C L I M AT O LO G Y.-Z 0 0 LO G Y.19 CL I TM A T hn - T PVle last century. The open air has more than once in any marked degree of severity, and do not affect L MAi 1marked 100~ to 103~, while the blood is but 96~ shipping in the Delaware River or Bay. -- -- to 98~. Altogether, Pennsylvania has a climate highly ~BY~ LORI~ BLODG-ET,| Extremes of cold in winter have been observed as favored in many respects; usually dry, clear, elastic, By LORIN BLODGET, low as 25~ below zero in the colder districts, and at and invigorating. It is the best of the temperate AUTHOR OF "AMERICAN CIMATOLOGY," &c,&c. Philadelphia 70 below zero.* latitudes, and its very extremes are favorable to - On the whole, however, the climate is less extreme mental and physical activity. THE climate of Pennsylvania is remarkable for and severe in Pensylvallia than in many, and inthe great range it exhibits between the summer deed most other States. It is tempered on the heats of the central and the southern portions, and southeast by the sea, and on the northwest by the | the extreme cold of the uplands of the northern Great Lakes;-this last influence being very decided counties. The snmmer heats are more than tropical, in softening the cold of winter, reducing the quantity Z O L O G Y both on the Ohio River in the southwest, and on the of snow, and preventing destructive frosts. A singuSusquehanna and the Delaware in the southeast; larly fine and temperate climate characterizes tlhe —-- while on the highlands of the northeastern counties, shores of Lake Erie, and completely controls a belt BY EDWARD D COPE A M and in Elk, McKean, and other counties of the ele- some 15 or 20 miles in width; while farther inland, vated plateau in which the Allegheny River takes even to 50 or 100 miles from the Lake shore, this its rise, the winters are sometimes of almost arctic influence is still sensibly felt. The western slope of fTlHE animals of Pennsylvania are numerous in severity. These extremes are, however, the natural the Alleghenies is also very mild in climate, in con-| individuals and varied in type. The regions of associate of continental climates, or of countries on sequence of the falling off in elevation, and of the greatest fertility are of course those most prolific of the eastern side of the great continents, in temperate influence of the Ohio Valley as wrell as the Lakes. animal life, while the warmth of our summerclimate, latitudes. They belong in almost equal degree to all Beaver, Lawrence, Mercer, and Crawford Counties and abundance of water, furnish stimulus for its multhe States of tlhe Atlantic coast, from Virginia north- are included in this milder district. tiplication everywhere. There are distinct regions ward.On the isotllhermal map it will be seen how much of distribution of animals included Tithi its limits, Generally, the climate of Pennsylvania may be the high mass of the Alleghenies reduces the tem- which will be mentioned at the close of the essay. defined as somewhat warmer than the mean of tem- perature of the central counties, and deflects the iso- perate latitudes, in the same position relatively, or thermal lines to the south. Along the immediate | it hE on the eastern sides of the continents. The climate valley of the Susquehanna these lines curve very Commencing with the vertebrated animals, which of the State of New York fairly represents such sharply northward, and this valley is really warmer are the most conspicuous and the most useful to man, average, and that of Pennsylvania is sensibly milder than can be represented by the position of these lines. we find about 548 species which are indigenous to than that of New York. At Philadelphia, and in two The quantity of rain falling in the various sections the State. These may be exhibited in the following or three counties of the southeast, the winters are of the State is shown by the shaded chart, on which table, so as to specif their relationships: almost always mild, and the heat of summer comes the mean annual depth in inches is placed.MAMMALIA (Quadrupeds)..................... early, and is prolonged to a late period in autumn. The heaviest rain-fall is in the southeast, where Quadrumana (Man apes)............................... 1 Illliznconsoghmandtoaco er f1dtlni Calrnivora (Flesli-eaters)................ 1 Indian corn, sorghum, and tobacco here find their |the annual mean is 48 inches; and the greatest Cace (Whales)........................ 3 very best development; peaches and grapes are un- quantity in any one year is about 60 inches. This Ungulata (Hoofed animals)............................ 3 equlalled in abundance and in quality, and yet there represents the first range of hills back from the| ChiirtMlera (Bats)............'..........'........ g Inzsectivora (Moles)..........,............. is no loss of capacity on the other side, or for the Delaware River, on wThich mlore rain falls than on Rodentia (Rats, etc.).................................. 17 growth of grasses, orchard-fruits, and grains. The the plains of New Jersey and Delaware nearer the Marspalia (Opossums, etc.) 28 AvE s (Birds).............................,........ 8 same richness and profusion characterize the Ohio sea. West of the hills and in the Susquehanna Passeres Oscines (Perchers) f 123 Valley from Pittsburg south. This climate approaches Valley, the quantity of rain falling is much less,.only |l a matores Syndaety~li............................... very near to that fixing the northern limit of the fig, about 38 inches; though on the highlands of the l Scansores (Woodpeckers, etc.)......................... 12 the cotton-plant, and the cane-brake, on the south; northern counties it goes somewhat higher, reachling RPsttaores (Pawrots), et.............................. ~^ ~- j~~~~~R~itCtores (jjawks, etc.).................................. 2o and yet such extreme summer cold exists in McKean, 40 inches. West of the Alleghenies, in the whole P2ullastrce (Pigeons, etc.)............................... 2 Potter, Tioga, and other counties of the northern of the group of milder counties from the shore of Gallce (rHens).................................. 4? ~?..& -r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ralice (Waders),.......,,........................... 55 border, as to render Indian corn an uncertain crop Lake Erie to Washington and Greene Counties in Natatores (Swimmers).......................... 44 from frosts. The summer isothermal of 73~ would the south, the average is only about 86 inches. This REp'rILiA(Reeptiles)........................................ 41.? & J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p~~~2hidza (Snakres)...........,.........,.......,............. 23 represent a small district on tile Delaware and an- part of the State has really a dry climate, and it Lacertilia (Lizards)....................................... 3 other on the Susquelhanna, and the isothermal of 6-3~ has not only a less number of days of rain, but a Testudzilata (Tortoises)............................. 15 1v J?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~BATRACHIA (Frogs, etc.).................................... 30 vould represent a considerable district at the head- |smaller quantity falling in such rains as occur. | Anurna (Frogs)........................................ 11 waters of the Allegheny and the West Branch of The quantity of snow falling is taken into account Urodela (Salamanders).................................. 18 the Susquehanlna. At 75~ for the summer, cotton Iabove, and is considered to make an inch of water |PISCES (Fishes)........................................ 140 can De grown, and at 63~ corn is an uncertain crop; for 10 inches of snow. In the northern counties th e Chondrostei (Sturgeons)................................. 7 below it, it absolutely fails. fall of snow averages perhaps 60 inches each winter, Ha|lcomorphi.(Dog-fish)................... 6 The difference in elevation is the chief cause of and the sleighing is continuous for three months. Nematognathi (Catfish)............................... 10 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Plectospondyhl (Chubs, etc. )...........,................ 53 the low temperature on the northern plateaus: their But in the south and in all the river valleys, tleI Isosponcdyli (Herring, Salmon)....................... 9 average may be stated at 1,500 feet above the sea; snow melts quickly, and little sleighing is known. Haplom (Pike)................................. 10 in some cases large tracts reach nearly 2,000 feet, In our illustration of the rain-fall, the quantity of Enchelycephali (Eels)................................ 2 still beinrg generally level enough for cultivation, water fallling in the form of snow is alw]als inc luded X.HemZabrnch;6 (Sticklebacks)........................... 2 0 ~ l/. ~?<-~...~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Anacanthzmn (Cods)..................................... 2 and densely clothed with forests. The usquehanna | The sensible moisture of the atmosplhere is not l eterosomata (Flounders).............................. 3 Valley cuts deeply through the whole mass, and genlly as great in Pennsylv ania a s in many other |Scyp(elh hobranchu....................... 4 along the main stem and the principal branches it States. It is free from the fogs and excessive hu- l Dermopteri (Lampreys)..........................*...... 