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Above all one gets thoroughly into the fascinating atmosphere of the Orient, and sees and hears and feels the great forces at work there, forces that will so profoundly influence and perhaps determine the destiny of the human race during the new era which has opened since the World War, the Pacific Era. Referring to what he called the eras of growth and development of human civilization, Theodore Roosevelt said that the first or Mediterranean Era ended with the Crusades. With the Crusades came the first knowledge of and contact with the Near East and then the Orient,, with far off Cathay and the Spice Islands of the Indies, whose silks and jewels and spices lured the hardy seamen who hadlbeen transporting crusading troops to and from the Holy Land. New sea routes were sought to reach the Indies and the great voyages of discovery of the 15th and 16th centuries were undertaken. Columbus, while trying to find a new sea route to the Indies, as the Orient was then called, discovered the American continent and really inaugurated the Atlantic Era of human growth and development. Magellan, who started west from Europe some thirty years after Columbus, was also bent on reaching the Indies by a westbound sea route. Refusing to be blocked by the Americas as Columbus had been, he worked south along the coast of South America and finally succeeded in gaining the Pacific Ocean by rounding the southern end of the continent through the Straits that bear his name. Sailing north to about the 10th parallel of north latitude he again pushed west across the Pacific until he finally reached land in the great archipelago, now known to us as the Philippine Islands. That was about four hundred years ago. Great changes have come over America and the Philippines since then. Great changes have come over the human race since then, in numbers, in capabilities and in ideas. During the last one hundred and twenty-five years of the Atlantic Era the human race grew more in size and much I more in material attainments than it had during the preceding one hundred thousand years of its life. The same clear thinking Roosevelt predicted that the Atlantic Era would 4nd with the World War. It did and we are now fully embarked on the Pacific Era, which, considered in a broad way as affecting the human race as a whole, will be in importance and in scale vastly greater than either of the preceding eras. Just as nations such as France, England and Spain carried over from the Mediterranean into the Atlantic Era; so the British Empire, Russia and perhaps Germany will be found with the United States, Japan and China as the principal competitive nations of the Pacific Era. On a trip across the Pacific such as I have just completed to inspect the plantation of Buena Vista, one thinks of these things and one thinks even more earnestly of the long future and of the immediate future of this Pacific hemisphere of the world, and of the nations most intimately concerned. Something of my experience and of my impressions, gained on this trip just completed, are here given in the same informal way in Which they were originally written to my dear ones at home.' First, however let me tell something of the history of the Philippines and of Buena Vista. 2I AN HISTORICAL SKETCH PREVIOUS TO THE CRUSADES of the 12th and 13th centuries, three old sailing and caravan routes connected the countries situated about the Mediterranean Sea with India, China and the Far East. These three routes were so old that they were considered ancient when the Crusades began. Over these routes came some of the treasures of King Solomon, and they were known as of old when Alexander the Great ordered out the first units of his Macedonian Expeditionary Force for the conquest of the East. In the year 1271 Marco Polo, a young Venetian, started with his father and uncle on a visit to the Great Khan. Marco Polo and his party reached China from Italy by following a route across Syria, through Bagdad, and thence north and on into China over the northernmost of the three ancient routes. Here at the city of Kaipingfu, where the Great Khan held his court, Marco Polo spent many years; in fact, so valuable were his services that the Khan did not wish him to return and succeeded in keeping him in China for some seventeen years. He traversed most of China and was, for a time, magistrate of a Chinese city. He saw the amazing wonders of the East, he heard of "Zipangu," as Japan was then called, and he probably heard of the Philippines. Finally the opportunity came for the three Venetians to return. The Great Khan had a relative who was King of Persia, and ambassadors came from this relative to secure for him a Mongol Princess as a bride. The dangers and hardships of travel on the overland caravan routes were considered too strenuous for the delicate Princess, and it was decided to send her by water. Marco Polo and his father and uncle were commissioned as guardians to accompany the expedition to Persia. The expedition, which with supply ships and protecting convoys, must have made a considerable fleet of junks, sailed from a port near Amoy in the year 1292. They skirted the southern coasts of China and of what is now the Malay Peninsula, arriving on the eastern coast of the island of Sumatra where they waited five months for the changing of the monsoon. Marco Polo has left us most interesting accounts of the animals, the productions and the Malay people of Sumatra and the neighboring islands. These people were even then converted to Mohammedanism, for Marco Polo speaks of them as "Saracens," the same race and the same religion which a little before this time pushed further east and occupied the southern islands of the Philippine group. During his stay Marco Polo gained a good knowledge of the rich and 3 mysterious Indian Isles, where the spices and flavorings grew, and where pearls and corals were fished up from the bottom of the sea. It was two years before the party reached Persia and the court of the Persian King, and when they finally arrived they found that the Persian King had died, waiting at the church as it were, so they married the Mongol Princess to his son, who had succeeded to the throne, and that did just as well. From Persia the Venetians returned to Italy over one of the ancient routes. Marco Polo wrote of his travels, telling a story of adventure, travel and description so wonderful that for years it was doubted. Nevertheless, it fascinated the more intelligent minds of Europe and stirred up a great interest in the Far East. Of the three ancient routes from Europe to the Orient, the most northerly passed through the Black Sea and around the Caspian Sea to Turkestan and the strange and romantic ancient cities of Bokhara and Samarkand. Thence the caravans crawled slowly east across Asia to enter China from the north. Another of the ancient routes crossed Asia Minor and, following the Euphrates through Mesopotamia, passed through fascinating Bagdad and continued on to the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. The third, and most historically important, route was a sea route from the Mediterranean ports to the Isthmus of Suez, where passengers and freight were transferred for a short camel haul across the isthmus and then on again by ship through the Red Sea, along the coasts of Arabia to India and the East. By the year 1400 only the last of these three routes was open to the countries of Europe, for a migration of Ottoman Turks had spread over the countries traversed by the first two routes and had closed them. Venice, with her powerful Adriatic and Mediterranean fleets, and by clever diplomatic arrangements with the ruler of Egypt, controlled the Red Sea route and permitted no trespassing. Venice prospered while the rest of Europe with jealous eyes and with minds bent upon trade with the East, at first bought through Venice and then, searching for a new sea route to the Orient, set about the voyages of discovery of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Portugal was the first to win success, and when Vasco da Gama, rounding Africa, coasting north to the trading stations of Arabia and sailing boldly across the Indian Ocean, reached Calicut, the dream of Europe had come true. A new route, an all-sea route, to the Far East had been found. When the news reached Venice it was a sad day for the Merchant Princes. Venice was ruined, for her wealth had been founded on her monopoly of Oriental trade. Based on the conviction that the earth was really round, Columbus and, later, Magellan, sailed west to reach the East, and both sailed under the flag of Spain. Columbus discovered a continent for colon4 v ~?. _~,3ijj,?c<^ii ^T. Ic^Ne ll.~. tI~A -I _____,ttt_ lc __ ZO t____ 2Z, 1___4.4 _i i26 _ .......... ization from Europe, and Magellan really accomplished his mission by reaching the Isles of the Indies at Cebu in the Philippine Archipelago on Sunday, April 7, 1521, nearly two years after sailing from Spain on the greatest voyage of discovery ever made by man. Magellan was killed near Cebu but one of his ships, the "Victoria," returned to Spain by way of the Indian Ocean and the Portuguese route around the Cape of Good Hope. This circumnavigation of the globe completed a period of discovery which began in 1428, with the timid and slow attempts of the Portugese to work south along the coast of Africa, and which ended with the opening of a new era in the history of human civilization. In the year 1428, Europeans knew little of any peoples outside of the countries grouped around the Mediterranean Sea, the English Channel and the Baltic, and practically no land was held by them outside the continent of Europe. For tens of thousands of years, from before the time of the earliest Egyptian Kings down to this fifteenth century period of discovery, the history of human civilization had been written almost entirely by the competitive activities of the different peoples living in this Mediterranean area. Then, in the short period of one hundred years, the entire earth became fairly well known; the African race, the Malay peoples, the American Indians, and the Pacific Islanders had been seen and described, and from now on the history of the white race was to be connected with other races. Soon the first Spanish, English and French settlers were to come to the Americas, for the age of colonization, of world trade and intercourse, the Atlantic Era, had begun. But what were these islands which Magellan had discovered and over which Legaspi and his Spaniards subsequently established the sovereignty of Spain? What are they today and how did they become United States territory? I will make my answer brief for figures are boring, but general ignorance of the Philippines is so complete that what is to follow will be of little interest and small value if it is read without a reasonable background of information about the size, people, government and recent history of the Islands. Mr. Dooley remarked that when the American people first heard that they had acquired the Philippines, no one knew whether they were islands or a new breakfast food. The land area of the Philippine Islands is about the same as that of our New England states plus New York and New Jersey. Luzon, the large northern island on which is situated the city of Manila, is about the size of the state of Ohio; and Mindanao, on which the city of Zamboanga and the plantation of Buena Vista are situated, is a little larger than Indiana. If every separate island is counted the number runs into thousands, but there are five islands other than the S two just mentioned which are comparable in size to states like New Hampshire and Delaware. When Magellan arrived the tribes which today number some 11,000,000 souls, probably did not exceed 500,000. In fact an early enumeration of the population made by the Spaniards in 1591, gave a population of less than 700,000. On the arrival of the Spaniards the population was distributed by tribes, almost exactly as at present. The Tagalogs, Pampangos and Illocanos were the principal people of Luzon. The Visayans occupied the middle islands of Panay, Negros and Cebu, while the Mohammedan Moros were in undisputed possession of Mindanao and Sulu. The northern part of the archipelago is only 600 miles from Hongkong on the coast of South China while the southernmost islands almost reach British North Borneo and it is only a short sail from Zamboanga to Sandakan. The trip by one of the inter-island steamers from Manila to Zamboanga is just about the same distance as the sea trip from New York City to Key West, Florida. The climate is tropical, with temperatures mostly in the eighties but with so high a humidity that it always seems "hot" through the day and any exertion brings out the perspiration. The rainfall is very heavy, averaging 80 inches per year for the past ten years at Buena Vista Plantation. The soil is fertile and, with the tropical climate and rainfall, is well adapted for the growing of sugar, hemp, tobacco, coconuts and rubber. Millions of acres of good agricultural land are still untouched in the public domain and large stands of very good hardwoods are available. There are some minerals but, so far as now known, none of any real economic importance. A recently active field party of the Standard Oil Company was unable to locate any oil bearing formations, although some drilling was done. The Philippine Islands, with their tropical climate and already existing and growing population, do not constitute a good country for colonization in the sense of being attractive to immigrants. This is one reason why Japan is not really attracted by them. What Japan needs is a country like southeast Siberia or north Australia, with temperate climate and immense stretches of unoccupied land, to which her excess people could migrate and still retain their nationality. The