.........................................................................................................................




OBB  DUVATO
INTRODUCING
A NEW AND PRACTICAL SYSTEM
OF
E-ITC DOA C   TINGT IHOJR'SEJS
AND
Brealmg up Vicious Habits,
BY
0. S. PRATT.
oantatinin many Ialuable recipes as well as an explanation to my class and scholars of the theort
thej learn of me, for future referemne.
A LSO,
JEMARKS ON SHOEING
AND THE
RULES OF THE UNION  COURSE, L. I.
SEVENTEI EDITION.
PHILADELPHIA:
SHERMAN & CO., PRINTERS.




Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by
0. S. PRATT,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States fox
the Eastern District of Pennsylvnia.




HOW PROF. PRATT WAS WHIPPED
BY THE
BALTIMOREANS.
The amphitheatre of Prof. Pratt, the Horse
Educator, at the corner of Green and Pratt
Streets, was crowded on Thursday night by
an appreciative audience, to witness the education of a number of horses. Near the
close of the free exhibition, all interruption
occurred by Mr. Murdoch introducing F. P.
Stevens, Esq., a member of the Baltimore
Bar, who made the following eloquent and
pithy speech, in presenting an elaborate whip
to Prof. Pratt:
" On behalf of the members of your class in
this city, numbering over three thousand, I
have been requested to present to you on
iii




parting with us, some memento of our high
regard for you personally, and of our estimation of your most admirable system of Horse
Education. That the instruction you have
imparted to us has been valuable and useful,
no one of us who own horses would hesitate
to testify, not only in your directions as to
the management, education, and treatment of
the horse, but in developing to us in the
numerous lectures, the disposition and nature
of the noble animal. That your course of
instruction has been- popular among us, the
numerical strength of the class convinces you,
and I take great pleasure in presenting you
this token of friendship and good will, and
hope that you may ever recur with pleasure
to your visit to the Monumental City, and as
soon as your engagements will permit, we
may have the pleasure of seeing you again."
The Professor not having yet become
"educated" to whippings of the like kind,
was taken by surprise, briefly returned his
sincere thanks for the token, and made other
remarks suitable to the occasion. The whip
was made at the large establishment of
Messrs. Millikin & Sons, and is one of the
iv




finest ever produced by them, the handle
being of elaborately carved ivory, finely
chased gold mounting, with one of the handsomest of black whalebone stocks, knotted,
and the knots pointed by alternate clusters of
ivory and pearl sets, presenting a beautiful
appearance. The Professor's monogram is
on the handle, on which also will be engraved
the names of some of the members, and the
number of the class.
The following are the names of the Committee:
Gen. J. S. Berry,     Enoch Pratt,
Alee Brown,           Geo. W. Robinson,
R. Stockart Mathews,   Henry Tyson,
Ichabod Jean,         F. L. Lawrence,
Marshall Gouldsborrough, F. P. Stevens,
Part of Baltimore Class, numbering 8504,
February, 1871.
V








PRATT,
THE GREAT HORSE TRAINER.
You man of sixty, with no vital force,
How you would like to drive your noble horse;
How you'd delight to take the country air,
And free yourself and wife of ev'ry care;
But you are feeble, and your colt is shy,lIe starts at ev'ry object that is nigh?
Then go to PRATT, to his horse-training school,
And he will gladly teach you how to rule.
Young ladies, who are blessed with ample wealth
And sigh for saddles to improve the healthHow you would like to ride at morn and eve;
But you have fear your horse will take his leave,
He'll kick, or run, or jump, or rear, or start,
And you, for saddle pleasures, fail at heart.
Then let your brothers go to PRATT, and find
How vicious horses are made tame and kind.
vii




viii       PRATT, THE GREAT
You jockey, daily driving on the course,
And making all your income from the horse,You find that there is much you'd like to know;
There's something wrong-your balky horse don't go
Your knowledge fails to serve you, and you see
That men are doubting your ability:
Then go to PRATT, and lie will quickly show
Those points that mal;e the jockey's bosom glow.
You countryman, with "nag" that rules the barn,
Inflicting on you ev'ry kind of harm;
With nag that drives your hired man away,
And fills the plow-boy with a deep dismay,Obtain the knowledge you would never sellFacts worth far more than human tongue can tell.
PRATT is the man to teach you, he'll unfold
The science worth a purse well fill'd with gold.
You blaclcksnith, wondering what you will do,You man in terror of the horse you shoe;
You man with wife, who has a fev'rish head,
Through fear a kick will send you to the dead:
Why don't you give your family relief,
And free them from this daily chance of grief?
Go learn of PRATT, your woe will have an end,
He'll teach the facts, on which you may depend.




HORSE TRAINER.                ix
This PRATT will take your full-blood, fierce and wild,
And forty minutes find him like a child;
Your blooded charger, full of trick and balk,
Is taught to do most ev'rything but talk.
He'll nod for "yes,'" and shake his head for "no,"
Lie down, go lame, back, stop, or forward go;
He'll pick up kerchiefs, kiss you, and he'll seem
Some human friend with intellect supreme.
This PRATT will give your lazy horse a fire,
Your rampant steed he'll teach you how to tire;
He'll stop his cribbing, he will stop all tricks
That put both horse and owner "in a fix."
He'll make you master, fill your soul with joy,
To see a horse soon governed by a boy;
And this great art you readily secure,
On terms to suit the purses of the poor.
And who is PRATT? He's an electric man;
With him the motto is-I wois and can!
And New York Ledger Bonner, and a host,
Proclaim he is a man of whom to boast.
I, as a pupil, have more " horse" in store,
Than learned from ev'ry other source before.
Then go to PRATT-go to his ring and see,
And you will swear to all you've read from me.
1*








THE CANING
OF
oftoeoo   8. i.              ratt.
MONDAY eve, the 21st of February, 1870, will
It ig be remembered by those citizens who are
interested in horse education. During the free
exhibition of Professor O. S. Pratt, at his HorseEducating Tent-School, on Eighth street, below
Vine, our townsman poet, Elmer Ruan Coates,
very unexpectedly entered the ring, and, holding
up a magnificently elaborated golden-headed cane,
surprised the Professor in an eloquent address,
which we can give only in synopsis.
Mr. Coates declared that all nations, in all
ages, have delighted to honor the meritorious.
The analytic mind of Greece was promoted to
the Academy and Groves of the same, while
bright intellects gave homage and quaffed gems
of lore.
xi




xii          THE CANING OF
The school-boy quoted Roman, if a victor
passed under the triumphal arch, bowing to
popular plaudits. If a poet, he was laureated;
if philosophic, oratoric, or mechanical; he had
his meed of honor from proper sources. Eveni
the Tartars were grateful, and Tamerlane, the
great Usbeck, was elevated in proportion to
merit.
The. American Indian who exhibits military
strategy, is chosen chief pro merito, and leads
the painted warriors. The highly-cultured United
States never forgets the truly great. Here the
statesman, poet, orator, lawyer, divine, artist,
man of science or mechanism, is both courted
and remunerated.  Our worthy dead live in
hearts, monuments, statues, statuettes, and oil.
The living, acting man of the day is recipient
of both newspaper glory and material recog.
nition.
Taking the Professor by the hand, he continued:
My friend, a full consideration of gratitude has
timely and most heartily determined your large
class to offer this El-Dorado-headed cane. Sir,




PROFESSOR PRATT.             xiii
we recognize you as the greatest equestrian edu.
cator in the world.  Your humble servant is
proud of his recent acquisition. You have enabled the palsied old man to ride in safety; you
allow the old lady to drive minus the fear of a
broken neck; the young lady or horse-loving
master can now indulge saddle pleasures, knowing the animal thoroughly subdued by some
member of your class.
Every vicious trait a horse can possess is
thoroughly cured by your unequaled skill. You
are a practicalist, a utilitarian, an educator in
one of the most necessary and recreative branches
of polite culture. Indeed, a logical lawyer could
raise a fine issue relative to the comparative
merits of your skill and that of the statesman.
Disparaging no sphere, I would say that the
live, practical, successful man in any avocation,
is the person we need and the individual we will
honor.
Your grateful class, at this date numbering
2523, are of my sentiments, and now delegate
me to tender this beautiful present-not as a




xiv     CANIN4G OF PROF. PRATT.
quid pro quo, but merely as a memento. My
dear sir, I trust it will be very long ere you re.
quire this as a physical staff. But, when that
period does come, may it equally subserve the
mental and heart-man, and aid in happy retrospect of Philadelphia, Philadelphians, and your
admiring class-a class that mainly hails you as
both a high-toned, social gentleman and the horse
educator of the age. [Great applause.]
The Professor, receiving the cane, bowing, and
somewhat tremulous with emotion, responded as
follows:
"What I gentlemen, can it be that, after your
many kind attentions, I am to receive a further
testimonial of your regard, and another reminder
of pleasant times passed with you?-times that
certainly I never can forget.
"Words cannot express my feelings on this
occasion.  Therefore, I sincerely return you
thanks. "
Here terminated a most pleasant affair, with
thunders of demonstration.
The cane bears the following: "A tribute to
merit. To Professor 0. S. Pratt, from his Philadelphia class, numbering 2523."




TESTIMONIALS TO PROF. O. S. PRATT,
THE
HORSE EDUCATOR OF THE WORLD.
To PROFESSOR O. S. PRATT:
We, the undersigned, members of your Washington class,
appreciate the value of the very necessary knowledge which
you have imparted to us, during your sojourn at the National
Metropolis, and we are convinced that your method of educating the horse and reforming his vicious habits by kind
and gentle treatment, is the only TRUE SYSTEM.
As a mark of our estimation of the service rendered us,
we beg your acceptance of the accompanying testimonial,
and our sincere wishes for your continued success, health,
and happiness.
H. D. Cooke,                  Thomas B. Florence,
A. B. Mullett,                H. Dwight Smith,
Robt. Allen, Brev. Maj. Gen.    B. H. Stinemetz,
U.S.A.,                   F. H. Gasswells,
M. G. Emery,                  S. Wakeman,
L. E. Middleton,              H. R. Rathbone,
J. R. P. Gleeson, M.D.,       M. Michler, U.S.A.,
L H. Schneider,               Col. V. E. Van Koerben,
Clark Mills,                  Goo. W. Allen,
M. H. Prince,                 Wm. O. Avery,
E. M. King,                   John Sherwood,
O. E. Ba:bcock, U.S.A.,       Winm. Latchford,
Count Catacazy,               Mills Dean,
Rev. Dr. J. P. Newman,        J. C. Howard,
Lewis J. Davis,               H. W. Read.
W. T. Sherman, U.S.A.,
Committee 
CoL.W. OWEN. W. S. SHEPHERD. R. M. CHARLTON




The PhiladelDhia, Baltimore, and Washington Classes
Presented him with a magnificent Diploma, Gold Medal,
Cane, and Whip, as a testimonial to his genius. The Cane
is a splendid carved and gold-headed one. The Whip has
a richly carved ivory handle, heavy mounted with gold, and
inlaid with pearl.
THE CANE HAS THE FOLLOWING INSCRIPTION:
A  Tribute of Merit
To O. S. PRATT, FROM HIS PHILADELPHIA CLASS, 4886,
February zzd, I870.
Gen. Geo. Cadwalader,       Mayor Fox,
Joseph W. Drexel,           Morgan & Orr,
Robert Hamill,              Alex. McAdams, M.D.,
William Piper, M.D.,        E. Ruan Coates,
Robert Grey,  -             Jacob Peters,
George W. Simmons,          William Chapman, Jr.,
Alexander Siddell,          Samuel Cressman.
Committeee.
THE ENGRAVING ON THE WHIP IS AS FOLLOWS:
February I o, 187 I.
Testimonial to Professor 0. S. Pratt.
Gen. J. S. Berry,           Enoch Pratt,
A. Browen,                  George W. Robinson,
R. Stockart Matthews,       Henry Tyson,
Icabod Jean,                F. L. Lawrence,
F. P. Stevens,              Marshall Goldsborough.
Part of Committee.
CLASS OF 3505 IN 65 DAYS.




GOLD IEDAL PRESENTED BY WASHINGTON CLASS,
2503 ItT 63:D.A&$.








PREFAC E.
T is not too much to say, that not one
horse in a hunldred, if one in a thousand, in the United States is ever properly
broken; or one in fifty, when offered for sale
as a finished horse, entered in the merest
rudiments of his education. HIorses are rarely actively, and almost never savagely vicious
Nothing more than this, as a general thing,
is required. If a hborse will carry his rider
without kicking him over his head, or draw
him in his wagon or carriage, without kicking it to chivers; if he will go off at a walk,
increase his speed to the top of his gait, and
stop again, when pulled upon, without run19




20             PREFAC E.
ning away; if he will hold back going down
hill, and more particularly, if he will stand
at a door without tying, te is held to be
fully broken, and is willingly received, cred
ited and paid for as such. It is needless to
say that such a horse is far from being bro
ken at all, especially from being well broken,
as a perusal of the contents of this book will
convince the most skeptical.




AUTO-BIOGRAPHICAL.
WAS born in the county of Gellesee,
State of New York, the "Garden of
the World." I amused myself in my younger
days by taming and educating animals of
the small kind or order. At the age of
twelve years I had a caravan, on a small
scale, of trained and tamed coons, crows,
squirrels, dogs, rabbits, &c. Such an innate
desire had I to see to what perfection the
education of animals could be brought, that
it became my constant study. And as I
advanced in years, the noble horse claimed
my attention, and the subject of subduing
21




22       A UTO-BIO GIAPHICAL.
him by kindness, and in a practical manner,
has fo- some time occupied my thoughts.
T". result of my observations and study
are given in the pages of this volume.




THE
HORSE EDUCATOR.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
HIIS book contains the best known
method of educating, training and
taming horses; it is a system conceded by
all before whom it has been practised, as
perfect in all its points. Some very valuable ideas differ from R. P. HIamilton, the
most important of which is bitting a colt,
and has never before been published. I shall
also give a few remarks on shoeing, and
some valuable recipes for the cure of various
diseases horses are subject to.
My object in placing this work before the
public is to obliterate many erroneous ideas
embraced at the present day by persons who
are now ignorant of the fact (and will be
23




24      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
till they receive instructions as taught by
me), that a theory is necessary to success in
the management of a horse. [No matter
how simple the means used, so long as it
brings about the desired effect. Experience
teaches us to simplify the process of handling horses, both for their good and the
benefit to be derived thlerefrom.
In this volume I purpose to give explicit
directions in regard to the practice of this
system, and the means used by me in educating and subduing every horse, thereby
showing the secret of my success; showing
the system is not only superior to all others
in the effects it produces, but that, if practised, it is a never-failing remedy for all
vicious and unmanageable horses; also, as
being the only safe, sure and reliable way of
educating colts, and if always used and
practised, we shall have no more runaways,
no more kicking or balky horses. I firmly
believe that all the vicious habits horses
have are taught them through the ignorance
of their owners or trainers, and it is only
through patient study and perseverance




THE HORSE EL UCATOR.         25
that common sense teaches us a better practice than was ever before given to the public. To show the horeseman's superiority
over him is the first point to be gained;
teaching him that you are "rman, and he
the horse," that through your better judgment you have over him perfect control;
that his business is simply to do your
biddilng; an object which can in no way be
attained except as you first gain submission
on his part, tllhrough patience and kindness,
with a thlorough knowledge of a theory both
easy and simple to practice, incurring slight
expense. Such an one you receive at my
hands. So easy is it in its use that a boy
ten years of age can, with its assistance,
manage the most ugly and vicious of horses
with ease and safety, throwing them from
ten to twenty tinles a minute, with his
hatnds in his pockets.
Persons joining my class have the advantage of buying the knowledge which has
been acquired by years of study as well as
the experience of my own exl:erimenting, as
it is a well-known fact that physicians hear
2




26      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
of different remedies having been used with
success for a disease seemingly beyond their
control. They conclude to try them as an
experiment on their patient, with successful
results, and are thereby heralded as the
wonder of the age and benefactor, of mankind. Thus it is with us. We have tried,
and have found a remedy for the vexations
incident to the management or the noble,
but much abused horse. We call ourselves
the horse's friend, because in the use of our
instructions he is kindly taught what is
required of him. lie is first taught that he
must succumb to the will of his master.
He is then caressed. By showing him that
only kindness towards him is intended, he
is made to understand what is desired of
him, and he is at once your obedient slave.
There are now many works before the
public on this all-important subject, and
many different systems taught and practised
which have failed to please the people. And
why? First, because they have failed to
make their theory simple to practice, and
easy to comprehend, many times using cruci




THE HORSE ED UUA TO R.        27
means, thereby disabling the animal, and
rendering him unfit for use. The carrying
into practice of many of these systems is
expensive, the articles for use difficult to
procure, and, in the use of them, much muscular strength is required. Therefore, they
are seldom tried more than once. I have the
advantage over those who have preceded me,
of having witnessed their failure, have sought
to learn the cause, and guard against the
same disaster, till I am Ilow able to introduce an improvement over them all. It is
not necessary for me to say this; it is testified to by all the best horsemen ill the
country. My reputation is so thoroughly
established that it is only necessary to let
it be known when and where I will give
instructions to a class, and, on my arrival,
from one to four hundred stand ready to
purchase tickets. It matters not how rany
systems they already know, or how  many
intimate friends they may have in this business, for whom  they desire success. They
are each and every one ready to testify to
the superiority of this system over all they




28      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
have ever witnessed, and add that it is labor.
saving, and nothing but fun to practice, and
before the instructions are half over are satisfied that they have received more than
the worth of their money, and would not
again be placed in ignorance of it for twenty
times the price paid. Not a day passes but
I am told that I am doing more good than
any one man in this country, by teaching
men how to save their own and other's
lives, by educating their horses not to kick
when any obstacle touches their heels, and
to stop, as though shot, at the word of comnand. You are aware that no medicine is
used by me. Notwithstandiiig skeptics look
on in wonder at the result of my practice
on horses brought to me to handle, known
to be untrue; see me drive them in the
street without quarter-straps, ten rods ahead
of lye; stop and start them, at the word of
command, and back the vehicle with their
heels, having seemingly forgotten bow to
kick, or that they ever had the habit. This,
outsiders say, must be the effect of medicine,
and will not last. But you, as members of




