TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY.
A
REPORT ON THE SUBJECT
MADE TO THE
irElRIGEI- IISTITUTE  OF ItfiIEOPITHY,
AT ITS
Seventh Annual Meeting in Albany, N. Y.
BY ITS COMMITTEE APPOINTED FOR THAT PURPOSE,
JUNE 12TH, 1850.
ILLUSTRATED BY
FOUR LITHOGRAPHIC FIGURES
OF THE HUMAN BODY.




BOSTON:
PRINTED BY DAVID CL.APP,
184 WasIlingtoun St.




REPORT.
YOUR committee, appointed to consider the
subject of regional anatomy, and to report a
plan for a systematic division of the human
body with a suitable nomenclature, or to present for adoption some system already before
the public, have attended to that duty as fully
as it has been in their power to do so, consistently with other indispensable professional
demands on their time.
But before calling your attention to the
especial matter of their report, they wish to
state, that after seeking faithfully for some
work on the subject referred to, they have
found none which they could esteem, as
well designed to serve their purpose entirely,
none which has received sufficient favor with
the medical community to be extensively introduced; and so far as your committee have




4
had opportunity to inform themselves on this
point, they find that the most thorough works
on the subject are not very generally known.
Medical writers, in this department, as well
as in others, have found ample room to differ.
Each has come up with something new, or
opposite to that advanced by his predecessors.
Some have only aimed to divide certain parts
of the body into a few regions; others have
labored to cut the whole into a great number.
They have not worked by the same rule,- nor
called the same thing by the same name; and
hence, notwithstanding all that has been done
for topographical anatomy, there is still great
want of precision in the language and writings of medical men on the subject. Physicians, in speaking of the same regions, will
call them by different names, and if they happen to agree on this point, they will differ widely in regard to the limits or relative location of
a region.
On the difficulties and confusion which are
the result of such a want of uniformity in this
department of medical knowledge, your committee need not remark; except to say, that
if they have not been duly noticed by those




5
who are engaged in what is called old established practice, they are too great to be long
endured by the true advocates of a system
which demands so much precision as that of
the practice of homoeopathy.
Your committee, in their humble efforts to
do something for the cause, could not aim to
present anything entirely new. It has not
been in their power to assume the labor which
would be required in the dissecting room and
elsewhere for such a purpose, nor has it seemed to them important that they should; for the
ground has been faithfully surveyed, and sufficient landmarks have been erected by able
hands, to guide the inquirer in the regions
which he would explore. Yet they have not
considered these landmarks so time-hallowed
or so true that they should not be moved.
In aid of their object, they have made use of
such means as were at hand, availing themselves of the labor of others, employing anatomical preparation, improving the opportunities which have presented in dissection, consulting the works and plates of Haller, the
Bells, Bichat, Rousseau, Sir A. Cooper, Velpeau, Blandin, Jacob and Bourgery, Wilson
and others.




As entire systems of topographical anatomy,
the works of Velpeau and of Blandin are the
most complete. The latter has not been translated into English, that we know of.
The committee have taken Velpeau's system in a measure as a foundation for their
report, adopting his division of the head and
extremities, but making material deviations in
their division of the face, neck, chest and
abdomen, which will readily be marked by
those who are familiar with his work.
They have been fully aware of the difficulty
of their undertaking, and not slightly impressed by the unwelcome nature of the task,
knowing, as they do, that there must exist great
diversity of opinion with regard to the manner
in which an arbitrary angular survey, or topographical division of the human body should
be made for the purposes in view; and in consequence having but little reason to hope that
they should be able to present anything which
would be likely to meet with the full approval
of this Institute, or any other learned medical
body.
They have, however, engaged in the matter, with a single aim to the delineation and




7
arrangement of a systematic regional division,
which should be simple and comprehensive in
its detail, embracing, as fully as possible, or as
far as seemed to them best, the old divisions
which have been most generally adopted into
use, and retaining the most familiar nomenclature.
It has been their object to introduce only
such a number of divisions or regions as would
be found most convenient in reviewing the organs or parts embraced in them. All anatomical detail or minute description they have
considered would be superfluous in connection with their plan; and they have therefore
simply named the regions, described their
boundaries, and arranged, in a regular order,
a list of the important organs, parts and tissues
which are contained under each regional surface, introducing only such occasional remarks
on the relative position or peculiar connection
of these, as appeared to be important or indispensable.
A partial account of their progress in this
undertaking has been read at a previous annual meeting. A more particular or definite
report of what they have done, they now beg
leave to present.




8
They have chosen to do it in a printed form,
with illustrative drawings, and this with the
concurrent advice of Dr. C. Herring, and
other prominent members of this body (who
have seen what your committee have prepared), as the only way in which it could be
fully and fairly brought before the members
of the Institute, in view of their acting upon
it advisedly at the next annual meeting.
THE DIVISION OF THE HUMRAN BODY INTO REGIONS.
Such a division should be understood as relating to a fully-developed and healthy adult,
of ordinary or medium size.
The terms superior, inferior, anterior, posterior and horizontal, should be understood as
applied to the body in a standing posture, with
the head erect, the arms hanging down, and
the palms turned forward.
The terms external and internal, inner and
outer, should be understood as synonymous
with superficial and deep, when applied to the
relative situation of organs or tissues which
overlay one another; but when applied to the
extremities of single parts or organs, or to the
boundaries of regions, they should be viewed




9
as designating the point near to or farther
from the median lines by which the head, neck
and trunk are divided into right and left.
The organs or viscera located in the large
cavities of the body are named and enumerated in relation to the situation which they
occupy within the superficial boundaries of
each region. And where such organs or viscera overlay each other, they are named under
that region which they most nearly approximate; so that such parts, situated in the cavity
of the abdomen or thorax, are, in accordance
with this rule, mentioned in the posterior as
well as in the anterior regions.
In this plan for a regional division of the
body, they have first divided the head, neck
and trunk into right and left, by an anterior
median line, passing from the vertex over the
middle of the forehead, face, neck, chest and
abdomen, to the symphysis pubis; and a posterior median line from the vertex over the mid.
dle of the occiput and along the spine to the
point of the sacrum- the coccyx. And again,
they divide the trunk into anterior and posterior, by lateral lines supposed to be dropped
from the acromion process perpendicularly to




10
the highest point on the crest of the ilium.
These they call acromio-iliac lines.
The upper extremity they divide (after the
manner of Velpeau) into anterior and posterior, by internal and external lateral lines, one
passing from the acromion process over the
external condyle of the humerus and radial
side of the arm to the end of the index finger;
the other from the end of the fourth finger or
inner edge of the hand, along the ulnar side
of the arm, over the internal condyle of the
humerus and close behind the edge of the pectoralis muscle, to the middle of the head of the
humerus.  These they call the acromio-digital
line (as named by Velpeau), and the humerodigital line.
The lower extremity they divide into anterior and posterior, by lateral lines, one a continuation of the line on the trunk, from the
crest of the ilium over the trochanter major,
the external condyle of the femur and external
malleolus to the sole of the foot; the other
passing from the ramus of the ischium where
it unites with that of the pubis along the inside
of the thigh, over the internal condyle of the
femur and internal malleolus to the sole of the