3 affords a mild climate and prolific soil far beyond midity, in cold seasons, of the New England coast; In glancing over the Mammnalia, it is to be observed the northern border, and into the State of New northeast storms are not so numerous, or so severe; that the orders of Eden2tata (Ant-eaters, Sloths, etc.) York. Its whole length might be a continuous vine- and the contrast of Philadlelphia with New York and bSiYrenia (Sea-Cows) are entirely wanting, while yard, more productive by far than the vineyards cithe, in this respect, is very striking. In midsum- the Quad2umenana and Marsuipialia are represented by bordering the Rhine or the Rhone, so favorable is mer, however, there are occasions of excessive rain, but one species each, namely, Man and the Opossum. both the soil and the climate. Even in New York i in which the circumstances are almost identical Of the hoofed animals, only the cloven-footed divithere are already great developments of its capacity with tropical climates: the heat being great, the air sion (Artiodactyla Rlmni.?antia) exist in a wild state, the for grape culture; and its whole line in Pennsylvania saturated with moisture, and profuse rains falling horses and hog-like types (Pe)^issodactyla and Artiois most prolifie in native vines, daily. These extremes are not, however, known | dactyla Omnivora), as well as the Mastodons (ProThe extremes of heat and cold for single observa- oftener than once in three or four years. ATiolenlt; boscidia), having all disappeared before the human tions are quite remarkable, also. There are districts local storms, with thunder, liglhtning, hail, &c., are period. in the highlands in which, in cool years, no month coiumon in every part of the State, but they are less The most conspicuous Manlmals of the State are: is free from frost; while along the Delaware, below I severe here than farther west. Tornadoes and hurri- |the panther ([elis concolor), the wild-cats (Lynzx CGanPhiladelphia, vegetation is sometimes untouched by canes, such as are known on tile Atlantic coast from adensis and Lynx myfurs), and the black bear ( Ursus frost as late as the middle of November. And again, the Gulf of Mexico to the coasts of New England, Americanus), amnong the CIarnwiora. All of these spethe striking observation of Dr. Franlilin, in 1774, are never experienced within the limits of the State cies are not uncommon in the mountainous portions. at Philadelphia, that the air and all inanimate objects { | Of the Ruminants, the bison (Bos Anmericanzs) has * Observed by MAIaj. Mordecal, at Frankford Arsenal, Feb., 1836. were warmeer than the hand, and indeed warmer fell to 6~ below zero at Pennsyi- een destroyed by human agency; andc the elk (Certhan the blood, has been several times repeated in vanila Hospital. JV.US Canadensis), the largest knownIl (of the true deer, 20 z o 6 LO GY. exists in very few individuals, if at all. The com- 4 of tree-toads. The Scapjhiopus is subterranean, ex- very long period. The Delaware has rarely furnished mon deer (Ca iaccus VirYi7niisj is abundant. ) cavating its burrows backward w;itl the slovel-bear- a specimen; and though the experiment of cultivaOf the Birds, the number of the group of singers ing hind-feet. It only comes to the surface, to breeld, tion in our waters is certainly worth trying, it would (Oscines) exceeds those of all others, though the after thunder-showers in April, and then in the even- probably only result in the production of a smaller really superior rmusicians among them number but ing, and is recognized by its loud, discordant notes. breed of limited numbers. Southern latitude always fifteen or twenty. The most numerously represented There are at least 140 species of firesh-water fishes produces this effect on northern forms of fishes. The division, the wood-warblers (Tanagride), are not fine in the waters of Pennsylvania, of which 80 species transplanting to the Susquehanna would most likely singers, which mostly belongt to the thrush and mock- are important as food. 81 species exist in the Dela- fail, while it is utterly useless to try it in the Alleing-bird family. The bobolink (Dolichonyx), of the ware and its tributaries, which are either now used gheny. The tributaries of the Ohio are entirely hang-nest division, may be trained to be almost equal as food, or will be at some future time. About tlhe without any resident species of trout, except in a to-the best. Thebirds of prey, especially the hawks, same number are found in the Susquehanna, while few of the highest mountain streams. The whiteare very numerous in species, while a single vulture there are 41 inhabiting the Allegheny and its fish (Coregonus) of the lakes are too valuable to be (the Turkey-Buzzard) is extremely common. branches. When we reflect that each female of neglected, and our Fish Commissioners should see The game species are but few, but among them these species spawns several thousands or hundreds that our State follows the example of Ohio in folbidthat noblest of them all, the wild turkey. Two spe- of thousands of eggs in a season, we can readily es- ding the destructive modes of fishing for them praccies of grouse and a partridge complete the list. As timate the great importance this crop might be to us tised in Lake Erie. Our smaller lakes in the north an inland State, Pennsylvania is not permanently in- as a source of cheap animal food, were it cultivated and west of the State probably harbor several small habited by more than a few species of wading birds, to the extent of the capacity of our streams. That but useful species of whitefish. and more than half of the above list consists of capacity in Pennsylvania is very great, for it depends The Salmonidoe furnish the species which are lost stragglers from the coast. Several species of herons chiefly on the supply of food for fishes furnished by useful to the pisciculturist. The brook-trout (SaLiO are common along the streams, of which Ardea he- nature. This is ultimately derived from a strong fontinalis) is selected as the most hardy, and its proprodias (the blue heron) is the largest, as well as most vegetation, either directly, or through the insects agation is already an important branch of industry. abundant, excepting, perhaps, the smaller BButorides which feed upon it, or the fishes thus nourished as We will, however, not speak of pisciculture. virescens (Fly-np-the-Creek). The grass-snipe, which food for the carnivorous species. Ultimately, then, Many of our most important fishes belong to the fills the evening with its wild whistle, represents its a productive soil is as much the condition of fish pro- perch family (Percidce). The finest fishes among these family in the rich meadows throughout the year; the duction as of any other, and thus our State possesses, are the pike-perch (Stizostedium). The S. Americaum woodcock remains in the thickets, while the true evidently, extensive advantages in this respect. or jack, sometimes called jack-salmon, or even salsnipe migrates to the north in spring. The swim- Some of these species migrate to salt water in mon, for flavor and general character of flesh, and ming-birds are represented chiefly by ducks. The autumn, and remain there during the winter; others for large size, is only exceeded in value by the shad, wood-duck (Aix spolsa) is known throughout the descend the creeks to the rivers, and the rivers to yet it is almost unknown to our markets, except as State during the year, but most of the species enter their deeper waters, and congregate in them during an imported article from the lakes. It exists in the the rivers and ponds on their southern migration. cold weather; others remain all winter in their usual Susquehanna, and ought to be so protected as to be The loons remain all winter. A few gulls fish in haunts, burying themnselves in mud, and undergoing very abundant there. It is common in the Allethe rivers and in Lake Erie. a kind of hibernation; whlile some -for example |gheny and tributaries, and is associated with another Among the Reptiles, Pennsylvania is notable for certain catfish - do not take even this precaution. fine species of smaller size, the. salmoneumn Raf. the number of species of tortoises found within its With a few exceptions, on the advent of spring and Both these fishes ought to be cultivated. The jack limits, exceeding in this the European list several the breaking up of the ice, they ascend to the upper reaches, occasionally, forty pounds, and, like the times. The snapping turtle (Chelydra. serpentina) is and clear waters, or to the gravelly bottoms, to de- trout, seeks the highest and coolest waters that -ill at home here, and the box tortoise (Cistludclo Clausa) is posit their spawn. The exceptions are the eels and float him. He possesses great activity and strengtl, extremely abundant. The Chelopits Muhlenbergii is the trout. The former descend the rivers in autumn, and is a ravenous destroyer of perch and other speconfined to the southeastern portion of the State and and deposit their eggs in salt water; the latter spawn cies. Were he not so superior in every way to all adjacent parts of New Jersey. Nearly all the spe- in the upper waters in late autumn, prior to their others, this habit might condemn him; as it is, te cies are valuable as food, and the Chelopus insculptis, riverward - or in the case of the salmon, seaward- regard it as one of tlhe best species we possess. In Ptichemys rugosa (red belly), and the snapper, are migration. Of course, no fishing is permitted by the South, it is eagerly bought, and forms the prinsold in large numbers in the Philadelphia market. law during the months of spawning and the period cipal table-fish for the various places of resort, O)f the 23 species of snakes, only three are venom- of migration. Where the fishes avoid dams and springs, etc., where it can be obtained. It is supous: these are, the copperhead (Ancistrodonz contor- other obstructions by fish-ways or canal locks, these plied with means of defence in its powerful teeth, trix) found everywhere where not exterminated; the should be especially