THE 110 Th1SE ED UCATOR.    29
my class, know better, and furthermore,
that I practice nothing which is not explained to the class, and that every member
can performn the same feats, not only on
their own, but on every horse that can be
produced, no matter what habits of an evil
nature they may be addicted to.
It is desirable that colts should all be educated in the manner I teach, that they may
never be ugly or have any bad habits to
break up. The secret of having so many
bad horses in this country is bad management or neglect when they are young. liorses are taught to be ugly, because they are
caressed at the wrong time, and whipped for
doing just what they have been taught by
their master, who has unconsciously ruined
them. And after these habits are once
contracted, it is very hard to have a remedy
to apply, —a physician to apply to. My
system is the needed remedy.
Persons having travelled over the road
with an inferior system are no stumblingblock for me, because my reputation travels




30      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
faster than I do, and my friends are made
by hearing of me before I arrive in town,
and I am welcomed as their benefactor. I
am constantly in receipt of letters from
various places, soliciting me to come and
give them instruction. I travel slowly, and
hope to give the citizens of every town in
each county an opportunity to learn this
system, for it is a fact that more attention
is going to be paid to horses and their management than ever before, because the study
has at last reached perfection.
In my free exhibitions I show that a
horse may be taught to do almost anything
but talk. My favorite horse, known as
Tom Thumb, or the Ladies' Pet, will answer
any direct question as readily as a child, and
with equal understanding of what I expect
him to do. He is said to be the best trained
or educated horse ever shown in this part
of the country, and the only one ever seen
to walk on his knees, which he does with
ease; although it is a feat difficult to perform. He is so perfectly under my control
that not a motion of mine during the entertainment escapes his notice; thus, he is




THE HORSE ED UCATOR          31
prompt in his tricks. Naturally possessing
a superior intellect and keen perception, he
has been, perhaps, more easily educated
than many could have been; but so far as
the principles are concerned, any person can
teach his own horses to do the same thing,
by adhering strictly to the explicit directions herein contained. I have also a white
stallion, known as the North Star, educated
to drive without reins, guided wholly by
the motion of the whip, I do not often exhibit him, because this is not what people
care to see. It has been practised through
the country by persons teaching a very dif.
ferent system. It is niot desirable to me
that this system be classed in; that capacity,
as it must be if I give the same exhibition,
nor is it in any way desirable to break
horses to drive in this manner, which it is
both simple and easy to do, but I deem it
more commendable and practicable to teach
a horse to drive safely with reins under good
subjection, spirit unimpaired. The beauty
of a horse, aside from his formation of body,
is his spirit and ambition, at the same time
submission to his master, his word being




32      TIE HORSE ED UCATOIR.
law, and although itis almost impossible to
convince thorough horsemen that they do
not know all concerning the horse and his
management, when once they can be prevailed upon to witness an explanation of
my theory, they are my best advertisers;
being known in their communityT to possess
superior knowliedge of' all the improved systeins which }have previously been. practised,
they are so pleased to find something ditferent, and so perfect in all its points, that they
at once urge others to come and be benefited
also, and it is thought that if We can teach
such men anything we must indeed know
something worth learning. Were it not
that it wvould occupy too much space, I
would give for your perusal some of the
many testimonials which have been presented to me during  my travels.
But as I do not expect any to peruse this
book who have not previously obtained
thorough instruction of this system, it is
not necessary for me to say what I can do;
but merely to explain the manner, through
which the good results are produced, for
your future reference.




THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.      33
REMARKS FOR YOUR STUDY.
HEN you have taught your horsed
y, what is required of them, and appealed to their understanding by convincing
them that with submission on their part,
kindness is received, the one great point is
gained. A horse or a dog may be taught
almost anytlling, provided you always use
precisely the same idea. Show him what
you mean, and have the patience to repeat
it often enough, always bear:ing in mind
that for us to comprehend another's meaning by motions is very difficult, and we do
not expect them to have the reasoning
powers which we possess; still, I do believe
them to be reasoning creatures, possessing
a keen perception of right and wrong.
Were it not so, they would not so readily
learn to refrain from doing that for which
they have been punished, or to do the bilding of those they love, and by whom they
2*




84      TUH  HORSE  ED UCA TOR.
have been caressed. They possess strong
affections, and, in a degree, manifest them
in accordance with the amount of affection
demonstrated by their master. It is also
true, they know, by instinct, a good man
from a cruel one. Also; that they are quite
as well aware, when being driven by a
coward, as is the driver himself or herself,
as the case may be.
I have often heard it remarked that a
horse might be ever so gentle, yet would
invariably act nervously when beinlg driven
by a lady. IIave been asked why it was 
It is simply this: the horse knows his advantage and realizes her natural timidity,
and when he really ought to act the best is
almost unmanageable.:But, if a horse is
in the habit of being petted and fondled by
a lady, he soon learns to love and follow
her, demonstrating the principle that f~r
himself love is the reward.
The effects of rude treatment are noticeable particularly on horses of a sensitive,
ambitious nature; such either fret, or are
dangerous when subjected to the manage



THE HORSE ED UCATOR.          35
ment of an. impulsive, irritable groom,
though extremely docile and safe to a careful, patient person. The great extremes of
disposition and character in horses show a
peculiar adaptation for different purposes
and requirements. The slow, dull, coarsegrained horse, naturally adapted for the
cart or plow, cannot bear the active exertion necessary to great speed, while those
of a higher spirit would not submit patiently
to this slow drudgery. No animal has a
keener intuition of the feelings, or is more
easily encouraged to viciousness by the indications of fear, or more forcibly held irn
check by a fearless, confident expression of
manner than the horse. It is not, however,
to be inferred that not "being afraid of a
horse" is by any means to be considered
fool-hardiness; courage and confidence
should be dictated by the danger shown.
The expression of the eye, action of the ears,
lips, &c., indicate clearly the intentions, dic-i:aing the hazard to be i calurred. Whatever
may be the geelilgs, great boldness of expression and action is indispensable. This




36       THIE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
not only aids in keeping resistance in check,
but, under some circumstances, may be the
means of preserving life. The control of
horses is like that of an intricate but powerful machine, when under the subjection
of skillful muanagement. If horses be subjected to skillful alld prudent management,
they will easily be made docile and controlable; on the other hand, subjected to rude,
imprudent treatment, they are at onlce liablle
to become unreliable, hostile and impulsive
brutes.'Th'le generous reward of this skill
should be an incentive to  every one to
acquire a correct knowledge of their duty.
That there is great loss of life, and malny
lamentable accidents, almost daily, in every
neigliborhood, fiom  the use of horses that
are dalnlgerously vicious and uimanagealble,
cannot be questioned.
One horse will run away, if given the
least freedom; anotlher is liable to kick
himself clear from  the wagon, if a strap
dangle against his flanks, or if the breech
break, or anything   of the kind occurs to
excite  his iear.  One horse will balk,




TiE HORSE ED UCA TOR.         37'
another goes when and where he pleases,
generally pleasing to go any way but the
right one; another cannot be harnessed
with safety; another will kick, if the rein
touches his hip, or is caught under his tail;
one will not stand while being mounted, or
while getting into the carriage; atiother
will not back; others are firightened, and
sheer and jump at sight of a stone, stunmip
or paller in the street; while to others an
umbrella, railroad track or buffalo robe are
objects of fear. There are but a very few
horses which are considered well broken that
have not somie habits that lessen their
value.
It is seen howv easily I malce the worst of
horses yield to my conltrol; and if my instructions are thoroughly practised, success
must inevitably be thle result. As I have
heretofore said, the great secret of training
horses, is first to get control of them. This
must be done by fear. They must be taught
that you can and will be their master.
Nothing in this regard is so effective as
throwing the horse.  This has been allowed




38      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
for years by all successful horsemen who
have preceded me.
The first subject to which I invite your
attention is the young, green colt. "Teach
him in his youth the way he should go, and
when he is old he will not depart from it."
We must not permit the colt or filly to
go wild and run riot until it shall have attained its full strength, its full energies, and
the full sway of its natural temper unrestrained, without making an effort to train
or teach it until it be two or three years
old, then take it up, and saddle and bridle
it by force, and putting it into the hands of
some fearless, hard-hearted, mutton-fisted.
rough-riding fellow, scarcely less a brute in
all points of humanity than that which he
professes to teach, expect it to be turned
out, by dint of whip and spurs, a gentle
animal, rendered so by brute violence. The
education of a colt can hardly commence
too early. He should be handled frequently
by different persons, and should be made
accustomed to whatever is likely to attract
his attention when he is put in harness.




THE HORSE ED UOCATOR.        39
The more he is ao ustomed to straps, the
less likely will he be to become frightened
by accidental breaking of the' harness, by
the falling of a trace about his heels, or by
having the reins thrown about his back by
a careless driver.
Young horses, while mere foals, nursing by
their mothers' sides, should be accustomed to
be fearless; to feed from the hand, to suffer
themselves to be handled, to have their feet
handled, lifted and tapped with the hands
or a hammer on the soles; to be led to and
fro by the forelock; to endure pressure of
the hand on the back; to rejoice in being
flattered, caressed and spoken to.  They
should be very early equipped with a headstall, having a ring appended, to which a
holder can be attached, and by these means
they can be easily taught to follow at any
pace; the person leading them may adopt
walking, runiDing or stopping, as he may
desire. Punishment at this period should
never be resorted to, but rewards should be
continually offered. Carry in your pockets
bits of sugar, or apples, and give to the little




40       THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
creature with a caress, when it has done
what is required of it,
Soon after this a pad may be strapped on
the back for a few hours daily, and after a
time stirrup leathers, the stirrups appended
to them, may be suffered to play about, by
which means all fear of such things will be
removed long enough before it will become
necessary to saddle him for any real purpose. When he is about a year old, the
colt's bits should be occasionally put in his
mouth, and he should be reined up gently
to the surcingle, and allowed to play with
them, or mouth themrn; after this he may
stand for an hour or two between the pillars with the rein attached fiom the colt's
bit to rings placed at a proper height in the
standards. But here it it is necessary to
observe, above almost anything in the
world, that it is fatal to the formation of
the aninmal's mouth to place'the rings too
high, or to bear up the head above its ordinary and natural elevation. This is often
done to give a lofty carriage to the colt's
head, and produce a pi'oud bearing. It does




THE HO RSE ED UCA TO R.      41
nothing of the kind. It causes ite horse,
weary with having its head forced into an
unnatural position, to bear, to weigh, to
hiang upon the bits,-to become accustomed
to their pressure, and to find pleasure instead of pain from it, so that, at last, it
acquires a mouth perfectly unimpressive
and muscles set and rigid.
Shortly after this the colt should be
walked in a circle, with a long cord attached to the breaking-bits, in a smooth
glass field, by which means he is taught
his paces, taught to regulate them, taught
to moderate, to increase or diminish his
speed, to change his leg, to come toward
the operator, or to stop dead short at a
signal either of the voice or crack of the
whip.  For this it requires only time,
patience and good temper to effect, and
when effected, half the business is done.
NTo attempt should be remade to put the
colt to work before he is three and a half
or four years old, and it would be far better
to exact no work, beyond what is necessary
for gentle exercise, before he is six years




42      THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
old; this, although not at first remunerative, is eminently so in the end; for the
two years lost in early life will generally
add six or eight years to a horse's working
time.  A colt, educated according to the
preceding remarks, will not need the treatment contained in the next chapter; but as
all colts are not educated when young, it is
necessary that I give a method by which
they can be brought under perfect control.
THE COLT AND HIS MANAGEMENT.
The first step to be taken is to see that
the lot or yard in which you intend to
handle him, is clear from all obstacles
which might injure him or serve to attract
his attention; as it is natural for a colt to
be attracted by all domestic animals, they
should be driven from the enclosure, also
all persons except the one undertaking his
management.  This precaution should be




THIE  O IRSE ED UCA TOR.  43
taken for two reasons: first, they would
attract his attention and direct his mind
from you; and, secondly, by permitting
the presence of any one not a member of
nmy class you would violate your contract




44      THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
TO HALTER-BREAK A WILD COL_
TIfE first object being to halter the
colt.  If he is not very wild, you
can easily do this by working.up to the
head; by scratching the neck slip the halter
on the head. Should he seem vicious, this
may be difficult, if not dangerous to do,
and one of the most important requisites is
to guard against injury either to yourself
or the horse, and at the same time to
accomplish your work most easily and
surely. Your best way of procedure is as
follows:
Take a small pole, ten to fifteen feet long,
more or less as you may find it necessary to
safety; drive an eight-penny nail three to
four inches from the end.into the stick, and
another nail from ten to twelve inches from
the first one; take a common rope halter
with a running-noose, pull the part that
slips through the noose back about one




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.        45
foot, then hang the part that goes over the
head upon the nails, with the hitching-palt
held in your hands with the pole; your
halter is now so opened and hung on the
tiails as to be easily placed upon the head.
If the colt is not too much excited, he is
easily attracted to notice anything new to
him; he has no way of examining objects
but by his nose, and so he is prompted to
smell and feel of things, consequently you
will find upoii holding out the halter gently,
hung (as above) upon the end of the pole,
he will reach out to smell of it, and while
he is gratifying his curiosity in this way
you can easily raise the stick high enough
to bring the halter over and back of the
ears, when, by turning the stick around, the
halter will drop from  it upon the head.
This may startle him some, and cause him
to run from you; but by doing so the slack
of the halter, passing under the jaw through
the noose, will draw up and the halter is on
the head safely. Your colt now being haltered, your next object is to teach hinm to
submit to its restraint. Stand about on a




THE HORSE ED UUATOR.
line with the shoulder, but some distance
from him, and give a sharp, quick pull
towards you, but instantly slack up on the
halter. You have the greatest advantage
from this position, and by adroitly following up this advantage, not attempting to
pull upon the colt when he attempts to run
back from you, he will soon, by a few sharp
pulls in this way, learn to feel and submit
to the force of your power.
As soon as he will permit you to approach
and unloose the noose from his neck, using
kind words, caress and let him know vou
do not wish to hurt him; continue to caress
him till he will permit you to rub his neck
and ears, and encourage him by feeding
apples and sugar from your hand.
When lie submits so far as to let you
handle his head, put on him the Bonaparte
or Camanche bridle, made in the following
manner:
You should have the best manilla three
thread rope, made small and strong; of this
take 16 feet, tie a hard knot in one end of
it, and a loose knot far enough from the end




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.      47
Bonaparte.                  Camanche.
BRIDLES.
to reach around the colt's neck; pass the
hard knot through the loose one, draw it
up tight, tuck the middle of the rope under
the one around the neck, making a loop,
which you pass up through the mouth,
keeping the end of the rope in your hand.
A green colt is not bad about taking anything in his mouth if judgment is used, and
you do not frighten him; slip the loop up
well over the jaws under the roof of his
mouth, draw up on the loop, and take off
the halter you first had around his neck.
By taking hold of the end of the cord you
w-ill find you now lhave a means of power
in your hands, which will enable you to
control the strongest animal with ease and




48      THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
safety, and I believe the Bonaparte bridle,
and its value in managing and training
colts, cannot be over-estimated when used
with judgment, and handled with adroitness and skill.
It should never be used so harshly as to
excite extreme pain, and' yet with a touch
that causes fear of resistance. If he should
endeavor to run away from you give him a
quick, sharp jerk, and at the same time say
"ho!" always giving him  the command
before jerking on the cord. Repeat this
treatment as often as he may make the attempt to get away; when he stops, go up
to him  and caress him  about the head;
when he gives up to the rope enough, so
that lie does not try to get away, proceed
to teach himn to lead. With your rope in
hand, step back to his side, opposite his
hips, and say, come here! at the same time
give him a quick, sharp pull with the halter; hle will swing round tow\ards you, and
if he only takes one step in the right direction, show him by a caress that he has done
what you desired of him. Continue to ca




THE HORSE. ED U'CATOR.       49
ress him for every step taken in the right
direction, and he will very soon learn to
follow you at the word.
If the colt is willful and stubborn, handle
him xwith the Camanche bridle until he will
stand quietly, then take your strap (previously provided) in the right hand, holding
by the buckle, commence raising the foot
next to you. If he resists your efforts reprove him with the halter. Continue your
efforts till you can take the foot in your
hand, then slip the strap around below the
fetlock; putting the end through the keeper
on the inside of the buckle, draw it up
tight, so it will not slip up, then pass the
strap through between the horse and surcingle, and fasten it to the surcingle by
buckling.
By putting him on three legs, he can offer
but slight resistance when pulled by the
head sidewise, and will come around as
readily with his legs free as he will with one
strapped up. Step back on a line with the
hips, holding the halter firmly in your
hand, and say, come here! He, of course,
3




50      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
does not come, so you pull on the bridle,
and he is obliged to swing around to you.
Step around to the other side and repeat,
bring him around by the halter each time,
till when he hears the words, come here, he
will obey readily. As soon as the colt submits to this step, remove the strap from his
leg and rub the foot gently where the strap
has been. Step back, and, as before, say,
come here! If he does not come readily,
give him a sharp, quick pull with the rope,
which shows him you can handle him as well
on four legs as on three; continue to caress
him for every step forward till he follows
readily.




