 Sason, Alfredo, 23 Sason, Serafin, 23 Sazi, Francisco, 127 Second biblical genesis, 7 Second earth, 7 226 Secret society, 138 Semangs, 3 Shri-Visayan Malays, 36-37 Siagu, Raja, 79 Siam, 36 Siete Pecados, 49, 51 Silan, Diegode (See Silang, Diego) Silang,Diego, 153-157, 161 Silang, Gabriela, 155-161 Silay City, 20 Simara, Island of, 48 Sinai, 7 Sinait, 7 Sinugbohan tribe of negritoes, 43 Sinulog, 43-45 Sipian, Barrio, 27 Sipitan, 26 Siwaragan river, 41 Social conditions, 119 Sodom and Gomorra, Land of, 7 Soliman, Rajah, 85 Solomon, Temple of, 7 Spanish expedition, 98 Spanish occupation, 102 Spiritual civilization, 7 Subversive movements, 143 Subu (See Cebu) Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, 17 Sugbu, 13 Sukadana, 36 Sulayman, Luntay, 116 Sultan Buisan (See Buisan, Sultan) Sultan Makatunaw (See Makatunaw, Sultan) Sultan Mawallil Wasit (See Wasit, Mawallil, Sultan) Sultanate of Magindanao (See Mindanao) Sulu Archipelago, 12-12, 38 Sulu Sultanate, 131 Sumakwel, Datu, 22, 31, 37, 41, 50, 52, 56-57, 60, 63-64, 66-67, 79, 85, 96 Suriakwelan, 67 Sumuroy, 143 Surnames, 18 -TTaal lake, 48 Tabutaboan, 41 Tadya Bungsalan, 25 Tagalista, 184 Tagalogs, 12, 15 Tagals (See Tagalogs) Takmo, 70 TakmoBuaya, 19, 70-73, 96 Talibong, 114 Talisayon, 50 Tamblot of Bohol, 139-140 Tamon, Fernando Valdes, 152 Tanday Lupalupa, 85, 87, 96 (See also Lapulapu) Tangyaw, 26 Tangyaw river, 27 Tavera, T. H. Pardo de, 100 Tayabas (See Quezon province) Tertiary period, 2 Testimonies of Antiqueios, 54 Thailand, 36 227 Tina tribe, 47-48 Tobacco, 137-138 Today Gat Salian (See Gat Salian, Today) Toray Gat Pandan (See Gat Pandan, Toray) Torre, y Navancerrada, Carlos Ma. de la 175, 179-180, 192 Torre, Gaspar de la, 128 Tratado de Malacafiang, 188 Treaties Spain and Great Britain, 147 Spain and Philippines, 127-129 Trinidad (galleon), 37, 83, 94 Vicar Forane, 189 Vichang, 74, 76 Vicora, Cayo, 55 Vicos, Miguel, 157 Vigan See Vichang Villa Rica de Arevalo, La 103 Villalobos, Ruy Lopez, 5 Villarias, Alfredo, 23 Villavert, Ricardo, 53, 55 -WWalled City See Intramuros Waray-waray dialect, 15 Wasit, Mawallil, Sultan, 131 -U UR, 6 Ugbo, Francisco, 144 Ullos. Juan de, 144 Ulongan, 19 Undines, 9 Uprisings Bohol, 140 Cagayan, 139 Leyte, 140 Urduja, Princess, 6 Ylaya, 4, 10 archipelago, 4 rulers, 85 Ylayan archipelago, 4, 11-15 lawgiver, 24 racer, 12 types, 12 Ylayans, 10 -VValderrama, Fr., 77 Velarde, Murillo, 140 Vera, Melchor de, 141 Vera, Santiago de, 124-125 Verdad, La 190-191 Zaldua, Francisco, 181 Zambales, 4 Zamora, Jacinto, 180, 195-200 Zapata, Marcos, 142 Zufiega, Joaquin Martinez de,106 228 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 01877 4193 Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date. AUG 2001 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1i Tthosorn Park )rive (:lar., terry Township, PA 16(f 72, I 779 2111 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DATE DUE __. - - - -_ _ NOV 2 4 19., all NOV 1 3 1999 p-, %taw Vills 5B I IGR7R 1 58 11 676PS 7 i 04/99 02-013-01 rec -1 Barcode Inside ME