guarded by thle Eish Commis- I with which it will inflict wounds. Yet this large nassassauga rattlesnake ( Crotalus teryeminus, var. Kirt- sioners' deputies or wardens, to prevent the wholesale species is almost unknown in many parts of our State, landii)\ confined to the extreme northwestern portions destruction that can be inflicted on them at such and, as a source of food, is comparatively insignifiofthe State; and the omnlon rattlesnake (Caudisona + times. cant. As its mode of life conmbines those of the horrida), which originally inhabited the whole coun- The most valuable food-fishes in the State are brook-trout and bass, there is no reason why some try. The first and last are most dangerous, the rat- members of the herring family (Clcpeidce). Two spe- enterprising person should not make it an object of tlesnake occasionally attaining a length of six feet; cies of little value occur in the Allegheny; but those culture on the Susquehanna or westward. Proper but they are both exterminated from the best settled of the Atlantic streams are important. The shad protection would also have as much effect in increasregions. The remaining twenty species, where not (Alosa tyranmcs) is well known to the inhabitants of ing its numbers as in the case of any other species too small, (five species might be so reckoned,) are our eastern cities as the best of table-fishes. It had w | xe have. very useful animals in destroying mice, moles, and been almost exterminated from the Susquehanna, but Tlhe brackish water lovers, the yellower perch and other vermin, and are preserved by intelligent legislation has restored it. In the Delaware, it i white and striped bass, are well known. They have farmers on this account. I have taken three meadow- | still abundant, but reduced, and furthler legislation is suffered great diminution of nlumbers from improper mice (Arvicolkf) front the stomach of one black snake neleded to protect it. The herring (Pomolobuts pseudo- spring fishing, and fishing through the ice at the (Basccmion constrictor), and have found a house-snake hate,grls), or properly, ale-wife, is immensely nu- mouths of streams in winter. Both these practices (Ophibolus triangulihs) with an Armvola in its mouth, merous, and is caught in the Delaware and Suscque- should be put a stop to, in accordance with the law. and two others held in two separate coils of the body, hanna. The fislheries at the mouth of the latter river The black bass ({icropterus fasciatus) is only native awaiting their turn to be swallowed. supply an extensive region, in our State in the tributaries of the Olhio. The Our State is very poorly supplied with lizards, but An anchovy (Engrsatfdis vittnatus) visits the Delaware public remembers its recent introduction into the those creatures which most resemble them, the sala- River and Bay in immense nulmtbers every spring, Delaware, and attendant discussions. The James manders, are perhaps more numerously represented and mnighlt furnish Calite as large a supply' of food as R|iver is the most northern of the eastern rivers by species than in any other country of equal area in { the European species of the same name. which contain species of the same group (the green tile world, excepting some of the Southern States. Of the salmon family, the brook-trout (Salonfoe. f bass), but the introduction of both that species and There are 18 species of this group (Bactrachia urodela), tin.alis) is our best-klnown species. This fish, if pro- |the present one into the Delaware can scarcely fail most of wlhich are small. Tlhe second in size in the perly protected, will always be important to the in- of success. It is a valuable acquisition, and though world, hlowever,,Protonropsis horrida,) the mud alliga- h|abitants of the mountainous portions of our State, caarnivorous, will not interfere materially with the tor or water-dog, occurs in the tributaries of the Alle- where other species are less abundant. It cannot fail spawn and fry of ale-wives (herring of our fishermen) gheny, and has been caught occasionally in those of to be valued, if allowed to increase sufficiently, by th at and shad, if the latter are protected against improper1 the Susquehanna. The NTecturlls maculatus is the only class of our people who in those rough countries ma fishing. It attains a weight of from eight to twr:elv representative of tle order ProteidCa. It reselnbles find beef and mutton more or less expensive, or other- pounds, and is a good table-fish. the Protonopsis, b ut has external gills for respiration wise beyond their reach. The sea salmon (S. salar) I The " white perch, " or " moon perch," of the All - in the water, thllus resembling the young of all other will perhaps never be an important feature of our g, hl~eny (Pomoxys heexacanthus), is not less valuable tlhail Bcatrazchia.z Thle Amira includes the froffs, toads, etc. fisheries. The Hudson is its southern limit of mi- the black and green bass. An occasional straggler There are 5 species of the forIler, 1 of the latter, and gration, and it has been extrem ely rare the re f or a I is taken in the Del aware, and it occulr s in the S nC ZO OL G Y.21 quehanna. It is an excellent table-fish, and ought to suffer more from the want of protection than these stems of the potato, and admit water, which causes be protected and cultivated. Its weight is from one fishes. They inhabit the upper waters of all our rot. The European grain weevil has come over to to five pounds; in form it is flat and round, like the streams, and are cut off in thousands by every mill- share the victories of his tribe. sunnfish. dam on the many smaller and larger creeks in the The Phytophagous beetles are no better. The The smaller sunfishes also have considerable mar- country. Their enormous productiveness (some de- Galeruca vittata has destroyed many elms by eating ket-value. The common species appears, as is known, posit at one time 500,000 eggs) does not make up for the leaves. Other species eat our cucumbers and in large numbers in winter oni our stalls. The " red- this in the case of ally particular stream from which cabbages. To keep down these marauders, many eye " is equally imlportant in Pittsburg markets (Amn- they may have been finally driven. The fish-ways, carnivorous species exist. Some species of lytta bloplites rupestris), and would, if protected, increase to which preserve the shad and ale-wives, will also pro- possess some value as blistering flies, and one of an almost incredible extent. In the same way, the tect these. them (L. vittata) eats up the potato tops. Some fifmud sunfish (A. pomotis, Baird), which grows to the teen species of fire-flies spangle the evening shades, size of the white bass in the sluggish tidewater| SECTION II-IN-IVERTEBRATES. but none of them are very large. streams of the Delaware, will become at some future The wasp family is largely represented; but the day a source of food to a considerable population. In Pennsylvania, as elsewhere, the articulated an- useful bee is not a native of the State or Continent. In fact, all these fishes could be easily rendered so imals exhibit a great preponderance in number of Numerous relatives of the wasps build nests of varied abundant in a few years as to sell for a cent a piece, species. These belong in great part to the insects construction, and defend them with formidable stings. instead of five and ten cents per pound. proper. The Crustacea being mostly marine, have The most numerous family of the EHymenoptera is There is much difference of opinion as to the but few representatives; the largest are the crawv- that of the Ichneumons, who check other insect life merits of the pike, and its fitness to receive State fishes (Astacus), which abound in every stream. The by laying eggs in the grubs. The galls (Gynipidce) protection. Two species occur in the Delaware little Branchiopods occur also in the streams. Some are scarcely less abundant; their sting-excrescences (Esox reticulatus and E. porosus), three in the Susque- species are parasitic on fishes. The Isopods are rep- deface almost every species of wild plant. hanna (the same wvith E. umbrosus), and three in the resented by the very abundant " wvood-lice," which Ants abound, and some are of large size. But few Allegheny (the two last and E. nobilior). Those of are of the very few land Crustacea. The Entomos- are injurious, though two species infest houses. The the latter river are scarcely worth considering, as traca have a hinged shell, shaped like that of a largest of the order, species of Stizus, are common. they are few in number. The E. reticulatus of the muscle; one large species appears in ruts and pools They have stings which inflict serious wounds. east is, on the other hand, an abundant fish, which in the roads, in Chester County, after rains, and dis- They burrow in the earth, where they lay up a store sells well, and is generally esteemed. For ourselves, appears in dry weather as mysteriously as it came. of Cicadce. They are called " tiger-hornets." we do not join the condemnation visited on the pike The Myriapods, or centipedes, abound. One long- The Diptera or flies abound in blood-sucking speby some, and have a liking for its flesh. If its in- legged, short-bodied species (Cermatia forceps) is corn- cies, from horse and ox-flies an inch long, to the crease call be restrained, instead of favored, in waters mon in outbuildings and cellars, and is very useful delicate mosquito and minute black m idge. Hemipwhich produce the best species, it will cease to inflict in destroying insects. The active species of the field tera furnishes the rattling Cicada (" locust" of the much injury by its voracious habits, for it naturally and wood are also carnivorous (Scolopocryptops, Litho- common