160ZOOLO GY. FORMATION No, 23. (TERTIARY.).Species. The bobolink { Dolichonyx), of the hang-nest diVi2AvEs (Birds).................................................... 299 Sion m ay be trained to This series consists of nearly horizontal, but inter- Passeres 08cines (Perchers)...i..... 123 i,.,, /,...1 -11 -n ~s~s ^ ^^ ^ (i-eicheis).............-h rp r s of prey, especially the hawks, are very cepted, strata of'sands and sandy clays, usually gray- Cla e s l. r -,.,, 9 The birds f py./ n *i * i m i~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~yndaatyiz........._.......................................... o num erous in, species, wh l a sn le v tu e ( e ish or bluish in color. There are also numerous Scansores (Woodpeckers, etc.)......................... 12 beds varying in thickness from a few inches to ten (Hawks, etc.)............................... 25Turkey Buzzard) is extremely common Pullastrce (Pigeons, etc.)................................. 2 The game species are but fe-, but among them or fifteen feet, made up in a great measure of marine Gallince (Grouse, Hens)................................ 6 shells. n ors~l are also foP -! a g t dn *Gralie (Waders)........................ 59 that noblest of the.. all, the wild turkey. Two speshells. Corals are also found among them, and in Lamellfostres (Ducks, etc.)............................31 prtridge complete the list As a some localities in such abundance as to indicate that Longipennes (Gulls, etc.). 21 they are the remains of elevated coral reefs or To ti a^ ^ 3seaboard State, Maryland is permanently inagbited P odes (Divers)..._ 43. numerous species of wading- bir ds. Several islands. REPTILIA (Reptiles).......................43 The tertiary groups occupy all of the western 019/hii (Sn^akes) 24 species of herons are common along the streams, of Lacertilia (Lizards)....................................... 4 wIrerch Ardea he odias s i shore south of'the cretaceous, including St. Mary's, T:stu:dinata itwhich () Charles, and Calvert, and portions of Prince George's BATaCHIA (Frogs, etc.) 30 as well as the most abundant, excepting, perhaps, and Ane Aunde couties On he Ester ShoreolsT^ ^ 18 the smaller Butorides virescens (Icly-up-the-Creek). and Anne Arundel counties. On the Eastern Shore Urodela (Salarnanders)...................I h mle uoie they are believed to reach from a line a little north- Poteda..............PIS............................. 2 wThe grass-sipe, wtsich fills the evening with its wild west of Chester River, southward to a line running Chondroste............ 3 from near the head of the Little Choptank, and east- Ginglyniodi, (Gars)....................................... 3 throughout the whole year; the wood-cock remains ward to the Delaware line. They embrace a smalli (Ctfh....................... 1in the thickets, while t11e to portion of Kent and Dorchester, and all of Queen sospondyli (Herring' Salmon)......................... 13 North in spring. Haplomz (Pike).............. 17 Owing to the possession of coast-line, and the Anne's, Talbot, and Caroline.J ncheciyceephai iels). 3 They possess the highest agricultural interest, from Percesoces (Salt-water Mullet)................... 7 great inland bay of Chesapeake, the simming~-birds Synentognathi (Soft Gar, etc........................... 5are very numerous, especially the Lamellirotrl the fact that they contain the very extensive deposits ffemibrancelii (Sticklebacks)........................... 7 of " shell marl "which have so largely contributed to Lophobranhizi (ea-horse).............................geese, ducs, etc. They reain imAnacanthini (Cods........................................ 7mense numbers in the bays of the coast and of the increase the productive value of the land of the Plectognathi (File-fishes)............................... 12 middle counties of the Eastern Shore. Heterosomata (Flounders)............................. 7 Chesapeake Bay during part of their autumn migraedculatt................................................... 4tion so thw ard, or u til cold ather ovet e ~Scylh obran chii............ 15 FORMATION No. 24. (POST-TERTIARY.) Distegi (Pereb' Ihem' Iiere t1^ g)ners and caterers.. of Balti.ore SELAC II........................................... 1 and Phildelphia betake themselves in numbers, and This formation embraces WVorcester, Somerset X4uali (Sharks)................ 