11
foot. These they call the ilio-malleolar and
ischio-malleolar lines.
They subdivide the whole into regions, as
follows, viz. The head (as done by Velpeau)
into
Frontal,
Temporo-parietal, and
Occipital regions.
The face into nasal, orbital, superior maxillary and inferior maxillary.
The neck into anterior cervical, posterior
cervical, and supra-clavicular.
Between the regions of the face and neck,
they locate the linguo-hyoideal and palatopharyngeal regions.
The upper extremity they subdivide (as
done by Velpeau) into regions of the shoulder
and axilla, the brochial regions, regions of the
elbow, cubital regions, regions of the wrist and
hand.
The trunks they subdivide-anteriorly, into
infra-clavicular, costal or mammary, epigastric, hypochondriac, abdominal, hypogastric,
iliac, pelvic, pubic and perineal, and inguinal
regions-posteriorly, into scapular, inter-scapular, posterior costal, lumbar, sacral and gluteal regions.




12
The lower extremity is also subdivided into
anterior and posterior, femoral, anterior of the
knee and popliteal, anterior and posterior tibial, and malleolar, dorsal and platar of the
foot, and the heel.




REGIONS OF THE HIEAD.
I.-THE FRONTAL REGION.
Bounded-inferiorly, by a line drawn from
the extremity of the orbitar process of one side
to that of the opposite, immediately above the
superciliary ridges-laterally or externally,
and superiorly, by a line following the coronal suture, and terminating at the extremity
of the orbitar process, internally by the anterior median line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue, aponeurosis.
Muscles. The frontalis, part of the orbicularis, and a small part of the temporalis.
Ateries. The frontal branch of the ophthalmic, branches of the temporal.
Veins. The frontal, and branches of the
temporal.
Nerves. Internal frontal, and branches of
the external frontal and facial.
Bone. Os frontis.




14
Within the cavity of the cranium, the dura
mater, the anterior extremity of the falx and
of the longitudinal sinus, under the median
line; the anterior lobe of the cerebrum, resting on the orbitar plate. The anterior artery
of the cerebrum, and the olfactory nerve where
it passes to the cribriform plate of the ethnoid
bone.
II.-THE TEMPORO-PARIETAL REGION.
Bounded-inferiorly, by a line drawn from
the external orbitar process of the frontal bone,
along the zygomatic process to the point of
the mastoid process-anteriorly and posteriorly, by the coronal and lambdoidal sutures,
superiorly by the median line or sagittal
suture.
PARTS INCLUDED.
The skin and cellular tissue, the epicranial
and temporal aponeurosis, the external ear.
Muscles. The temporal, and muscles of the
ear.
Arteries. The superficial and deep ternporal.
Veins. The temporal.
Nerves. Only small branches from the cer



16
vical plexus, the facial, the auricular and the
inferior maxillary.
Bones. The temporal and parietal.
The internal structure of the ear in the petrous portion of the temporal bone.
Within the cranium, the dura mater, the
anterior portion of the lateral sinus, the duramatral or middle meningeal artery and veins,
the middle and a part of the posterior lobes of
the brain.
III.-THE OCCIPITAL REGIONS.
Bounded - superiorly and externally, by
the temporo-parietal region; internally, by the
median line; inferiorly, by a horizontal line
drawn from the point of the mastoid process
of one side to that of the opposite.
PARTS INCLUDED.
The skin and cellular tissue.  A  strong
aponeurosis.
Muscles.  The occipital, at the upper part;
over the lower half of this region, the attachments of the trapezius, spleneus, complexus
and mastodeus.
Arteries. Occipital, posterior auricular, and




16
the vertebral, as it enters the condyloid foramen.
Veins. Branches which contribute to form
the jugular.
Nerves.  Branches from  the facial, sub-occipital, first cervical, and cervical plexus.
Bone. The occipital.
Within the cavity of the cranium, the dura
mater and its processes as they form the longitudinal and lateral sinuses, and the tentorium cerebelli; part of the posterior lobes of the
cerebrum, above, and the cerebellum below;
the medulla spinalis, as it passes the foramen
magnum.




REGIONS OF THE FACE.
IV.-THE NASAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the frontal region,
inferiorly by a line drawn horizontally at the
nasal spine of the maxillary bone extending to
the cuspid tooth (the eye-tooth), externally by a
line drawn from the centre of the cuspid tooth
upward by the inner edge of the orbit to meet
the frontal region, internally by the median
line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
The skin and cellular tissue, nasal cartilage.
Arteries. The facial, where it passes over
the nose to the forehead, to inosculate with
the temporal, small branches of the ophthalmic.
Veins. Branches leading to the facial.
Nerves. Branches of the ophthalmic and
superior maxillary, the internal nasal.
Bones. The nasal, and nasal processes of
the superior maxillary and frontal bones, the
superior and inferior turbinated bones, and
2




under the median line, the vomer, the ethmoid
bone.
The mucous membrane of nasal cavity.
Deep Arteries. Those distributed to the interior of this region are, the internal maxillary,
ophthalmic, and coronary of the lip.
Deep  Veins.  The nasal, spheno-palatine
and naso-palatine.
Nerves. Olfactory and spheno-palatine.
V.-THE ORBITAL REGION.
Bounded, internally by the nasal region, externally by the temporo-parietal, superiorly by
the frontal, inferiorly by a line drawn horizontally from the zygomatic arch to the nasal region.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue, globe of the eye
and its humors.
Muscles. Superficial, corrugator supercilii,
frontalis, orbicularis; the motor muscles of the
globe of the eye.
Arteries. Branches supplied by the temporal and facial.
Veins. Branches which run to the temporal and facial.




19
Nerves. Second pair or optic, third and
fourth pair, part of the fifth, and the ophthalmic
branch of the sixth pair; superficially the
parts are supplied by branches from the facial,
frontal and suborbital.
Bones. Portions of the frontal, nasal and
malar, forming the margin of the orbit. Surrounding the deep parts of the sockets, portions of the frontal, sphenoidal, superior maxillary, and ethnoidal, and the whole of the os
unguis.
VI.-THE SUPERIOR MAXILLARY
REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the orbital and temporo-parietal regions, inferiorly by a line corresponding to that in which the upper and
under teeth meet, and continued from the last
molars to the root of the zygomatic process of
the temporal bone, internally by the central
line and nasal region.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue.
Muscles. Zygomaticus major and minor,
masseter, the levators of the lip, orbicularis.