density of population of Australia is only 1.6 persons per square mile, while that of the Philippines is 94. With some 360 persons per square mile of mountainous and rocky land, Japan has people to send out from the homeland, but she has hardly sufficient capital for home requirements. In the United States it is just the contrary, with only 30 persons per square mile we have no excess population but we have surplus capital seeking employment in lands like the Philippines. The Islands themselves have a well 6 L_ LLL, --- -........i *..... ROSS, FALCNOER & CO'S N t aifc Air Ship C SAN FRA IN RDAS The F irst Clw _t ee Clipper _ship 1 hi_ _piermfl (.Upper IuresCITY OF LOS ANGELES aClans A - 1935 Air Liner R E Y N A RDISTARS AND STRIPES Class A- 1937 BF5. P. FIiEE-A N, COMA is ander, Is now loading at Pier 21 East Fiver1 L A e n u S a Mn - I CO.,:i - -- 4GLToN r~~ ISnt cAr. illIay. IN Anel C i I inYS 1a~e~n 11 f * sla j. MaU 1|^ ^ st at AIR PORT of SANTA MONICA - --- _______ _ And t rie a aFrancisco, lv a iv a e a i i Arrive ha lul, 8 a Tes. Sil at noon. i16s faorab Yor, hain g ia 9e 2 597 s nd pa sg ina d ayv. ROSS, FALCONER & CO., 40 In Cf, cor. In nist te1eph c ica ih all pr ip 1 ii o the ___ ____t5 ___~vfc 1tf sz ~w>Vv1UU~/f%1~ttttl.ettt- allrg t U S.. A. rnd the 0rient. Agels t at s s rF risco eses ROSS, DEPSPTER t&C Dancdn g in tee i CaEfeC. Paid Bar' k, chst a 1Y N York t San Francisc n 9 d 1937 —L Ine tosu Mn:? in 4 davs AgI t ~at Sanrtr Fralacioo Xessnir RoI7IEP~eTE & Qi | Dnin nteEvlip aeh1BSk~ r I lff*O"LSIIGLSr ls -1~ ~j ie eml i~~~~~r to d~~G7"k rdgFrS 7tM dy 2,7tos:N,<Pe.......Io ieLigi A~ 11 balanced population and practically no capital other than their undeveloped natural resources and agricultural potentiality. In distance along the earth's surface, Manila is situated 6200 miles from San Francisco. In time of travel it is not as far as it was from New York to San Francisco just before the time of the Iron Horse. Wireless communication has already been established on a commercial, as well as military, basis and in another ten years passengers, mail and parcel post will undoubtedly move between our Pacific Coast cities and Manila by airship in less than four days. The comparison of an actual advertisement issued in 1867 by a line of clipper ships making the run between New York and San Francisco in 96 days with one that may be issued in 1937 by a line of airships operating between Los Angeles and Manila on a four-day schedule, shows that time is a more important consideration when thinking of distance between two points on the earth's surface than is the length of the portion of a great circle connecting them. Spanish sovereignty continued in the Philippines for nearly four hundred years and although much was done for the natives by converting the great majority of them to Christianity and the establishment of a few Church schools, conditions during all these years were certainly against any social, intellectual or economic advancement for them. It is illustrative of their different ideals to realize that wherever Spain went she built a church and a plaza, wherever England goes she builds a bank and a godown (warehouse) and that wherever America goes she builds a school house and an ice plant. Spain's economic policy was purely one of exploitation of the individual native and this was carried out by the government, by the individual Spaniard who lived in the Islands and by the Church. The latter seemed to think much more of the native's chance in the next world than in the present one. That the Filipinos on many of the islands bitterly resented their condition is evidenced by the frequent uprisings against the local governments and at times against the Church. These uprisings were however local and sporadic. Even in 1898 when Emilio Aguinaldo was heading the insurrection on the island of Luzon, the movement had nothing of a national character. Speaking of the Islands as a whole, the people did not constitute a nation, but a collection of peoples and tribes of different race and origin, whom four centuries of Spanish rule had not been able to make live at peace with one another. Some were Christians, some Mohammedans, some heathen savages; some wore European clothes, some none at all. The particular tribe which formed the chief support of Aguinaldo, the Tagalogs, comprised less than onehalf of the population of the one island of Luzon. The Spanish-American war of 1898 closed with the ratification of the Treaty of Paris, under the terms of which the whole archipelago 7 of the Philippines, with water boundaries carefully drawn, was ceded to the United States, which by the same article of the treaty agreed to pay Spain $20,000,000 for the public domain and government improvements in the Islands. On February 5, 1899, at twenty-five minutes after three o'clock in the afternoon, the Senate of the United States, by a vote of 57 to 27, consented to the ratification of the Treaty of Paris, and the American people, speaking through the votes of these 57 senators, accepted, with all its consequences, the only controversial part of the treaty, the cession of sovereignty over the Philippine Islands and the ownership of the public domain therein. In the discussion on the floor of the Senate many senators gave their views and announced their reasons for voting for or against the treaty. Most but not all of the opponents were democrats and voted in the negative either to oppose President McKinley or because they were honestly opposed to any form of territorial expansion. Of those who voted for it some did so because they wished to end the war; some were stimulated by mysterious forces expressed by such words as "our inevitable destiny" and "the laws of a nation's being"; but others recognized the advantage to us and to the inhabitants of the Islands of the establishment of American sovereignty. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge stated his position clearly and forcefully in words that are as true today as they were then when he said: I believe we are in the Philippines as righteously as we are there rightfully and legally. I believe that to abandon the islands... would be a wrong to humanity, a dereliction of duty, a base betrayal of the Filipinos who have supported us... and in the highest degree contrary to sound morals. As to the expediency, the arguments in favor of the retention of the Philippines seem to me so overwhelming that I should regard their loss as a calamity to our trade and commerce and to all our business interests so great that no man can measure it.] The insurrection of Aguinaldo, begun in 1896 against the Spanish government, was renewed and continued against the newly established American authority and was not ended until after the capture of Aguinaldo in March, 1901. On April 19th of that year Aguinaldo wrote: "After mature deliberation, I resolutely proclaim to the world that I cannot refuse to heed the voice of a people longing for peace, nor the lamentations of thousands of families yearning to see their dear ones enjoying the liberty and promised generosity of the great American nation. By acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the Philippine Archipelago, as I do now, and without any reservation whatsoever, I believe that I am serving thee, my beloved country." From that day Aguinaldo has remained loyal in both word and deed and during the World War 1. Cong. Record, 56th Cong., Ist Sess. p. 2618. 8 his son and thousands of other young Filipinos served under the Stars and Stripes. After Aguinaldo's surrender a few of the insurrecto chieftains continued in the field, but by May 19th General Wheaton was able to report to Washington that all insurrectionary leaders having been captured or having surrendered, the state of war in his department was ended. On July 4, 1901, American Civil Government was inaugurated with William Howard Taft as the first Civil Governor. There was some subsequent fighting with other tribes and on other islands, particularly with the Moros in Mindanao and Sulu, but by the time Aguinaldo had accepted American rule and Mr. Taft had assumed his duties as Civil Governor the execution of our treaty with Spain had been actually accomplished, and American sovereignty was legally and completely established in the Philippine Islands. I will not take time to describe the development of American civil government in the Islands, the wonderful strides that were made in education, sanitation, improved transportation and the establishment of speedy and equal justice for the persons and property of all inhabitants that took place under the able leadership of Taft, Ide and others. All this is very ably and interestingly set forth in a recent book written by Mr. D. R. Williams, entitled "The United States and the Philippines." He tells accurately and graphically of the constructive work of these men, and also of that unfortunate period beginning in 1913 when the Democratic Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison did so much to undo the good work of the previous years and to impress some of the educated Filipinos with a false sense of their importance and their capabilities. Under his policy of complete Filipinization conditions in government administration, education and business throughout the Islands retrograded to an appalling extent. Inefficiency, and even dishonesty, appeared in the higher branches of the Government, and the Philippine National Bank, which was given over entirely to the control of the Filipinos, lost some $40,000,000 of the people's money in inadvisable speculative business ventures and in ill-considered loans to friends of the officials of the bank. This disgraceful period was brought to an end when the Republican party again came into power in 1920 and General Leonard Wood, after a period of thorough inspection and investigation of the Islands, was made GovernorGeneral. One of the closing acts in the career of Francis Burton Harrison was to report to President Wilson that he considered a stable Filipino government had been established and that the time had come for the Islands to start their career as an independent nation. This seems almost ironical but I believe that President Wilson accepted this recommendation and transmitted it to Congress with his approval. Fortunately, it died a natural death. 9 General Wood, unselfishly foregoing a far more attractive and remunerative position in the United States, is doing a wonderful work. The following quotation from an extemporaneous speech by the Hon. J. Sloat Fassett, made February 8, 1924, gives a true and eloquent appreciation of it: "Then came another change, and we now have in these islands one of the most astute, one of the most patient, one of the most kind and gentle, one of the most farseeing Americans whom our country has ever delegated to represent it abroad. The time is going to come when Filipinos perhaps yet in their mothers' wombs will hasten to celebrate the day that saw the birth of Leonard Wood! When sane thinking and genuinely patriotic Filipinos face the records of these years, there will be monuments erected to him beside every monument to Rizal throughout these islands. He has done a work which to me is almost beyond comprehension. He has refused to become excited, he has refused to become angry, he has kept his face steadily toward the sun of Filipino progress. He has been loyal to the best interests of the islanders under conditions most provocative of retaliation. He has withstood misrepresentation; he has withstood personal recriminations and abuse. He has endured ingratitude; he has stood misrepresentations here in the daily press and misrepresentations at home. He has allowed no storm of conflict, he has allowed no tide of adverse opinion to change the course of the Ship of State from the North Star of justice and fairplay. He has appealed again and again to reason, and again and again madness has dethroned his purpose-but he is still there, calm, strong, patient but inexorable! He permits no triflings with the law." This brings our brief historical sketch down to the present day. It now lies with the people of the United States and with the people of the Philippine Islands to decide whether they are to continue as a part of the United States or whether they are to push off alone in a fragile craft of state on a troubled sea of competitive nationalism. The United States today is really more than a nation in the old sense. It is a successfully operating League of Nations, extending in two great diagonals from arctic Alaska to Porto Rico and from downeast Maine, through Hawaii to the Philippines. It includes the Empire State of New York and the great state of California which in size, natural resources, working capital and character of inhabitants is much better fitted to undertake an independent national existence than are the Philippines, or many of the smaller states of the old and new world, now staggering under the overhead costs of independent national life. With us lies safety and with the future years will come so large a measure of autonomy in home government that the Philippine Islands will some day be able to say, as does the Dominion of Canada in Kipling's "Our Lady of the Snows": "Daughter am I, in my mother's house, But mistress in my own." 10 Old but picturesque transportation metfhods In the early pat Ofr y hremy carer I served fou tFree reary in iv7 tePhilfippine. BUENA VISTA PLANTATION N JUNE OF 1913 two young men came to my office in Detroit to submit to me the prospectus of a new venture. The company they had organized, the shares of which they were offering for subscription, was called the Zamboanga Plantation Company. Zamboanga is one of the principal cities of the Philippines. It is situated on the large island of Mindanao and is the provincial capital and principal port of Mindanao and Sulu, or as they are often