people), the well-armed Reduius, and a host haunts still or grassy waters, where it devours fishes bius, et al.), and inflict sharp but harmless bites on of plain and gay plant-suckers. The bedbug, unforinferior to itself, as eels, and catfish, and frogs. On the finger which attacks them. The Spirobolus is tunately, occurs, but is an importation from Europe. the whole, we do not think the pike needs any pro- large and red-ringed, and exudes a pernicious fluid, The Lepidoptera embrace many species of much tection, as he has many natural advantages in the like nitromuriatic acid; and in the same way, the beauty, especially among the diurnal species; neverstruggle for life; but he should not be destroyed, ex- stout short Polydesmus discharges a substance with theless, our region cannot claim preeminence in cept for the table, the smell of prussic acid. these as much as in the numerous and large species Eels require no protection, as they pass round ob- Spiders, or Arachnida, are very abundant in species, of the Satrnia and Cossus types. The former make structions by land, and breed in the ocean. Their and many are of brilliant colors and singular forms, large cocoons of a coarse silk, which can be easily numbers have not diminished in our waters to the Though we have no tarantula, a common species cultivated, and will probably give rise to a silk insame extent as other species, and their capture and of the same genus (lygale) spreads over an area of d|ustry at a future day. The nocturnal species, or barrelilng has long been an important industry on two inches in diameter Withl the feet. Wood-ticks millers, etc., are legion, and their work is generally the Susquehanna. When our State is more densely (Ixodes) are also abundant. unfavorable to agriculture. Their eggs produce cutpopulated, they will be more constantly sought, and There are probably 25,000 species of insects in the worms, apple-worms, etc., and multitudes of leafwill require protection, as other fishes. The cat- State. All the orders are abundantly represented, borers, whose sinuous tracks can be seen in some fishes of our eastern streams, now subordinate, will but those which embrace the greatest number of spe- leaves of almost every native plant. then become very valuable also. In the Western cies are the Coleoptera, lIymenroptera, and the Lep|i- There are many species of Mollucscs in PennlsylvaStates, they are now among the first kinds il inn doptera; that is, the beetles, the wasps, bees, etc., and nia, which are of course either of fiesh water, or portaLnce, from the large size they attain. The spe- the butterflies. The Neueroptera (dragon-flies, etc.) terrestrial. The former are far more numerous in oies of the Qhio are mostly different from those of are carnivorous, and are friends of the farmer. Be- |the tributaries of the Ohio than elsewhere, and conthe East, and some of them (Efoplarelus olivaris) attain sides the numerous diurnal dragon-flies, the Chauli- sist mainly of pearl mussels (Unio and Anodonta). 160 pounds in weight. The most valued is the odus and Sialis, with leaf-like rings, and altogether The species and individuals are abundant, and of "blue cat" (Icthcehurus ccerulescens), and it is de- an ancient type, fly at night. So does the little beautiful color and lustre. They are employed in servedly so. It is sold everywhere, from Pittsburg j green Chrysopa, which has a vile smell of sulphuret- |making pearl buttons. The land or air-breathing to New Orleans and Knoxville, and might be natu- | ted hydrogen. species are, on the other hand, Gasteropods of the ralized eastward to advantage. | We have in Pennsylvania one termite (Termes hfa- Pulmonlate division. They chiefly abound in the limeThe fishes of the carp, sucker, and chub family mipes), which, though not so injurious as its congeners stone valleys of the Alleghenies and the coal regions, are not valued at present, though in Europe they of the tropics, creates havoc in gate-posts, doorsteps, on account of the abundance of materials for conform a very important part of the food of the inland dry floors, etc. structing their spiral shells. There are about 65 populations. We have already alluded to their The grasshoppers (Orthoptera) sometimes increase |species in the State, of wvlhich a considerable proporprospective importance here, and on that ground so as to be injurious to the farmers, but never to the tion would be termed snails. Some are moderately alone they should share in the protection afforded extent seen in Western America and Asia. The large, but a majority are small, many extremely so. to our more valued species. They form, in fact, the musical insects are all here. Tile katydid (Platy- Two species (Tebenrnophorus) are wvithout shell; both bulk of the piscine population of the United States, lphyllumn concav:um) makes the summer woods uproar- are common. and besides furnishing food for man and bird, form ious; in the fields hot with the blazing sun, other The Polyzoa, is a group of minute molluscs having the sustenance of the perch, bass, jack, pike, and species sing like thousands of small shuttles flying; a common house or domicil, which extends over other carnivorous species. The American carp (Ca- and the shrubberies are vocal at evening with the stones or other objects, branching after the nlanner rpiodes cs;yprinus), a 2. 5-pound fish, is eaten along the musical trill of several species of (Ecarnthus. | of corals. Several species occur in our streams and Susquehlanna; and the Ohio species (C. dorrnis, C. l The list of beetles is endless, atnd many of them | ponds; one of them (Pectinatella magnifica) is the cuteisanse inus, and C. velifer), of about the same size, remain unnoticed by naturalists. narlny mliscllievous largest in the world. It forms gelatinous masses are also sold in the market. The buffalo (Bubalichthrys pests belong here, which have made great havoc with round roots or sticks, and contains hundreds of intaurus) reaches 50 pounds weight, and is proportion- our trees and crops. Thus, of the long-horns, several divi duals. ately important, though by no means a fish of fine species of Saperda bore our fruit and hedge trees to The Radiate and C'ocltserate animals are marine. flavor. The Missouri sucker (Cycleptus nigricanzs) ap- death; the Cleytus has ruined our locust groves (2Ro- The Hydra of fresh water, however, belongs to the pears in the Pittslburg market, and is second in size, i lvieia pseeudcacaciai.); the Oncideres girdle our hickories. latter. It is in form urn-shaped, witlh slender arms reaching 15 pounds. The other species are numer- The CuLTrcu/lios sting the fruit to such an extent as to | and a stem-like base, attached to any support in ous; two come occasionally to Philadelphia market, rnin some crops entirely. Thus, plums can no longer the water. They are very simple in structure, and and others occur all over the State. Of the whole / be raised near Philadelplhia without extraordinary t lengthen their arms exceedingly in search of prey. group, nine species are valuable food-fishes, but I protection, and cherries suffer severely. Few apples They may be cut into small pieces, when each piece rather on account of quantity than quality. None do not contain worms. Species of Balricjms bore becomes a perfect Hydr~a. Tlhte lowest, of animals^ 22 E D I C AT I 0 N. are the Protozoa. They are unicellular, composed world for the Education of Women It was estab)of aggregated similar cells or of uniform gelatine.E D U C A T I O N.lished in Philadelphia in 1849. Into the second class enter the sponges. A fresh- o A company of German philanthropists, sustained water sponge (Spongi7la), whose substance is sup- BY J R SYPHER A M., by contribuions from religious societies ill Europe, ported by horny spicilles, occurs in sluggish water in established free schools in Pennsylvania early in the the Brandywine and other streams.IAUTHOR OF "AMERICAN POPULA" AND THE"YOUN eighteenth century. In 1756, these schools were AMERICAN SPEAKERS " ETC.... open and well sustained in Philadelphia, and in the SECTION III. —DISTRIBUTION. countes of Bucks, Montgomery, Chester, NorthWe will now take a brief view of the relations of TIHE " Common School " Act was passed by the ampton, Berks, Lancaster, York, and Cumberland. the Pennsylvania fauna to those of other regions of 1Legislature in 1834. Previous to the enactment The pupils were taught in the German language, and the Earth. of this law, more than 200 Acts had been passed in all who applied were admitted The Mennonists North America, of which Pennsylvania forms a reference to the subject of education. built a schoolhouse and opened schools in Germanpart, embraces the Nearctic fauna. This one is more Among the old records of the Dutch government town as early as the year 1708. nearly related in character to that of Europe and |on the Delaware is found an account of the labors In 1733, a colony of DuInkers settled at Ephrata, North Asia (Palcearctic) than to any other, though it of Evert Pieterson, who held the office of " School- in Lancaster County, where they immediately estab — possesses an admixture of South American (Neo- imaster, Comforter of the Sick, and Setter of Psalms." lished a school, and employed a master to teach the tropical) life. The most remote from it in character HIe arrived in the colony in April, 1657, and in primary branches and the classics in the German lanis the Azlstralian faluna, then the Palxcotropical (Indian), August of that year was teaching twenty-five pupils. guage. The Lutherans, who settled in Lancaster in:and the African is a little nearer. The Nearctic This is the first school on the west bank of the Dela- 1734, erected by the side of their church a log faruna is