20
Arteries.  Facial, transverse facial, infraorbital branch of the internal maxillary, coronary.
Veins. Facial, and its branches, buccal and
coronary.
Nerves.  The portio dura of the seventh
nerve, the infra-orbital, and second branch of
the fifth which passes to the teeth.
Bones.  Superior maxillary, bone of the
cheek, teeth. Enclosed by these, the maxillary antrum.
VII. -INFERIOR MAXILLARY REGION.
Bounded, inferiorly by the lower edge of the
bone and a line extending from the angle of
the jaw to the tip of the mastoid process, superiorly by the superior maxillary and nasal regions, posteriorly by a line drawn from the
root of the zygomatic process of the temporal
bone to the tip of the mastoid, anteriorly by
the central line, and internally by the mucous
membrane which lines the cheek and invests
the gums.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue.
Muscles.  Platisma, masseter, buccinator,




21
tendinous portion of the temporal, pterygoid
where they are attached to the coronoid process, depressors of the lip, orbicularis oris.
Arteries. At the posterior part of this region,
and covered by the parotid gland, the external
carotid, internal maxillary, superficial temporal and transverse facial. Just before the masseter muscle, the facial, as it turns over the
lower edge of the jaw, coronary and branches
of the inferior dental.
Veins. These correspond to the arteries,
and go to help form the exteral jugular.
Nerves. The facial (portio dura of the 9th),
sending its branches forward over the whole
region, some of which inosculate with branches
from the cervical plexus. Still deeper, under
the parotid gland, the pharyngeal plexus and
its branches, the par vagumr, the inferior maxillary or dental nerve, and its branches emerging upon the chin.




REGIONS OF THE MOUTH.
VIII.-THE LINGUO-HYOIDEAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the upper and posterior surface of the tongue, inferiorly by the
submaxillary, cuticular surface, extending from
the chin backwards to the os hyoides and to
the anterior edge of the mastoid muscle,
laterally and anteriorly by the inner surface
of the under jaw, internally by the median
line, and posteriorly by a line supposed to
pass from the angle of the jaw on one side
across the extremities of the os hyoides to that
of the other; thus separating the larynx from
the pharynx.
PARTS INCLUDED.
The tongue-its muscular, membranous and
glandular tissue.
Muscles.. Anterior portion of the digastricus, the mylo-hyoideus, genio-hyoideus, hyoglossus and genio-hyo-glossus.
Arteries. Carotids, external and internal,
at the back part of the region; the facial, as




23
it passes under the digastric and stylo-hyoid
muscles to reach the edge of the jaw, the lingual, and branch-sublingual.
Veins.  These are numerous, superficial
and deep, corresponding to the principal arteries, and going to help make up the external
and internal jugulars.
Nerves. Glosso-pharyngeal, gustatory branch
of the 5th nerve, the hypo-glossal or 9th nerve
distributed to the muscles of the tongue.
Lymphatic Glands. There are several near
the carotids, and about the submaxillary and
sublingual glands.
IX.-PALATO-PHARYNGEAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the basilar process
of the occipital bone, inferiorly at the termination of the pharynx, anteriorly by the linguohyoideal regions and soft palate; externally
and close to this region pass the carotids and
jugular, the pneumogastric and hypo-glossal
nerves, the stylo-hyoidl and stylo-pharyngeal
muscles.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Muscles.  The superior, middle and inferior constrictors of the pharynx, the stylo-pha



24
ringeus, palato-glossal and palato-pharyngeal;
and the muscles proper of the soft palate.
Arteries. A branch of the ascending pharyngeal, distributed to the pharynx, tonsils and
Eustachian tube. The inferior palatine branch
of the facial, given to the tonsils and soft palate.
Veins. The inferior pharyngeal, tributary
to the internal jugular.
Nerves. The glosso-pharyngeal, branches
of the facial and pneumogastric.
Mucous membrane of the cavity or region.
Tonsils.




REGIONS OF THE NECK.
X.-ANTERIOR CERVICAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the linguo-hyoidal
region, inferiorly by the upper extremity of the
sternum, externally by the inner edge of the
sterno-mastoid muscle, internally by the median line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue.
M7uscles. Platisma myoides, sterno-hyoideus, sterno-thyroideus, the upper and anterior
portion of the omo-hyoideus, and the thyrohyoideus.
Arteries. The carotids, external and internal, at the upper part, running near the inner
edge of the sterno-mastoid muscle, and behind
the omo-hyoideus where this muscle crosses
the mastoid. The superior and inferior thyroid and vertebral.
Veins. The internal jugular, on the outside
of the carotid and enclosed in the same sheath
with it. The external jugular, descending




26
from a point near the angle of the jaw, obliquely crossing the mastoid muscle to the
outer edge of its clavicular insertion, there to
pass under the clavicle. The thyroid, the lingual, where it joins the internal jugular.
Nerves.  Pneumogastric, or par vagum;
the superior and inferior laryngeal, the great
sympathetic, and the recurrent.
Lymphatic glands clustered about the carotids.
Larynx and trachea, and behind these the
inferior portion of the pharynx and the cesophagus, resting against the cervical vertebrae.
XI.-POSTERIOR CERVICAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the inferior occipital line, inferiorly by a line drawn from the
acromion process of one shoulder to the same
point on the opposite side, laterally by the posterior boundary of the supra-clavicular region,
internally by the median line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles.  Trapezius, levator anguli scapula, rhomboideus minor, serratus posticus




27
superior, splenii, cervicalis ascendens, transversalis colli, trachelo-mastoid, complexus, semispinalis colli, rectii and oblique muscles of the
head.
Arteries. Vertebral, profunda cervices.
Vein. Vertebral.
Nerves. Spinal accessory, cervical plexus,
gives off the superficialis colli, auricularis magnus, occipitalis minor, acromialis, clavicularis,
communicating branches, muscular branches,
communicans noni, phrenic. Posterior cervical plexus gives off the musculo-cutaneous,
occipitalis major,  spinal accessory, spinal
cord.
Bones. Cervical vertebrae.
XII.-THE SUPRA-CLAVICULAR REGION.
Bounded, inferiorly by the clavicle and first
rib, anteriorly by the anterior cervical region,
or internal edge of the sterno-mastoid muscle,
posteriorly by a line passing from the acromioclavicular articulation along the anterior edge
of the trapezius muscle to the back of the mastoid process; thus presenting a triangular surface, the shortest side of which is at the clavicle.