called, the Southern Islands. The infant company, which had been incorporated in California, owned an agreement to purchase a tract of private land about thirty miles from Zamboanga and had made application to the government for the lease of a tract of public land, the two pieces together comprising some two thousand acres fronting on the ocean and running back to the hills. The company proposed to plant coconuts on this tract and the young men were equipped with data and figures that made it seem a sure thing that at the end of seven years the company would be earning large sums and disbursing yearly dividends only slightly less than the amount of the investment each subscriber was to make. The calculations were not carried out to more than a seven-year period, either for lack of space or because after the seventh year the hopefully predicted earnings and dividends would become so large as to be positively embarrassing. As is so often the case, however, these calculations did not take the unexpected into account. Actual operations have made of the plantation a valuable property with fine potentialities, but one that has not yet reached a dividend-paying basis. In the early part of my army career I had served for three years in the Philippines and I knew the steady earning value of a good coconut grove. The soundest part of the holdings of many a wealthy Spanish or Filipino family in Manila in my day was a coconut grove. Owning a coconut grove was to them like owning a block of U. S. Government bonds in this country-just as secure, just as regular in its return and no more trouble-for the city owner could rent his grove to a Chinaman at a yearly rental of one peso per tree per year. John Chinaman would tend the grove, gather the nuts, make the copra and sell it for enough to assure himself a good margin of profit over the rent he paid the owner. The idea rather appealed to me too as a worth while venture. It was of course highly speculative, but I knew some of the other members of the company personally, the purpose seemed sound economically and there was a fascination about taking part in a venture in the South Seas, especially when the venture was going to be a part of II the development of our latest acquired national territory, our farthest flung and probably our last frontier, the Philippine Islands. All of the authorized stock of the company had been subscribed to in New York, except fifty shares. I signed on the dotted line and became the potential owner of those last fifty shares of the company's stock, to be paid for in five yearly instalimenits: All went beautifully for about a year or two, thean trouble. The largest New York subscriber got interested in something else and quit. The others in the big city stopped paying their subscriptions and waited to see what was going to happen. The president of the company suddenly died and then there was general confusion and demoralization in our company ranks. Although I was only an inactive holder of a small number of shares, I was thoroughly committed to the venture and soon got decidedly active in trying to restore order, confidence and above all subscriptions. Mr. A. D. Richey, our plantation manager, whom I knew when I was serving in the Philippines, was on the rocks for funds, with development work and planting already started. He was getting encouraging letters and cables from the headquarters of the company but no money. I did my best to save the day. I cabled Richey some funds and went to New York to try to bolster up the waning interest of our Metropolitan group of subscribers. No use. They talked very pleasantly and at times encouragingly but no reinforcements of funds from them ever reached the company headquarters, much less poor Richey holding the front line alone in far off Mindanao. Something had to be done. I had satisfied myself by personal investigation that our land titles and our leasehold were good and I knew Richey to be honest and efficient, so I decided to go it alone. I served formal notice on all our delinquent subscribers that the project was going to go through either with or without them and that they could have six months in which to decide what course they wished to take. No one elected to continue, so at the expiration of the six months period Richey was instructed to bring suit against the company in the courts of the Philippine Islands. In October, 1916, a judgment was obtained and the Court of First Instance ordered all the property of the Zamboanga Plantation Co. sold to Mr. Richey for the amount of its debts. Needless to say I allowed myself to be sold out with the rest for what I had put into the old company. Richey and I then formed and incorporated under the laws of the Philippine Islands, the Buena Vista Plantation Company to take over the plantation and carry the development forward. Again the clearing gangs bent to their work and the plows started to turn the cleared land. Work was well underway on a definite development 12.I Again the clearing gangs bent to their work, plows turned the cleared land and thousands of seedlings zere in the ground Busy years followed and 1924 brought the completion of our fifty-thousand-tree project program, thousands of seedlings were in the ground and other thousands ready to set out, when events in this country again intervened. We entered the World War and I returned to active duty in the army. From early in 1917 to early 1919 I was in service, most of the time in France, so my business interests took a back seat. Not knowing what fate had in store for me in France I put Richey on a financial allowance that permitted no new development. During this war period no new plantings were made, but those already in were protected and given some cultivation. Once home from France in 1919, I authorized Richey to go ahead with clearing, plowing and planting as fast as he thought consistent with good work and efficiency. Busy years followed, and 1924 brought both the completion of our fifty-thousand-tree project, and alas, the death of my good friend Richey. I3 I LETTERS HOME I sailed from San Francisco on the good ship President Pierce on November 15, 1924, and my first letter home was written at sea on November 20th. H TERE WE ARE bowling along over the Pacific one day out from Honolulu. The first two days out from San Francisco were quite windy and cold, then came beautiful bright sparkling days, with a deep blue sea covered with brilliant white-caps and a blue sky studded with white Maxfield Parish clouds. At all times, though, there has been quite a swell and the good ship, though quite steady, nevertheless has a pronounced rise and fall coupled with a deep sea roll. The Captain tells me there is a storm centered to the north of us near Alaska and the big ground swell is coming from there. The ship is very comfortable indeed, the table is good and the service excellent. The cabin boys and the dining room stewards are all China boys, as are the deck stewards and other hands except the operating crew of the ship. The orchestra is Filipino, and very good. The Chinese waiters wear long blue pongee silk gowns, silent black and white Chinese shoes, and when the good old Filipino orchestra strikes up a rousing military march I feel myself carried back to the years I spent in the Orient and memories of the Far East and the past crowd to the surface. The crowd on board is about average-some deadly, some interesting, and a few attractive. Five of us kindred souls have formed a little clique. One is a mining engineer of broad experience in the United States and abroad, especially Russia, Siberia and Africa. He is great fun and quite a real one. The other man is a recent graduate of Stanford, and going to the Orient for his first job. Of the other two, one is a young married woman going to join her husband in the Philippines, and one a girl of about twenty-five, going to join her married sister in Shanghai. Then we have an English major, a senator, a honeymoon couple from New York, most attractive, a few good family Chinese and Japanese, and then the usual run of traveling Americans and a sprinkling of nurses, teachers and missionaries. At table we are five, all men. Captain January, our skipper, young and good looking, he doesn't seem over thirty-five; a Mr. Ryan, of the United States Steel Corporation; Mr. Barnes, a San Francisco business man; Mr. Howe, a sugar plantation expert, and myself. '5 I have- looked through your memory book many times and it is great, un vrai chef d'oeuvre. Where did you resurrect all those old kodaks? Your two wireless messages have made you and the children seem nearer, and last night late I had a fine business wireless from Hoyt telling me of some rather favorable business developments in Detroit. I am thrilled whenever I think of Buena Vista and its fifty thousand coco-palms, its Indian cattle and Moro laborers. I can hardly believe that after all these years of working with, and planning for, this colonial enterprise I am now really going to see it and be able to meet, first hand, the remaining problems necessary to put it over the top. Then, too, I feel it is such a privilege to see the Orient now and mark the changes of the past twenty years as well as getting a first hand impression of the great forces that are gathering there to profoundly influence the next great crisis in world affairs. In the Inland Sea of Japan, Thursday, December 5th. Honolulu was delightful. The countryside was lovelier than I had expected, but Waikiki beach was quite disappointing. The night before we got in we were in quite a storm, rolling so that it was hard to sleep, high wind and driving rain. We came in past Diamond Head with wind squalls blowing in across the ship and a big sea still running. However, by the time we had docked the sun had broken through, and all day we had a succession of sunshine and gusts of fine, almost atomized, rain. A beautiful rainbow was arched over the island all day, and as everything was washed fresh and clean and all growing things were at their best, it made a charming semi-tropical setting. Dr. Baer, of Pasadena, had arranged for a car to meet me at the dock, so I lost no time and soon had my party of f our on board the Packard and off to see the entire island, or as much as we could before sailing time in the afternoon. Our chauffeur guide was very good and we motored miles through sugar-cane, pineapples, and open country, with lovely green mountains and hills always in the background, and the big glorious rainbow over all. My companions were all full of pep and fun and we had a jolly morning, ending up at the Moana Hotel, Waikiki Beach, for luncheon. The lunch was fair, the beach wonderful for swimming but, I thought, quite lacking in individuality or charm. After luncheon we drove out again making the circuit of Diamond Head and seeing the Army Post and some of the defenses of the harbor. Here the American flag flies permanently. There is no threat to haul it down, for the Hawaiian Islands are an organized i6 territory of the United States. In the late afternoon we sailed to the strains of Aloha from the Hawaiian band, and accompanied for quite a distance by Hawaiian Kanaka swimmers and divers. Beautiful swimmers they are, and their brown lithe shining bodies show off wonderfully in the bright sun and clear green water. The ten days from Honolulu to Japan passed very quickly. I read a good deal, hiked around the deck, and as I was appointed chairman of the committee for the vaudeville show, I had quite a bit to do each day with my performers, the music and the stage arrangements and properties. I despair of writing a description of the performance, but will tell you and the children about it in February. Our skipper, Captain January, and I were good friends before we were long afloat. He was in the troop ship service during the war, so we have mutual Navy and Army friends, and mutual reminiscences of the Big War and of previous Philippine and China days. The night before we reached Yokohama he invited me to come up on the bridge early in the morning to get a good view of the harbor entry, the fortifications and the Japanese Naval base. I was up before daylight, but when I came upon deck found we were miles out from Yokohama and that we had gone through quite a serious gale during the night. I had gone to bed fairly early, to be up for the daylight entry, and had slept through the whole thing. I remembered being thrown about quite a bit in my berth, but it didn't really wake me. The Captain told me that by 2 a.m. we were heading into such a sea, and he was taking so much water over the bow, that he had to lay to, stop the engines and let the ship lay in the trough for a couple of hours. One big sea hit the ship on the port bow, brought about one hundred tons of water aboard and smashed things up badly on the forecastle deck. Right here let me state that the Pacific in winter is not as pacific as I remembered it from my first trip across to the Philippines which was in May. We have had lots of sunshiny, pleasant weather, but only two or three really smooth days, and I notice many of the women passengers wrapped in steamer rugs in their deck chairs with a green complexion and a drawn unhappy look about the corners of the mouth. Well, to get back to Yokohama. Being up and dressed, I stayed up, had an early breakfast and joined the Captain on the bridge afterwards. He looked pretty bleary-eyed, having had no sleep at all, but he remained on the bridge until we were well within the roadstead, when he dived down for an hour or two in his bunk. It takes about three hours to run from the outer entry past the forts, absolutely torn to fragments by the earthquake, up to Yokohama. It was fascinating and from my point of vantage and with my field glasses I got a wonderful view of everything. We arrived at noon, took an hour to pass quarantine and got ashore shortly