10 Tisai (Rforys).ation ebraces ocesteSom.with decoys, blinds, flat-boats, and all the mabhinery and the greater portion of Dorchester County, and DERMOPTEEI (Lampreys).................................... 2 of destruction, slaug:ter thousands of these birds consists of beds of loamy clays and sands, which it for the markets of their respective cities. is believed have not been elevated more than from In glancing over the Xammalia, it is to be ob- The red-head (Falix Americana) canvas-back (i^ ten to thirty or forty feet above the tide-level. The served that the orders of Edenztata (Ant-eaters, Sloths, vallisnerice), and blue-bill (F mamla), are most abunnumerous islands in the Chesapeake Bay are also etc.) and Sirenia -(Sea -Cows) are entirely wanting, dant. The Canada goose and brant cingle in great post-tertiarywhile the Quiadr-tonana and iM -arsup3ialia are repre- flocks, and a single species of swan {OYgmIS AmenAs it contains very few fossils, and perhaps none sented by but one species each; namely, Man and the camis) is not rare but is shy. that will serve certainly to characterize it, the name Opossum. Of the hoofed animals, only the cloven- The wood-duck (Aix sponsa} is known throughout is applied because of its position, being above the footed division (Artiodaetyla Rl'uninantida) exist in a the State during the year but most of the species tertiary, wild state, the horses and hog-like types (Perrisodac- enter -the riers and ponds on their southern miThe character of the soil, in connection with the tyla and Arlioda~cyla Ommvora), as well as the Masto- gration. The loons remai n all winter. Numeroua circumstances under which this region seems to have dons (Proboscidia), h:aving all disappeared before the gunlls fish in thfl r)i(_ rs in_ Cheyp1cak Bay. been formed, indicates that it consists of sediments human period. Among the reptiles, aryland is notable for the derived from the water while flowing over it from The most conspictuous Maminmals of the State are: number of species of tortoises -ound within its the various formations already noticed. We can the panther (_blelis concolor), the wild-cats (Lynx Can- limits exceeding in this the European list several detect in the soil and its subjacent beds matters that adensis and Lynx rzifus), and the black bear (Ursus times. The snapping-turtle (ChelI/dra serpentina) is must have come from points north and west of North Americanus), among the Carnivora. All of these at home here, and the box-tortoise (Cistudo clausa) is Mountain. Except in some very sandy districts, it species are not uncommon in the mountainous por- extremely abundant. The Ch-lopss M-zhlen+bergi is furnishes a mixed soil, whose fertility is readily main- tions. Of the Ruminants, the bison (~os Ami.er~ic~anus) confined to the north~-eastern portion of the State tained or im~proved. and the elk (C'ervzis Ccanadenisis], the largest know-n of and adjacent parts of New Jersey. Wearly all the the true deer, hav~e been destroyed by human agency. species are valuable as food, and the "terrapin," ~ —- ^.^^ ---— The common deer {Car1iacus Virginiamts)s is abundant. Mar~ laemnyz s palustr~is, Ptychemy~is m~glosa (red belly), Of aqjuatic carnivora, two species of the seal have and the snapper, are gold in large numbers in the 7 0 0 TOQY vbee seen on th coat an(^ m tl16 Chesapeatke Bay; Baltimore market. one of these, the hooded seal {Cystophorac cristata\, has Of the 23 species of snakes, only tw~o are v~enom— 4 — ioccurredt twice in the Chesapeake. Ious: th~ese are, the copperheadi (Azc-istrodon coniBy EDWARD D.' COPE, A.M~.WThales are common off thte coast. T'he right /tortrix\, found everywhere where not exterminated; __^__ —--— whale (Ralcen~a cisar~ctica, Cope,) is less so than for- /and the common rattlesnake (Catudison~a horrida), m~erly, but may~ increase again, as their pursu~it is now which originally inhabited the wdiole country. Both THEC animals of Maaryland are numerous in individ- less vigorous. E~inner whales are still more commvon; are dangerous, the rattlesnakte occasionally attaining uals and varied in type. The regions of greatest a large species (Sihbbolms lectir~ostris, Cope,) went a lengthr of six feet; but they are both exterminated fertility are of course th~ose most prolific of animal life, ashore aI feiw years ago near Berlin, and thle Sibi- fr~om the best-settled regions. The remain~ingrR twenty while the warmth of our summner climate, and abun- boldius tziberosuls (Cope), a smaller species of forty-five species, where not too small (five species might be so dance of wvater, funmish stimulus for its multiplica- feet in length, has been seen in the Chesapeatke. reckoned), are very useful animals in destroying tion everywhere. There are distinct regions of diis- Other large species are seen, while the smaller forms mice, mloles, and other vermin, and are preserved by tribution of animals included with~in its limits, which are more abundant. Blackz fsh {Globiocep2halus), intelligent farmers on th~is azccount. I have takten will be mentioned at thze close of the essay. killers (Or~ca), and3 gramp~us occur. The porpoises three meadow~t-mice (A?