28
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue.
Muscles. Platisma myoides, sterno-mastoideus, trapezius, where its fibres are attached
to the clavicle, the omo-hyoideus, the scaleni
and levator scapulae.
Arteries.  The subclavian, which on the
right, has in front of it the internal jugular
vein, the subelavian vein, and the pneumogastric, cardiac and phrenic nerves. Behind
and beneath it, are the recurrent, laryngeal,
and vertebral veins. The left has in front of
it the vena innominata, pneumogastric and
phrenic nerves, and the carotid artery; on the
inside the csophagus, and behind it, the thoracic duct.
Veins.  The subclavian, external jugular,
its collaterals-the transverse cervical, suprascapular and acromial. The internal jugular.
Nerves. The cervical plexus, mostly covered by the mastoid muscle; the spinal accessory, ascending between the levator scapulae and
trapezius; the phrenic, posterior thoracic;
nerves of thie brachial plexus, situated between
the scaleni muscles, the great sympathetic.




29
Lymphatic Glands, numerous in the course
of the carotids and jugulars, and behind the
clavicle.
Bones. Clavicle and first rib.




REGIONS OF THE SUPERIOR
EXTREMITY.
The superior extremity is divided into anterior and posterior, by an external lateral line
passing from the acromion process, over the
external condyle of the humerus, and continued down along the outer edge of the radius,
the wrist and thumb to the end of the index
finger; by an internal lateral line passing from
the point of the 4th or little finger along the
inner edge of the hand and ulnar side of the
fore-arm, over the internal condyle of the humerus, up the arm, close behind the pectoralis
muscle.
Each extremity is also subdivided into the
regions of the shoulder, axilla, arm, elbow,
fore-arm, wrist and hand.
In describing the shoulder and axilla, the
whole arm is supposed to be raised to a horizontal position, with the palm in front.
In describing the arm proper, it is supposed
to be hanging by the side of the body, with
the palm turned forward.




31
XIII.-ANTERIOR  REGION  OF THE
SHOULDER.
Bounded, superiorly by the external lateral
or acromio-digital line; inferiorly by the free
edge of the pectoralis major muscle; internally by a line dropped from the acromion
process, perpendicularly, to the free edge of
the pectoralis; externally by a line passing
round the arm at the insertion of the deltoid
muscle.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue and fascia.
Muscles. Deltoideus, coraco-brachialis, biceps, pectoralis major.
Arteries. Acromial, a branch of the thoracio-acromial, anterior circumflex.
Vein. Sephalic.
Nerves. A, branch of the circumflex, the
external cutaneous.
XIV.-POSTERIOR REGION OF THE
SHOULDER.
Bounded, superiorly by the anterior region;
inferiorly by the free edge of the latissimus
dorsi; internally by a line dropped perpendicularly from the acromion process to the free




32
edge of the latissimus dorsi; externally by
a line round the arm at the insertion of the
deltoid.
PARTS INCLUDED)
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Mluscles.  Deltoideus, latissimus dorsi, supra-spinatus, infra-spinatus, teres major, triceps extensor.
Artery. Posterior circumflex.
Nerve. Circumflex.
Bone.  Upper extremity of the humerus.
XV. —REGION OF THE AXILLA.
Bounded, superiorly by the head of the humerus; anteriorly and posteriorly by the inner
surfaces of the pectoralis major and latissimus
dorsi; inferiorly by the horizontal line (pectoral) which divides the thorax at the 4th rib;
internally by the convex surface of the ribs.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skill, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles.   Serratus magnus, teres  major,
coraco-brachialis.
Arteries. Axillary and its branches, the
thoracico-acromialis, superior and inferior




33
thoracic, thoracica-axillaris, sub-scapular, anterior and posterior circumflex.
Vein. The axillary, formed by the union
of the venue comites with the basilic.
Nerves. Axillary, or brachial plexus, formed by the four last cervical and 1st dorsal. Its
principal branches are the superior muscular,
short thoracic, long thoracic, supra-scapular,
sub-scapular, median, ulnar and circumflex.
Glands. The axillary.
XVI.-ANTERIOR BRACHIAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the region of the
shoulder; inferiorly by a line encircling the
arm at the hollow, immediately above the condyles of the humerus; internally and externally by the lateral lines.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. Coraco-brachialis, biceps, brachialis anticus.
Arteries. Brachial, lying under the inner
edge of the biceps muscles; its branches are
the superior and inferior profunda, which go
3




to the elbow and neighboring parts, anastomotica magna, and muscular.
Veins. Cephalic, basilic, venme comites.
Nerves.  Cutaneous, ulnar, median and
their branches.
Lymphatics. One or two glands near the
basilic vein, on the inner side of the arm, just
above the elbow.
XVII.-POSTERIOR BRACHIAL REGION.
Bounded in the same manner as the anterior, by corresponding regions.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. Triceps, supinator longus.
Artery. Superior profunda, which gives off
the posterior articular.
Nerves. Uinar, musculo-spiral.
Bone. Body of the humerus.
XVIII.-ANTERIOR REGION OF THE
ELBOW.
Bounded, superiorly by the brachial region;
inferiorly by a line passing round the fore-arm,
at a distance from the upper limit of the region,
equal to the width of four fingers of the sub



35
ject on which the measurement is made; internally and externally by the lateral lines.
PARTS INlCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. Biceps, brachialis anticus, flexors
and pronators of the fore-arm.
Ligaments of the joint.
Arteries. Brachial, dividing at the bend of
the elbow into radial and ulnar, anastomosing
branches of the anastomotica magna, profunda, radial and ulnar.
Veins.   Radial, ulnar, median, median
cephalic, median basilic.
Nerves. Branches of the external cutaneous, a branch of the internal cutaneous, median.
Lymphatics. One or two glands are situated near the cephalic and basilic veins, at the
bend of the elbow.
Bones. The inferior extremity of the humerus, and the superior extremity of the ulna
and radius.
XIX.-POSTERIOR REGION OF THE
ELBOW.
Bounded, superiorly and inferiorly like the
anterior region, internally and externally by
the lateral lines.