after lunch. '7 Uncle Rudie had sent me a perfectly fine steamer letter and had enclosed a letter of introduction to his great friend Paul Messer, of Tokyo, so I decided to leave the ship for a couple of days to take a look-see at Japan, and rejoin by rail at Kobe. There was nothing to see in Yokohama except temporary wooden buildings-the Japanese have forbidden any permanent construction for three years, during which new city plans will be worked out, so I took the electric interurban to Tokyo, a run of about forty-five minutes. The Imperial Hotel in Tokyo is quite impressive and very well run, but I thought it rather heavy and not dainty enough for Japan. Messer had invited me for dinner, so I spent the afternoon with a guide and a Dodge touring car seeing the city, the Imperial Palace, parks, etc. Tokyo did not suffer as severely as Yokohama from the quake, but it was damaged considerably and fire took a heavy toll throughout large areas. Even now most of the public parks are filled with temporary wooden barracks crowded with refugees. Mrs. Messer and the children are living in England, so we two lone men had a charming Japanese dinner in a small private dining room of an exquisitely dainty Japanese restaurant. In our stocking feet we sat on cushions on the matting floor while a littlejapanesedollkneltbetween us and cooked "sukiyaki" over charcoal embers in a large bronze brazier. The food was really delicious and with cup after cup of warm sake made an enjoyable and, as it proved, a very wholesome repast. We reclined on our cushions, ate, drank, smoked and chatted of our dear ones so far away in each case, of our good mutual friends and of the Far East and the great forces that are gathering there. I tried to reach our little friend Hanihara, but he was out of town. We spent three delightful hours over our sukiyaki and sake, our little Japanese doll flitting in and out-always kneeling and bowing to the floor on entering and bowing and smiling back through the little paper sliding door when she left the room for more ingredients and condiments. About nine we drove to a real Japanese theatre and saw an hour or so of a Japanese play, that had been in progress since four that afternoon. The audience, which was all Japanese, was just about as interesting as the actors. Many of the little girlish-looking mothers had babies and children of three or four with them; and just as at our movie shows, the youngsters seemed tired and cut loose occasionally in the international language of all children, a loud wailing cry. Whenever this occurred, however, I noticed the mother slipped out to the lobby, to return shortly with her silenced offspring. The crowd was happy and seemed ever ready to break into hearty natural laughter. The play was partly tragic, partly comic and very attractively staged. The settings were very sparse and mostly in grays and blacks, while the women characters, all taken by men, i8 wore gorgeous kimonos in reds and purples. Their enunciation and gestures were pleasing and very evidently excellent in technique, while the pantomime was so good that one's interest was held throughout. I said good-bye to Messer that night, spent a wonderful night in a real bed, and the next morning took the Tokyo-Nagoya-Osaka-Kobe Express for a day's run along the greater part of the southern coast of the main island of Japan. My luck was with me again for the day, though cold, was bright and clear and Fujiyama, that wonderful volcanic cone which the Japanese almost worship, stood out in perfectly unobstructed grandeur in the crystal-clear atmosphere. Fuji dominated the landscape for the whole forenoon, changing from a white cone in the distant background to the great mountain that it is when, about eleven o'clock at the little station of Fuji, we were right at the foot of its lowest slopes. The upper half was white with recently fallen snow, while the lower half sloped down into the plain in perfectly regular and symmetrical lines. The little mountain villages were picturesque as were the mountain streams and small waterfalls. The dining car was good, of the Continental type, serving a good table d'hote dejeuner. The menu all in French, with beer and wines served at charges that seemed absurdly small. Through the afternoon we ran through rather flat agricultural country, very intensively farmed by a hard-working, very poor-looking country-folk. One saw no chickens, no cows, no recreation going on-only hard, hand-labor in the rice fields, men, women and children working side by side. For food they have only rice and occasionally a little dried fish from the coast; for clothes, simple, dilapidated cotton garments; seemingly winning a living from nature with just their hands and a few simple hand tools. No wonder they look with envy at America and the comparative luxury of even our poorer classes. The soil is getting poorer, and with 57,000,000 mouths to feed on a mountainous island, or rather group of islands, smaller in area than the state of California, Japan's necessity for more tillable land is real and very pressing. How the government is able to provide the necessary funds for each year's Navy and Army budget is more than I can understand. The Japanese certainly have plans for territorial expansion either by peaceful penetration or by force of arms, but unless they can associate with themselves others, such as China, Soviet Russia and perhaps Germany, it does not seem that they could get very far by force in the face of serious opposition from the United States and Great Britain. The reports we get are that China is still in a bad mess after the clearing of the recent storm of civil war. Sun Yat Sen of Canton, who for years has been at outs and even at war with North China, is I9 in Pekin today conferring with Chang Tso Lin, the northern war lord, and what is even more significant is that he went from Canton to Pekin via Japan, where last Wednesday he had a conference with the Japanese Premier and gave out an interview to the press sounding a note of "Asia for the Asiatics,' in quite an aggressive key. Well, tomorrow is Shanghai and then Hong Kong so I must keep off China until I get there and bring you back again with me to the Kobe express. In the late afternoon we passed through the important railroad junction point of Nagoya. Even the depots are quite European, in fact, the entire railroad system, including locomotives, cars, buildings and employees, seems to be designed, organized and operated exactly like the French chemins-de-fer. Toward dusk and in the early evening we ran through Kyoto and then Osaka, and at nine o'clock pulled in to the end of the run at Kobe. Just about as long a trip as the daylight run from Los Angeles to San Francisco. I had been fortunate in finding two fellow-passengers on the train, so had someone to chat with and to make up a party of three for luncheon and dinner in the diner. They were two quite attractive young women, one a Miss Edwards, headed for Shanghai where she is to do some writing, and the other a Miss Grant, enroute to Manila to join her brother for a couple of years' stay. Miss Edwards is quite an interesting and traveled young person, having spent last year in Constantinople and Budapest and being well informed on world conditions generally. Miss Grant is just a very sweet young girl seeing everything for the first time and full of enthusiasm. Girls certainly knock around the world on their own these days I On arriving in Kobe we three drove to the Oriental Hotel and, having secured rooms and deposited our impedimenta, I got a flock of rickshaws and we started out to see the city by night. Kobe was not touched by the earthquake and as soon as we got away from the downtown Europeanized business district the scenes were most interesting and really fascinating. In Theatre Street we left our rickshaws and walked for blocks arm-in-arm through the crowds of Japanese who were entering, leaving or just rubbering at the fronts of the show houses. Some of the places were movie palaces, advertising, in killing illustrated posters, reels right from Hollywood. One of them I noticed was a serial by Ruth Roland. She was pictured leaping from the top of a wild west stage coach to the engine cab of a flying express train. The villain could be seen gnashing his teeth on the rear platform with a "discovered at last" look on his handsome face. The picture semed a great favorite for crowds were being turned away from the door only to stand with open mouths gazing at the striking posters and the coveted entryway. Our ship was due in Kobe that night and was scheduled to sail early the next day but, due to the fog and tide, she did not reach Kobe 2.0 Ve are rninga therough tht calm waters of the Iland Sea today and it reall is a beastiaul sight until nine the following morning. We were, therefore, assured of another good night ashore and, as it turned out, all of the following day. Before going to bed we supped on port wine and cookies as the close of a really delightful day and evening. After breakfast next morning I looked up the cable office and got off a message to you and the children. You should have received it December 4th and I hope it got through without delay. Later I motored out into the country with some shipmates but the countryside, at this time of year, is not especially attractive and does not compare with Honolulu. They say that around Nikko it is beautiful and on the return trip I will see if I can get there. We are running through the calm waters of the Inland Sea today and it really is a beautiful sight. Bright blue, sparkling water dotted with the sails of hundreds of little fishing sampans and trading junks, scores of little islands, each with a fishing village on the beach and the slopes of the hills back of the village terraced and tilled as far up as cultivatable soil can be found. The air is quite cold but the sun is brilliant and in sheltered nooks on deck it is warm and congenial. Tomorrow is Shanghai and another twenty-four hours ashore, this time in a land I have seen and known before but in which I expect to find many changes. I spent three months in China, just twenty years ago. From my standpoint this seems an appalling lapse of time and I naturally look for great changes. But the Orient moves slowly and I am afraid that China will find more changes in me than I shall in her. Twenty years are but a day in the life of this great giantess who fifty years ago was disturbed in her sleep and is still rubbing her eyes and looking somewhat confusedly out at the Western Civilization that has touched her coast and disturbed her. Army and Navy Club, Manila, P. I., December 14, 1924. Here I am several thousand miles from where I last said goodbye to you in closing my letter written between Kobe and Shanghai. Now I feel more at home than I have since I left Pasadena for Manila, in spite of all its improvements and new buildings, is the same old Manila at heart, and I am surprised to find how many of the same Americans there are here and how well they remember me. When they say: "Let's see, Poole, when was it you left the islands?" I feel I must be wrong when I say that I came out twenty-one years ago in 1903 and left for home the end of 1905, just nineteen years ago. Well, however it may seem, that's the truth even though it seems more like ten or twelve years. General Wood, McCoy, Langhorne, Craig, and others have given me a royal welcome, and as the weather A glimpse of the nw finaial district, the Jones B*rilge across Mhe Pnsi River, in the foreground Old Calle Ascarroga, reminiscent of Spanish dabs For Hong Kong is the biggest and most cosmopolitan harbor of the Orient is really delightful my rentree a Manille has thus far been a grand success. But now I must go back north, in spirit, to the forts at Woosung where the river Whangpoo joins the muddy waters at the mouth of the Yangstekiang, so that you and I can visit together the two big Chinese cities of Shanghai and Hong Kong and can come down the Chinese coast between Formosa and the mainland over a blue, smooth, sunlit sea liberally sprinkled with fishing and trading junks; to finish up the last leg of my trip on the President Pierce, when we crossed from Hong Kong to Manila, thirty-six hours, in a gale and a high sea. The good ship rolled and pitched like the old Northland crossing Saginaw Bay and few were those in evidence on deck and fewer still those who could go down two decks to the dining saloon for meals. It was quite cold when we first reached the China coast. My big polo coat and Jaeger muffler were none too warm, but the sun was shining and the run up the Whangpoo River from the mouth to Shanghai, about twenty miles, was very interesting. The countryside looked very much more fertile than Japan, the farms larger and the whole landscape, with its trees and fields and low hills, more like the U. S. A. Shanghai has grown greatly since my early years there and for miles down the river from where Shanghai used to begin there are large modern spinning mills, electric power plants, tile factories and other enterprises all housed in fine permanent brick or concrete factory buildings. There was absolutely no evidence at all of the recent military disturbances either along the river or in the back country to the west of the city where I motored in the afternoon. The situation in China is grave because old lines of authority are being broken, the old stability is being definitely shaken and no one or no real group seems to be appearing strong enough to replace the old regime. The recent Coup d'Etat in Pekin drove the young emperor out of the Forbidden City and into the refuge of the Japanese Legation. Many of the best topside Chinese feel this was a great mistake, for China's unimportant millions have held a hereditary respect and awe for the emperor and through him for the central government in Pekin, and