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.       51
HOW TO BIT A COLT, AND MAKE A
BRIDLE.
(See Engraving, page 37.)
ACJIHE object aimed at in bitting a horse
ia~:   is to give an easy position, with a
a high and graceful carriage of the head;
and, in our efforts to do this, we must be
careful not to give him a dead bearing on
the bit, or make him what is usually known
as a lugger. All the bitting rigs which we
have examined, and especially those of English make, are objectionable, as having a
a tendency to produce this result. The rig
which we here give you is entirely free
from this objection, and is better calculated
to produce the desired result of ease and
gracefulness, than any ever before presented
to the public. Our rig, instead of bearing
on the jawbones, whenever the horse presses
his weight upon the bit, producing a calloused jaw and indifference to the bit, con



52      THE HORSE ED UGCATOR.
tracts the side muscles of the cheeks on the
molar teeth with a pain the horse cannot
endure; he lifts his head, the bit falls on
the side-rein, and the mouth is at once
relieved. Practice has shown that horses
bitted with this rig soon acquire the habit
of gently and gracefully raising the head,
with that occasional toss, or upward and
downward motion, and playing with the
bit, which is the perfection of beauty in
a carriage horse, while standing in the
harness.
It is not possible for a horse with our rig
to become a " lugger;" this bit never bears
upon the jawbone with more than a light
pressure, and when he attempts to rest his
head upon the bit, the pressure on the teeth
causes him to desist and elevate his head.
He soon dreads to rest upon the bit, and of
his own free will, without the force of the
rein. carries it up with freedom and ease.




iTHE  ORBSE ED UCATOR.     53
COLT WEARING OUR BITTING RIG.
UR  mode of bitting a colt, is to put
on him our bridle without reins, and
turn him loose. Do this a few times until
he is familiarized with the bit, which should
be large, say an inch in diameter at the end,
and tapering to half an inch at the joint,




54      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
and short-not more than five inches-between the crossbars; it should also have a
tongaie-plate and drops.  The crossbars
should be stout, and six inches long, the
rings two inches in diameter, and the whole
bit well plated or tinned.
Take a gag-runner bridle, without blinders, put in the bit I have described, if one
can be had, if not, get a jointed bit as nearly
like it as you can. Fasten to the head part
of the bridle either a leather strap, or a
common bed-cord; pass it down through
the bit, and up through the gag-runners;
let it be long enough to pass back to, and
a little beyond, the girth. Take a common
surcingle, fasten pads to the back to prevent
its turning, put on it three loops of leatherone at the centre of the back, and one on
each side. The one on the back should be
lengthwise of the surcingle, with a space
about two inches long, and so that when
the girth is buckled, you can freely pass
your three fingers into it. Those on the
side should be put on double, like bootstraps. Make the loops an inch and a half




THE HORSE ED UCAATOR.      55
or two inches long; get a common crupper
and back-strap; let the centre of the gagreins be passed through the loop on the
back; they will show a loop behind the
girth, into which fasten the back-strap from
the crupper, so that you can tighten and
elevate the head as wanted. Then take
two other cords; fasten one end of each to
the crupper, pass one down on each side,
through the loop on the girth, and tie the
end into the ring of the bridle-bit. The
manner in which it is put on and worn is
shown in figure given above, the colt being
very gently reined in.
BREAKING COLTS TO HARNESS.
PUT on your harness carefully, after first
having it made to fit well, being made strong
and safe in every part. Never, on any account,
drive a colt in an unsafe harness, or before
a vehicle liable to break down. As many




56       THE THORSE ED UCATOR.
of the bad habits horses have are the result
of imprudent proceedings. After applying
the harness, allow the colt to stand in his
stall, or walk about the yard for half or
three-quarters of an hour, till he becomes
used to the pressure of the different parts,
and does not notice the rattling, or care for
its presence. As soon as he seems perfectly
quiet, check him up loosely, and drive him
about the yard.. So soon as he becomes familiar with the check and reins, and will
stop and start at the word, and drive to the
right and left, it is safe to drive him in the
street; always putting on the Camnanche or
Bonaparte bridle for safety. I consider a
sulky preferable at first. Let the colt smell
and examine every part, to show him it is
not an object of fear; draw it up behind
him, rattling and running it back and forth
before attaching the harness. Before starting him, back him up against the cross-bar
of the shafts. In case he acts frightened,
speak calmly and firmly, at the same time
holding the reins tight, to prevent him
from  swinging around, should lhe be so dis



T4IlE HORSE ED UCA TOR.   57
posed. Then go up to him and caress him
till he is again quiet. Then run the sulky
against his haunches, at the same time
soothing him by kind words till you can
push the sulky about him as you please,
and he care nothing about it. You can
then take your seat in the vehicle, and
drive him wherever you choose without
danger. Let him go slowly at first, to become familiar with the objects along the
road liable to cause fear.




58      Z~THE HORSE ED MAtCOBR.
OBJECTS OF FEAR.
N  driving, be careful not to make too
Y   free use of the whip.  If objects
which you are obliged to pass are regarded
by the horse with fear, never urge him to
pass them fast, or excite him by using the
whip. Let him stand and look at; the object, and drive, him as close as convenient,
allowing him to smell Qf it, and see that no
harm is intended him; at the same time
talk encouragingly to him, and, in this manner, he will soon be fearless and confident,
as well as regardless of such things. Should
you, on the other hand, whip him for beconling frightened at such things, he will
be apt to associate the punishment with
the object of fear, and be more frightened
the next time he sees it.




THI  HORSE ED UCATOR.      59
ro RECONCILE THE COLT TO A ROBE.
FIRST, while under careful restraint (by
the use of the war-bridle), let the robe be
brought up gently to the colt's nose. After
permitting him to feel and smell of it till
satisfied it is harmless, rub it gently against
his head, neck and body, the way the hair
lies, as he will permit. Then, stepping off
a short distance, throw it across his back;,
and over the neck and head, till you can
throw the robe around him anywhere, and
it is no longer an object of fear.
TO OVERCOME THE FEAR OF AN
UMBRELLA.
WHILE holding the colt, as before, with
the bridle, bring the umbrella towards him,
and allow him to smell of it a little; rub it
against his head and body, spread it a little,




60      THE HORBSE ED U'ATOR.
and continue to caress him till you can
raise it over his head, and pass it around
him  as you please, without exciting fear.
This same proceeding is applicable under
all circumstances. Even as it is said that
"familiarity breeds contempt," it may be
said of the colt in regard to objects of
fear. Let him approach near enough to the
dreaded article, and he ignores the idea of
being afraid of it.  In order to make the
colt familiar with the cars, he should be
led to them often, and permitted to remain
about them. At first, when they are not
in motion, and then again when they are
moving.  In this way continue till he is
familiar with them. In any event, do not
fail to repeat your lessons till your object is
attained.




THEI HORSE ED UCA TOR.     61
TEACHING THE COLT TO BACK.
HEN  the colt drives well to the
reins, he should be taught to back.
This brings in use again the Camanche
bridle.  Should he act stubbornly, after
using it a few moments, reverse, by putting
the large loop over his neck, which will
touch him more sharply. If the colt should
become warm after a lesson of five or ten
minutes, stop; and repeat the lesson any
time after he becomes cool and quiet. The
colt will soon learn to back promptly. You
may now put on rekns, and teach him to
back by being pulled upon from behind.
The lesson should be repeated till the colt
is prompt in his obedience. He may now
be backed to a wagon, but at first on a
slightly descending grade, gradually requiring more of him till he will obey promptly.
The same is applicable in teaching a colt
to draw a load. You can gradually increase
the amount, till he will draw to the exte) t




62      THE HORSE ED UGCATOR.
of his ability, without comprehending that
lie has power to do otherwise.
After your horse is educated to the use
of the burness, you may either allow him
to carry his head as nature may dictate, or
by the use of the check-rein bring his neck
into such position of style as you may fancy.
I once heard a friend say that he tamed a
very young colt to step upon a shelf or box
(arranged about a foot above the stable
floor), with his fore-feet, and reach for and
eat his oats from a box, placed high enough,
so that he must stretch his neck, and bend
down his head to procure his food. This,
practised three times each day, while he
was growing fast, gave a natural curve to
his neck, making him much admired, and
of more than ordinary value, by one hundred dollars.  These little ideas, if carried
into practice, will repay one for their time
and trouble, by making an otherwise ordinary looking colt give an imposing appearance, to gratify the pride of his owner, as
well as bring an advanced price when a sale
is desirable.  It is a true maximn: "As the
twig is bent, so is the tree inclined."




THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.       63
TREATMENT OF VICIOUS HORSES.
fT it my desire throughout this book
to impress it upon the reader's mind
that colts are not naturally vicious, and
horses are only so through mismanagement
when colts. I must now proceed to teach
you how to conquer vicious horses, and
cure them of their faults. This is an easy
matter, though requiring time, perseverance
and patietce. I have never failed to cure
the worst of horses in a short space of time,
in from one to three lessons, according to the
degree of their viciousness.
FOR BALKY HORSES.
TIIIS habit tries the patience of man
more than any other, yet by patience and
tact it may be broken up. HIorses with




64      THE HORSE ED TUCATOR.
this habit are usually high-spirited, and of
a nervous temperament. They resist, because
we have failed to make them understand
what we require of them, or it may be from
a sore shoulder. Over-loading, or working
till tired out, is particularly the cause with
young animals. The whip, under such circumstances, only excites them to more determined resistance. On the first attempt
of your horse to balk, get out of the wagon,
pat him on the neck, examine the harness
carefully, first on one side, then on the
other. Encourage him, at the same time,
with kind words, and again reseat yourself
in your vehicle, and give the word, go; generally he will obey. If he is still obstinate,
take him from the carriage, put up the
traces, so they will not drag on the ground,
take him by the head and tail, reel him
around till almost ready to fall. This seldomn fails to bring about the desired result.
By repeating this lesson each day for a
week, this most perplexing habit will be
thoroughly and lastingly broken up.
Another method, advisable to break a




THEl HORSE ED UC'A TOR.     65
balky horse in double harness is, to take a
hemp cord, pass around under the tail, L-ing
forward through the  terret-ring of the
balky horse, land fasten to the other horse's
hame.  Thus when he starts, the balky
one can do no other way than to move with
him, and, in a short time, if he is hitched
single or double, by taking your whip or
common stick, and put on the back of the
crupper-strap, the horse will start readily.
In the following chapter I will explain
how I throw a horse, making him lie down
quietly, and almost as easily as when by
himself in the stall. It can be done with
perfect safety, and whatever may be the
vice to which your horse is addicted, it is a
good plan to give him a course of training,
by throwiillg, and handling him just as you
please, when down; demonstrating to him
that it is worse than useless to resist con.
trol. It is also the best way to handle Hand
manage nervous horses I have ever tried.
After having been handled gent]y, v hen
down, their fear passes away, and you can
do with them just as you please.




66      T1EE HORSE ED UCAP 9R.
1HO1   TO THROW THE HORSE.
PLACE upon the animal a strong surcingle, about three inches back of the forelegs; connected with this must be a strong
crupper. There must be a strong ring.
about one inch in diameter, at the top oI
the surcingle, or rope in the centre of the
back, and another one upon the right side,
in the centre. This being adjusted, proceed




TIED HORSE ED UGCATOR.       67
to strap up the left fore-leg as follows. (See
Engraving.) Take a common quarter-strap,
pass it two or three times around the leg,
between the coffin and postern-joints, and
then buckle the leg close up to the belly.
Place around the horse's neck a quarter-inch
rope (or three-eighths) loosely, fixing the
knot so it will not slip; bring the end
down the near side of the head, through the
mouth, and back on the off-side, through
either of the rings in the surcingle. The
one in the centre of the side, if the first
time throwing, will give you greater con



68       TtE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
trol, with less exertion. Upon pulling on
the rope, standing in my position, the horse
lmust come upon his side, and without injury.
In practice, all will perceive the decided
advantage of this over any other system.
The operation must be repeated from ten to
twenty tinles, or until the horse seems entirely disgusted with the controversy. This
operation, if properly conducted, will result
in obtaining control of the horse, and in his
willingness to be accommodating at least.
The next thing is to teach him the meaning
of the word, whtoa! and to obey it when
spoken to him as a command.  This also
breaks him  to the bridle.  Place in his
mouth the scissors or W  bit, with head-sta ll
and lines attached (an ordinary bit will do,
though the one named is preferable, as being
more secure); now let the horse walk off
a few feet, twelve or twenty, and all at
once jerk with all your force, accompanying the action with the word "whoa!"
When he stops, step to his side and caresi
hlinm.  Tliis, repeated eight or ten times,




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.        69
will teach the horse lastingly the word and
its meaning. You must say, " whoa! " just
before you pull.  This treatment of the
horse must be repeated, if at any time he
grows restive, and seems indisposed to obey
the command. Sometimes an occasional
jerk preceded by the command, with an
ordinary bit, is sufficient to refresh his
memory on the subject.  This method is
also effectual in breaking up the habit of
kicking. For this habit I sometimes use a
link bit, never before presented to the
public. It is made of six links, each link
one inch in length, making a chain nearly
six inches long. Place at each end of this
a 2~ inch ring (See Engraving of Kicking Rig).
With the aid of this treatment you can
cure the worst of kickers, and horses in the
habit of running away can usually be cured
in one lesson, thus preventing accidents for
the future. It is by this process of teaching
that horses are driven without head-stall or
bridle.




70      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
TO CURE A HALTER PULLER,
PLACE on him a ccnzmin head-stall,
put on him a girth, take a quarter-inch
rope, sixteen feet long; pass tl-e centre of
this rope under his tail in place Df a crupper, twist this rope over a couple of times,
pass the ends under the girth upon each
side of the neck, and then through the
noose piece of the head-stall under the
check piece (See Engraving), and tie to a




THE HORSE ED UTGATOR.       71
strong post, leaving three feet play of the
rope. Strike him with a bag. As soon as
the horse pulls back, he being tied by the
tail to the post, the hurt comes there, and
not on the head, as he expected; he starts
up. For this you caress him, and if these
instructions are followed up a few times he
is cured (See engraving page 54).
PAWING IN THE STALL.
PROCURE a piece of chain ten inches
in length, run a short strap through one of
the end links, and buckle it around the foot
above the fetlock. When the horse attempts
to paw or kick, the chain rattles against the
the foot, and prevents a repetition of the
practice.




72      THE H ORSE E.D UCA TOR.
A NEW METHOD OF BREAKING A
KICKER.
THROW the horse (according to direction previously given) from ten to twenty
times, till he is quiet; strike him lightly
with your foot, when down, below where
the breeching comes, to tame him, and cure
him of being aftraid to be touched around
the hind parts. Then let him up, and back
him into the two-wheeled rig. If he still
continues to kick, put on the kicking rig,
as shown in the engraving.
iss~=~=;~.
-— = —-— ~~~~~~ I



THE HORSE ED UCATOR.        73
When this rig is put on, it punishes the
horse in the mouth, thus diverting his attention from his heels.
First, attach a rope to the bridle-bit ring
on the near side, then pass it over the head
through the offtbit ring, then down between
his fore legs, through under the belly-band,
and fasten to a pulley.  Attach another
rope to the off bridle-bit ring, over the head
through the near side-bit ring; then pass it
between the fore legs to the pulley, and
fasten. Now, put on straps above and below the gambol joint on each hind leg, with
a ring in the straps. Attach a rope to the
ring on the near hind leg, and pass it
through the pulley to the off hind leg, thus
allowing the horse to walk or trot in a
natural position.
TO HARDEN A TENDER-MOUTHED
HORSE.
PLACE the bits in the animal's mouth
as low as possible, not to have them drop
4




74      THE HORSE EDUCATOR.
out, and drive him from two to three weeks
with the bits in this way, and when they
are buckled up in proper place he is hardmouthed.
LOLLING THE TONGUE.
SOME horses have the habit of carrying
the tongue out of the side of the mouth.
This is generally confined to a narrow-jawed
horse. The space between the molar teeth
being too narrow to contain the tongue in
the mouth when the bit presses upon it,
without coming in contact with the edges
of the molar teeth. To prevent this the
tongue is thrown out over the bit, and
hangs from one side of the mouth. To
remedy this defect, take a common bar-bit,
and drill a hole on either side, about threequarters of an inch from the centre of the
upper surface of the bit; then take a riece
of sole leather, four inches long and two
inches wide, sprinkle it over with rosin and




THE HJORSE ED UCATOR.       75
burn it into the leather. This renders it
proof against the action of the saliva in the
mouth. Drill two holes in the centre of the
leather, corresponding with those in the bit,
and secure both tooether by rivets, so that
the leather extends two inches above the
bit, and two inches below it. This, p.ut in
the mouth, keeps the tongue down clear of
the molar teeth, and prevents the animal
getting it over the bit.
Another way to cure a horse of lolling
the tongue. Place on him the bit shown in
the above cut, and let it remain on him
from 4 to 6 weeks.




76      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
HUGGING THE POLE.
THIS is a great annoyance to the other
horse, and he will probably learn to do the
same thing, not from imitation, but from
leaning inwards, so as to enable him to
stand against the other horse, leaning upon
him. This habit may be broken up by securing a piece of sole leather to the pole
upon the side where the animal leans, having a number of tacks driven through it in
such a manner as to protrude from the
leather towards the horse.
UGLY TO BRIDLE.
SOME horses are ugly to bridle, from
having been knocked, or roughly handled
about the head. Horses are occasionally
troubled with tender ears, and have some
tenderness about the mouth; such animals
refuse to be bridled from fear of being hurt;
nothing but kindness and careful handling




TiHE HORSE ED UCA TOR.       77
will accomplish our purpose. In such cases,
where the habit arises from previous injuries, or from ugliness of disposition, take a
cord, put the end in the mouth, draw it
tightly and take a half-hitch; this confines
the head and prevents the animal from raising it. In this position the horse will allow
you to put on and take off the bridle at
pleasure. After putting it on, remove it
several times, unloose the cord and repeat
the bridling. Every time the animal resists, draw the cord tightly. On the contrary, when he yields, caress him, you thus
gain his confidence.
LUGGERS ON THE BIT,
BUCKLE a pair of straps, about twelve
inches long, with a ring at one end, and a
buckle at the other, to the check-piece, and
let the straps pass through the rings on
either side of the bit; buckle the lines to




78      THE HORSE ED U'A TOR.
the rings on these straps, instead of the
rings on the bit; this forms a gag similar
to the French twitch gag, and is a powerful
means of controlling the mouth of a hardpulling horse.
THE JUMPING RIG..
BUCKLE a strap to the fore legs, below




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.        79
the knees; pass it up under a surcingle, previously placed around the body; attach the
other cords to rings connecting two straps,
one above ald one below the gambol joints.
When rearing to go over the fence it will
take his hind feet from uinder hinm, and set
him back in the field where he started
from.
TO CURE A CRIBBER.
CUT a strip of sheepskin with long wool,
about eight inches wide, and long enough
to cover the front edge of the manger, and
tie the horse in the stall, so he cannot crib
anywhere except on the sheepskin. If this
does not cure him, sprinkle on a little cayenne pepper. Another remedy is to take a
wooden roller, long enough to reach across
the stall; let the horse eat his hay and
grain from the bottom of the manger, when




80      THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
he attempts to crib he must inevitably work
on the roller, which, when he places his
teeth to crib, the roller turns, his lips come
in contact with the roller, and he is punished at every attempt, and, after a few
trials, becomes satisfied, and will not again
attempt to crib.
TO LEAD A HORSE BEHIND A WAGON.
TAKE a stout cord, or small rope, and
place under his tail; cross on the back, and
run through the rings of the halter; first
hitch him to a post, and by hitting him
over the nose with something to excite him,
make him pull, which will satisfy him of
his useless attempts at hold;ng back on the
halter. You may then hitch him to the
wagon, and you will find no further trouble
in leading him.