36
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. Triceps, anconeus, extensors and
supinators of the fore-arm, flexor carpi ulnaris.
Arteries. Inosculating branches of the profunda, anastomotica-magna, and posterior ulnar recurrent.
Nerves.  Posterior branch of the internal
cutaneous, radial cutaneous.
Bones.  Inferior extremity of the humerus,
superior extremities of the ulna and radius.
XX.-ANTERIOR CUBITAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the region of the
elbow, inferiorly by a line passing round the
fore-arm immediately above the styloid process
of the ulna.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. Pronator radii teres, flexor carpi
radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus,
flexors sublimus and profundus digitorum, pronator quadratus.
Arteries. Radial, giving off the recurrent
radial, the superficialis vole, anterior carpal




37
branch, dorsalis and princeps pollicis, radial
indicis. The ulnar, which gives off the anterior and posterior recurrent, interosseous, anterior and posterior carpal.
Veins.  Ulnar and radial vene comites, anterior ulna and radial.
Nerves. Branches of the cutaneous, anterior branches of the internal cutaneous; the
median giving off the superficial palmar and
digital branches. The ulnar giving off the articular anastomotic, dorsal, superficial and
deep palmar branches. The radial, a branch
of the musculo-spiral.
Lymphatic Glands. Some small ones in the
course of the radial and ulnar arteries.
XXI.-POSTERIOR CUBITAL REGION.
Bounded like the anterior, superiorly and
inferiorly, externally and internally by the lateral lines.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. Supinator longus, extensor carpi
radialis longior and brevior, extensor communis
digitorum, extensor minimi digiti, extensor




38
carpi ulnaris, extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis,
extensors of the thumb and index finger.
Artery. Posterior interosseous, distributed
to the muscles.
Nerves. Posterior branches of the internal
cutaneous, spiral cutaneous, posterior interosseous; branches of the musculo-spiral.
Bones. Bodies of the radius and ulna.
XXII.-ANTERIOR CARPAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the cubital region;
inferiorly by a transverse line at the articulation of the carpal and metacarpal bones;
internally and externally by the lateral lines.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin,  cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles and Tendons. Tendons of the flexor
muscles mentioned in the cubital region;
origin of most of the flexors, abductors and
adductors of the hand, part of the insertion of
the supinator quadratus. Lateral and other
ligaments of the wrist.
Arteries. Superficialis volke, anterior carpal branches, median, a branch of the interosseous.




39
Vein. Anterior ulnar.
Nerves. A branch of the external cutaneous; a branch of the internal cutaneous; the
median, giving off the superficial palmar
branch.
XXIII.-POSTERIOR CARPAL REGION.
Bounded, like the anterior, superiorly and
inferiorly, internally and externally by the
lateral lines.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue, fascia.
Tendons and Ligaments. Posterior annular
ligament, tendons of the extensors of the
wrist and hand.
Arteries. Radial and its carpal branches,
a branch from the anterior interosseous.
Veins. Vend comites, radial and posterior
ulnar.
Nerves. Posterior interosseous as it terminates in the carpal ganglion, some small
branches from the radial and ulnar nerves.
Bones. Extremities of the radius and ulna,
carpal bones.




40
XXIV.-PALMAR REGION OF THE HAND.
The palmar region embraces all that is
below the carpal.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia, palmar aponeurosis.
Muscles. Abductor pollicis, opponens, flexor
brevis and adductor pollicis. Palmaris brevis,
abductor minimi digiti, flexor brevis minimi
digiti, flexor ossis metacarpi, tendons of the
long flexors.
Arteries. Superficial palmar arch, formed
by the ulnar; the deep palmar arch formed
by the radial, princeps pollicis, radialis indicis,
interossei, median [a branch from the anterior
interosseous]; communicating branch of the
ulnar.
Veins.  Venae comites, forming arches in
the palm and receiving the veins from the
fingers.
Nerves. Median, giving off the superficial
palmar, muscular and digital branches. The
superficial and deep palmar branches from the
ulnar.




41
XXV.-DORSAL REGION OF THE HAND.
Bounded like the palmar.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles and  Tendons. Dorsal interossei,
tendons of the long extensors of the fingers. i
Arteries. Radial, metacarpal, dorsalis pollicis, perforantes.
Vein. Posterior ulnar.
Nerves. A dorsal branch from the median,
a digital branch from the ulnar, a branch from
the radial.
Bones. Metacarpal, phalanges of the fingers.




ANTERIOR REGIONS OF THE
TRUNK.
The chest and abdomen are divided into
the Infra-clavicular, Costal (or Mammary),
Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Abdominal, Hypogastric and Inguinal Regions, and the
Pudic.
XXVI.-INFRA-CLAVICULAR REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the supra-clavicular
and anterior cervical regions, inferiorly by the
fourth rib, externally by the humero-thoracic
line, internally by the median line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. Pectoralis major and minor, serratus magnus, intercostals, subclavius.
Arteries. Long thoracic, upper thoracic,
thoraco-acromial, intercostals.
Veins. Branches tributary to the subelavian.
Nerves. Long and short thoracic.




43
Bones. Ribs, sternum.
Within the Cavity of the Chest. The pleura,
lungs, arch of the aorta crossing the median
line, arteria innominata in the right region,
carotid, subelavian and commencement of the
pulmonary artery in the left.
Pulmonary Veins. Pneumogastric and phrenic nerves, cardiac, ganglion and plexus.
XXVII.-COSTAL OR MAMMARY
REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the infra-clavicular
region, inferiorly by a line following the
seventh rib, and curving upwards to the tip of
the ensiform cartilage, externally by the lateral
line, internally by the median line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. Pectoralis major and minor, serratus magnus, obliquus externus, rectus abdominalis.
Arteries. External and internal mammary,
upper thoracic, intercostals.
Veins. Branches corresponding to the arteries.




44
Thoracic Nerves.
Bones. The ribs, sternum.
Within the Thoracic Cavity, the pleura, diaphragm and lungs. Near the sternal margin
on the right side, the right auricle and part of
the right ventricle of the heart.  Near the
sternal margin on the left side, the left auricle,
the left ventricle and part of the right ventricle. The lungs.
XXVIII.-EPIGASTRIC REGION.
Situated between the hypochondriac regions
and bounded by them above and laterally, inferiorly by a line drawn horizontally from the
lower boundary of one hypochondriac to that
of the other, internally by the median line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. Rectus and its aponeurotic sheath,
obliquus externus and internus, transversalis.
Within the Abdominal Cavity.  Peritoneum,
the upper edge of the transverse colon, stomach and its pyloric extremity, left lobe of the
liver, pancreas.




45
XXIX.-HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the costal region, inferiorly and internally by the lower edge of
the costal cartilages, externally by the lateral
line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. Serratus magnus, intercostals, external oblique, rectus, diaphragm.
Ribs. Cartilages.
This region may be considered as belonging
to the thorax and abdomen in common, as it
includes a part of both cavities.
Within these cavities, therefore, are situated,
in the thorax, the inferior lobe of the lung;, in
the right abdominal cavity, the right lobe of
the liver, the gall bladder, part of the duodenum, ascending colon, renal capsule and upper part of the kidney. In the left, the large
extremity of the stomach, narrow extremity of
the pancreas, part of the colon, renal capsule,
and part of the kidney.
XXX.-ABDOMINAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the epigastric and




46
hypochondriac regions, inferiorly by a line
drawn horizontally from the superior anterior
spinous process of the ilium on one side to
that of the other, internally by the median,
and externally by the lateral line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles.  External and internal oblique,
rectus and transversalis.
Arteries. Hypogastric and circumflex ilii.
Within the Abdominal Cavity. Peritoneum,
omentum; in both the right and left regions,
the duodenum, transverse colon, meso-colon,
jejunum, ilium and mesentery. In the right,
the ascending colon; in the left, the descending colon.
The ureters and spermatic vessels passing
in front of the psoas muscles.
Arteries. Superior and inferior mesenteric
and their branches. l
Veins. Branches which go to form the venme porta.
Nerve. The pudic, which passes down on
the front of the psoas muscles.
NMesenteric Glands.