now that is gone. No warfare, or even any fighting worthy of the name, has taken place, but big hidden forces are working and even those of longest residence and greatest experience do not know who holds the strongest strings, who are pulling together and who are really antagonistic below the surface, nor what the result will be. We actually docked at Shanghai about eleven and I went ashore for a good brisk walk along the Bund before luncheon, which I had alone at the Astor House. I saw and talked with Uncle Rudie's friend, Mr. W. L. Keane, and as he and Mrs. Keane were leaving the next day for Manila we agreed to meet there and have a good '.3 unhurried visit together. After tiffin I rented a closed car, for it was quite cold and penetrating, and drove all through Shanghai, the French concession, Chinese City, English and American residence district, and out to the Golf Club and Riding Club. They ride a great deal here, and there are very good races which are reported on and bet on all through the Orient. Coming back into town about dusk was fascinating as we passed long lines of Chinese native carts and wheelbarrows bringing in vegetables and chickens and other country produce while the small river along the road was crowded with boats of all sizes and models, loaded to the guards with hay, faggots, garden truck, and all sorts of things, and such pushing and shouting and crowding, such a mass of humanity struggling and competing for the necessities of existence, such hard labor, such squalor and such evident hardship and yet everywhere, except where some local squabble was on, there were smiles and laughter and playing children. I got back to the Astor about five and my group of youngsters joined me for tea and dancing until seven-then a cocktail or two and chatting in the lobby till eight when we dined and danced until about midnight. The next morning we started at ten, so I slept late, had a nine o'clock breakfast and came on deck only to see us sail away, with the band playing and Chinese jugglers and acrobats performing on the wharf. The run down to Hong Kong was very pleasant and we had quite a smooth sea and clear sunshiny weather. The run took two nights, one day and part of the next as we pulled into beautiful Hong Kong harbor at 4 p.m. the second day. I went ashore for an hour or two just to stroll around the main part of the city, but went back on board for dinner and spent the evening on deck chatting with friends and watching the really wonderful spectacle of the bay flooded with moonlight-the whole scene, bay and shore and the highlands of The Peak studded with a million lights-those ashore stationary but twinkling and those on the launches, sampans, the junks moving; with here and there a star-cluster that marked some big ocean liner like our own, either from America, England or Europe; for Hong Kong is the biggest and most cosmopolitan harbor of the Orient. The President Pierce sailed for Manila at 2 p.m. the next day and, after the run down the bay and out to sea, she was soon pitching and creaking in quite a sea way. By tea time the direction of the sea had changed just enough to give us a combination pitch and roll that laid many low. All the next day we ran through this monsoon. Not as bad- as a typhoon, but nevertheless some gale. I had my repacking to do that day and it was hard to keep my wardrobe trunk from falling over or closing up at unexpected moments. 2.4 The next morning, December 12th, land was in sight when I looked out of my port in the early morning light. It was Corregidor Island, which guards the entrance to Manila- Bay, and I could see the American flag, the barracks and fortifications, some of them built by our good friend Colonel Bill Kelly on his last tour of duty in the Islands. By ten o'clock we had reached Manila, passed quarantine and were warped alongside of the big new American pier. This is a fine reinforced concrete structure that will accommodate five six-hundred-foot liners like the Pierce! In the distance I could see the Walled City and the old familiar skyline of the inland mountains, and there on the pier, with his nice quiet, unhurried smile was McCoy to meet me. He had a man with him to look after my baggage, the customs, etc., and as soon as I was ashore we started in Frank's car for Malacafian Palace to see General Wood. I had a short visit with General Wood, who was leaving that day on an inspection trip to one of the outlying islands. He was most gracious and asked about Louie and DeWitt, you and myself and our children, and ended the interview by inviting me to dinner on my return to Manila from Zamboanga. PostscriptMy stay in Manila has been delightful as well as interesting. Practically all of my old friends among the English Colony are still here and carrying on their same businesses of banking, importing and exporting. I found many Army friends and some in professional and business life among the Americans. General Wood was very nice to me and I saw a great deal of General and Mrs. McCoy. I motored out into the agricultural country immediately tributary to Manila to get first-hand information and impressions on plantations, both sugar and coconut, which are well along into maturity and on a good productive basis. Declining several invitations to go to Baguio for over Christmas, I am sailing for Zamboanga on the Japanese Australian liner Tango Maru. On these biweekly boats one makes the run in thirty-six hours, instead of in four days as on the inter-island steamers. 2.5 Buena Vista Plantation, Christmas Day. Caroline Dearest and Caroline and Huddy Darlings: Here's Daddy on our big, wonderful plantation. Two thousand acres and fifty thousand coconut palms, and it is Christmas Day, and I just got here yesterday, and it is so pretty and so comfortable after all the traveling I have done. Dear Mrs. Richey is here at the manager's house and is my hostess. Our new manager, Mr. Smoyer, with whom I am well pleased, is here and is in charge of all the work on the plantation. I will write a real letter in a few days, but right now Arad, our Moro boatman, is starting to sail down to Zamboanga in our vinta and I am dashing you all off a line of Christmas greetings and love leaving? I got your Christmas cable yesterday afternoon and sent mine in the morning. We are sixteen hours ahead of you, so although as I write it is after luncheon on Christmas Day here, Christmas morning will not dawn for you all for several hours yet. A few uiet weeks here at Buena Vista and Iwill be going in to Zamboanga, then north, and then home to you all. ts.; s w,<s* inrSgn s~ rt E:1 atrlrcer nturs~ a 2~ nrw~~ * t 1 t rr mas ^mrrllngwl~ll ~ot 1lwn Toryou alx IOR tV~t~a oxS e. A 1t qu~~ ~~l:il;~i ie wee ~, turs sa ruwl ~ on nt aasag thnnrh n l; on oyual ON THE PLANTATION Buena Vista Plantation, New Year's Day. M AMY TRIP DOWN from Manila on the Tango Maru was uneventful, and early in the morning of Tuesday, December 23d, we came into Zamboanga. I got up shortly after daylight and came on deck in my dressing gown to see the beautiful tropical coast in the early morning light, and it was lovely. Thousands of tall coconut palms along the shore, the foothills heavy with growth running back for a few miles and then the mountains-all deep, deep green, with here and there a little native house with a curl of smoke and many darting canoes and sailing vintas in the blue and sometimes gray water along shore. Mr. McClelland and my new manager, Mr. Smoyer, were out to meet me in the customs launch and they arranged all formalities so that we were ashore and up to McClelland's house for a hearty 8 o'clock breakfast, which we ate on a second story porch overlooking Zamboanga harbor. I decided to go right to Buena Vista that night and spend Christmas on the plantation for I wanted to get out to where Mrs. Richey was waiting for me and I was impatient to see the colonial enterprise which has been one of my hobbies for so many years. Mr. Smoyer, therefore, arranged for us to go up that night on the Port Banga launch, which would tow our vinta and drop us, off the coast of Buena Vista, which point they were scheduled to pass about three the next morning. We had luncheon at the Army and Navy Club, talked business in the early afternoon, and at three I went out to the Zamboanga Country Club with Mr. McClelland for a good game of golf. It is certainly a welcome change after even a few days aboard ship to get out into the open for eighteen good holes of the grand old game. After coming home and changing into fresh white, we went out to the Overseas Club where a farewell party was on for an American family which has lived here many years but is moving to Cebu. The party was called a "Despidida," this means farewell, and took the form of punch and cake, music, dancing and an occasional trip into the club bar for a real drink. The Port Banga launch was to leave at 9:30, so right after dinner Smoyer started off with one of our natives from Buena Vista, one Petronillo, to get my field trunk and bag stowed in the vinta together with some supplies he was bringing up for the plantation. I got 27 down to the landing at 9:30 and found the launch, loaded to the guards with Filipino laborers and their wives and children, together with a few Chinese and some chickens and musical instruments. Port Banga is about twenty miles up the coast from Buena Vista, and there is a very successful American sawmill and logging operation located there. The launch, although tied to the pier, was rising and falling on the swells and rolling some, too, so the trip down the ten or twelve feet of one narrow wobbly plank looked kind of dubious, but by half sliding and half crawling down I got there without a duck into the black waters of Zamboanga Bay. By wading through and climbing over the men, women and children I got past the engine and up to the bow where two Americans and one Englishman, who were going to Port Banga, were ensconced in folding chairs and rather comfortable. As soon as I was on board we got under way and started out toward the harbor entrance where we could see Smoyer's lantern waving in the blackness of the night. The sky was brilliantly encrusted with stars, but this only-made the water seem the blacker. The heavens look quite different here as we are only about seven degrees above the equator, and our friends, like Orion, the Pleiades, Cassiopea and even the planets, seem so far north. The great dipper was upside down low in the northern sky, while Polaris, the north star, was just visible above the northern horizon. The milky way banded the heavens from northeast to southwest, and low in the southern sky near the milky path was the Southern Cross. Not a very accurate cross, but four stunning big stars and a really fine constellation. Our vinta, with Smoyer aboard, was soon made fast astern and with about one hundred souls aboard a fifty-foot launch we pulled out of the sheltered harbor onto the deep ground swells of the Sulu Sea. We were making only five or six miles per hour and I was just beginning to doze in my chair for the five or six hour ride when Smoyer appeared, climbing along the guard rail on the outside of the launch, to say that he had a place arranged in the vinta where I could lie down and catch a little sleep. I followed him back along the guardrail, hanging onto the outside of the hand rail and then climbing over the stern of the launch into our vinta. The vinta is just like Huddie's model only it is quite small, only about sixteen feet long and three feet of beam. There is a little flat decking in the center and on this was an army blanket and a small pillow. The vinta was bobbing around at a great rate in the wash of the launch and it was sort of like sleeping in a hammock tied up in a waving tree during a wind storm, but I had been up since daylight, had eighteen holes of golf, several drinks and a good dinner, so you know what happened when I laid down on my vinta bed, pulled my white Lon ER I don raincoat over me and closed my eyes. I don't think I even dreamed-just blank and rest. Then I heard a few words exchanged in Chibucana, a local dialect-half Moro and half Spanish-with some Visayan and Tagalog thrown in. I realized that the motion of the vinta had changed from hopping about in the wash of the launch to just the slow rise and fall of the ground swell. I saw Petronillo, our native boatman, begin to paddle, then the dark form and one stern lantern of the launch moved off into the blackness, Smoyer turned to me from his post in the bow and said "Buena Vista," but all I could see was the black water about us and the brilliantly star-clustered heavens above. In the east only a little above the horizon was a thin crescent moon, the bright sickle bowed down toward the coming sun and only a few degrees away from the moon, as a sort of chaperone, was Venus, as big as the headlight of a locomotive. The earthshine on the moon made the whole disc plainly visible and the lower illuminated segment was as brilliant as Venus. Never have I seen such a night! I looked at my wrist watch. It was ten minutes after three and, Oh Gee! I was thirsty. Smoyer muttered something about those damn skunks dropping us several miles further out than they might have done, while he handed me his army canteen of lukewarm water, which tasted mighty good to me. Then nothing was said for about half an hour. Petronillo paddled in the stern, I sat crosslegged amidships and Smoyer was in the bow, his eyes searching the blackness ahead for a light or some feature of the low dark line of land lying some miles to the west of us. The wind was off shore and held back the heavy vinta so that Petronillo's paddling made very little headway against it. No light could be made out. We could just make out the line of the land to the west and one or two small islands to the southwest of us. After watching the proceedings for a while, I