~mccola) from the stomach of {Delp~himizs, several species, and herring-hog, Phocoendj Ione black snak-e (Bascanzionr conzstrictor), and have SECTION I.- VERZTEBRATES. Iare common on the coast and in the Chesapeake found a house-snake (Ophlibolous triangu2lus} with an Commlencing with th~e vertebrated animals, which E' A wfhite whale (BFuja! is said to hae been Arm~cola in its mouth, and two others held in tw:o are the most conspicuous and the most uaseful to caghtin ihQ latter, and exhibited in Baltimore. separate coils of the body, awaiting their turn to be man, we find about 693 species which are indigenous Of the birds, the number of the group of singers swallowed. to the State. These maty b3e exhibited in the follow- {Oscines) exceeds those of all others, though the Our State is very poorly suppliedl with lizards; but ing table, so as to specify their relationships: really superior musicians among them? number bsut those creatures wrhich most resemble them, the Sal afiffceen or twenty. The most numerously represented manders, are perhaps more numierousl~y rc')'-w!itr; * k(d ~species, division, the wood-walrblers {Tanag~ridce), are not fine by species thzan in any other country of e~:uti m) a~y( ^^S~B rtm^^^ 1Gudues....,,,........ 65 singers, which mostly belong to the thrush and in the wo'(rld, exceptinlg somle of the Sou~ther.:; S:lok~'c Carnivora (Flesh-eaters)................................ 16ocking-bird family. The mockiing-bir~d finds a There are eighteen species of' this group {jatakcchiau UngulSla (oof acongenial home in the lower lands of the State, and............. 10 ongnia hoo deld)Isw most of which are small. l mot o svicl The second inecod i I~schir~opra (Batols),....................................... 9 maybe seen in both wild and cultivated grounds. size in the world, howrever (P-r~otonop!i)sis horrida\~) th-e RS ^E7Zil(as01^!'.)................... 17.ThLis9 with many othe^*> especiJ Southlern species, mu a?7jRlligarRtor1 or7 waTRterl-dog, occurs in ~the tributaries Marsupialia (Opossums, etc.).......................... 1fi6nd here the northern limit of their range in Mary- of the Youghiogh eny, and hia i ber,<'artght occasionland. ZOOLOGY.17 ally in those of the Susquebanna. The Anura Of the salmon family, the brook-trout (Saimo fon- less valuable than the black or green bass. An ocincludes the frogs, toads, etc. There are 5 species tUalis) is our best-known species. This fish, if prop- casional straggler is taken in the Delaware, and it of the former, 1 of the latter, and 4 of tree-toads. erly protected, will always be important to the occurs in the Susquehanna. It is an excellent tableThe SCapl3opis is subterranean, excavating its bur- inhabitants of the mountainous portions of our State,fish, and ought to be protected and cultivated. Its rows backward with the shovel-bearing hind-feet. It where other species are less abundant. It cannot weight is from one to five pounds; in form it is flat only comes to the surface to breed, after thunder- fail to be valued, if allowod to increase sufficiently, and round, like the sunfish. showers in April, and then in the evening, and is by that class of our people who, in those countries, The smaller sunrfishes also have considerable marrecognized by its loud, discordant notes. may find beef and mutton more or less expensive, or ket value. The common species (Pomotis vULgaiS) The coast furnishes an inexhaustible supply of otherwise beyond their reach. The sea salmon (S.appears, as is known, in large numbers in winter on edible fishes, and many forms interesting to the nat- salar) will perhaps never be an important feature of our stalls. The Lipomais apends x is equally abunuralist occur. Nowhere is the large "sheep's-head" our fisheries. The Hudson is its southern limit of dant, and would, if protected, increase to an almost more abundant and palatable (Archosargus