47
XXXI.- HYPOGASTRIC REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the abdominal, inferiorly and laterally by the superior edge of
the pubis and Poupart's ligament, internally by
the median line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. Rectus, external and internal oblique, transversalis, pyramidalis.
Arteries. Hypogastric, circumflex ilii.
The Spermatic Cord, where it passes through
the abdominal ring.
Within the Cavity of the Abdomen, the blad.
der, if distended; in the female, the uterus in
a similar state.
XXXII.-INGUINAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the abdominal and
hypogastric regions, inferiorly by the beforementioned line round the thigh-the superior
boundary of the anterior femoral region, externally by the lateral line, internally by the
spine and ramus of the pubis, and the ramus
and tuberosity of the ischium.




48
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. External oblique, internal oblique,
transversalis, psoas magnus and parvus, gluteus medius and minimus, obturators external
and internal, tensor vagina femoris, sartorius,
rectus, vastus externus, internus and crureus,
iliacus internus, pectineus, the three adductors,
gracilis.
Ligaments.   Poupart's  and Gimbernat's,
capsular and other ligaments of the joint.
Arteries. Obturator, superficial and deep
branches of the gluteal, circumflex ilii; femoral, gives off the profunda, superficial circumflex ilii, superficial and deep external
pudic; ascending branch of the external circumflex, internal circumflex, branches of the
profunda.
Vein.  Femoral.
Nerves.  External cutaneous and  crural
branch of the genito-crural, branches of the
second lumbar, femoral, long and short saphenas.
Lymphatics. Superficial and deep inguinal
glands.
Bones. Ilium, ischium, pubis.




49
XXXIII.-PUBIC REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the superior edge of
the os pubis, laterally by the inguinal region,
internally by the median line, inferiorly by a
transverse line drawn from the tuberosity of
the ischium to the same point on the opposite
side of the body.
This line in the female is straight, but is
curved in the male, passing in front of the
sphincter ani.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles.  Rectus, pyramidalis, external oblique, transversus perinei, levator ani, adductors longus, brevis and magnus, gracilis.
Male or Female Organs of Generation.
Ligaments of the pubis.
Arteries. Spermatic; internal pudic, giving
off the superficial perineal and transversalis
perinei; the superficial, and deep external,
pudic.
Veins.  Spermatic plexus.
Nerves. Genital, internal pudic, perinealcutaneous, branches from the hypogastric
plexus.
4




50
Lymphatics, terminating in the inguinal
glands.
Bones. Os pubis, ramus of the pubis, ramus of the ischium.




POSTERIOR REGIONS OF THE
TRUNK.
The back is divided into the Scapular,
Inter-Scapular, Posterior Costal, Lumbar,
Sacral, Gluteal, and Peroneal Regions.
XXXIV.-SCAPULAR REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the posterior cervical region and acromion; inferiorly by the
posterior margin of the axilla and anterior border of the scapula; internally by the base of
the scapula; externally by the humero-thoracic or lateral line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles.  Trapezius, levator anguli scapule, rhomboideus major and minor, serratus magnus, subscapularis, supra-spinatus, and
infra-spinatus, teres major and minor, deltoideus, long head of the triceps, latissimus dorsi,
intercostals.




52
Arteries. Supra-scapular, subscapular, posterior scapular, intercostal.
Nerves.  Supra-scapular, subscapular, external respiratory.
Bones. Scapulae, ribs.
Within the Cavity of the Chest. The lungs.
XXXV.-INTER-SCAPULAR REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the posterior cervical region; inferiorly by the fourth rib; externally by the base of the scapula; internally by the median line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles.  Trapezius, rhomboideii, serratus
posticus superior and inferior, splenius, sacrolumbalis, longissimus dorsi, spinalis dorsi, cer.
vicalis ascendans, transversalis colli, trachelomastoid, cornplexus.
Arteries. Spinal branches, intercostals.
Veins. Intercostal.
Nerves. Dorsal, intercostal, spinal cord.
Bones. Dorsal vertebrae, ribs.
Within the Chest. Aorta, vena cava superior and inferior, posterior mediastinum, ceso



53
phagus, lungs, thoracic ganglia, great splanchnic nerve, great sympathetic, posterior mediastinal and intercostal glands.
XXXVI.-POSTERIOR COSTAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the inferior line of
the axillary region at the fourth rib, the anterior edge of the scapula, and inter-scapular
region; inferiorly by the lower edge of the
ribs; externally by the lateral line; internally
by the median line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles.  Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posticus inferior, sacro-lumbalis, longissimus dorsi, serratus magus, intercostal, diaphragm.
Arteries. Intercostal.
Veins. Intercostal.
Nerves. Dorsal, dividing into anterior and
posterior branches, spinal cord.
Bones. Dorsal, vertebrae, ribs.
Within the Chest. Bronchial and cesopha.
geal arteries.
Veins. Vena cava, azygos.




54
Nerves. Thoracic ganglia, great and lesser splanchnic, sympathetic.
Within the Abdomen. Aorta and phrenic
artery; azygos veins and vena cava; thoracic
ganglia; great and lesser splanchnic and sympathetic nerves; posterior edge of the left lobe
of the liver.
XXXVII.-LUMBAR REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the posterior costal;
inferiorly by a line passing along the crest of
the ilium, over the spinous process of the fifth
lumbar vertebra; externally by the lateral,
and internally by the median line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles. Latissimus dorsi, serratus posticus inferior, sacro-lumbalis, longissimus dorsi,
spinalis dorsi, internal oblique, transversalis,
quadratus lumborum, psoas magnus, psoas
parvus, crura of the diaphragm.
Nerves. Spinal cord, lumbar plexus, formed by the union of the anterior branches of
the lumbar nerves; posterior branches are distributed to the parts in their vicinity. From