laid down, pulled the white London raincoat over me and fell asleep. I dreamed that we arrived at Buena Vista, that it was all built up with houses and roads and that Mrs. Richey was down at the pier in her carriage to meet us, while all the people who owned homes along the shore were there to celebrate the landing of the President and Manager of the company that had built up the beautiful residence park along the shore where waved the fifty thousand palms of Buena Vista. Then I was wakened by Smoyer and Petronillo talking. Everything was just the same as when I went to sleep. The moon was a little higher but the dark streak of land to the west and the islands to the southwest were just exactly the same. My wrist watch showed fourthirty. Petronillo still paddled and Smoyer still searched the blackness ahead from his post in the bow. Petronillo was saying, "No, seflor, no es Buena Vista. Seguro estamos a Bolong." This got quite a rise out of Smoyer and I didn't blame him for being good and mad. 29 Bolong is a small town along the coast about half way from Zamboanga to Buena Vista and our worthy paddler was convinced from the shape of the island to the south, that the launch had dropped us off Bolong instead of off Buena Vista. Smoyer finally grumblingly agreed that that was what had happened. There were now two lights distinctly visible, apparently on the shore some miles away. One of these lights moved rapidly along and then, changing direction, passed us to the south quite suddenly. It wasn't on shore at all, but on a fast sailing vinta. Probably some Moros returning from a night of spearing fish up the coast. The other light on shore burned bright and true and for that we headed, although it meant hours of paddling to reach it against the wind. As I wasn't needed as a paddler or a director of our craft I again pulled the white raincoat, made in London, over me to dream of you and the children and Lobo and that I really hadn't started for Buena Vista at all and was back in California. But no. Something wakened me and there we were "Somewhere in Mindanao," the faithful Petronillo still paddling aft and Smoyer bailing out some sea water forward. It was nearly six and dawn was dimming the moon and stars in the east and a fresh chill was in the air. Petronillo had been paddling nearly three hours and the bright light on shore seemed just about where it was when I went to sleep the last time. We had made some headway though, and had drifted somewhat to the south, for in the faint light of dawn we could see that we were quite close in on the island to the south of us, and what was good news was that both Smoyer and Petronillo identified it as Paton, one of the Panubigan group of islands lying off the coast of Buena Vista. We were all right but further out than we expected, as it was still three miles from Paton to the landing at Buena Vista. The sunrise was beautiful, but I must say I did not enjoy it as it occurred when we still thought we were at Bolong and we were all mad and worried. It was broad daylight when we finally paddled into the little sheltered cove of the island where there was a white sand beach, some tall coconut trees along the shore with dense tropical forest in the background. A typical South Sea island with some white parrots flying from tree to tree, a few native houses just back from the beach and a couple of outrigger canoes being paddled about by fishing Moros. Smoyer's idea was to get someone to help paddle or sail us over to Buena Vista. After we got into about two feet of water the vinta began to pound on the chunks of coral plainly visible through the clear water, so we hove to, and had Petronillo pile overboard and wade ashore as our ambassador and negotiator. He soon returned with a typical South Sea pirate of a Moro in a small vinta and there was a great jabber in Chibucana that I couldn't follow. Smoyer got very vehe30 _uo V' a Plnato hos an gr ____ _ * und_' s eilg I. I l.. l l _. _ _.... _. ~~~~~~~~r?~lr~-~~, l _I~.. l.. _._... Il_. I l.. l l. I _ _.... _. l l _ I.zen fI l. l Ir'ifio _o~ _si.._.l Ol _ I ment, but finally closed the bargain by which our pirate was to bring his own mast and sail fit it to our vinta and sail us over to Buena Vista; his brother paddling over in a light canoe to bring him and his sail back. The charge for these services was thirty centavos. That is fifteen cents in our money! He had to do quite a little carpenter work to fit his mast into our boat, but this he did with his Moro knife, like the smaller ones in my gun case at home, and by eight o'clock the sail was rigged and we were off on a good breeze. It took us two hours to sail over as we had to tack and toward the end the wind died down in spite of the singing and calling to the wind of both Petronillo and our Moro pirate. The landing was quiet enough and quite different from my dream, as there were only two native laborers down to meet us with a couple of riding animals to bring us up the hill to the manager's house. It was just about ten o'clock on the day before Christmas that we arrived at the house and found nice Mrs. Richey, all in white, waiting for us with a good breakfast ready. It certainly tasted good and I was glad to go to my room afterwards to unpack, clean up and then rest for a few hours. The house was rolling with me like a ship in a sea way, for I was quite tired and the vinta had been jumping around a good deal all night and morning. I will not attempt to describe everything. It would be too much for me to write and for you to read. I will tell you all about it when I reach home next month, for today is January 1st, 1925. Mrs. Richey is a delightful hostess and is making Mr. Smoyer and myself very comfortable in this really delightful plantation home. I have a nice big room and bathroom and have been sleeping very well, as I go to bed each night dead tired from having ridden or walked around the plantation all day. Yesterday, beginning at six a.m., Smoyer and I, with the native herders, started checking and classifying our six hundred head of cattle and it was some job. So often out here in these stunning wild surroundings I am reminded of "Black Laughter." If I only had the facile pen of a Llewelyn Powys I could write a very readable book about life on this plantation. Some day Huddy must come out with me. It would so broaden his knowledge of the world and of life. I think so often, too, of some of my city friends and relatives, and how little they know of the out-of-the-way places of the world. Christmas afternoon the native laborers pulled a baseball game for us in the grounds of the manager's house. Two full nines. The Caroline team, captained by Severo, the native general foreman, won from the Huddy team, captained by Dionisio, cook at the manager's house. I put up $10 for the winning team and Smoyer put up $5 for the losing team, so everyone was happy. On the sidelines was a motley crowd of some fifty men, women and children. The older 31 men, all with their bolos in their belts, and the women in fiesta colors of blue, pink, green and red. The two daughters of Taladji, who has been on the plantation for years, were particularly gay. One had bright yellow long wide trousers, a black tight-fitting sort of bolero waist and a long pink sarong or loose scarf falling from her shoulders; her sister had black trousers and a brilliant cerise sarong. They were about seventeen and with brilliantly reddened lips and cigarettes were quite Moro types of Flaming Youth. The father, Taladji, has lived at and around Buena Vista since the days of the Spanish. He is chronologically about fifty years old and, I would say, mentally about nine or ten. A few years ago his wife was quite sick and some one of the Moro doctors told him to catch a wild monkey, roast it alive and give it to the patient. Taladji did his best but he told Mrs. Richey he had a very trying time cooking the monkey because the "mono no quiere senta n'el fuego." The monkey didn't want to sit in the fire. One little Moro boy made me think of our Huddy in his Moro costume. This boy is Arani Mabanza. His father is a plower and Arani, who has been through the third grade and speaks English well, is just as good looking as can be. He has a winning smile, a dimple and beautiful regular white teeth. It is a shame to think that in a few years he will start to chew betel nut and his teeth will become quite black. Little Pilar, aged four, the daughter of Wee Chiong, our Chinese storekeeper, came up on the porch. She is very sweet, clean and bright and some day will be quite an heiress for her father has bought 3000 pesos of stock in our company and is now on the board of directors. Her mother is a Filipina, so Pilar is a Chinese Mestiza. Mrs. Richey gave her some American candy which delighted her heart. When the game was over Severo reported the result as Caroline Team 20 runs, Huddy Team 6 runs. Mr. Smoyer announced that the company would give a Vaca (beef steer) to be killed and the meat distributed among all the laborers and their families on the plantation, and the afternoon closed with "a pleasant time had by all." This past week I have been out every day, going to every part and parcel of the property, through all the groves of older fruiting and bearing palms and through the younger plantings, still struggling with the aid of the plowing and ring weeding which we give them to get the better of the natural cogon grass, weeds and other jungle growth that constantly push in and strive to re-establish the old jungle conditions. In this fight our six hundred cattle are a real ally, for in grazing under the half-grown and fully developed trees they keep down the weeds and wild grasses and, at the same time, greatly benefit the soil. The herd is well established and increasing rapidly. We have had 125 calves that have lived and grown since last March. The herd doubles in size and value about every four years. 32 - / g ~~~~~~~ ~ ',,e j.,,... j Ch~lsttra Day the laborers played, game.. of baseball on thIe* laiwnI_ _ Inspecting anion1 the olderII Ir II I ME MM I get up a little before six each morning, take a stroll around the wet grass of the grounds in my bare feet and pajamas for half an hour, dress in working clothes for a seven o'clock breakfast with Mrs. Richey, while Smoyer is already out getting the gangs to work. I am out from 8 to 12 and come in hot, tired and sweaty for a couple of lemonades, a shower and tiffin. After tiffin quiet till 3 p.m. then I am out to 5 or 5:30, another shower and a rest until I get into white for dinner. It is agreeing with me wonderfully. I expect to stay here on the plantation until about next Wednesday, January 7th, and then go into Zamboanga for a week of business and visits to two or three neighboring plantations that are older and hence further along than Buena Vista. I also want to go to the American Shredded Coconut plant at Caldera Bay, near Zamboanga. This Company is a possible purchaser of the entire production of our plantation. If we sell our product to them we eliminate the necessity of drying the meat of our coconuts to make copra. The Shredded Coconut Company purchases nuts whole and, as they have a very well organized transportation system both by light truck and native sailing boats, they make a practice of collecting the nuts from the plantations upon which they are grown, paying for them on a basis which depends upon, and fluctuates with, the world market for copra. I am certainly getting to know the plantation and its work in all details and I am more thrilled than ever about it. It is a beautiful property and in a few years will be a valuable one, too. Mr. Smoyer, our new manager, is just the type of man I want for such a place and I hope we are to be associated for many, many years. Mr. Wee Chiong, our Chinese storekeeper and paymaster, has invested his earnings and savings in the company and I am making him one of our directors, and Severo Jumauan, our native general foreman, is taking part of his pay in stock and is on the board, too. The future looks good and very interesting. I was so glad to get your nice New Year's cable saying that you had a happy Christmas and that everyone is well and happy. I get very homesick at times, especially in the early morning, and I am glad, very glad, that next week will see me starting north from Zamboanga for Manila to sail home on the President Lincoln. 