distinguished by its natural productions into ware of which a record has been- preserved. The schoolhouse, wherein their children were taught the the Eastern district (to the plains), the Middle (to the Swedes had schools at Upland and Tinicutn, and elementary sciences. Sierra Nevada), the Pacific (the western coast), and near where Wilmington now stands, in the earliest To the German settlements in Pennsylvania bethe Sonoran, which includes Arizona, Sonora, and years of their settlements at these places. longs the credit of having opened the first Sabbathpart of Lower California. The Eastern district is The original " Frame of Government," and the schools in America; also, of' having first used Suncharacterized, among other points, by the abundance " Great Law," enacted in the first year of the Pro- day-school tickets. of tortoises and poverty in lizards, as seen above; vince, under the authority of William Penn, pro- The Moravian schools at Bethlehem, Nazareth, by the presence of bony gars (Lepidosteus), pike ~vided that " schools should be established for the and Litiz, were, at an early day, favorably known (Esox), and Nematoynathi (Catfishes). In the broad education of the young." Acting upon this pro- throughout Pennsylvania and il the neighboring sense, the life of the district is characterized by the vision, a school was opened in Philadelphia il 1683, provinces. The Scotch and German settlers in Berks, presence of some ancient forms of life, which have b Enoch Flowers, at which each pupil was charged York, and Cumberland, opened a school by the side passed away in prior geologic epochs, though the a sma11 sum for tuition; in 1692, a school was kept of every church, and carefully provided for the eduNeotropical and Australian fauna possess a still Iat aby, and in 1698, the Quakers opened a public cation of their children. The Quaker communities larger proportion of such. Thus, the snapping-tor- school in Philadelphia, " where all the children and in Bucks, Chester, and Delaware Counties made toise and the Protonlopsis have fossil representatives servants, male and female," could attend,-the similar provision for their falilies. In the year in some strata of Europe, and the extinct relatives rich at reasonable rates, and the poor for nothing. 1788, Concord Monthly Meeting " supported three of the bony gar abound in still older rocks. Williamt Penn selected the motto for this school: schools, and an equal number had been established Another proportion of types may be considered " Good instruction is better than riches." within the limits of " Chester Mollthly Meeting,"Neotropical (South American) in character. Such are A classical school, called the " Log College," was one at Darby, one at laverfold, and one at Radnor, among M Xammarrlls, the opossum and the wood-mice establishled in Bucks County in 1726, and tlirteen - _ which, though opened for Friends' children, were, (lespelromys); among Birds, the Tyrcannidce (king- yearslater asimilarschoolwasopenedat NewLon- nevertheless, accessible to all; aid being the best bird, pewees, etc.), the humibirdirds ( Trochilis), don,in Chester County. The first school exclusively then in these neighborhoods, were well patronized and the tanagers (Pyranga); among Fishes, the Ne- for the education of girls was establisthed at Bethle by other denominations. The education of the chilmnatognathi may be mentioned. Of especial North hem, in 1749, by the Moravians. In 1785 this was dren of colored people also claimed a share of the American character may be enumerated the raccoon opened as a " boarding-school for young ladies." attention of these societies, and schools were opened (Procyon), the skunks (Mephitis), and the lesser deer A boarding-school for boys, called Nazareth Hall, for their benefit. The emigration westward carried Carmiacs); also the American porcupine (Erethzon). was openlled at nazareth in the latter year by the the work of education across the Alleg4lanies, and Among birds, the turkey and the wood-warblers same people. The Moravians established a seminary the establishment of schools, seminaries, and colleges (Dendrsceca) belong especially to the Nearctic fauna. for the education of young lallies at Litiz, in 1794, are found anmong tile first public efforts put forth" at Among reptiles, the rattlesnakes and copperheads, which, dluring full half a centtury, wlas one of th e Pittsburg, Meadville, Erie, Canolsburg, Washiington, the whole of the salamanders except two species, and |ost successful schools in the State. At the close and other places. especially the Protonopsis and Necturus, are especially of the eighteenth century, Poor's Academy for Girls Under the provision of the Constitution of 1790, North American. Of this character, among the was a" fashionable and popular institution in Phila- which declares that the Legislature " shall provide fishes, are the gar, dog-fish, pike, and Etheostominze delphia. by ]axv for the establishment of schools throughout perch, an extensive group of small fishes without Irn 1749 the germ of the University of Pennsyi- the State in such manner that the poor may be swvimr-bladders, found in all our streams. vania sprang up in the form of an academy and taught gratis," an Act was passed in 1802, improved Thlere are certain climlatal divisions of the fauna charitable school, supported by subscription. It was and re-enacted in 1804, which provided for the openof the Eastern district of North America, regulated chartered antd endowed in 1753, erected into a col- ing of schools wherein all the children in the Comby the elevation of the surface, the latitude, tern- ege in 1755, and became a university in 1779. monwealth might receive elementary instruction. perature, etc. These have been named the Floridan, This institution comprises three departments: thle Those who were able were required to pay; but the the Louisianian, the Carolinian, the Alleghanian, the academical, the collegiate, and the medical. The tuition for the children of the poor was paid by the CavnTadican, the IHudso7lican, etc.* Penllsylvania is tra- foundation of the medieal department, the oldest, county commissioners, whenever the returns of the versed by the Carolinian, the Alleghanian, aznd the and still one of the most celebra'tecl schools of medi- |assessors showed that the parents were unable to Canadian, and their boundaries separate the breed- cine in the United States, was laid by a course of incur the expense. ing-places of various species of birds, and range of lectures on anatomy, delivered by Dr. VWilliam Ship- A law was passed in 1809 which improved on that others, of mammals, etc. The lowlands along the pen to a class of ten students, in a private house in of 1804, but did not fully accomplish the object for southern part of the Delaware lEiver only enter the Philadelphia, during the winterof 1762. Chemistry i which it had been enacted. It was several times Carolinian, which does not expand inland till it |"as first taught in America in 1769, b~y Dr. Bcnja- anended, and, finally, in 1827, all the amendments reaches the State of Delawarc. The greater part of imin Rush, wllo was then a Professor in the Uni- wtsre repealed; yet still, in its operation it cale far the State is occupied by the Alleghanian fauna, versity. The Jefferson Medical College, established I short of the great results the fiends of education which extends into Ohio. Thle higher ridges of the in 1825, has also attained great eminence. Penn- aimed to attain. The people had labored earnestly, Alleghany Mountains are included in the Canadian, sylvania was not only the ftolremost in the cultivation during thirty years, to devise a system of publie as indicated by the breeding of the snow-bird, va- of mnedical science, but was also the first to receive schools that would fulfil the constitutional requireriols wNarblers, anld tlhe range of some land animals. the new system of cure practised by aI:hnllemnalln. menlt, by providing education for all the youth of This fauna extends along the mountains to Georgia.- The first institution in the world establlished to the Commonwealth; yet, in 1833, less than 24,000 Our State, then, presents a fine and prolific field teach'Homoeopathy was opened at Allentown, as an c cildlren attended school at 1puublic expense, and most to the student of Biological Science, and that the ["Academy of Medicine," in 1834, chiefly throughthe I of thlese were taught by very incompetent teachlers. opportunity has been improveid is evidenced by the influence of Dr. Constantine Iering. Tile Pennsyi1- I Thle schools were called " pauper schools," and wele number of her native naturalists. T vania HomCeopathic Collegfle wvas the pioneer of its[ despised by the rich and shunned by the poor; the.SeeJ. A. AlieBZoly p8class, and is now the oldest homceopathic college i11 children were classified as " pay" and'.pauper * See J. A. Allen, Pull. Mus. Comp. Zoology, II. p. 387.... t See Cope, American Naturalist, 1870, p. 392, where this is first America. To Pennsylvamia b1elongl also the honor / scholars; " thus, the law practically separated.the pointed out. of having foiundled the first Medical College in the i poor from the rich, and hence failed; for, in a:ret. ZOOiLOGICAL SKiETCH OF OHIO. B3Y E. D. COPE, A. M., SECRETARY OF ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA. rmHE animals of Ohio are numerous in individuals really superior musicians among them number but known species (Protonopsis hOnrida)! the " mud alliP and varied in type. The regions of greatest fifteen or twenty. The most nurmerotusly represented gator or water-dog," occurs.everywhere i( the State fertility are of course those most prolific of animal division, the wood-warblers, Ta)-nagridw, are not fine in the rivers, and is often an annoyance to fishlife, while the warmth of our summer climate, and singers; these mostly belong to the thrush and ermen. abundance of water, furnish stimulus for its multi- mocking-bird family. The bobollink, Dolidoinyx, of The Necetuus macultes is the only representative plication everywhere. There are distinct regions of the hang-nest division, may be trained to be almost of the order Proteida. It resembles the Protonopsis, distribution of animals included within its limits, equal to the best. The birds of prey, especially the but has external gills for respiration in the water,which will be mentioned at the close of the essay. hawks, are very numerous in specieos, while a single thus resermbling the young of all other Batradua. vulture (the Turkey-buzzard) is extremely conmmon. The Anura includes the frogs, toads, etc. Tbere are SECTION I.