55
the lumbar plexus is given off the muculocutaneous, genito-crural, crural, obturator,
lumbo-sacral. The solar plexus.
Bones. Lumbar vertebre.
Within the Abdomen —Arteries.   Aorta,
coelic axis, dividing into the gastric hepatic,
and splenic; superior and inferior mesenteric,
sur-rennal, renal, spermatic, lumbar branches,
primitive iliacs, middle sacral.
Veins. Common iliacs, vena cava, middle
sacral, lumbar, spermatic, renal, hepatic.
Lymphatics. Lumbar glands, thoracic duct.
Viscera. Right lobe of liver, kidneys.
XXXVIII.-SACRAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the lumbar region;
laterally by the sacro-iliac articulation; inferiorly by the apex of the coccyx.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Muscles.   Sacro-lumbalis, sphincter ani,
gluteus maximus, pyriformis, latissimus dorsi;
anterior and posterior sacro-ischiatic ligaments.
Arteries.  Sacra-media (from  the aorta),
lateral sacral (a branch of the posterior trunk




56
of the internal iliac), coccygeal, from the
ischiatic.
Nerves. Anterior and posterior sacral, lumbo-sacral; sacral plexus, giving off the visceral, muscular, gluteal, internal pudic, lesser
ischiatic, greater ischiatic, sacral ganglia.
Bones.  Sacrum, coccygeus.
XXXIX.-GLUTEAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the crest of the iliumr; posteriorly by the sacral line; anteriorly
by the lateral line; inferiorly by a line passing
round the thigh beneath the tuberosity of the
ischium; internally by the tuberosity of the
ischium, the sacro-sciatic ligaments and the
coccyx.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
Mluscles.   Latissimus  dorsi, longissimus
dorsi, sacro-lumbalis, aponeurosis of the external oblique, internal oblique, transversalis,
quadratus lumborum, glutrei, pyriformis, gemelli, obturator externus and internus, quadratus femoris, long head of the biceps, semitendinosus, semi-membranosus. Sacro-ischiatic ligaments.




57
Arteries. Ischiatic, inferior gluteal branches,
comes nervi, ischiatici, muscular; branches of
the ischiatic after it leaves the pelvis, internal
pudic, external branch of the obturator, gluteal.
Nerves. Cutaneous branch of the last dorsal, gluteal, internal pudic, lesser ischiatic,
giving off the inferior gluteal and middle posterior cutaneous, great ischiatic.
Bones. Ilium, ischium, superior and inferior spinous processes, spine of the ischiurn,
trochanter major, tuber ischii.
XL.- PERONEAL REGION.
Bounded, anteriorly by the pubic, posteriorly by the sacral, externally by the gluteal,
internally by the median line.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, fascia.
MIuscles.  Transversus perinei, sphincter ani,
levator ani.
Arteries. Coccygeal, inferior haemorrhoidal.
Nerves.  Fourth  branch from  the  fourth
sacral, twigs from the perineal.




58
XLI.-ILIAC REGION, OR REGION OF
THE ILIAC FOSSA.
Bounded, superiorly by the whole of the
crest of the ileum, inferiorly by the pectineal
ridge of the ileum and superior edge of the
pubis, anteriorly by Poupart's ligament.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Muscles.  Internal iliac, large and small
psoas.
Arteries. External iliac, spermatic.
Veins. Iliac, circumflex iliac, spermatic.
Nerves. Crural, pudic, crural branch of
the pudic.
Viscera. The sigmoid flexure of the colon
in the left region, the ccecum, ilio-ccecal valve
in the right.
XLII.-PELVIC  REGION, OR REGION OF
THE CAVITY OF THE PELVIS.
Bounded, superiorly by the upper edge of
the pubis, the pectineal ridge of the ilium, and
the top of the sacram; inferiorly by the tuberosity of the ischium and the inferior edge of
the sacro-ischiatic ligaments. This region is
also enclosed by others, thus: by the pubic in




59
front, the sacral behind, and by the inguinal
and gluteal on the right and left.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Muscles.  Obturators, external and internal
pyriformis, coccygeus.
Arteries. Internal iliac and its branches;
the obturator, sciatic, internal pudic, visceral
branches.
Veins.  Internal iliac and  its tributary
branches.
Nerves. Branches from the sacral ganglia,
and from the hypogastric plexus.
Viscera. The bladder and rectum.
Male Organs.  Prostate  gland, vesiculae
seminalis.
Female Organs.  Womb, ovaria, fallopian
tubes, vagina.




REGIONS OF THE INFERIOR
EXTREMITY.
The inferior extremity is divided into anterior and posterior, by a continuation of the lateral lines which divide the trunk, over the trochanter major to the external condyle of the
femur, and thence to the external malleolus
and sole of the foot; and by another line
drawn from the lower extremity of the ramus
of the pubis, over the internal condyle of the
femur to the internal malleolus, and thence
continued to the sole of the foot.
Each extremity is also subdivided into anterior and posterior Femoral Regions, Region
of the Knee, Popliteal Region, anterior and
posterior Regions of the Leg, external and internal Malleolar Regions; the Dorsal and
Plantar Regions of the Foot, and the Region
of the Heel.
XLIII.-ANTERIOR FEMORAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the inguinal and
gluteal regions, inferiorly by a horizontal line




61
just above the patella, at the narrowest part of
the thigh.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Next to the skin and cellular tissue, is the
superficial and deep fascia of the thigh, between the layers of which pass the superficial
vessels and nerves, and at its upper and inner
part is the saphenous opening.
Muscles.  Sartorious, rectus, vastus externus, internus and crurens; on the inner part,
are the three adductors and the gracilis.
Arteries. The femoral; its relations; in
front, the fascia lata, saphenous nerve and sartorious; on the inner side, the femoral vein,
pectineus, adductor longus and sartorious; on
the outer side, the rectus and vastus externus;
behind, the femoral and adductor longus. The
profunda, coming off from the femoral in the
inguinal region, and descending deeply to the
muscles on the posterior part of the thigh; its
branches are the external and internal circumflex, and the perforans, which are mostly
distributed to the flexor muscles of the thigh.
Veins. The femoral, profunda, and internal
saphenous.




62
Nerves. Branches of the femoral, cutaneous, muscular, long and short saphenous.
Bone. The body of the femur.
XLIV.-POSTERIOR FEMORAL REGION.
Bounded, above and below by a continuation
of the horizontal lines which limit the anterior
region, across the back of the thigh.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Beneath the skin and cellular tissue, a thick,
lax fgscia and aponeurosis.
Muscles.  Biceps, semi-tendinosus, semimembranosus.
Arteries. Supplying the muscles of this region, are the external and internal circumflex,
and the perforans, as mentioned in the laccount
of the anterior region.
Nerves. Branches to the integuments from
the short saphenous: branches from the obturator nerve to the adductors. Middle posterior cutaneous. The great ischiatic, branches
from which supply the muscles.