33 I HOMEWARD BOUND M Y TRIP HOME was not as pleasant as the outward trip, for the weather was cold and stormy a good part of the time. I had another good glimpse of Japan, including two nights and a day in Kyoto, the fascinating ancient capital of the old kingdom. Most interesting, and in spots quite fascinating. There was more than I expected in Japan of dirt, inconvenience and poverty. Japan as a nation seems to me to have gone ahead too fast for the great bulk of her people and for her underlying national wealth. She is somewhat in the position of an individual with a $10,000 a year income, who is trying to keep up with others of a social set who are able to live on a $50,000 a year basis. The Japanese are industrious, energetic and fairly efficient and, I understand, are making a good showing in Korea and South Manchuria, where they are masters of the situation. In China they are making as much, or a little more, progress economically, than the other nations, but they are about as popular among the Chinese people as a rattlesnake at a picnic. They control or largely influence several of the No. I military Chinese, like Chang Tso Lin, who now has military control of most of China; and, through concessions, contracts, agreements and purchases, they are producing and transporting the major portion of China's coal and iron. They would like to have the sound background of popularity in China, but probably never will; meanwhile, they will continue to hold and will try to strengthen their topside influence and their control of essential raw materials. As to war possibilities. Who knows? Japan has, of course, no real causus belli with the United States nor do I think she covets the Philippines or any of our territory. The resentment of the Japanese against our immigration policy and legislation is founded largely on wounded pride, built up as a popular slogan and strengthened by the fact that it is actually and actively fostered by the government to strengthen national sentiment and, most of all, loyalty to the Imperial Government. With Japan's bad economic situation and with large numbers of young Japanese educated to the reading and brooding point, Japan's statesmen hear with a cold chill running down their backs, the howl of the Bolshevik wolf in Siberia. The policy of magnifying the importance of our immigration question also serves as an excellent diplomatic maneuver, which diverts attention from and justifies Japan's more vital policy of expansion onto the neighboring shores of continental Asia and her exploitation of China. Japan har35 bors just as real a resentment against being kept from expanding, into Canada, Australia and New Zealand, but little or nothing is heard of it. Nations do not make war to heal wounded feelings but for more fundamental reasons. When their vital economic necessities come into unadjustable conflict history shows that nations always have drifted into war, and common sense suggests that they always will. If we hold Manila strongly and Great Britain goes through with the Singapore base, Japan will be more liable to continue her necessary expansion west and north instead of to the south of Formosa, and the danger of a Japanese-Anglo Saxon war will be reduced almost to the vanishing point. -low Japan could finance even a six-months war I don't know, but in 1914 well-informed economists said a general European war was a financial impossibility and that if started with the materials at hand it would automatically end within six months. It started and it lasted five years. Of course, the Japanese already have a large capital investment in military and naval organization, equipment and reserve materiel. This reserve suffered an important loss when, as a result of the earthquake of September, 1923, the subterranean naval oil reserve tanks were ruptured and literally millions of barrels of navy fuel oil flowed out through Yokohama harbor and roadstead, to spread over the waters of the Pacific. A sort of temporary spreading of oil on the troubled waters. How unexpected and unfortunate results may sometimes flow from most carefully arranged plans, especially in the Orient, is illustrated by the following story. It seems that the European trip made a'few years ago by the Japanese Crown Prince, now Regent of Japan, did not strengthen his position at home. In fact, in the eyes of the Japanese masses, it seriously compromised his prestige as head, both temporal and religious, of good old Nippon Banzai. The Japanese have always looked up to the emperor 'with religious as well as temporal veneration. Now when through their dailies and illustrated papers, in which his tour was prominently featured, they found out that the Crown Prince was willing to travel about among regular mortals in England and France, etc., to ride in regular trains and even descended to golf in absurdly large plus-fours and Harold Lloyd spectacles, they figured he was quite of the earth earthy and if and when they did not like his decrees or the laws of his government, they would not have any scruples against saying so in words, in demonstrations and even in disorders. Of Chinaone can well say, as did the French of Russia in 1918: C'est la bouteille 2 l'encre. Many people with whom I have talked, and who know China well, feel that the anti-foreign feeling which boiled over in the Boxer uprising of' 1900 is simmering ominously and that something will happen in the coming two or three years. 36 X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FEN~~~~m l 0' W! S g >> —Xr m9!Es~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ivt,, U j Z 2X. i F;E~~lL~i;:;:r'L~~li:A 2 2::?I i, _ ~~ _ l _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ |~~~~~~~i _a l ~ ~~~ ~ | | _ 2 1":~: |~~~ _11 |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i = |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~B _~~~~~~~~~?i _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~a | _ | _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _or | _zlctrBea Ys~Patfo O =~~ roR|r-Svr rmun o~"nal EbttM moe) IanP_ ~ is _ _ _ *ik~) yc ~sret J ~POe "ei~ =e CkesS"PK|e n atrs e I Something is, of course, a rather broad term but the atmosphere is tense and China, due largely to some of the complicated after-effects of the war, modern education of the student class and Bolshevik propaganda, is in a sadly disorganized state. The Allies did not use good judgment in using Japan as a catspaw to pull the German chestnuts out of the Shantung fire and in afterwards pushing China into the war as a belligerent. In fact, they started something in China which, as a sort of prime mover, has set in motion a myriad of aspirations, enmities and tendencies, all leading up to situations both embarrassing and positively dangerous. Manila I found very little changed from the days of my service there twenty years ago. The general atmosphere is the same and ninety per cent of the city is identical, while the changes that have been made seem simply superimposed upon old Manila of the "Days of the Empire." Manila Bay, which has many times the size, water and good anchorage necessary to accommodate the entire American Navy, has now been made a fine commercial port by the completion of the harbor works begun and completed by the Americans and on which I worked as Major Townsend's assistant during a part of my three-year tour of duty in the Islands. Several fine piers, capable of handling at all stages of the tide the largest merchantmen, are now being supplemented by a, wonderful new municipal pier, almost completed, which will be the finest in the Orient. It will dock and handle cargo for five ships of the President class at one time, with very convenient passenger discharge overhead and the latest electric freight handling machinery on the main level. A few very creditable modern office and bank buildings have been added to the financial district, and the new Jones Bridge has replaced the Bridge of Spain, over the Pasig River. The most striking change of all is the addition of the "traffic cop" and the ubiquitous automobile. A help to speedy transportation, especially in the provinces, but otherwise a nuisance and an anachronism in this old Spanish city. The government, which is almost completely Filipinized, is running along at about sixty per cent efficiency and is kept from running off the track entirely by the firm but kindly hand of General Wood and his small organization of Americans. As you know, the Democratic Governor-General, Francis Burton Harrison (1913-1920), with a policy of complete Filipinization practically wrecked the very creditable central and provincial governments that had been built up by Taft, Ide, Cameron Forbes and the devoted company of Americans, both civil and military, who served in the islands from 1898 to 1913. The harm done during those unfortunate years of Democratic administration can never be undone. The Filipino politician has gotten the reins too soon and he likes to drive, whatever the occu37 pants of the vehicle may think of his skill or whatever others on the road may think of their own safety. General Wood and his righthand man, General McCoy, have done a great deal to stop actual government dishonesty and a pernicious participation of the government with treasury funds in business ventures, speculative in character and entirely beyond the pale of proper government participation. They have taken some very definite stands against the small clique that controls the Philippine Senate and Assembly and are generally holding the breach made by Burton Harrison's mistaken policies and inefficiencies. General Wood is making a great and constructive effort for the people of the Philippine Islands as a whole. He is more interested in half a million Moros in Mindanao and Sulu than he is in the personal careers of half a hundred politicians in and around Manila. Yet nothing definite seems to be being done by our government at home to clarify and reorganize an unsound and unfair situation. The people of the United States know so little about the Philippines and consequently care so little about them that our representatives in Washington feel no urge of public opinion to do anything but adopt a sort of wait and see policy. Then, too, some of our public men have indulged in so much hot air about Philippine Independence, which it has always been found impossible to establish, that no business man, Filipino, American, English or Chinese, knows what is going to happen or what the result will be if and when it does happen. Independencia is a popular cry among a considerable number of Filipinos because it is the only thing that a Filipino with seeming patriotism can advocate, and because, like being a Democrat in the solid South, it is the only course that a Filipino can afford to adhere to in the face of the uncertainties of the almost immediate future. Then, too, a great deal of the spirit of nationalism comes from the natural human instinct for team play. Every, even partially, enlightened human being in the world today is determined to be a member of some nation. He wants to take a part in his nation's life, if he can, or at least express in some small way his loyalty' to it. If he cannot be a player on the team he wants to be a rooter. Loyalty there is in this natural instinct and the spirit of competition too. Where is the school, where is the college, however small, without its team and its rooters, ready to go up against the biggest adversary that can be found? The bigger the adversary the better and the harder the team will play and the rooters will root. Now the Filipinos have never been granted the status of American citizens as have the Hawaiians and recently the Porto Ricans. The Filipinos who have been sufficiently educated to be conscious of a spirit of nationalism, being denied the satisfaction of United States citizenship, naturally try to inaugurate a new nation of their own. 38 Our ix hundred cattle are a rel allly Carabao between work periods These water buffalo, having non-porous skins, must be allowted to usallow in mud and sater ttice daily I,I If definite assurance could be given by the people of the United States that American sovereignty would never be willingly withdrawn from the Philippine Islands, I know we would see parades of celebration throughout the entire Archipelago, excepting possibly in the city of Manila. Even in Manila, some of the Filipino merchants and financial people would be pleased. The possibility of the Philippine Islands ever becoming a menace to the peace of the Orient would be permanently eliminated, and American capital would flow into the islands for the production of the many tropical necessities needed in increasing volume by a growing world. Such a development could not fail to be of real benefit to the great mass of the different people in the Philippine Islands. Personally, I do not think that American sovereignty ever will be permanently withdrawn from the Philippine Islands. I am sure this would be so if our people at home could know all the facts, devoid of hot air and sentimentality. It sounds so appealing to say: "These people have been promised their independence, let us give it to them." This sounds especially appealing to the kind-hearted but practical American who has first been given the false impression that by getting rid of the Philippines we would be saved a lot of expense and would be much less liable ever to become involved in a war with Japan. "Let us give them their independence." What a viciously unfair way to hide under a thin veneer of altruism the tragic economic realities underlying such a withdrawal on our part, especially when it is disguised as a gift. Independence must be justified not only by education necessary to operate government but by underlying economic realities. What has been written and said in recent years about the Philippines has been largely controversial, either intentionally misleading propaganda or a recital of political animosities and the personal misdoings of this or that Filipino or American in the small government sphere of Manila. I wish we could get some broadminded observer who has a background of knowledge and experience in national affairs to spend a few months in the Islands studying the real economic aspects, both present and future, of the question: "Should the people of the United States, by a gift of the sovereignty acquired by the treaty of Paris, permit the people of all the islands of the Philippine Archipelago to attempt to maintain a separate national position in the world?" Could they do it any more than the people of Alaska could if, at the request of the more active politicians of Alaska, a demand were made that the sovereignty which the United States acquired from Russia should be given them? 39, We have taught the people of the Philippines the use and enjoyment of municipal improvements, education and a well-paid personnel in all branches of a highly organized and copiously manned government; we have taught the individual the use and enjoyment of automobiles, moving pictures, shoes and other things that go with good wages and a generally raised standard of living and we must not overlook the fact that such a change in any country can be maintained only by an increase in the manufacturing industries of the people or an increased production from the land and from the natural resources of raw materials. In the