THE HORSE ED UCGATOR.      81
TO BREAK A HORSE OF KICKING AT
ITS MATE IN A STALL.
PUT on the Bonaparte bridle, with the
small loop on the lower jaw, letting the cord
pass back to the hind leg. Attach it to a
small ring, fastened around the leg, with
two hame straps above and below the gambol joint.
TO BREAK A HORSE OF KICKING AT
PERSONS ENTERING THE STALL.
PUT on the Bonaparte bridle, making a
loop around the lower jaw; pass it up over
the head, and down through the loop on
the jaw. Run the cord through a small
ring, fastened by means of a staple, to the
side of the stall, a little back of the horse's
4*




82      THE HORSE ED UGCATOR.
head. Pass the cord back to another ring
fastened in the side of the front of the stall.
When you enter the stall pull on this rope,
and, at the same time, say, "go over." The
head of the horse will be thus drawn towards you, and his heels must go to the
other side of the stall. Most horses will be
broken of this very dangerous habit in two
or three lessons.
TO PREVENT A HORSE FROM GETTING CAST IN THE STALL.
FASTEN a little pulley at the side of the
stall, near the ceiling, and over the manger.
Pass a small cord through the pulley, and to
the end attach a weight of one pound. In
the centre of the stall drive a ring and staple
in the ceiling; pass the other end of the cord
through the ring, and attach it to the
horse's head, giving him oats on the floor;
draw the cord tight, and tie it to a small




THE HORSE ED UCA TO R.     83
ring fastened in the top of the halter for
this purpose. The horse can now lie down,
but cannot get the top of his head to the
floor, and if he cannot get the top of his
head to the floor, he cannot roll, and if he
cannot roll, he cannot get cast.




84      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
A HORSE BAD TO SHOE.
HE habit of resistance to being shod,
ffj  or allowing the feet to be handled,
like all others to which horses are subject,
is the result of careless and imprudent management. It would seem, from the reckless
disregard of consequences so generally
evinced in handling young horses, as though
man doubted his own reason, and would
not take counsel of the teachings of prudence. If the feet had been handled gently
at first (as I have directed), and blacksmiths
had not vented so much of their impatience
in the way of pounding with the hammer
for every little movement or resistance in
shoeing, this habit would never have been
contracted. The natural tractability of the
horse causes him to yield a ready obedience
to all reasonable demands, that he comprehends. If the feet are jerked up roughly,
and without an effort to reconcile him to




THE.HO RSE ED UCGATOR.      85
being handled, the colt will strive to get
away, or free himself from what he supposes
will hurt him. Never hold to the foot with
all your might, when the colt is trying to
jerk away, for, in such a case, strength is
not your forte, and your struggles only convince the horse of your weakness. Handle
the horse in conformity with the laws of
his nature, so as not to excite resistance
through fear of injury. If the horse does
not very much resist the handling of his
feet, put the Camanche bridle on him, and
put a short strap on his hind foot. Pulling
upon the strap will bring the foot forward,
and he will probably resist by kicking.
The instant he kicks, reprove him with the
bridle, which is held in the other hand, and
so continue until the foot can be held without resistance. But, if your subject is very
bad, take a strap or rope, about twelve feet
long, and tie one end of it in a loop around
his neck, wheire the collar rests; pass the
other end back between the fore legs, and
around the near hind leg, below the fetlock,
thence back between the legs, and through




86      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
the loop around the neck. Now step in
front of the horse, and take a firm hold of
the rope or strap, and give a quick pull on
it, which will bring the foot forward; pull
the foot as far forward as you can, which
will give you the more advantage. The
horse will try to free the foot by kicking.
Hold the head firmly with the left hand,
and with the other hold the strap firmly.
Stand right up to the horse's shoulder, and
whirl hinl about you, which you can easily
do while he. struggles to free himself. As
soon as he yields, handle the foot gently,
and then let up on it a little, and so continue till he will let, you handle the foot
without resistance. It may be necessary to
repeat the lesson once or twice, and be careful to handle the foot with the greatest
gentleness. If the rope is rough, put a collar on the neck instead of the loop, and
fasten your strap to it. Use a smooth, soft
strap, so as not to chafe the'foot where it
passes around it.




THE HORSE EDUCATOR.          87
SHOEING.
IF we examine the horse's feet in their
natural state, they will be found to be
almost round and very elastic at the heel,
the frog broad, plump, and of a soft, yielding nature; the commissures open and well
defined, the sole concave, the outside crust
from the heel to the toe increased from a
slight bevel to an angle of forty-five degrees;
consequently, as the foot grows, it becomes
wider and longer in proportion to the
amount of horn secreted, and narrower and
shorter in proportion to the ground-surface.
If a shoe were fitted nicely and accurately
to the foot after being dressed down well,
it would be found too narrow and short for
the same foot, after the lapse of a few weeks.
If any unyielding shoe of iron is nailed
firmly to this naturally enlarging and elastic hoof, it prevents its natural freedom of
expansion almost wholly, and does not




88      THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
allow the foot to grow wider at the quarters as it grows down, in proportion to the
amount of horn grown as before shod; consequently the foot is changed by the continued restraint of the shoe, from a nearly
round, healthy foot, to a contracted and
unhealthy condition, as generally seen in
horses shod for a few years.
The principles which govern in shoeing
are few and simple, and it is surprising,
considering the serious results involved, that
it should be done with so little consideration. The object of the shoer, in trimming
and preparing the hoof for the shoe, should
be to keep the foot natural, and this involves, first, the cutting away of any undue
accumulation of horn, affecting in the least
its health and freedom; second, to carry out
in the shape of the shoe that of the foot, as
nearly as possible; third, to fit and fasten
the shoe to the foot, so as least to interfere
with its health, growth, and elasticity.
The preparation of the foot requires the
cutting away of about the proportion of
horn, which, coming in contact with the




THE HORSE ED UCATO R.       89
ground, would have worn off, or which has
accumulated since being last shod; if the
shoes have been on a month, the proportion
of horn secreted in that time is to be removed; if two months, then the proportion
of two months' growth.  No definite rule
can be given, the. judgment must be governed by the circumstances of the case; the
stronger and more rapid the growth of the
foot, the more must be cut away; and the
weaker and the less horn produced, the less,
to the extent of simply leveling the crust a
little, the better to conform to the shoe;
there is generally a far more rapid growth
of horn at the toe than at the heels or
quarters; more will be required to be taken
off there than of the other parts; therefore
shorten the toe, and lower the heels, until
you succeed in bringing down the bearingsurface of the hoof upon the shoe to almost
a level with the live-horn of the sole. Be
careful to make the heels level; having
lowered the crust to the necessary extent,
smooth it down level with the rasp, the sole
and frog detach by exfoliation, as it becomes




90      THE HORSE EDUCATOR.
superabundant. The sole would not need
paring, were it not for the restraining effect
of the shoe upon the general function of the
foot, which is liable to prevent such detachment of the horn. The cutting away of the
bars to give the heels an open appearance is
inexcusable, and should never be done. In
a natural healthy condition, the frog has a
line of bearing with the hoof, and by its
elastic nature acts as a safeguard to the
delicate machinery of the foot immediately
over it, and helps to preserve the foot in its
natural state, by keeping the heel spread.
It seems to be wisely intended to give life
and health to the foot.  Permitting the
heels to grow down, with the addition of
high-heeled shoes, raises the frog from its
natural position, and causes it to shrink and
harden; and bears, in consequence, an important influence in setting up a diseased
action, that usually results in contraction of
the foot. If the heels are square and high,
and the hoof presents rather a long, narrow
appearance, and is hollow on the bottom,
there is a- state of contraction going on, and




TIlE HORSE ED UCA TOR.      91
you must not hesitate to dress down thor.
oughly. Do not hesitate because the hoof
appears small. Cut away until you are well
down to a level with the live-horn of the
sole, and if the foot is weak, use the same
prudence in not cutting it away too much.
The shoer must always bear in mind that
the sole must not rest on the shoe. Let the
foot be so dressed down, and the shoe so
approximate, that the bearing will come
evenly upon the crust all the way around,
without the sole touching the shoe. This
requires the crust to be dressed down level,
and, although wvell down to the live-horn of
the sole, it should always be left a little
higher. The corners between the bars and
crust should be well pared out, so there is
no danger of the sole resting on the shoe,
which is our next consideration.




92      THE HTORSE ED UUACTOR
THE SHOE.!.EHE main object should be to have the
shoe so formed as to size, weight, fitting, and fastening, as to combine the most
advantages of protection, and preserve the
natural tread of the foot the best. -In
weight, it should be proportioned to the
work or employment of the horse. The
foot should not be loaded with more iron
than is necessary to preserve it.  If the
work of the horse is principally oli the road,
at heavy draught, the shoe should be rather
heavy, in order that it may not be bent by
contact with hard, uneven earth; it should
be wide in the web, and of equal thickness
and width from the toe to the heel, that it
may as much as possible protect the sole,
without altering the natural position of the
foot; it should be well drawn in at the
heels, that it may rest on the bars, thereby
lr'otecting the corn place, or angles between




THlE HORSE ED UCATOR.        93
the bar and crust, and should in no,part
extend beyond the outer edge of the crust.
It is too often the case that the shoe
is made according to the smith's notions of
what the form of the horse's foot should be,
and the foot is pared, burned, and rasped
until it fits the shoe.  Now, it should
always be borne in mind that the shoe is
intended for the foot, and not the foot for
the shoe, and that it is therefore peculiarly
proper to make the shoe fit the natural form
of the foot.  It is impossible to have the
foot of a horse sound and safe, for work and
use, after bringing it to an unnatural figure,
by the use of the knife and rasp. The foot
of the horse being elastic, it expands to the
weight of the horse, in precisely the same
degree, whether resting upon the most open
or the most contracted shoe.  Therefore,
the shape of the shoe cannot possibly affect
the shape of the foot. The for m of the foot
is determined by the situation of the nails.
If the nails are placed so'that the inside
quarters and heels are left free to -expand in
a natural manner, no shape which we can




94      THE HORSE ED UCA TOIR.
give to the shoe can of itself change the
form of the foot. It must not be inferred,
however, from this that the shape of the
shoe is of no importance; quite the contrary
being the case, as I have alre'ady shown,
In forming the shoe, we should always
adopt that which produces the greatest
number of advantages with the fewest disadvantages.
We find that the sole-surface of the foot
is by nature concave in form, which seems
to offer the greatest fulcrum of resistance
to the horse when travelling.  It is important to preserve the natural mechanical
action of the horn and sole; therefore the
ground surface of the foot, that is to say,
the ground surface of the shoe, should be
leveled cup fashion; its outer edge being
prominent, corresponds to the lower and
outer rim of the hoof; while the shoe being
hollow, resembles the natural cavity of the
sole of the foot. The ground surface of the
shoe should always be concave.
The pattern that nature has presented us
in making the sole concave, cannot be im



THE HfTORSE ED Ul.CATOR.     95
proved upon by the smith, with all his
skill.  The expansion of the heels, and
growth of the foot, require that the shoe
should be long enough, and wide enough
at the heels, to allow for the natural growth
of the foot in the time it is calculated the
shoe should be on before being reset; for as
the foot enlarges, the shoe is brought forward until it loses its original proportion,
and becomes too short and narrow. The
shoe may be about a quarter of an inch
wider and longer than the extreme bearing
of the heels; and the nail holes should be
punched coarse and in the centre of the
web. The manner of fastening the shoe is
what really affects the foot, and what requires the most special attention in shoeing;
for the foot, being elastic, expands in the
same proportion on the rough as on the
nicely-fitted shoe.  It is the number and
position of the nails that really affect the
foot. If they are placed well back in the
quarters, four on a side, as is common, the
crust is held as firmly to this unyielding
shoe as if in a vice, which utterly prevents




96      THE HORSE ED UGA TOR.
the free action necessary to its health. Inflammation is produced, which causes contraction and the consequent derangement
of the whole foot. If the free, natural expansion of the foot, and the spreading of
the quarters in proportion to the growth of
the hoof is prevented by the nailing of the
shoe, irritation of the fleshy substance between the crust and coffin-bone will result,
and ultimately create so much diseased
action of the parts as to cause contraction
and nervicular disease. Shoes may be fastened without causing such mischief, if the
following method of nailing is observed.
In experimenting, for the purpose of ascertaining how few nails are absolutely necessary, under ordinary circumstances, for
retaining the shoe securely in its place
as long as it should remain upon the
foot, it has been satisfactorily established
that five nails are amply sufficient for the
fore shoes, and seven for the hind ones,
three should be placed on the outside of the
foot, and two on the inner side, near the
toe, thereby leaving the foot free to expand




THE HORSE ED UCA T01i;.     97
in a natural manner. The nails should not
be driven high up in the crust, but brought
out as soon as possible. Another mistake
with most smiths is in rasping the clinches
away too fine; they should be turned broad
and fiat. It is also a custom with some to
rasp and sandpaper the whole surface of the
hoof, for the purpose of making it look nice
and smooth. Such a practice should never
be tolerated, the covering thus removed is
provided by nature to protect the too rapid
evaporation of the moisture of the hoof, and
when taken away, causes the horn to become dry and brittle. It has so long been
customary to use as many nails as could be
conveniently driven, in fact, of fastening
the shoe as if it were to a lifeless block of
wood, that the fear is very commonly entertained that the shoe will not be held in its
place with so few nails. Such fears are utterly groundless, as both theory and practice demonstrate. If the presence of a nail
in the crust were a matter of no moment,
and two or three more than are really necessary were merely useless, no great reason
5




98      THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
would exist for condemning the common
practice of using too many nails, b'tt it is
far otherwise; the nails, aside from confining the natural expansion of the hoof, separate the fibres of the horn, which never, by
any chance, become united again, but continue apart and unclosed, until, by degrees,
they grow down with the rest of the hoof,
and are finally, after repeated shoeing, removed by the knife.
As these holes cannot possibly grow down
and be removed under three shoeings, it will
be found, even with a small number of nails,
that three times that number of holes must
exist in the hoof all the while; and as they
are often, from various causes, extended into
each other, they necessarily keep it in a
brittle, unhealthy state, and materially interfere with the future nail-hold. As the
position of the hind foot, and the nature of
its office, render it less liable to injury than
the fore foot, consequently it less frequently
lames; however, disease of the nervicular
bone of this foot is by no means impossible.
The same care should be taken as with the




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.        99
fore foot. Calks, although they may be
turned down of perfectly even length on
each side (which is seldom dog), are objectionable appendages, and should be dispensed with, except, perhaps, for very heavy
draughts, or when the roada are frozen or
covered with ice.
TO PREVENT INTERFERING.
REMOVE the portion of crust that hits
the ankle, and have the shoe set well under
the foot.
The hoof should be lowest on the outside,
to turn the ankle, that the other hoof may
pass clear. The shoe should be light, and
of narrow web, with only two nail holes on
the inside, and those near the toe.




100     THE HORSE ED UGATOR.
OVERREACHING.
YOUNG horses are more subject to overreaching than old ones. It very frequently
disappears as the speed of the animal is
increased. At a moderate gait, the front
feet do not always get out of the way in
time for the hind ones, as they are brought
forward. Sometimes the heels are cut or
bruised badly, and occasionally the shoes
are torn from the front feet. To prevent
this, have the front shoes a little lighter,
the animal lifts them up more quickly. The
hind shoes made a little heavier, causes him
to lift them more slowly, and the difficulty
is at.once removed.
TO CURE CORNS.
CUT the horn well down, but not to the
quick, fit the shoe so that it will not press




THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.      101
apon the part, then saturate well with pine
sap or gum, which is found exuding fionl
pine trees when cut. Fill the part in nicely
with tow, and put on the shoe, which must
be so fitted as not to oblige the part to support, but very slightly, if any, the weight
of the horse. Horses with corns must be
oftener and more carefully shod than those
free from them.
TO TELL A HORSE'S AGE.
THERE is only one sure way of telling
the age of a horse, and that is by an examination of his teeth, and that only extends
to a certain age, although an experienced
horseman can guess very nearly for some
time after that period. There are six teeth
in the front part of a horse's mouth, above
and below, called the gatherers, from which
we may judge of his age. When a colt is
foaled, he generally has no teeth in the




102     THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
front part of his mouth. In a few days,
two come in the upper jaw, and two below;
and again, after a few days, four more appear, but the corner teeth do not make their
appearance until he is four or five months
old; these twelve teeth remain unchanged
in the front of the colt's mouth until he is
about two years old, when he sheds the two
centre nippers.
At three years old, a colt sheds the adjoining teeth. At four years old, the under
or corner teeth. At five years old, the bridle tooth makes its appearance. At six
years old, the cups leave the two centre
teeth below. At seven years old, the cups
leave the adjoining teeth. At eight years
old, the cups leave the outer or corner teeth.
At nine years old, the cups leave the two
centre nippers, above. At ten years old,
the cups leave the adjoining teeth.  At
eleven years old, the cups leave the corner
upper teeth. At twelve years, or past, the
groove in inside of the bridle tooth disappears in a horse. Mares very seldom have
them.




THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.      103
TRICKS.
S so many have expressed a desire to
know how to teach their horses tricks,
we have thought proper to explain how it
can be done. Teaching a young horse a
few tricks, makes him  appear intelligent,
and also serves to keep up an interest ill
him. It requires but two or three lessons
a day, of half or three-quarters of an hour
each, to accomplish anything you may desire.
TO TEACH A HORSE TO COME, AT
THE CRACK OF THE WHIP.
ALL that is necessary to accomplish this,
is to proceed precisely in the same manner
as when giving the colt his first lesson.
After having put on the war bridle, the
cord should be three or four times as long;




104     THE tHORSE ED UTCATOR.
then let him off the length (of it, and if he
does not come immediately after the crack
of the whip and word, give him a little
jerk. When he comes to you, always reward him by giving him sugar or apples.
He will soon get so that you can at any
time call him to you.
HOW TO TEACH A HORSE TO LAUGH.
PRICK him with a pin on the nose till
he turns his lip up; then caress him well.
He will soon learn that when you point towards him and say, "laugh," that it means
a prick in the nose, if he does not turn his
lip up.
TO SHAKE HANDS.
THIS is easily accomplished, by tying a
short strap or piece of cord to the forward




TIE IORBSE ED UCATOR.     105
foot below the fetlock; then stand directly
in front of the horse, and hold the end of
the strap in your hand, and -say, "shake
hands, sir." After which pull immediately
upon the strap, which will bring his foot
forward, and which you are to accept as
shaking hands; then, of course, you must
caress and feed him, and keep him repeating, until when you make the demand he
will bring the foot forward in anticipation
of having it pulled up.
HOW TO MAKE A HORSE WALTZ.
TIE his head to his side, by means of a
surcingle and cord, fastening the cord at
the side, reaching from the mouth; touch
him lightly with the whip. He has to go,
and, of course, he must go around and
around. ItHe soon learns perfectly to waltz
by the motion of the whip, the teacher still
repeating the word "waltz."
5*




106     TH:E HORSE ED UCATOR.
HOW TO MAKE A TRICKY HORSE
KISS YOU.
FIRST, teach him to bite at you by
stinging him in the shoulder with a pin;
thus when you go to sting him, to save
himself he will put around his head. Have
a piece of apple in your hand, put it up to
your mouth, and he will soon learn that the
words "kiss me" mean an apple for him in
your mouth. This gives the horse the idea,
so he will kiss you at command, by your
making a slight backward motion of the
head.
HOW TO MAKE A HORSE TO GO LAME.
TAP him on the fore leg till he holds it
up, then caress him kindly; lead him with
the left hand to the bit, and tap the left
fore leg with a stick in your right hand;




THE HOI SE ED UCATOR.     107
repeat the word lame, lame, lame, and your
horse will soon learn to hold up one leg at
the command.
HOW TO MAKE A HORSE BOW.
PRICK him in the back with a pin, till
he throws his head up and down the least
bit; then take the pin away, and caress
him kindly; repeat for a few times, until
when you stand back and attract his attention he will nod his head, expecting a prick
in the back.
HOW TO MAKE A HORSE SAY "NO."
PRICK him on the neck till he shakes
his head, then remove the pin, caress him,
repeat for a while, and your horse will soon
shake his head when you raise your hand
to your heart; be always sure to treat the




108    THIE HORSE ED U'CATOR.
animal kindly for well doing, and caress
him when he deserves it, and he will repay
you by his love for you and willingness to
do your bidding.
HOW TO MAKE A HORSE WALK UP.
FIRST put a rope around his neck, bring
it down through his mouth, back through
the loop on the neck, jerk him till he raises
his fore feet the least bit, then stop and
caress him; then check him up tight to a
surcingle-from the bit to the side ring is
the better way; then jerk on the cord, and
he will soon get up erect; repeat, still
caressing him well for all he does; he will
soon get up at the motion of the whip.
You should, when practising him, repeat
the words, "get up, sir!"  It is in this
manner I taught Tom Thumb to go up and
down stairs, and to perform on the stage in
different places, affording amusement to
thousands of witnesses.




THE HORS.E XD UgCATOR.    109
HOW TO MAKE A HORSE GET UP ON
A BOX.
FIRST, raise the right foot to the box,
hold it with your left hand, placing your
right hand around the horse's left knee, pull
hard; this throws the weight of the horse
on his right leg, and he has got to come up;
repeat a few times, and he will learn it perfectly.




110     THE HORSE ED UGATOR.
TRAINING STEERS.
~~RIVE your steer in a small yard,'~~ fenced so that he cannot escape. Then
approach him gently, and if he runs, do not
run after him, but follow slowly and quietly.
Should he again run from you, do not strike
him with the whip, or in any way frighten
him, he will soon stand and permit you to approach him. Place then around his body a
surcingle or strap, near the fore legs. Take
a hame strap and buckle around the near
fore foot; take a cord or rope, and pass it
through under the surcingle, and tie to the
strap which is around the foot. The cord
should be twenty or thirty feet long, to
permit him to run about you in the yard,
without your pulling on it. Draw up on
the rope to force him to move on three legs;
approach him gently, till he will permit
you to handle him as you please. Then hold
up the near fore foot by the cord, with your




THE HORSE ED UTA TOR.      111
left hand, and holding the whip in your
right, pass it over his shoulder, and quietly
touch him on the off side of his head, and
at the same time, say, " haw!" continue
thus till he moves his head towards you, for
which caress him about the head and neck;
repeat this till he will haw at the word, towards you. Should he attempt to run fromn
you, pull on the strap, say, haw, at the same
time touch himl on the head with the whip.
He will soon learn to stop at the word of
command, in this way, and turn towards
you readily. Then take off the rig and
turn him loose. Then proceed with the
mate in the same way, when you can turn
it out, and by this time the other steer will
be ready to receive another lesson. Drive
it in the same yard, and repeat the lesson
with a whip. Quietly touch on the near
side of the head, and, at the same time, say,
" gee!" until he will move around from
you. Then caress him, till he will gee or
haw readily, Go through the same lesson
with the other. That is all you should try
to do with them in four hours' fime. Take




112    THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
both together in the yard; repeat this lesson till both understand what you desire
of them. Take one of them near the wall;
stand by his side; hit him  gently on the
head, at the same time say "back!" till he
will step back; then caress him. Repeat,
till he will go back readily at the word.
Give each the same lesson. This mnanner
of training steers will make them always
do your bidding. When convenient, repeat the above lessons, with both together.
Then put on the yoke, and let them go.
One hour, at first, is long enough to become
accustomed to the restraint of the yoke.
Repeat this in the yard.
If the steers should ever run from you,
which often occurs in an ordinary method
of training, buckle a hame strap around the
foot, bring it up through the surcingle back
to the sled or wagon, between the steers.
Let the man pull on the cord if they attempt to run away; this will pull up their
feet; whip them over the head, which will
stop them and break up the habit.




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.       1i3
TO EDUCATE DOGS
E find dogs to be more easily edu~~. cated than any other animal, and
if kindly treated, is a willing and faithful
servant to man; but if abused, will usually
become cross and ugly.  The dog, being
naturally a companion to mankind, it becomes a duty to educate him, so that be
will give credit to his trainer, and making
him an agreeable and useful assistant to his
owner. Judgment will be required to teach
the dog to that which he is best adapted by
nature: for instance, a Terrier will catch
rats, and Setters naturally scent birds; be
careful, therefore, in not urging upon them
the performance of any tricks which are
not in their nature to do.
TO EDUCATE THE SHEPHERD DOG TO DRIVE.
Commence with the dog at the age of
three months, in some secluded place, hearing no words intended to guide him except




114     THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
his own name; he should know nothing of
ordinary words in use towards dogs, and
should not have been handled by persons.
The first thing to teach him is to lead,
placing a string around his neck, four or
five feet long, in such manner as not to hurt
him; stand still, and hold upon the cord
till he ceases struggling to get away. One
lesson should be given each day. The first
lesson should be given to let him know he
cannot get away, and in teaching him to
come to you by pulling on the rope and saying, "here," using no other word that may
confuse him.  After he fully understands
the meaning of the word "here," he will
come to you when it is used; and as he
comes to you, whether voluntarily or not,
say "ho," and caress him. A lesson of thirty
minutes, working him slowly and patiently,
will be sufficient for each day.
Proceed with the lessons till he will come
from any part of the yard at the word here.
He has now learned that the word ho means
you are through with him. You must now
teach him  the words go and halt.  To




THIE HORSE ED UCA TOR.     115
do this, place yourself in a position opposite
where he would desire to go: for instance,
the opening of the enclosure you have chosen
for these lessons; say "go," and by calling
him, and urging him along. When he gets
part of the way, say " halt," and at the same
time pull upon the string, stopping him, and
say "halt" again. Proceed thus till he has
learned the meaning of the words. To teach
the above four words it will take from one
week to ten days, according to the sagacity
of the animal.
TO TEACH HIM TO BARK AT THE!WORD "SPEAK."
By holding up something which he wants
very much —for instance, food, when he is
quite hungry. If you wish him to go out,
show him the door, and say, "go out;" the
word "go" will start him, and, in a little
while, he will become familiar with the
word "out."  Let him have a steady place
to sleep, and teach him its name. If you
already have a dog trained to drive, take
hint out with him  to drive in the cattle. IIe will thus learn that they will run




116     THE 1HO01SE ED UCGATOR.
from him. Say nothing to him while he is
with the other dog, unless he attempts to
go to the head -of the cattle. This you must
not permit.  ~After two or three times,
take him out without the other dog, and
allow him to run after the cattle, provided
they are used to being driven by other
dogs. It will not do to let him run where
there is any danger of being turned upon.
If he runs them too fast, say, " steady," and
as you use words with him only when they
mean something, he will be apt to pay at-'ention, and go slower; if he does not, say,
" halt," and then, "go," then "steady." He
will gradually learn its meaning. Accustomn him to the words "fetch" for sheep,
and "get" for cattle. So, when you say
go and get the the cattle, he knows you
mean cattle instead of sheep or horse. Proceed to teach him the right from left, and
to obey orders, in that respect, by the motion of your right hand, and the word
"right." Then, by motion with the left
hand, teach him the word " left." By these
motions, and an appeal to the intelligence




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.       117
of the dog by your countenance and eyes,
you can start him for the fields in any direction you choose, and he soon learns to do
your bidding.
THE WATCH DOG.
For a good watch dog, select one of a
breed adapted to the business, for any other
will never ble reliable. A barking dog, one
that will be noisy at the approach of intruders, is the best.
To teach him, give him something to
watch, saying, "take care of it," as you
place him near the article. IHe will soon
learn the word, and when being directed to
any particular object, will faithfully guard
it. While teaching him, allow no one but
yourself to approach him without setting
him  on. You may have a stranger approach him, without setting him on, but
urge him to drive the person away; and




118     THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
as soon as he starts, let the person run, you
calling the dog back. While young, do
not over-task him, but after having watched
an article for some time, go up to him and
say, "that will do," feeding him..
When you wish the dog to bite or go atany person or thing, you will teach him
words the reverse of what you mean, such
as "be still," "lie down," "get out," &c. So
a person not understanding the words you
have taught him  the meaning of, will
not be apt to get very near him, as they
would naturally use these phrases, and be
setting him on instead of quieting him as
desired.
To call him yourself, use words not naturally used by others. These ideas are new
and practical, and must meet with successful results, if used with skill.




THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.      119
THE TRICK DOG.
KANY  amusing tricks may be taught
#]pJJJ  to exhibit the wonderful sagacity of
dogs. Perhaps a Spaniel dog is the most
tractable of any, but a black-and-tan is quite
as apt. A Scotch Terrier is also quick to
learn.
TO TEACH HIM TO SIT UP.
Sit him up in the corner, and with a
switch hit him lightly under the mouth,
snapping your fingers, and say, "sit up."
As he cones down, put him back, and repeat, till he will remain. Then say, "that
will do," and call him down, and caress
him; repeat this, till he will do it in any
place as well as in the corner of a room.
lie will soon learn to do the trick at the
word and snap of your fingers.




120     THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
TO TEACH HIM TO SIT DOWN.
Press your hand upon his back toward
ho.'3 hind legs, and say, "sit down," at the
same time tapping the floor with your foot.
Tap him under the chin, to keep his head
up. He will, after a few lessons, understand
that tapping the floor means sit down.
TO STAND UP.
Take some food in your hand, and offer
him, holding it well up, and say, "stand
up." Repeat, till he will stand up readily,
permitting him to rest his fore paws on
your unoccupied hand, till he can stand
easily alone.  Then take him by the fore
feet, lift him up quite hard, and say, "stand
up." You can now combine this with the
last two tricks, saying, stand up, sit up, sii
down, that will do.




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.      121
TO GET INTO A CHAIR.
Take your own way to coax him into the
chair, using the word chair whenever you
cause him to get into it. When he becomes
faniliar with the word, say, "go, and get
into the chair."  After he will do this,
teach him to put his paws on the back, by
saying, "put them up," or saying, "up!"
assisting him' at first. Then teach him to
put his head down on his paws, by placing
it there and repeating the word down, caressinog him each time he complies. To have
him hold his head up, tap him under the
mouth, and say, "up," remembering to say
"that will do," when you are through with
the trick. You may teach him to jump
over the chair, by playfully coaxing him
to do so, saying, "jump."
TO MAKE HIM GO LAME.
Tap him with a little rod on the hind
foot, saying, "lame;" then coax him along,
6




122     THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
and if he puts his foot down, hit him quite
smartly on the foot, making him keep it
up, till he will go lame at the word, and a
motion of the rod. When you seat him in
the chair, if he goes to jump down, stop
him; teaching him to wait for the word ho.
As he comes down with his fore feet on the
floor, steady him by the word, and teach
him to stop with his hind legs up in the
chair; lead the way around as far as he can
go, and then back again; if this is done on
a stool, he can thus be taught to go all the
way around, and is then ready to run on
his forward legs. Do this as often as the
chair trick is performed, saying "around;"
after a while take him by the tail and
lift him up, and switching his hind legs
lightly, walk him around, saying, " around."
He will soon learn to lift up his hind legs
at the motion of the whip, and the words,
"go around," and will perform a circle
walking on his forward legs.




THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.     123
TO SIT ON A STOOL.
It is now easy to teach him to sit down
on a low stool. You may then teach him
to take a seat on the stool, by leading him
around by his forward feet, and seating him
on the stool, with his fore feet held up, saying, "seat."
TO TEACH HIM TO FIND THINGS.
Take something with which he is accustomed to play; call him up to you, and
blindfold him, throw the article a short
distance from you; if the dog has good
scent, tell him you have lost; then remove
the blindfold, and he will search and find
it. Repeat this, throwing it farther each
time, till you can throw anything you have
held in your hand at a distance, you looking in the direction, saying, "I have lost;"
he will search till he finds it. If the dog
has not good scent, teach him to look down
at the word find, and up at the word up.




124     THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
By strictly observing these rules, which
govern the teaching of dogs, you can teach
them to climb ladders, fetch things to you,
carry baskets, shut doors, roll over, and an
innumerable number of tricks. But first
of all, you must have perfect control of
yourself. Never whip severely, and never
get out of patience.




THE HORSE ED' UCATOR.       125
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE
GOVERNMENT OF TROTTING AND
RACING, OVER THE UNION
COURSE, LONG ISLAND.
1.-Nature of Rules.
LL matches, or sweepstakes, which.S  shall come off over the course will be
governed by these rules, unless the contrary
is mutually agreed upon by the parties making such match or stake.
2.-Power of Postponement.
In case of unfavorable weather, or unavoidable causes, all purses, matches, sweepstakes, announced to come off, to which the
proprietors contribute, they shall have the
power to postpone to a future day, upon
giving notice of the same.




126     THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
3. —Qualifications of Horses Starting.
Horses trained in the same stable, or
owned in part by the same person within
three days, shall not start for a purse; and
horses so entered shall forfeit their entrance.
A horse starting alone shall receive but onehalf of the purse. Horses deemed by the
judges not fair trotting horses, shall be
ruled off previous to, or distanced at, the
termination of the heat.
4. -Entries.
All entries shall be made under a seal, inclosing the entrance money (ten per cent. on
the purse), and addressed to the proprietor,
at such time and place as shall have been
previously designated by advertisement.
5.- Weight to be Carried.
Every trotting horse starting for match,
purse or stake, shall carry one hundred and
forty-five pounds; if in harness, the weight




THE HORSE ED UTCATOR.        127
of the sulky and harness not to be considered. Pacing horses subject to the same
rule.
6.-Distances.
A distance for mile heats, best three in
five, shall be one hundred yards; for one
mile heats, eighty yards, and for every additional mile, an additional eighty yards.
7.- Time between Heats.
The time between heats shall be, for one
mile, twenty minutes; for every additional
mile, an additional five minutes.
8.-Power of Judges.
There shall be chosen by the proprietors
of the course, or stewards, three judges to
preside over a race for purses, and by them
an additional judge shall be appointed for
the distance stand; they may, also, during
or previous to a race, appoint inspectors at




128      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
any part of the course, whose reports, and
theirs alone, shall be received of any foul
riding or driving.
9. —Difference of Opinion between Judges.
Should a difference of opinion exist between the judges in the starting-stand on
any question, a majority shall govern.
10.-Judges' Duties.
The judges shall order the horses saddled
or harnessed five minutes previous to the
time appointed for starting; any rider or
driver causing undue detention after being
called up, by making. false starts or otherwise, the judges may give the word to start
without reference to the situation of the
horse so offending, unless convinced such
delay is unavoidable on the part of the rider
or driver; in which case not more than
thirty minutes shall be consumed in attempting to start; and at the expiration of




THE HORSE ED UCA TO.R.       129
that time, the horse or horses ready to start
shall receive the-word.
11.-Starting Horses.
The pole shall be drawn for by the judges,
the horse winning the heat shall, for the
succeeding heats, be entitled to a choice of
the track; on coming out on the last stretch,
each horse shall retain the track first selected; any horse deviating shall be distanced.
12.-Riders or Drivers.
Riders or drivers shall not be permitted
to start, unless dressed in jockey style.
13. —Weight of Riders and Drivers.
Riders and drivers shall weigh in the
presence of one or more of the judges previous to starting; and, after a heat, are to
come up to the starting stand, and not dismount until so ordered by the judges; any
6*




130     THIE HORSE ED UCATOR.
rider or driver disobeying, shall, on weighing, be precluded from the benefit of the
weight of his saddle and whip, and if not
full weight, shall be distanced.
14.-Penalty for Foul -Riding or -Driving.
A rider or driver, committing any act
which the judges may deem foul riding or
driving, shall be distanced.
15.-Horses Breaking.
Should any horse break from his trot or
pace, it shall be the duty of the rider or
driver to pull his horse to a trot or pace
immediately; and, in case of the rider or
driver refusing to do so, the penalty shall
be that the next best horse shall have the
heat. If the rider or driver should comply
with the above, and he should gain by such
break, twice the distanced so gained shall
be taken away on the coming out; a horse
breaking on the score shall not lose the heat
by so doing.




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.        131
16.- The Winning Horse.
A horse must win two heats to be entitled to the purse, unless he distanced all
other horses in one heat.  A  distanced
horse in a dead heat shall not start again.
17.- Relative to.Heats.
A horse not winning one heat in three,
shall not start for a fourth heat. When a
dead heat is made between two horses, that
if either had won the heat the race would
have been decided, these two only shall
start again. In races, best three in five, a
horse shall win one heat in five to be allowed to start for the sixth heat, unless
such horse shall have made a dead heat;
such horses as are prevented from starting
by this rule shall be considered drawn, and
not distanced.
18.-On.Heats and -Distances.
If two horses each win a heat, and neither
are distanced in the race, the one coming
out ahead on the last heat to be considered




132     THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
the best. The same rule to be applied to
horses, neither winning a heat and neither
distanced. If one horse wins a heat, he is
better than one that does not, provided lihe
does not get distanced in the race; then the
other, if not distanced, shall be the best. A
horse that wins a heat, and is distanced, is
better than one not winning a heat, and being distanced in the same heat. A horse
distanced in the second heat is better than
one distanced in the first heat.
19.-Horses -Drawn.
Horses drawn before the conclusion of a
race shall be considered distanced.
20.-Outside Bets.
In all matches made, play or pay; outside
bets not to be considered play or pay, unless
so understood by the parties.
21.-Of Play or Pay JMatches.
All moneys bet play or pay matches by
outside betters are not considered play
or pay.




THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.       133
22.-Betting; Absent Betters.
A confirmed bet cannot be left off withiout
mutual consent. If either party be absent
at the time of trotting, and the money be
not staked, the party present may declare
the bet void in the presence of the judges,
unless some party will stake the money
bet for the absentee.
23.-Compromised Matches.
All bets made by outside betters on compromised matches are considered drawn.
24. Betters of Odds, Etc.
The person who bets the odds has the
right to choose the horse or the field. When
he has chosen his horse, the field is what
starts against himn; but there is no field unless one starts with him. If odds are bet
without naming the horses before the trot
is over, it must be determined as the odds
were at the timhne of making it. Bets made in




134     THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
trotting are not determined till the purse is
won, if the heat is not specified at the time
of betting.
25. —Horses Excluded from Starting, or
Distanced.
All bets made on horses precluded from
starting (by rule 19), being distanced in the
race, or on such horses against each other,
shall be drawn.
26.-In Cases of Dispute, and Improper
Conduct.
In all cases of dispute not provided for
by the rules, the judges for the day will decide finally.  In case of a trot or match
being proved to their satisfaction to have
been made or conducted improperly or dishonestly on the part of the principals, they
shall have the power to declare all bets void.
27.-The Size of Whips to be Used.
No rider or driver shall be allowed any
other than a reasonable length of whip,




THE HORSE ED UUCATOR.        135
namely: for saddle horses, two feet ten
inches; sulky, four feet eight inches; wagon,
five feet ten inches.
28.-In Case of Accidents.
In case of accidents but five minutes shall
be allowed over the time specified in rule
No. 10, unless the judges think more time
necessary.
29.-Judges' Stand.
No person shall be allowed in the judges'
stand but the judges, reporters, and members, at the time of trotting.
30.-In Case of -Death.
All engagements are void upon the de.
cease of either party being determined.




136     THE tHORSE ED UCAATOR.
RECIPES.
HE following recipes have been gath.
)  ered from  sources entitled to the
fullest confidence, as remedies of value to all
owners of horses, and are presented with
the hope of doing good.
A CURE FOR HEAVES, NEVER BEFORE
PUBLISHED.
Take a common stone jar, fill it with
eggs, cover them with cider vinegar, and
let it stand till the vinegar eats up the
shells. Then stir all together. Take a lump
of lime about the size of a goose egg, slack
it in hot water, using about one quart of
water. Add one-half pint of the lime water




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.        137
to a quart of the egg mixture. Give a teacupful, at feeding time, in feed, three times
a day.
A REMEDY TO CURE THE HEAVES.
One-half pint of turpentine, 2 oz. assafoetida, 2 oz. aloes, 4 oz. lobelia seed, 1 quart
of whisky, 2 oz. of sal ammoniac, 4 oz. salseratus, 1 oz. of camphor.
Dose, one tablespoonful once a day.
TO CURE WORMS IN HORSES.
One drachm white hellebore in powder, 1
drachm sulphate of iron in powder, 1 oz.
flaxseed meal.
The above for one dose, mixed with bran
mash, given at night. Repeat in forty-eight
hours, if the horse is old. Two doses are
enough for the worst case.




138     THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
TO CURE THE SCRATCHES
in the shortest time ever known.
USTE two tablespoonfuls of lard, and one
tablespoonful of slacked lime; brush out
the dirt and dust from the foot; use no
water. Apply the salve, well mixed, twice
each day. It will cure the worst cases in
4 to 6 days.
Another remedy:
Hydrate of potassa, 10 grains; pulverized
nutgalls, i oz.; white lead, pulverized opium,
each i oz.; lard, I lb. Wash with soap-suds,
rub dry, and apply the mixture night and
morning. Give purging bail.
COLIC OR GRIPES.
Symptoms:-Pawing, manifesting a desire to lie down, and, without doing so,
commence pawing again. As the symptoms increase, the animal cannot be kept
on his feet; he frequently falls as if shot;
pulse not altered from natural condition.
Intervals of rest, together with the condi



THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.      139
tion of the pulse, distinguish the disease
from inflammation of the bowels.
Treat as follows:
Frequent injections of soap and water,
and give internally, spirits of nitre, 1 oz.;
laudanum, 1 oz.; water, i pint; mix for
drench. This may be repeated in twenty
minutes, if relief is not obtained.
Another remedy, giving instant relief:
From 5 to 10 drops of chloroform, given
on sugar, I have never known to fail giving
immediate rellef. I have known men to
be from home, and have their horses taken
with this disease, and use this remedy, and
in thirty minutes the horses were able to
be driven.
FOR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.
First, bleed thoroughly; then give tinc.
veratrum, 1 oz.; laudanum, 4 oz.; tincture
aconite, i oz.; shake well, and give a teaspoonfill every three hours, in a pint of




140     THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
water, well sweetened, and, if the pulse is
not reduced in a short time, increase the
dose to a tablespoonful, until the fever
abates. As soon as the horse recovers so as
to eat and lie down naturally, keep him on
hay, with a few carrots or potatoes, and
daily give a bran mash, with saltpetre, pulverized antimony and sulphur, for a week
or ten days, and you will prevent dropsy of
the chest, which usually follows this disease.
SPAVIN.
This being a valuable recipe, it is worth
money to any man dealing in horses.
Euphorbium, 5 oz.; cantharides, fine, 2
oz.; iodine, 1 oz., dissolved in alcohol;
red precipitate, - oz.; corrosive sublimate,
I oz.; quicksilver, -1 oz.; hog's lard, 6 oz.;
white turpentine, 6 oz.; verdigris, i lb.
Melt the lard and turpentine together, then,
while hlot, add the others, except the quicksilver, which must be stirred in as it becomes cold. Mix well. When cold, it is




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.        141
fit for use. Rub it in well on the spavin every
day for three days, then wash clean with
soap-suds, and omit for three days; then
repeat for three days, and so continue until
a perfect cure is effected. Should it blister,
use more cautiously.
BONE SPAVIN.
One-half pound of blood root; 1 quart of
alcohol; 2 oz. tannin; ~ lb. alum. Mix and
let stand. Shaking several times a day
till the strength is all in the alcohol, and
bathe the spavin twice a day, rubbing with
the hand.
FOR WINDGALLS.
Olive oil, 2 oz.; nitric acid, I oz. Rub
as much in every day, or every second or
third day, as will bear without starting the
hair.




142     THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
FOR INFLAMED SWELLINGS OR
LAMED SHOULDERS.
Equal parts oil amber, oil spike, gum
camphor, and ether. Should be shaken well
before using, and well rubbed in with the
hand.
HIDE BOUND.
This condition of the skin is usually produced by any derangement of system. Medicine of an alterative character is here indicated. The most successful remedy is
sulphur, pulverized, 8 oz.; nitrate of potassa, pulverized, 3 oz.; black antimony,
pulverized, 2 oz.; sulphate of iron, 4 oz.
Mix well together, and give one tablespoonful twice a day.
Another good remedy:
Take saltpetre, 4 oz.; crude antimony,
1 oz.; sulphur, 2 oz.  The saltpetre and
antimony should be finely pulverized, then




THLE  ORSE ED UCATOR.       143
add  t}i, su8tlplr, and mix well together.
Dose: tablespounful of the mixture in bran
mash daily.
HOW  TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DISTEMPE1R AgiND GLANDERS.
The discharge frola the nose in Glanders
will sink in water. In Distemper it will
not.
DISTEMPER.
All catarrhal affections are classed by
horse owners under the head of distemper.
Common catarrh, epidemic catarrh, laryngitis, bronchitis, and all other diseases, accompanied by nasal discharges, are regarded
by horsemen as one and the same.
The following remedy is to cure distemper in its simple form, as we find it in colts
soon after the disease commences. If there
is swelling under the jaws, poultice the
throat with flaxseed meal, or bread and
milk. Apply musfard and vinegar, and




144     THE HORSE ED UGCATOR.
give internally one of the following powlers inl feed: pulverized gentian, 2 ounces;
sulph. copper, 1 oz.; pulverized ginger, 6
drachms; mix, and divide into 8 powders.
INFLUENZA.
For several years past a disease has been
ik.ore or less prevalent in various sections of
tLis country, known to the Veterinary as
epidemic catarrh or influenza. The symptomrs of this disease are so various in different animals —no two being precisely alikethat a variety of opinions are current concerning it and its nature; and, as a consequence, various other diseases are often confounded with it.  The usual or leading
symptomsn   are a slight watery or mucous
discharge from the nose; eyelids presenting
a reddish appearance; matter collects in the
corner of the eyes; pulse feeble; great debility, as uhow n by the quick, feeble action
of the heart- -a symptom rarely absent;
membrane of nose much reddened; sore




THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.        145
throat and cough; occasionally the feet become fevered as in founder, causing much
stiffness, and might be easily taken for that
disease.
Treatment:-This being a typhoid disease, it requires a sustaining treatment, or
success will be very doubtful. In the early
stage of this disease, give the first two days
ten drops of tincture of aconite, or bryonia,
in a little water, every six hours; after
which give a pail of water to drink, and,
once a day, 1 oz. spirits of nitre, or 2 drachms
extract of belladonna; and give in the feed,
three times a day, one of the following powders: gentian root, saltpetre, and anise seed,
of each 1 oz.; sulphate of quinine, 1 drachm;
mix, and divide into eight powders. The
throat should be bathed with mustard and
vinegar; or with linseed oil, 3 oz., spirits
of hartshorn, 1 oz. Mix together. No hay
or corn should be given, but scalded oats or
wheat bran, with linseed tea, or oatmeal
gruel, should constitute the diet. I would
recommend a few carrots. But above all,
7




146      THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
good nursing is to be desired, and by strictly
following the foregoing instructions a successful result is probable.
GLANDERS.
This is one of the most fatal diseases to
which the horse is subject. It is propagated
in most cases by contagion, the infection being disseminated by seed from the nasal
discharge, not, as many suppose, by the
breath. According to eminent foreign authors, the disease has its origin also in a
vitiated state of the blood, and this may
result from improper treatment or neglect
of almost any disease to which he is liable.
In its early stage it, appears to,be only a
slight inflammation of the inner membrane
of the nose, not, however, attended with the
usual florid red characterising inflamnma
tion, but of a paler hue, and afterwards becoming darker. The first marked symptom
is a discharge from the nose, scarcely to be
distinguished at first from  the natural
moisture, either by its color or consistence,




TEE HORSE ED UCATOR.        147
and generally coming from one nostril only,
and that the left one. In appearance it is
thin and transparent, closely resembling the
natural discharge, a little increased in quantity, and sometimes continues in this doubtful stage for several weeks or months. Instances are indeed known where it has
existed for several years before it became
fully developed. In such cases it is attended
with no loss of appetite, no cough, or apparent illness of any kind, with little enlargement of the glands under the jaw, and
at the same time the horse is capable of
communicating disease.
Too many of these horses, with a decided
glanderous discharge from the nose and adherent glands under the jaw, are found on
our roads, or are employed in agriculture,
which (although they are otherwise in good
health, and perform their work well) should
not be permitted; for by such means the
contagion is widely spread. No cough accompanies real glanders in any of its stages,
except the last, which is usually soon cut
short by death.




148      THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
In addition to the preceding tokens foi
discovering at an early period the true
glanders from  other disorders, let the nostrils be closely examined.  In  the real
glanders, the left or running nostril will be
found of a deeper color than ordinary, while
the other, or dry nostril, is of a paler color,
or almost white.
The reader must bear in mind the varied
color of the nostril in deciding all cases of
this character. Also that in colds, &c., both
nostrils run.
Before the disease finishes its course, both
sides of the nose and head become affectedthe ulcers extend down the windpipe, and
fasten upon the lungs. The virus, secreted
by and discharged from the ulcers, is absorbed and carried through the whole system, and soon puts an end to the creature's
miserable existence.  The best preventives
of glanders are dry, clean, well-ventilated
stables, moderate exercise, green food, when
it can be procured, and roots in the winter.
The disease may be cured in its early
stages, or before ulcers are formed in the




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.        149
nose, or the lumps under the jaw adhere to
the bone, by turning the animal on a dry
pasture, by proper attention to the bowels,
and by use of alterative medicines, to work
the poisons out of the system. Should the
bowels require loosening, give the common
purge. For purifying the blood, the condition powder is the most effectual remedy.
The owner must beware of putting the
horse to hard labor too soon, after having
been turned out as before directed, as the
disease is liable to return on subsequent confinement, even after the running at the nose
has entirely disappeared. It is conceded by
all that, when this disease is once seated, it
cannot be cured; and humanity dictates.
and economy should prompt us to terminate
the animal's existence at once. This course
has now become an imperative duty, as the
fact is established that man is susceptible
to the contagion; and there are numerous
cases on record where those who have had
the care of glandered horses have fallen
victims to this disease.




150     THE HORBSE ED UCATOR.
CHRONIC COUGH.
This is generally the consequence of neglected catarrhal affections, worms, &c. For
treatment, give twice each day Barbadoes
aloes, 2 oz.; pulv. foxglove (or digitalis), 1
oz.; linseed meal, 13 oz. Mix with molasses. DIose, 1 oz.
Another remedy is, sal ammoniac, 1 oz.;
squills, pulv., I oz.; aloes, pulv., 1 oz.; linseed meal, 16 oz.; mix with molasses, and
divide into four balls; to be given one each
night for four days.
TREATMENT FOR RHEUMATISM.
Poultice the feet with mustard and flaxseed meal. Give internally of nux vomica,
1 oz.; pulv. gentian root, 11 oz.; pulverized
ginger, 1 oz. Mix, and divide into 12 powders; give one every night in the feed, keep
the body warm, and give no corn.




THE HO1ASE ED UCGATOR.      151
LOCK-JAW.
This disease generally arises from nail
wolnCds in the feet, or from sharp metallic
substances taken into and wounding the
stomach or intestines. The first symptoms
of the disease are observed about the ninth
or tenth day after the injury is done, which
are a straggling or stiffness of the hind legs,
to which succeed in a few days the following: on elevating the head, a spasmodic
motion of the membrane in the inner corner
of the eye will be observed, showing little
more than the white of the eye; the muscles
of.the jaws beconle rigid; the tongue is
swollen, and the mouth is filled with saliva;
the ears are erect, the nose poked out; the
nostrils expand; respiration becomes disturbed; and, finally, the jaws become firmly
set, and the bowels constipated.
Treatment:-Tinct. of aconite, 2 drs.;
tinct. of belladonna, 2 drs.; water, 1 oz.
Mix, and give 40 drops every 4 hours on
the tongue; keep a ball of aloes in the




152     THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
mouth for several days. There is no fear
of giving too much. I have known half a
pound to be given in a few days with good
success. IHydrocyandic acid, 20 drops in a
little water, and put upon the tongue every
four hours, is an excellent remedy. Foment
the jaws with bags of hops steeped in hot
water, and bathe the line of the back from
the pole to the croup with mustard and vinegar. Be careful not to allow the animal
to be unnecessarily excited by noises and
confusion about him. Go about him quietly;
keep a pail of bran slop before him all the
time. If the foot has been injured, poultice
with flaxseed meal, and keep the wound
open until a healthy action has been established.
FOUNDER REMEDY.
Give from 1 to 4 ounces of saltpetre, according to the severity of the case. For a
severe case, draw about one gallon of blood




THE HORSE ED UCA'TOR.         153
from the neck; then dreL_  with linseed oil,
1 quart; rub the fore legs with water as hot
as can be borne without scalding, continuing
the washing till the horse is perfectly lirmber.
HORSE OINTMENT.
Resin, 4 oz.; beeswax, 4 oz.; honey, 2 oz.;
lard, 8 oz.; melt these articles slowly, bringing gradually to a boil; remove front the
fire, and slowly add a little less than a pint
of spirits of turpentine, stirring all the time
this is being added, and stir till cool. This
is an extraordinary ointment for bruises of
the flesh, or hoof, or broken knees, galls or
bites, or when a horse is gelded to heal and
keep off flies.
CONDITION POWDER.
Faenugrec, cream of tartar, gentian, sulphur, saltpetre, resin, black antimony, and
ginger, of each 1 oz.'  cayenne, J oz.; all
7*




154     THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
finely pulverized. Mix thoroughly. It is
used for yellow water, hide bound, colds,
coughs, distemper, and all-other diseases
where a condition powder is needed. They
carry off gross humors, and purify the
blood.
Dose: —In ordinary cases one tablespoonful once a day. In extreme cases give
twice daily. This powder has never failed
to give entire satisfaction.
MAGIC LINIMENT.
Take 2 oz. oil of spike; 2 oz. origanum;
2 oz. hemlock; 2 oz. wormwood; 4 ounces
sweet oil; 2 oz. spirits anmmonia; 2 ounces
gum camphor; 2 oz. spirits turpentine; 1
quart proof spirits. Mix well and bottle for
use. Cork tight. For sprains, bruises, or
lameness of any kind, this liniment is unsurpassed. This is the same liniment, leaving out the turpentine, which has achieved
such wonderful cures for human ailment.
A more simple liniment can be made by
putting into spirits of turpentine all the




THE HORSE ED U'CA TOR.     155
gum camphor it will cut. For ordinary
purposes it is fit for use; but if you wish to
reduce pain, add as much laudanum as there
is turpentine.
FRENCH PASTE FOR BONE SPAVIN.
Corrosive sublimate, quicksilver, and iodine, of each 1 oz., with sufficient lard to
form a paste. Rub the quicksilver and
iodine together, and add the sublimate, and
finally add the lard, rubbing thoroughly.
Shave off the hair the size of the bone enlargement, then grease all around it, but
not where the bone is shaved off. This
prevents the action of the medicine only
upon the spavin; rub in as much of the
paste as will lie on a five cent piece, each
morning for four mornings only, and in
from six to eight days the spavin will come
out; then wash out the wound with suds,!:aking well for an hour or two, which removes the poisonous effects of the medicine,
and facilitates the healing, which can be
done by any healing salve. I prefer the
horse ointment to any other.