63
XLV.-ANTERIOR REGION OF THE KNEE.
Bounded, superiorly by the anterior femoral
region. Inferiorly, by a line across the leg at
the lower edge of the tubercle of the tibia;
laterally by the external and internal lateral
lines.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, tendens of the extensor
muscles and of the patella. The lateral ligaments, situated under the lateral boundaries.
Arteries. The recurrent, a branch of the
anterior tibial; the superior and inferior articular, branches of the popliteal.
Bones.  Patella, condyles of the femur,
heads of the tibia and fibula.
Semilunar Cartilages.
XLVI.-POPLITEAL REGION, OR POSTERIOR OF THE KNEE.
Bounded, superiorly by the posterior femoral region; inferiorly by a line across the back
of the leg, corresponding to that which bounds
the knee in front. Laterally by the lateral
lines.




64
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue, fascia, tendons of
the biceps, sartorious, gracilis, semi-tendinosus
and semi-memnbranosus muscles; and the origins of the gastrocnemii, plantaris and popliteus.
Ligaments.  Crucial and capsular.
Arteries. Popliteal, superior and inferior
articular, azygos articular.
Veins.  Venm comites, which unite and
form the popliteal; the internal and external
saphenous.
Nerves. Popliteal; muscular and cutaneous
branches; communicans poplitei; peroneal.
Popliteal Glands.
XLVII.-ANTERIOR TIBIAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the region of the
knee; inferiorly by a line drawn round the
smallest part of the leg, immediately above the
internal malleolus; laterally by the external
and internal lateral lines.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue; a strong aponeurosis.




65
Muscles. Tibialis anticus, extensor digitorum
communis, extensor proprius pollicis, peroneus
tertius.
Arteries.  Anterior tibial, branches of the
anterior peroneal.
Vein. Anterior saphenous.
XLVIII.-POSTERIOR TIBIAL REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the popliteal region;
inferiorly by the line about the ankle, which
bounds the anterior region; laterally by the
lateral lines.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin, cellular tissue, aponeurosis.
Muscles.  Gastrocnemii, plantaris, soleus,
flexor longus pollicis, flexor longus digitorum,
tibialis posticus, peroneus longus and brevis.
Arteries. Posterior tibial, peroneal, and at
the lower part of the region, the posterior
peroneal.
Veins.  External and internal saphenous.
Nerves.  Posterior tibial and  muscular
branches, peroneal, external and internal
saphenous.
Bones. Body of the tibia and fibula.
5




66
XLIX.-ANTERIOR MALLEOLAR
REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the anterior tibial
region, inferiorly by a line passing under the
extremities of the tibia and fibula, and crossing
the dorsum of the foot at the angle of flexion,
externally and internally by the lateral lines.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue, anterior annular
ligament, tendons of the extensors of the foot,
synovial membrane.
Arteries. Anterior peroneal, external and
internal branches of the anterior tibial.
Vein. Internal saphenous.
Nerves.  Anterior tibial, branches of the
external and internal saphenous.
L.-POSTERIOR MALLEOLAR REGION.
Bounded, superiorly by the posterior tibial;
inferiorly by a continuation of the line which
bounds the anterior region, externally and
internally by the lateral lines.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue, tendo-achillis, ten



67
dons of the plantaris, flexor longus pollicis,
flexor longus digitorum, tibialis posticus and
the peronei.
Arteries. Posterior tibial, posterior peroneal, origin of the plantars from the posterior
tibial.
Vein. External saphenous.
Nerves.  Posterior tibial, branches of the
external saphenous.
Bones. External and internal malleolus,
astragalus.
LI.-THE FOOT- DORSAL REGION.
Extent, the whole upper part of the foot
forward of the internal and external lateral,
and the malleolar region.
PARTS INCLUDED.
Next to the skin and cellular tissue, the
strong aponeurotic covering of the extensor
tendons.
Muscles.-Extensor brevis digitorum, dorsal
interossei, tendons of the long extensors of the
foot.
Arteries. Dorsalis pedis and its branches.




68
Veins. Numerous branches which go to
form the external and internal saphenous.
LII.-PLANTAR REGION.
Extent, the whole sole of the foot.
PARTS INCLUDED.
The skin, which is thicker than that of any
other part of the body. The sub-cutaneous
tissue, a thick layer of fibrous and cellular
membrane, and adipose substance.
Muscles. These are numerous, principally
flexors, abductors and adductors of the toes,
interosseous muscles; tendons of the long
flexors of the foot and toes.
Arteries. Internal and external plantar,
which give off the muscular, digital, anterior
and posterior perforating.
Nerves. External and internal plantar.
Bones. Tarsal, metatarsal, and phalanges
of the toes.
LIII.-REGION OF THE HEEL.
Bounded, superiorly by the posterior malleolar, anteriorly by the lateral lines, inferiorly
by the sole of the foot.




69
PARTS INCLUDED.
Skin and cellular tissue, a portion of the
internal and external annular ligaments, tendoachillis, os calcis.
W. I.,    )
S. G.,      Committee.
J. F. F., 








INDEX.
No.      Regions.                          Page.
1. Frontal.....                            13
Of the Head.  2. Temporo-parietal                           14
3. Occipital..... 15
4. Nasal...... 17
Of the Face.   5. Orbital                               18
6. Superior maxillary                       19
7. Inferior maxillary.....20
Ofthe Mouth.  8. Linguo-hyoidal.....   22
Of9. Palato-pharyngeal.23
c10. Anterior cervical.,.          25
Of the Neck.  11. Posterior cervical.....  26
12. Supra-clavicular..... 27
13. Anterior region of shoulder.. 31
14. Posterior region of shoulder.      31
15. Axilla.. 32
16. Anterior brachial                        33
17. Posterior brachial..... 34
18. Anterior of elbow.           34
Of theUppe   19. Posterior of elbow.....35
Extremity.   20. Anterior cubital.                       36
21. Posterior cubital..... 37
22. Anterior carpal.                        38
23. Posterior carpal.39
24. Palmar region of hand...   40
25. Posterior region of hand.... 41
r26. Infra-clavicular.42
27. Costal or mammary. 43
28. Epigastric....          44
Anteriorofthe  29. Hypochondriac.....45
Trunk.    30. Abdominal.....    45
31. Hypogastric.....47
32. Inguinal......   47
33. Pubic......                     48




72                          INDEX.
(34. Scapular.51
35. Inter-scapular.52
36. Posterior costal.                         53
Posterior  of.
37. Lumbar...54
the Trunk    Lumbar.
t38. Sacral.55
39. Gluteal..56
I 40. Perineal......   57
Ca-vity of the  41. Iliac. 58
Pelvis.  42. Pelvic.58
43. Anterior femoral....      60
44, Posterior femoral..   62
45. Anterior region of the knee... 63
46. Posterior or popliteal....   63
47. Anterior tibial.. 64
48. Posterior tibial.65
mity.      49. Anterior malleolar.. 66
50. Posterior malleolar                       66
51. Dorsal of the foot..... 67
52. Plantar..... 68
53. Heel.....                                68








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