probato- migration, and it has been extremely rare there for a incredible extent. In the same way, the mud sunce2phcalits), and the mackerel (Scomber sp.) are not infe- very long period. The Delaware has rarely furnished fish (ll AmnbloJldtes pomotis, Bfird), which grows to the rior in flavor. Sea-eels are much eaten, and various a specimen; and though the experiment of cultiva- size of the white bass in the sluggish streams of the species of Sicenidce ("Weak-fish, spots"), etc., make tion in our waters is certainly worth'trying, the tide-water region, will become at some future day a up the bulk of marketable fishes. The toad-fish transplanting to the Susquehanna would most likely source of food to a considerable population. Intact, (Batrachus), goose-fish (Lophius), with its huge fail. all these fishes could be easily rendered so abundant mouth, and the slender pipe-fishes and sea-horses The Salmonidue furnish the species which are most in a few years as to sell for a cent apiece, instead of (Lynynathus and Hfi1ppocampus), attract the visitor by useful to the pisciculturist. The brook-trout (Sablo. five and ten cents per pound. their strange appearance. The largest of the perch- fontinalis) is selected as the most hardy, and its prop-7 There is much difference of opinion as to the -erits like fishes is the drum (Pogoniasfaseiatus), which has agation is already an important branch of industry, of the pike, and its fitness to receive State protection. powerful grinding pharyngeal teeth, and is very de- We will, however, not speak of pisciculture. The Two species occur in the Potomac (Esox reticidtus structive to the oysters. tributaries of the Ohio are entirely without any resi- and J poY rosiis), and three in the Susquehanna, (the There are at least 140 species of fresh-water fishes dent species of trout, except in a few of its highest samne with E. wnbrosu1s.) FThose of the Youghiogheny in the waters of Maryland, of which 80 species are mountain streams. are scarcely worth considering, as they are few in important as food. 31 species exist in the Poto- Many of our most important fishes belong to the number.] The E. retiezuatus of the east is, on the mac and Susquehanna, while there are 41 inhabiting perch family (Percidce). The finest fishes anmong other hand, an abundant fish, which sells well and is the Youghiogheny and its branches. When we re- these are the pike-perch (XStizostedlizlmma). The &.Ameri- generally esteemed. For ourselves, we do not join flect that each female of these species spawns several aicmuann, or jack, sometimes called jack-salmon, or even in the condemlin-ation visited on the pike by some, thousands or hundreds of thousands of eggs in a salmlon, for flavor and general charracter of flesh, and and have a liking for its flesh. If its increase can season, we can readily estimate the great importance for large size, is only exceeded in value by the shad, be restrained, instead of favored, in waters which this crop might be to us as a source of cheap animal yet it is almost unknown to our markets, except as produce the best species, it will cease to infict much food, were it cultivated to the extent of the capacity an imported article from the lakes. It exists in the injury by its voracious habits, for it naturally haunts of our streams. That capacity in Maryland is very usqe~annaq, and ought to be so protected as to betstill or grassy waters, where it devours fishes iferior great, for it depends chiefly on the supply of food very abundant there. It is common in the ulle-tto itrself, as eels cno catfish i fogs. O, the wholae, for fishes furnished by nature. This is ultimately ghany and tributaries, and is associated with another we do not think the pike needs any protection, as derived from a strong vegetation, either directly or fine species of smaller size, the S. salonewunm Raf. he has many natural advantages in the strggle through the insects which feed upon it, or the fishes Both these fishes ought to be cultivated. The jack- for life; but he should not be destroyed except for thus nourished as food for the carnivorous species. reaches, occasionally, forty pounds, and, like the the table. Ultimately, then, a productive soil is as much the trout, seeks the bighest and coolest waters that will. Eels need no protection, as they pass around obcondciition of ish produ yction~i; as of~ aij- oth;er~, and ln^c M T HoH- pq ectivityv and strolgth s rtiu-ctions b)y land, and breed in the ocean. Their thus