156     THlE HORSE ED UCA. TOR.
LINIMENT FOR SPAVIN, SPLINT
CURBS, ETC.
Oils of spike, origanum, cedar, British,
and spirits of turpentine, of each 1 oz.; pulverized Spanish flies, 1 oz. Apply once in
six or nine days.
RING-BONE REMEDY.
Pulverized cantharides, oils of spike, origanum, amber, cedar, British, and Barbadoes tar, of each 2 oz.; oil of wormwood, 1
oz.; spirits of turpentine, 4 oz.; lard, 3 lbs.
Melt the lard slowly, and add the other ingredients, stirring well till cool; clip off the
hair, and apply by rubbing in and heating.
In about three days, or when done running,
wash off with suds and apply again. In recent cases, two or three applicatlonn will
cure; old cases require more time.
POLL-EVIL AND FISTULA.
Common potash, i oz.; extract of elladonna, 12 drachms; gum Arabic,  o2 Di)is



THE HORSE ED UIA TOR.       157
solve the gum in as little water as possible;
then, having pulverized the potash, unless
it is moist, mix the gum water with it, and
it will soon dissolve; add the belladonna;
mix, and it is ready to use.
The best method for getting this into the
pipes, is by means of a small syringe, after
having cleansed the sore well with suds.
Repeat once in two days, until the callous
pipes, and hard, fibrous base around the
poll-evil or fistula are completely destroyed.
TO SCATTER POLL-EVIL.
Take a quantity of mandrake root, bruise
and boil it, strain and boil down until rather
thick; then form an ointment, simmering
with sufficient lard fibr the purpose. Anoint
the swelling once a day until cured. It has
cured them after they were broken out, by
putting it in the pipes a few times; also,
anointing around the sore.




158     THE HORSE ED UCATOR.
ANTISPASMODIC TINCTURE,.For Man or Beast.
Oils of cajuput, cloves, peppermint, annise,
of each 1 oz.; of alcohol, 1 quart. Mix together, and bottle for use. Dose, for horse,
1 oz. every 15 minutes, in a little whisky
and warm: water, sweetened with molasses.
Continue till relieved.
Dose for man, one teaspoonful.
PHYSIC BALL.
Barbadoes aloes, 1 lb.; syrup buckthorn,
3 oz.; cod-liver oil, 3 oz. Melt the whole,
and stir till cool. In winter, add a little
water, make into 18 pills, and give 1 every
four hours, or as much as will move the
lbowels.
DIURETIC DROPS.
These drops are reliable in cases of stoppage of water, foul water, or inflammation
of the kidneys. Take sweet spirits of nitre,




THE HORSE ED UTCA TOR.     159
4 oz.; balsam copaiba, 2 oz.; oil of juniper,
2 oz.; spirits of turpentine, 2 oz.; gum camphor, pulv., 1 oz. Mix all together, and
shake well; bottle, and it is fit for use, for
man or beast, under all circumstances where
a diuretic is required.
Dose for horse, 1 oz. in half a pint of milk,
once in six hours.
Dose for man, 1 teaspoonful, in a tablespoonful of milk, once in six hours.
Be sure to shake the mixture up well before pouring out for use.
AN OINTMENT FOR ALL BRUISES,
SCRATCHES, HEEL GREASE,
SADDLE GALLS, ETC.
Take 3 oz. white lead, 3 oz. of lard, 1 oz.
burnt alum, and 5 grains calomel. If the
sore is of long standing, use 10 grains of
calomel.
SWEENY LINIMENT.
Alcohol, and spirits of turpentine, of each
8 oz.; camphor gum, pulverized cantharides




160     TIHE HOR.SE ED UCA TOR.
and tincture of capsicum, of each 1 oz.; oil
of spike 3 oz. Bathe this liniment in with
a hot iron, and faithfully follow till a cure
is effected.
NERVE AND BONE LINIMENT.
Take beef's gall, 1 quart; alcohol, 1 pint;
volatile liniment, 12 oz.; spirits of turpentine, 1 lb.; oil of origanum, 4 oz.; aqua ammonia, I pint; oil of amber, 3 oz.; tincture
of catharides, 6 oz. Mix.
ENGLISH STABLE LINIMENT.
Oil of spikes, aqua ammonia, and oil of
turpentine, of each 2 oz.; sweet oil, and oil
of amber, of each I oz.; oil of origanum, 1
oz. MIix.
HOOF LINIMENT, FOR CONTRACTED
HOOF.
Venice turpentine, I pint; aqua ammonia,
2 oz.; salts of nitre, 1 oz.; benzine, 1 oz.;




THE HORSE ED UCATOR.        161
alcohol, 3 oz. Apply to the edge of the
hair and to the hoof, twice a day for the
first three days; once a day for the next
three (lays; after that, once in two, three,
or four days, as the case may require.
REMEDY FOR BOTTS.
Take oil of turpentine, 8 oz.; alcohol, 1
quart. Mix and bottle for use. Dose, 4 to
5 oz. in the horse's feed, once a day for 8
days, will effectually remove every vestige
of botts.
TO PREVENT HORSES BEING TEASED
BY FLIES.
Take I lb. of walnut or butternut leaves,
and pour upon them 3 quarts of cold water;
let it infuse one night, and pour the whole
next morning into a kettle, and let it boil
for a quarter of an hour. When cold it is
fit for use.
No more is required than to moisten a
sponge, and before the horse goes out of the




162     THE HORSE ED UCA TOR.
stable, let those parts most likely to be irritated be well smeared over with the liquor,
between and upon the ears, neck, flanks, &c.
TREATMENT OF WOUNDS.
Wounds are caused by accidents of various kinds, when the skin is much torn from
the flesh. If you are at hand while the
wound is quite fresh, take a square-pointed
needle, and a waxed thread, and sew it up.
Be sure to put the needle in straight, one
side over against the other, draw the skin
tight, tie a knot, and. cut off the thread;
then take another stich about an inch off,
till it is all nicely drawn together. It is
quite wrong to sew up a wound as you
would a piece of cloth; the thread should
be cut after each stitch. When you do not
see the wound till the place is growing
dead, and the skin is drawing up, then take
off the loose skin; for if you permit it to
remain, it will leave a blemish.




THE HORS.BE ED UaA TOR.    163
WASH FOR FOUL ULCERS.
Permanganate of Potassa, 1 drachm; pure
water, 6 fluid ounces. Clean the sore once
or twice a day, with a quart of water, to
which a large tablespoonful of the wash has
been added, using a soft sponge.
The discoloration of the.solution indicates
its complete loss of power as a disinfectant.
The bottle must be kept tightly corked,
as impurities in the air will, in time, impair its value.
HEALING SALVE FOR ABRASIONS
AND CUTS.
Oxide of zifinc, 4 drachms; fresh lard, 1
oz.; carbolic acid, 6 grains. Melt the lard,
and stir in the oxide of zinc, which must be
very finely powdered; add the carbolic acid
and mix thoroughly. Apply twice a day
to the wound. This salve is very valuable
for its healing properties, and will be found
of special service, if there is any foul discharge.




164     THE H0ORSE ED UCATOR.
110W TO CLEAN AND OIL HARNESS.
First take the harness apart, having each
strap and piece by itself; then wash it
with warm water and Castile soap. When
cleansed, black each part with the following
dye: 1 oz. extract of logwood; 12 grains
bichromate of potash-both pounded fine;
put into two quarts of boiling rain-water,
and stir till all is dissolved. When cool, it
may be used. It may be bottled and kept
for future use, if desired. It may be applied
with a shoe brush.  When the dye has
struck in, you may oil each part with neatsfoot oil, applied with a paint brush. For
second oiling, use one-third castor oil and
two-thirds neatsfoot oil, mixed.  A  few
hours after, wipe clean with a woolen cloth,
which gives the harness a glossy appearance. This preparation does not injure the
leather or stitching, but makes it soft and
pliable, and obviates the necessity of oiling
as often ds is necessary by the ordinary
method.  When the harness is removed
from the horse, take a woolen cloth or cha




THE HORSE ED UCA'TOR.      165
mois skin, kept for the purpose, and wipe
off the dust and all moisture from rain or
perspiration, and when the harness is nearly
dry, rub the damper parts very thoroughly
with a second cloth or skin, until they are
quite soft and pliable.
The bits, and plated mountings, should
be cleaned and rubbed with a slightly, oiled
rag, before the harness is finally hung in
its place; the harness should be protected
from dust either by a covering of cloth, or
by hanging in a closet. Whenever the
leather becomes dry and hard, it should be
cleaned and oiled according to the foregoing
airections.








AN EXPOSITION
OP THE
DUNBAR SYSTEM OF HORSE SHOEING,
AND TREATMENT OF THE HORSE'S FOOT,
As taught to the Farriers of the United States Army
by ALEXANDER DiUNBAR, under the authority of the
Joint Resolution of Congress, andfor which Dunbar
received twenty-five thousand dollars. Highly recommended to the U. S. Army by Robert Bonner and
George Wilkes.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR FITTING AND DRIVING
THE SHOE.
The first thing to be done is to carefully
examine the horse's feet all around, to see
that they are of a natural shape, taking
care to abstain from any action that will
tend to excite the horse.
The shoes should be removed one at a
time, and the nails carefully drawn after
the clinches are cut, one at a time; anything like tearing off the shoe by main
force should by all means be avoided.
( 167 )




168      ON HORSE SHOEING.
The shoe being removed, the rasp should
then be used on the edge of the foot where
the shoe has been, removing all dirt and
gravel which may have accumulated there,
and thus prevent injury to the shoeing
knife.
If the foot is healthy and of a natural.shape, and has been shod regularly, no
alteration is required, but simply to pare
out the sole of the foot, removing the
bors entirely, and opening out the heels
back. The surface of the frog should be
trimmed off a very little, but the sides
should never'be cut.
By reference to Plate No. 12 the exact
idea of the system of paring the foot may
be gained. It has been practiced successfully, and is recommended for the simple
reason that by the system of removing the
bors and opening out the heels, contraction is prevented, and the fi'og retains its
natural shape, because all pressure is removed from each side.
The foot should not be scooped out so
as to leave the wall projecting without any
support; for the wall of the hoof is the base




ON HORSE SHIOEING.        169
upon which the horse travels, and this
should be supported by a sufficiency of the
sole as a "ground surface." The shoes
should be removed and the feet prepared
one at a time.
In fitting a shoe to the foot, after it
has been thoroughly prepared, the farrier
should take hold of the foot and see that
the shoe is perfectly easy on the heels, and
that he has sufficient room all around in
the manner illustrated on Plate No. 11.
If the shoe is found to fit well everywhere,
lie will take the foot between his knees,
and placing the shoe properly, drive the
nails with great care, so that the shoe cannot get out of its proper place. When
the nails are started he should hammer
them home lightly, or according to the
foot he is working on. The three nails
on the inside and outside, toward the toe,
should always be driven a little tighter
than the heel nails,'so as to prevent pressure on the heels. No man should be in
a hurry in shoeing a horse, but should
always be careful in fitting and driving
the shoe as instructed.
8




170       ON HORSE SHOEING.
A shoe should never be fitted tightly,
unless the coffin-bone has too much play;
then it should be fitted tight around the
toe and each quarter, as far as the nailholes extend back, in order to contract
the foot, and bring the coffin-bone to its
proper place. Such cases are, however,
very rare.
The heels of the shoe should never be
allowed to curve inward toward the frog,
and the foot should be prepared so as to
prevent any pressure from the shoe on the
heel, in the manner shown by Plate No.
14, at the same time allowing the bearing
of the shoe to be perfectly equal.
If the horse has a long foot it should be
shortened on the toe as much as possiblethe more the better-for the hoof grows
out more quickly at the toe; and it is necessary, because in a case of this kind the
coffin-bone is necessarily out of its proper
position, anld the operation of shortening
the toe must be continued until it resumes
its natural shape; but a close operation,
and working the horse at the same time,
is not recommended, because the foot can




ON HORSE SHOEING.         171
be brought to its proper shape by cutting
gradually in time.
After the cutting has been performed, a.
shoe should be fitted so as to have the
pressure on each quarter, and with heels,
if the horse's heels are naturally low, in
order to prevent a sudden change.
A horse should be reshod at least once
a month.
PLATE No. 3-Paring out the Foot.By reference to this plate it will be seen
what a difference there exists between the
system recommended and practiced by
Mr. Dunbar, and the old style practiced
and recommended by all authorities on
the subject heretofore.
The bors should be cut away entirely, removiang the pressure from the frog, and
cutting out the heel. By this system of
paring the foot a ground surface will always be left, commencing at the heel and
expanding gradually, as illustrated by the
plates "A" to "C;" the sides of the frog
should never be cut, but the top should be
cut down sufficiently to allow it to be clear




172       ON HORSE SHOEING.
of the ground after the shoe is fitted. The
cleft of the frog should always be cleaned
out thoroughly every time the shoe is
renewed.
PLATES NOS. 4 AND 5-Long Feet before
and after Cutting.-A  horse with a long
foot, as will be easily seen, will suffer from
an undue pressure on the heels (see article
on Corns), causing corns, and in addition
to that, if the foot is not shortened in time,
it will cause the coffin-bone to lose its
proper shape, but this can be remedied by
shortening the toe every time the horse is
shod, thus keeping the foot in its proper
shape.
The common practice of fitting a shoe
tight on the heels, to prevent interfering, is
entirely wrong; an interfering horse does
not strike with his heel, but with the inner
side of the toe, not further back than the
heel-nails, both hind and forward. To prevent this, the shoe should be fitted wider on
the inner than on the outer heel. A horse
that interferes should be carefully examined by the farrier before shoeing, who




ON HORSE SHOEING.             173
No. 3.
a New style.  b Old style.
PARING THE FOOT.




174     ON HORSE SHOEING.
No. 4.
LONG FOOT-BEFORE TREATMENT.




ON HORSE SHOEING.             175
No. 5.
IY2 INCHES - REMOVED FROM THE TOE
LONG FOOT-AFTER TREATMENT.




176            ON HORSE SHOEING.
No. 10.
FIG. 1.                      FIG. 2.
a Upper pastern.            a Upper pastern.
b Lower pastern.             b Lower pastern.
c Navicular bone.           c Navicular bone.
d Coffin-bone.               d Coffin-bone, with the
horny laminve.
COFFIN-BONE.




ON HORSE SHOEING.         177
will notice particularly the shape of his
feet. If the animal stands inward and interferes, the outside quarter should be cut
down, and thus throw the foot level; and
if he stands outward and interferes, the
inside quarter should be cut down for the
same reason. After this a shoe should be
fitted with no nails on the inner quarter,
which should be thickest.
To prevent a horse travelling pigeontoed is simply to pare off the inner quarter
of the toe, and have the shoe fitted as
above.  By this operation the bearing
will be level. This will apply also to a
horse for light riding, and for a horse
travelling between the shafts; but for the
latter a good block heel on the outer, and
a small one on the inner quarter of the
shoe should be made; the toe also to be
made thick in proportion, to make the
bearing level.
PLATE No. 10 is a representation of a
perfectly healthy coffin-bone, with the upper and lower pastern and navicular bones
8*




178      ON HORSE SHOEING.
No. 11.
FITTING A SHOE TO REMOVE PRESSURE FROM
THE HEEL.




ON HORSE SHOEING.                     179
No. 12.
Contracted.
Natural.




180            ON HORSE SHOEING.
No. 13.
Old style paring out the foot.
New style.




ON HORSE SHOEING.      181
No. 14.
CONTRACTED F   AFTER TREAT
CONTRACTED FOOT AFTER TREATMrIENT.




182      ON HORSE SHOEING.
fiont, and reverse sides. The system recommended by the author is intended to
prevent any pressure whatever on the
wings of the coffin-bone. Anything that
prevents the perfectly firee action of the
coffin-bone will cause" navicular disease,"
and " ossified cartilages." After a foot is
pared, as recommended in this, so as to be
easily expanded, the wings of the coffinbone, which are the widest part, should
be protected by a wide shoe, and there
should be no pressure whatever on the
heels.
CORNS.
The pressure of the bor on one side of
the seat of the disease, and of the horny
substance of a contracted heel on the other
side, added to a tight shoe, causes inflammation, which, when it becomes chronic,
is styled a corn.
A corn may be detected by paring the
foot close. It is not necessary, as recommended by some authorities, to use a pair
of pincers, squeezing th6 hoof all around
to find the corn, thereby giving the horse




ON HORSE SHOEING.         183
unnecessary pain. They are to be found
only in the heel, and do not result fiom
bruises, but from pressure.
Treatrnent. —The shoe having been removed, the inside of the hoof should be
pared out thoroughly all around, and if a
long hoof it should be shortened. If the
corn is visible, the heel should be pared
down and the bors weakened, opening the
heel as far back as possible (see Plate No.
11), and fitting an open shoe, so as to throw
the pressure off the heel. The pressure
having been removed, the corn will disappear, or grow down in the quarter, in
which case the farrier should fit a bor shoe,
so as to throw the weight off the diseased
heel and partly on the frog, the elastic
surface of which will prevent severe pressure.
If a horse has a long foot, the pressure
is more on the corns, because his foot is
in front of him, and an over-proportion of
his weight comes on his heels. A horse
with a long foot is like a man with a thick




184      ON HORSE SHOEING.
No. 15.
EXPANDING THE FOOT AFTER IT HAS BEEN
PARED OUT.




ON HORSE SHOEING.      185
No. 16.
LATERAL QUARTER CRACIK BEFORE TREATI'ENT. CONTRACTED FOOT.




186     ON HORSE SHOEING.
No. 17.
QUARTER CRACK-LATERAL-UNDER TREAT1MENT,




ON HORSE SHOEING.      187
No. 18.
STRAIGHT QUARTER CRACK UNDER TREATMENT.