-VERTEBRATES. The game species are but few, but among them 5 species/of the former, 1 of the latter, and 4 of treeCommencing with the vertebrated animals, which the noblest of them all, the wild turkey. Two spe- toads. The ^ ^ ls subterraneana excavating are the most conspicuous, and the most useful to cies of grouse and a-partridge complete the list. As its burrows backward wi h the shove-bearing hid rr..n~we.tind LtbO.t'o,, * spr i n s *n Tlan inland State Ohio is not permanent y inhabited feet. It only comes to the surface to breed, after maz.,w~le St~tte. These maybe inabut53^ec esw^ ^^ the fo more than m species ofb more ithan a rds, and asthpundoer-showiers in April, and then in thoe evening, to thie State. These maybe, exI-iblted in the follow- ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^rcgie yisludsodn ing table, so as to specify their relationship:1, coast. Several species of herons are common along notes. sp)ecies. the streams, of which Ardea hzerodias (the blue, heron) There are at least 134 species of fresh-water fishes MAMMALIA (Qiiadrupeds)................................... 54 is the largest as well as most abundant, excepting in the wvaters of Ohio, of which 68 species are imQaaJrionanann~c (Aclan, Apes)...................~......... 1~ 6air^ a ^^^ 15 perhaps the smaller sButorides viresems (Fly-up-the- portant as food. The greater variety is found in the Ungulata (Hoofed animals)............................ 3 Creek). The grass-snipe (Actitucruis bartramius), which Ohio and its tributaries, but the most valuable kinds Insectivora (Mloles)...................................... 8 fills the evening with its wild whistle, represents its are nearly equally divided between these and the Rosuentia ( Oats sums.................................. 1Ifamily in the rich meadows throughout the year; waters of Lake Erie. AVES (Birds)......0^^^^^^ 263 the wood-cock remains in the thickets, while the true When we reflect that each female of these species Passeres { anatres \ (Perchers).............. { msnipemgrates to the north is spring. The swimll- spawns several thosands or hndreds of thosands Syndanctyli...!1111!0^^^^^...................... 5 ming-birds are represented chiefly by duclkcs. The of eggs in a season, we can readily estimate the great Scansores (Woodpeckers, etc.)......................... 12 wood-duck (Aix sponwsc) is known throughout the importance this crop might be to us as a source of Ps~ittaci (Parrots)..................................... II E^^i~tores (fln^^rs,'eta.).............. 25 State dluring the year, but mosit of thle species enter cheap anitalr food, were it cultivated to the extent Raploresr~c (Hawkos, etc.)................................. 25 tt u i lfo,w Pullastrce (Pigeons, etc.)................................ 2 the rivers and ponds en their souttehr Bigration. of the capacity of oiu streams. That capacity in G^ rall..^^^^ 45 The loons remcain all winter. A few gulls fish in the Ohio is very great, for it depends chiefly on the Natatores (Swimmers)............................ 37 Ohio river and in Lake Erie. supply of food for fishes furnished by nature. This REPTILIA (Reptiles)......................,...................... 39 Ophltdia (^Ta^7...;L\\.7.\..\...L^? 23 Amrong the Reptiles, Ohio is notable for the nurn- is ultimately derived from a strong vegetation, either Lacertitia (Lizards)....................................... 3 of species of tortoises found wvritlhin its limits, directly, or through the insects which feed upon it, Testud nalt a (Tortoises).................................. 1, BATRACHIA (Frogs, etc.)....................................... 31 exceeding in this the European list several- tincs. and thirough Jie fishes thus nourished as food for the Anura (Frogs)........................................... 11 The snapping-turtle ({hc~l//dra serpcentina) is at bome more carnivorous spcies. Ultimately, then, a proUrodlela~ (Salainandcers)............................ 19 utv o i: l-c h rdto f sbyiuPr~otdica'.^.!^^....................,.....,..............,.,..,I here, and thre box tortois'e {Ois80do d a), is ex- ductve so;I is as mic e i PISCES (Fises)................................. 134 treniely abundant. Nearly all the species are valu- tiori as of any other, and thus the State possesses Distecl~i (Perchy.,.^y.'.............i" ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~I~.~~~ ~ 30able as food; and the snapper is sold in the Cincin- evidently extensive ad Scyphobranchii (Scu8pin)........................... 3 nati market. Some of these species migrate; others descending Anacanlthini 2Cc)......,.......... 2 Ilecelslo~e1ies ~d tervr ot~erdee Hemibi-awhii (Stickleback, etc.)..................... 1Of the 23 species of snakes, only tbree are vcn- the creeks to the riverss Prcesoces (Mullet, etc.)................................... 1 omonu: these are, the coppeleadl (Amciodon c~- waLters, anrd congregate in -theo during cold weattew; Enc~efpeCkali \tortrix), fund everywhee if not extrminated; tothecrs remain all1 winter in their usual haunts, 3Ur'YIsosp'Ondyli (Salmon, Herring).........,................ 7 massassauga ralttlesnak~e (ro~tahis fiilergcmmus.u~, va'. ing themiselvesz in~ mud, and undlerg~oing a kind of Pm^Xtoso~Lll i!Kirt........andii^...... cofie totenrhr otoso hhibernation; while some -for exam~ple, certain catHalecom~orphi (Dog-f~ish)............................... 1State; and the commn~on rattlesnakle {Ccmd~isonla ho~- fish- d~o not take even this precaution. With a C7odos~tti (StugeonsV^^^^^^^^..^^......... 7rida), which originarlly inhabrited the wihole country. fwecpino h avn fsrn n h DERMOPTERI (Lamnpreys).................................. 2 1 The first andi last are mlost dangerous,- the rattle- break~ing-up of ice, they ascend to thre -upper and snakre occasionally attaining a lenlgth of six feiet; but clear waters, or to th-e gravelly bottoms, to deposit In glancing over the Mammalia, it is to be ob- they are both exterminatedl from the best settled their spaZwn. T~he exceptions are th~e eels and the served that thle orders of Edentata (Ant-eaters, Slothsf, regions. TIhe remainaing twecnty species, where not trout. The former descend the rivers in autumn, etc.), Cetacea (Whlales), and Sir~enia (Sea-cows), are en- too small (five species mnight be reckonedl), are very and deposit their eggs in salt wla~ter; the latter spawn1 tirely -wanting; wvhile the Quladrzlmanae and Ma~rSnpi- useful aniail~s in destroying mice, moles, alndl other in the upper waters in late autum~n prior to their aiaL are represented by bu~t one species each, namely, vermin, andC are preservred by intelligent farmlers on rviver-ward - or, in the case of the salmon, seat-wardl M~an and the Opossum. Of th~e hloofedl animals, only this account. I h~ave t~akcen three meadlow-mice -migration. Of course, no fishing is permitted by the cloven-f'ooted division {Ar~tiodalctyl~ ~lla Hummanti (Armicola) from the stom::achl of one black snake (~as- Ilaw diuring the months of sp~awning and the period exist in a w~~ildl state, the horses and hog-like types cardon con~strictor), andi have foundl a house-snakeg iof mig:ration. * Where the fishes avoid damzs and (Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla Omnwlor~a\ as well as (Oph7ib~ohis tlmriangidus) with an Arvicola in its mouth-, other obstructions by fishr-ways or canal-locks, these thle Mastodlons {Pr~oboscidia), having all disalppeared ansd two others held in two seplaratte coils of the body, should be especially guardedl by the Eish Commisb~efore the human period. awaiting their turn to b~e swrallowedl.sioners' deputies or wardens, to prevent the wholeThe most conspicuous Mammals of the State are: This State is very poor~ly sunpplied with lizardls; sale destruction that can be inflictedl on them at such th~e panther (Eelis concolor), the wild-cats (Lynx but those creatures wohich most resemble them, tle times. Canadensis and Lynx rufus), and the black boear salamandlers, are perhaps more nlumerously ~repre-Ma6~ny of our most important fishes belongs to the (Ursus Americanus), among the Oarnivora. All of sentedl by species than in anly other counltry of equnal Prch~l famnily (YPrcid~ce). The finest fishes among these species are not uncommon in the wild and rough-~ area in thle world, excepting some of the Southern these are the pike-perch ~S'tizostedmzm). The rSY Ameriportions. Of the R~uminants, the bison (Bos lm~er~i- States. There are 18 spec)iesR of thlis grou~p (Bactrlaclhit ca?2num, or jacki, sometimles called jack~-salmon, or acmzs) has been destroyed by humlan agrency; and urodela), mlost of which are small. Though r~eputed even sailmon, for flavor and general character of fl~esht, the elk (Cervus Canadlensis), the largest kinown of venomous,, no animal~ls are more harmless; they are and for large size, is not exceeded in value boy any true