our State possesses, evidently, extensive ad- and is a ravenous destroyer of perch and other spe- nurmbers lichave not dinlinished in our waters to the vantages in this respect. cies. -ere be not so superior in every way to all same extent as other species, and their capture asnd Some of these species migrate to salt water in others, this habit might condemn him; as it is, we barreling has long been an important industry on autumn, and remain there during the winter; others regard it as one of the best species we possess. In the Susquehanna. When our State is more densely descend the creeks to the rivers, and the rivers to the South, it is eagerly bought, and forms the prin- populated they will be more constantly sought, and their deeper whaters, and congregate in them in cold cipal table-fish for the various places of resort, will require protection, as otherishes. The catfies weather; others remain all winter in their usual springs, etc., where it can be obtained. It is sup- of our eastern streams, now subordinate, will then haunts, burying themselves in mud, and und'ergoing plied with means of defence in its p)owe'rful teeth, become very v-aluable also. a kind of hibernation: while some-for example, with which it will inflict wounds. Yet th~is large The fishes of thle cazrp, sucker, and chub fa~mily; certain catfish-do not take even this precaution, species is almlost unknown in many parts of our ~are not valued at present, though in Europe they With a few excep~tions, on the advent of spring and State, and as a source of food is comparatively insijg- form a2 very important patrt of the food of the inland the breakting up of the ice, they ascend to t-he upper nificant. As its modie of life combine those of the population. WTIe have atlready alluded to their p~rosand clear waters; or to the gravelly bottoms, to de- brook-trout and bass, there is no reasion why some pective importance here, a~nd on that ground alone posit their spawn. The exceptions are the eels and enterprising person should not makte it an ob~ject of they should share in the protection aff'ordted to our trout. The former descend the rivers in autunmn, culture on the Susquehalnnat or westward. Proper more valu~ed species. They- form, in fact, thle bulk and deposit their eggs in salt water; the latter spawn protection would a~lso h:ave as much eff'ect in inecras- of thze piscine population of the "United States, andc in the upper waters in late autumn, prior to their ig its numbersf as in the ca~se of any other species besides furnishing food for man and bird, for~m the riverwardi migration. Of course, no fishling is per- / e have. Isustenance of the perch1, bass, jack, pike, and other mitted by lawY during the months of sp~awning and ~ h rcihwtrlvrteylo ec n crioosseis h mrcncr ^apoe the period of migration. WThere the ftishes avoid wsvhite and striped bass, aire well k-nown. They have cyprimius)s a 2-5-pounld fish, is eaten along the Chesadamsandothr ostrutios b fih-w~ys r cnal suffered great diminution of numibers fr~om imnproper peake. The other species are num~erousi; two come locks, these should be especially guardced by the spring fishing,'and fishing th~rougrh the ice at the occasionally to the Baltimore market, andC others Fcish Commissioners7 dleputies or ~wardlens, to prevent mouths of streams in winter. Bothr these practices occur all over the State. Of the whole group, nine the wholesale destruction that can be inficted on should be put a stop to, in accordance with the species are valualble as food-fishes, but r~ather on themu at such -times. ilaw. account of qnuatity than quality. None suffer more The most valuable food-fishes in the Strife are The black bass (M~crTop~teriu~s fasciatzis) is only native /from thle want of protection than these fishes. Th~ey members of the herring famlily (Chip~eidce~). The shad of our State in the tributaries of the Yloughiogh-eny. inhabit the up~per w-aters8 of all our streams, and are (Alosae tyranmils) is w~ell kanown to the inh~abitants of The public scarcely rememboers its introduction into cut off' in thousandls bIy every mill-dam on the manyS our eastern cities as thle best of table-fishes. It had te Potomac. The Jamnes River is the most north- smaller and larger crceeks in the country. T'heir been almost exterminated from the Susqyuehanna, but ern ~f the eastern rivers which contains species of (enormous prodluctiveness (somue deposit; at one time legislation has restored it. In th-e Potomae it is still Itne same group (the green bass), but the introduncti~on 500,000 eggs) does not maLke up for this in thre case abu~ndant, but reduced, and further legislat~ion is of both that species and the present into the Poto- of any; particular stream from which they maly have n coed;-C^^t it. The hlerring (Pom~olobus posezdo- mac has been a success. It is a valuable acquisition, been finally dlrivien. Th-e fish-wanys, wh]:ich preserve ^arm.