188       ON HORSE SHOEING.
sole to his boot and no heels, for he strikes
the ground first.
Every horse should have his feet well
under him, and not infront of him. This
fact should be taken into consideration
when fitting the open shoe.
Inflamnlation should be reduced by
placing a swab over the cornet, and using
a hot poultice of linseed meal for the foot.
The pressure having been removed from
a corn for a fortnight, it will be observed
to have a light color, representing the
color of a new corn, and if properly treated,
it will gradually disappear, and be displaced by a healthy growth of foot.
The horse should be allowed at least a
month in which to recover from his lameness; but it is not necessary to turn him
out to grass, and care should be taken that
his feet are closely attended to, having the
shoes renewed about once in a fortnight.
Contraction is the result of neglect, want
of natural moisture, and tight shoeing.
The result is lameness, if in one foot, and
if in both feet, the loss of their firee, natural use, causing short steps and stumbling




ON HORSE SHOEING.          189
If the inner quarter is contracted, it is the
cause, if not soon remedied, of quartercrack. The practice of fitting a shoe so
as to fit tighter on the inner than the outer
quarter, to prevent interfering, renders it
more liable to contraction.
The want of proper moisture causes the
horn to shrink, and prevents the foot from
expanding naturally. This should be remedied by soaking the feet, if feverish, in
warm, and if healthy, in cold water, twice
a day, an hour at each time. This moisture should be applied at least two hours
before the horse is used. This will render
the foot elastic, and prevent abuse from
travelling over rough roads.
By reference to accompanying plate, No.
12, the difference will be observed between
a natural and a contracted foot.  The
quarters growing toward each other in
the contracted, cause the coffin-bone to
lose its proper shape, and forcing the sensitive frog upwards from its proper place,
causes scratches and thrush.
Treatment of contraction, briefly speaking, is expainsion.  The foot should be




190      ON HORSE SHOEING.
No. 19.
QUARTER CRACK, AFTER TREATMENT.




ON HORSE SHOEING.      191
No. 20.
TOE CRACK, BEFORE TREATMENT.




192      ON HORSE SHOEING.
thoroughly prepared in the following manner: If the horse is lame, the farrier
should shorten the toe, lower the foot all
around, and open the heels back until the
blood is drawn. The sole of the foot
should be pared as closely as possible
on each side of the frog, in the manner
shown by the illustration on Plate No. 12,
" natural foot." The firog should be lowered, but the side should not be cut. A
groove should be made with a rasp just
under and parallel with the cornet on each
side (see Plate No. 14) deep enough to
draw blood, then with a ftile shoeing
knife, cut little notches down from the
cornet and across the groove at certain
equal distances, as shown by illustration
No. 14, the entire length of the groove.
These notches should also be deep enough
to draw blood. This will relieve the pressure caused by contraction from the cartilages on both sides, and allow them to
resume their proper shape.
Having the foot ready for a shoe, a hand
should be placed on each side of the foot,
pressing it outward ill the n-anner shown




ON HORSE SHOEING.         193
by Plate No. 15. The shoe must be very
carefully fitted, and must have eight nailholes, for the reason that it is the heel
nails that relieve a horse while in contraction.
The shoe should be fitted so as to project at least a quarter of an inch on each
side of the foot, so as to see the nail-holes
projecting on each side of the outer and
inner quarter. Having this accomplished,
the bearing should be equal; the nails
must be driven first toward the toe, then
toward the heel, driving them half way,
and using the utmost care and skill; the
higher the nails are driven the better.
The shoe being fitted so wide, there is no
fear of pricking.
The nails toward fhe heel should be
driven by alternate taps on each side, because the foot expands on each side on
account of being pared so thin on either
sideof the frog, the source of the expansion.
The heel nails should relieve the wings
of the coffin-bone, which suffer most while
in a state of contraction, and allow them
to come back to their proper position.
9




194      ON HORSE SHOEING.
Considerable soreness will result from
this mode of treatment, which can be
remedied by using thin poultices of linseed meal, applied as hot as possible, to
be renewed at least once every two days
for the period of two weeks. The foot
should also be thoroughly soaked in a
bucket of warm water for half an hour
at each renewal of the poultice; this will
remove all soreness, and prevent the foot
from shrinking when exposed to the
weather. The expansion treatment should
be continued gradually until the coffinbone resumes its natural shape; when this
is accomplished, the growing hoof will
naturally accommodate itself to the bone.
The severe treatment recommended is
necessary only in ar aggravated case causing lameness. It can be so modified by
cutting the hoof, and expanding the foot
gradually, as to allow the horse to be used
while under treatment, if he has not been
disabled.
QUARTER AND TOE-CRACKS.
Quarter-cracks are commonly found in
feet of saddle horses, and are caused by




ON HORSE SHOEING.          195
contraction and pressure, and are also the
result of a shoe being fittedl tightly on the
inner quarter, to prevent interfering, as
stated in remarks on " Contraction."
Most commonly found on the inner
quarter; it commences at the cornet, extending downward, and when it extends
through to the laminme causes lameness,
and is especially serious if the foot is contracted, as shown by Plate No. 16.
There are two kinds of quarter-cracks,
as shown by Plates Nos. 17 and 18-the
lateral and the straight, the latter being
the most serious, if the separation commences at the cornet.
Trealment.-If the foot is inclined to
contract, it should be prepared as for contraction; shorten the toe and expand the
foot, under the directions already given.
If lameness has resulted, a bor shoe should
be fitted, so as to remove all pressure from
half an inch on each side of the crack.
Then with a rasp cut a groove under and
parallel with the cornet, extending about
half an inch on each side of the crack;
with ashoeing knife cut some small notches




196          ON HORSE SHOEING.o
No. 21.
A  i               B
TOE CRACK, AFTER TREATMENT.
Explaining use of "Expansion Plate."




ON H1ORSE SHOEING.      197
TI0o. 22.
THRUSH —BEFORE TREATMENT.
iAT   TR EaT.AFTER TREATMENT.




198      ON HORSE SHOEING.
No. 23.
BEFORE TREATMENT —PUMICE FOOTo
AFTER TREATMENT.




ON HORSE SHOEING.         199
No. 24.
i!
ii
II0OFBOUND -UNDER TREATMENT.




200      ON HORSE SHOEING.
on each side of the groove, after which the
edges of the crack may be cut away. (See
Plates Nos. 17 and 18.) If the foot bleeds
freely so imuch the better. After this is
done a firing-iron should be applied so as
to cauterize the crack. This operation
having been perforn ed, the foot should be
dressed with tar every morning for about
three weeks. The pressure being removed,
the new growth will commence at the cornet, and extend downward, as shown in
Plate No. 19, until a permanent cure is
effected.
Toe-crack, more common to heavy and
draught horses, is caused by want of room;
the space inside the wall.of the foot not
being large enough to accommodate the
laminse, it causes inflammation, and breaks
out at the weakest point, which is the cornet, and extends downward to the toe,
causing the foot to assume the appearance
of a cloven foot. (See Plate No. 90.)
Trealment.-Shorten the toe as much as
p)ossible, and then pare the sole of the foot
until it will yield to the pressure of the
thumb. No pressure should be allowed




ON HORSE SHOEING.        201
within half an inch on each side of the
crack on the toe, for the reason thatthe pressure on the toe prevents the cornet from
uniting. Having prepared the sole of the
foot, a fine shoeing knife should be used
to remove the horn that is inclined to grow
inward on each side of the crack, after which
a groove under the cornet, extending on
each side of the crack, will be made, and
the notches on each side of the groove, as
already directed. A firing-iron should be
applied to cauterize the crack from the
cornet downward. Then the crack should
be cut away in the centre, so as to allow
the use of an "expansion plate," as shown
in Plate No. 21. This expansion plate can
be made of brass or steel. It is composed
of four pieces, as follows: A plate divided
in the centre into two equal parts, A and
B (see Plate No. 21), and a thread cut in
the centre. Each part is made so as to fit
dove-tailed into the crack, held in place
with a screw C, and a burr D, underneath,
to prevent the screw from pressing the
laminae of the foot. The screw, which
has considerable power as a lever, forces
9*




202      ON HORSE SHOEING.
the two plates apart, lifts up the wall of
the foot which is pressing each side of the
crack, and presses it outward. This being
done, an open shoe should be fitted, wider
than the foot, so as to expand it, which,
together with the notches cut in the groove
under the cornet, will cause a new and
strong growth from each side of the crack,
commencing at the cornet and extending
downward.
The length of time required to effect a
removal of the crack depends on the treatment and skill of the operator. If the
foot is expanded by the plate with skill,
and the nails in the shoe driven so as to
prevent the wall of the foot from closing
in on the crack, the plate may be removed
at once; otherwise it should remain stationary, which can be done by substituting
the small screw E, which will not prevent
the horse from being used. while under
treatment. The use of the expansion plate
is not necessary, unless the crack extends
the whole length of the hoof. The crack
extending front the cornet, partly down
the front of the foot, should be treated at




ON HORSE SHOEING.         208
once, removing pressure by shortening the
toe and expanding the foot, as already instructed; then, by means of the groove
and niotchles, promote a new growth at the
cornet.
THRUSH
Is a disease of the frog, most common to
a foot which is hoof-bound or contracted,
but all horses' feet are subject to it when
they are neglected. The frog, pressed on
each side by the bors of the foot, and from
the overgrowth of the hoof, becomes inflanedl, and the result is thrush.  (See
Plate No. 22.)
Treatment if the Hoof is Hoof-bound.The farrier, after removing the shoe, should
use his rasp, and lower the wall of the foot
all around from heel to heel; then, by the
free use of the knife, pare the foot to its
natural size. Also pare around the frog
until the sole of the foot yields to the pressure of the thumb, then open the heels
and remove the pegs that grow on each
side of the heels. All this should be done
before a knife is used on the frog. After




204        ON HORSE S'fHOEING.
No. 25.
AFTER TREATMENT.
No. 25.
OVERGROWTH OF HOOF AND NEGLECT.
Ground Surface before Treatment.




ON HORSE SHOEING.       205
No.'G.
/I
OVERGROWTH OF IIlOO —FRONT VIEW BEFORE
TREATMENT.




206      ON lHORSE SHOEING.
No. 27.
OVERGROWTH OF HOOF -FRONT VIEW AFTER
TREATMEN T.




ON HORSE SHOEING.        207
No. 28.
NAVICULA.
ENLARGEMENT OF METACARPAL BONE.




208       ON HORSE SHOEING.
all pressure is removed by this paring operation, the condition of the firog will show
how it was affected by pressure on each
side.
Next, by the use of the knife, cut a slice
off the top of the frog, and carefully clean
out the cleft, which suffers most on account
of the direct pressure of the bors on each
side of the frog. After this cleaning operation is performed, a warm poultice of
flaxseed meal should be applied two or
three times, according to the condition of
the foot. When the poultice is removed,
the foot should be washed out occasionally
with castile soap and warm water, after
which a little salt, ground into fine powder,
should be forced into the cleft, and kept
in by a mixture of tar and oakum as a
dressing, after which an open shoe should
be fitted so as to expand the foot gradually.
This treatment should be pursued until a
permanent cure is effected.
If the foot is in a state of contraction, it
should be expanded under the instructions
already given. By this expansion all pressure is removed, and a permanent cure is




ON HORSE SHIOEING.       209
easily effected by following the instructions
already given.
No liquid remedies, such as butter of
antimony, or chloride of zinc, should be
used, as they dry up the foot before the
inflammation is rem(ved.
By reference to Plate No. 22 a good
idea may be obtained of the manner of
paring out a hoof snfferillg from thrush.
PUMICE FOOT
(See Plate No. 23), should always be pared
out on each side of the frog until it yields
to the pressure of the thumb. This paring
should, however, be done immediately
around the fiog, leaving more than the
usual ground surface (see plate After Treatment). The toe should be shortened as
much as possible, and the heels cut out
back. If the horse is lame a bor shoe is
the best to protect the foot, with a leather
sole, and some tar as a moisture. This
shoe should be renewed at least once a
month, with a leather sole, until a cure is
effected.




210       ON HORSE SHOEING.
HOOF-BOUND.
(Plate No. 24.) A horse that is hoofbound is deprived of his free action, and
resembles a horse that is foundered.
Treatment.-The foot should be pared
out thoroughly, and on each side of the
frog, until it yields to the pressure of the
thumb. Open the heels and remove the
bors that press the frog on each side, and
cause the animal muclh pain.
The toe should be shortened, and if the
foot is inclined to contraction, the shoe
should be fitted wider than the foot, which
if done properly will expand the foot (see
article Contraction). The shoe should be
a good, heavy, open one, well eased off
at the heels. Having the foot prepared,
the operation should next be performed
around the cornet, as follows: If the cartilages are hard, as they are generally from
being pressed upwards, a groove should
be made with a rasp inimmediately under the
cornet, and extendinlg all the way across
from heel to heel, (leep enough to draw
blood. Next, with a fine kuife cut notches




ON HORSE SHOEING.        211
across the groove at equal distances the
whole length of the groove, and extending
from the cornet downward.
By this operation, illustrated on Plate No.
24, the pressure is removed from the cartilages. After this a poultice of linseed
meal should be applied around the cornet,
which loosens all pressure and starts a new
growth.
If the horse is lame from this disease
the close cutting operation should be performed and the poultice applied one week;
otherwise the operation need not be so severe.
PLATES NoS. 25, 26, 27 —llustrations of
Overgrowth of Hoof and Neglect before and
after Treatment. —The illustration, "Before Treatment," Plate No. 25, represents
the ground surface of a foot operated upon,
and "After Treatment" represents the
same foot after one pound of overgrowth
had been removed from one foot. Plates
Nos. 26 and 27 show the difference between
the foot before and after treatment, and
show the importance of being careful in observing a horse's foot so as to prevent lame



212       ON HORSE SHOEING.
hess, and the various diseases caused by
neglect.
PLATES NOS. 28 AND 29-Enlargement of
the Metacarpal Bone. — In a great many cases
because the enlargement interferes with
the free use of the flexor tendon pressing
it out of its proper place. A horse with a
contracted foot suffers from this pressure
when the shoe is fitted tight and brings
the heels inward. The metacarpal bones
extend from the back of the knee downward to the pastern joint, forming, as it
were, a brace on each side. They become
quite small as they extend downward, and
the enlargement is generally found on the
inside of the leg (see Plate No. 28).
The enlargement may be discovered by
running the hand downward from the
knee, the thumb on one side and the fore
finger on the other, until it is felt (see
Plate 29, " A "). If pressed and the horse
yields to the pressure, it is a sure sign that he
is affected, and he should be properly shod
at once as if for contraction, or the enlargement should be removed. To do this, the
horse should be in the following position:




ON HORSE SHOEING.                        213
No. 29.
b                    a
ENLARGEMENT OF THE METACARPAL BONE.
a Showing how to find the enlargement.
b Showing the manner in which the incision is made, and the
enlargement removed.




214       ON HORSE SHOEING.
First, with plenty of straw under him, to
prevent bruising; then he should be
thrown on his side and fastened down, so
as to allow the operator to make an incision with a fine pocket knife partly to the
front and near where the enlargement is.
This operation will not interfere with the
tendons, or veins that extend upward from
the foot. The incision having been made,
the finger may be inserted, as shown in
Plate No. 29, " B," so as to raise the enlargement and make it visible. Then, with
a pair of nippers, snap the end off with one
motion. The incision should be closed,
fastened together with a needle and silk
thread; then apply a linen bandage and
over this a woollen cloth, containing a
little moisture, to prevent fever. A little
sweet oil should be applied, to keep it
clean while healing. The operation is not
severe and is thoroughly' effective.
PLATES Nos. 30 AND 31 represent a foot
which has been deprived of the free use
of the back tendons, caused by a sudden
jar or misstep, causing a horse so affected
to travel on his toe, and can be remedied




ON HORSE SHOEING.        215
No. 30.
A FOOT THAT IS DEPRIVED OF THE FREE USE
OF THE BACK TENDONS.




'16                ON HORSE SHOEING.
No. 31.
NAVICULAB JOINT. IN HEALtHY.   li               OSSIFIED!dAMiCILC'R:OIT,
gu.N D1U ON;  YIDE(g~R~B~j~fiO~;t~jS~~ii~'~i  LOWER AStLER.lINT i,
COEEIl BONE.
Ossified growth of Upper and Lower Pastern Joint, also Navicu1 tr Joint and Coffin-bone, in a foot which has been deprived of the
free use of the back Tendons. See Plate No. 30.




ON HORSE SHOEING.                       217
No. 32.
A ~lll~~diQ#;;~II I   B
Interior surface.
No. 32.
Exterior surface.
TEHE SENSITIVE FROG.
10




218       ON HORSE SHOEING.
No. 3.3.
A                       M
H —SECTION OF THE PASTERN AND OTHER BONES,
LIGAMENTS, ETC.
~IGASIEFNTS~ ETC1.




ON HORSE SHOEING.         219
only by a system of expanding the foot under the directions already given for contraction.
After this a shoe should be fitted with
a toe and no heels, for by raising the toe
the bearing is thrown on the heels. If the
action is heavy on the toe, the shoe should
be provided with a steel toe calk. This
will prevent a horse from travelling on his
toe, and such a case, if taken in time, can
be remedied, if not permanently cured, by
simply fitting a shoe so as to throw the
bearing on the heels.
PLATES Nos. 30 AND 31 represent an aggravated case, which from neglect became
incurable.
PLATE No. 32 represents the exterior surface of the sensitive frog. The great principle of this system of paring the horse's
feet, is to remove all pressure from the
frog. It should be protected from all pressure, and such diseases as thrush and
scratches may be avoided.
PLATE No. 33 gives a sectional view of
all the bones and tendons of the horse's
foot. Every blacksmith and farrier should




220         ON HORSE SHOEING.
thoroughly understand this and the anatomy of the horse's foot, in order to be able
to know exactly how t6 treat any disease
which may be brought to their notice.
A-Shank-bone.
B-Upper and larger pastern-bone.
C-Sesamoid-bone.
D-Lower or smaller pastern-bone.
E —Navicular or shuttle-bone.
F-Coffin-bone, or bone of the foot.
G-Suspensory ligament inserted into the sesamoid-bone.
H-Continuation of the suspensory ligament inserted into the smaller pastern-bone.
I-Small inelastic ligament lying down the sesamold-bone to the larger pastern-bone.
K-A long ligament reaching from the pasternbone to the knee.
L-Extensor tendon inserted into both the pastern and the coffin-bone.
M-Tendon of the perforating flexor inserted
into the coffin-bone, after having passed
over the navicular-bone.
N-Seat of the navicular joint lameness.
O-Inner or sensible frog.
P-Cleft of the horny frog.
Q-A ligament uniting the navicular-bone to the
smaller pastern.
R-A ligament uniting the navicular-bone to the
coffin-bone.
S-Sensible sole between the coffin-bone and the
horny side.
T-Horny sole.
U-Crust or wall of the foot.
V-Sensible laminne to which the crust is attached.
W-Coronary ring of the crust.
X-The covering of the coronary ligament from
which the crust is secreted.
Z-Place of bleeding at the toe.