deer, exist in very few indlividuals, if at all. The especially usefull as aids in chckling: th~e enormous other fish, yet'it is aIlmost unknown to our manrkets, common deer (Cancllic~s Virg~ilaniami is abundant. increase of insects. The Ambly~7stomaa tigrinuml is one except as an importedl article froml the Lakies. It is Of the B3irds, the number of the group of singerso.f the mlost abundant; it is black, with lar~ge, irreg- common in the Ohio tributaries, and is associated {Oscinzes) exceeds those of all oth~ers, though the ulatr yellow spots, and r~eachecs 8 inches in length~l.withi another~ fine species of smlaller size, the R sal~~~..,,~~~~~~~~~~~~The J-. xiphmcics is still larger, and is nearly entir~ely moncum1, ERaf.Bt hs fse uh t ecli " This number is 26 less than I recently enumerated for Perm- ~, ^, 7 ^ T... ^. sylvatnia, which adids species from the coast, and hals three river yellow. ~Spelerpes rubr1a is of a burillianlt vermilion, Ivatedl. The jack reaches, occasionaiiy, forty pounds tauna?..and haunts coldl springs. The secondlc in size of the weight, and, like the trout, seeks the highest and 7' 25 12", 6 Z00"LOLO GY. coolest waters that will float him. He possesses great. but he should not be destroyed, except for the table. cies are parasitic on fishes. The ISopodS are repreactivity and strength, and is a ravenous destroyer of The Maskalonge is a still more valuable fish. It is sented by the very abundant " wood-lice," which are perch and other species. Were it not so superior the largest of the known species of pike, reaching of the very few land Crustacea. The Entomostraca in every way to all others, this habit rmight condemn sixty pounds. It is abundant in the Lak-es and St. have a hinged shell shaped like that of a muscle; it; as it is, we regard it as the best river-fish we ELawrence, and furnishes abundant occupation and one large species (Linnadella Kitei) appears in ruts possess. In the South it is eagerly bought, and food through its fishing, especially during the winter.,and pools in the roads in the souther1' part of the forms the principal table-fish for the various places It is then taken in holes cut through the ice. State after rains, and disappears in dry weather as of resort, springs, etc., where it can be obtained. It The cat-fishes furnish the most considerable itemn mysteriously as it came. is supplied with means of defence, in its powerful of food from the Ohio river. The most important The XyFriapods, or centipedes, abound. One longteeth, with which it will inflict wounds. Yet this species are the _chthcelurs cedulescens ("blue cat"), legged, short-bodied species (Certi frceps) is large species is almost unknown in many parts of Anrihtts olivaris (11 channel or mud-cat"), land A. common in outbuildings and cellars, and is very our State, and, as a source of food, is comparatively cupgreus (11 yellow cat"). The first is a dark-colored useful in destroying insects. The active species of insignificant. As its mode of life combines those fish, and grows to an extraordinary size, weighinga. the field and wood are also carnivorous (Scolopocrypof the brook-trout and the bass, there is no reason sometimes 150 pounds. The second is not mnuch tos, Litltobis, et al), andinhflict sharp bft harmless why some enterprising person should not make it smaller; while the last is the smallest. They are bites on the finger which attacks them. The Spiroan object of culture in the rivers of Ohio. Proper all good food, and are taken in great n-umbers in 1bohls is large and red-winged, and exudes a perniprotection would also have as much effect in in- the Ohio, and sold at Cincinnati, Louisville, etc. cious fluid, like nitro-nuriatic acid; and in the same creasing its numbers as in the case of any other spe- The 11 blue-cat " and allied species form the coin- w11ay, the stout, short Polyde(sms discharges a subcies we possess. monest article of food throughout the SoutLh an d stance with. the smell of prussic acid. The small perch allied to Etheostoma (Poecilichthys, West. Spiders, or Ar atehida, are very abundant in spe-.Percineh etc.) have no economic value, but are espe- Of the Salmon family, the brook-tront (Salnw fon- cies, and many are of bMilliant colors and singRlar cially noteworthy for the brilliant colors they display, tinalis) is a well-known species. This fish, if prop- forms. Though we have no tarantula, a common especially in Spring. The P. ceruleus is turquoise erly protected, will always be important to the in- species of the same genus (Mygle) spreads over a and vermilion; the P. maculatus, black, crimson- habitants of mountainous regions of the country, area of tw~o inches in diaieter with the feet. Woodspotted, etc. where other species are less abundant. In Ohio, ticks (Ixodes) are also abundant. In the Lakes, the yellow perch (Perca flavescens) however, it is confined to a few only of the largest There are probably 25,000 species of insects in and the striped or spotted bass (Labrax chrysops) are streams, - the Mississippi valley being almost with- the State. All the orders are abundantly repreinvaluable fishes, and deserve special legislation for out fishes of this fam-ily. The Lakes are, on thoesented, but those which embrace the greatest numtheir protection. In the same waters, the (Xicropq- other hand, supplied with several fine species. The ber of species are the Coleoptera, Hymenoptera^ and terus nigricans, Cope, Hzcro Cuv.), or green bass, lak e-trout (Trutta nanmyuCishz) occurs in Lake Erie, the Lepjido1pte)-a; that is, the beetles, the wasps, bees, reaches eight pounds andi over, and is a valuable and is one of the most valued of our food-fishes, etc. and the butterflies. The I ezioptera (dragonarticle of food and sale. giving occupation to numerous fishermen. flies, etc.) are carnivorous, and are friends of the These species are liable to suffer great diminution The white fishes (Coreygons) of the Lakes are tle f~arm-oer. Besides the naumerous diurnal dragon-fies, of numbers from imiproper spring fishing, and fish- most valuable food-fishes of Ohio. Their delicate the Chliauliodiis and Siolis with leaf-like wings, and ing through the ice at the mouths of streams in flesh and fine flavor are well 1known, and their num- aLltogether an ancient type, fly at night. So does the winter. Both these practices should be put a stop bers are so great as to support a fishery which sup- little green C/hr-ysopa, which has a vile smell of sulto, in accordance with the law. plies not only ho-me markets but those of the East phuretted hydrogen. The black bass Hicrooptents fasciatus) is native in and South. They are deep-water species, but rise to We have in Ohio one termite {em(es flvipes), all the streams of this State. It is a highly valuable deposit their eggs in the shallower waters in the -which, though not so injurious as its congeners of species, and, though carniTvorous, will not interfere autumn. C. albus is much the most valuable spe- the tropics, creates havoc in gate-posts, door-steps, materially with the spawn and fry of cultivated cies; C ch.itpeifo'rmis is the "Cherringg" of the fish- dry floors, etc. fishes, if the latter are protected against improper ermen. The grass-hoppers (Or2thopterl) sometimes increase fishing. It attains a weight of from five to ten pounds, The fishes of the carp, sucker, and chub fatmily so as to be injurious to the farmers, but never to and is not only a good table-fish, but a fine game- are not valued at present, though in Europe they the extent seen in Western America and Asia. The fish, displaying a strength and activity which excite form a very important part of the food of the inland musical insects are all here. The katydid (Platythe admiration of the sportsman. populations. We have already alluLided to their pro- plhyllhmn concavzon) makces the summer woods uproarThe 1" white perch," or 6'moon perch" of the spective importance here, and on that ground alone ious; in the fields hot with the blazing sun, other WestXPT omoxys'hexacanthis\, is not less valuable thzan tey should share in the protection aforded to ourlspecies sing like thousands of smavll shuttles lying; the bollack and green1 bass. It is an excellent table- mIore valued species. TIhey form2, in fac~t, the bulk and the shrubberies are vocal at evening with the fish, and ough~t to be protected andl cultivated. Its of the piscine population of the United States; and, musical thrill of several species of ^ECanthUS. weight is from one to five pounlds; in form it is flat besidies furnishing~ food for man, beast, and b3ird, ~The list of beetles is endless, and many of them and. round, like th~e sun-fish. form th~e sustenance of th-e perch, bass, jack, pikre, rem-ain unnoticed by naturalists. Many mischievous The smaller sun-fishes also have considerable mar- and othner carnivorous species. The Oh1io ca~rp (Calr-pIJests belong here, whnich have made great havoc ket-value. TChe common species (P. mdgaris or mza- piodles dijfYorm7is, CY. CZl~itCISaerimiZS, andi 0. velifer~) are of with ou~r trees andi crops. Thus~, of the long-hornls, culahis) appears, as is knowcn, in large numbsers in about the same size, anld also sold.in the market, several species of Saper~da bore our fruit- and hedlgewinter on our stalls. The " red eye " is equally im- The bu8Ffloj (JBzbal~chzthls tazirus) reaches 50 pounds trees to dleath~; th~e ClytuLs has ruined our locustportant in Cincinnati markets (Amblop3lites mupestris), in weight, and is proportionately important, thoughgroves (Sobmnia pseuda~cacial); the Oncideres girdle our and w~ould, if protected, increase to an almost in- by no means a1 fish of fine flavor. Th~e.Missouri hickories. The Clurcuios sting the fruit to such an credible extent. In fact, all th~ese fishes could be suckzer!