^},oiyn~ory, ae-wfe, s imensly nmer anc^, th~ough? carnivorous, wrill not interfere mate- the shadl andc ale-wives, wrill also pr~otect these. oill, auJ~ _ -. "*^**' in the Potomace and Susqlueh~anna. rially w-ith the spazwn and fry of the ale-wvives (hlerThe fisheries at thle miouthl of th~e latter r~iver suplyll v ring of our fishermen) aind sh~ad, if the latter are SEC'TIO1 IL.- INV-ERTEBRA:U1TES. an extensive region. An anchovy [Engml~-Eltlrads) mtat protect-ed against impyro~per fishing. It attains a In Marylandl, as elsewherec, th~e articulalted animanls visits Chesanpeake BayS in immense numbers every; weight of from eight to twelve poundts, andl is a exshibit a gr~eat prep~onderance in number of species. spring,,, and m~ig2ht furn~ish quite as large a2 supply of groodl talle-fisih. The? u6 whitC, perch,?? or a( mon These belong in a2 greant parlt to insects proper. The food as the K~nj~opi; a1 Species of the same name. iperch,'7 of th~e Poutomlac (Poinocxys hexacan2thuls), is not Cruzstacea being mlostly mnarinle, have many represen-. 18 ZOOLOGY. tatives; two of the crabs of tlhe coast are sold in The wasp family is largely represented; but the are the Protozoa. They areunicellular, composed of great numbers in the Baltimore market; the largest of bee is not a native of the State or Continent. Nu- aggregated similar cells or of uniform gelatine. Into these is the.Lupa diacantha, Say. Lobsters (Honzarus merous relatives of the wasps build nests of varied the second class enter the sponges. A fresh-water Americanus) are an extensive article of consumption. construction, and defend them with formidable sponge (Spongilla), whose substance is supported by No species is more abundant thanl thlie singular king- stings. The most numerous family of the Hymenop- horny spicules, occurs in sluggish waters in the crab (Limuls polyphemus), wh ose relationships appear tera is that of the Ichneumons, which check other illn- Brandywine and other streams. to be with the old forms of the coal and earlier peri- sect life by laying eggs ill the grubs. The galls ods of time. l (Oynipidce) are scarcely less abundant; their sting- SECTION III.-DISTRIBUTION. The largest from fresh waters are the crawfishes excrescences deface almost every species of wild We will now take a brief view of the relations of (Astacus), which abound in every stream. The little plant. the Maryland fauna to those of other regions of the Branchiopods occur also in the streams. Some spe- Ants abound, and some are of large size. But earth. cies are parasitic on fishes. The Isopods are repre- few are injurious, though two species infest houses. North America, of which Maryland forms a part, sented by the very abundant " wood-lice," which are The largest of the order, species of Stizus, are com- embraces the Nearctic fauna. This one is more of the very few land'Crustacea. The Entomostraca mon. They have stings which inflict serious wounds. nearly related in character to that of Europe and have a hinged shell, shaped like that of a muscle; They burrow in the earth, where they lay up a store North Asia (Palcearctic) than any other, though it there are many minute species. of Cicadx. They are called "tiger hornets." possesses an admixture of South American (NeotropThe Xyriapods, or centipedes, abound. One long- The Diptera, or flies, abound in blood-sucking spe- ical) life. The most remote frolm it in character is legged, short-bodied species (Cermatia forceps), is cies, from horse- and ox-flies an inch long, to the the Austraalian fauna, then the Palceotropical (Indian), common in out-buildings and cellars, and is very delicate mosquito and minute black midge. Hemip- and the African is a little nearer. The Nerclctic useful in destroying insects. The active species of tera furnishes the rattling Cicada (" locust" of the fauna is distinguished byits naturalproductions into the field and wood are also carnivorous (Scolopocryp- common people), the well-armed Redtvhs, and a Lthe -Eastern district (to the plains), the Middle (to the tops, Lithobins, et al.), and inflict sharp but harmless host of plain and gay plant-suckers. The bed-bug, Sierra Nevada), the Paciic (the western coast), and bites on the finger which attacks them. The Spiro- unfortunately, occurs, but is an importation from the Sonoran, which includes Arizona, Sonora, and bolus is large and red-ringed, and exudes a pernicious Europe. part of Lower California. The Eastern district is fluid, like nitro-muriatic acid; and in the saame w ay, The Lepidoptera embrace many species of much characterized, among other points, by he abundanlce the stout, short Polyclesmus discharges a substance beauty, especially among the diurnal species; never- of tortoises and povertyin lizardsasseenaboe; by with the smell of prussic acid. theless, our region cannot claim preeminence in these the presence of bony gars (Lepidosteus), pike (Esox), Spiders, or Arachnida, are very abundant in spe- as much as in the numerous and large species of the and Nematogn.athi (catfishes). In the broadsense, the cies, and mnany are of brilliant colors and singular Saturnia and Cossus types. The former make large life of the district is characterized by the presence forms. Though we have no tarantula, a common cocoons of coarse silk, which can be easily cultivated, of some ancient forms of life, which have passed species of the same genus (lygale) spreads over an and will probably give rise to a silk industry at a away in prior geologic epochs, tllough the Neotrpparea of two inches in diameter with the feet. Wood- future day. The nocturnal species, or millers, etc., ical and Australian fauna possess a still larger portion ticks (Ixodes) are also abundant. are legion, and their work is generally unfavorable of such. Thus, the snapping-tortoise and the PfotoThere are probably 25,000 species of insects in the to agriculture. Their eggs produce cut-worms, nopsis have fossil representatives in some strata of State. All the orders are abundantly represented, apple-worms, etc., and multitudes of leaf-borers, Europe, and the extinct relatives of the bony gar but those which embrace the greatest number of spe- whose sinuous tracks can be seen in some leaves of abound in still older rocks. cies are the Coleoptera, Iynmenooptera, and the Lepi- |almost every native plant. jAler proportion oftypesmaybe considered dloptera; that is, the beetles, the wasps, bees, etc., There are many species of Molluscs in Maryland, Neo,1im-altti i'd:ler.ita) in ehll acter. Such are and the butterflies. The leulrojstera (dragon-flies, which are of course either marine, fresh-water, or am a}ll i (,i; atye v..:.;; an! the wooa-1p' ^ etc.) are carnivorous, and are friends of tile farmer. terrestrial. Tile first abound on the coast; the two (HIesperons), Anmong:-:'Cl the'/y,8'i, "'^/ (!a ni Besides the numerous cdiurnal dragon-flies, the Claulli- species of Busycon may be noted as the most striking. bird, pewees, etc.), the huimmiing-irdl s ^/ r-, i/ odlus and Sialis, with leaf-like wings, and altogether In the bays, as the Sinepuxent, etc., and in the and the tanagers (Pyria(ga); among the Eishes, the an ancient type, fly at night. So does the little estuary of the Chesapeake, the oyster (Ostrea Virgin- Nenzatognathi may be mentioned. Of especial North green Clogysopa, which has a vile smell of sulphuret- ica) aboundls, which furnishes the basis of such exten- American chlaracter may be enumerated the raccoon ted hydrogen. sive industries in Baltimore and other places. The (Procyon), the skunks (Mephitis), and the lesser deer We have in Maryland one termite (Termes flavipes), former are far more numerous in the tributaries of (Cariacus); also theAmericanporcupine (Erethizon). which, though not so injurious as its congeners of the Youghiogheny than elsewhere, and consist mainly Among birds, tle turkey and the wood-warblers the tropics, creates havoc in gate-posts, door-steps, of pearl muscles (Unio and Anodonta). Thle species (Dendrcecca) belong especially to the i\earctic fazllCna. dry floors, etc. | and individuals are abundant, and of beautiful color Among reptiles, the rattlesnakes and copperheacls, The grasshoppers (Ortitoptera) sometimes increase and lustre. They are employed inll making pearl the whole of the salamanders except tw-o species, and so as to be injurious to the farmers, but never to the buttons. The land or air-breathing species are, on especially the Protonzopsis and Necturaus, are especially extent seen in'Western America