Philippines it is the last two that count and these require the application of capital and labor in large amounts. The more capital that is available the less the required volume of human labor, as machinery can be made to plow, to cultivate, to haul and even to make copra and load ships. The Philippines must have more capital. Economically the islands will go either forward or backward. They are now on a high economic level as regards public expenditures and labor prices, and left to themselves they could not possibly maintain this level. With the favorable economic association that American sovereignty gives them they will be able to justify it if American capital comes in, under proper safeguards, and thus makes possible a greater production for export of sugar, hemp, copra, tobacco, rubber, hardwoods and other tropical foods and staples which the world and especially the United States are demanding in ever-increasing volume. The Filipinos enjoy today more real freedom than they ever could under a separate national existence. If free entry of Philippine products into the markets of the United States were lost and if the Chinese and Japanese exclusion acts were not enforced by the strong arm of America, the whole scale of wages and standard of living in the Philippine Islands would have to go rapidly downward to meet the competition of other Oriental countries and immigrant Oriental labor. The Philippines must secure in such competition enough foreign trade to pay the interest and sinking fund on their foreign debt and to pay for the imports to which they have become accustomed. With a gift of independence the tax-paying ability of the people would be reduced just at a time when governmental expenditures would be largely increased. These economic realities are immensely more important than all of the political artificialities. The case of a few Filipinos demanding independence is somewhat like that of a bright but impecunious boy who, because he drives an automobile fairly well and can honk the horn wonderfully, feels that he could maintain a garage of expensive high-powered cars. Whatever his skill as a motorist, the 40 The Constitution may not follow the flag, but baseball surely does "Huddy Team" standing and "Caroline Team" sitting, Buena Vista Plantation I sheriff would be turning his cars over to someone else before many months. The United States assumed a definite responsibility to the nations of the world when in 1899, the United States Senate confirmed the ratification of the Treaty of Paris and we then acquired from Spain sovereignty over the Philippine Islands and ownership of the public domain therein. Since then we have continued to add contingent responsibilities which we cannot evade and which it will take generations to liquidate. We have guaranteed issues of some $75,000,000 of Philippine bonds; we have issued Torrens certificates evidencing and guaranteeing the ownership of large amounts of city real estate and agricultural land; we have, above all, planted the American flag on this economic outpost, an outpost of strategic value to our commerce and of great moral value to the white race in maintaining itself on this earth through the coming centuries, yes, for the next few generations. We have built up more definitely than we realize the great- responsibility of having taught the Filipinos more than they can economically afford to know, and of having raised the scale of wages and the standard of living far above a level that they could hope to maintain on the basis of their own productivity and labor efficiency, as compared with South China, the Federated Malay States and the East Indies, with whom they would, without our shielding arm, come into direct competition. Another contingent responsibility that we have created for ourselves in the Philippine Islands is that of the present and future status of the Moros of Mindanao and Sulu. These Moros are as distinctly a people as any of the other Filipinos. They are more warlike and valiant than the Visayans, who inhabit the middle islands, or the Tagalogs, who are the principal and dominating people of Luzon. During all the four hundred years of Spanish sovereignty the Moros were never really conquered or pacified. They raided the Visayans and even the coast of Luzon almost up to the time of the American occupation. They dislike the northern Filipinos exceedingly and consider them an inferior race. Twenty years ago American troops established a complete mastery over these people and forced an abandonment of their old piratical life. They were fairly beaten in the field and after they surrendered they were fairly treated so there grew up and now exists among the Moros a feeling of loyalty to the American authorities. In obedience to American orders and with trust in a continuance of American government in their land, they have surrendered all their firearms, spears and fighting knives, and are today very effectively disarmed and doing a reasonable amount of work. 41 The policy of Filipinization has now placed the power and authority of government in Moroland, in the hands of the northern Filipinos, a condition that the Moros would not stand for one month after American withdrawal from the islands. If we had not disarmed the Moros, the Visayans and Tagalogs would not stay in Mindanao and Sulu for a full month after our withdrawal, but with the Moros disarmed and the northern islanders armed with American Springfield rifles and Colt automatic pistols, the fight would last longer, but in the end the outcome would be the same, the disappearance of any visible form of Manila government from the islands south of Panay, Negros and Cebu. In the face of these actualities, if we should simply decide to withdraw for mistakenly altruistic reasons, the readjustment to a lower wage scale and the necessity of increased taxation would undoubtedly bring disorders which, augmented by sectional, racial and political antagonisms, would soon bring about a condition requiring a second American military occupation of the islands, or our acquiescence in the intervention of Great Britain or Japan for the protection of their nationals and their interests. The other side of the picture is equally important, although not quite so interesting. Are the Philippine Islands a burden or an asset to the people of the United States? Not to the pathetically small group who have gone into the Philippines either in person or with their capital, but to the people generally, the mid-west farmer, the automobile producer and user, the southern cotton grower, the shipping man, the New England spinner, and the man and woman in their home. The Islands are certainly not a financial burden. Their foreign trade is balanced in their favor, and the Philippine government's expense and income budget is balanced each year by revenues raised in the Islands. The government's bonded debt, including that of Manila and other municipalities, amounts to only about $75,000,000 and the interest and sinking fund requirements of this debt are provided for, as a part of the yearly government budget, by local taxation. We have helped the Islands by establishing what amounts practically to free-trade between them and the United States. However, other than paying the cost of the units of the American Army and Navy that have been, and now are, stationed in the Philippines, and of the fortification of Manila Bay, the Islands have never cost us anything but the $20,000,000 we paid Spain for the public domain and government buildings which we took over with the rights and responsibilities of sovereignty. The Islands are an asset. Not an important one as yet as regards their trade with us, for production in the Philippines has received small financial support and has been very much handicapped by the 42. Mt, home while in Zamboanga I I uncertainty of the political future. By clearing up this uncertainty we could remove the handicap, and it would be of real value to us in the United States to have all of our rubber, most of our hemp and coconut products, and a considerable portion of our other tropical necessities grown in our own territory, subject to no foreign taxes or interferences and transported in American ships for free entry into the homeland. For us, as an exporting nation, great value lies in having an American base port like Manila. We make no hypocritical pretense of being interested in the Philippines solely on account of others. While we regard the welfare of these people as a sacred trust, we regard the welfare of the American people first. We see our duty to ourselves as well as to others. We believe in trade expansion. By every legitimate means within the province of government and legislation we mean to stimulate the expansion of our trade and to open new markets. Greatest of all markets is China. Our trade there is growing by leaps and bounds. Manila.... gives us inestimable advantage in developing that trade. It is the cornerstone of our Eastern policy, and the brilliant diplomacy of John Hay in securing from all nations a guarantee of our treaty rights, and of the open door in China rests upon it.1 Some of our people feel that for us to have the American flag on this advanced post weakens our military situation in the Pacific. They have a sort of weak-kneed feeling that we could not hold the Islands in the face of an attack, and that if we haul down the flag and give up the Islands we will, in some way, favorably influence our relations with Japan. Manila as a naval base has a real strategic value to us, both as a nation and as one of the standard bearers of Christian civilization, and we should maintain it. It is not probable that Japan covets the Philippine Islands and, even if she did and we were willing to withdraw our legally acquired sovereignty, other Christian nations having vital interests at stake could not afford to see Japan establish her sovereignty there by force majeure. There was some question, of course, in 1899 as to whether it was wise for us to accept sovereignty over the Philippine Islands by the Treaty of Paris; whether it was wise for us, from a military standpoint, to carry the Stars and Stripes so far from our continental territory. This question was fully considered and discussed by President McKinley with leaders of the United States Senate, and by the individual senators on the floor of the Senate. The question of the economic advisability of this new territorial acquisition was as fully considered. In fact, these two phases of this 1. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, June 21, 1900. 43 one important clause of the Treaty of Paris were the only questions of which there was full discussion and on which there was some controversy. It was really on the question of accepting sovereignty in the Philippine Islands that the voting divided when, by a majority of 57 to 27, the Senate voted to ratify the treaty. The decision was undoubtedly a wise one and for us to abandon the islands now in a shortsighted attempt to create a nation would be economically, diplomatically and militarily unsound and unworthy. For the people of the United States it would be a real loss; for the people of the Philippines it would be a catastrophe. During the past one hundred and twenty-five years the human population of the world has doubled in numbers. This rate of increase is not only keeping up but is really accelerating for, although in a few of the higher types of the human race the birth rate is falling off, this is more than offset in the world as a whole by the advance of sanitation, reduction of infant mortality and the highly organized transportation of food supplies. Unless there is some great cataclysm, or some not yet apparent retarding influence, another one hundred years will give the world some 4,000,000,000 human beings to house, clothe and feed, and the control of food producing land will be of vital importance. Some of our own grandchildren will be living then. Our grandfathers left us, and those who have come from Europe to join us, a wonderful chance in the world today. What will be our grandchildren's lot? They will be like you and me, white people. They will be like you and me, good Americans. Could you and I, could our government which represents you and me, haul down the American flag in Alaska or in the Hawaiian Islands? Can we haul it down in the Philippines? Would our grandfathers or our fathers have done so? No, and neither will we in 1925 or in any other year. We will continue our form of government in these parts of the United States; we will admit to a part in that government any man or woman living there who is honest, intelligently capable of doing his work and who professes and maintains loyalty to our government. From our surplus we will ship to these islands of the Pacific the manufactured goods they need and the tools of husbandry, manufacture and locomotion, in exchange for a part of their increased output of food stuffs and tropical products, which we and the world must have. No discriminatory burden of personal, class or race taxation will be imposed and all the guarantees of justice, personal rights and securities vouchsafed by our constitution will be theirs. They will be shielded from hostile attack by land, by sea, and by air; and from the equally real menace of economic war with the people of conti44 nental Asia who are more industrious, more energetic, and who are accustomed and inured to a much lower wage and standard of living. As individuals they will be as free as any citizen of the most enlightened country of the day and they as well as ourselves and the world will benefit by a permanent establishment of the interdependence of the peoples and governments of the Philippine Islands and the United States of America. 45 Two hundred and fifty copies of this book were printed by Earle C. 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