{cyeptus elong~atus) appears in th~e Cincinnati extent as to ruin some crops entirely. Species of easily rendlered so ~abndant in a few years as to sell market, and is second in size, reaching 15 poiunds. Baridius bore stemls of th~e potato, and\ admit water, for a cent apiece, insteadc of five and tenl cents per Of the whole group, nine species are vahlable focod- which causes rot. The European grain-weevil has pound fishes, but rather on azccountl of quantlity than1 quality. come over to share the victories of his tribe. There is much difference of opinion as to t~e None suffer more fi~ro want of protection th~an th~ey. The Phytophagous beetles are no better. The m~erits of the pike, and its fitness to receive State Inhabiting the upper waters of all our streams, they Galemzca mcjtta~ta h-as destroyed many elms by eating protection. are cut off in thousands by every mill-dam on t~e the leaves. Oth~er species eat our cuc~umbers and Tw~o species occurr in the Ohio (JSsox pOr~OS1S anld mUany smllerlD anrd larger creeks in th~e country cabbages. Perhaps th~e most injurious of this tibie KI unmBrosiis), and thlree in the Liakes (Esox pcr~oszls, Their enormous produnctiveness (some deposit at one is th~e potato-bug~ (Dollyphoma trilinleata\.) of a pale K: ludus, and E. lnobliolw, or the Maskalonge). The time 500,000 eggs) does not makie up for this die- color, wdth black stripes on its short, arched back. first-named are small and of little value. struction in th~e case of anly particular stream from It is an immigrzant froml further west. To keep down The K Izndus of the Laskes is, on the other hand, wdich they may have been finally driven. The fish- these marauders, many carnivorous species exist. an abundant fish, wdiich sells well, and is generazlly ways which preserve th~e jack and bass, will also pro" Som~e species of L~yttal possess some value as blisteresteemed. For ourselves, we do not join the con- tect these. ing flies, and one of th~em (-L. mL~tt~taI) eats up the dlemna2tion visited on thle pike by some, and ra~ve apI Iotato tops". Som2e fifteen species of fire-fies spangle liking for its flesh. If its increase can be restrazined, SECTION IL.-INVERTEBRATES. the evening~ shadces, but none of them are very instead of favoredl, in waters which produce the best In Ohio, as elsewhere, th~e articulated animals ex- large. sp~c~ies, it will cease to inllict much injury by its hibit a great p~reponrderance in nlumber of sipecies. The wasp family is lalrgely represented; but the voracious habits, for it naturally haunts still and These belong, in great part, to thle insects proper. useful bee is not a native of thle State or continent. grassy waters, where it devours fishes inferior to The Cr~ustacea beinlg mostly mzarine, have but few 1'umerous relatives of the wasps build nests of varied itself, as eels, and catfish, and frogs. On the wdiole, rep~resentaztives; the largest are thze craw-fishes (Asia- construction, and dlef'end them with formidable wre do not thinki the pikie need-s any protection, as he czs), which abound in every stream. The little stings. The most numerous family of' thle Hymenlophas many natural adlvantages in the struggle for life; Branchiopods occur also in thre streams. Some spe- tera is that of th~e Ichneumons, who check other ZOOLOGY.27 insect life by laying eggs inl the grubs. The galls proportionwouldbetermedsnails. Solmearelomo der- poverty in lizards (Baird), as seen Eabove; by the (Cynpidce) are scarcely less abundant; their stingr ex- ately large, but a majority are small, anily- extremnely presence of bonlly gars ( lcplostccls), pike (Esox), and crescences deface almost every species of avild plant. so. Two species (Tebennophorus) are wTAitlhoult shelll; ematogltUi (catfishes). Ill the broal' sense, tile Ants abound, and some are of large size. But both are common. life of the district is characterizcd Iby the presence few are injurious, though two species infest houses. The Polyzoa is a group of minute nlolluscs having of some ancient forms of life, which have passed The largest insect of the order, species of Stiztts, are a common house or lorllicil, Aihicll extends over awlay in priorgeologic epoclls, thouglh the Neotropicommon. They have stings which inflict serious stones allnd otller objects, branchinog after tle mallnner cal and Australian fauta possess a still larger proporwounds. They burrow in the earth, where they of corals. Several species occulr in our streams anlld tionl of such. Thus the snapping tortoise and the lay up a store of Cicadoe. They are called " tiger- ponds; one of them (Pectinatllda qnqylqTfifcta) is thell PI'otolopsis have fossil representatives in some strata hornets." largest in the world. It forms gelatinous masses of Europe, and the extinct relatives of tile bony gar The Diptera, or flies, abound in blood-suckingspe- round roots and sticks, and contains hundreds of abould in still older rocks cies, from horse- and ox-flies an inch long, to the individuals. Another proportion of types aly be considered delicate mosquito and minute black midge. Heem ip- The Radiate and Ccelenterate animals are marine. N|eotrop) ical (South american) in chaacter. Such are, tera furnishes the rattling Cicada (" locust " of the The Hydra of fresh water, however, belongs to tlie along Mamlnals, the popossul anl the wood-mice common people), the well-armied Reduvius, and a latter. It is in form urn-shaped, with slender arms (J1es1s)er-onys); among Birds, the Tyrcanidce (king-bird, host of plain and gay plant-suckers. The bed-bug, and a stem-like base, attached to any support in the pewees, etc.); the humming-birds (Trochlus), and the unfortunately, occurs, but is an importation front mwater. They are very simple in structure, and tanagers (Pyranga); among Fishes, the Neyatoqnathi Europe. lengthen their arms exceedingly in search of prey. may be mentioned. Of especial North Alerican The Lepidoptera embrace many species of much They may be cut into small pieces, when each piece character may be enumerated the raccoon (Proyo), beauty, especially among the diurnal species; never- becomes a perfect lHydra. The lowest of animals tlhe sliunks (Mephitis), and the lesser deer (Cariacs); theless, our region cannot claim pre-eminence in are the Proto)zoa. They are unicellular, composed also the American porcupine (Erethlzon). Along these as much as in the numerous and large species of aggregated similar cells or of uniform gelatine. birds, the turkey and the wooc-warblers (Dendlceca) of the Satarnia and Cossus types. The former make Into the second class enter the sponges. A fresh- belong especially to the Nearctic faun(a. Among replarge cocoons of a coarse silk, which can be easily wNater sponge (Sponqflla), whose substance is sup- tiles, the rattlesnakes and copperheads, the whole of cultivated, and will probably give rise to a silk in- ported by horny spicules, occurs in sluggish streams. the salamanders except two species, the Protoopsis dustry at a future day. The nocturnal species, or and Neceitru8s are especially North American. Of millers, etc., are legion, and their work is generally SECTION III. - DISTRIBUTION. this character, among the fishes, are the gar, dogunfavorable to agriculture. Their eggs produce cut- fish, pike, and Etheostomine perch, an extensive group worms, apple-worms, etc., and multitudes of leaf- We will now talke a brief view of the relations of of small fishes without swim-bladders, found in all borers, whose sinuous tracks can be seen in some the Ohio fauna to those of other regions of the our streams. leaves of almost every native plant. earth. TThe fish fauna, compared with that of the area There are many species of Molluscs in Ohio, which North America, of which Ohio forms a part, em- east of the Alleghany Mountains, is especially char are of course either of fresh-water or terrestrial. The braces the NTearcetic fauna. This one is more nearly acterized by the scarcity of eels salmonr and pike former are far more numerous in the tributaries of related in character to that of Europe and North Asia |and by the presence or abundance of Polyodon the the Ohio than elsewhere, and consist mainly of (Palcearctic) tlhan to any other, though it possesses an E|theostomine and sun-perch. pearl mussels (Unio and Anodonta), wvich find, in this admixture of South Americaln (leotropical) life. The There are certain climataldivisionsofthe faun: region, their greatest development. The species alnd most remote fronm it in character is the Australian of thle eastern districtofNorthAmerica regulated individuals are abundant, and of beautiful color and fauia, then the Palx6otropical (Indian); the African by the elevation of the surface, the latitude temperalustre. They are used for malaking pearl buttons. is a little nlearer. The Nearctic facnaG is distinguished ture, etc. These have been namedthe Floridian the The land or air-breathing species are, on the other by its natural productions into the Eastern district Louisianzian, the CYaroliniaz, the Alleghaniaz, the Canahand, Gasteropods of the Puzlmonate division. They (to the plains), the middle (to the Sierra Nevada), tlhe dian, the Hlzdsonian2, etc. Ohio lies almost entirely chiefly abound in the limestone valleys and the coal Pacific (the western coast), and the Sonzoranz, which within the Carolinian, the only exception being a regions, on account of the abundance of materials incluedes Arizona, Sonora, and a part of Lower Cali- part of the extreme north-east of the State which is for constructing their spiral shells. There are about fornia. The Eastern district is characterized, among Alleghanian.'I0 species in the State, of which a considerable other points, by the abundance of tortoises and