and Asia. The |the other hand, Gcasteropsods of the Pullmonate division. North Ameriean. Of this character, among thle musical insects are all here. The katydid (Platy- They chiefly abound in the limestone valleys of the fishes, are tlhe gar, dog-fish, pike, and jEtheostomine phzyllumn conzcavumnz) mcllcs the summer woods uproar- Alleghanies and the coal regions, on account of the perch, an extensive group of small fishes without ious; in the fields hot with the blazing sun, other abundance of materials for constructing their spiral swim-bladders, found in all streams. species sing like thousands of small shuttles flying; shells. There are about 65 species in thle State, of There are certain climatal divisions of the fauna and the shrubberies are vocal at evening with the | which a considerable proportion would be termed of the Eastern district of North America, regulated musical thrill of several species of (Eca7nthus. snails. Some are moderately large, but a majority by the elevation of the surface, the latitude, temperThe list of beetles is endless, and many of them are small, many extremely so. Twvo species (Tebe - ature, etc. These have been named the Floridiaz, remain unnoticed by naturalists. Many mischievous nophorus) are without shell; both are common. the Louisianian, the Carolinian, the Alleglhanian, the pests belong here, wvhich have made great havoc with The Polyzoa is a group of minute molluscs having Canadian, the EBudson1iaN~, etc. Maryland is traversed our trees and crops. Thus, of the long-horns, several a common house or domicil, which extends over'by the Carolinian, the Alleglhanian, and the Canaspecies of Sic2perc7a bore our fruit and hedge-trees to | stones or other objects, branching after the manner dian, and their boundaries separate the breedingdeath; the Clytus has ruined our locust groves (Ro- of corals. Several species occur in our streams and places of various species of birds, and range of others, binia pseudacacia); the O7cideres girdle our hickories; ponds; one of them (Pectinatella magifidca) is the of mammals, etc. the Cu.rcu~ios sting the fruit to such an extent as to |largest in the world. It forms gelatinous masses The greater part of the area of the State, that is, ruin some crops entirely. Thus, plums can no longer round roots or sticks, and contains hundreds of indi- the low countries from the ocean to the Potomac and be raised near Philadelphia without extraordinary vidals. i to the line extending fromt Wilmington to Baltimore protection, and cherries suffer severely. Eew apples | The Radiate and Ccelenterate animals are marine. |and to Waslhington, D. C., is the especial range do not contain worms. Species of Baridius bore The sandy shores of the coast do not produce many ] of the mocking-bird, the blue grossbeak, the summer stems of the potato, and admit water, which causes sedentary'species, but medusce and the Portuguese red-bird (P1yra7na castim'C), and others. Also of the rot. The European grain-weevil has come over to man-of-war abound. Acres of beautiful jelly-fish |pine meadow-mouse (Arvmcola pinetorum7l), etc. share the victories of his tribe. may be seen on the lower Chesapeake, which often The middle part of the State is occnpietl 1- The Phytophagous beetles are no better. The furnish shelter and food for a little fish beneath thei |Alleghanian fauna, which extends north an ll south. Gale7ruca vittatC has destroyed many elms by eating umbrella. The Hydra of fresh water is also a Cce- The higher ridges of the Alleghany113; Mioutil;lids arla the leaves. Other species eat our cucumbers and | lenterate. It is, in form, urn-shaped, with slender included in the Canadian, as inditic.atedl byJr ti )v-',roelcabbages. To keep down these marauders, many arms and a stem-like base attached to any support i ing of the snow-bird, variols wa-rlliersanlld tl ei mcl carnivorous species exist. Some species of ytta |the water. They are very simple in structure, and of some land animals. r Iii:lalna e ttendll(ls. OP l tih( possess some value as blistering-flies, and one of lengthen their arms exceedingly in search of prey. |mountains to Georgiav i77; Our ire, thlenl pircan. tlhem (l. mittata) eats up the potato tops. Some fif- They may be cut into small pieces, when each piece fine and prolific fiel to Firte stlullenl;t f Biaological1 teen species of fire-flies spangle the evening shades, | beeomes a perfect Hydra. The lowest of animals Science. but none of them are very large.